410451C Elective-III: Cloud Computing UNIT – 1: Introduction
Content • Introduction • Roots of Cloud Computing: From mainframe to Cloud • Benefits of Cloud Computing • SOA, Web services, Web 2.0, Mashups • Grid computing, Utility computing, Hardware virtualization • Essentials of Cloud characteristics, Challenges, • Cloud economics Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Content • Introduction • Roots of Cloud Computing: From mainframe to Cloud • Benefits of Cloud Computing • SOA, Web services, Web 2.0, Mashups • Grid computing, Utility computing, Hardware virtualization • Essentials of Cloud characteristics, Challenges, • Cloud economics Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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What is Cloud Computing? “Cloud computing is a style of computing where massively scalable IT-related capabilities are provided as a service across the Internet to multiple external customers” “Cloud computing: A pool of abstracted, highly scalable, and managed infrastructure capable of hosting end-customer applications and billed by consumption”
“Cloud computing is Web-based processing, whereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices (such as smartphones) on demand over the Internet.” Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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What is Cloud Computing? “Cloud computing is a style of computing where massively scalable IT-related capabilities are provided as a service across the Internet to multiple external customers” “Cloud computing: A pool of abstracted, highly scalable, and managed infrastructure capable of hosting end-customer applications and billed by consumption”
“Cloud computing is Web-based processing, whereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices (such as smart phones) on demand over the Internet.” Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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What is Cloud Computing? “Cloud computing is a style of computing where massively scalable IT-related capabilities are provided as a service across the Internet to multiple external customers” “Cloud computing: A pool of abstracted, highly scalable, and managed infrastructure capable of hosting end-customer applications and billed by consumption”
“Cloud computing is Web-based processing, whereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices (such as smartphones) on demand over the Internet.” Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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What is Cloud Computing?
Cloud Computing
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Why is it called “Cloud computing” Why not “Ocean Computing”? OR “Cosmos Computing”?
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Why is it called “Cloud computing”
• The word cloud is used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on the standardized use of a cloud-like shape to denote a network on telephony schematics and later to depict the Internet in computer network diagrams as an abstraction of the underlying infrastructure it represents. • The cloud symbol was used to represent the Internet as early as 1994. Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Why is it called “Cloud computing”
• " Cloud comes from the early days of Internet where we drew the network as a cloud... we didn't care where the message went- the cloud hid it from us " , Kevin Marks, Google
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History and Origins Launches of Google App Engine/Windows Azure Beta
2008 - 2009
Google App / Azure 2006
S3 Launches/EC2 2002 Launch of Amazon web services 1990
The first milestone for Cloud Computing
The arrival of Salesforce.com 1960
Supercomputers/Mainframe Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Content • Introduction • Roots of Cloud Computing: From mainframe to Cloud • Benefits of Cloud Computing • SOA, Web services, Web 2.0, Mashups • Grid computing, Utility computing, Hardware virtualization • Essentials of Cloud characteristics, Challenges, • Cloud economics Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Roots of Cloud Computing • Century ago when factories, which used to generate their own electric power, realized that it is was cheaper just plugging their machines into the newly formed electric power grid. • We are currently experiencing a switch in the IT world, from inhouse generated computing power into utility-supplied computing resources delivered over the Internet as Web services Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Roots of Cloud Computing
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Roots of Cloud Computing
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Mainframe computing paradigm Vs Cloud computing
• Mainframe computing offers finite computing power, while cloud computing provides almost infinite power and capacity. • In mainframe computing dummy terminals acted as user interface devices, while in cloud computing powerful PCs can provide local computing power and cashing support. Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Content • Introduction • Roots of Cloud Computing: From mainframe to Cloud • Benefits of Cloud Computing • SOA, Web services, Web 2.0, Mashups • Grid computing, Utility computing, Hardware virtualization • Essentials of Cloud characteristics, Challenges, • Cloud economics Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Benefits of Cloud Computing • Pricing – No upfront hardware costs, time, resources – Per-usage pricing • Use a computer without paying full price
• Scalability and on-demand services • User-centric interface – Cloud interfaces are location independent and can be accesses by well established interfaces such as Web services and Internet browsers.
• Guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) – Cloud computed can guarantee QoS for users in terms of hardware/CPU performance, bandwidth, and memory capacity. Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Content • Introduction • Roots of Cloud Computing: From mainframe to Cloud • Benefits of Cloud Computing • SOA, Web services, Web 2.0, Mashups • Grid computing, Utility computing, Hardware virtualization • Essentials of Cloud characteristics, Challenges, • Cloud economics Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Web services, Web 2.0, Mashups
• Internet is crucial for these services. • Who is the first internet service provider (ISP)?
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Web services, Web 2.0, Mashups
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headquarters of “The World” ISP.
• Internet is crucial for these services. • Who is the first internet service provider (ISP)? • The World (http://www.theworld.com/)
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Web services, Web 2.0, Mashups
• Internet is crucial for these services. • Who is the first internet service provider (ISP)? • The World (http://www.theworld.com/) – In 1989, the first ISPs were established in Australia, and the United States. • In Brookline, Massachusetts, The World became the first commercial ISP in the US.
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Web services • Web service is a service offered by an electronic device to another electronic device, communicating with each other via the World Wide Web (WWW). • Web Technology: – HTTP is used for machine-to-machine communication.
• Example: – Mashup - a web server consumes several web services at different machines, and compiles the content into one user interface. Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Web services • World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) – Web Service: “A software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network.”
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Web services • The term "Web services" describes a standardized way of integrating Web-based applications using the XML, SOAP, WSDL and UDDI open standards over an Internet protocol backbone. – – – –
XML is used to tag the data, SOAP is used to transfer the data, WSDL is used for describing the services available and UDDI lists what services are available. Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Example of Web Service
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Search on Wiki for more details on the protocols.
Examples of Web Service Protocols • The following is a list of web service protocols. – – – – – – – – – – – – –
BEEP - Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol E-Business XML Hessian JSON-RPC JSON-WSP SOAP - outgrowth of XML-RPC, originally an acronym for Simple Object Access Protocol Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI) Web Processing Service (WPS) WSFL - Web Services Flow Language (superseded by BPEL) WSCL - Web Services Conversation Language XINS Standard Calling Convention - HTTP parameters in (GET/POST/HEAD), POX out XLANG - XLANG-Specification (superseded by BPEL) XML-RPC - XML Remote Procedure Call Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Examples of Web Service Frameworks •
Source: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_web_service_frameworks]
Framework Apache Axis Apache CXF CodeIgniter gSOAP GlassFish Jersey WSO2 WSF/PHP Zend Framework Gugamarket
Platform Java/C++ Java PHP C and C++ Java Java PHP PHP Node.js Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Service-oriented architecture (SOA) • It is an architectural pattern in computer software design in which application components provide services to other components via a communications protocol, typically over a network. • The purpose of a SOA is to address requirements of loosely coupled, standards-based, and protocol-independent distributed computing. Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Web 2.0
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Web 2.0 • Web 2.0 technologies constitute the interface through which cloud computing services are delivered, managed, and provisioned.
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Web 2 .0 • Web 2.0 describes World Wide Web sites that emphasize user-generated content, usability, and interoperability. • Examples of Web 2.0 include: – – – – – –
social networking sites, blogs, wikis, video sharing sites, hosted services, Web applications, and mashups. Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Web 1.0 Characteristics • Static pages instead of dynamic HTML • Content served from the server's filesystem instead of a RDBMS. • Pages built using Server Side Includes or CGI instead of a web application written in a dynamic programming language such as PHP or Ruby.
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Web 2.0 Characteristics • Rich User Experience – dynamic content; responsive to user input.
• User Participation – information flows two ways between site owner and site user by means of evaluation, review, and commenting. – Site users add content for others to see
• Software as a service – Web 2.0 sites developed APIs to allow automated usage, such as by an app or mashup Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Web 2 .0 Landscape
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Mashup • A mashup, is a web page, or web application, that uses content from more than one source to create a single new service displayed in a single graphical interface. • The main characteristics of a mashup are combination, visualization, and aggregation. • The first mashups used mapping services or photo services to combine these services with data of any kind and therefore create visualizations of the data. Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Mashup Example
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Simple Example of Mashup Use of Google Translate service in your webpage/website
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Translate Menu Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Simple Example of Mashup Use of Google Translate service in your webpage/website
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Translate Text Form Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Simple Example of Mashup Use of Google Translate service in your webpage/website
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Translate Text Result Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Simple Example of Mashup Use of Google Translate service in your webpage/website
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Translate Code Snippet Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Content • Introduction • Roots of Cloud Computing: From mainframe to Cloud • Benefits of Cloud Computing • SOA, Web services, Web 2.0, Mashups • Grid computing, Utility computing, Hardware virtualization • Essentials of Cloud characteristics, Challenges, • Cloud economics Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Mainframe Computing • Mainframes were powerful, highly reliable computers specialized for large data movement and massive input/output (I/O) operations. • Feature: The ability to be highly reliable computers that were “always on” and capable of tolerating failures transparently. – No system shutdown was required to replace failed components, and the system could work without interruption. Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Mainframe Computing
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Cluster Computing • Started as a low-cost alternative to the use of mainframes and supercomputers. • Built by commodity machines, they were cheaper than mainframes and made highperformance computing available to a large number of groups. • A feature of clusters was that the computational power of commodity machines could be leveraged to solve problems that were previously manageable only on expensive supercomputers. Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Cluster Computing • In 2000, CPlant Cluster in Sandia National Laboratories is a 580-node Compaq XP1000 workstations with 500 MHz 21264microprocessor each node. • Other examples, free email sites like Hotmail , and search sites like Hotbot used clusters in 2001. Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Grid Computing • Grid computing appeared in the early 1990s as an evolution of cluster computing. • A new approach to access large computational power, huge storage facilities, and a variety of services – Users can “consume” resources in the same way as they use other utilities such as power, gas, and water.
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Grid Computing • Grids initially developed as aggregations of geographically dispersed clusters by means of Internet connections. • Different from a “large cluster,” a computing grid was a dynamic aggregation of heterogeneous computing nodes, and its scale was nationwide or even worldwide. Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Grid Computing Example
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Summary • Cloud computing is often considered the successor of grid computing. • Cloud Computing ≈ (MainFrame + Cluster + Grid) • Clouds are characterized by the fact of having virtually infinite capacity, being tolerant to failures, and being always on, as in the case of mainframes. • In many cases, the computing nodes that form the infrastructure of computing clouds are commodity machines, as in the case of clusters. • Services made available by a cloud vendor are consumed on a pay-per-use basis, and clouds fully implement the utility vision introduced by grid computing. Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Summary
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Virtualization • Virtualization is a core technology for cloud computing. • Goal of Hardware Virtualization: improving sharing and utilization of computer systems. • Virtualization is essentially a technology that allows creation of different computing environments. • These environments are called virtual because they simulate the interface that is expected by a guest. • The most common example of virtualization is hardware virtualization. – This technology allows simulating the hardware interface expected by an operating system. – Hardware virtualization allows the coexistence of different software stacks on top of the same hardware. – These stacks are contained inside virtual machine instances, which operate in complete isolation from each other. Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Hardware Virtualization • Hardware virtualization allows running multiple operating systems and software stacks on a single physical platform. • Workload isolation is achieved since all program instructions are fully confined inside a VM, which leads to improvements in security. Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Hardware Virtualization
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Hardware Virtualization • This is the base technology that enables cloud computing solutions to deliver virtual servers on demand, such as Amazon EC2, RightScale, VMware vCloud, and others. • Together with hardware virtualization, storage and network virtualization complete the range of technologies for the emulation of IT infrastructure. Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Utility Computing • Utility computing defines a service provisioning model for compute services in which resources such as storage, compute power, applications, and infrastructure are packaged and offered on a pay-per-use basis
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Content • Introduction • Roots of Cloud Computing: From mainframe to Cloud • Benefits of Cloud Computing • SOA, Web services, Web 2.0, Mashups • Grid computing, Utility computing, Hardware virtualization • Essentials of Cloud characteristics, Challenges, • Cloud economics Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Essentials of Cloud characteristics
• Five essential characteristics of cloud computing: 1. On-demand self-service: A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service provider.
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Essentials of Cloud characteristics
• Five essential characteristics of cloud computing: 2. Broad network access: Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, tablets, laptops and workstations)
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Essentials of Cloud characteristics • Five essential characteristics of cloud computing: 3. Resource pooling: The provider's computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the customer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state or datacenter). Examples of resources include storage, processing, memory and network bandwidth. Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Essentials of Cloud characteristics
• Five essential characteristics of cloud computing: 4. Rapid elasticity: Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity at any time. Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Essentials of Cloud characteristics • Five essential characteristics of cloud computing: 5. Measured service: Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled and reported, providing transparency for the provider and consumer. Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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CHALLENGES AND RISKS • Issues to be faced include – – – – – – – – –
user privacy, Data security, data lock-in, availability of service, disaster recovery, performance, scalability, energy-efficiency, and programmability. Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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CHALLENGES AND RISKS • Security and privacy affect the entire cloud computing stack – massive use of third-party services and infrastructures
• Legal and regulatory issues also need attention – Cloud providers may choose to locate the data anywhere on the planet – physical location of data centers determines the set of laws that can be applied to the management of data. • For example, specific cryptography techniques could not be used because they are not allowed in some countries. Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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CHALLENGES AND RISKS • Data Lock-In and Standardization – Users may want to move data and applications out from a provider that does not meet their requirements – However, cloud computing infrastructures and platforms lacks to provide standard methods of storing user data and applications – Lack of Standardization results in • user data are not portable
• To address this issue, Cloud Computing Interoperability Forum (CCIF) forum is formed. Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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CHALLENGES AND RISKS • Data centers consume large amounts of electricity. • According to a data published by HP: – 100 server racks can consume 1.3 MW of power and another 1.3 MW are required by the cooling system, thus costing USD 2.6 million per year. – data centers significantly impact the environment in terms of CO 2 emissions from the cooling systems.
• Solution: turning off idle resources Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Content • Introduction • Roots of Cloud Computing: From mainframe to Cloud • Benefits of Cloud Computing • SOA, Web services, Web 2.0, Mashups • Grid computing, Utility computing, Hardware virtualization • Essentials of Cloud characteristics, Challenges, • Cloud economics Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Cloud economics • Cloud economics is a branch of knowledge concerned with the principles, costs and benefits of cloud computing. • Supply-side savings. Large-scale data centers (DCs) lower costs per server. • Demand-side aggregation. Aggregating demand for computing smooths overall variability, allowing server utilization rates to increase. • Multi-tenancy efficiency. When changing to a multitenant application model, increasing the number of tenants (i.e., customers or users) lowers the application management and server cost per tenant. Dr. K R Patil, VIIT Pune-48
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Thanks!
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