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fhty;Jiw> rpiwj;Jiw> jPaizg;Gj;Jiw jkpo; • • • • • •
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NtYehr;rpahupd; ngw;NwhH ngaH vd;d? nry;yKj;J NrJgjp> rf;fe;jp Kj;jhj;jhs; NtYehr;rpahH gpwe;j Mz;L vJ? fp.gp. 1730 Mk; Mz;L Mq;fpNyaH ve;j Mz;by; rptfq;ifr; rPikapd; kPJ gilnaLj;jhH? 1772 Mk; Mz;L flY}H mQ;riyak;khs; ve;j Mz;by; gpwe;jhH? 1890 Mk; Mz;L flY}H mQ;riyak;khs; gpwe;j CH vJ? flY}upy; cs;s KJefupy; ve;j Mz;L fhe;jpabfs; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ijj; njhlq;fpa NghNj mQ;riyak;khs; jkJ nghJ tho;f;ifiaj; njhlq;fpdhH? 1921 Mk; Mz;L fhe;jpabfs; ahiuj; njd;dhl;bd; [hd;rpuhzp vd;wioj;jhH? flY}H mQ;riyak;khs; mk;G[j;jk;khs; ve;j Mz;L gpwe;jhH? 1899 Mk; Mz;L rdtup8 mk;G[j;jk;khs; epWtpa njhz;L epWtdj;jpd; ngaH vd;d? rPdpthr fhe;jp epiyak; 1964 Mk; Mz;L mk;G[j;jk;khs; ngw;w tpUJ ahJ? jhkiuj;jpU (gj;k=) mk;G[j;jk;khs; jk; vOgjhz;L epidthf ve;j mupa E}iy vOjpAs;shH? ehd; fz;l ghujk; nrhw;fs; ,uz;L Kjyhfj; njhlHe;J te;J nghUs; jUtJ _____ vdg;gLk;. njhlH njhifepiyj; njhlupd; tiffisf; $Wf? 1. Ntw;Wikj;njhif> 2. tpidj;njhif> 3. gz;Gj;njhif> 4. ctikj;njhif> 5. ck;ikj;njhif> 6. md;nkhopj;njhif ngaHg; nghUis NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lk; cUig ____ vd;fpNwhk;. Ntw;Wik cUG fhyq;fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyAk; nganur;r tpFjpAk; kiwe;J tUk; nganur;rk; _____ vdg;gLk;. tpidj;njhif xU ngaUf;F my;yJ xU nrhy;Yf;F ,ilapYk; ck; vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; kiwe;J te;J nghUs; jUtjhy; mJ ____ vdg;gl;lJ. ck;ikj;njhif
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Ntw;Wik> tpid> gz;G> ctik ck;ik Mfpa njhifepiyj;njhlHfSf;Fg; Gwj;Nj my;yhj rpy nkhopfs; njhf;fp epd;W nghUs; jUtJ _____ MFk;. md;nkhopj;njhif fhtbr;rpe;J ghliy ,aw;wpatH ahH? mz;zhkiyahH mz;zhkiyahH gpwe;j CH vJ? jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;Jr; nrd;dpFsk; mz;zhkiyahupd; ngw;NwhH ahH? nrd;dtH - XTmk;khs; mz;zhkiyahH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit? fhtbr;rpe;J> tPiu me;jhjp> Nfhkjp me;jhjp> tPiug;gps;isj;jkpo; tpf;fpuk Nrhod; cyh - vd;w ghliy ,aw;wpatH ahH? xl;lf;$j;jH xl;lf;$j;jupd; rpwg;Gg;ngaH ahJ? ftpr;rf;futHj;jp xl;lf;$j;jH ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; vit? %tUyh> jf;fahfg;guzp> FNyhj;Jq;fd; gps;isj;jkpo;. xl;lf;$j;jupd; fhyk; vJ? gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;L kfspupd; VOtifg; gUtq;fs; ahit? Ngij> ngJk;ig> kq;if> kle;ij> mupit> njupit> Ngupsk; ngz;. kyupd; VOtifg; gUtq;fs; ahit? mUk;G> 2. nkhl;L> 3. Kif> 4. kyH> 5. myH> 6. tP> 7. nrk;ky; FlFkiyia ClWj;J miy NkhJk; fhtpupiaj; je;jtH ahH? fNtud; NkU kiyapd; cr;rpapy; Gypf; nfhb ehl;b nghd;dpahfpa fhtpupapd; ,UfiufisAk; caHj;jpf; fl;batH ahH? Nrhod; fupfhyd; ngha;ifahupd; fstop ehw;gJ ghlYf;Fg; guprhfr; Nrukhd; fizf;fhy; ,Uk;nghiwiar; rpiwtPL nra;j Nrhod; ahH? nrq;fzhd; Nghupy; ngUikahf vz;zj;jf;f tpOg;Gz;fs; njhz;Z}w;whWk; ngw;wtd; ahH? Nrhod; tprahyad; rptngUkhd; Mlyuruha;f; fhl;rp jUk; jpy;iyf;Fg; nghd;Nta;e;j Nrhod; ahH? Kjy; guhe;jfd; gjpndl;Lr; rpw;W}HfisAk; ifg;gw;wp kiyehL ntd;w Nrhod; ahH? Kjy; ,uhruhrd; tlf;Nf gilnaLj;Jf; fq;ifAk; fpof;fpy; flhuKk; ntd;W iff;nfhz;L> NruH fg;gw;gil KOtijAk; mopj;j Nrhod; ahH? ,uhNre;jpud; 2
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rhSf;fpaHfspd; jiyefuhd fy;ahzGuj;jpd; kPJ gilnaLj;J Kk;Kiw Nghupl;L ntd;w Nrhod; ahH? ,uhrhjpuhrd; nfhg;gj;Jg; Nghupy; Mapuk; ahidfis ntd;w Nrhod; ahH? ,uhNre;jpud; “Vd;! vd;d? vg;NghJ? vg;gb? vq;Nf? ahH? vDk; md;Gj; njhz;lH MWNgHfs; mwpar; nra;thH nra;jpapid” vd;W ahH $wpAs;shH? mwpQH fpg;spq; ,yz;ld; ilk;]; ,jopd; nra;jpahsH ______ Nghupd; NghJ Neubahfg; NghH eilngWk; ,lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W nra;jpfisj; jpul;bdhHfs;. ,e;jpa rPdg;NghH “,z;bad; vf;];gpu];” nra;jpahsH ______ rpiwr;rhiyapd; epiy gw;wp mwpa jhNd rpiwg;gl;Lr; nra;jpfisj; jpul;bj;je;J Gfo; ngw;whH. jpy;ypapYs;s nra;jpahsHfs; mwptpay; Ma;T KiwfisAk; mtw;iw vg;gbg; gad;gLj;JtJ vd;gijAk; mwpa cjTtJ vJ? Gs;spapay; xU njhlupy; ,Unrhw;fs; mike;J ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilapy; nrhy;Nyh cUNgh kiwahJ nghUis czHj;Jkhdhy;> mJ ______ vdg;gLk;. njhfhepiyj;njhlH “fgpyd; te;jhd;” - ,jpy; “fgpyd;” vd;Dk; vOthiaj; njhlHe;J “te;jhd;” vd;Dk; gadpiy te;Js;sjhy;> ,J ______ vd;gH. vOtha;j; njhlH. ‘clk;ghH mopapd; capuhH moptH’ vd;w ghliy vOjpatH ahH? jpU%yH jpUke;jpuk; - vd;w E}iy ,aw;wpatH ahH? jpU%yH jpU%yupd; gpwe;j fhyk; vJ? Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjp irtj; jpUKiwfspy; vj;jidahtJ jpUKiw ,J? gj;jhtJ jpUKiw jpUke;jpuj;jpw;F ____ vd;Dk; NtW ngaUk; cz;L. jkpo; %thapuk; jpUke;jpuk; vj;jid ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ? %thapuk; jpUke;jpug; ghly; %d;whk; je;jpuj;jpy; vj;jid ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ? vOE}w;W ,Ugj;J ehd;F ____vd;gJ ,e;E}ypd; Gfo; ngw;w njhluhFk;. xd;Nw Fyk; xUtNd Njtd; Njk;ghtzp vd;w ghliy ,aw;wpatH ahH? tPukhKdptH 3
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Ïu©L nfhz§fŸ bt£o¡ bfhŸS« nghJ c©lhF« -------F¤bj® nfhz§fŸ rk« xU nfh£L¤ J©o‹ ika¡F¤J¡ nfhL v‹gJ m¡nfh£L¤ J©o‹ ika¥òŸëæš tiua¥gL« ----br§F¤J¡nfhL xU nfh£L¤ J©o‹ ika¡F¤J¡ nfhlhdJ m¡nfh£o‹ ----rk¢Ó® m¢R bfhL¡f¥g£l xU nfh£L¤J©o‹ ika¡F¤J¡ nfhLfë‹ v©â¡if -1 nfhz¤ij ÏUrkghf§fshf Ãç¡F« rk¢Ó® nfhL v‹gJ nfhz¤Â‹ ---ÏUrk bt£o K¡nfhz¤Â‹ ika¡F¤J¡ nfhLfŸ rªÂ¡F« òŸë --R‰W t£l ika« “°nl£l°” v‹w y¤Ô‹ brhšY¡F jäœ brhš ----òŸëæaš äf¥bgça k¥ÉF«, äf¢Á¿a k¥ÉF« cŸs é¤Âahr« ----Å¢R khzt®fŸ nj®éš th§»a kÂ¥bg©fŸ 65, 97, 78, 49, 23, 48, 59, 98 våš étu§fë‹ Å¢R ---75 Kjš 20 Ïaš v©fë‹ Å¢R --19 ÃçÎ Ïilbtë 20-30 Ï‹ Ñœ všiy ------20 ÃçÎ Ïilbtë 50-60 Ï‹ nkš všiy ------60 äf¥bgça kÂ¥ò - äf¢Á¿a kÂ¥ò = --------Å¢R njitahd jftšfis¤ jU»‹w, v©rh® toéš mikªj vªj xU jftè‹ bjhF¥ò« ------- MF« étu« brŒKiw¥gL¤j¥glhj k‰W« tif¥gL¤j¥glhj étu« -------étu« br¥gålhj étu§fis FG¡fŸ mšyJ tF¥òfëš Ó®gL¤j¥g£oUªjhš mit ---MF« bjhF¡f¥g£l étu« xU F¿¥Ã£l kÂ¥ò Û©L« Û©L« v¤jid jlitfŸ tU»‹wnjh mªj v©â¡if mªj k¥Ë ----ãfœbt© xU ÃçÎ Ïilbtëæ‹ Ñœ všiy¡F«, nkš všiy¡F« Ïilna cŸs é¤Âahr« m›éilbtëæ‹ ------ MF« msÎ, mfy« bfhL¤JŸs étu§fëš mÂf k¥ÉF«, Fiwªj k¥ÉF« Ïil¥g£l 4
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kÂ¥ng -------ruhrç étu§fis VWtçir mšyJ Ïw§F tçiræš tçir¥gL¤J« nghJ »il¡F« ika kÂ¥ò ---Ïilãiy bfhL¡f¥g£l étu§fëš mÂf v©â¡ifæš fhz¥gL« étu« mt‰¿‹ ----KfL 1,3,5,7 k‰W« 9 Ï‹ T£L¢ ruhrç ---5 30, 50, 40, 10, 20 Ï‹ Ïilãiy ---30 3,4,7,4,3,2,4 Ï‹ KfL ---4 56, 48, 58, 60, 54, 76, 84, 92, 98 v‹w v©fë‹ Å¢R ----50 bfhL¡f¥g£l étu§fë‹ v©â¡if x‰iw¥gilahf ÏUªjhš, Ïilãiy = -----eLéš cŸs étu« bfhL¡f¥g£l étu§fë‹ v©â¡if Ïu£il¥gilahf ÏUªjhš, Ïilãiy = -----Ïu©L eL étu§fë‹ ruhrç é»jKW v©fŸ T£lš k‰W« bgU¡fš brašghLfis¡ bfh©L -----g©ò ãiwÎ brŒ»wJ gçkh‰W¥ g©ò &nr®¥ò g©ò xU v© Ïu©L v©fS¡F Ïilæš rköu¤Âš ÏUªjhš mªj v©fë‹ äf¥bgça v©â‹ kÂ¥ng mªj v©â‹ ------njhuha kÂ¥ò fâj¤Â‹ muÁ ah®? v© Kiwæd« “v©fŸ mHfhdit. mit mHf‰wit våš k‰w vit mHF” vd éaªjt® ah®? ghš v®lh° −17
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bgU¡fè‹ nkš fê¤jY¡fhd g§Ñ£L¥ g©ò ÏU v©fS¡F (é»jKW) Ïilna òÂa é»jKW v© fhQ« é ----𝟐𝟐
(-100)°= ? 5
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1 X® v©âš Koéš xU ó{ía« ÏUªjhš, mªj v©â‹ t®¡f¤Âš cŸs ó{ía§fë‹ v©â¡if vJ? 2
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(3x-5) X® v©â‹ _‹¿š xU g§»‹ Ïu©oš xU g§»‹ IªÂ‹ xU g§F 15 våš m›bt© --450 xU Ëd¤Â‹ gF mj‹ bjhFÂia él 2 mÂf« nkY« m¥Ã‹d¤Â‹ 2
bjhFÂÍlD«, gFÂÍlD« x‹iw¡ T£odhš 3 »il¡F«. våš mªj Ëd« ---•
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𝟑𝟑 𝟓𝟓
“fâj¤ij òw¡fâ¤jhš mJ všyh m¿é‰F« ghÂ¥ig V‰gL¤J«” v‹W T¿a fâj m¿P® ah®? nuh#® ngf‹ ts®¢Á = ? 𝒓𝒓 P 1+𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 n Åœ¢Á = ? 𝒓𝒓
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P 1- 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
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bghUë‹ é‰gid nkš murhš é¡f¥gLtJ vJ? é‰gid tç é‰gid tçæèUªJ murhš éy¡F më¡f¥g£lJ vit? mçÁ, ghš, c¥ò, ngdh, bg‹Áš, ò¤jf« é‰gid tç cŸsit 2 TWf ? ifngÁ, ta® xU js¤Âš cŸs cUt¤Âdhš milgL« c£gF ---- vd¥gL« gu¥gsÎ
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NjdPy; cs;s ePhpd; msT vt;tsT? 17 rjtPjk; NjdPy; cs;s jhJ cg;Gf;fspd; msT vt;tsT? 8 rjtPjk; NjdP tsh;g;Gf;F cfe;j ,j;jhypa ,dk; vJ? Vgp]; nky;ypnguh Kl;ilapypUe;J FQ;R> milfhj;j vj;jid ehl;fSf;F gpwF nghwpf;Fk;? 21 ehl;fs; “TAPCO” vd;why; vd;d? jkpo;ehL Nfhop tsh;g;Gj;Jiw jkpo;ehl;by; khepy tpyq;F vJ? tiuahL Ntle;jhq;fy;> KJkiy> Kz;le;Jiw> fsf;fhL kw;Wk; Nfhbaf;fiu Nghd;w ruzhyaq;fs; cs;s khepyk; vJ? jkpo;ehL rhWz;zpfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf. fhshd;> nuhl;bf;fhshd; xl;Lz;zpf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf. 7
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f];Fl;lh (rljhhp) G+r;rp cz;Zk; jhtuj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf. neg;gd;e;j]; $l;Laph; jhtuq;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf. iyf;fd;fs; mkPgh vij cl;nfhs;fpd;wd? Ez;Zaphpfis mkPgh jpl czit cly; Nkw;gug;G topahf vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F _____ vd;W ngah;. tpyq;F Cl;lKiw rpWFly; Rkhh; vj;jid kPl;lh; ePsKila ePz;l Foha;? 7 kPl;lh; ngUq;Fly; Rkhh; vj;jid kPl;lh; ePsKilaJ? 1.5 kPl;lh; gy; ,y;yhj tpyq;F vJ? ePyj;jpkpq;fyk; gwitfSf;F gw;fs; cz;lh? ,y;iy ,uj;j rptg;G mZf;fspy; cs;s rptg;G epwkp _____ vdg;gLk; `PNkhFNshgpd; fug;ghd; G+r;rpapd; ,uj;jj;jpd; epwk; vd;d? ePyk; %is> jz;Ltlk; kw;Wk; euk;Gfshy; MdJ vJ? euk;G kz;lyk; ehskpy;yh Rug;gp Ruf;Fk; Ntjpg;nghUs;fNs _____ vdg;gLk; `hh;Nkhd;fs; “rpj;jp” vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d? Kbtw;w Nguhde;jk; “rpj;j kUj;Jtj;jpd; je;ij” vd;W miof;fg;gLgth; ahh;? mf];jpah; rpj;j kUe;J jahhpf;f vj;jid %ypif nrbfs; gad;gLfpd;wd? Rkhh; 1200 %ypif nrbfs; ek; cly; vilapy; Vwf;Fiwa vj;jid fpNyh Njhy; cs;sJ? 7 fpNyh N`hkpNahgjpia Kjd;Kjypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; ahh;? rhKnty; `hdpkd; (1796) rhKnty; `hdpkd; ve;j ehl;ilr; rhh;e;jth;? n[h;kdp Adhdp kUj;Jtj;ij fz;lwpe;jth; ahh;? `pg;NghfpNll;l]; (fpNuf;fk;) kw;Wk; Nfyd; (Nuhk;) ve;j ehl;by; Adhdp kUj;JtKiw tsh;r;rp mile;jJ? muG> ngh;rpah ePuopT Neha;f;F vjd; gw;whf;FiwNa fhuzkhFk;? ,d;Rypd; ghiyg; ghJfhf;Fk; gh];bah; Kiwia fz;Lgpbj;jth; ahh;? Y}apgh];bah; ePh;j;Njitapd; mbg;gilapy; jhtuq;fis %d;W tiffshfg; gphpj;jth; ahh;? thh;kpq; (1909) ePh; %o;fpa ePh; tho;j;jhtuq;fSf;F cjhuzk; jUf thyp];Ndhpah 8
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my;yp> jhkiu> Mfhaj; jhkiu Nghd;wit vt;tif jhtuk;? ePh;tho;j; jhtuq;fs; kyh;fspy; vj;jid ghfq;fs; cz;L? ehd;F
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gpufhrkhd epwKila kyhpd; gFjpNa _____ vdg;gLk; my;yp ,jo; kyhpd; Mz;ghfk; vJ? kfue;jj;jhs; tl;lk; kyhpd; ngz;ghfk; vJ? #yftl;lk; gd;dpuz;L tUlq;fSf;F xUKiw kl;LNk G+f;Fk; G+ vJ? FwpQ;rpg; G+ ePy epw FwpQ;rp kyh;fs; ,Ug;gjhy; jhd; me;j kiyf;F______ vd;W ngah;. ePyfphp filrpahf FwpQ;rp kyh;fs; ve;j Mz;L jkpo; ehl;by; G+j;jJ? 2006-Mk; Mz;L mLj;j Kiw FwpQ;rp kyh; vg;nghOJ G+f;Fk;? 2018-Mk; Mz;L nfhy;fj;jhtpy; cs;s ,e;jpa jhtutpay; Njhl;lj;jpy; cs;s kpfg;nghpa Mykuj;jpy; vj;jidf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l J}z; Nth;fs; cs;sd? 900 J}z; Nth;fs; nfhy;fj;jhtpy; cs;s Mykuj;jpd; taJ vd;d? 200 Mz;Lfs; (taJ) nfhy;fj;jh ,e;jpa jhtutpay; G+q;fhtpy; cs;s Mykuj;jpd; tpl;lk; vt;tsT? 360kPl;lh; mNkrhd; my;yp jhtuj;jpd; ,iyapd; tpl;lk; vt;tsT? 7mb mNkrhd; my;yp jhtuj;jpd; kyh;fs; vj;jid mq;Fyk; cilaJ? 9
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12 Kjy; 16 mq;Fyk; ____jhtuj;jpy; rpy ,iy> G+r;rpiag; gpbf;f VJthf ig Nghd;w mikg;ghf khwpAs;sd. A+l;hpFNyhpah R.H. tpl;Nlf;fh; (1920 – 1980) vd;gth; ahh;? mnkhpf;f #o;epiyapay; ty;Yeh; R.H. tpl;Nlf;fhpd; KOg;ngah; vd;d? ,uhgh;l; `hh;bq; tpl;Nlf;fh; GNuhl;b];lhtpy; vj;jid caphpdq;fs; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd? 59>950 caphpdq;fs; jhtu cyfj;jpy; vj;jid fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd? 2>89>640 nkhj;jk; mwpag;gl;l tpyq;Ffspd; vz;zpf;if vt;tsT? 11>70>000 tpyq;Ffs; Y}td;`Pf; ghf;Bupahit vt;thW mioj;jhh;? Ez;Zapupfs; “ghf;Bhpahapaypd; je;ij” vd;W miof;fg;gl;lth; ahh;? Mz;ld;thd; Y}td;`Pf; cyfpy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; caphp vJ? ghf;Bhpah foiy Neha; ve;j jhtuj;ij jhf;Fk; NehahFk;? vYkpr;ir tisa mOfy; Neha; ve;j jhtuj;ijj; jhf;Fk;? cUis jP ntg;G Neha; jhf;Fk; jhtuk; vJ? Mg;gps; thly; Neha; jhf;Fk; jhtuk; vJ? jf;fhsp tpl;Nlf;fh; ve;j Mz;L caphpdq;fis Ie;J cyfq;fshf tifg;gLj;jpdhh;? 1969-Mk; Mz;L nkhdpuh cyfj;jpy; _____ f;Fk; mjpfkhd rpw;wpdq;fs; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd. 9000 rpw;wpdq;fs; ngdprpypak; vd;w G+Q;irapypUe;J _____ vd;w vjph; Ez;Zapup kUe;J gpupj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ngdprpypd; “kUe;Jfspd; uhzp” vd miof;fg;gLtJ vJ? ngdprpypd; _____ Kl;il tbtk; nfhz;l xU nry; caphpahFk;. <];l; epy ePh; tho;td gpiuNah/igl;Lfs; vj;jid rpww ; pdq;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ? 24>000 rpw;wpdq;fs; tpijfsw; w jhtuq; f s; nlhpnlhigl; L fs; vj; j id rpw; w pdq; f s; cs; s d? 10>000 rpw;wpdq;fs; jpwe;j tpij jhtuq;fs; [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fs; vj;jid rpw;wpdq;fs; cs;sd? 640 rpw;wpdq;fs; %ba tpijj; jhtuq;fs; MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;fs; vj;jid rpw;wpdq;fs; cs;sd? 2>55>000 rpw;wpdq;fs; Jisfs; nfhz;l cly; mikg;Gf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf:10
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flw;gQ;Rfs; FopAlypfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf:i`l;uh> n[y;yp kPd;
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[`hq;fPu; kiwtpw;F gpwF Ehu;[`hd; jdJ kUkfdhd ahiu mwpaizapy; mku;j;jpdhu;? \hupau; \hupaiuAk;> Ehu;[`hidAk; Njhw;fbj;jtu; ahu;? \h[`hdpd; khkdhu; Mrg;fhd; “\h[`hd;” vd;why; vd;d nghUs;? cyfpd; murd; fp.gp. 1636-,y; mfkJ efiu ifg;gw;w \h[`hd; ahiu mDg;gpdhu;? kfgj;fhd; \h[`hdpd; ve;j gilnaLg;G Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ? fhe;j`hu; jf;fhzj;jpd; MSeuhf jdJ %d;whtJ kfdhfpa ahiu epakpj;jhu;? xsuq;frPg; ahUila Ml;rpf;fhyk; “Kfyhau;fspd; nghw;fhyk;” vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ? \h[`hd; fl;blf; fiyapd; “,sturu;” vd;W ahu; miof;fg;gl;lhu;? \h[`hd; “nghwpahsu; Nguuru;” vd;W ahu; rpwg;Gld; miof;fg;gl;lhu;? \h[`hd; \h[`hd; ve;j Gjpa jiyefiu cUthf;fpdhu;? \h[`hdhghj; nrq;Nfhl;ilia fl;baJ ahu;? \h[`hd; jh[;k`hy; fl;bKbf;f vj;jid Mz;Lfs; MdJ? 22-Mz;Lfs; jh[;k`hy; vt;tsT nrytpy; fl;bKbf;fg;gl;lJ? 20-yl;r&gha; _____vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;w Nkhjp gs;spthriy Mf;uhtpy; \h[`hd; fl;bKbj;jhu;? Kj;J k#jp [`hq;fPupd; fy;yiwia fl;b Kbj;jtu; ahu;? \h[`hd; kapyhrdj;ij cUthf;fpatu; ahu;? \h[`hd; kapyhrdj;jpy; gjpf;fg;gl;l ituj;jpd; ngau; vd;d? Nfh`pDhu; ehjpu;\h ve;j ehl;ilr; Nru;e;jtu;? ghurPfk; ehjpu;\h ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ ve;j Mz;L gilnaLj;jhu;? fp.gp.1739 jw;nghOJ kapyhrdk; vq;Fs;sJ? 11
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yz;ld; kpA+rpak; (,q;fpyhe;J) fp.gp.1658-,y; jdJ je;ijia ifJ nra;J muz;kidf; fhtypy; itj;jtu; ahu;? xsuq;frPg; ve;j Mz;Ltiu \h[`hd; tPl;Lf; fhtypy; ,Ue;J kuzk; mile;jhu;? fp.gp.1666 \h[`hidg; gw;wp kpfr;rpwe;j tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Gfisg; gjpT nra;j Mq;fpNyau;fs; ahu;? ngu;dpau;> buhtu;dpau; \h[`hidg; gw;wp kpfr; rpwe;j tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Gfisg; gjpT nra;j ,j;jhypau; ahu;? kDrp Kfyhau;fspd; filrp typik tha;e;j kd;du; ahu;? xsuq;frPg; jhuhRNfh> \h\_[h kw;Wk; Kuj; vd;gtu;fs; ahu;? \h[`hdpd; Gjy;tu;fs; xsuq;frPg; ve;j rpwg;Gg; gl;lj;Jld; mupaiz Vwpdhu;? Myk;fPu; xsuq;frPg; ,];yhkpd; Gdpj Ehyhd _____ia jtwhky; jpde;NjhWk; gbj;jhu;? Fuhd; xsuq;frPg; K];yPk; my;yhjtu;fs; kPJ ve;j tupia tpjpj;jhu;? n[rpah xsuq;frPg; rPf;fpa kjj;jpd; xd;gjhtJ FUthd ahiuf; nfhiy nra;jhu;? FU Nj[;gfJhu; rPf;fpau;fspd; gj;jhtJ FU ahu;? FUNfhtpe;j; rpq; “fhy;rh” vd;w ,uhZt mikg;ig cUthf;fpatu; ahu;? FUNfhtpe;j; rpq; kuhj;jpa jiytu; rpth[pia mopf;f jf;fhzj;jpd; MSeuhd ahiu xsuq;frPg; mDg;gpdhu;? nrap\;lhfhd; rpth[pf;F vjpuhf mDg;gpa n[a;rpq; ahu;? ,uhrGj;jpu jiytu; xsuq;frPg; jf;fhz gilnaLg;gpy; vj;jid Mz;Lfs; tPzhf;fpdhu;? Rkhu; 25 Mz;Lfs; ve;j Mz;L xsuq;frPg; ,aw;if va;jpdhu;? fp.gp.1707 Kfyha Ml;rpapy; ,iwtdpd; epoyhf G+kpapy; fUjg;gl;ltu; ahu;? Kfyha Nguuru; Kfyha NguuR khfhzq;fs; vt;thW gpupf;fg;gl;lJ? Rgh Rghit epu;thfk; nra;jtu; ahu;? RNgjhu; mf;gupd; fhyj;jpy; Rgh vj;jidf; gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ? 15 Rghf;fs; vt;thW gpupf;fg;gl;ld? 12
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ru;f;fhu;fs; ru;f;fhupd; Ml;rpahsu; ahu;? gT[;jhu; mf;gu; ve;j Kiwia mwpKfg; gLj;jpdhu;? [g;jp kd;rg;jhuu;fs; ___ Kjy; ___ Fjpiufs; tiu itj;jpUe;jdu;? 10 Kjy; 10>000 mfkJ\h mg;jhypap ahu;? Mg;fhdpd; kd;du; fp.gp.1848-Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpaf; ftu;du;n[duyhf nghWg;Ngw;wtu; ahu;? ly;n`srpgpuG ly;n`srpapd; ehL gpbg;G nfhs;iff;F ngau; vd;d? thupR ,og;Gf; nfhs;if thupR ,og;Gf; nfhs;if vg;Gul;rpf;F tpj;jpl;lJ? 1857-Mk; Mz;L rpg;gha;f;fyfk; ,uz;lhk; Mq;fpy-rPf;fpag; Nghu; ele;j fhyf;fl;lk; vJ? fp.gp.1848 – fp.gp.1849 ,uz;lhk; Mq;fpy-rPf;fpag;Nghiu ly;n`srp ve;j Mz;L mwptpj;jhu;? fp.gp.1848 %y;uh[; vd;gtu; ahu;? rPf;fpag; gilf;F jiyik jhq;fpatu; ly;n`srp gpuG gQ;rhig ve;j Mz;L ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;? fp.gp.1849 ,uz;lhk; gu;kpag;Nghu; ele;j Mz;L vd;d? fp.gp.1852 ly;n`srp gpuG fp.gp.1856-,y; mNahj;jp ethg;ghd ahiu gjtpapwf;fk; nra;jhu;? thrpj; myp\h ly;n`srp Nfhilf;fhy jiyefuhf vij epu;khdk; nra;jhu;? rpk;yh ly;n`srp Fspu;fhy jiyefuhf vij epu;khdk; nra;jhu;? fy;fj;jh ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd;Kjypy; ,Ug;Gg; ghij mikj;j ngUik ahiur; rhUk;? ly;n`srp Kjy; ,Ug;Gg; ghij 1853-,y; vjpypUe;J vJtiu Nghlg;gl;lJ? gk;gha; - jhdh “,Ug;Gg;ghijapd; je;ij” vd miof;fg;gl;ltu; ahu;? ly;n`srp gpuG miuazh (3igrh) mQ;ry;Kiwia ahu; mwpKfk; nra;jJ? ly;n`srp gpuG
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T£L¡ bfhŸisaU¡F òfèl« jUgtiu ifJ brŒa Ãoahiz njitah? Ãoahiz njitæšiy ÚÂk‹w elto¡ifæš Kuzhd m¿¡if jªjhš vªj Ãçé‹ Ñœ j©lid tH§f¥gL«? Ï. j. r. 219 c£fU¤Jl‹ ifJ brŒahÂU¤jš vªj Ãçé‹ Ñœ j©lid¡FçaJ? Ï. j. r. 221 ifJ brŒa nt©oatiu ifJ brŒahÂU¤jš vªj Ãçé‹ Ñœ F‰w«? Ï. j. r. 222 ifJ brŒa nt©oatiu ifJ brŒahJ ÏU¤jš F‰w¥ ÃçΡF #hÛ‹ c©lh? #hÛ‹ Ïšiy fhtèèUªJ j¥Ã¢ bršy éL¤jš vªj Ãçé‹ Ñœ F‰w«? Ï. j. r. ÃçÎ 223 ntnwhUtiu ifJ brŒtij v®¤jš k‰W« jL¤jš vªj tifæš F‰w«? Ï. j. r. ÃçÎ 225 ntnwhUtiu ifJ brŒtij v®¤jš k‰W« jL¥nghiu éLé¡f #hÛ‹ c©lh? #hÛ‹ Ïšiy ÚÂKiw bghJ Cêaiu ãªÂ¤jhš v‹d j©lid? Ï. j. r. ÃçÎ 228 Ï‹ go MW khj§fŸ tiu Úo¡f¡Toa bkŒ¡fhtnyh mšyJ Xuhæu« tiu mguhj« mšyJ Ïu©L« Áy F‰w§fëdhš gh¡f¥ g£lt®fë‹ milahs§fis btëælš vªj tifæš F‰w«? Ï. j. r. ÃçÎ 228 m Ãiza¤Âš mšyJ cW K¿æ‹ ngçš éLé¡f¥g£l eg® ÚÂk‹w¤Âš njh‹w¤ jtWjš vªj Ãçé‹ Ñœ F‰w«? Ï. j. r. 229 A Ãiza¤Âš mšyJ cW K¿æ‹ ngçš éLé¡f¥g£l eg® ÚÂk‹w¤Âš njh‹wÂUªjhš mtiu¥ Ão¡f Ãoahiz njitah? mtU¡F #hÛ‹ c©lh? Ãoahiz njitæšiy, #hÛ‹ »ilahJ fŸs ehza« jahç¤jš vªj Ãçéš F‰w«? Ï. j. r. 231 fŸs ehza« jahç¥nghiu Ão¡f Ãoahiz njitah? mtU¡F #hÛ‹ c©lh? Ãoahiz njitæšiy, #hÛ‹ »ilahJ fŸs ehza fUéfŸ brŒjš, é‰wš vªj Ãçéš F‰w«? Ï. j. r. 233 ϪÂa fŸs ehza jahç¥ò fUé j« iftr« it¤ÂU¤jš vªj Ãçéš F‰w«? ÃçÎ 235
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