CG06915
U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS SPRING VALLEY - BALTIMORE DISTRICT Spring Valley Property # C03DC0918 American Univerity Summary of USATHAMA Investigations Conducted in 1986 From: U.S. Army, Environmental Center To: N/A Date: January 25, 1993 Project(s): C03DC091801 (Spring Valley - MMRP) Operable Unit(s): 01, 03 Administrative Record(s): N/A Page(s): 103
200.1f
C03DC091801_01.05_0007
NOTE:
"USATHAMA" is now the U.S. Army Environmental Center AMERICAN UNIVERSITY SUMMARY OF USATHAMA INVESTIGATIONS CONDUCTED IN 1986 25 JANUARY 1993
1.
SUMMARY.
a. The American University in Washington D.C.was a center of U.S. Army chemical warfare research, development, testing and training during World War I. In 1986, concern over the possibility of buried ordnance remaining from that period prompted the university's request for Army assistance in the reviewing of historical records, to determine the likelihood and potential locations of significant residual hazards. The U.S. Army Toxic and Hazardous Materials Agency (USATHAMA) was tasked with the search by the Army Materiel Command (AMC), and responded with an interim report (April 1986) , after a thorough search of existing accessible records, followed up in July with an analyis, done through EPA's Environmental Photographic Interpretation Center (EPIC), of aerial imagery dating back to 1918. Finally, in November of 1986 USATHAMA forwarded a summary report prepared in October by Dr. J.W. Williams, then historian at the U.S.Army Chemical Center and School, who had assisted in an examination of records available at the U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. b. The April and October reports concluded that there was was no evidence to confirm rumored large scale burials of munitions (thousands of items). Indeed, what little evidence there was seemed to indicate the contrary. The July EPIC photoanalysis was essentially silent on the question of probability of large-scale burial, but did highlight two sites in particular that would be likely candidate locations if burial had occurred. Although instances of small scale burial at American University were not documented per se. a prudent assumption would have been that such disposal did indeed occur, but with a frequency and location(s) that would be impossible to determine. 2.
BACKGROUND
a. The American University, in northwest Washington D.C., was the principal of many universities whose facilities were used in the national war effort during the First World War. Offered to President Wilson in 1917, laboratory, building and land assets of the university were used primarily for research, testing, and the training of troops in all aspects of chemical warfare. Over 100 acres of land north and west of the campus were also leased by the government. The effort was first conducted under the overall direction of the Bureau of Mines, and later that by the Army's Chemical Warfare Service. All chemical warfare equipment, stocks, and personnel were transferred to Edgewood Arsenal,
Maryland by 1919. The leased property was acquired by the Miller family in 1926, and has been largely developed over the years into what is now the exclusive Spring Valley residential neighborhood. b. Investigations and testing at "Camp American University", also referred to as the "American University Experiment Station", and the adjacent Camp Leach, covered the gamut of offensive and defensive chemical warfare issues, and included the capability for small scale chemical agent production and munitions filling. Given the basic experimental or investigatory nature of much of the work, it is reasonable to assume that the agents and munitions to be found there were not limited to "standard" stockpile items, but could also range over a larger list of chemicals that were, or could have been, used as chemical agents by any of the countries engaged in the war. Nonstandard munitions and munition/agent combinations were also possible. 3.
DISCUSSION OF USATHAMA REPORTS.
a. USATHAMA was tasked on 31 March 1986 by the Army Materiel Command (AMC) to investigate "Army archives" for any relevant information they might contain regarding the nature and extent of any chemical agent or munition burials that might have occurred at "Camp American University", as well as regarding the "disposition of any chemical materiel" at the time. Working with the assistance of historians from Aberdeen Proving Ground and the U.S. Army Chemical Center and School, USATHAMA produced three sequential responses to the tasking, none of which could conclusively point to any instances of large scale chemical ordnance burial, or identify same as routine practice. b. Interim Status Report. The first document, or "Interim Status Report", was forwarded to AMC on 16 April 1986, and summarized the results of visits to key organizations whose historical records were judged to prove the most relevant to the question at hand. The research placed particular emphasis on "close-out activities of the chemical warfare laboratories". No specific references to large scale agent or munitions disposal were found. Close coordination maintained with American Onversity researchers showed that they had already reviewed many of the documents screened by USATHAMA, although their relative unfamiliarity with military terms and procedures may have hampered their efforts somewhat. In addition to general support in this area, the interim report mentioned two other specific aroas where thn Army could brj of" ,IHH L:il .UK'C .term I photograph i i: analysis, already in process as contracted by USATHAMA, and a search of once-classified records at the U.S. Army Military History Institute, at Carlisle Barracks. c. (1) . Photographic Analysis. The next submission to AMC (17 July) was the two-volume EPA/EPIC photographic analyis. Volume I was the written report, and Volume II consisted of a set of six photos (two ground and four aerial) and two maps. The aerial
photos were from 1918, 1927, 1936, and 1982, all of essentially the same area - "Camp American University" and its testing grounds extension to the northwest. The report did not comment on the probability of large-scale munition burial, but did single out two specific areas where burial may have taken place, along with several other less likely areas or features. (2). The first of the two primary areas cited was a double ring of trenches northwest of the university, where one quadrant of the outer ring showed signs of disturbance and possible enlargement that were visible in the 1927 photo. The second area was a smaller, rectangular area close by. (It should be noted that the double trench ring, typically used for the testing of chemical projectiles, was not pointed out because of its function, but rather because of the ground scarring at one side.) An area listed on a map of the time as the "old mustard field" showed no evidence, as viewed from aerial photographs, of burial activity or other disturbance. (3). Photos showed a second set of double-ringed trenches roughly 2000 feet WNW of the first, but this last set was not singled out further. The area near where this trench complex had been shows in the most recent (1982) EPIC photo a small portion of the total area in question that had not been developed. As it happened, however, it appears to correspond closely to the spot where the World War I munitions have just been found. d. Historical Search Summary Memorandum. The last component of the USATHAMA report series was a 4-page summary (Oct. 86, with 17 enclosures, mainly records excerpts) written by Dr. J.W. Williams of his analysis of the records, particularly at the D.S. Army Military History Institute. He questioned the credibility of the American University newspaper report of 1921 that mentioned the burial of "8000" ordnance items, stated, again, that there was no evidence in the official record of such activity, and concluded that any burials that did occur would probably have been small quantities of "laboratory or experimental" materials. Naturally, while discounting the possibility of large scale burial, he could not disprove the possibility that some ordnance items, quantity unknown, "remain buried on or near Camp American University". 4.
CONCLUSION.
The USATHAMA/Army Environmental Center reports show that a thorough search of available records was made in 1986 to address the specific question of large-scale ordnance burial at or near the American University. Although all available evidence showed that there was very little likelihood of such disposal, aerial photo analysis was able to identify possible search areas if there were to be any further investigation. No evidence could be found to help estimate the possibility or location(s) of isolated smaller scale burials.
DEPARTMENT
OF
THE ARMY
US ARMY TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AGENCY ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND. MARYLAND 21OIO-34OI
AMXTH-IR SUBJECT:
1 5 APR Camp American University H i s t o r i c a l Search
Commander U.S. Army Materiel Command ATTN: AMCCN-C 5001 Eisenhower Avenue Alexandria, VA 22333-0001
1. Reference message, HQ AMC, AMCCN-C, 311500Z Mar 86, subject: University.
American
2. Per referenced request, forwarded herein i s an interim status report on the Camp American University Historical Search. 3. Point of contact for this Agency i s Mr. Andrew Anderson or LTC Robert Hetzger, I n s t a l l a t i o n Restoration D i v i s i o n , AUTOVON 584-3618/3182. 4.
USATHAMA - Providing Leaders the Decisive Edge.
Enel
-?%lk&~- A. THOMASSY Colonel, CmlC Commanding
JCiAL USE ONLY
INTERIM STATUS REPORT CAMP AMERICAN UNIVERSITY HISTORICAL SEARCH 1.
BACKGROUND
a. The U . S . Army Toxic and Hazardous M a t e r i a l s Agency (USATHAMA), i n i t i a t e d an h i s t o r i c a l r e c o r d s s e a r c h of Camp American U n i v e r s i t y (AU) on 31 March 1986 as d i r e c t e d by H e a d q u a r t e r s , U . S . Army M a t e r i e l Command. The b a s i s of t h e r e c o r d s s e a r c h was a s t u d y p r e p a r e d by AU, which i s l o c a t e d i n Washington, DC. In summary, t h e s t u d y n o t e d t h a t AU was used a s a c h e m i c a l w a r f a r e l a b o r a t o r y d u r i n g World War I ( a p p a r e n t l y AU was t h e f i r s t C h e m i c a l Corps l a b ) . F o l l o w i n g World War I most of t h e c h e m i c a l w a r f a r e m a t e r i a l a t Camp AU was t r a n s f e r r e d t o Edgewood A r s e n a l , MD. However, t h e AU s t u d y n o t e s t h a t t h e r e were r e p o r t s i n 1920 era AU p u b l i c a t i o n s of $800,000 worth of m u n i t i o n s b e i n g b u r i e d i n t h e v i c i n i t y of Camp AU ( a s AU was c a l l e d d u r i n g World War I ) . Research by AU
personnel could not determine what specific material was buried or the exact location of the b u r i a l . AU requested the Army's assistance in resolving these issues. b. During World War I AU was situated on 93 a c r e s . An additional 150 acres were made available adjacent to AU to form Camp AU (3ee encl 1). Currently the central AU campus consists of approximately 70 acres (encl 2). The area "behind" AU where USATHAMA has tentatively concluded that the munitions were allegedly buried i s now the Spring Valley r e s i d e n t i a l area. One house in t h i s established development i s on the real estate market for $2M. This r e s i d e n t i a l area has been developed and any future major construction appears unlikely. c. Additionally, AU was used for explosive ordnance disposal training during World War I I . In 1957 an AU publication reported that an unexploded bomb was found during excavation a c t i v i t i e s for AU's broadcast center. Army Explosive Ordnance Disposal personnel reportedly removed the explosive. 2.
DISCUSSION
a. The approach taken by USATHAMA was to v i s i t key organizations which could possibly proyide any historical input to the chemical warfare operations which were conducted at Camp AU during World War I . Emphasis was placed on the close-out a c t i v i t i e s of the chemical warfare l a b o r a t o r i e s . Enclosure 3 l i s t s organizations that were contacted and a brief synopsis of the findings. b. In general, the historical research performed by AU was thorough. With the exception of the U.S. Army Military History I n s t i t u t e at Carlisle Barracks, PA, and the Ordnance Environmental Support Office at Indian Head, MD, AU personnel had made previous contact with the organizations USATHAMA personnel visited and had reviewed AU documents. There were indications, however, that the lack of f a m i l i a r i t y with military organizations and procedures may have resulted in AU not obtaining the full potential of available information In these documents. c. A meeting between USATHAMA and AU personnel was held on 3 April 1986. Discussions concerned the Information previously obtained by AU and the course of action which USATHAMA was pursuing. A few key topics discussed are outlined below:
(1) Based on Che availability of at least one original aerial photo of Camp AU, USATHAMA contracted the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Photographic Interpretation Center, to prepare a photo imagery report using the above photo and other historical data oa the AU area. Funds for this effort ($5,500.00) were made available within current USATHAMA resources. (2) USATHAMA asked If AU had researched the Sandborn Insurance f i l e s . This insurance company maintained extensive f i l e s o& buildings in the Washington, DC, area and review of them could possibly provide useful information. AU was unaware of this source and has subsequently contracted a research effort of these f i l e s . (3) In response to questions concerning research into records ( i . e . , boring logs) from construction on the AU campus, AU personnel stated that they looked at those records for a couple of recent buildings on campus, but had not contacted the building contractor for earlier buildings. Additionally, the AU personnel appeared to be looking for the obvious (worker illness) as opposed to the subtle (unexplained ground stains) during their review. USATHAMA assistance in performing a more detailed review was offered to AU. d. The USATHAMA v i s i t to the U.S. Army Military History Institute at Carlisle Barracks revealed an extensive amount of pre-1925 chemical warfare and AU documents. This material would require several weeks to review in detail. Enclosure 4 is an Inventory by source of materials in this collection. A few of these documents have never been declassified and are s t i l l classified SECRET or CONFIDENTIAL, even though i t i s inconceivable that they should retain that classification. While this collection appears to be very valuable from the historical viewpoint, It i s unlikely to reveal a direct answer to the specific items and location of the allegedly buried munitions at AU. e. Based on USATHAMA' s research to date, considerable research effort will be required to attempt to definitively determine if munitions were in fact buried and, if so, specific munitions and location of them. At this juncture the following options e x i s t : (1) USATHAMA devote resources to continue an in-depth study to verify the burial and specific munitions and location. This effort i s estimated to take six man-months to complete. Current projects would be delayed due to current personnel shortages. (2) USATHAMA contract this records search effort. This effort would be somewhat different than the standard USATHAMA records search in that it is more of a pure archive retrieval effort. To write a scope of work and bring a contractor on board would take 2-3 months and require at least one USATHAMA manmonth of effort. Based on observations to date, the AU historians are as, if not more, competent than any contractor USATHAMA could hire.
(3) USATHAMA cease active research but continue to provide assistance to AU on an as-needed basis. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Photographic Interpretation Center, reports will be provided to AU and the U.S. Army Military History Institute data will be made available to AU researchers. The problem with the classified documents will have to be addressed. If new information concerning munitions is revealed, USATHAMA active participation would be reviewed. 3.
RECOMMENDATIONS:
a. Headquarters, U.S. Army Materiel Command request an appropriate agency (possibly either HQDA (DAMO-NCC), CRDEC, or the Chemical School), review and declassify documents at the U.S. Army Military History Institute. b. Information at the U . S . Army Military History Institute and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Photographic Interpretation Center's report and other data collected during this investigation be made available to AU researchers. c. Suspend active work by USATHAMA personnel. Maintain close coordination with AU and continue to provide assistance/expertise on an as-requested basis.
3
NOTE:
Boundaries are approbate.
Available records do not provide definite
boundaries.
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
D
HISTORICAL SEARCH
CAMP AMERICAN UNIVERSITY
This summary represents all sources researched by the U.S. Army Toxic and Hazardous Materials Agency between 1 April 1986 and 9 April 1986.
1.
Aberdeen Proving Ground (Edgewood Area), HP, Historical Office.
All
documents relative to American University (AU) during the period 1918-1921 were reviewed; as were Chemical Warfare Service annual reports, 1918-1919.
A 1918 map
of the American University Experiment Station was obtained. Mr. Jeff Smart
2.
(301) 671-4430
The Technical Library, Chemical Research Development and Engineering
Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground (Edgewood Area), MD.
The following information
was reviewed: "C.W.S. Research and Development Activities During World War I," Chas. A. Rouiller, 17 June 1942. Report of Tests of Chemical Warfare Materials, Department of Experiment, Report No. 276 Description of Tests of Toxic Candles The Chemical Properties of Methyldichlorarsine, December 12, 1921 "The Chemical Warfare Service:
Organizing for War," Brophy and Fisher
"Chemical Warfare," Fries and West Ms. Mary D'Eramo
(301) 671-2822
?:••:, OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Washington National Records Center, Suitland, HP.
Site visit with the
t confirmed the prior review of record groups by persons from the All.
A
135 boxes were made available to AU with an expenditure of twelve hours i Center personnel (Mr. Boy Ian,
Mr. Parnell, and Mr. Lewis).
Items
general correspondence, Edgewood; technical documents of 1st and 2nd aas (RG 175/CWS); Quartermaster, Control Services, Work Plans (R.G 9 2 ) , 3, notices, correspondence, and miscellaneous records. were recorded by AU personnel.
NOTE:
Specific control
Bureau of Mines files were
Richard Boyland (Room 115)
(301) 763-1710
;. Janet Hargett
(301) 763-7410
i. Army Center of Military History, Washington, DC.
Telephonic referral
onal Archives (Military Reference Branch), Washington, DC.
Records were
rred from Navy and Old Army Branch to Military Reference Branch. . Jerry Judkins
(202) 272-0317
clonal Archives (Military Reference Branch), Washington, DC.
Site visit
ephonic discussions with archivists revealed general records available 16-1921 deal with Allied Expeditionary Forces overseas.
Records on AU
part of Bureau of Mines files (Civil Agency) available at the Washington 1 Records Center, Suitland, MD. ed as a source of Information.
Library of Congress (Newspaper Files) waB AU personnel have investigated the
•er Files.
•. Ed Reese
(202) 523-3340
*. George Chalou
;'•;•:; OFFICIAL USE ONLY
6.
Information Management Support Agency (IMSA) Department of the Army,
Alexandria, VA.
Telephonic discussion resulted in referral to the Military
Reference Branch of the National Archives.
Records at the IMSA date from the
1950'a. Mr. Steve Eldredge
7.
(202) 325-6179
Historical Office, Army Chemical School, Fort McClellan, AL.
discussion revealed no AU information.
Telephonic
Reference was made to the Technical
Services Publications, Office of the Chief of Military History, United States Army (Green Books).
Two volumes exist for the Chemical Warfare Service with
possible reference to AU.
Also, "Chemical Warfare" by Fries and West, 1921, was
suggested as an information source.
(See the Chemical Research Development and
Engineering Center Technical Library). Dr. James W. Williams
8.
(205) 238-3706
Fisher Library, Fort McClellan, AL.
files.
Telephonic discussion revealed no AU
Reference was made to the Historical Office, Army Chemical School, Fort
McClellan, AL. Ms. Martha Bushell
9.
(205) 238-4414
Historical Office, U.S. Army Materiel Command, Alexandria, VA.
discussion revealed no AU files.
Telephonic
Reference was made to Bureau of Mines files
(labeled AU, CWS) now at the Washington National Record Center, Suitland, MD. NOTE:
Review of Bureau of Mines files was Included In AU search of Record
Center files. Mr. Birdsell Mr. Copola (Archives)
(202) 274-8191
OFFICIAL USE ONLY
ti
•artment of Defense Explosives Safety Board, Alexandria, VA.
Telephonic
ona revealed no AU files. Robert Perry
(202) 325-0891
:hlves Office, American University, Washington, DC.
Site visit resulted
inge of Information sources and general discussion of the facility.
A
rial photograph was reviewed. . Neal Mohlmann, Office of Risk Management
(202) 885-3290
. David Scott Smith, Director, Office of Risk Management
(202) 885-3290
. Bill Ross, American University
(202) 885-3255
. David Pajak, Office of Risk Management
(202) 885-3290
vlronmental Photographic Interpretation Center (EPIC), Warrenton, VA. s were made for EPIC personnel to evaluate the aerial photograph available nd to prepare an Historical Overhead Imagery analysis for the Camp AU EPIC was also requested to incorporate data from the Sandborn Fire x e Company maps available through the Library of Congress.
Photo analysis
Apr 86; draft report, May 86; final report, Jun 86. ;. Kris Stout
(703) 557-3110
-ilted States Army Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks, PA. nts relative to the AU, Chemical Warfare Service (CHS) units stationed at U, the CWS of World War I (WWI), and related topics were searched, us documents were reviewed which added to the understanding of the Camp AU S operations during WWI.
Of special interest was a collection of documents
he various CWS Divisions, including the Research Division at the AU .ment Station.
Specific reference to disposal practices at AU were not
, -.; OFHCiAL uoi: Uh'LY
located.
Photographs of AU operations are available but not envlronaentally
oriented.
Copies of the 50(+) monographs and numerous laboratory reports
published by the Research Division at AU are available at Carlisle.
A rough
inventory of the uncatalogued WWI CWS documents reviewed at Carlisle was made. Ms.
14.
Louise Arnold
(717) 245-3611
Ordnance Environmental Support Office (PESO), Naval Ordnance Station,
Indian Head, HP.
Documents relative to AU, Lakehurst Naval Air Station (former
Lakehurst Proving Ground of the CWS), Gamp Kendrick, and ordnance disposal operations were investigated. were found.
Minor references and discussions of AU activities
Several leads to further Naval historical offices were obtained.
These include: The Navy Dept Library at the Navy Yard in Washington, DC: Mr.
John Vadja
(202) 433-4131
The Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Alexandria, VA: Ms.
Marge Asman
(202) 325-0474
The Navy History Center, NAS Anacostia, Washington, DC: Mr.
Cavelcante
(202) 433-3170
The Naval Security Station, Washington, DC (next to AU) Mr.
van Swearingen (Historian)
Of these, the offices of Mr. Vadja and Mr. van Swearingen have not been contacted.
Ms. Asman (of the Real Estate Division) Indicated that no real estate
file exists for the "Bombs Disposal School" located at AU.
However, the Navy was
there by "permit" and the area Involved is covered on "Naval Station Maps P and S 46."
She said that a further contact would be the Naval (Navy) History Center,
Navy History Research Branch. Mr.
H. S. Duddley
(202) 433-2364
iOn ' ; r r | r ^ L 'iSi: UiviY
Is.
Pam Clements
(301) 743-4534
ilstorlcal Office, Office of the Chief of Englneera, Fort Belvolr. VA. fflce provided lists of various Engineer units stationed at Camp Leach, o Camp AU.
Other documents that referred to AH were the Construction
on of the Army historical records. )r.
James T. Greenwood
(202) 355-2543
!r.
Dale E. Floyd
(202) 355-2543
rhayer Engineer Library, Fort Belvolr, VA.
Discussions of various unit
ries are available along with WWI vintage periodicals.
Attention was given
e unit histories to their mission accomplishments rather than their training s at Camp AU.
Johns Hopkins University, Eisenhower Library, Baltimore, MD.
Though not
rched for AU documentation in general, a specific Bureau of Mines cation from 1919 was sought and found. rlment Stations of the Bureau of Mines," by Van. H. Manning, Bulletin 175,
Milton 3. Eisenhower Library
U.S.
(301) 338-8360
Army Ordnance Center and School Library, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
)honlc inquiry for information on Camp AU, 1916-1921, revealed no aeatation from that era.
Referral was made to the U.S. Army Chemical School
lry, Fort McClellan, AL. Ma.
Tracy Landfried
(301) 278-4991
i'OS GFRQjAL USE ONLY
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U.S.
ARMY MILITARY HISTORY INSTITUTE LIBRARY, CARLII M A I N
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United Ststas Protection
FOR 0T71CXZ.
Enw SlfMtwi C*boftorv SM
USE OHLV! ! !
Historical Photographic Analysis American University Washington,D.C. Volume 1 prepared for U.S. Army Toxic and Hazardous Materials Agency Under Interagency Agreement No. RW-21930148-01
TS-PIC-86001-M July 1986
Historical Photographic Analysis American university Washington, DC
By Kristen K. Stout, Imagery Analyst The Bionetics Corporation Warrenton, Virginia 2Z18o
Contract No. bB-03-3161
1 Project Officer Fran* R. Uolle Environmental Photograonic I n t e r p r e t a t i o n Center Environmental Monitoring Systems LaDOratory Warrenton, Virginia 2218b, FTS 557-3110
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SYSTEMS LABORATORY OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY LAS VEGAS, NEVADA 89114
NOTICE The views, opinions and conclusions contained in t n i s report are those of the authorts) and should not De construed as o f f i c i a l Department of Army position or policy unless so designated by other documentation.
ii
ABSTRACT This report u t i l i z e s m s t o r i c a l aerial pnotograpny t 3 i d e n t i f y potential proolem areas at American u n i v e r s i t y , Washington, D.C., o r i g i n a t i n g from past a c t i v i t i e s at a world War I Chemical Warfare Experimental S t a t i o n .
During
World War I tne Bureau of hines was allowed to use American University and surrounding property t o conduct research and small - s c a l e t e s t i n g of chemical warfare items.
In 1986 American University requested assistance from the
Department of tne Army (DA) i n oDtaining information r e l a t i n g to these
activities. Three years of n i s t o n c a l aerial pnotograpny U91u, 1927. and 19371 were ootainea ana analyzed Dy tne U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Environmental Photograpmc Interpretation Center (EPIC) for tne U.S. Army Toxic & Hazardous Material Agency 1USATHAMA). Significant features identified include shell p i t s , trenches, possible test areas, and possiole burial sites. This report does not attempt to determine i f these h i s t o r i c features pose any threat to human nealth or tne environment.
Historical Background
;enal Photo Analysis
1918 Photomosaic
2
1918 brauna Photo L 918 orouna Photo
1927 Photo
5
•
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
•
Uunng world war I American U n i v e r s i t y was used by the Bureau of Mines to conduct research on and perform small-scale t e s t i n g o f chemical warfare items.
|
Estaolisned i n 1917, the American U n i v e r s i t y Experiment S t a t i o n was the f i r s t research center of what was to become the new Chemical Warfare Service.
•
Its
mission was t o : " f i n d p r a c t i c a l methods f o r producing mustard gas and other t o x i c agents, as w e l l as the means to p r o t e c t U.S. forces from German cnemical weapons." (Reference 5, page 7)
• •
The researcn u n i t s "concentrated on o f f e n s i v e weapons, gas mask research, gas Droduction, small scale manufacturing, pyrotecnnics, ano medical ana pnarmacological research." (Reference 5, page 7)
•i
Outside tne University proper, an additional ISO acres were leased for
a
f i e l d testing the chemicals and munitions developed at the research center.
;
The War Department established Camp Leach adjacent to the American University Experiment b t a t i o n .
"The Camp witnessed the formation of the f i r s t
regiment of f o r e s t e r s , the f i r s t company of camoufleurs, and f i r s t chemical comoat troops ever seen in the U.S. Army."
(Reference 5, page 4) From 1917 to
1919 an estimated 1UU.UUU troops had trained at Camp Leach and Camo American University, most of them special engineer units trained in trencn warfare ana the Handling of chemical munitions. When the war ended, munitions, chemical agents and troop equipment had to oe disposed.
Several references to the disposal of munitions on or near
American University have been found: "...S8UU,000 worth of munitions that had been manufactured in the buildings on the University grounds and had not yet been started overseas . . . " "The munitions were taken Dack to the l i m i t of the University acres and there ouried in a p i t that was diggea (sic) for them." (Reference 2, page 4) "There were munitions on nana, including multiplex gas and an invented explosive many times dynamite, valued at sauu.UUU."
"...permission was given to go far oack on trie University acres, to dig a p i t deeper than the one into which Joseon was cast, oury the munitions tnere and cover them up . . ." (Reference 3, page 7) I t is assumed t h a t this alleged disposal took place between November 1918 lend of u.u. I ) and January 192U (the publication date of Reference 2 ) .
I I I 1 1 I
1 1 1
•
INTRODUCTION During a recent risk assessment study conducted by American University, reference to the disposal of munitions and chemical agents in the vicinity of tne university was discovered.
American University requested the assistance
of the Department of the Army (DA) in determining where, if at all, these materials had Been ouried.
DA in turn gave this task to the U.S. Army Toxic
and Hazardous Materials Agency (USATHAtoA). A searcn of Army records revealed no additional information.
USATHAMA
tnen requested tne U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Environmental Photograonic Interpretation Center (EPIC) to searcn for ana analyze any available aerial pnotograpny of the area from 191b to 193Q, including a 1918 aerial pnotomosaic provided by American University. In addition to the 1918 pnotomosaic, the analysis was conducted with 1927 and 1937 aerial photography and two 1918 ground photos.
Information relating
to the history of American University and the development of chemical warfare was provided by American University.
USATHAMA provided a 1918 topographic map
(see Figure 5) tnat shows features of the experimental station and its surrounding area.
Information in the analysis, whether presented on tne
overlays or in tne text, that originates from collateral aata (specifically tne 1918 taoograpnic map and tne Quartermaster Construction Map (Reference 4)) will De asterisked
(*!.
The location of those features identified in the analysis that are related to possinle disposal (ourial) of munitions and chemical agents have oeen tranferred to a 1982 aerial pnotograpn.
The study area (see Figure 1) includes American University and surrounding land tnat was used by the American University Experiment Station and Camp Leach.
An enlargement of each year of photograpny is included in
this r e p o r t ; however, because of differences in coverage and frame o r i e n t a t i o n , the area enlarged may vary somewhat from year to year.
METHODOLOGY Aerial
Photoaraony
A searcn o f government and commercial s o u r c e s o f a e r i a l photography was
undertaken to ootain all availaole pnotography of the study area spanning tne desired time period (1918-1930's).
The results of the search include a 1918
pnotomosaic ana two ground photos, provided by American University, and 1927 and 1937 pnotograpny ootained from the National Archives and Records Service. A detailed l i s t i n g of this photography is presented in the References section. A concerted e f t o r t was made to locate tne original photograpny from wnich tne 1318 mosaic was made.
Sources contacted include tne National Archives,
Library of Congress and the Anacostia Naval Air Station.
The historian at tne
Anacostia Naval Air Station suggested two additional possible sources: the s t i l l photo section of the National Air and Space Museum and the ColumDia Historical Society in Washington O.C. However, he f e l t i t is very unlikely that the original pnotograpny s t i l l exists.
This was also the opinion of the
nead of the Cartographic 3rancn of the National Archives. 3ecause of tms and tne fact that early aerial pnotograpny was not catalogued or maintained in any consistent manner, making retrieval d i f f i c u l t and time-consuming at oest. these two sources were not searcneo. The 1927 pnotograpny, J series of prints, is housed at the National Archives.
I t was donated ta the Arcnives Dy tne National Capitol Area
Planning Commission.
I t appears as i f the pnotography was flown en at least
two different sates oecause of the cnange in 1 aaf-on/leaf-off condition on different f l ignt lines.
Using a comDination of prints from the different
aates, complete coverage cf the study area was ootained; however, oecause some of the prints m the series were missing, complete stereo coverage of tne area was not availaole.
Only partial coverage ana no stereo coverage was availaole for tne 1937 pnotography.
In aaaition, the original negative is damaged, thus ooscuring
mucn of the study area. fterial Photographic Analysis The methodology used for tnis analysis differs significantly from EPIC's standard methodology.
The standard procedure is to view pairs of
transparencies with a zoom stereoscope, Backlit on a l i g h t table.
This allows
tne analyst to view tne site stereoscapically (three-dimensionally) ana at /anous magnifications. Since tne 1918 onotograpny is in the form of a mosaic, i t could not oe viewed stereoscopically; therefore, a three-dimensional perspective of features and terrain was not ootainaole.
The 19Z7 prints were analyzed using
a mirror stereoscope, and the 1937 transparencies were viewed monoscopically on a 1ight table. Although the quality, resolution and lack of stereo coverage limited analysis somewnat, several significant features were identified Dy using a ccmDinatinn of pnoto characteristics (such as tone, shadow, shape, size, tsxture ana cattern:. in this report, a distinction is made between prooaple and possiole identifications,
^rooaole is used when a limited numoer of discerniDle pnoto
cnaracteri sties allows the analyst to Be reasonady sure of a particular identification.
3
ossiple is used wnen only a few onoto characteristics are
aiscerniole, and the analyst can only infer an identification.
I t should be noted that s i t e Doundaries or areas used in t h i s analysis iere
determined by ooservations maae from the aerial photography and
topographic maps and do not necessarily denote legal property l i n e s or ownership.
AERIAL PHOTO ANALYSIS An enlargement of the 1918 photomosaic (Figure 2) has been provided with an overlay delineating s i g n i f i c a n t features and with a g r i d for easy reference.
The large numoers on the 1918 enlargement were present on the
original p r i n t .
They correspond to the fallowing legend:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
College of History McKiniey Memorial Hall Chemical Warfare Building drove Amphitheatre NeDraska Avenue
7. Bomb Pits 8. Buildings for Experimentation 9. Camp Leach 10. Mount Vernon Seminary 11. Trenches and Proving Grounas
6.
Massachusetts ( s i c ) Avenue
12.
American University Par*
The smaller mincers on the 191fJ overlay identify some of the Duildings (B) seen in the two grouna photos (Figures 3 and 4).
The ouildings have Deen
numoerea to aid the reader in r e l a t i n g the ground photos to the aerial photomosaic.
Figure 3 was taken looking west from building B1U; Figure 4 was
taken from Duilding B l , looking east. The analysis w i l l Be presented i n two parts.
The f i r s t includes the
American university Experiment Station/University Complex and Camp Leach.
The
secona includes the r e l a t i v e l y undeveloped area to the northwest which appears to nave oeen used as a range and proving ground. American University Experiment Station/University Complex ana Camp Leacn In 191B tne main experimental statipn (7 and 8 on ttie photamosaic) is fenced.
There are many ouildings and sneds that appear to be used for
manufacturing, research, and/or t e s t i n g .
In the center of the area adjacent
to Duildings Bb and 87 is a large quantity of crates. is a fenced area north of these crates.
Of p a r t i c u l a r
interest
Although the entire fence cannot be
seen on the aerial photc, i t appears from the grouna pnoto (Figure 4) that the area is completely enclosed. discussion, i
(Refer to Figure 4 for tne following
1 1
Within this fenced area many cylindrical containers (smaller than a
.
55-gallan drum) are lined up horizontally.
Similarly shaped oojects are
located near building B5 outside the fenced area. |
Inside the fenced area are
two mounds of earthen material (MM) creating a possible makeshift Dunker. The cylindrical containers are not present in the 1918 photomosaic, while the
1
resolution of the photomosaic is not sufficient to determine if the possible
m
bunker is present. Stored near the crates are several s>nal 1 bottle-snaped containers.
1
East
of building B9 is the open storage (OS) of uniformly shaped oojects (see Figure 2 ) . These objects are not present in the ground photos.
1 ^
Stacked material ( M ) is located in the southwest quadrant of the experimental station.
Also located in the southwest quadrant are a probable
pit and two probade tanks (T). The western tank appears to be partially set M
in the ground. A prooaole trench (TR) or ditcti appears to lead north from an unnumbered
|
ouilding located north of building B5, and continues beyond the fence!ine
—
(grid location T-7). Anotner prooaoie trencn or aitch is located nortn of tne Chemical Warfare Building (»3) just outsiae tne exoenraental station
M
Boundary, near six square-snaped features (grid location V-1Q).
These
sauare-snapeo features are identical to many others located in Camp Leach and |
are prooably tent platforms. In the northwest quadrant of the Experimental Station a small possible
•
pit is located near the fenceline.
Two shell pits* are also locatea nearoy.
M
A raised walkway runs from Duilding SI, wnicn has oeen ouilt over a DomD pit," to Duilding B2. tne munitions plant.*
f
shell oit.*
Nortn of building B2 is a concrete
1
A t r a i l leads westward from Duilding B2, tnrougn a gate in the fence and along the side of a h i l l .
Along the south (upslopej side of tflis t r a i l are
several trenches and a possiDle trench. 1
The 1918 map (see Figure 5) confirms
tne existence of these trenches, although the configuration on the map varies somewnat from the configuration of the trenches on the photontosaic.
I g
On the west side of the h i l l are several structures (S).
Adjacent to one
is a large ground scar (GS1. An east-west trending intermittent stream is located nortn of the t r a i l ,
fl
i t the eastern end of this stream is a cleared area with several s.nall crater scars.
B ^
Similar crater scars are located to the west along tne road that runs
-rom tne experimental station to the proving ground (#11). Camp Leach (*9) is located northeast of the Experimental Station/University complex.
j
I t appears to have been a staging and training
area for troops and contains barracks and tents or tent platforms. trenches are located to tne northeast.
|
Several
The angular configurations of these
trenches suggest that they were used for troop training purposes. 3y 1927 Camo Leach and the experimental station have Been dismantled (see
"
-'lgure o i .
'lost :f tne ouildings, sneos. and structures nresent in 191B nave
•|
jeen removed. Zf tne numoerea ouildings only B4, 35 and 310 remain. tne features aiscussea earlier are no longer present.
f
Most of
The rencea storage
yard, openly stored materials, p i t s , prooaole tanks, prODaDle trencn/ditches and trencnes are cone.
• jm
A few features ia remain.
Two large ground scars appear in the southwest
quadrant of wnat was the experimental station, in an otherwise revegetated area.
In tne northwest quadrant are two inground structures (IS) with
•^
foundations arouna them,
£|
-••-no cii> of the snell p i t s . Northwest of these inground structures is a third ztructure wnicn may oe tne remains of the otner snell p i t . 1U
"hey are tne remains cf building SI (the Domo pit)
B
Outside the fenced portion of the Experimental Station, on the western
^
side of the h i l l , are the large ground scar noted in 1918 and two additional ground scars.
ti
Adjacent to the ground scars are remnants of two of the
structures seen in 191H. of the northern one.
I
Dark-toned (OX) material appears on the foundation
The remainder of the h i l l
is densely forested.
All of the ouildings, barracks and tent platforms at Camp Leach have Deen
^
removed.
There is also no sign of the training trenches that were located
northeast of Camp Leach. M
No additional anotoarapny.
I
s i g n i f i c a n t information was ascertained from tne 1937
The approximate locations of the inground structures, the
structure and the ground scars seen in 1927 on the h i l l west of American .
University have Deen delineated on the 1937 overlay (Figure 7). Ranoe and Proving Ground
if
The area northwest of the American University Experiment Station/University complex i s predominantly agricultural and forested land in
|
lyl8 (see Figure 2).
The 1918 topographic map (Figure 5) shows several
aoanaoned farm nouses and ruins throughout this area.
A road leaas west from
^
"_ne experimental station to the '"renches and Proving Ground" !?11).
M
the road is a turnout adjacent to a deep erosion g u l l y .
•
ring of trenches.
Along
Farther west is a large c i r c u l a r feature which appears to De a douDle Nortneast of these trenches are a possiDle p i t and a
prooaBle small structure which are in the same v i c i n i t y as "ruins" marked on •
tne 1918 map.
Another possible p i t is located east of the trencnes.
d
adjacent to a light-toned, square feature (proDable tent platform) similar to those seen at Camp Leacn.
I 1
scars.
Nortn of the trencnes are several
I t is
small crater
A road or trail leads n o r m from tne ring of trencnes to a possinle test area.
The test area is composed of two cleared rectangular areas, one on
either side of the road, and many small circular scars lined up in a uniform pattern to the north of the clearings. The 1918 map shows an "Old Mustard Field" located east of this passible test area. J|
It is possiole that it was
located incorrectly on the map, and that its actual location is this possiole test area.
There are no signs on the 1918 photomosaic of any recent activity
at the map location of the mustard field. ^
Fartner nortfi along the road is a rectangular-shaped, light-toned (IT) feature witn small lignt-toneo oDjects; a possible graded area is located
•
nearoy.
;t is difficult to ascertain wnetner tnese features are related to
tne range activity or are agricultural in nature. m
"Weaver Farm House" close oy.
^
munition storage pads.
The 1918 map snows the
To tne north is a field with many possiole
A faint scarring pattern in the adjacent field to the
south (not annotated) may indicate it was also used for munition storage. M
A large ground scar is located west of the possible munition storage pads.
Fartner west is anotner douDle ring of trencnes (»11) with an adjacent
H
ait.
^
dopears as if eitner weaoons are fireo rrom a series of prooaDle stalls to a
Soutn of tnese trencnes is a possiole firing range or test site.
It
feature used as a target, or munitions are detonated at tne feature and ^
ooservea from tne prooaDle stalls.
A trail connect: tne stalls with tne
target/test site, ana there is scattered ground scarring west of the possiDle |
target in wnat would se tne direction of fire.
The 1918 topograpnic map snows
a "smone section dugout" in tne vicinity of the possiDle target/test site •*
I M
feature.
£ast of the crooaole firing/oDservation stalls are two light-toned
1
features tnat appear similar to the target feature; they may also oe "s.noke section augouts."
Smoke is tracking to the north, away from tnese features.
•
These areas may have oeen used to test the toxic candles or the special
•
mortars that generated smoke screens, ooth manufactured at the Experimental Station.
J
By 1927 most of the features in the range and proving ground are gone (see Figure 6 ) . The two douole rings of trenches have Deen filled ana are
•
revegetating.
Only a faint impression of the trenches remains, with the
•
exception of tne soutnwest portion of the eastern ring.
This area looks more
recently aisturoea with a rough texture and less flense vegetation. V
The
disturoed area appears slightly wider than the original distance Detween tne two rings of trenches.
A trail leads westward from this old trench site to an
m
area that appears to have oeen cleared and is oeginning to revegetate.
^
of the trench site is some possible scarring which may include the ruins of
East
the earlier features (pit and prooaole tent platform). M
A few crater scars remains along the road that leads westward from American University to tne proving ground.
•
Several new Duildings appear near
tne weaver Farmstead. By 1937 (Figure 7) several new roads and many new houses nave oeen constructed ttirougn the old range and proving ground.
•
The location of tne
douole trencn rings and tne disturoed and cleared areas seen in 1927 have Deen delineated on the 1937 overlay.
1
I 1 13
FINDINGS Significant findings or potential problem areas include, pgssible Durial sites, shell and Domo p i t s , trenches, ana possible test are«,. Possible burial Sites References to the ourial of munitions and cnemical agents at A f r i c a n University (References 2 and 3) indicate that i t took place "far oaclc on the university acres."
I t i s unclear whether this refers, to the University
proper, wnich includes 92 acres, or the land leaded by the. Bureau of Mines for g
fiela testing.
The references al s,o indicate that a deep p i t was dug
specifically for tne disposal of tnes,e material s. M
Two areas in the proving ground emerge as possiole ourial sites. f a l l into tne "leased land" category.
These
The f i r s t is a portion of the southern
I
double ring of trenches, annotated as "disturoea area" on the 1927 overlay.
^
This area looks d i s t i n c t l y different from the rest of tfte trench rings.
The
"undisturbed" trenches appear to have been f i l l e d , creating a s.nooth, level tf
surface with an even density of vegetation (grasses) growing over them. disturoea area appears rougn, witn less dense vegetation.
The
I t extends oeyond
H
tne original distance Between tne two trenches tna.t make up tne --ings,
^
suggesting tnat the tranches were enlarged Defore tney were f i l l e d . The second possible ounal site is located to the northwest ano is
•I
annotated as "cleared area" on tne 1.927 overlay.
Although this area has a
smootn surface, the vegetation appears distinctly less dense, ana the |
straight-line oounoanes of the area indicate this perturoation was not a natural pnenomenon.
™ •i
A t r a i l connects these two possible Durial sites.
I f munitions ana multiplex gas were disposed Dy o u r i a l , tney may nave
oeen auriea s e p a r a t e l y , t h u s e x p l a i n i n g the e x i s t e n c e of two p o s s i o l e s i t e s .
M
In addition to tnese features, two ground scars located on the west side of the h i l l west of tne university persist in 19Z7.
Althougn these ground
I
scars appear less l i k e l y to be ourial sites, they are noted because of their
^
proximity to tne actual University property. The locations of tnese possible Durial sites and the northern trench ring
ti
have been transferred to a 1982 aerial photo (Figure 8) using a computer-driven interactive graphics system.
I
Pits
^
In the nortnwest quadrant of tne Experimental S t a t i o n were several inground structures used as shell
1
and bomo p i t s (see Figures 2 and 6 ) . A
similar structure was l o c a t e d f a r t h e r west outside t n e fenced area along tne west side of tne n i l l .
|
University proper.
•
Trenches
A l l of these structures l i e outside tne American
None of these s t r u c t u r e s were apparent on the 1937 pnotograpny.
I
In 1918 trencnes and small c r a t e r s were v i s i b l e t o the west of the experimental S t a t i o n , o u t s i d e the fenced area.
*
The c o l l a t e r a l
data makes
reference to tnese f e a t u r e s . " . . . w m l e en tne extreme Doraer appears rougn ground, wnicn on examination snows i t s e l f to be a s e r i e s of trencnes ')o Man's Land, 1 cut By snel 1 holes and craters wnere tne experimental DOIUDS are c o n s t a n t l y oeing exDioded." (Reference I, page b) With tne exception of a few small c r a t e r scars, these features ao not appear in tne l a t e r y e a r s .
15
Two other trenches, located at grid locations T-7 and V-1U on Figure 2, may have been used for waste disposal.
However, i t i s doubtful that
explosives or other hazardous materials were placed there, due to their proximity to buildings and t e n t s . Test Areas A possible test area i s located at grid locations H-5, 1-5, and J-5 on I
Figure 2.
This may be the actual location of the "Old Mustard Field" referred
to on the 1918 topographic map (Figure 5).
Althougn the map places the field
•
farther east, there i s no evidence on the pnotograpny of recent activity at
|
that location. A second possible t e s t area or range is located at grid locations D-4,
1
E-4 and E-5 on Figure 2.
I 1 I 1 I
16
REFERENCES AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY Date 1918
Agency American university
Mission Code
Frai
Orig. Scale 1:7,5OU
Unknown
1927
NARS1
Unknown
S3,9o,97 1:1O,OUU 98,557,558
15177-15182
1937
NARS
FG
UB-120 118-121 118-132
1:20,000
14767-14769
1982
Airpnoto2
V8Z1
197-199
1:12,000
14869-14871
MAPS Source
Name
Scale
USGS3
Wasmngton West, D . C . MD-VA
1:24,000
1980
Date
USATHAMA4
Range and R e s e r v a t i o n
1:3,6UQ
1918
American university Experiment Station
••National Archives and Records Service, U.S. General Services Administration ^Air-PhotograDnics, Inc., Wheaton, MO 3(j_5_ Geological Survey, J.S. Department of the Interior 4
U.S. Army Toxic and Hazardous Materials Agency 17
1 I M
PUBLICATIONS l.
C o l l i e r , Frank w., "Activities at Camp American University," The American University Courier, Volume XXIV, N o . l . OctODer 1917. Washington, Q.C. pp. 4 - 0 .
M
Z.
Autnor Unknown, "A Burning V i l l a g e , " The American University Courier. Vol. XXVII, N O . 2 . January 19EU. Washington, U . L . pp. 4,s.
M •
3.
Author Unknown, "Outside ichools on the Campus," The American university Courier, V o l . XXVII, No. 3, April 1921. Washington, u . t . p. / .
1
4.
(joflwin, Harold 0 . , "Completion Report, American University Experiment S t a t i o n , Washington, D.C.," APP 2 , Volume 43. Quartermaster Corps, Construction Division. 1919.
5.
Ross, William, "Camp American U n i v e r s i t y : A.U. and the U.S. M i l i t a r y 18bl-194t>," Exhibit at American University Archives. August 19BS. Hasnington, O.C. pp. 4 , 7 .
•
Ji
i i i i i i i i i
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY US ARMY CHEMICAL ANO MILITARY POLICE CENTERS i FORT MCCLELLAN FORT MCCLELLAN. ALABAMA 36205 5000
ATZN-CM-MH
29 O c t o b e r 1986
MEMORANDUM FOR RECORD SUBJECT:
Camp American U n i v e r s i t y H i s t o r i c a l
1* Purpose. University. 2.
Reference:
Search
To summarize research for response to inquiry from American Letter. USATHAMA, AMCTH-IR-A, 6 Oct 86, SAB (Enclosure 1)
3. Summary. Reference requested onsite assistance at the U.S. Army Military History Institute (MHI). Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, from me. Historian, U.S. Army Chemical School to review all documents related to activites at Camp American University from 1918 through 1921. In response to this request, I went to MHI from 21 through 24 October. I met there with Mr. Conrad Svann, USATHAMA, and Mr. Jeffery K. Smart, Historian, Edgewood Arsenal. Using information that Mr. Svann and Ms. Nancy Gilbert, Librarian, MHI, had provided, we developed a research strategy to try to insure that we covered all likely sources that might indicate any burial of materials on the university grounds or immediate v i c i n i t y . By the end of the week, we agreed that we had exhausted every reasonable source at MHI and had checked possible leads we had developed in the course of this review. Following my return, I reviewed all materials we had gathered. This review reinforced our conclusions: a.
The source that says munitions were buried i s historically suspect.
b. There i s no official evidence of any such burial. Official correspondence from the period strongly suggests that a l l munitions were removed to Edgewood Arsenal. c. If any materials were buried, they would probably have been small quantities of laboratory or experimental materials. d. We could not disprove the possibility that some materials remain buried on or near Camp American University. 4. Research strategy. The strategy used to review materials at MHI was essentially hierarchical. We aimed first to locate any official sources likely to describe any demobilization activity at Camp American University. We next sought to find any official or unofficial sources that might suggest the nature of demobilization actions. We then sought any sources that might
indicate the types and quantities of materials at American University (AD) at the time of demobilization, and that might indicate how those materials were generally handled. He individually pursued different sources, according to familiarity with their types, to try to insure that we reviewed every available resource. We met repeatedly, throughout the week, to discuss ideas and what we had or had not found in the various sources. At the end of the week we discussed our findings and conclusions, and decided on the follow-up. S. Types of sources identified and consulted. The sources explored covered the broadest range we could identify as having any promise. Based on the previous survey of Chemical documents transferred from the Technical Library at Edgevood Arsenal (EA) and from the Fisher Library of the Chemical School, before it was closed in 1973. we looked for any documents pertaining to the time from the start-up of Camp American University into the mid-19208. These materials included technical reports from Camp American University. EA. and various other experimental stations and plants. There were also final reports of tests and monthly reports of the various divisions and annual reports for the Chemical Warfare Service (CWS) and EA. I reviewed indexeB of the Nan York Timu for the period, as well as the microfilmed card catalog from Fisher Library before 1973. Me reviewed manuscript materials dealing with the CHS in the Archives Branch of MHI. These materials included the collected papers of some former Chiefs of Chemical from the interwar years and a survey, conducted within the last few years, of veterans of World War I. From these interviews I identified four who had been at Camp American University or EA about the time of the demobilization. Of those four, I was able to reach only ona—Mr. Otmond H. Hinton of Eau Oallie, Florida: he said he knew nothing about any disposition of materials from AU. Included in the materials veterans had sent were copies of The Retort, a newspaper that the Research Division of the AU Experimental Station published from 6 October into December 1918. The last issue discussed demobilization but dealt only with personnel. I also reviewed documents that AU provided. o•
DxsCUEsx.OTI of msi or poxnr.5.
a. Credibility and accuracy of the source indicating burial. The sole source that says that munitions were buried is historically suspect because of when written, the contexts in which statements appear, the natute of the source, and inferences from comparisons with other sources. There are two references in issues of the AU newspaper, Th»-Att»fic«MV-4J«iverBicy- Courier. One reference is from an issue dated April 1921; the source of the other is undated but is from January 1921 or later. Both postdated the burning, in January 1921, of seventeen buildings that were regarded as having been too contaminated with hazardous chemicals to be salvaged. (Enclosure 2) Both refer to burying $800,000 worth of munitions at the end of the war. two and a half years earlier. References to quantities and actions in both issues may be metaphorical; meanings are uncertain, at best. The undated reference is in an editorial, apparently ansvering complaints that it was a "waste" to burn the buildings. The argument of the editor is that the loss of the buildings was less than the "worth of munitions that had been manufactured in the buildings on the University grounds and had not yet been started overseas." The basic point of che editor was that "War is a waste from start to finish." (Enclosure 3) The second article is heavy with Scriptural overtones and Apocalyptic allusions.
"When the armistice was signed cvo thousand chemists... were employed in the largest laboratory this side of the sun or other burning Btars. There were munitions on hand.. .valued at $800,000. . . . disarmament began ac the University. It was begun with the destruction of munitions! The nunerouB collections on hand, just ready to go overseas, was valued at nothing now but the expense of putting them sway. As ' this was to be the l a s t war,' permission was given to go far back on the University acres, to dig a pit deeper than the one into which Joseph was cast, bury the munitions there and cover them up to wait until the elements shall melt with fervent heat, when the earth and the works therein shall be burned up." (Enclosure 4) The s t y l i s t i c conventions suggest that references to quantities in both articles serve mainly to emphasize importance, not to describe facts or events accurately. The dated article quotes a "glowing account of the School" by H. 0. Bishop in the Washington-Sta-r. which describes the work and staff of the Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory at AD, which arose out of the CUS operations, in superlatives. It identifies Dr. Richard C. Tolman, one of the researchers, as the developer of the toxic smoke candle, of which "four million,. .were in process of manufacture when the war ended." "It costs about $300,000 annually to operate this laboratory, but the ultimate value of the discoveries... can only be estimated in terms of billions." (Enclosure 4) Allowing the possibility that quantitative references might be factual, we searched for and reviewed all documents that might support or discredit these a r t i c l e s . The repetition of the figure— $800,000—seems crucial. This figure appears in both articles but nowhere else that we could find. No other figures that we could find provided any clue as to how such a figure could be derived. The "Annual Report of the Chief of the Chemical Warfare Service for the Fiscal Tear Ending June 30, 1920" included a summary of disbursements of the CUS. The total allotment to the CUS for ordnance stores and ammunition for 1918-19 was SI.196.646. (Enclosure 5) .The $800,000 figure would have equalled almost two-fifths Q£ the total for the whole CMS. This proportion i s entirely out of line with the fact that production and distribution were not handled by the Research Division, which was at AU. but by other divisions, located elsewhere. There i s no reason to believe that any large burial might have been connected with the smoke candles. Even if the figure of four million "in process" at the end of the war was accurate, there i s no indication of any connection between this processing and AU, other than the development. (Enclosure 4). b. There i s no official evidence of any burial at AU. Official correspondence from the period strongly suggests that all munitions were removed to Edgewood Arsenal. The key document, which was included in the inquiry from AU, was an itemized request for a shipping order to transfer munitions and related items from AU to Edgewood in February 1919. The endorsements ordered transfer in March 1919. (Enclosure 6) c. If any materials were buried, -hey were probably small quantities of laboratory or experimental materials. All sources we found were inconsistent with the notion of substantial quantities of any munitions or the components for munitions existing at AU. The "Report of the Chemical Warfare Service. 1918." signed in September, described the organization and activities of the
CUS. This report said that the American University Experiment Station had been the major center of the research a c t i v i t i e s . The Research Division, located at AO. conducted experiments to solve problems. The nain plant of the Gas Offense Production Division, which actually produced toxic materials on a large scale, was at EA. Some proving of munitions was done at Ant but, by September 1918, these a c t i v i t i e s were nainly conducted at Lakehutst. New Jersey. (Enclosure 7) The Qiemical Production or Small Scale Manufacturing Section, working at a ratio of fifty pounds to a ton, tried to improve methods of preparation in the laboratory to where materials could be mass-produced. (Enclosure 8) Although the equipment for production plants was built at AD, including two one-ton reactors for mustard agent, there was no evidence that any production plant actually operated at An. (Encloaure 9) Even the work to discover new toxics and to develop manufacturing methods practically ceased at An by 1 November 1919. when a l l of these a c t i v i t i e s transferred to EA. (Enclosures 10 and 11) The statement in B»e-Amagican University Cwwteg that there were large quantities of munitions ready" for shipment overseas i s at odds with production figures in The Ordeg-gf-Battle of-
4JJJL. 17 End
f/3. W. WILLIAMS Historian
DEPARTMENT
OF THE ARMY
US ARMY TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AGENCY ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND
MARYLAND 21010-9401
6 OCT 19B6 SUBJECT:
Camp American U n i v e r s i t y H i s t o r i c a l Search
Commandant U.S. A m y Chemical. School Fort McClellan, AL 36205-5020
1. Reference: a.
Utter, AMC, AMCCN-C, 14 Aug 86, SAB (end).
b. FONECON between Dr. Janes U. Williams, U.S. Army Chemical School, arri Mr. Conrad L. Swam, this Agency, 25 Sep 86, SAB. 2. Reference la directed this Agency to conduct a search of historical documents which are stored at the U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks, PA. This Agency will support this three-week effort by reviewing all documents relative to Camp American University activities from 1918 through 1921. Other documents coexist pertaining to Chemical Corps activities through World War II which may be of value to Chemical School personnel. 3. Requesc onsite assistance from Dr. James W. Williams, Historian, U.S. Army Chemical School, for one week, in order to shorten the review period and Co exchange information derived from this previously unfamiliar source. The search is anticipated to begin the week of 20 October 1986. 4. Point of contact for this action is Mr. Conrad Swarm, this Agency, AUTOVON 584-2270/3182. 5.
USATHAMA - Providing Leaders the Decisive Edge.
jz1_ End
F T A . THOMASSY Colonel, CM Commanding
CF (w/enci): Cdr, AMC. ATTO: AMCCN-C, AMCEN-A, 5001 Eisenhower Ave, A l e x a n d r i a , VA 22333-0001 , USACMLS, ATTN: ATZN-O-HiH, F o r t McClellan, AL 36205-5020
U-, Case 4 Top In a May 1961 letter to A.U. President Hurst R. Anderson, Wilson described his transformation from chemist to Army officer: "Along the winter of 1918, most of the people [attached to the Bureau of Mines] were inducted into the newly formed Chemical Warfare Service...[K]e [the chemists] all had to wear uniforms, learn to salute, and do a modicum of drilling, which everyone resented and which took time away from things which we knew were moTe important...." "I recall one evening in the fall of 1918 when, as the result of the failure of some of the officers to salute properly in downtown Washington, the officer members were called out for special drill on approximately the same location of the present Methodist Church. After putting us through some maneuvers the captain in charge of the drilling said: 'Now I think some you majors ought at least to be able to handle a platoon,' and divided the group concerned into four platoons of three or four squads each, one of which he assigned to Major [James] Conant and one to me. After about four rapid maneuvers in the dusk, in some fashion thct neither of us recall, I found that I had Conant's platoon and he had mine! I think that debacle made them give us chemists up as hopeless because 1 do not recall our having any more dTill." (Lower Right) Destruction of Gas-Impregnated Buildings of the Chemical Warfare Service, January 1921. The last Army units left The American University in 1919. All facilities returned to the University with the exception of McKinley Hall, which was leased by the Department of Agriculture for a fixed nitrogen research laboratory. Most of the CWS labs were torn down and the lumber salvaged, however, seventeen such buildings were so impregnated vith poisonous gasses that they were burned by the D.C. Fire Department.
E !-*«-<-
The American University Courier latf-ciiM Mitiar fcbrvgrr IT. 1
Volume XXVII
\H* Peat Offle* * t
. 0. C aadcr Act ol JBIT I I . irw
Washineton, D. C . April, 1921
No.
PRESIDENT WAKREK G. HJIUDINC
PRESIDENT HARDING ACCEPTS TRUSTEESHIP.
The Honorable Warren
The tollowtntr corresnondence has taken place beiween the Chancellor ot the American university and ihe President ot the L'niied States: The American University. Bishop John W. Hamilton, Chancellor.
My Dear Mr. President; You were unanimously elected a member oi the Board oi Trustees oi the American L'niversity at the meeting held last Decemder. The HonoraDle William
Harding,
1'rrsidcnt McKinirv was a IruMre when the UnivrrMty wn* founded, and President Kooacvcit had Ixi'ii a trmire at ilic lime of his death for neatly fifteen ycarv. U'r will hr |ik\i>>ril hi receive your letter of acceptanrc fur ilic rccurds of the Univcrsiiy. Yours sincerely, JOHN W. HANILTRN.
*"o Slniieieigh Court. The White House. Washington, April H, l'JSl. My Dear Uishup Hamilton: I have received yours of April seventh, notifying me of nty selection on the Board of Trustees of the American University, and am writing to advise you of my acceptance of the position. I do this with some misgiving as to the measure of active service I max be able to render because public duties in other directions are extremely engrossing. I shall hope, however, in he of some service and am talcing this opportunity to assure you of my good wishes for the institution. Most sincerely yours, WAUCN G. HAIDIHC.
nisltnn John W. Hamilton, 703 Stoneleigh Court, Washington, D. C.
CONVOCATION DAY. The University is making special, unusually special, preparation for Convocation Day, Wednesday, June 8th. The exercises will be most attractive and highly interesting. The meeting of the Trustees will be held in the College of History at ten-thirty o'clock in the forenoon. Luncheon for the Trustees will be served at one o'clock sharp in the University building. The exercises will begin with the flag raising. Some one or ones—"sure.'' no doubt about it—will furnish that flag. Major General William Mason Wright will preside. The presiding officer will make a brief address and request a representative of the Fixed Nitrogen Division to raise the flag. One of the city clergymen, assisted by others as aides, will act as chief marshal. The Chancellor will preside in the outdoor auditorium. Representative clergymen from the different denominations will conduct the devotions. Addresses will be delivered by the Honorable Warren G. Harding, President of the United States; the Honorable J. J. Jusserand. the French Ambassador, u d the Honorable K. W. Rowell, King's Counsel and leader of his party in the Canadian Parliament. The music for the occasion will be furnished by the United States Marine Band. Arrangements are being made for extra trolley cars to run from the city to the University during the afternoon.
Dr. Frrdimk JuriihurT, the dean ol the new cradume Schiml i'f l'.ii«me«« Administration, comes to us • from the hiMnnr old College nf William and Mary, in Virginia. »hcrc. during the (MM two years, he has been prnfi'Mnr of economics and head of ilic school of luisint't!, ndminiMraiiun. During the stinmirr sessions of l'Jl.'p. miC, 1U1T. lam. 1!MU and i:nu he served as profesmr of economics and finance in the University of Virginia. Dean Jnchhiiff is a graduate of Kansas City University, where he took the bachelor's and doctor s decrees, of the law schools of Ohiu Northern University anil the University of Maine, receiving the LL. E. and LL. M. degrees, and of the school of commerce of Northwestern University. He also pursued graduate courses in the University of Chicago'for several years. The career of Professor Juchhoflf as an educator nas been unique. Bcginninc in IDOfi. he was for two years instructor in commerce in Ilerea College, Kentucky; for five years he was a teacher in the public high schools of Chicago, at the same time instructing in several of the evening law schools, of one of which he was elected dean. For one year he was associate professor of commerce and finance in the James Millikin University, Decatur, Illinois, and the following two years was head of the department of accountancy of the municipal University of Toledo, Ohio. In addition to the academic appointments mentioned, he has for several years held a number of professorial lectureships, among which is that in economics in the Richmond School of Social Work and Public Health and in jurisprudence in the Medical College of Virginia. He has been a regular lecturer in our school of Diplomacy and Jurisprudence since its opening. For several years he served as editor of the accountancy and law departments of the Business Journal of New York. Dean Juchhoff is the unusual combination of the sound scholar, progressive educator, and keen business man. His practical business experience was obtained in the practice of public accountancy and in connection with one of the banking houses in St. Louis. He has been on the directorate oi several corporations. The new school of business administration is, like the other schools already established, a professionalgraduate school, open to men and women who have received their bachelor's degree t'rom an accredited college. The work of the school is divided into a number of major study groups, among which are accountancy, transportation, finance, banking, economic theory, foreign trade, etc. The staff of the school includes a number oi the leading specialists and economists in the country, each devoting a few hours a week to teaching his specialry. Amonp these men are found former professors- in the University oi Nebraska. Tulane University, Columbia Universitv, University of Maryland, Dartmouth College, University ol Kansas, and Northwestern University. The new school betrms its work October third under most favorable conditions; alrcadv a number of applications lor admission have been received.
The American University Courier c i n e along just as it was needed. Now no more buildings are called lor to house the five departments oi instruction provided for and an eligible vacant lot now offers itself for the location oi an ample assembly hall. COAL B Y T H E CARLOAD. When the prophet said "There shall not be a coal to warm at,, nor fire to sit before it." think you he had Washington in mind? When the winter winds began to blow, and the chill of December poured with the angry waters over the Great Falls of the Potomac, we were told there were one thousand households in this city, no one of which had a hod of coai. The Uniwsity had about a half dozen tons, but what was that in i building of forty-two rooms, with the outside wails of cold whit* marble?
Macktthe. W R. Mowbrar, Sue U. Johnson. R. F. Pa f W. _Blakeman. C. M. Olmsiead: Sun, W. F. A W. C: Bradley, D- H. H '. Howeth. R. K. ; son. Mrs. J. L. Weiland. w. Keavs, S. S. ; _ A. Casson. Thos. Law W. McRooms. j . £_ Ku'ne^ V. 1. McKim. I. E. Woodward. Ephrnin Smith. H. G. Lo— H. J. Fehl. U. S. Undstren. Mrs, Margaret H.IL lira. Geors, Northrup. Mrs. Emtl Sulxcr. "
COMBUSTION VOLUNTARY, IF NOT SPONTANEOUS.
Dur;ng the progress of the war the activities of d* tiemical Warfare Service were so varied and comr,r». h™*"™ conjunct a ive that it was necessary to construct about sen enty-n»» subsidiary UIUIIUIIKI building, m in wntca which to to car carry M , .. . v ..._»•_»** =**nnwn«ation with the c h i l d es. Pt— experimentation with the chemicals and cases, rowb erful poisons and noxious substances were absorhtoV i The caretaker, with, m prudence worthy of the pro- by the wood used in some of these temporary buildfessors, a i d , "Let of pin some copper reflectors to ings. Seventeen of these structures, deemed too highh>. the walla, and turn on the fire-juice from the telegraph impregnated with these dangerous elements to be tafci peieaT' It was done. The Secretary and bookkeeper vaged for the lumber in them, were devoted by thf^ reen the copper cups, and turn- Government authorities to be destroyed, and on jaBr?j • and then the other, they imagined for uary 28 and 27, 1921, under the supervision of tt«j~ .j^.tiSBR> afoot 3sssy fccpt tvaiui. fire department of the District of Columbia, wen.•" " — inetasomea Christian voice out from the burned to ashes. For the photograph of the fire frc tat m m saying, "Could the University which this illustration herewith shown was taken., • C c e a i i " The telephone was not short are indebted to Mr. Howard D. Hoenshei of the Fix We all grew warm think- Nitrogen Reseanh Laboratories, now tmlizmg the f f coal I Every lump was chemical apparatus mifallffi in our McKinley s b i Sarah B . Q v f . n n of Dawson. P a n - rial Hall. sjhsiua, who ilmslrsl the coal, never can know how Slow, To* Slow, tha War-Obassbi Lift. v n a n . i t made the hearts of students, faculty and Stow, loo flow, the war-clouds lift T ' l u a m a* the mcrcsrr went up from poverty to Tbeir murky foldi and darkly drift To dees oblivioti't diansal val«. Owe. breath of Heann. a deaussw fal»: Faith, hope and love, blow (rota on hiath. BECENT GIFTS OF MONEY. Make war's defeated sqnadnma B> From swift retreat to otter rout. i leu than five dollars is coosidTill all the sons of God shall snout. t tsercfor.) The mominff stars again shall sine; ifdl'Wn Utmtmmt HaO—UM. Alex. Kerr. C. £. Bacon: Till round the world the welkin nsss: SUO. U. £ Baker. V. I. Stafford: {4.00. W F. Boms: $3.00. With "Peace on eartb. to men of ROod-wiU." I. A. S m a l l C B. Lmfelt. F. W Davis. John Boon. W. D. And the sea of human strife be stilL Cattr: 0.00, a D. Bedc. G. M. B i n . )- W. Kirkoatnck. C E. Flmn. J. F. Hi»«man. S. I. Cross. W. H. Wrlie. W C. A.O. Brewer. Win. Richardi. A. W Armstrong:. C S. BuchteL O. T. Shearaa. Eliaa Handr. W C Smith. Jasper Weber. E. II. Houaea, W. E. Haniawav. H. C- Smith. E. E. Hinler: A BURNING VILLAGE. SI.W. /. E. Jacklin. F. S. Conier. H. W Coot [. G. Walker. Worse than a deserted village is a town on fire. S. H. Caylor. T. H. Worler. J. F. O'Haver. D. W. Noble, t T. Scnll. W. S. Rader. M. O. Robbini. F M. Wtsthafer. There is a mortal dread of fire anywhere it it is not W I. r , ; . A. B. Storms. E. C Searits. D. C. Chillis. J. M under control. The fire alarm startles even the fireWiBkir. M. P. Barton. W, E. Har»e». G. I- KleinschmidL W. H. Cable. C. W. Hohanshelt. Mrs. B. F. Miller. C. D,- men ; they go forth as to battle. When the GovernCrissman. W. C Smith. J. H. Rjder. E. A. Thoma», 7.' W. ment turned the fire on certain of the Oiemicai War* Anderson. H. A. Ooiuhrr. fare buildings that had been erected on the Campus oi Fnnilm Ham,i,3* Mrmonal—U 00. S P. Crummett. the University and which had been saturated wiiit Ovmttdor'i Hemu Fund—tlOOO. J R. Crandall • 13.00. war gas and other dangerous chemicals, and the TQ|Woman UUarche. W. E. Mamn: Moo. E E. Whittaker: UOtt A. D. Moon. E. A. Amitrom. W. M. Puffer. J. A. umes of dense black smoke rolled away over the hill*. HoBnun. H. B. Gr«n: BJ0. S. P. Cnnnmeitt S2.0O. N. E. the thought in the city was that there was a great lire Hnibert. W. S. Coin. F. H. Townsend. C. C. Cjraobell. M. U in the University building. Many persons rushed to Fox. T. P. Beiuwrt. D. D. Kim. W. B. Theobald : SI.00. C. E. the ground to find the citv tire department in toll conWalcelield. J. H. McCune. R_ Woodhams. R. C. Finlcv Mrs trol. The fumes emanating trom the burning buildings C. F. Colbnm. N. F. Jenkins-. Mrs. Richards. were suffocating a hundred yards away. Jitmr* K n u n s l Fund—ta.00. 0 . W. Willcti • S10 00 D A. AUen. Some persons called it great waste to burn up a CimtnU f".«i—tia.0O, Geo. H. Maiwell: Siooo \ I_ village ot good houses. But if that were waste what Wiler. Gco. C Coon. . C. K. Micinm,: S3.00. of $800,000 wonh of munitions that had been manufactured in the" buildings on the University ground* ^ • n n M N s &A00! F**d—U.000 00 Mrs Ann,, \t and had not yet been started overseas? If the war had Smrt: tl.000.oa J. Gibson* Siooo .V n J W. Soariw. Charlei Gibson gone on, and there had been no munitions on hand. 3 h»» ^: : S2U>a E M««. H fi i E. H H. Bell: JM H. C C. C Cwfidsiow then what of the waste of human life? War is waste C I . HnbbuU C E. Goodwin. W. R G. Gould F w" from start to finish. The lumber in the seventeen G » C E Kd«o H C B d d U A Bennett \ " buildings that were burned was so impregnated w,tfr the infamous gases that it couid never be used ^"fc^Trrd~ET«Tha^"MrV''T : jI1 I ,™e.!'Jr ; C ' ^ F ' T
American University Couner
A LlXCm.ll MiHinHBT N o * FlfttT PVBX.11MXD 7V/i*.Sr««i# <»• / / . if. «/ U» (/atM &«<«. 7it • M i m ^ n l i i n i • / (i# Ln'M .SUu rtiftrlfuUj mtm '• tut T— •"" '•*» mnammn M i m r r M WinUavM M UU CcmUitmticm ami limit ptmtnly mutant* Campmtt u
• takes out oi the btnkiingl and the buildings could AN ANTI-SLAVERY MANUSCRIPT OF ABRA' i kit there for another war, and they could not HAM LINCOLN NOW FIRST i when they weiv without the workmen wear* PUBLISHED. k . - The munition* were taken back to the limit . / acrei and. there buried in a pit that »ifified/fbrthem. . Would that it were as deep as — JTuMeipuie. Re-ptuscatmfQtr W H A T IS W A N T E D N O W ? : We do not say "What is wished for now?'* The f Word wanttd signifies ntrd. It is always encouraging i know that something is needed—that means adi , growth, at least it affords the privilege of help' \ foinesfl- It is far more inviting to have need of r for growth than for debt, though the only thing to do with a debt is to pay it. It is the season of the year when things should soon be growing everywhere. Why not the University? /Th* extension requires for the increasing number ot ' indents the use of another building. The large four' «ory building on the corner of 19th and F streets, soon • to be vacated by the Postmaster General wiil be occu' pied by the new Department of Business Admintstra> tion. The large drawing room extending the whole length of tha building affords an adequate lecture -room capable of accommodating from one hundred to . one hundred and fifty students. The room must be famrshed for this purpose•, This requires a teacher's desk and chair, wirh chairs for the students, maps for the walls, and shelves tor tbe reference library. The students' chairs can be - bought for three dollars apiece, the arm chair for the 6.instructor for five dollars, the maps about ten dollars xodn. Here is the opportunity for helpful ijivine. The (krger givers have bought the build in e. one constant Hieloer having contributed ten thousand dollars. g We can, therefore, with good grace, ask our friends .ill over to send us in the price of a chair or map or Cficcionarr. Will not someone give us twemv-rive dol-
John Marston Goodwin, Second, was the third clerk to E. M. Stamen, Secretary oi War in Abraham Lincoln's Cabinet. It was his duty to recehre and distribute the mail of the President and Secretary and to -keep the riles of important papers. When the change of administration occurred many documents not required for the permanent- records were subject to his disposal. The only interest belonging to numbers of them were their associations and the sentiment connected with the autographs of the writers. Others were so related to the historic events and incidents of the war period as to give them something of far more value than the mere matter of sentiment. The few lines in the handwriting of the President which are printed herewith constitute the first drait ot a heading to a petition that the President suggested to a delegation of citizens who called upon him to rxpreii their desires concerning the exciting and allimportant slavery question. It is so worded ai to give an unmistakable impression of his own judgment of the legislation that should be enacted. The petttion suggests the evolution of events and process of development in the mind of the President that led up to the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation. N'icolay and Hay say in their life of Lincoln, "In tracing the anu-slavery policy of President Lincoln his opinions upon some of the prominent features of these laws (concerning slaveryi become of special interest." He studied the signs of the times and the movements of Congress so as to keep in the lead and yet be sure of his following. His mind travelled from the consideration of returning1 slaves who had gotten over the lines into the army to their owners, to their cnnrboinon as propcrtv, contraband of war, comoen- , satioa of their owners, gradual emancipation by the
T1IK AMF.KIC.W rS'IVF.KSITV COl'KIF.R Tlu 1 liiUnrjtory has .T iol.il person rt-1 of bctwrrn 11() .-.ml I»M lurwin--. fifiy nf whom nrir riicnim* The hiLiI i- - j ui] iiiifiit i'ir purpose* nt die HK al rc^cjrcho ha* ,i \;itm- of 3piini\iin;iicly ip!i!i,nun Tin- icIlnMni: nut line ami piTsnnnri of ih • plant in tlic i ihir Mr McKmlry Imildiuc «(M k'ivc ^'mc tdia ni the u-thmral u*k m hand, and tl.< ;il.le :nul skillful workmen wlin ;irc (Irvnhnj; their (, r iiu lo taking inim ilu* n.r ami n;mm-V chcimsirv—an inexhatisiiUk- re!>otirc('—:i ncvcr-i.-iilin^ Mipplv nut imly fur kruliziny ihc anamid Section involvesi thr perfecting of processes as well ammonia at pressures of 1.200 pounds to the square ai the utilization of products from the huge nitrate plant inch and at temperatures of from m\0 to l.luO F ° . The built in the State of Alabama during the war. Many inplant is complete with hydrogen and nitrogen manuteresting and valuable discoveries beicfiting the industrial nitrogen interest, more specially agriculture, have facturing installation, holders, compressors, high presbeen developed in this department. sure purification system, and eight reaction bombs for testing. The plant operates twenty-four -hours per Haber Section No. 1. day and has operated without a break-down (or a year. There are no other similar installations that are known to have operated more than a week continuously.
Business Office.
Mr. H. M FTamntou. Business Manacer The work consi&is 01 hindlinc an^'ihing noi 01 2 p^rcK scienunc nature ai the Laboratory. General Shops. pair, maintenance iind Bpcc^jIK con^fructrtJ pans oi chemical Apparatus. Machine Shop. Mr. L. F Kirk-
m ch.Trpe.
The wotk mvoivrs pureiv
skill Haber Section N o . 3. Dr.
R O
C Da\i«
Th D
in ChemiMry.
L"niver*iiv
section is inve*tic.itini; i n r i h o d s 01 recovers- oi smmoma thesis onera'1011
T h r mriliort
must hr adapted to suit
The Section under which this hiqh pressure development and testing work conies is m charge of Mr. R. S. Tour, formerly Chief of the Technical Dcuarimpni o' U. S. N'itrate Plant 5 3. built at Sheffield. Alabama. during war, for ihe 1 i.iher ?ynthcsts oi ammnnia. and later a member oi the L" S. Fixed Nit roc tn Commission, investigating the Processes 01 Nitrogen Fixation in EuropeThere is also located at the American L'nivcrsm grounds another branch of the Nitrate Dimiun, ulnch eniplo>s draitsmen. engineers, mechanics computer, etc.. and which has for its purpose the engineering redesign and development oi L\ S. Nitrate pl.int ; I at Sheffield. Alabama. I n case rinrrcrcncv should require, or national policies desire thai Plant * 1 jlnmlii a 1^r,T11 he broucnt into ooeration. it 1? hoiie-d that tin-, sectI>.K> will have the necef5ar\' plans and ortraniz.iiuii iur t:urecnnsiruction and operation. This branch of the Nitrate Division .it :l.r L.ibnra ion- is directed by Mr. R ? Tour, uhu lia- IK'CII HU-P coned above in cnnnfction wuh thi1 L. S 1'ivcd Ni tro^en Laborstor\ Section t'ur I I i d i I'rr^nrr i . \ nentnentaiion. T. J. Fot. B A Clicmnirv. Rirhm
Dr. R Director the Divisi
ChemiMry f
M I T
Fixed Nurocnt H r ' r a r . i i and three thousand um
L.l•••
DESICS.\TTOy.
.'i* \ ME.
•»r.:b.Af:br3.
D£I:BKE.
director
?U. D.
r.;.i:i. i-.:. lum i*. !\i-M/arci) Chemist -... -:::. .,.» M. .\L-.-carcii cl^'ttnst ;\..:rer. *c .i.-tun \--i[. ionic r lusu'iit i . : u i i . . •.i;re«J i . L ..UUt.^ai (.lieimst \ " : . . . ) n . [•. l i . Mjxarai Lheitiu: • i ' T It ' V P *. ,| Ijiutiicmiit A r . u e , . ,i.;t-cfl J >, iiein. l-ln^r., ur. 11 1 1 : . a n . •.•,.!. :i[. La.ihlK-ai Li-.L-m. . .-.^aru, :C..i s. ir..Me.hni;.on niuli Prcs.Ap. .i-alyiual Ke.L-an-ii Uicm. u-:.\..:aa. J. ' i . « r i w \ . i.. W . ', i-.ctn. iingr.. Or. II i-i.ve. .wnran \V. A;»t. Lxpiustvei L hem. hk-iiar-j-oiLL. X. .\.-iuciate Ll.emist
Mi. U. i'!i 1 > \ li. U.
,
, it iiittm. v'.'m. *.ft.u».cm.i
\aiiitant Chemist
Uiiiw. i-.rne«C. ! iur^in tin*. I*. l5rooki,.\iliBP. ujntr. l \ m . H . ! larnmim. A. A. h.ensnel.K.D. \'imck. Jas.S. i^ oe. Dana u. L udic, Kaioii L. |.",,x. £j\v. j . i.it.mirs. L. D. Jaco».'K.D. Lunustrrm. i:. O. McLorn-.icx. J- A. New ion. Wm, L. Whittaker.C. W. Barker. lr. A. Clack, Lhas. A. Hlair, j a j . S. Carpenter. J. R. Clarkson, Fuller
Jr. caulytwal Clu-miit J r. Catalytical Chemist . \ iiociate L iicnust Lontrot chemist ir..Me.Un*:.on tiiqh Pres.Ap. Lr.antc t_,;emist KesearchOpr. in Metall. Junior Ci.emtit Junior Chemist ^ heitmt Junior Lhemiit i, nemist Jr. Cataiytical Chemist L hemist Chemist Junior Chemist Junior Chemist Chemical Engineer, Gr. II
Moore. A. R. Smith. Alvin 0 . Wulf. Oliver R.
Ye*. Jew Yam lloiil, H. E llrtuehton. J. D. Caddv, V. L. Tinrk. L. A. Kjhn*ton. £. H. Smitn. Luuis \' iifir. O:a5. i i . Hrown. i_haj. »V. >!;errran. M. 5. Keilv. Marv .-\. Kebier. Mabel A. 1 am: urn. C.
Junior chemist
Junior Chemist
Junior Chemist J r. Physicist Junior Chemist Junior Chemist Junior Chemist Ordnance Draftsman Odnancc Draftsman Chemist Junior Chemist
I'kemical La bora t i r tan 'umor Chemist Junior Chemise Junior L hemist Junior Chemist 'unior Chemist J.;nior Chemist Copyist Draftsman
t h.U-.i'.S.M Mi. U fli. IK U.S. .M.S.C
li.i.
3M l".n.L::e U.S.
U.S.. C.E. B.S. Noiie" b.B. A.B. M.S. U.S. A.fl.
A.B.' None .\une B.S.. M.S. B.S.
..a
A.B. B.A. A.B.
B.S. .None
B.S.
A.B.
B.S B.S. A.B. A.B..A.M. None
B.S. B.S. B.S. B.S. B.S. None N'one None B.S.. Cli. E. None
Ph.B. Brown B.S. B.A. B.S. B.S. A.B.
ONE OF OUR TRUSTEES. The Reverend A. J. Palmer one ot the earlier, ai well as tlie present, members oi the Board ot Trustees ot the American I ,'niversity, who has just rounded out his riity years in the ministry, with three or tour years additional in the army during the Civil War has been cnimnemnratins his remarkable career with a Memnriai Address, delivered before the Xcw York Annual Conference pursuant to a vote ot that body. The address is so well written, racy and rich in the recital ot historic associations and incidents that it is running as a serial in the New York Christian Advocate. T'.ic Doctor holds the primacy of having been the youngest soldier enlisted in the Union Army, bcinij only tourteen years, six months, and twelve days old, and serving with distinction as a private during the Civil War. The story reads like Abbott's History of Napoleon, graphic, exciting and entertaining1. He was one ot "Strongs Fighting Brigade' that assaulted Morris Island and was decimated at Fort Wagner. He was included in the twenty-eight who had been abandoned in the bastion after they had captured it, but who were surrounded by the Confederates, taken prisoner and sent from one prison to another until only six survived. After nine months at conrinement he managed to escape from Libby Prison and to furnish Secretary Stan ton and President Lincoln with valuable information. His associations with Chaplain McCabe, officers of the War Department. General Grant, and the President, make interestine; reading. Some account is given oi the origin ot the Doctor's famous lecture entitled "Company D, the Die-no Mores" which, with Chaplain McCabe's "'Bright Side of Life in Libby Prison* and General John B. Gordon's "The Last Days of the Confederacy," was heard from ocean to ocean. Doctor Palmer is now Annuity Secretary oi the Hoard ot Foreign Missions.
None
CONGRESS BEGINS WELL. 5!av a ^ood \v.->rrl for rhe D e m o c r a t ! We have ard so much of iiow things have heen ^-lirnj wrontj. in j,iy in iionor to wiiom honor ii ii.:e that there c n":i5hcr? ni nten in the :r,monty who are honoring e rfw nclniini«tration as one thru ;s iio longer a n - n t i aciminisiration. b::: a crovernmrrt ot the peoif. to \\i-.-m nil rhe peorie •i>vr tiicir a:^Jtnni:e. TV.e r
:now ot him th^t he wii] be a reiitrious adviser whose levotnins will be in the interest ot every member witnnit siTmnch .-\a io entertain .my thought ot Uiilcrcrtces. 'ut as highly as we esteem the ilisunt^tushed ilivme. .•t it lie *:iirl we honor not a whit less (he highly iiunircd Lrentleman trom Geortria who has bronchi to litiiwit :ind the party tor winch ho iias sicken a wurhy .iml h-iuorahlc distinction by tins nolile example, 'llarinony is alw.ivs understood by the c r o w d "
!^in with. When :r*.e '.T;v :• r^ii^i-'i-; nne cc;i ;he cr.iniid.lte !or v •! the in.ii> ri:y ir. Representative from L*;.-.ri:.iir.c\'. -ntiiefii.Tr rci?. r.rc e c ar.'i fnnvcfi ::'-it t'::e t-'iec:inn he made ar.fi t"r the n:=;t ir.e. as tar hack as the \:cr can recall, no *uch :n>rancL* is to be found \n OncrrPMionr.i Record, '-'-"e cnn?ra;;;iate the new aoiain sincereiv and assure ourselves by what we
A HUNDRED YEARS IN WASHINGTON. We do not know ot any man or woman who has lived in Washington a hundred years. But there ire some other living interests beside the Congress or the L'nitcd States which have been in the city so long. Innead of hrininhir to them a second childhood the years have added to their activities, prestige and influence. \nil they are highly honored for their long life and increasing v.sefillness. Ccorce Washington University lays claim to this distinction. On the mathematics of the husband and wife who declared they were both one hundred years oid because the twn were one. the Institution has esiabiished the validity ot its claim. The old gentleman -.till ho w.is sixtv-seven years old and his wife was ihirtv-ihrce: if that doesn't make them a hundred. what does?
I ¥•
The ^latcnient hat lirni marlc that nnrates and
fixed
TABLE TALK.
in tlie tnanut.-iciurc 01 powder mid cxnitisive*. and for iic»fr«t»»n'O!iw "i the manuiKiurc 01 fertilizer* and
M r s . i l e n r v I ' . I U T . wiio-t: lili^lumi «,,.. , , m . Mf the rctircti"aiul M-ucralili: prvuciu r> ..i thi- ...ilitnmn- I. "h-
^ V r ^ ' T h c r v i o ™ apparent that !>owder. cxploMve, and c)ir»iu-.'.l< .ire the heart oi munition*, and n can he truthinMv -I.IUMI that rixcil nitrogen- rs the hcari oi powder. p\;i|
» > « " « • d l ^ ^ " ^ . a » " ' " » « " ' " ' ^ l » ' " U:" lie. ',>tano tn I he L Diversity. T h e Inruc brick house "CCmncil iinntu,' the Irw Admini* trillion ut the IJovvrnnifnt hv ill.' l'i M i n u t e r -ri)L.n r , i U c n c r a l i s c , v c n m , - r t 0 > c n ( i n i iM,n,MM.% by ihc Lnivcrsiiy i,.r k-cutn-> .m:i l k , o r I S occupied
iher:
w,j|
accommodate nearly
cim
"A! iiiihisiry Ni'royvu (or fertilizers: The three essem al elements ot a complete plain food are fixed nitrogen. |ilto»nhonc
T h e second story ai:ti haM.iti:cnt. w hiirh is rinisiiL-U in rooms, a r c occupied hy Hie 1 Uircaii i.i ConiiiH-rci^i riconomics, that offers illustrated lutuircs tn the I a r s e
r»«i"ivc. ° Fertilizer ha*, of course. Ji'nce the earliest days of human history, liven used in the growing o t i . U n i s . - x s ciicmicul development has progressed, study has been j made of just what elements are needed and m what form ihr> should be used to property sustain and develop plant lif>. A id a> a result of this, knowledge has been gained as to thr inorganic or mineral materials that can be used to augment as fertilizers the organic substances previously Uied. And one such substance is fixed nitrogen
—trade, politics, science, letters and religion. The upper story is turnished fur llie rtMdeticL* ui students where a lull" dozen can be very cumiuriaijiv accoiimw_t-j Q a i c u ' — _ IT • t lh& A1316 TIC i l l UillVerSlty
in
Pv.u.KW 0 u « m u v -v T H . A H C ..CAH UH.VCS.TY. Massachusetts and Nebraska Avenues. Washington. D. C AwttT OSBOMM Editor ' *» Cents a Year—Free to Comnhutori of University Fund* _ _ _.
cTrn?r».av«"^r«ovJn,«d.heatmo.ehere^o four>ntihs i» nitrogen, as the huge reservoir that muat ultimately be relied upon IO supply our needs in the way oi nitrates or other fixed nitrogen compounds. The very aloofness oi nitrogen or its refusal to combine or stay conih-ncd with other elements, which gives it so much valur in explosives, on the other hand, causes tremendous difficulty relatively i-t harnessing it. Trie ariinctal fixation of atmospheric n troffen by chemical or electro-chemical m » n . h a . however. b « n d'wlopcd " . recent years, and several methods are tn actual operation. In all cases it is necessary to force the combination of nitrogen with some other material. This combined nitroB en cau then lie manufactured chemically, so a* to produe* the dssired material. There is every reason to believe that the Government will evemuJly increase the size of the nitrogen research lanorarory cut on Massachustts Avenue, until it becomes hemisphere, but IA the entire world.
PRO DEO KX PATH1A—FOB GOD AND COUHTRY.
I give anil bequeath to "The American University," a cur ^ a b o n in llie District of Columuia. the s-im of (insert oi it% T r c a s u r e r j h a i l b e a s t i f f i c i c r i , _ . f .k tiMenirgt to my executors for tb.e same. -—s^ . •• -r— —.——: - -— APRIL, i'jai.
- | M M | i m ) # a n dl h er e c e i
°fflc.r. °< « • A-encaa On.Ters.ty. ci«»nc*Hor, Oiihoo Joim V. IUnni.o«. LL. D. l_ U l»irrrtDr ol Rt.cjfti.. i-rank w- Cu.l.«c. lh u.
TAKING O F F OUR HATS. F.VCrv number Of t h e "Courier
•>
OflLcen of the Boird oi Trustee..
which QOCS Ollt 10
Preintcni Emtmui. Mr. Ucnprnm . Leichton
the readers brings some interesting r e s p n n « $ . smnvin" iii;il there is nn little interest in the success of the American L'uiveriiiv. W e have never printed any oi ihe«c letter?, htit that the friends of the institution may knew that there are readers who enjoy every bit ot news enncernmc: ih.t* advance movements of the school.
'
r ^ ' ^ r e i l ^ c n " ^ir^wju.m s r,r..-e Second \ .ct-ftfji it'nt. Mr u,.'i ,m KnU'd LO:D,,. Tf*nUf*c Mr w.iium > r..,i v 5e "«' a r >' ^ h a f l " ^ u*id**'"- u D Boird o( Truiteea. CUsi of 1923.
.mdai the risk ot enjuymt: a bit of commendation in ^ ' • ^ J - ^ / ' ^ J ^ l l d
ufm.K7l;l%' } KZCT*- " "
niiSlii-. w e p r i n t [lie f o l l o w . n ^ letter frnni a n i a n r ; t h e iiiciiv'that enter t h eorrke nt the editor: T H E M T T H O D I S T HOOK C O N C E R N . O l i t t r S. R j k t l c l . Editor 130 Fifth Avenue. New York. April 20. 1021. Bi
Mr i.t,.\Vf ti >TlV*-"n<. *M^.. MV. ^ ' " " ' " H ' N « , « " " . 'MI * m j,._,, n ^ •ii—.. c . Ur. Ali'ml i_,i.nci t ' ^ t . u L
s.onoldch Court. Washington. D. C.
~,' -_T • Mv Dear riisnoi*. I have read wnii mucn interest almost cvrrv line in the recent n u m b e r ot " T h e A m e r i c a n L'nivcrsitv Courier. 1 a n d surely made
to he congratulated in t h e d o w n t o w n 1
Biihop i
Clan of 1927. HOD. John E. Antjnj*. N. Y. Mr. nfniimin F. Leithiun 0 Mr. r,n,rt-n rijuen*. uhn
Mr I lurtn I. Hell. P. C.
M r VVm Kno.ici Cooper. U r . c.iv«rt Cr*rT. u * n . i>' r..ih..rt K Cro*v«-n<.r.
on the purchase you have
section.
will ^ci. ncfore you die tliat institution in such a position and du.ne such work as was hoped tor by those wtio were its iounders'•; • .."-•! much success m cvcrythinir vou u n d e r t a k e . ' I S '"" ' " f ' - T - '
Mr |
o h n
c. L«.i» u C.
Button Wilium F Mcl)««rtl D D. C. Ur. Ed»*.i! fl. Ro«. D. C. Mr. Ceo. h. w.pnuurn. M m . n c Dr. w,n.» m P. Wrdcier»r«on. i C l a n of 1931.
C o l
Pttrr
M Andtrion
D C
u, An«ur i_ uimnt. u. c. * ^ Vo'.Um,. ^".V.u s*'C Mr Ccurtr W Uuon. iil. M r win.,™ t F»U«. F I . 11 i - i _ \ . ..li».o I". G*'lih«». D. C
Mi Chirl n
r |im« Mr w Mr.rt..SI HOB. S B.abop L
THE AMERICAN* UNIVERSITY COURIER The oid gentleman in this instance was a Baptist intil he married, and since- he married outside the ioid lie went with his wire out in the wide, wide world aim When the Cliennc.il Warfare Service was removed at present they have no affiliations. Cut they nrc from ihe qrounds or' the University the War Dcpart•livrhly esteemed tor ihetr work's sake. Their ctnl ment asked to have the X it rate Division occupy the • Iren rise up in great numbers to call them Messed. < iliio Building and temporary structures round about Thcv ,ire m 7':od society and have many or" tlic bust for an experiment station. A slowing account ni the or t'nends. The President is in the thought ot ntjiiy persons eminently qualified to sit in the council ot the School and plant is criven by M r " "" nations. As announced in a previous number of the 'Courier. ' that it would be. the anniversary of the L'niversity was observed on its one hundredth birthday and was celebrated with becoming exercises and orderly statclmess. President Collier appeared at ins best to direct the exercises and confer honors on the distinguished quests who represented a number ot different nationalities and included some or the noblest men and women in their respective walks in lite. f'.\ entv-seven degrees were generously bestowed with ^ra-jious hospitality and the recipients ilitts made lion"rary members o i the Alumni Association. Ttie addresses in the several convocations were all o i a very 'ii
OUTSIDE SCHOOLS ON THE CAMPUS. The American L'niversity has entertained on the Campus d u r i n g the last tour years schools of threat i-eJebntv. The one .hundred thousand soldiers quartered tirst and last on the grounds d u r i n g the war were m training irom the day they a r r i v e d until they were .-ailfil m the colors. Thev were at school. Here were :he cv-'il engineers, the foresters, the camouriacre, and :I 1 ." ' ivnycai W.in.ire Service. Tliis last came into .• xi-1criLt- to inatcn the wits and savasjerv ot the Gcrr-\ins. riie liureau ot Mines was granted the free use • :\ the Ohio or M c K i n l e v Building to manufacture cas: H «:. crr.s mask* I'nllowcd with explosives. A tew ••:-m:-;t> n r r , - ^ciccti'd i r c m liic universities and inn mi : . n : j n i ] ; ' ^hcmital l.iborainncs with winch to hct^in. V. i'pn r'"c .irn'i'-tiuc was ?railed two i i ; nsand chcin-
iMifur^BarwBTw? Limh' < ! " « ' " 01 the liborjtory « „ Dr. Arthur B. Limb now ,,ro(r S! or at Harvard He j , snll con.itcttd ; " ,' ^ o r a t o r y ' " 'ht "DJC.y of con.ult.n, ,n«.nccr. D Alfred T. Larsor.. who know,' more about , . » , „ " » l v " ' "T•h"ca oc»h " " " O" " " h - " the head of the c»talv,t '"!""; - " ' " ' ' ^ cv.1rl,de scct.on .! Dr. Joiton „ , " „ L " ' - R-S ' Tour conducts the catalv,, t t « . •"» Plant. Dr. Seba.mn Karrtr , s ,„ c h ar e 5 oi the electne n charge ot the entire outrit. torv 'h",' I*""", " n 0 0 0 < ) "t-nuaily to onerate ,ht> laboralo. a 'l,l "Itimate value of the ri,Srover,e» oi thi, iuted ' ' " • • ' • ' . scientut. can onlv l ni
lectricity. , „ have tieen - > w ith i h u r a - ' i i t a n i s . UL.TC 'jinpKJyc m the largest " i " ' c h c " " c i 1 u " d ' " >"rt.tre , n,irate, sul'.icor.iturv this side ot the i i i n or other :'.irnincy >t.ifs. I T " ' CO.tin,nation ot pota occu i:n 1„ JnhiT, H'ere u i-re lo-ive :nany uniit's S('O 'V»0. When it was a^ce m m e d f*»r a rr.e»!urcd b« its man power alone, but creat measure t.iit. :..:er Hie n n t anii'Minccsncnt. .1 laia its power to intlict d l m i c c th . i n n . that ch the iptcll.ijcnt and ;••? •'".:.i! -:on I T •imccf.'-iinirs :n :ne rienl ip-lo-dite use ot chemical ordnance p i j actu.iily loda he v i n o u s branencs of the A r m y , o r the m• H --.-.cr ::;;>.[ :hi_' Coiim-.aiiili;r-:n-^'hie:', near t o a • •intry. llerv. cavalrv m d air service, a l l rely in creat •••••-.:: 1 - . v t e r v . l a d , " . i e n :i\\^v t o h:s r e e i m ^ s . as . asure rnr their orte.mve power noon the tremendous i . i i ^^•;'n^rcd. a m i the J n i n e s <•.: :nc aliens w e r e L^oint? orce turned loose on the enemy by the detonation o t thc (••/:r:e = r 11trTncr '•'•'t* were not w h i p p e d : w e l l u p u n d explosive cnaree contained in the shell o r bomb o r by the momentum ot the bullet developed h v the b.irmmr of .,'. 'f-rn , i ? a i n . ' l i ^ a r m a m e n t !;e'jan at t n c L ' n i ^ e r ^ i t v . smokeless powder. T h e . V a . y , similarly deoendent A w .Ti 'n'C'in hy tne d e s t r u c t i o n o r m u n i t m n s .* T h e It is ilnuhttul if any man in (he Cnited irates h.is [•iir:ernus c o i i e c t m n s o n n a n d . r.ijt r e a d y t n c o o v c r -::vr.n the suhiect tif nitrates rind fixed nitro~en. tor :c.:v v..is va;ued at n o t h i n g n o w n u t t.u.e expense o t u<* hoth in times o i war and peace, more carenil ' u t t i n c i n ^ m 3w.1v. A s " ' h i s was t o be the last w a r . ' ;tudy than L o l . J. H. Rurrts o i the Nitrate Division • • T T K . s i o n was c i v e n t o cro t a r ^ a c k o n t h e L ' n i v e r •it the Orrln.tnce nepanment ot the United States • i t v .icrcs. to ,licr a p i t deeper t h a n t h e one i n t o w h i c h Army. Here is a remarkably interesting statement J..-1'i-vi wns ca^r. i i i i r v rhp m u n i t i o n s t h e r e . i n d cover 1 1 11 n w l c 1 lc
T1
p - ^"**^' ' '
' ' '
'
covers the stihtect of c t t t f
Moi*«. Mn Jcanmr R Field W O Hnllfrkfr. Mr* W II. Kinnrv, J Lulhcr Tavlor. C. 5 Wooiwortr*. AlhrM R, K m . G. W. Crilil.c: ft.'. Ml Lloyd Doricy. Jr.. W L C«*»rll S B (.off Jr. N It F>*k: 14 Oft. Mm J £ Fuhfr; (TOO: E W Thom.iv J S WlntliiiRlon. W J Carr. Mn Rota Badirtly. Lee M. Render. J Millon i'merion I2.S0. I.. [•: Hillcr: fjno W (. \\inni*kv. K o u km«. Mary A. Ltwiii. H. H. Eldrwtpr, J. W Cochran. O K MiCRini. 0. Kn««Hi Mmhrwv Mrs liclle C. William*. NCIIIP D. Chaiheld. J. D Chnddrr, Frederick Cramer. L. F. Mulhall. S 5. Hall. Jr.; Si no E C. Dond. J H. Cuyioti F. W Huth. MM W. F. Krin. Mr*. G. T. Leach. J. R. Mae»ul«y. C M Snydcr, M D. Warwick D. W Wdbourn. P. L. Whmmrion. Ida K Benilry, G. O. SJPP. Miry H Fro»t. G. 11. Hytlc. Virrtma Moore. L. F. Garfttld. W. H. Alderion. Granville Hoop«-r. S. O. Neil. L A. Bradley. M d Minnie Houne. M. E. Whcaiky. G«o M. Otbornc. Harry Tilui. Emma T. Bruce, F. A. Artnitstcad. W. R. Davenpori. Mrt. A. L. N'orton. J. W. Keller. Orinda Bryant. John A. Amu. Vinmr L. Hall, E. O. Taylor. A- B. Taylor. Mrs. A. B. Taylor. Mrt. W. O. Baufhman. Mrs John Dendel. A. W. Premiss, G. E. l'omrroy, Lloyd Dent. Harry E. Miller. O. M Wtnrich. Mri. A. F Smith. Phil FOOL Florence E. \V. Carpenier, G. M. Towl*. J H. Smith. Airi. J. Howard Creamer.
LAWYERS NOT HEIRS—A GOOD AND GREAT WILL. Lawyers are as much entitled to their living as the preachers where hoth make it the same way. There is no more reason why the lawyer should not be a good man than the preacher. It is a mistake to say that there are conditions and circumstances in which a lawyer who is honest cannot earn a livelihood. The law is an honorable profession and calls for honorable men, and it is a violation of trust to dishonor the calling. Honor always "breasts the blows of circumstance." The courts and the daily walks of life have provided versatility of employment adequate to all kinds of talents and times and places in the law as certainly as in other vocations. N o profession is ever so crowded that there never "'is no room at the top." and well up in th,e middle. The prolific source of temptation to good conduct seems to be round and about wills. "Wheresoever the body is. thither will the eacrles be pathered together." Certain lawyers make a practice ot running down wills for the purpose ot becoming joint-heirs in the larsjc sense of the inheritance. Great sympathy with lucrative promises furnish the approach to the broken hearts and untutored minds of the beneiiciaries. Of such partners in the testament ii may well be said "The weeping of an heir is laughter under a mask." Some account is given m another column of the "Courier" of the great and pood will recen:t\ probated at Lincoln. Nebraska. The Department of Jurisprudence in the American University was created as an offset to cheap lawyers with their practice ot lawyerme- To find the moral quality or the law and establish the morai character of thr lawyer i« the aim of thr instruction given by the hi^h-minded Dean and Faculty.
DOCTOR BARTLETT t . PAINE. The American University is not withnm friends in i'i am : ar:^. A contribution w-v, rrrrivrn wnhtn a •-;-.(• ^avs i ruin Walla Walli iti \\ ^slnnyion. The
Chnnecilnr hn.l wrmrn to n t.rrmnn l.mihrr soliciting, a small sum mwnnl the piirrliutr "I a rrterencr hl.rnry for thi- M.IMW.1 . tin- rcv^-iiM- came wuh duulilc the amount rctjueMril. Now cimie« tin- news that a gur^i friend, who ha-J aisisti-y the miiiimccm rcim-mlirancc of the in* Mitution in his will u> unking a gjfi to it of ncari> or quite $;»,Untl. The last expre-.smn of his Kindness before this great pill was a m e s s ; ^ u, (he Chancellor from i;]orinti>anird by a bjskct of beautifully ami carefully selected frun from his Urge grove ot young trees just c«mic imu bearing. Doctor llartlctt L. Paine, this tnenil worth haviiib', wa* not simply a man of large means, but a brother beloved whose money was a good servant and ran on many a Christian errand fur his Master. He was a devoted churchman and gave his service to St. 1'aul s Church in Lincoln until he became distinguished, for his name is in all the churches. His death is lamented by many a person, little and unknown, as well as the circle of friends which included many more than resided in his own city. His wid is said to be one of the most remarkable ever protiatctl in the western country. The original draft consists of 133 paragraphs and nearly every one provides for a separate bequest. Two codicils are added containing 35 paragraphs. His personal gifts are many. The bequests are scattered so widely, the ends of the earth will speak his name gratefully. Nearly or quite a million dollars is loosened for worldwide service. "The residue of the estate is thought to be more than $400,000. O f this amount the American University received two-twelfths."
THE NEIGHBORS WITHIN OUR GATES. Sydney Smith usually mixed a grouch with his smart sayings, but he always managed to get no little common sense in his growls. He had a good agricultural notion'in his head when he said, "Whoever can make two ears of corn or iwo blades of grass grow where only one grew before deserves better of mankind, and does more service to his country than the whole race of politicians put together." When ihe armistice was signed, and the Chemical Warfare Service removed from ihe campus of the University, ihe War Department asked the privilege n( the University Trustees to permit ihe Fixed Nitrogen Research Division to occupy the chemical laboratory, used hitherto for war purposes temporarily, and the buildings connected (herewith, for giving to every Cincinnatus who returned to his plow the abilit) to grew the two grams of corn tor the previous one, and likewise the two blades oi' LT.TSS. TIIC Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory was founded by an order of ih? Secretary of W.ir, dated M.irch 2'.'." 1 r»lf>. and has been operated wiih a bndcet of s:;ni( OnO ,T \ear from funds u inch were m.nde available to ihe i 'resident n' the L'nued Nates In the National Defense Act of k n e J, I'JIO.
DUH FUDKICK JOCKHOPF
Di. BAITLETT L . PA m i
or all are too poor for any one to give us the whole WE MUST HAVE ANOTHER FLAG. flap. If we should get two flags, one from the North There is a firm and durable flag pole set in eight or and another from the South, that will be all right: ten feet deep of cement, on the campus of the Ameri- we rccd one for week days and another for Sunda>s. can University. It is nearly one hundred feet high. During the occupancy of the grounds by the United States Army the soldiers permitted the national colors RECENT GIFTS OF MONEY. to float in all weathers until the colors were all gone Acknowledgment of sums less than 13.00 is to be reand the national emblem was badly worsted. They garded sufficient receipt thereior. Biihop Hamilton Lectureship Fund—131.00, W. R. came to the University then and asked the loan of a $3.00. A. C. Stevens. fine large bunting flag, promising to care for it better Wedderspoon: General Fund—$60.00, Estate of Marv and Susan Baythan they had done for their own. But when that ard: *4 00 A. L. Wiley: $1.00. Dr. Isabel H. Lamb. promising contingent was ordered to France, they McKinley M-emorui Hall—J10.00. J. L. Gardiner. $5.00. were succeeded, time alter time, by some trcsh troops Wm. B. Anderson, Jas. A. Huston; $3.00. C. E. Hitl. A. S. C. C. Jordan. Benjamin Rowe: $2.00. S. E. Shafer. —very fresh—and they, having made no promises, Watson. E. B. Thompson. J. O. Taylor. E. L. Trotter. L Bennett, had forgotten to bring their obligations to the Univer- O. L. Chivineion, VV. M. Brooks. F. J. Be.sci. C S. Dopp. sity, and one morning they brought the flag back with Claude Young; 11.00. Came ron Hirmon, C. M. Yost. several more than thirteen stripes in it; but the ad- O. L. Simple, G. A. Law. G- E. Tifft. P. C. Wolf. C A. Huirhes. J. C. Jackion, G. F. Cramer. J. E. MeCloud. S. ditional ones were openings nearly the length of the D. Kilpatnck. flag and all of them had been made for the accommoAibiiry Memorial Fund—$15 00. Don A Allen. dation oi the weather; and instead of keeping the has Franklin Hamilton Memorial—IS 00. E. O. Jones. C. E. intact, they had divided the red and white stripes Allen. E. J. Westtail: $2.00. W C. Harnnffer; SI.00. Pcny from each other, and the whole emblem was only fit to Robinson, j . B. Workman, L. B. Bowers. Chancellor"* House Fund—S1T.0O. G W Taylor: $10.00 "stop a hole to keep the wind away." The boys were D. Re«| $r.00: Bernard Gibbs. J. W Campbell; (5.00. sorry, but claimed they were utterly unwilling because W John F Black. C. E. Allen. C. W. Fteiher. C E. Goodwin. "unable to be held responsible for the winds." There Daniel Wrstiall. H. P. MaRiU. S4 00. W J. Vauttnn C. E. you are: that fizz cost twenty-rive dollars, in the good Dalli-y. B F- Newman; Jl 00. H H. Barr E. C. RiefctnH. B- Workman: 12.00. J P Burns. E. D Huise. old times, "befo' the war." That was not all of the hrnHp. L. B. Bowers. Roy McCuskey: 51.00. J. B NerT. C F story. "The boys" pulled so hard at the cord they Amlcrton. F. J. Raab. V. \V. Dooiuile. P L. Flanacan. broke it. Now we must get a steeple-chaser to carry H A. Coflman. W L Gearhart. Maurice Monroe C. H. up this time a uire rope, adjust it to the pulleys, and Frainpton. W. M. Shultz. Atnertcanization School—J5.000 00. Mrs Annie M. make ready for the colors. All this we wiil <]o. Eul Jiminno. John C. L
ANNUAL REPORT
CHIEF OF THE CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE
<-OR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30
1920
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REPORT OF THE
CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE
1918
WASHINGTON
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HEPORT OF THE CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE., CHZKICU. W u r u i SZSVICE, D. S. AIMT, Walking ton, D. C, September £B, 1918.. From: Director, Chemical Warfare Serrice, United States Army. To: The Adjutant General of the Army. . . , .. Subject: Annual Report, Chemical Warfare Service, for fiscal rear 1918.
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1. The Chemical Warfare Serrice was created by General Order No. 62, War Department, dated June 28, 1918, in which the President directed that the Gas Serrice of the Army be organized into C Chemical Warfare Service, to include the Chemical Service Section, National Army, and certain officers and enlisted men of the Ordnance Department and of the Sanitary Corps of the Medical Department, engaged on work relating to chemical warfare. The indorsement of The Adjutant General's Office, under date of July 18,1918, also transferred to the Chemical Warfare Service, the Gas Defense Training Section of the Corps of Engineers, and the Gas and Flame Troops of the Corps of Engineers. It should also be noted that an Executive order of June 25,1918, under the act of May 28,1918, " Authorizing the President to coordinate or consolidate executive bureaus, agencies, and offices, and for other purposes, in the interest of economy and the more efficient concentration of the Government." had transferred the Experiment Station at American University from the Bureau of Mines. Department of the Interior, to the control of the War Department While the Chemical Warfare Service was thus authorized jost prior to the close of the fiscal year 1918, it was not actually o r ganized and in operation as a separate bureau of the War Deparu ment until after the beginning of the fiscal1 year 1919. > •••• >•••-• ' n * l ' ' j ''Aside from the Administration Division and the Enropean Divii sion, the various activities of the Chemical Warfare Semes'**'now organized are classified as follows: * l.•;•!•••:. •;v vLrV JI- ? i\; .,»^n; (a) Training Division, in charge of Belectzon and trainixur of* gas officers, gas defense training of troops,1 and organization and training of gas troops (formerly under Corps of Engineers). '. '••• • . • . n . (o) Research and Medical Divisions, in charge of research and ex-* perimental work pertaining to gas defense and gas offense (formerly under the Bureau of Mines, and Medical Departments, respectrreir). (e) Development Division: in charge of development or mmnuxac^ tnring processes for products approved by the Research-Division (not in operation in fiscal year 1918): ^ •• i - . , ;f \• iy> .Ti.' * 3
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1UPOBT 01 THB OUKMICUL WlUHEit BKB.V10B.
(ii) P r o v i n g D i v i s i o n , in charge of the P r o v i n g Ground at Lake- I hurst, N . J., f o r tasting both gas-offense a n d gas defense material | ( f o r m e r l y under O r d n a n c e D e p a r U n e n t ) . ~~ (c) ( i a s Offent* P r o d u c t i o n D i v i s i o n , in c h a r g e of production of t o x i c g a s e s and o t h e r substances used offensively in gas w a r f a r e ( f o r m e r l y u n d e r the O r d n a n c e D e p a r t m e n t ) .
(/) Gas Defense Production Division, in charge of production of gas masks pn,d utljer defensive appliances (formerly Under the Modical Department).':. ..:,.<• \1 •'.•• :\. . r . ' ., i i i;! It will thus be Beau thut all of the principal operations pertaining lu £iu warfare during the fiscal Tear 1916 were in charge of the Medical Department, (he Corps of Engineers, and the Ordnance Department in the War Department and of the Bureau of Minea in the Department of the Interior, and reference is made to the annual reports of these several branches of the public service for uccounts of these operations. The Chemical Service Section, National Army, wns distinct, however, from the other organizations and a brief socount of its origin and activities will be given, followed by a furtbei outline of the organization and duties of the vuriuiia divisions of the Chemical Warfare Servlpe indicated above. , % Soon after the United gtatea entered into the war with Qevmany steps, were t*ken independently by (he aayera.1 different GOT, funment agencies pnnUonfc4:»lw8, to investigate And |iuid|s probi lemji of gas warfart;thst ^ere related, to their various activities, The first cciinolidaliou of such op»rati«iui undec w bead WM iu»d» for our fwpw in ;Fraqi»by General Qrdw flo, ?l» headquartew American EspuditionwyJi'oroB, {Uted Sjptewhen ,8, 4PJ7, •hicli established » department pi the itnerioau EipeditiOHAry lt'orM W he known n ti« Gas SflnvioB, ; A eitoiUJ1. consolidation of tt)^ cnrrfti spending' work in tballiiit^l Status nas, «onsidared.> P'j' - W PHt finally acaujipliiihttl ultil tbs present Chewca.1 Warfare Serric* KM organijied. In tlia meantime..efforts w»r« nmda to 4qMr4ifl»|8 tflB work ol these different agenaig* under the swpetviwQi* ot I" S t a f f .
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8. On October 18, 1017, the Chief pf Staff mi\t tM.Tha ... dener»l of the, Army, a iiwnoiariduru oo the subject at 0*9 ' of the Army, in which the Secretary oi Vfu directed that an i . , of Engineers not above l i e rank of colonel, rooonupundea by lu» Chief of. Bnginiers, u* appointed Director of Qa» 8er?ica »«4 ordered to report to lua Gliief oi Staff for duty, and the* s n qrd*r be issued greeting tin orgajiuation of k Chamical Sejjvks So.;|ujp of the National Army,.with;* personnel of 17 officers and ti' «JiltW*"l men. It was further directed that "ill cOEurpunicMvw relative (p, the operstiona ot the various bureaus, engaged in productiM oi liippliea tor gai warfare intended for Abroad, aiid all opaunuBicjtioM from abroad in regard (o g u warfan, will pass through tUa oflioe o | the dirceton of D u fjtrviw, who.will he tilt coordinating agent l«tveen th» TariDiu bureau and the laboraturite finploytd 1Q con, nection with the Q u Service sit the Army.*! In the sume month Ool Charlfa U Potttr, ('orps of Kngineera, was nudu Dirtctpr of Qaa3ervic& and Section XI. Ue.neral Order 1B9, daUd MovemU'-J 1, 1817, created the Chemkil Service Stclion. On January 3Q, 19(3,
I Of T&Y CH1MKUL ' 1
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Mr. 'Arthur Iluduon Marks was appointed Director of Qaa Service, fracteedlpg Co}: C.'lFPotter, but he only served a fuw daye,' and Lieut; CoL W.'II..Wal(ter was then Acting Director of Gas Service until ^larch 18; JB18, when Lieut; CoL MTT. Bogert was appointed Assistant Diructdr pf Qua Bon-Ice and Chief of tha Chemical Service Section. ; The position of Director of Gas Service remained vacant until May ']1, 1818, when Maj. Gen. William L. Sibert, United 8ta.Ua Anny, w§a given'that assignment. It will be noted that ths Director of Gas Service had only advisory functions and was without real coordinating authority until he became Director of tha Chemical Warfare Service, aa constituted by General Order Mo. 62, War Department, June 29, 1918. , ; ' 1 4. Xba Chemical garvics Scotlon -wtaoriginally created to supply a chemical laboratory for the American Expeditjpnsry Force, with necessary personnel a.nd equipment, and to furnish information from (his side po g|is warfare.! -Due to the rapid development in this field, and the assignment of some o{ its personnel to research work in the United SUfis, the activities pi the Chemical1 Service Section were mnch ipcreased,,lttnd il ^ a * successively enlarged on February'IB, 1818, to 2*7 offlou're'and QJ5. enlisted men1, and on May 9,1918, to 81)8 officers and 020'enliatedmen. The Chemloal Service Section attempted to work- at all timed in ales* cooperation with all of the various departments of tha Army and Navy doing chemical work, or'work oonijected 'with • gaj Warfare and'aimed'to be a Chemical Service la t h V A i i a ^ inTta'bnosd sfii»»,!whelhar relating to probletns pf cbemjoa) character which bore dli^ctly or indirortly on imtnediaUly'preBBlngwir^pioblema.i f 'i •niny ''I'-" ' : .' ' ; 6.''&Meqf*h>DiviAxu-Lfliwx&it&r af'tb.a>Teseaxch activities of tha j ehemjci) side! of the'!Wif has beeijfor th»:moBt part, the American / TTnlyenliyiEnwrimant-Station. At1 thia eUtipn the Bureau of I Minea, headad'by Director Van H. Manning, started the investiga. tion, in April, 19]T,o( the various problems.tonnectod with tbe detensiveafld oSenslv^ildiolohemical warfare. Thaproblemsstudied w e n : The gas misk in i u meohanical and ahemical detaiU; proUol l n clothlogrproteetlie ointraenta; methodd of cleaning but tranohes Mid dugouta; manufacture and physiological oflacLoi ail kinds of toilo ohemical'Substances)
'. t. din>iUipminti\Dimt{aKtr'Th» • devslocfUDt < work,. undas. tbe charged* C o t PJ.Millpnay. cut ,01ewlaadj n»cea»arily follows the e«p«ruiiinU cocidootejiirrtha Bcaaarch.Diriaian and representa tbs stage in > which the ;fuiidainental .principles iof n*« processes are translated from the ezpeximcotat uUgtito the suinufacturing bash). This development section is an outgrowth of the combined elicits of the Research Division and the Production Division. The Develop-
..;ivibk :aarch ja U or c t>iu Iur bt a wfc . the;
receives the reuulU ol the various experiments from division and then proceeds to develop the principle research stage into manufacturing processes in which ose material ia produced. It further takes up detuila «a>ea and works out various manufacturing details. lies certain of the details of the various nntnufucturing -j tome up from time to time, after they have (.dually oduciivo stage aad mt«nipts to make production morn
•-"« i*'. •'"a /'nhiu«(K>n fivinm.—This is iu charge of Col. '•7 Dev.ey, and represent* the production of all of the, ga» , protective clothing, protective ointment, dugout blankets and •: «ppt. 'tun for cleaning trencbea, dugouls and Urritory from ^?s or tcxio ga£U. They manufacture maska, etc., provided by sovenuncut for the Army. }at Offtnia Production Divirion.~Thia is in charge of Col. {. Walker. The main plant of this division is the Edgewood ;.il, Kdg *ood, lid. The plans of a large part of this plant WBM v.K.\f dt igned under the 9uperviBion of Lieut. Col. E. J. W. .'t:3, of hs Ordnance Department, who, with Lieut. Col. E. 11. ..,. start i the construction. In audition to this arsenal, plants if plat i are producing tonic gaaua and substances used for i.o pur; osea, Gloving Divition.—The proving ground for Usting (he ga3 ' is iocat-:Aat Lakeburut, N. J., and is under the charge of llaj. iiKxjiL Pruvinc-ground experimentu of various types have - - l e d i ut at tbe American University, Edgewood Arsenal, and lv*-i, but are now largely concentrated at Latehuret. A well' ;•«!. proving ground, formerly a subsidiary o( the Edgewood "s\, has been provided at Lakehurst, N. J. Here gag sheila of its uliber aad other gas warfare materiftls are tried out. These •>ru acoonspaaied by chemical and physiological experiments.
list instituted,by Co|. F. 1*. Williunsoa, Medical P«parUnent, •4 State* Army;.. CoL Williamaoo, now of the Qeneral Staff, in f the pioneers in the perfection of the American gaa mask, and • evrly appreciation of the necessity of prompt action in the dement of masks and other defensive appliances ia largely due tbe nt adequate supply of such material. The Gas Training Section pril, 1918, was transferred to the Corps of Engineers, and in 1016, was. transferred to the Chemical Warfare Service, where now under the charge of Cant. V. L. Bohnson. Tbe present ing camp for officers of the Chemical Warfare Service and the chool for division gas officers ia at Camp Humphreys, but tbe chool will soon be transferred to Camp Kendrick. Under this on comes also tbe instruction and training of all of the troopa • .(Beers in the use of the gas mask and in u e protection against Jensive chemical warfare of the enemy.
Tba following Ubh'gHM tha ptnoanal of th« Army pertaining > tha Ou Servica u tulboriied it dUerBpt lima;
W». U SlUXT, Major Otneral V. S. Army.
3H
CHEMICAL
WARFARE
fur.-, m-,|iT".l Imrk lo tin' lin*. nnurely mitiUr> en|ifi'-iI y nml wlnnir rhrirtirnl truinitiR tx now bting utilized in chemical »<>ik, hnvr, llinroTorr, becD stvul frum wftnlo. "l,itc|i rn<:c hnn lifcn con^iJrrrtl tniliviiinnlly, the nifcn'i qitaliflctlioni Ami c<|'(fifnrp hnvc brrtl iluilied with rntr t the nr*ds of Ihe Oovcmnifnt plnnin HIWI hurrnui havr hecu citmitlrrcil with equal c*re, t a d rnrh mnti hntipictl lo I he posit inn fur which hit training nix) qiinlinrntmnii nr
IlrsEABCii DIVISION
Tlic Amcricnn UnivcrFtjly Kxprrinirnt Station, established by the IliircDU nf Mines in April, 1917, became July 1, 1918 I he Krwnrch Division ot the I'hi'iiiicnl Wnrtarc Service. For tlir firnl Five motithii work w p rnrriril out in varioud laboralnrii'B, srnltrrcil over the rnnnlry. In Srptcinbcr, 1917, the lniililiiiRfl nt the American (Inivrrnity lioramc availahlc; a little Inlcr piirlinnn'ot the new cliiniiral Inlmrntory of the Catholic I'nivcraity, WonliiiiRlon, were litkrii nvrr. llraneli Isborstorica wrrr rslnlilinlird in mmiy n[ thr l«hnrnlorirs ot the Universities ami iiiiluilrinl |ilatit», of which Johns llnpkhn, Princeton, Yale, Ohio Stair, MasflachunrtU Institute of Technology, Harvard, Michigan, Columbia, Cornell, Wisconsin, Clark, Uryn Mawr, Nola Turk a r j the National Carbon Company were active all through the war. At the time ol tbc signing ot the armistice tha organltatlon ot the Rcncurch Division was as follows: f ..I D A . l l u m l l
C|,jr| „( rtnritfch Oi<>iioi>
Dr. W K U . n I)r B I'. Knhlct i
l n Cb.tice of Defenae Problero | n Ch«ne of Oft«n»e Problem.
' Riirrmlr.l
I>r
John Johniton
who waul lo tb« N«tlon.
Lxlulnt
till
DF.VEUirMF.NT OF CHEMICAL WAKPARP. SERVICK
39
Dr HVi'l lli.nl Lt Col VV. II ll*i,rr.,fl
Ailviiw nn l'li«rmnr.iMi«iral rri.lilrim Indiarrrnf Mil.irntl Wiirkan.lt \ila-
l.t.Cnl A II Uml. >
In I'half i.l I H f i w I V i n i . i l Hrararrli III CluiriP "I ntT.iiT I'lipmiral IIP-
"5
In Charrm i,l liaa Maalt llxrarrli In Champ nl I'vr.'trilinip llrararrh In Chun" "I rlmrmaff,ln|r.iral Hewarrl, Dr. A R lo-vpiiliaii • In l l i . r . r .,t l...i™|..,ir»l llpararrh Major I I C. T.lii.ai. In Cliarar " ' l)i.|«T«ui.l ll~r«rrri Major W S I t . n l n n l ' In
-jr P Z \*
I*
I. W.Jiuira1
Major A C Fi'l.ln.r Major (i A lli.lilrr CaplK.KMnn.linU>
The cliitf lunclinna of (he Roicrireh Division were: 1. To prepare ami teal compound* which might txr nf volur in g u warfare, rjclcrmihinir the properties of lhr*r
nirthoila of innkinK *nch rom-
pounila n« srnnril proniitiiiK (Smnll SraiV). 'At Ant I I . Co| J. F. Norm •«« In rhar(p or all rhrmiral rrwarrii. Alionl IWirnln-r, I I I J, i l wn. ,|it,i|,,| iiiln (Hl.ii.r nml Mffrnar, anil l.t. Col. U m b an< plarr.l in rhar R a nf llprrnar. Wlirn C..I. Norrii wrnl lo RnB.lan.1 ax Liaiaon DlTlPpr, I)r. .Innra lonk Ilia plarc. • l a Iba earl? organitalion of Iho Poifail o l Minra, Mr. Yan.lall Mfmtpmon wan In Plmrgr of Ihn pfrilieal rVipnrpa. Aaaopialpil flitli him were Dr. F P Un.lPrhill, in rharpc of ThprappulIt Rrararrh; Major M. C. Wintcrnilr, in Char a p nf l'alhoh|tipal tlrfrarch and Taplain F.. K. Marahall in eharfa of rharmaeolnniral R«ararrb. Ahtml M a j I , 191a, Pharmacological Rrararch ttrtnmr an pitcmitfc Ihnt ttw Prclioo waa marrp4 to Oriinancn. •Tbla BntloD waa n r i j i o . l l j u m l n I I . B . Clark. U l > i I I waa aplll Into two, with Clark a*4 Fo|l«r la caarft, anil Snallj ronaolldaled uadrr Fogllr.
^
V
t *
41)
CIIKMICAL WARFARE
:t To 4|rvrln|t the heat methods of utilizing Ihcsc compounds. 4. To drvrt"p Minimal* which should absorb or destroy war HUNCH, :*lml>iiiK tlu-ir priiportics and determining the conditions under which they mi^M be effective. 5. Tu develop milUUitory methods nt making such absorbents HI mifllit ftfi in |tr
Fia. A — Amcrinn Univcreily Kipnrimrnt 8Ution, thawing Small Beak PUnU.
H. To co npcrali! with the inaiiuCuclurinR divisioni in regard In difncultirn A rift ing during the optraliotw of manufacturing war Riwrn, BhsorhcnU, rlc, 9. To fo-operate with other hranchen of the Qovcrnment, civil and military, in regard to war problems. 10. To collect nnd make available to the Director of the ChrmicaL Warfare Service all information in regard to the chemistry of gat warfare. The relation of the various icctiona may best be ahown by outlining the gmoral procedure used when It new toile Bubntance wan developed. The substance in question may have been tued hj the
at
fiiK.Mir.il.
\\AUiAitn
.sm
Ucrmmi* or the Allies; il may hiivu ln-en *iiKKe*lrd ••} mimrt.iir outside tlie nluliiiii; re.ia1 prnpcrlii-H. If
these tibta piuvi-il the compound to haw u II'IKII toxicily or a peculiar physiological behavior, It waa thru turned over to a number of different acctiona. The Offense Hcacurch Section tried to improve the method of preparation. When a satisfactory method had been found, the Chemical Production or Small SIHIC Manufacturing Srclioii endeavored to make it on a Inrgr acnlo (50 poiinda to a ton) and worked out the manufacturing difficulties. If further Icata allowed that the sululancc waa valuable, the inuniifacturc was then given to the Development Division or the (las OfTensc Production Division fur large Heule production. Meanwhile the Analytical Section had lieen working on a method for testing the purity of the ninteriul anil for aiialyr.ing air mixtures, and lln; (Jus Ma.sk SeHiun had run lest* iiKaiinl It with the standard canisters, if the protci linn afTurdril did not accm suflieieiit, the Defenic Cheinirul Srelinn sludieil changes in the iiiKi'rdientii of Ihe eani.iler or i\vn develnpefl a new abaorhent or miiturc of nhsoiheiils to meet the einergeney. If a change in the mechanionl coustnietion nf th
41 The Auuljli'iil Section worked uul methods of detecting the gin in the lit III, wherever poHaible. p ll,, M,-,|i,u| Division, working with Ilic Tujiicological and l'l,:iii,,.i,',,l,,t;i,'iil Httliuiis, studied pathological details, methods
II, D3 ( 1 9 1 0 ) .
" T H E KtrtST T W E N T I TiiwiitANii "Aln, nrlinft a i liaison nHurr l i r l i v n n Ilic Ifuirnu of M i n i * ninl Dm Wnr Drpartmrnt, juit the last uutirc of 'jicp' into llio orgunirntioii by nskinc; 11* to build 20,01)0 p i * mink* fur uliipinrnl ovrrn-n^. 'Jll.OOO nin«kn < M not Krrm like o w r y liu^c tinier. U > j>ri-fintr nil tho tnn.l.h.i.is wl.i.-t. « » n i p n nm4. lm.l l.» rm nh-r, ».. wi> irn.l.ly And willinply nrtcplnt ilu- o i d n . Thi-n JMJ:IIII A klitiK^li' witlt rHn tnnnufftftnrrr*, Innklc nmltiM, uinnnrnrlnrrr^ tii strn|>s, tulilnr fni-ri'irrri", rjrpirrc^, kiiH[>niirks, .t> TIH> «nunlry * » K ' ntunss,.,! f Ilia Atlantic Const to I hi- Mif*iv>i|>|>i Uiw-r fur luiiiuiiiir-hiiiTN »1«> ronld turn out Uie d i d i i i n l |>IU|M iit-r*-|t|nl>ly unit in n litirry. " ( I n i r r o n l HUH IMMIII I m i h m i tcilur tiy Ilif liny l l u n i i r n l t'a. of Wrxlline, IVnii") Ivunin; nnilit tiini- |>rrtiiitii^iiiuili- tvus iiiiiniifiicliirc'l by the Mt'iirntl Cluniirnl ('itiiipanv; kiiupviu-kt liy Ilir SiiniiM'ni ltitrdwnre Coinpniiy in St. l o n i i ; fnn ( m n i liy D I P ( I M U ' I H I ) I mitl (Inodyrnr Rubber (Tonipaniis it I A k r o n ; raninti-n liy Iho Atnnrirnn <*nn (*ontI ' t n y ; nml lln- nssinilily inndc nt nnc of tdc |>lnnln nl tin- Ainirirnn Tun {'oiii|tnny in Ixttif,' Islam) Cily. "Thi- w r i l r r rflnimt riTiill nil (he tlixilils, IY^IM. ,,].(.nns.n, mid ciithnsinsni ft 11 in turn hy ililTt'icitt nti-inlirrs nl I In- orK'ini/ntHUi duritifr Lite f IIIJI imlion of IIKIKC flmt 20,000 tiinskn. We wvn- |.rrlni1inrii|. Ni^lil Ixi-mnr iii mu1 Inun In nnollirr. |li us « c UM>II ll><> IIH id Wiwliiii^ton I.-|p|>liiiiir. " W e Ilitinclil H T roitId iin|\ u'<|niiil'>r on Viiriotin |>oinli Wv mmlr Ilir cnni^liT lur^i-i, mid lunr lircn plml ever linco | l m l we did. W r |li.nij;ltl Ilir I j i ^ l i i h nii)iilli|>iiro w o i too flexible inil loo itnall, and mmlr nnr li-stnl lltr Hllinpi nKninnl rtilofinr, |thw»Renet p r n u i r n r j j , d r . , nnd I mil R rnnittrr llml witn nil tlint wni iletiretl for abwrbinp them: K I W I . Hut, n l u , we did not knnw ttmt rhloropirrin wan dentincd In lie c*nr of Hwi mufit i m | i n i t i n l wnr tinwn ttnnl by Ilir vnriouq bctliycrriiln, Ktirilirr, it woi not fully a|>|»rc<-intcd tliat tl>r rubberised f lolli UKCII in making (Im f«rc|Mtfc hml to Ixi highly inipermc•bl« againKt p a v i , Hint linrdncM an much n* anything elor wnn desired in ttie mnken|> of tlir itoila-linir pmntilm in nnli-r tn willmlnnd roii([li jollili|f M> Hist Ilif IllicA wmdil lint rli»(t I lie rimJMli'r, nml rniia thn reatiLance to lirenlliinc; to A prohibitive flpirc. Neitlier w u it apjiraeiated at tbat lime by an> of the allies, tfaat tha gaa tnisk really ahould
' • . .
MDSTARD OiS mUfACTOMD AT BDUHIOOD AHSCTAL
W l l l t u x D. Harsh&ll, Capt&ln, C.W.S. In Charge of O p e r a t i o n .
9 TECHNICAL
ft
n cBixa or OSUXIOI. UtBODCCTHa. Bustard C u or liquid dl-ahlor-dl-athyl sulphide C1-CH--CH, ( S) la aaqaaatlamblr warn of the aait powerful weapons of sadern mrf&re.
Protection against this ( u l i extremely dlffl-
eult dna to Its property of aarlouily taming any part of ths body, nan In dUota oona«ntratlon, aa vaXl »• Ita bolag a vtrang lung and ajra Irritant. Unlaia •poalallr traatod tha ground «n uhloh the liquid falli renalu teada for day*.
Itt astlon l i partlooUrly Insidious
In that (1) no sarloua »ff »«t l i aotiood until inaral hours afttr ootrtast or (xposarsf (2) If traataant i i not ippllsd to tha affaotad part almost lonadiately prarantlTB oaans »r» of l l t t l o or no a n i l axospt In so far as rubi•quant lafa«tlon nay ba aioldod. USTOEICAL. kuatard gas H I first usad hf tha Oarnans against tha British at Tpraa In July 1917 and from this tine until tho tarmlBation of tha mr tha Oamni dapandad largaly on mustard gas In both attaak and ratraat. Baaausa of dlffloultlss In suufaatura tha alllas did not bagla tha usa of mirtard gas until wall along' In tha spring of 1918. Valla daralopnant irorlc both la this oountry and abroad m i balng sarriad on with tha utaost daspatoh possible it was not until tha first of April 1918 *hat a proaess appearad at Pont-de-Clalz. ?rapoa. that prorad to ba sueoeasful. As soon as tha nan ef this prooass
raaahail tea Serrioe Headquarters in Tours, American. Engineers war* dltpatahad to look into tha prooees. Thay found It so far ahead of anything yat known ebraad that It was deoided to uaa thla proaess l a starting gaa produotioa at Idgawood Arsenal. At tha tine t a l i daeiaioa waa reaohed aararal toaa of aaatard gas had bean Bade l a the reactor used at Tont-da-Olalx sad thai far eaamltlaa had few and tha suooess of tha preaasa saeaad assured. a» farther of this plant reaahad Aaarioa until late in August 1918. FBOBJCTIOn AS BDGKnOOD ABSBHaU Oa May 1st tha neoessary authorisation to build a fifty ton anatard gas plant in one or nore unit* had been obtained and by the noddle of llay discing waa started oa the foundations. During April and May rpald strides were aada In thla oountry at tha CleTeland Ordnance laboratory. Amerloan UaiTersity, and tha Dow Cheaioal Company in prooesses nltable for large saala produotlon of ethylone and custard gas. The ethylone generator which was dereloped under Col. Dorsey's dirootlon at the Clcreland Ordnanoe laborntory proTwd so satisfaotory in large soale tests that i t was deoided to use this design Instead of the French type.
It
was further deoided to replaoe tour of the sixteen French type raaetor» with four iwohanioally agitated reaotors vhiah had been d oral oped at the Cleveland Ordnanoa laboratory as well as to put into operation two one ton rtiaotura that were naaring oocsiletion at Aaarioan OnlTer«lty. About tha first of Jane the first ten sthylene genet— tttro B.II-11 . . .
?T.>«Ti»l.and and on the 19th of June the first large
seals run waa oade and exoellont results obtained both as regards
-;."«---n-
The two one ton n u t w n ••at from Anarloan ttaiivraity m
operated almost eontinaoualy with oertain aodifloationa ap
to Augort let * « n thalr TU* «ai dtaoostlsaad baaa.ua* of atruaturaji m t n u i i i aa ««11 aa baoauaa a l l atallabla nan *ar» than naadad to rkart oporation on tha tvolT* rraoah and four m—haul oally agitated rajiotora now raady for uaa. Shortly aftar rtartiag up tiiaaa reaotora It «&a found tbat oartats oodlfloatlona «ara naoasaaxy to tha Fost-d*-01alx typa la order to loaraaaa tha T»ry low gaa abaorptlon afflelaoay axirtlog vndar our oparatlac oondltlona. Thaaa ohangaa van aaoordlBgljr aada, aftar «hleh fairly latlafaotory raaulta ««ra obtalaad. Thaaa raaotora wara oontlauad in opantlon oora or laas oonrtantly up to tha ilgnlng of tha armlatiaa. Tha four aaohaniaally agltatad raaotora prorsd fairly latlifaotory frost an operating rtaodpoiat until tha Xaad lining on tha agitator paddlea stripped off thua sxpoaing an iron aurfaoa to tha roaotlon mixture and oaualng the lasia to ba shut down for rvpaira. About August 1st plan* and reports were obtained from nngi«Tiri on a reaetor and method of operation that *lininated sulphur troubles and permitted the use of in iron reaction Tassel in plaoe of the lead lined ones used prerlously.
Construatlon was isaedia-
taly started on & six ton unit whioh was to employ refrigerated brine instead of water as a ooollng medium. ' the first run of this reaatar was made on October J, 1918 aad with tha exception of the first run, rery satisfactory results were obtained up to the tiao gas produotion was terminated in lorenber. On November 6th, 1918 the first of a series of seven
,iu>
o •«.....-;«;;
f-j"- 1
l»rg» fourtsra ton roastan m i oomplstad and op*r«twl wmtlmMualy until gai produstloa i»« rtoppvd.
' ^
,
y
-,
Daring thl* tlaa «tlqrl*>)* prodnatlon kapt p««« with tha Inoro&alng donud* of tha vwturd gM plant by tha addition of oatta «f athrlaaa gaaaratora of praotloally tha aana I I M and aa originally lsstallad. With tha axa«ptl»m of oaoMioaal bomlnf out of forsaas ttihaa 4iioh im.n to ba axpaotad, this typ» of ganamtor iatl»faa*ory undar oparatlng oondltiona. PHODtCTIOH niTA QI lOStlSD GU FUST Founds par north Juna Jttly sKilK
Oat. HOT.
(lat to 11th) Total
Anount shipped orar*ea«
12,000 42,000 72,000 288,000 722,000 288,000 1,422,000
6 a-/ 1
3t,i
7/ /
S80.000 lb». / f ^
Total monthly prodnalng oapaoity V O T . I . I S I S 1,300,000 l b a . foo Batlmatad produalsg aapaaity Jan.l,lS19
3,000,000 l b a . r
CHEUISTBT OF ETHTLESB UAJTOPACTTOB. Whan rthyl aloohol 1* paaaad orar o»rtaln n r l r t U i of kmalln or ilmllar oanpiunda maintained batrw»en proper tanparatura H a l t s tha aloohol i s dshydratad w t a l y t l oally fanning rthylana and « t « r .
Th» kaolin may ba u*o4 repaatadl^
prorlded th» oarbosaoaous laatarlal that gradually depaslts on tha kaolin (dua t o tho breaJclng down to carbon of «oaa oonatltuants of tha rwaatlon) 1* raaorwl by bumlnr tn t In a touffl* fumaoa from tln» to t l a a .
In praotloa rtsas I s olzad with aloohol v»por going Into
•»!
ni.iv
srn»l| •••iTTfl
(
1 i
r
CHEMICAL
Captain WUHs* 3 . ySk,.,;;,
8 . , « , a, , 1 ,
To: Subjects
2.
Cte
t-atbx
Colooei 1 yallow B^ tmaia ia the Krtea irT«tlis.
a '* 4.
jt ft
nt
Sheet .#2.
i Baport - Ca.pt. U t e h to C O . , Edgevood Arsenal.
5-6-20.
vaa taken and tha ataele rooa, »g»in aatabliihad and euppllaa procured aa naadad. A considerable naabar of ohaaiata, onasUeal engineers, and i s s i i t a n t a vere hlrad and put to work Is TarIons llnea, and problaaa. Abort Koreraber 1, 1919, tha riwainlng forea of tha foraer Besaareh Dirtsion a t Aaarloan Dnlxaraity eaaa to B&ga»aod. Spaoial Ordara l a . J U , Xorraabar 1 1 , 1919, vara liauad lnatraotlag that Capt. H. V. talkar, and Capt. Laaoh oooparata, aa Chlafa of tha Baaaareh and Bxparimant&l Saottona^raapaatlTaly. Whlla tha wrltar'a Saetioa raaalTad BOM l i t t l a halp during tha f a U and Wlstar vhieh fallowad, tha aaaiamad eooparatlon m only en tha anrfmsa, and thar» vara many antiganiau vhieh tha wyltar did not brlag bafora hla Coaaandlag Offlaar. baeauaa of hla othar praaalag BAttara, bat t h i s ttat* vaa not for tha good of tha larrlea. Tha work Is. tha laboratory hy tha Xxparlaan-Uil Saetloa has laeludad: Oaralopamant of proeaaa for nanufKaturo of Chloraeatophanona. (with eooparatlon of Kaaaareh Saetloa) Synthaaia of Sthylladoaeatato. Uumfaetura of Bronaeatona. Synthaaia of Broaaoatophanona. "
of Iodoaeatophanona.
< lautofaetura of uhydroua aliamlstm ShlorUa. llanufaotura of Bonsyl Chlorlda. Taata and davalopaaant on a n o n - « s t a l l i o hand granada (diraotlon of C»pt. V. j . Taylor) Tasta an tha "?air Thread" for o l o i l n j gaa s h a l l , trf Liaut. H. F. H*hn. (Involved procuranant and Installation of ipoctal Machinery) Taata en Special Shall Lining. Surralllancn of Uustard Gas In storage. Routin* . Supply.
ORDER OF BATTLE OF THE
UNITED STATES LAND FORCES IN THE
WORLD WAR (1917-19) ZONE OF THE INTERIOR VOLUME THREE (la Two Putt)
^ PART 1 \ General Introduction Organization and Activitia of the War Department Territorial Departments Tactical Divisions Organized in 1918 Posts, Camps, and Stations
Picptred in World War I Group, Historical Oirinon Spta.l SUIT United SUtm Army
LIBRARY ARMY WAR COLLEGE CARLISLE BARRACKS, PA. tJNTTHD BTATES OOVEBKUZHT PXINTZNO OFTIOS WASHINGTON i 1MI
•rfar«
Confidential Information Section To claulfy, index and file all technical reports and confidential information concerning tho Service.
Salvage and Salet Section (Organ!**) after the Armlst.ee) To have charg* of matters connected with the sale of all m*t4Hel, buildings, and land no lohger required for future an.
1919 On July 11, legislative authority was granted for the continuation of the Chemical Warfare Service until June 30, 1920. On Nov. 28, the peacetime activities of the Service were defined il follows: Maintenance of a competent body of chemical-warfare specialists with facilities for continuoua research and experimentation; maintenance of records; means for clo3e affiliation with civilian agencies for chemical research and with chemical industries capable of being promptly converted for the production of wartime materiel; maintenance of such existing Government plants as may be decided necessary; continuous training of the Army in chemical warfare; maintenance of supply of chemical- i warfare materiel sufficient to meet Initial requirements for w«r. I 1920 On June 4, the Chemical Warfare Service was established as in organic part of the Army. The organization of the Chemical Warfare Service as of Nov. 11, 1918, in Washington and in the field, is shown on chart 25. Htm
ORGANIZATION
Operation Divulom The original six divisions were— OVERSEAS (EUROPEAN) DIVISION
Created Sept. 3, 1917, as the Gaa Service, A. E. F.; enlarged and designated the Overseas or European Division with the establishment of the Chemical Warfare Service June 28, 1918. R operated through Offensive, Defensive, Technical, Intelligence, and Production and Supply Divisions, and several auxiliary administrative offices. Functions To carry out all phases of gas-warfare activities in connection with I*1* A. E F. in France RESEARCH DIVISION Established June 25, 3 918, whtn research work on war gsaeSi th» E.ipjriirent Station p; the Arnuricta University in Washingtea.. I). C. ;>rv! t H ;^rs-.:nu-! cf in-2 Station were transfcrrr-d t 0
Chemical Warfara Service Dtucroiior CHXMltUL mUTUUt SSXTICS (H>|. OM. W. L B
1 No. 25—ORGANIZATION OF CHEMICAL WARFARE BRV1CU, WASHINGTON OFFICE AND FIELD FORCE
(Chemical Warfare Service. The Division directed activities at (Experiment Station, the Bureau of Standards, and the Geo" ' al Laboratory, Washington, D. C ; at Ohio State University; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; at the National on Company, Cleveland, Ohio; and at the Corning Glass a. Corning, N. Y. V* conduct Investigation^ relating to gat maaki, protective clothing, and i ; methods of decontaminating trendies and dugouts; toxic chemical ices; smoke screens; signal lights, and hand gTenadea. DEVELOPMENT DIVISION
ned at Cleveland, Ohio, July 13, 1918, the Division directed rltica at National Carbon Company and Nela Park plants, dand, Ohio; at Erie Street Gas Works, Toledo, Ohio; at AsLight, Heat and Power Company, Astoria, Long Island; r Chemical Co., Midland, Mich.; at United States Automatic pany, Amherst, Ohio; at Corning Glass Works, Corning, '•; and at National Lamp Works of the General Electric Com4", Cleveland, Ohio. he Division operated through these Sections: Defense, Offense, pland. Willoughby (Ohio), and Special Investigation. 135
r
(_b,
.I».d4reitnk.
". In: tutul production of respirators embraced 6,131,999 maaki of i .outhpiece type, 633,609 of the Tisaot type, and 26,891 of otli patterns, manufactured at an approximate cost of $7.00 ptr .nit. Of these, 667,263 were graded as training-camp masks, 39? '14 being useii for training purposes in tbe United States. I ;itarmiatice shipments included 271,778 respirators for the A.' . F. and 74,1)76 for troops in Siberia. Of the gas masks shipped to -mice some 1,430,000 were found defective. This necessitated the establishment of a plant at Chateauroux in which approximately 1,260,000 units were modified. Tne canister of the American gas mask contained a special carbon (charcoal), derived from coconut shells, nut shells, and fruit pits. Coconut shells were procured from the Philippines, the East Indies, and Central America. Large quantities of nut sheila and fruit pits were obtained as a result of a Nation-wide publicity can'-.uign. CA3 OFFENSE PRODUCTION
Output of Toxic Agenli
(Short tona) Ifll
Juiurj f
Brea-
Wk»u
Tm
•nul.
phcm
ciknlt
PhM-
OlMOOl
chLonu' cblafiM
u
ITI J7|
;
Tou| . . . .
Fatal mm(Ur producing tatmthj, N n I. I f l l 111!
140
DO
HI 111
. . . . . . .
}jj Aojmi SepuaLtf Cku>Ur_ N *""»'*'
Ajnmml •hipped m u i t u
chfcnfc
10
Uuck
JUM
TllWta
MfV
(Wli
]()
II ||
u
4S1 III III ni 100
100 111 317 IK IU
31 11 III 111 141
71 II 70 M U 111 111 IU J7
11 Ml II IS 111 II •1 Tl 11
1)1 III III
1)1 III 1SI
1.711 I.IU
I.IM
1,774 I.S01
I.SII M0
III IB0
I
I.D64 171
m
1.100
l.JOO
I,MO
900
M
IU)
II
1,100
l.UO
I.H0
l.UO
1,000
H
IX
•1
i
H
r u n
•91 IM
*
Chuukal W.r(.r»
V.
Ine, chlorpicrin, and phosgene were lethal ugenta; mustard sufficient amounts, was also fatal. The latter took effect the lungs, eyes, and skin; and if contaminated food iten it even attacked the intestines. ine gasea such as brombenzyleyanide were not lethal, but jted the eye membranes. The Midland, Mich., plant, from its welts, supplied sufficient bromine to meet the needs of '-gas production. Jan. 20, 1918, Edgewood Arsenal had more toxic and materials available, than could b e j i u d in (hell filling or to tbe Allies. PUling oj ProjcctiUt luctiou and oversea shipments were as follows: 7t*ua •kdl 1 CU>-
rW
Uuk 1
HUM 11.111 IH.1U IMII
U.IU IP.1I1 IIT.UI ».1H
I.1J1
1U.CM
4M.IU
MJ,77«
u.eu
IKL00O
W.tH
I7LD8O
ILMO
I10.IU lOt.lt* II Ul
l.HI It •
JI.UI
UUH
toot
•oaooo
TwUln. •Unit
Ml
Muk II
l» IH
•
i.m 100 •
HI
•ojectilea to be filled were supplied by the Ordnance Depart. Up to Nov. 1,1918, 91,908 empty 4.7-in. shell, 368,852 empty 1-mm. shell, 30,300 empty 8-in. shell, and 1,641 Stokes mortar had been received. However, these empika. could not.be I because of the lack of loaded boosters. ual filling of shells was far below monthly capacities which, ate of Armistice, were as follows: i
B-tmd*
. shall •bell •hell ; ibcll
2,100,000 G» gnnidei 450,000 Smolu p e n i d » - 6*0,000 Liveu drumi 1(0,000
BtninJ*
760,000 490,000 30,000
141
Cfcciiiic*! Warfare Scrrks
Stijely Meuaurea in Factories
Despite the institution of safety measures at the various planU for the protection of labor, the number of injuries brought on by toxic UKtnLi was considerable. The following table shows the case! of this kind at Ldgewood Arbenal: 1918 J«ly
Fltncacid.. CitUa mom
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
Demustardization methods were worked out, and front-line equipment was developed and provided. At end of hostilities, nearly every research problem of impurlance had been mastered and solutions published in a series of 51 monographs. All known gas-warfare substances had been put into use successfully. In addition, neverul new agents were discovered winch were not used. However, the results of this research work were preserved. TRAINING Early in the war, the Medical Department conducted a gasdefense course at Fort Sill. The first students were medical officers who were prepared for assignment to the various campa and divisions in the United States us K"S officers. A later class was composed of 45 chemists, commissioned in the Sanitary Corps and assigned to the Field Training Suction, Gaa Defense Service. Soon thereafter it was decided that gas officers should belong to the Line. The personnel of the Field Training Section was therefore transferred to the Corps of Engineers. From Apr. 1918, division gua officers wore selected from the Engineers. Graduates of the Engineer Officers' Training Camp received instruction at the Army Gas School, Cump A. A. Humphreya, Va., to supply the necessary gas officers. Training wa3 hampered by an imperative call irom Ihe \. E. F. which deprived
Chuiks) W«rl«» Danln Bl school of 18 instructors. On July 1, 1918, in anticipation of the ifer of all gaa activities to the Chemical Warfare Service, (J^personnel undergoing gaa training was assigned to the 473d neers (gas training service). •te in Oct. 1918, all studenU were sent from Camp A. A. __.nphreys to Camp Kendrick, when the Army Gas School opened it that place. However, through courtesy of the Corps of Engi_, all Chemical Warfare Service officers, newly commissioned l civil life, continued to attend the Engineer Officers' Training ,_hool for initial military training. •;At date of Armistice, 90 infantry and artillery officers and 166 IHeera of the Chemical Warfare Service were taking the course tthe Army Gas School; 53 enlisted men were attending the Offlira" Training School (Training Camp) at Camp Kendrick; 49 «4 officers of the Chemical Warfare Service were on duty in campa in the United States, and 20 were en route for versea service. r'At about this time, Camp Kendrick was being enlarged for the eption of gas troops which had been authorized but not yet nized. Two fully organized battalions of the 1st Gas Regiment stationed at Camp Sherman, Ohio, ready to leave for over. DEMOBILIZATION. PERSONNEL
I) On Oct. 14,1919, the strength of the Chemical Warfare Service i fixed at 124 officers and 1,348 enlisted men or at about 7 xent of the Armistice strength. MATTER I El. AND PROPERTY
I During the demobilization period, the Chemical Warfare ServI was concerned with salvage and sale of materiel, settlement of ntracts, and placing the plants at Edgewood Arsenal and at hurst Proving Ground on a peacetime basis. Salvage and Sale* £;This activity was conducted under the control of the Salvage ^i Sale!) Section, Administrative Division. During the 1920 fiscal "»r, maUriel and plants, representing an expenditure of $7,472,1)1 were Bold, or transferred on Interbureau requisitions. K The more important items of materiel sold included— IfrM
Bfl*>
|fc*:::::::::::::::::::::: jgfaa.twj,
1.100.00* l i n o ooo CirtMkrJphkfa 1.000.000 •iT,m> O n i . ilnAol Mfl.OOO Gal H U U ttwlcl/ lr|W [lUOllwf > . . Wtnnn '
SU.non 100,000 tfi.no 10.000 i.ni
143
U
Jc*t W«Hsn OtrrU*
IT the most purt, materiel and plants were disposed of at pubIk uction. Prices received ranged from 200 percent of cost to 7. percent, and averaged 27 percent. The plant* aflected were tl> properties at Stamford, Conn.; Bound Brook, N. J.; Niagan F> 'la, N. Y.; Buffalo, N. Y.; Haatinga-on-Hudson, N. Y.; Kingsi pc.;, Tonn.; and Belle, W. Va. Settlement of Contract* These settlements were made by the Contract and Patent Section, Administrative Division. The accomplishment included— Formal Contracts Number of contract* Kittled Ton! amount In dollar* of original contract* ToUl amount of uncompleted portion ToUl amount paid In adjustment ToUl net aavlnga to the Government
__'
M!4 |10,444,OJ».OI 6,464,464.71 287.3S4.H 6,177.110.63
/n. irmal Contracts Number of claims or informal contract* settled Total amount in dollars of original claim ToUl amount of the uncompleted portion Tou! amount paid in adjustment ToU! net saving to the Government
it t 9,060,609.71 7,069,142.58 876,626.71 6,193,615.87
Patenlt The policy governing patents was as follows: A patentable process worked out by the Chemical Warfare Service, which it was not necessary to keep secret, was usually patented in the name of the individual or individuals who had carried out the work, so that they might benefit from all uses of the discovery by parties other than the United States Government. Prior to 1920, 13 patents had been obtained for inventors, and 50 applications were pending in the Patent Office for inventors formerly connected with the Chemical Warfare Service. In addition, the United States had purchased patent rights outright from other inventors. Reaerve Stockt War stocks accumulated and stored at Edgewood Arsenal during the demoblliutloQ period embraced the.following: -
WAR GASES
Phosgene, 400 tons; chlorpicrin, 406 tons; mustard gaa, 200 tons; fcrombenzylcyanide, 4'/ 2 tons; and NC (chlorpicrin and stannic chloride), 325 tons; also 760 tons of smoke-producing maUriel. 141
0FTKN3S EQUIPMENT
De 61,400 Livens projectors; 88 Stokes mortars with all and incidental equipment; approximately 2,000,000 ' ahell of various caliber for gas and amoke; over 700,000 $'hand grenades; miscellaneous empty containers ready for DEFENSE BESE&VE
ut 2,348,000 respirators; 1,000 tons of prepared charcoal jjnse in canisters; a number of protective suits; quantities of Uve ointment; alarm devices; and various other items. th
*
!t
SECTION »
CHIEF OF COAST ARTILLERY
ORIENTATION . Chief of Artillery was provided for by statute in 1901. At time, the Artillery Corps consisted of two branches—the # Artillery and the Field Artillery. ' legislation enacted in 1907, the Chief of Artillery ceased ^exercise supervision over the Field Artillery and began to on as the Chief of Coast Artillery only. A further provision ftte 1967 law made the Chief of Coast Artillery an additional gmber of the General Staff Corps. FUNCTIONS At Outbreak of War } keep the Chief of Staff advised and Informed as to the efficiency of the I and naUttd of t U Gout Artillery, and make such rtcomraendt| In reference thereto ae will promote efficiency; to advise the chiefi of ^Department bureaus of all matter! relating to coast artillery materiel nel which the experience u d obeenration of the Cout Artillery ! to be of practicil importaneei to lubait teconu&eiidaUoiu u to the tion of toaet artillery olBcen and w a ; to ieeue directiy to cout r officere bulletine end circulars of Information on current eoeet artllattere of a pnrely technicmt character which do not involve matten nd, diecipline, or admtnletratlon; to euhmit recommendations u to atlone for appointment and tranafer of oBcert to the eoaet artulerr jl'»nd for promotion therein, and ae ta their aaaicsment to apeclal datr 1 eoast artillery orsanjxatione end atattona. charged with th«e dvtlea, the Chief of Cout Artillery w u r of the Board of Ordnance end FortiBcation. , A, Defined Aug. 26, 1918 « keep the Chief of Staff adrlaed and Informed with rupoct to the buaiaeae f U s chargt, Including the efficiency of the pnaennel aad nuterlel of f toast artillery service; to be reeponslhlo that adequate measures are 1Mlll-tS-yul.t-pi.l-lI J45
0 3 / 3 z. :
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1 . CrAle-ran 1—a . bocn dosrtvtehcd today to lnp reqr.os'irv" tv.fnv.stlen &u to tl>o r.seurt.o\£j& N t t x l e fp.o n^oiifil vhi-.-h Bhcsld he auppXiei by t!;i^Tfrp'. try for our ova troops n;:d f?r thocc of our a l l i e s * ^ Z, V,\i<:. ciil-3-C;-;-;1.1.' -JZC? ccn-.-cya t'.-o i'ellov inr: ' a f>it
A
a . " y ruly l i t , •.-.•; «sn anpy-ly d a i l y ' . u l o^ilp i a c:iii.a-ui!VB imv.il si".ellc U i o r s r.vr.lljible:- i'li'ty t o a s , 710, tv;ent.7-fivo tor.s iih, cian. no , ::•? .-•ar.i.-i. l a t h , IV a l l •.-.vaili-elc Lnfl-.itri-l ;.l;:it8 rv.-c -.nod i n fi'Vi.'.tl: .1 ».o »l:o ^rr.-cr.-fit .'aver v.c:il jir-a^a, • " • . fi.il s ' o ; l . - t!t.;.J\- r-.-.i. r'.-i-p r.r. <\-ovo - oi.-hty tone 7?.O, t r i 'na . ' r;e d ^ n o -VbB, r.r.'i t r o imd n h ; ' l i t o n s o l H . o . '. o fiirt. c r incrc-'.se crv;i t o o"pcutcd ' i n t i l P.C? ;O.r..tp f. o lii.i.it, i-.r.i; t;-.le v,-tll r.5^"ire f.t. 1R:.^% cl:;r.t .v.Oii'^ha. ?iiO 1100.i ioi- "ron~t •-•.a-.1. ftO.l I.TCO 1 "-r.tion i a 2 . " o l . 2-..con, /.:-."i-ti-.t I r r o t o r n< u-i " t p v l a o , .' •*.•!;'., woo J*L!IS Ju.:t .."turned i'ron . ln.nco, a.<'rca:cR t' .; ao!;Y.'.-2t.l-:a tV:ii- ir.i- v-^e.tor u otx-.ta oC i.-jut; of tr.o i'.l ova : /_iti'-i'Jivla T.'.lil ha r c . ^ u i r c i , n".:.ely - -^uo '.•".j'lVBva'i ci- 0.!.y o'L -'-OO. ^!\_TC /."•/'»'"" v: ",r
tj.l._t;"," t c n o o*
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.
••••
i
A
FHasCStlE;
To Uay 3Xat.
Total all Riosgone Plants..
,,. t 31,930 lbs., . 11,649 " 24,800 * «_ 900 " J .47,829 "
In storage Uay 1, 1918 Produced in l£y Shipped to Fort of Embarkation during Hay Shippod to Amoricaa Onivorsity In storage May 31
yrnnfc "eaingnay, Inc., Bound Brook, H. J. Designed capacity
"
.5 tons per day.
To June 14, 1918. Total produced Total shipped to piers.• Total shipped to Edgawood In storago at plants
20,052 Von. none 1,000 Vbe. .19,052 "
•
This plant has jjist started operation and i s building up to rated capacity. It lias boon delayed by lack of the nocasBary containora and Tulvoa for aoco. Containers are no'j at hand.
Oldbury Hloctro-Choaical Co., Hiegara Fall3, Designed capacity
H
. T.
10 tons par day.
To June 14, 1913. Total produced Total shippod to piers Total shipped to Edse^ood In storage at plant For axporiaontol purposes
83,308 lbs. 24,800 " 43,200 " 15,800 " 508 "
Edgev.-ood Plar.t, Edger:ood, -d. Dosi^nod capr.city.
80 tons par dcy,
?irst -10 ton un.it noarly cos3l9t8d bnt has not yat startod oxpoi'imintal operation.
;
Experimental Section.
(WTT. H ,
Snl>Jecti
rrtmary JSOth, 1920.
c.
Identification of Saoples fron Aa rlesa toiTer«£ty.
1. rorwarded nerezlth, far yoor Jnfoms.tloa, 1» a report froa Captain Eatler on tt» Identification of nn=ark.d eSpTes rccel«d froa i a r l c a n tolTerslty. The». "anple- w sntoltted to the Chesioal lataratoty eometlne s«o. C2. B. LEACH, JR., Cs.pt. C.r.
3.,
V.8JL.
18,13£0 •L.i«au,tSortC«-;:t.,C.\r.a.Tjy
Identification tiffiiariiod l i ' t l r*ed f oia -' S b i t chout iVo 10«h,19£0. r 2ho folXo^viuy rcaulta OJ:A conclusions t^ro , nade on tho :in!'.lyc6;3 of t'j -enf.lo Ho.X . •'-••"
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.building .509". i 071 ' iiiutil::-; ion r.t C5 ac^.CeiTUi-VL-J
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by Ch«riM M.
A»MM«M.
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OF?1CE OF RISK MANAGEMENT
THE BARTER THAT BUILT AMERICAN UNIVERSITY'S TELEVISION SCHOOL br SUE rum iff, Wwhmftmm, 0- C.
I HE ancient and time-proven system of baiter has brought about the building of a new $250,000 television and radio school at the American University in Washington, D. C. The prize winning architectural building is the result of a combined dream of the university, to teach its communication courses in workshops u well as classrooms, and of the Evening Star Broadcasting Company which needed a site far its television transmitter and tower.
campus for the tower and transmitter. In return, the broadcasting company built and gave the television building to the university. Charles M. Goodman Associates were the university architects at the time and drew up the plans. The completed building won them an award from the Washington Board of Trade when it was selected by an out of town jury of architects. This compeoGon is judged every two years.
The Star, known for its interest in young people and education, regarded the campus of the American University, splendidly situated on one of the highest points in Washington, as an ideal location for its planned transmitter and tower. The new industry of television needs and wants college trained people. The Star knew, through its own experience at WMAL-TV, that such people could be helped to television careers if better college facilities were provided for them. Here was the opportunity for a tiargain that had its feet on the ground and an eye on the future. It was an unusual plan; both sides would profit. P i e m i v T ' v gave the Star an enviable site on its
Taking advantage of the sloping land selected for its site, the building is constructed on two levels. The basic structure is of reinforced concrete faced with granite at the base and Indiana limestone above. Emphasizing the extremelv modem architecture. Mr. Coalman used vitroiite, a blue glass type materul, to face portions of the front and lower levels. L^rce sections of picture glass on either side of tlic staircase give the building a futuristic appearance. One tan stand at the front entrance and see through tin: Uiildint; to the athletic field on the other side. The upper level, opening off the front of the budd-
A Two Level Structure
A MI HI CAM SCHOOL AND U W V I M I T T — 1 9 3 4 - 1 7
raised or lowered. With this system, lights t.in bo ing. cumisls of /acuity offices, seminar rooms and the brought down for use in any or many parts of the radio workshop where the university radio station studio, depending on the needs of the particular proWAMU is located. A gbswd-in visitors gallery overgram in production. liwfcs tlic television studio below. The lower level has a side entrance opening onto Production Is Holted ihe parking area. The doors are large enough to allow a pick-tip truck to drive inside with heavy sets and equipOf course, not ail problem* wen confined tn the ment, a practical idea suggested by Mr. Kempton, head design oi the btnJding. Production halted nncc tlurititf of the communication department of the University. At eiamtson worn the construction crew dug up on unthis level are the television studio, the control room, the bomb from World War 1. Th* bomb dated property storage room and workshops for movie proback to a tune when the army used the university duction. campus a n testmf jnromk Th* army moved In agem Ideas in planning the building came from HXt. and the W W U I I moved out, whlia a demolition team Kempton, in charge of the courses conducted there, and removed the explosive. •, Mr. Frank Harvey, chief engineer at WMAL-TV, the \ = Another time construction stopped because of the Evening Star television station. New York dock strike. Granite used for the base of the building was quarried in Cermany, polished in London A Big Problem and sat on the docks in New York City for weeks until The big problem w u the television studio itself, bethe strike ended. cause no one knew what equipment wouid be used and There were plenty of headaches for the Star and funds were not immediately available for such a costly far the university. Even the finished building had some venture. To solve this, the architect decided to use a large simple space, flexible enough for conversion to equipment needs Liter on. He designed a 45 by 45 feet room with a 21-foot ceiling. It is felt that this room will be flexible enough to accommodate any land of equipment. What about lights? Television studios must be designed for a complicated system of lighting equipment. Yet no one really knew, during the planning stage, just what lights the university would be able to buy, or how they would be arranged in the big studio. The architect discussed this matter with Mr. Harvey who suggested a system of batten ngging like that used at station WMAL. It is similar in many respects to the overhead rigging on a theatre stage. This lighting system consists oi a loft space, with pipe batten attached to ropes in such a way that the batten can be
Th* HIMU* ft taniiwt
nut
iuui IMIIIMN UHIVIISITY'I TIUVISIOH ICHOOI
bugs that had to be iimeited later, but it was a worthwhile venture and no o n seemed to lose enthusiasm. Pioneering and experimenting, much was learned that another school, wishing to put up such a building for its own campus, can well profit by.
sound waves bounce off the walls and ceilings of the room in a ratio determined by acoustical engineers. All of the windows are of fixed plate glass* none open; another feature to consider in planning a soundproof building. The completed television building nouses the
Sound Control Problems One of the building's good features is that the exterior wmlis are of heavy masonry, and no noise comes in from the street or suirounding areas. On the other hand, the inside wails, between the studio and control rooms, are solid. These should have been hollow, to leave a deadening air space between the two freestanding walls to prevent transmission of sound. The American University building has separate air conditioning systems for the television and radio studios to prevent the transmission of sound from one area to another. It is possible that the transmission of sound could be effected through air conditioning ducts by means of fiberglas or some other sound absorbent material- When the ducts axe exposed they should not only he lined but also should be acoustically treated on the outside. This prevents the metal from picking up vibrations from the rooms through which it passes. This was not done onginallv in the American University building and many of the ducts and walls had to be torn out at considerable expense to correct the situation. The floor should be constructed so that sound is not transmitted from one studio to another throueh the concrete slab. This is accomplished by putting spacers in the slab tn deaden the sound waves. T*>r sire and shape of the room \j_^en for brr"»rinsti*.. i,. • . il.t-* nuLo ;inii television studios were uesicncil accordini* to the acoustical qualities of the studio. The
student radio Station WAMU. The radio equipment represents an investment of about ten thousand dollars. Money is still needed for television equipment. The radio equipment includes three high fidelity recording machines. There is a master control room which has lines leading to all parts of the campus from which programs can be originated. There is a direct line to the radio station at the University of Maryland so that programs can be originated on either campus to give students network experience. Most of the equipment installed in the building was newly purchased. A great deal of the installation was done by students themselves, after an elaborate svstem uf conduits and electrical circuits was installed by an electrical contractor and the Bell Telephone Company. Promoting Educational Television American University was one of the organizations which initiated a move for an educational television station in the nation's capital. Named the Greater Washington Educational Television Association, it h.u as one of its original trustees, Mr. Kempton, whose name is conituntlv connected with the development of television nitl radii* both within (he university cumctiliun ami t'dncational television in general. The university has offered its television facilities tu tin- '•oinnunntv fur use in producing cduc.itiminl pro ^r.-imi. when the association is activated. n.-ulio, television and motion picture production in
1 W I I U N 1CHOOL AMD UNIVH1ITY—II1M7
headquarters tor the program department nf the Intercollegiate Broadcasting System, of which 100 colleges arc mrmbrri. Television at the College Level Planning a television and radio building enn produce a lot of heartaches for the people who participate in the project. An exacting science, fast hecoimng a specialty in itself, television is ;t new mtlmtrv. Ctillrai* men and women want to learn about it at the cullege level. A university that intends to m:ret this new ncttl for its students has to go a step further than establishing the courses. It has to have the heart and find the way to put up a building where studenti can really learn Indoing.
classroom and workshop is being conducted in the new building now. Counting all students, *tifl undergrade a m and 50 graduate students art working for B.A. or MJL degrees in these fields. In addition, some courses hi journalism and public relations are taught in the building. And a large number of adults, who are employed by day in these and related fields, take evening Many courses are conducted by Washington proreason who teach part time in addition to their regular fobs in mass communication. For instance, Mr. Charles Bishop, program director and assistant general manager of WMAlrTV, teaches courses in television production and television workshop. Thm new television building is also the national
to atnpara thafcfcrfoltgrasd
tftm rtrtJelng tha 4oca. I •••! 11 i i • • • ••> rt
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ahallaj tba aaooeuL rev 80 teat from tba aballa. and tba third row #0 ft. firm tba ahaUJU Iba doga In aaab row vant-piaaad abaot X*-'*ar» apart* flba ooioantratloiu -aara aaaurad «T placing anuuat«d battlaa l a aaah flald aad epanlar tba betUea at SakU-ixtorrala aa Indlaatad la tba tahl«. Xba t m fl.lda «.•: dial, aad bafera abeatlna; a. ianrcJbla vtad v u mltad A^axrf iba « u trtm tba «hall« dlraoUjr tata iba dec* 1 t h ,w«t»^HTi[J. j ^ flrtaj_ tba tb tha Tro i M l Had, ate*'. -tbtf Tiaf^iK *V> i%aat TBM t|^*^;iwi«i varrtad tba ( u n r r slaaly orar tba tanitarr aa wfaiah tba do^a mra ~ PBIBMV
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PiUidiACOLOCICiL 3J.CTIOH. Q.A.Klchter, Dr. A. 3 . LoTanfcart, A.C.Solls,G,H.3tirrall, snd B.A.TTebber.
SU3J5STt
Gas Shells - r i e l d Tost of Liiatard Gas.
«!^: PUKP033 01 7G3Ci
:
July 25th, 1918.
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To conpara tha Toxelty aid Persistency of Purs and Crude llostard Oaa when fired In 75 ma. gas sballa in tha f i e l d .
• ' • • h r tha purpose of this taat, 24 - 7Bam. ataal gaa abelli v a n f i l l e d to seven eights' of their rolosa v i t a mustard gaa haying a purity, of 67 par oent, and another set of 24 s t a l l s 7.ara f i l l e d to sersn eights of their volune v l t h mustard gas haying a parity of 37.89 per oont. Ihe t-zo groups ?,-ora placed on a fairly lara\ plot of ground about 200 feat apart, v l t h noses Inclined allghtly into tha ground to guard against any p o s s i b i l i t y of nose fragcents fallln.3 into tha Croups of dogs.
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She shells in each group ircra laid on the ground In s i x rocs, 4 3hall3 to tta row. The rocs vraro S\ feet apart, anl tha shells i n each row 10 feet apart. Ttnnty dogs vera ecployed for each group of snails. Ho dogs v a n oonfined i n a space about 36x55 feet, the f i r s t ran of dogs being 20 feet distant fro a tba f i r s t row of s h e l l s . Prerlous experimentation had shorn that the bulk of tha mustard gaa f a l l In this area. Tta doss waro plaeod i n 5 ro^s of 4 dogs each, the rocs boins equl-di3tcnt. The dogs Trara Inspected by tta Pharmacological Section before baiaj lad out on tha f i e l d , and rara confined on the fields by zeans of i foot chains, sts&ss and c o l l a r s , rrro of tha dogs collapsed before tb9 aholls voro flrad. The V,-o fields icare p i r s l l a l , and before shooting a favorable wind ras a-.sltad that T.ould carry the g=s from the shells *lreotly upon. tbo doss with the least p o s s i b i l i t y of tha ten olouda lnterminsllncj. In firing the shells, successive rove vere fired at 10 second intervals. Tha Hajj groups vare fired 7 minutes apart to take .adv.-Jitase of Identical vied, -a at ha r conditions, o t o . A wind of S miles per hour raa blowlnj in »:satly the rljht dlraotlon to carry each oloud orer I t s parttoular set of do;s. The aruda s h e l l s cere fired f i r s t , the pur* shells lrcxdlataly aftenvards. As soon as possible after the last shall
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-zhad been fired, vaouio s.spies sera secured I17 hcnd la each field.
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Ona shall In th9 crude group failed to fire, and tio la tha pur a group, Tha fragmentation of tha stalls appeared to t o excellent, tta clocd not rlslnj care than tight fast froo tha ground. Samples v a n takan of tha air aad earth ovar a protraoted period, aa Indicated la tha tabla following. Indications aro, from tha samples takan directly after tha shooting, that a slightly higher concentration iras realized In the oruda field. After taking staples of gaa on both flalda directly after tha firing, yaencn bottles were nssd la Igroup* of Sour, 3 groups oa each field, a3 indicated In tta dla-^rca* t a 3 groups were placad in tha cantor Una of tha do3 flald, ona group la tha first row of do^a, tha second group nldray batraen tta first and last roKS of dogs, and tha third group in tha last row of dogs. Tha groups l a tha pure field, vara lettered "A", "B", »O",and tha sroxips la tha erode flald »?',»r t ,"Z". Ho.l Ssopla-la a l l sxotrpa wan taian first, no.2, thirty seconds later. Ho.3, oca minute later, and So.* too ninntes later. Zero tlmo was %vr> ml nut as after the first shell tsd been fired. Tfce flaloving tabla givas tha results of analysis of varth taken fron shall craters and froo tha dog field. The samples rare seoured by remofuig a teaapoonful of earth front eaoh shell orater and certain parts of tha dog fields, mixing the earth fron eaoh group t o gether, ?™* taking a 10 gram ssnpla for analysis. It will be aeon fron tha shell-crater enrres that tha oruda, while having a greater initial rolatillty, gradually overtook tha pure and volatilized less rapidly from the ISth day. HIS
CO'ITCESTTtATI0!IS.
Tina of firing - 2 P.II. July 25, 1913. feather - Eot sun.air olear - light fleecy clouds; light shoKsr ona hour after firing intermittently for 45 minutes. leoperatnre - Air 89° ?. - Ground - 9B°7. -7at bulb 65°?. - Relative humidity 49 070 - Pressure 30.0 in. - Average val^ht of gas per shell - 1} 2~i os. - Total gas In each group 23 l/8# Effective shall - oruda 23 - pure 22. PURS
• Tlge
Ho. : 1 -.20 cig/lltar 2 -.32 • " 3 -.12 -.10 «
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30 sec.
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;
CK0D3 . Orou-o X
Tto. 1 - .14 mg/lltor 2 - .17 3 - .26 " 4 — aat
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