2
an{in-X-߃ th¿Xn-cn-°¬
tIc-fo-b¿°v {][m\w Acn `£Wam-Wt√m. sImbvØp-Im-e-am-bm¬ F√m I¿jI-cp-sSbpw ho´pap‰sØ Hcp ]Xn-hp ZriyamWv apI- f nse Nn{XØnep- ≈ Xv . I‰ saXn®- -tijw s\√v Im‰-Øn-Sp-∂Xv F¥n\mWv? I‰ saXn-®m¬ In´p∂ s\√n¬ [mcmfw ]Xn-cp-≠m-hp-at√m. CXp Im‰-ØnSp-tºmƒ F¥mWp kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv? F¥psIm≠v? s\√p- I p- Ø n- b m¬ Acnbpw XhnSpw Ie¿∂m--Wt√m e`n-°p-I. CsX-ß-s\bmWp th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv? \ntXym-]-tbmKhkvXp-°fn¬ ]eXpw ]e ]Zm¿Y-߃ tN¿∂v an{in-X-cq-]-Øn-et√ e`n-°m-dp-≈Xv?
ssN\m Unjn¬ Hcp Sokv]q¨ hoXw Ccpºp-s]m-Snbpw kƒ^¿ s]mSnbpw FSp°pI. \∂mbn Ie¿Øp-I. se≥kn-eqsS \nco-£n-°q. Ccp-ºns‚ IdpØXcn-Ifpw kƒ^- d ns‚ a™- s ∏m- S nbpw ImWp∂pt≠m? Xmsg ]´n-Ib - n¬ (]´nI 2.1) Ccp-ºn-s‚bpw kƒ^-dns‚bpw Nne KpW-߃ \¬In-bncn-°p-∂p. Ccpºv km{µX
kƒ^¿
IqSp-X¬
Ipdhv
Im¥n-IX Im¥n-I-amWv Im¥n-I-a√ Pe-Øn¬ Aen-bp-∂n√
Aen-bp-∂n√
]´nI 2.1
Fs¥m-s°-bmWv an{in-X-ß-fpsS {]tXyIXIƒ? CXp Is≠-Øm≥ \ap°v Hcp {]h¿Ø\w sNbvXpt\m°mw.
Cu an{in- X w th¿Xn- c n- ° m≥ G‰hpw {]mtbm-KnIamb am¿Kw F¥mhmw?
`uXn-Ii - m-kv{X-߃ 17
LS- I - ß - f psS KpW- ß ƒ ASn- ÿ m- \ s∏SpØn Nn¥n-°q.
a‰p am¿K-߃ \n¿tZ-in-°mtam? Cu an{in-X-Ønse Ccpºps]mSn-bp-sSbpw kƒ^¿ s]mSn-bp-sSbpw Afhv hyXym-ks∏-Sp-Øn-bmepw Ah th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ CtX am¿K-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°mtam? F¥p-sIm≠mWv CXp km[n-°p-∂Xv? C\n, So®-dpsS klm-b-tØmsS Xmsg ]dbp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ IqSn sNbvXv, \nco£Ww tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq. Ccp-ºn-s‚bpw kƒ^-dn-s‚bpw Aev]w
an{inXw Hcp sSÃvSyq_n¬ FSpØv t\¿∏n® sslt{Um-t¢m-dnIv BknUv (HCl) tN¿°p-I. D≠m-Ip∂ hmXIw ]cn-tim-[n-°q. sSÃvSyq_ns‚ ASn-hiØv F¥p- Im-Wp-∂p? GXp LS-IamWv BknUpambn {]h¿Øn- ® Xv ? ka-hmIyw Fgp-Xq.
Jchpw {Zmh-Ihpw tN¿Øp≠m-°nb an{inX-am-Wt√m D∏p-sh-≈w. GsXms° `uXnIm-hÿ - b - n-ep≈ ]Zm¿Y-߃ sIm≠v an{inX-ß-fp-≠m°mw? IqSp-X¬ DZm-l-c-W-߃ Is≠Øn ]´n-I-bn¬ tN¿°q. an{in-XØ - ns‚ DZm-l-c-W-߃ Xcw Jc-]-Zm¿Y-߃ tN¿∂Xv
aÆv, ......, ......
Jchpw {Zmh-Ihpw tN¿∂Xv
D∏p-sh-≈w, ......, ......
{Zmh-I-߃ tN¿∂Xv ......, ......, ...... hmX-I-߃ tN¿∂Xv ......, ......, ...... ............................................. ..................................... ]´nI 2.2
CØ- c - Ø n- e p≈ \nc- h [n an{in- X - ß ƒ \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \mw ssIImcyw sNøp∂p-≠v. ]e kµ¿`-ß-fnepw Ch-bnse LSI-߃ \ap°p th¿Xn-cn-t°≠n hcm-dp-≠v. Nne kµ¿`-߃ t\m°q. $ Nmb-bn¬ \n∂v Nmb-®≠n am‰p-∂p.
Cu an{inXw thsdmcp sSÃvSyq_n¬
$ Acn-bnse I√pw s\√pw am‰p-∂p. Aev]w FSp-Øv, Ipd®p Im¿_¨ ssU kƒ-ss^Uv {ZmhIw Hgn-°q. sSÃvSyq_v sNdp- X mbn Ipep- ° q. F¥p \nco£n°p∂p? F¥p-sIm≠v? ta¬ sNbvX ]co-£-W-ßfpsS ASn-ÿm\-Øn¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-߃ N¿® sNøq. Hcp an{in-X-Øn¬ G‰hpw Npcp-ßn-bXv
F{X ]Zm¿Y-߃ D≠m-IWw? ]Zm¿Y-ß-fpsS Afhv F{X-bmhmw? Ie- c p- t ºmƒ LS- I - ß - f psS cmk/
`uXnIKpW-߃ amdp-∂pt≠m? an{inX\n¿amWw cmk- a m- ‰ - a mtWm
`uXn-I-am-‰-amtWm? \nK-a-\-߃ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏Sp-Øq. ]co-£-W-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn® an{in-X-Ønse LS-I-߃ Jcm-h-ÿ-bn-ep-≈-h-bm-W-t√m. - m-kv{X-߃ 18 `uXn-Ii
Nn{Xw 2.1
N¿®-bn-eqsS IqSp-X¬ kµ¿`-߃ enÃvsN- ø q. Hmtcm kµ¿`- Ø nepw Fßs\ th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂pw GXp KpWsØ ASn- ÿ m- \ - s ∏- S pØn th¿Xn- c n- ° p- ∂ psh∂pw ]´n-Is - ∏-SpØn (]´nI 2.3) kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tN¿°q.
kµ¿`w
Nmb
coXn
ASn-ÿm-\-am-°nb KpWw
Acn-°¬
IW-ß-fpsS hen-∏-hy-Xymkw
Acn-bnse I√pw s\√pw ssIsIm≠p s]dp-°¬ D∏p-sh≈w
\ndw, hen∏w
_mjv]o-I-cn-°¬ (h‰n-°¬) _mjv]o-I-cWkz`mhw
Nfn-sh≈w
˛
˛
Ccpºv + aW¬
˛
˛
]©-kmc + aW¬
˛,
˛,
˛
˛
]´nI 2.3
LS-I-ß-fpsS KpW-߃ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn- b mWv an{in- X - ß ƒ th¿Xn- c n- ° p- ∂ sX∂p a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. C\n \ap°v an{in- X - ß ƒ th¿Xn- c n- ° m≥ D]- t bm- K n°p∂ a‰p Nne coXn-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.
Nn{X-Ønse k÷o-Ic - Ww Xbm-dm°n aÆp Ie-°nb Pew, tNm°p-s]mSn Ie-°nb Pew F∂nhbn¬ \n∂v Acn°¬ (filtration) hgn Pew th¿Xn-cn®p t\m°q. F¥p-sIm-≠mWv ^n¬´¿t]∏¿ D]-
tbm- K n®v Pew th¿Xn- c n- ° m≥ Ign™Xv?
Ie-ßnb Pe-Øn¬ \n∂v Pew Fßs\ th¿Xn-cn-°mw Nmb Acn-°p∂ Acn∏ D]-tbm-Kn®v
Ie-ßnb Pew Acn-®m¬ Pew th¿Xncn™p In´ptam? Acn∏pIS-em-kp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®mtem?
Hcp LSIw ^n¬´¿t]∏-dn¬ Xßn
\n¬°p-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v? IWn-II - f - psS hen-∏h - p-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Nn¥n®pt\m°q. \nK-a\w kb≥kv Ub-dnbn¬ Fgp-Xq. D∏p-em-b-\n-bn¬ \n∂v D∏pw Pehpw
th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ CtX am¿Kw kzo-I-cn°mtam? F¥p-sIm-≠v? aÆp-Ie - ° - nb Pew
•mkv tdmUv
^n¬´¿ t]∏¿
D∏psh≈-Ønse LS-I-߃ th¿Xn-cn-°¬ D∏p- e m- b - \ n- b n¬ \n∂v D∏pw Pehpw Fßs\ th¿Xn-cn°mw? kqcyXm]w D]- t bm- K - s ∏- S pØn IS¬ sh≈w h‰n- ® mWv D∏p- ≠ m- ° p- ∂ - s X∂v \n߃°-dn-bm-a-t√m. NqSp-X-´p-tºmƒ Pe-Øn\v F¥p kw`--
sXfn™ Pew
hn-°p∂p? F¥p-sIm≠v D∏v Ah-ti-jn-°p∂p?
Nn{Xw 2.2
_mjv]-ambn t]mIp∂ Pew tiJ-cn°m≥ am¿K-apt≠m?
`uXn-Ii - m-kv{X-߃ 19
CØcw an{in-X-߃ th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ Hcp k÷o-I-c-W-Øns‚ Nn{Xw \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂Xp t\m°q (Nn{Xw 2.3).
sX¿tam-ao-‰¿ Pew
I≠≥k¿
^vfmkvIv
D∏p-em-b\n Pew
km{µo-Ic - n® Pew
XΩn¬ Ie-cp∂ c≠p {Zmh-I-ßsf th¿Xn-cn-°¬ GX- f - h n- s e- S p- Ø mepw XΩn¬ Ie- c p∂ c≠p {Zmh-Iß - f - mWv Ak-t‰mWpw Pehpw. Pe-Øns‚ Xnf-\ne 1000C BWv. Akt‰m-Wn-t‚Xv 560C bpw. Xnf-\n-e-Iƒ XΩnep≈ henb hy-X-ymkw D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn Cu an{inXw th¿Xn- c n- ° p∂ coXn t\m°mw. Nn{Xw 2.4 t\m°q. ^vfmkvIn¬ Hcp sX¿tam-ao-‰¿ LSn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv {i≤n®-t√m. an{inXw NqSm-°n-bm¬ GXp LS-Iam-bn-cn°pw BZyw Xnf®p _mjv]amhpI? F¥p-sIm≠v? Cu _mjv]-Øn¬ \n∂v B LSIw hos≠-Sp-°p-∂-sX-ßs\? N¿® sNbvXv \nK-a-\-߃ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.
Nn{Xw 2.3 sX¿tam-ao-‰¿
ASnbpcp≠ ^vfmkvIn¬ an{inXw (D∏p-sh≈w) FSpØp Xnf-∏n-°p∂p.
Pew
GXmWv _mjv ] o- I - c n- ° pI? Dt∏m I≠≥k¿
Petam? _mjv]w I≠≥k-dn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Iptºmƒ km{µo-I-cn®v tiJ-cW ^vfmkvInte°v Hgp-Ip-∂p.
^vfmkvIv
Ak-t‰m¨v + Pew an{inXw
ASn-bp-cp≠ ^vfmkvIn¬ Ah-ti-jn-
°p∂ ]Zm¿Yw GXmWv? Ak-t‰m¨
tkzZ\w (distillation) F∂mWv Cu {]{Inb Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. km[m-cW IpSn-sh-≈-Øn¬ ]e eh-Wßfpw tN¿∂n-cn-°pw. Ahsb tkz-Z\w hgn \o°w sNbvXmWv IpØn-h-bv]n\pw tÃmtdPv _m‰-dn-If - nepw a‰pw D]-tbm-Kn-°m\p≈ UnÃn¬Uv hm´¿ \n¿an-°p-∂Xv. Hcp LSIw _mjv]oI-cW-io-e-ap-≈Xpw at‰Xp _mjv]oI-cW-ioew C√mØ-Xpamb an{in-X-ß-fn-emWv Cu coXn {]tbmKn-°p-∂X - v. IqSp-X¬ DZm-lc - W - ß - ƒ Is≠Øq.
- m-kv{X-߃ 20 `uXn-Ii
Nn{Xw 2.4
LS-I-{Zm-h-I-ß-fpsS Xnf-\n-e-Iƒ XΩn¬ {]I-S-amb A¥c-ap-s≠-¶n¬ am{Xta Cu coXn {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-Iq. am{X-a-√, NqSm-°ptºmƒ Ah hnL-Sn-°p-Ib - p-ac - p-Xv. Cu coXnbn-ep≈ th¿Xn-cn-°-en-s\bpw tkzZ\w F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. LSI {Zmh-I-ß-fpsS Xnf-\n-e-Iƒ XΩn¬ t\cnb A¥cw am{Xta D≈p- s h- ¶ n¬, Fßs\ th¿Xn-cn-°mw?
FY-t\mfpw saY-t\mfpw ]c-kv]cw Iecp∂ {Zmh-Iß - f - m-Wv. Ch-bpsS Xnf-\n-eIƒ XΩn¬ sNdnb hyXym-kta D≈q. Cu an{inXsØ th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ Nn{Xw 2.5 ¬ ImWn®n-cn-°p∂ D]-I-cWw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p.
^vfmkvIn¬ tiJ-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. an{inX- Ø n¬ IqSp- X ¬ LS- I - ß - f p- s ≠- ¶ n¬ Ahbpw Xnf- \ nebpsS {Ia- Ø n¬ th¿Xncn°mhp- ∂ - X m- W v . Cu coXnsb AwinItkzZ\w (fractional distillation) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
sX¿tam-ao-‰¿
Xnf- \ n- e - I - f n¬ A[nIw hyXymkw C√mØ {ZmhI sslt{Um Im¿_-Wp-IfpsS an{in-X-amWv {IqtUm-bn¬. ta¬kqNn∏n® coXn-bn-emWv CXnse LS-I-ßfmb s]t{Smƒ, Uok¬, asÆ-Æ apX-em-bh th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
Pew
I≠≥k¿ {^mIvjt\-‰nMv tImfw
hmbp-hn¬ \n∂p hyXykvX LS-I-߃ Fßs\ th¿Xn-cn°mw?
Pew saY-t\mƒ + FY-t\mƒ an{inXw
cmk-hf \n¿am-W-Øn¬ Atam-Wnb Hcp {][m\ Akw-kvIrX]Zm¿Y-amWv. AtamWnb BI-s´, ss\{S-P\pw ssl{U-P\pw tN¿Øm-Wp \n¿an--°p-∂-Xv. CXn-\m-h-iyamb ss\{S-P≥ hmbphn¬ \n∂p th¿Xncn-s®-Sp-°p-∂p.
saY-t\mƒ
Nn{Xw 2.5
an{in-X-Øns‚ _mjv]w {^mIvjt\-‰nMv tImf- Ø n- e qsS IS- ∂ p- t ]m- I p- t ºmƒ Bh¿Øn-®p≈ {Zho-I-c-Whpw _mjv]o-Ic-Whpw aptJ\ Xnf-\ne Ipd™ saYt\mƒ {^mIvj-t\-‰nMv tImf-Øn-\-I-Øp\n∂v BZyw _mjv]-cq-]-Øn¬ I≠≥kdn-te°v {]th-in-°p-Ibpw AhnsS h®p XWpØv {Zmh- I - a mbn tImWn- ° ¬ ^vfmkvIn¬ tiJ-cn-°s - ∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CXn-\ptijw Xnf-\ne Aev]w IqSnb FYt\mƒ CtX t]mse- Ø s∂ as‰mcp
hmbp-hnse LS-I-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Nne hnh-c-߃ ]´n-I- 2.4¬ \¬Ip-∂p.
Xnf-\ne Afhv (%)
HmIvkn-P≥
B¿K¨
ss\{S-P≥
-1830C
-1860C
-1960C
20.9
0.9
78.1
]´nI 2.4 _1820C bn¬ HmIvkn-P≥ GX-h-ÿ-bn-
emWv? _1840C bntem? Xnf-\ne G‰hpw IqSnb LS-ItaXv? ss\{S-P≥ _ 1960C
hmbp
D∂X a¿Z-Øn¬ XWp-∏n-°p∂p _1980C
{Zho-Ic - n® hmbp
{^mIvjt- \-‰nMv tImf-Øn¬ kmh-[m\w NqSmIm≥ A\p-h-Zn°p-∂p.
B¿K¨ _ 1860C HmIvkn-P≥ _ 1830C
^vtfm Ub{Kw 2.1 `uXn-Ii - m-kv{X-߃ 21
G‰hpw Ipd-™tXm?
Cu hmX-I-߃ th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ {]{In-bbpsS ^v t fm Ub{Kw t\m°q. (^v t fm Ub{Kw 2.1) GXp hmX- I - a m- b n- c n°pw BZyw
sk∏-td-‰nMv ^W¬
XWpØv {Zmh-I-am-hpI? {Zmh-I-an-{in-X-Øn¬ \n∂v GXp LS-I-
am-bn-cn°pw BZyw _mjv]o-I-cn-°pI? {^mIvjt\‰nMv tImf-Øn¬ G‰hpw
BZyw e`n-°p∂ LSIw GXv? CXv GXh-ÿbnem-bn-cn°pw ˛ Jcw, {ZmhIw, hmXIw? sh≈w
G‰hpw HSp-hn-embn GXp LSIw? GXp
`uXn-Im-h-ÿ-bn¬? Nn{Xw 2.6
\nß-fpsS \nK-a-\-߃ kb≥kv Ub-dnbn¬ Ipdn-®p- h-bv°q. hym- h - k m- b nI {]m[m- \ - y - a p≈ Nne coXnIfmWv CXp-hsc ]cn-N-b-s∏-´-Xv.
XΩn¬ Ie-cmØ c≠p {Zmh-Iß - fpsS an{in-Xw Fßs\ th¿Xn-cn°mw? asÆ-Æbpw sh≈hpw Ie¿∂p-sh-∂n-cn-°s´. Fß-s\ th¿Xn-cn°mw? Hcp Ip∏n-bn¬ Ipd®p asÆ- Æ bpw sh≈hpw FSpØv \∂mbn Ipep-°p-I. tijw A\-°msX hbv ° q. F¥p- I m- W mw? F¥m- W n- X n\p ImcWw?
IdpØ ajn-bnse LS-I-߃ th¿Xn-cn-°mtam? \mw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ajn sh≈-Øn¬ ebn-°p∂ Hcp Xcw NmbamWv. Cu {]h¿Ø\w sNbvXpt\m°q. Hcp ssN\m-Un-jn¬ Aev]w IdpØ ajnsbSpØv NqSm-°p-I. (\√-Xp-t]mse NqSm°nb aW-en¬ Unjv h®mepw aXn-bmhpw). _mjv]w t]mIp-∂Xp ImWmtam? _mjv]oI-cWw \n∂m¬ Unjv FSpØp am‰p-I. _mjv ] - a m- b Xv GXp ]Zm¿Y- a m- b n-
cn°pw? CØ- c - Ø n- e p≈ an{in- X sØ th¿Xn- c n°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ k÷o-I-c-W-amWv Nn{X-Øn¬. Nn{Xw 2.6 t\m°q. GXp {Zmh-I-amWv ASn-`m-KØv tiJ-cn-
Unjn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw Ah-ti-jn-°p-
∂pt≠m? ajn ip≤- ] - Z m¿Y- a mtWm? an{in- X -
amtWm? F¥mWv \nß-fpsS \nK-a-\w?
°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv? F¥p--sIm-≠mWv asÆÆ sh≈-Øn\v
apI-fn-embn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv? ASn-bn-ep≈ sh≈w Fßs\ \o°w
sNømw? ]c- k v ] cw Ie- c p∂ {Zmh- I - ß - f m- s W¶ntem?
- m-kv{X-߃ 22 `uXn-Ii
IdpØ ajn-bn¬ Hcp \nd-amtWm? ]e \nd-ß-fpt≠m? GI-tZiw 1 C©v hoXnbpw 6 C©v \ofhpap≈ Acn-∏p-I-S-emkv FSp-°p-I. AXns‚ Hc-‰-Øp-\n∂v GI-tZiw 1 C©v hn´v Hcp Xp≈n IdpØ ajn (kvsI®v t]\-bn¬ \nt∂m ^u≠≥ t]\-bn¬ \nt∂m) C‰n°p-I. Hcp an\n‰v DW-ßm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°q.
Hcp Pmdn¬ sh≈-sa-Sp-°p-I. ajn-Øp≈n Pe-\n-c-∏n\p sXm´p-ap-I-fn¬ hcp∂ coXnbn¬ (Nn- { X- Ø nse t]mse) ^n¬´¿ t]∏¿ Pm-dn¬ XmgvØnhbv°p-I (Nn{Xw 2.7). Pew ^n¬´¿t]∏- d n- e qsS Db- c p- t ºmƒ kq£va-ambn \nco-£n-°q. \nß-fpsS \nco£Ww kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ Fgp-Xq. •mkv tdmUv t]∏¿ ¢n∏v •mkv Pm¿ ^n¬´¿ t]∏¿ ^n¬´¿ t]∏¿ ajn-Øp≈n Pew
Nn{Xw 2.7 ^n¬´¿ t]∏-dn¬ hyXykvX \nd-߃
{]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂pt≠m? t]∏-dn-eqsS \nd-߃ Db¿∂ph-cp-∂-
Øn\v hnt[-ba - m-Ip∂ hkvXp-hns‚ kz`mhsØ B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. an{in-X-ßfpsS A[n-tim-jW thf-bn¬ AXnse Nne LS- I - ß ƒ \∂mbn A[n- t imjWw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p. a‰p Nne LS-I߃ A{X- t Ømfw A[n- t im- j Ww sNø-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. ajnbn¬ AS-ßnb Nmb-߃ km[m-c-Wbmbn ct≠m AXn¬ IqSp-Xtem \nd-ßfpsS an{in-X-am-Wv. Pe-Øn\v t]∏-dn-eqsS tIinI Db¿® kw`-hn-°p∂p. A[n-timjWw Ipd™ LSIw t]∏-dn-eqsS thKØn¬ Db-cp-∂p. A[n-tim-jWw IqSn-bh kmh-[m-\-Øn¬ Db-cp-∂p. Cßs\ \nd߃ th¿Xn-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu coXn BZyw {]tbm-Kn-®Xv \ndap≈ ]Zm¿Y߃ th¿Xncn-°m\mb-Xp-sIm-≠v, CXns\ t{Imam-t‰m{Km^n (chromatography) F∂p hnfn-®p. Htc emb-I-Øn¬ Aen-bp∂ eo\-ßsf th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ coXn-bmWv t{Imam-t‰m-{Km-^n. Cu coXn-bpsS D]tbmK-߃ t\m°q.
Xn\p Imc-W-sa-¥m-bn-cn°mw?
A[n-tim-jWw (Adsorption) tIm´¨, kv t ]m©v XpS- ß nb Nne ]Zm¿Y-߃ {Zmh-I-ß-sfbpw a‰pw AXn\p- ≈ n- t e°v BKn- c Ww (absorption) sNøm-dp-≠t√m. Nne ]Zm¿Y-߃ a‰p Nne ]Zm¿Y-ß-fpsS IWn-I-Isf AhbpsS D]- c n- X - e - Ø n¬ am{Xw ]nSn®p \n¿Øm-dp-≠v. A[n-tim-jWw (adsorption) F∂mWv Cu {]Xn-`mkw Adn-bs∏- S p- ∂ - X v. KymkvamkvIp- I - f nse Im¿_¨ (Nm¿t°mƒ) Xcn-Iƒ hnjhm- X - I - ß sf hmbp- h n¬ \n∂p am‰p∂Xpw hm´¿^n¬´-dp-I-fnse Nm¿t°mƒ \nd-ap≈ ]Zm¿Y-ß-sfbpw Zp¿K-‘-ap≈ hkvXp-°-sfbpw Pe-Øn¬ \n∂p am‰p∂Xpw Cß-s\-bm-Wv. Nph-cn¬ s]mSn]n-Sn-°p-∂Xpw A[n-tim-jWw aqe-am-Wv. Hcp ]Zm¿Y-Øn-\p-ta¬ \S-°p∂ A[ntim-j-W-Øns‚ \nc°v A[n-tim-j-W-
$ Nmb-ß-fn¬ \n∂p LSI-߃ th¿Xncn-°m≥ $ c‡-Øn¬ Ie¿∂ acp-∂p-Iƒ th¿Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ an{in- X - ß ƒ th¿Xn- c n- ° p- ∂ - X n¬ \nXy Pohn-X-Ønse Hcp kµ¿`w t\m°q.
ssXcn¬ \n∂p shÆ ssXcp IS™v shÆ FSp-°p-∂Xv \n߃ I≠n-cn-°p-a-t√m. IS-bp-tºmƒ shÆ-bpsS IWn- I - I ƒ sXdn®v th¿Xn- c n- b p- ∂ p. km{µX Ipd™ Ch ssXcn\p apI-fn¬ s]mßn-°n-S-°p-∂p. LS-I-ß-fpsS `mc-h-y-X-ym-k-Øns‚ ASnÿm-\-Øn¬ CØcw an{in-X-߃ th¿Xncn-°m≥ sk≥{Sn-^yqPv F∂ D]-I-cWw (Nn{Xw 2.8(a)) {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. Cu coXn {]tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Nne kµ¿`߃ t\m°q. `uXn-Ii - m-kv{X-߃ 23
Hcp kwbp-‡-Ønse LS-I-߃ th¿Xn-cn-°m\mhptam?
Nn{Xw 2.8(a)
an{in-X-ß-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw Hcp `uXnI am‰-am-sW∂v t\ctØ a\ n-em-°n-bt√m. kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw cmk-am-‰amWv. aqe-I-߃ \n›nX A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ cmk-]-c-ambn kwtbm-Pn-®mWv kwbp-‡ßƒ D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ A\p-tbmPy-amb cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃°p hnt[-b-am°n-bmte kwbp-‡-ßfnse aqe-I-߃ th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ km[n°q. Xmsg \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ kwbp-‡-ßfpw cmk-kq-{X-ßfpw t\m°q. sa¿°p-dnIv HmIvsskUv
˛ HgO
Im¬kyw HmIvsskUv -
˛ CaO
c≠pw teml HmIvssk-Up-I-fm-Wt√m.
Nn{Xw 2.8(b) $ ]men¬ \n∂v {Iow th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ $ ¢n\n- ° ¬ em_n¬ c‡- t Im- i - ß ƒ th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ $ ]co-£-W-im-e-bn¬ Ah-£n-]vX-߃ th¿Xn-cn-°m≥. an{in-X-߃ th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ Nne coXn-Iƒ \n߃ a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m.
- m-kv{X-߃ 24 `uXn-Ii
HgO NqSm- ° n- b m¬ Hg bpw O2bpambn th¿Xn-cn-bpw. F∂m¬ CaO NqSm-°n-bm¬
hnL-Sn-°p∂n√. Hmtcm kwbp-‡-Øns‚bpw kz`m-h-Øn-\\p-k-cn®v {]tXyIw coXn-I-fmWv kwbp-‡ßfnse LSI߃ th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ Ahew-_n-°m-dp≈-Xv. Db¿∂ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpsS XpS¿]T-\-Øn-eqsS CØcw coXn-Iƒ \n߃°p ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.
