BORDERS AND IDENTITIES CONFERENCE 2013 MARCH 29-MARCH 30, 2013, UNIVERSITY OF RIJEKA

ORGANIZED JOINTLY BY THE UNIVERSITY OF RIJEKA AND NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 1

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BORDERS AND IDENTITIES CONFERENCE 2013 University of Rijeka, March 29-March 30, 2013 https://sites.google.com/a/nyu.edu/bic2013/

Organizing Committee: Maja Brala, University of Rijeka Zvjezdana Vrzić, New York University

Sponsored by: Science Foundation of the University of Rijeka Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of the University of Rijeka

Organized jointly by the University of Rijeka and New York University. Special thanks to Dominic Watt and Carmen Llamas of University of York for their help with the abstract review.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Authors and Abstracts

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Abstracts of Keynote Addresses

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Abstract of Presentations (Alphabetically by Author's Name)

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List of Presenters with Contact Information

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LIST OF AUTHORS AND ABSTRACTS Presenter Baker Smemoe, Wendy (Brigham Young); Bowie, David (Alaska Anchorage) Baxter, Laura (York U.) Bughesiu, Alina (North University Center of Baia Mare) Canning, Emily (Brandeis) Deželjin, Vesna (Zagreb) Fazakas, Orsolya (Tel Aviv) Felecan, Daiana (North University Center of Baia Mare) Felecan, Oliviu (North University Center of Baia Mare) Gruevska Madzoska, Simona (Institute of Macedonian Language) Gruić Grmuša, Lovorka (Rijeka) Hoyt, Alexander (Zagreb) Jutronić, Dunja (Maribor, Split) Khawaja, Sheila (Trieste) Meyer Pitton, Liliane (Bern); Schedel, Larissa (Fribourg) Mihali, Adelina Emilia (North University Center of Baia Mare) Miladinović, Nenad Nabavi, Yasaman (Tehran) Periklieva, Violeta (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences) Petković, Nikola (Rijeka) (Keynote) Pošeiko, Solvita (Latvia) Selvaggi, Dino (Calabria) Selvelli, Giustina (Ca' Foscari) Socanac, Lelija (Zagreb)

Paper title Social borders, self-identification, and linguistic behavior: The situation in Utah Accents and attitudes on the Quebec-Vermont border Trade names as statements of identity in minority communities from Romania Misplaced morphemes: Pursuing language purity on the Kyrgyz-Uzbek border A present-day status of a Croatian variant spoken in Italy Language practices and language shift of Hungarian minority students in Romania Aspects of “Balkanism” reflected in the usage of anthroponyms in contemporary Romanian public space Borders and ethnic identities reflected in street names from Transylvanian localities The influence of geographical borders on national and language identity The Uskoks' multiple identities Croatian Language Politics in Late-Nineteenth-Century Istria Standard and dialect at the crossroads: Investigation into the attrition of Split dialectal lexicon American presidential rhetoric and European borderland rhetoric: A comparative study on identity construction (Re)constructing the linguistic border in Switzerland through tourism Aspects of identity and alterity in the onomastics of the Romanian public space The continental borrowings in the vocabulary of Old English How Iranian newspaper talks about so-called enemies Local religiousness and identity in borderland areas: Petrich, Bulgaria and Strumica, Macedonia Theseus Overboard: Borders of and within Identities The language use in the linguistic landscape as indicator of social identities Hybrid identities in 21stcentury Calabria: the role of historical and new minorities New borders, distinct alphabets: The policies of alphabetic appropriation in ex-Yugoslavia Language and identity in multilingual Rijeka: A historical 5

Valdez, Juan R. (CUNY) Vallentin, Rita (European) Vrzić, Zvjezdana (NYU) Watt, Dominic (U. of York) (Keynote) Zinkhahn Rhobodes, Dagna (Europa) Zuljan Kumar, Danila (Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts)

perspective One island, two nations: Redrawing the boundaries of language and race in Hispaniola Borders without borderland: The construction of a borderbased varying groupness by an afro-Brazilian community Complex and multilayered: Conceptions of identity within the Vlashi/Zheyanski-speaking linguistic enclave in Istria Crossing lines and building bridges: What AISEB can tell us about accent and identity at international borders “We speak Poltsch! – the structural and sociolinguistic aspects of language mixing on the German-Polish border Language and Identity: Slovenians and Friulians in Italy

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ABSTRACTS OF KEYNOTE ADDRESSES Friday, March 29, 2013 Dominic Watt, U. of York CROSSING LINES AND BUILDING BRIDGES: WHAT AISEB CAN TELL US ABOUT ACCENT AND IDENTITY AT INTERNATIONAL BORDERS International borders simultaneously divide and unify people, in the sense that while in some cases they may serve to keep populations from coming into contact, in others they may represent the locus of shared experience and common identities. For some, the presence of a nearby border may loom large: it may act as an obstacle to political and economic freedom, and it may separate members of families and ethnic groups from one another. It may be a site of conflict and contestation that symbolises gross disparities in income, lifestyle, economic opportunities, or access to education and healthcare. Or an international border may simply be a line on a map that local people say they rarely think about, and that they cross every day to work, to shop or to socialise. Nonetheless, it often appears to be the case that if we scratch below the surface we find that the existence of the border still resonates in terms of the way people label themselves and orient themselves towards other individuals, social groups, places, and cultural values. In view of the rich potential of these zones for the investigation of human relations, it is no wonder that the study of identity in border regions has become such a thriving area of inquiry, one spanning a broad range of the social sciences and humanities. The call has been taken up with considerable enthusiasm by sociolinguists, who see border regions as places in which speakers’ usage of linguistic and phonetic resources may correlate with their attitudes towards the border, and towards people living in communities on either side of it. The Accent and Identity on the Scottish/English Border (AISEB)* project set out to investigate the dependencies between patterns of pronunciation, socio-political attitudes and perceptions of self and other among inhabitants of towns on either side of the border separating Scotland from England. Though the border is short and virtually imperceptible on a day-to-day level, it coincides with a significant and unusually durable discontinuity in the dialect map of Britain. The Scottish/English border has in fact been said still to align very closely with the most tightlybundled set of dialect differences in the English-speaking world (Aitken 1992). Why might this still be the case, when so many of the conditions for dialect homogenisation – centuries of political union, complete freedom of movement promoting frequent and easy transborder contact, abundant similarities in linguistic systems, etc. – are met in the region? Why, indeed, does it seem plausible to argue that the linguistic border between Scotland and England is becoming more entrenched as time goes on? We appeal to identity factors to explain why there appears to be this resistance to homogenisation – Scottish people may not participate in sound changes that are being adopted just across the border in northern England because they wish to preserve a sense of distinctiveness from their neighbours to the south – but note that the picture is complicated by the fact that the same situation is not observed at both ends of the border. In the western 7

village of Gretna, convergence on an ‘English English’ model appears to be taking place, which contrasts markedly with what can be observed in Eyemouth over on the east coast, where divergence from the speech patterns of northern England is in evidence. We believe that it is informative when attempting to account for these differing patterns to look to studies of ‘group polarisation’ (Sunstein 2011). The term refers to a phenomenon whereby an individual’s views will tend to become more extreme if s/he interacts with a group of likeminded others. This might mean in the present context that, through sharing their socio-political opinions and language attitudes with their peers, people living on either side of the border may not just perpetuate but actually amplify existing linguistic differences. In this paper I discuss these themes in more detail, and consider the role that speaker agency may play in determining the outcomes of historical sound changes. * We gratefully acknowledge the support of the UK Economic and Social Research Council (award no. RES-062-23-0525). References Aitken, J.A. (1992). Scots. In McArthur, T. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 893-899. Sunstein, C.R. (2011). Going to Extremes: How Like Minds Unite and Divide. New York: Oxford University Press.

Saturday, March 30, 2013 Nikola Petković, U. of Rijeka THESEUS OVERBOARD: BORDERS OF AND WITHIN IDENTITIES At the intersection of culture and politics—the fields where identity floats freely, some of us may recall Ludwig Wittgenstein’s ironic comment on the statement: a thing is identical with itself. The philosopher continued: “There is no finer example of a useless proposition, which yet is connected with a certain play of imagination”. But this is the way it is: a =a, and this, in fact, describes and circumscribes the rigid philosophical term and concept of identity. Unless, we of course agree to accept the distinction between identity as a philosophical term and concept, and identity as seen in culture and politics, then make a terminological and conceptual truce and allow a disciplinary compromise deciding to use the word identity in both cases. While calling identity “identity” we then are not required to think of the same identity in both contexts. Quite on the contrary, by saying identity we agree to distinguish between identity in philosophical terms and identity as a cultural and political attribution. But, if identity as a philosophical concept is not identical with identity as seen in culture and politics, why then call it identity in both cases? If we notice the nuances between identity and identification why not call it then by their proper names? Why not question the borders between identities and say the identity that since the 1990s decided to give up its corset and has continued to float freely in the domains of culture and politics (Bilgrami) is actually not “identity.” It is, in fact,

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“identification” mistaken for “identity.” Here is the reason why the corsetless identity should read “identification”: An individual can identify with a group, or a movement—with a particular school of thinking... or ideology—but it cannot be identical with their structures. Identification, however, is possible in two ways: a.) from an individual, self’s perspective: she identifies with x, y, z... (psychological or psycho-social aspect of identification), or b.) from a third-person perspective where, objectively possessing them, an individual shares some important qualities of a certain social (or group) identity. Identification usually includes both aspects, a and b; because a without b would be pathological, while b without a would be content-deprived. In terms of identity, however, we can talk of subjective and objective identities. Your subjective identity is a) what you conceive yourself to be, whereas your objective identity is b) how you might be viewed independently of how you see yourself. Your identity ought to include both aspects (a and b). Because a without b is in more moderate cases, content deprived, while in severe cases might indeed be pathological. Working with the assumption that unlike identification where a and b appear in disjunction, identity is always in conjunction, this paper argues that there is a way not only to distinguish between identity and identification in terminological and conceptual terms but also to qualify and quantify the distinction. The proposed quantification hopes to find ways to clarify the confusion that is at stake whenever identity surrenders its corset to the domains of culture and politics. The proposed theoretical model based on the aforementioned premises that are necessary if we want to make a clear distinction between identity and identification, will be tested against works of literature written by the Croatian author Nedjeljko Fabrio, his Italian ‘border-paesano’ Claudio Magris, and the borderless cyber-vato-loco, Guillermo Gómez Peña—works that address the always slippery borders between the two contested terms and concepts.

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ABSTRACTS OF PRESENTATIONS (ALPHABETICALLY BY AUTHOR'S NAME) Baker Smemoe, Wendy, Brigham Young U.; David Bowie, U. of Alaska Anchorage SOCIAL BORDERS, SELF-IDENTIFICATION, AND LINGUISTIC BEHAVIOR: THE SITUATION IN UTAH Previous research has found that differences in religious affiliation correlate with differences in linguistic behavior in United States communities where religion is highly salient, even absent such things as religiously-based residential segregation, and even though religious affiliation is subject to change at will (e.g., Benor 2004; Di Paolo 1993; Baker [Smemoe] & Bowie 2009). These differences appear to result from tight social networks that function as a social border between members of different religious groups. Further, such linguistic markers allow individuals to demonstrate that they are members of the group that they identify with. Work in Utah has found that individuals there mark themselves as adherents or non-adherents of the Mormon Church through the use of linguistic features (Di Paolo 1993; Baker [Smemoe] & Bowie 2009). However, these studies have contrasted those who self-identify as active participants in the Mormon Church (in local terms, “active Mormons”) with those who selfidentify as unaffiliated. This leaves a third group unaccounted for: those who self-identify as adherents of the Mormon church, but not as active participants in it (“inactive Mormons”). We report results from acoustic analyses of interviews conducted with 124 active Mormons, 31 inactive Mormons, and 36 non-Mormons. We find that the groups differ significantly on only a few features, but with medium to large effect sizes: the target of the merger of /ɑ/ and /ɔ/, fronting of /ʌ/ before nasals, and the glide target of /ɑɪ/. The inactive Mormons generally behave more like non-Mormons than active Mormons, and in fact overshoot non-Mormon behavior, acting less like active Mormons than the non-Mormons themselves do. This is particularly interesting given that most of the inactive Mormons have moved into this status after adolescence. This suggests that as the inactive Mormons have crossed a social border by changing their religious identity, they have changed their linguistic behavior to mark this crossing to leave no doubt that they no longer have the identity that they once had. Baker [Smemoe], Wendy & David Bowie. 2009. Religious affiliation as a correlate of linguistic behavior. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics: Selected Papers from NWAV 37 15(2). Article 2. Benor, Sarah Bunin. 2004. Second style acquisition: The linguistic socialization of newly Orthodox Jews. Stanford University PhD dissertation. Di Paolo, Marianna. 1993. Propredicate do in the English of the intermountain west. American Speech 68. 339–356.

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Baxter, Laura, York U. ACCENTS AND ATTITUDES ON THE QUEBEC-VERMONT BORDER This paper reports on change over time in the dialect of English spoken in and around the town of Stanstead, Quebec, a small Canadian municipality located directly across the border from the American town of Derby Line, Vermont. An analysis of archival recordings of speakers born in the region in the early 1900s reveals the presence of features characteristic of the American dialect region of Eastern New England, such as r-vocalization and fronted /ah/. Since the first settlers in the Stanstead region were American immigrants from New England, the presence of these features can be traced back to settlement history, and the continued contact between adjacent Canadian and American border towns. Data from a more recent corpus (Thibault 2008) shows that these features persist in the speech of Stanstead residents born as late as the 1950s, but have disappeared in the speech of younger generations, with the exception of two specific features. A similar pattern of recession has been found in the speech of young Vermonters, however, suggesting that linguistic changes in Stanstead reflect ongoing change in the larger New England dialect region. The longstanding membership of this Canadian community within an American dialect region is significant, as it is the only known location along the Canadian-American border where the political border does not coincide with a dialect boundary. This linguistic reality is reflected in the way that residents of Stanstead and Derby Line have traditionally thought of themselves as members of one community with an arbitrary line running through it. However, over time the American and Canadian governments have developed increasingly strict policies of border policing. This has essentially divided the community against itself, escalating physical and psychological barriers and decreasing interaction and communication between both sides. This change in policies corresponds with a striking change in the attitude of Stanstead residents towards Americans. While the attitude of older speakers is positive, expressing solidarity and communality between Americans and Canadians, younger Canadians have a disdainful, sometimes hostile attitude towards Americans. Thus, as the political border is strengthened socially and physically, we also see a rise in the importance of national identity over the formerly more important local identity. REFERENCES: Labov, William, Sharon Ash and Charles Boberg. 2006. The Atlas of North American English. New York: Mouton de Gruyter Thibault, P. 2008. “How local is local French in Quebec?” In M. Meyerhoff & N. Nagy (eds.) Social Lives in LanguageSociolinguistics and multilingual speech communities. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins: 195-219. Bughesiu, Alina, North University Center of Baia Mare TRADE NAMES AS STATEMENTS OF IDENTITY IN MINORITY COMMUNITIES FROM ROMANIA While politically Romania may be a nation state, it is socially and culturally complex, as it supports and encourages the coexistence of numerous ethnic groups that represent either the majority (Romanians), or minorities (Hungarians, Roma, Ukrainians, Germans, Russians, Turks, 11

Serbs, etc.), and that have contributed (to various extents) to the development of the dimensions of public space and its contemporary configuration. Moreover, the last two decades turned the local environment into a fluid, hybrid space that has been adapting and adopting Western values to such an extent that Romanianness as a statement of national, cultural, social, linguistic etc. identity has become a rather elusive concept. Consequently, the identity of minority groups has been challenged in a similar way, and this state of affairs is conspicuous within all the planes of public space, including onomastics. Thus, the present paper proposes a sociolinguistic analysis of trade names as expressions of identity within communities of ethnic minorities in Romania. More specifically, the article deals with hotel names in Hungarian and German communities from the historical region of Transylvania, Romania, an area whose borders have shifted in rather recent times (the land was under Austro-Hungarian rule until the beginning of the 20th century). Within this landscape, the construction of identity conveyed through trade names is based on negotiated meanings that lie at the intersection of three major social and linguistic influences: (1) the generally conservative mentality of a minority group that tries to cultivate its own cultural and linguistic values (e.g., more significantly defined in geographically central counties like Covasna or Harghita, or in borderland localities to the west, where Hungarians are the dominant population); (2) the wider (i.e. national) context to which minorities want to belong (without identifying themselves with it); (3) the changes brought about by globalisation especially on the levels of language (in relation to the influence of English as a lingua franca of the global, borderless village), and of the sociocultural alignment with the American mindset that internationalisation actually promotes. References Blommaert, Jan. (2011). The Sociolinguistics of Globalization. Cambridge: CUP. Crystal, David. (2010). English as a Global Lanugage (2nd ed.). Cambridge: CUP. Meshtrie, R. (2001). Concise Encyclopaedia of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Elsevier. Wochele, Holger. (2007). “Hotel Names in Italy and Romania – A Comparative Analysis”. In: Ludger Kremer and Elke Ronneberger-Sibold (eds.), Names in Commerce and Industry: Past and Present. Berlin: Logos Verlag, 317-329. Canning, Emily, Brandeis U. MISPLACED MORPHEMES: PURSUING LANGUAGE PURITY ON THE KYRGYZ-UZBEK BORDER According to some of the inhabitants of southern Kyrgyzstan who live near the Uzbek border, the quest for linguistic autonomy incited an unanticipated wave of intense violence. Accounts suggest that a political rally held by an Uzbek minority leader to demand national recognition for his people’s language helped ignite the spark for an interethnic conflict in June of 2010, which ultimately claimed hundreds of lives and left thousands homeless. How did language emerge as the salient force that seemed to inspire unity on the one hand and fragmentation on the other? Since the 1920’s when the borders separating the contemporary states of Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan were drawn, language has served as a primary classifying tool for identifying members of a particular ethnic group. Turkic Muslim groups such as Kyrgyz and Uzbeks, though they speak languages which are not mutually intelligible, can nevertheless understand and often speak each other’s languages due to sustained social contact, particularly in Kyrgyzstan’s “southern capital” of Osh. Frequent communication and economic interdependence between 12

Uzbeks and Kyrgyz of Osh have cultivated a situation in which Kyrgyz have become heavily influenced by Uzbeks in both their cultural and linguistic practices. In light of the recent violence between the two groups, however, the relationship between language ideologies and local perceptions of ethnic boundaries merits further scrutiny. In using local schools as a lens through which to explore recent social and political changes in the community which have taken place in reaction to the June “events” (as they are referred to), I will explore the socialization process through which attitudes toward language and subsequently ethnicity become sedimented. How do educators of Kyrgyz language for instance encourage emerging discourses of linguistic purity, which simultaneously contradict the mixed reality of everyday speech? This tension between linguistic practice and ideology in an ethnically framed post-conflict setting bears the promise of unveiling both the processes of regimentation and potential disintegration of ethnic boundaries. Sample sources: Hirsch, Francine (2005) Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Kroskrity, Paul (2006) Language Ideologies. In A companion to linguistic anthropology. A. Duranti, ed. Malden: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Roy, Olivier (2000) The New Central Asia: The Creation of Nations. New York: I.B. Tauris and Co Ltd. Schoeberlein, John (1996) The Prospects for Uzbek National Identity. Central Asian Monitor 2:12-20. Deželjin, Vesna, U. Zagreb A PRESENT-DAY STATUS OF A CROATIAN VARIANT SPOKEN IN ITALY Molise is an Italian region situated in the south-eastern part of the Apennines facing the Adriatic Sea. In the province of Campobasso, in three small villages, Acquaviva Collecroce/ ŽivavodaKruč, Montemitro/ Mundimitar and San Felice del Molise/ Stifilić, situated some thirty kilometres distant from the Adriatic coast live Molisan Croats. The linguistic situation of this linguistic enclave, characterized by a tiny number of speakers, attracts the attention of scholars for various reasons. Croatian scholars and all others interested in issues concerning Croatian language are keen on studying the Molise Croatian, or, as it is frequently referred to, the Molise Slavic, or as well as naš jezik, i. e. “our language”, because this idiom of Croatian origin, spoken in the Italian region of Molise, has become italianized in the course of centuries. Italian scholars are interested in studying the Molise Croatian because it is a Slavic idiom which has represented a cultural and linguistic diversity on the Italian territory for a long time. On the basis of a research carried out among Croatian speaking subjects (students of Italian language at the University of Zagreb) and the equivalent group of Italian speaking subjects (students of modern languages at the University of Campobasso) as well as among a group of Molisan Croats themselves, the paper discusses the present-day status of this Croatian variant, with special reference to the identity of this idiom.

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References: Breu, W. – Piccoli, G. - Snježana Marčec, S. (2000). Dizionario croatomolisano di Acquaviva Collecroce. Dizionario plurilingue della lingua slava dellla minoranza di provenienza dalmata di Acquaviva Collecroce in Provincia di Campobasso, Campobasso, Deželjin, V. – Mildner, V., (2007), Patane suhe – što je to?, in Granić, J.(ed.) Jezik i identiteti, Zbornik; Hrvatsko društvo za primijenjenu lingvistiku, Zagreb – Split, pp. 145-156. Hoijer, H. (1964). Linguistic and Cultural Change. In: Hymes, D. (ed.). Language in Culture and Society. A Reader in Linguistics and Anthropology. New York, Evanston and London: Harper and Row. Publishers, 455-466. Ljubić, V. - Giorgetta, G. (2005). Kako biše slako. Kako je bilo slasno – Com'era saporito. Zagreb: Nova Stvarnost. Piccoli, A. - Sammartino, A. (2000). Dizionario dell'idioma croato-molisano di Montemitro. Rječnik moliškohrvatskoga govora Mundimitra, Fondazione «Agostina Piccoli»- Matica Hrvatska, Montemitro, Zagreb, 2000; Sammartino A. (2004) Grammatica della lingua croatomolisana. Gramatika moliškohrvatskoga jezika. Zagreb: Profil International i Montemitro: Fondazione «Agostina Piccoli». Schirato, T. - Yell, S. (2000). Communication and Culture. An Introduction. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: SAGE Publications. Sulojdžić A. – Finka, B. – Šimunović, P. – Rudan, P., (1987), Jezik i porijeklo stanovnika slavenskih naseobina u pokrajini Molise, Italica, in: “Rasprave Zavoda za jezik”, 13, pp.117-145 Fazakas, Orsolya, Tel Aviv U. LANGUAGE PRACTICES AND LANGUAGE SHIFT OF HUNGARIAN MINORITY STUDENTS IN ROMANIA In this paper I will present preliminary results from my research exploring the language practices and language shift of Hungarian minority students in Romania. During the last fifteen years three important bilingual sociolinguistic researches were made (Csernicskó, 1998; Göncz, 1999; Lanstyák, 2000) around Hungary except Partium (three counties in North-West Romania). The population of this three counties now consist of around 28% Hungarians. The topic of my research is Hungarian-Romanian bilingual language practices and language shift of the Hungarian-speaking minorities in Partium. The research participants are students from all levels of education. They were grown up with at least two languages and they belong to Hungarian speaking minority groups. The knowledge of Hungarian language, language use and its prestige recedes constantly. The status of Hungarian language is at a low-level in Romania. The decreasing number of the Hungarian-speaking ethnic group is a consequence of assimilation. What is the prestige of the Hungarian Language in the minority groups? How can its prestige make a growth? Languages play crucial roles in their social interactions (Fishmann, 1997) but a language is a symbolic system, it also may revitalize a nation, ethnic identities and loyalties.

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The aim of the research is to present the language practices and shift of Hungarian minority students in Romania with particular attention to the relationship between language and power. Using the data of the research which shows the students actual language practices at different fields of the society in which the students manage language diversity on a daily basis in Romania. Instead of sociolinguistic aspects of bilingualism my research affects Language Psychology, Language Policy, Minority Right and Educational Issues. References: Csernicskó, István. 1998. A magyar nyelv Ukrajnában (Kárpátalján). Budapest. Osiris Kiadó – MTA Kisebbségkutató Műhely. Fishman, J.A. 1997. Language and ethnicity: The view from within. In F. Coulmas (Ed.), The handbook of sociolingustics (pp. 327-347). Oxford Blackwell. Göncz, Lajos. 1999. A magyar nyelv Jugoszláviában (Vajdaságban). Budapest – Újvidék. Osiris – Forum Kiadó. Lanstyák, István. 2000. A magyar nyelv Szlovákiában. Budapest–Pozsony: Osiris Kiadó–Kalligram Könyvkiadó–MTA Kisebbségkutató Műhely. Felecan, Daiana, North University Center of Baia Mare ASPECTS OF "BALKANISM" REFLECTED IN CONTEMPORARY ROMANIAN PUBLIC SPACE

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ANTHROPONYMS

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The present paper aims at presenting specific aspects of features that define the concept of “Balkanism” and that are reflected in the usage of anthroponyms in contemporary Romanian public space. Theoretically, the article relies on the framework provided by pragmatics, sociolinguistics, and ethnolinguistics, while the analysis of the phenomena investigated (based on a corpus collected from Internet resources and consisting of examples that are relevant for written and spoken language) employs concepts and methods that pertain to text linguistics and the philosophy of language. The study starts from the observation that Romanian intra- and extra-Carpathian public communication displays dissimilarities in the research and manifestation of so-called “Balkanic” features that are also salient in the use of certain anthroponyms to designate Romanian public figures. The belonging of the two Romanian spaces divided by the Carpathians to temporarily separate histories has affected the level of mentalities identified in public utterances as well as in a community’s metalanguage. On an imaginary cultural map, one can delineate a border between the Romanian north (Transylvania) and south (the Old Kingdom), a “cultural fissure between the developed Western civilization (based on democracy, the separation of church and state, free market, limited government, human rights, individualism, law supremacy etc.) and the primitive Eastern world (nationalist, collectivistic, irrational, authoritarian, autocratic etc.)” (see Huntington 1997, ap. Cioflâncă 2002). While communist Romania was characterized by a blend of mentalities, the post-Revolutionary period (after 1989) is paradoxically defined by the rediscovery of certain group, ethnic, and religious identities related to the collective imaginary of past centuries. 15

On the level of communication, two components can be identified as regards the two intra/extra-Carpathian spaces: (1) a pragmatic conscience that is cultivated within given communities; and (2) a heritage of specific illocutionary resources that express a group’s cultural values. These variables also affect the level of anthroponymic behaviour in contemporary Romanian public space, by generating distinct variants in the aforementioned intra-/extraCarpathian spaces. References Cioflâncă, Adrian. 2002. Cunoaşterea alterităţii ca formă de putere. Despre orientalism şi balcanism [The Knowledge of Otherness as a Form of Power. On Orientalism and Balkanism]. Online. Available at (Accessed 5 December 2012). Huntington, Samuel P. 1997. Ciocnirea civilizaţiilor [The Clash of Civilizations], Radu Carp (trans.). Filipeştii de Târg, Prahova: Antet XX Press. Said, Edward W. 2001. Orientalism. Concepţiile occidentale despre Orient [Orientalism: Western Conceptions of the Orient], Ana Andreescu and Doina Lică (trans.). Timişoara: Amarcord. Felecan, Oliviu, North University Center of Baia Mare BORDERS AND ETHNIC IDENTITIES REFLECTED IN STREET NAMES IN TRANSYLVANIAN LOCALITIES The present paper proposes an ethno-, socio-, and psycholinguistic examination of contemporary names of Romanian streets and squares, starting from the identification and establishment on an onomastic level of identity markers in northwestern Transylvania, an area situated on the border between Romania, Hungary, and Ukraine. The study aims at (1) collecting, studying, and classifying street and square names from multilingual and multicultural localities; and (2) making a typology of the identities conveyed through names of public spaces (streets and squares) from the borderland area investigated, observing their specificity or the influence they may have suffered due to certain extra-linguistic factors (ethnic, political, administrative, cultural etc.). Historically, Transylvania is a multiethnic and multicultural space, where Romanians, Hungarians, Germans, and Gypsies etc. have lived throughout the ages. Even after the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1918), the identity print of the aforementioned ethnic groups has remained partially salient in all fields: economic, sociocultural, and, last not least, linguistic. Against the leveling function that the communist regime had within public space (onomastics included), the 1990s allowed for the (re)diversification of elements that refer to one’s material and spiritual existence. Owing to the EU regulations that encourage multicultural cohabitation based on the expression of identity and the acknowledgment of otherness, multiethnic localities now use bi- or trilingual nameplates to mark their borders; names of streets/squares further reflect their ethnic configuration.

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As a public space, a street is simultaneously a border between different communities and a space of coexistence. Tolerance or lack thereof between people of distinct ethnic backgrounds can be underlined through appropriate/inappropriate names of streets where individuals live/work, and it is sometimes supported by local political representatives of the ethnic communities in question. The approach consists in the premise that name-giving as regards streets/squares depends on the “prototypical inhabitant’s” belonging to a certain ethnic, economic, and sociopolitical framework, as well as on psychological factors involved in the naming process. Methodologically, the research relies on field investigation; it is based on an onomastic questionnaire that is also applied to local authorities (mayor’s office, local councils) from the investigated area (Transylvania). References: Blommaert, Jan 2011: The Sociolinguistics of Globalization, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Coulmas, Florian 2010: Sociolinguistics. The Study of Speakers’ choices, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hudson, R. A. 2009: Sociolinguistics, Second Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Trudgill, Peter 2000: Sociolinguistics: an introduction to language and society, Fourth Edition, London: Penguin Books. Gruevska Madzoska, Simona, Institute of Macedonian Language "Krste Misirkov" THE INFLUENCE OF STATE BORDERS ON NATIONAL IDENTITY In this paper, the influence of borders in the process of building or losing the national identity of Macedonians in the Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Bulgaria and Republic of Greece will be analyzed, as well as the situation of the Macedonian language - in Republic of Macedonia with the status of an official language, in the Republic of Bulgaria with the status of a dialect and in the Republic of Greece with an unacknowledged status. This paper will be also concerned with the change of the language code as borders are crossed, especially in the example of the Macedonian-Bulgarian border. Gruić Grmuša, Lovorka, U. of Rijeka THE USKOKS’ MULTIPLE IDENTITIES The boundaries of Southeastern Europe have been drawn and redrawn, constantly traced and erased among the great powers, but also through ethnic and national histories and legacies. Minority populations, artificial borders, conflicting historical claims, foreign rulers and annexation of territories have been present in this area for centuries. In its social and physical geographies, this region has been read as either tumultuous with disputes over the land and the sea, or as a fruitful borderland where diverse cultures, languages, and ethnic groups coexist. My paper concentrates on a smaller Mediterranean area and the Uskoks, a community that lived in the sixteenth-century at the outskirts of Senj (a coastal town in nowadays Croatia), who fought against the Turks and engaged in other underground activities, illuminating the constitution of their identity in this region profoundly shaped by displacement and power struggles. Traversing the realms of states and ethno-national groups, as well as the disciplines of 17

history, literature, anthropology, and politics, this account tries to illuminate the Uskok identity grounded on local scholarship (originating from the region), as well as on western historical chronicles, marking their position within the Balkans’ larger social ecologies and European role systems. Navigating within a smaller Mediterranean area, it might appear that the role of the Uskoks in the European history was not plentiful. But, keeping in mind that sixteenth-century East Mediterranean was packed with a variety of nationalities and groups in search of power, with complex layers of multiple and overlapping social hierarchies, it makes us re-evaluate the Uskoks’ portrayal and identity. Thus, the discourse of the Uskoks re-conceptualizes itself and revolves around the idea that they have been politically exploited by the great powers and subsequently forgotten as the makers of modern European history. That is one of the reasons why their historicity, tracing the neglected and dispossessed that went against the grain in their fight for autonomy and acknowledged identity, should be revisited. However, the Uskoks’ status in European history is controversial since they directly affected, helped or blocked the great powers’ political schemes, and for the abundance of legends tied to their past. The local sources stress Uskoks’ strivings against repression, fighting for national and religious freedom, engaged in the holy war against the Ottoman Porte. The Habsburg monarchy perceived them mostly as soldiers for the Uskoks were a part of their army, fighting for Christianity. Turkish sources underlined Uskoks’ plundering of their possessions, emphasizing their banditry. Venetians at first glorified the Uskok bravery as the shield of Christianity, but when Venetians started to trade with the Turks, the Uskoks attacked their vessels, and in turn Serenissima considered the Uskoks as pirates. Hoyt, Alexander, U. of Zagreb CROATIAN LANGUAGE POLITICS IN LATE-NINETEENTH-CENTURY ISTRIA During the late nineteenth century, Croatian national leaders in Istria waged a successful campaign to prevent the ruling Italian-speaking minority from Italianizing the mainly poor, rural, and sub-literate Slavic majority. The Austrian crownland of Istria then included the entire Istrian peninsula (excluding Rijeka and Trieste) and the Kvarner islands: Krk, Cres, and Lošinj. This territory was part of the Austrian half of Austria-Hungary, known as Cisleithania, and it was a close neighbor of Italy, as well as of the Austrian- and Hungarian-controlled territories that would eventually become Croatia and Slovenia. Its population reflected this fact: the three main ethnic groups were Croats, Slovenes, and Italians, the latter holding most of the wealth and power. During this period, national politics were very strong throughout the modern and multilingual state of Austria-Hungary. Different Slavic groups pressed for language reforms in order to ensure that they could use their native languages in public communication. Progressive language legislation was gradually passed, making Austria-Hungary an officially multi-lingual state (although the official languages varied from land to land). In Istria, this process occurred later than elsewhere, partly because of its marginal position, but also because its majority Slavic population had a very low average level of education. This paper will discuss the methods by which the first generation of Croats with higher levels (gymnasium and university) of education in the Croatian language improved the status of Istrian Croats (and Slovenes) via grass-roots methods. Leaders such as Matko Laginja, Matko Mandić, 18

and Vjekoslav Spinčić worked together on various fronts in order to raise awareness of Croatian identity. Their activities included printing the Croatian political newspaper Naša Sloga in Trieste, aimed specifically at rural Croat readers; organizing political rallies (tabori); opening reading rooms (čitalnice), where Croatian and Slovenian publications could be read and cultural events were held; establishing local Croatian and Slovenian schools; and founding credit unions (posujilnice) to aid indebted peasants. In their work, these leaders were supported both by Croat clergymen such as Bishop Juraj Dobrila of Trieste, and the Croatian Party of Rights. The primary sources for this paper are the rich correspondence of Istrian politician Vjekoslav Spinčić, which the author is currently digitalizing as a corpus intended for linguistic and socialscience research, and the newspaper Naša Sloga, which has already been digitalized and is available on the internet as part of the Istrian Newspapers Online project. Jutronić, Dunja, U. of Maribor, U. of Split STANDARD AND DIALECT AT THE CROSSROADS: INVESTIGATION INTO THE ATTRITION OF SPLIT DIALECTAL LEXICON In the author's past study of the Split dialect, the main stress was on the investigation of phonological, morphological and syntactic changes in Split dialect during the last fifty years. The research presented here is the investigation into the present-day knowledge of Split dialectal lexicon. The investigation was conducted on 221 words and the informants were divided into three age groups: older than 60, between 30 and 60 and those under 30. The questions posed to them were: 1. I know the word but do not use it, 2. I know the word and use it, 3. I recognize the word, and 4. I do not know the word. The range of answers allowed us to make interesting comparisons. Using sociolinguistic methods the attempt was made to give an answer to the following question: Why some words completely disappeared from the dialect while others are still part of the living conversational language and some have become part of the standard Croatian language. A possible categorization of the words still used in Split dialect is presented. Lexical attrition has been given due attention but not much has been said from a theoretical point of view. There are two hypotheses about the reasons for language attrition: 1. Attrition is viewed as convergence toward the dominant language, thus attrition is externally motivated. 2. It has also been suggested that attrition is language internal, i.e. attrition is primarily ascribed to non-use and insufficient contact with the language, in our case, the dialect. The author discusses these two approaches as applied to lexical attrition and another suggestion by David Britain (Britain 2005, 2009), too. All three approaches are criticized but the conclusion about lexical attrition in Split vernacular is tentative since this is a pilot study and part of a bigger research program into dialect attrition. Literature Britain, D. 2005. The Dying Dialects of England? U Historical Linguistic Studies of Spoken English, 19

ur. Antonio Bertacca. Pisa : Edizioni Plus. 2005 : 35-46. Britain, D. 2009. One foot in the grave? Dialect death, dialect contact, and dialect birth in England. IJSL 196/197. 2009: 121-155. Dewsbury, S. 2010. Vanishing Chesire dialect words. U Languages in Contact 2010, ur. Zdzislaw Wasik. Wroclaw: Philological School of Higher Education. 2010: 61-81. Jutronić, D. 2010. Spliski govor. Od vapora do trajekta. [Split dialect, from steamboat to ferryboat] Split: Nakalda BoškovićLaleko, O. 2007. A Study of Language Attrition: American Russian in Minnesota. U Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Symposium About Language and Society-Austin April 13-15.Texas Linguistic Forum 2007: 51: 103-112. Kopke, B. i Schmid, M. 2004. Language attrition: The next phase. U First language attrition: Interdisciplinary perspectives on methodological issues, izd.. Schmid, M., Kopke, B., Keijzert, M. & Weilemar, L. Amdsterdam: John Benjamins. 2004: 1-37. Kopke, B, M. S. Schmid, M. Keijzer i S. Dostert. 2007. Language Attrition: Theoretical Perspectives. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Millar, Robert M. forthcoming. Dialect Death? Lexical variation and attrition in the Scottish fishing communities. (manuscript) Schmid, S. M. 2011. Language Attrition, Key Topics in sociolinguistics. Cambridge: CUP. Trudgill, P. 1999. 2nd ed. The Dialects of England. Oxford: Blackwell. Vidović, R. 1993. Jadranske leksičke studije. Split: Književni krug Khawaja, Sheila, U. of Trieste AMERICAN PRESIDENTIAL RHETORIC AND EUROPEAN COMPARATIVE STUDY ON IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION

BORDERLAND

RHETORIC:

A

There have been significant changes in border regions and borderlands worldwide in the past two decades, bringing about the separation or unification of geophysical regions including ethnic, cultural, political and economic areas. Current border study scholars have come to realize that globalization and deterritorialization in the 21st century offers alternative interpretations on politics and power in today’s world (Wilson and Donnan 2012). The effects of such geopolitical changes have sometimes imperceptible overlapping affects on political, cultural, social and economic aspects in borderland regions, as people are pulled in two different directions or suddenly find themselves ‘merged’ with their neighbors. In 2003 the European Commission funded a major research project on border studies as part of their Fifth Framework Programme (FP5) known as “Border Discourse: Changing Identities, Changing Nations, Changing Stories in European Border Communities”, with the purpose of illustrating the differences and similarities in border communities of the Eastern and Southern European borders, where conflictual identities were often the result of social, political and economic 20

upheavals. The research on border region inhabitants of Gorizia (Italy) and Nova Gorica (Slovenia) illustrated how both borderline communities ‘interpreted’ local historical developments by making a clear distinction between ‘official’ and ‘personal’ stories that were directly or indirectly experienced since World War II (EU commission, 2003). It is furthermore proposed that in creating personal distinctions of historical events occurring along border regions, borderland populations often construct distorted understandings of who ‘us’ and ‘them’ / the ‘other’. This paper aims at illustrating and making a comparative analysis of how certain rhetorical techniques of persuasion utilized by past American presidents in official speeches can be easily transferred and applied to most new borderland communities. More specifically, considerations will focus on examples of rhetorical dichotomies, focusing primarily on ‘us’ vs. ‘them’/’the Other’ and polarizations found in formal American presidential speeches (i.e. State of the Union addresses) since the end of World War II (Campbell & Jamieson 2008; Khawaja 2011) and propose that similar techniques may arise as a consequence of the new ‘forced’ mergers or the pulling apart of such regions as a result of the creation of new borderslines. Bibliography Campbell, K.K. & Jamieson K.H. (2008), Presidents Creating the Presidency; Deeds Done in Words, Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Wilson and Donnan (eds) (2012) “Borders and Border Studies” in A Companion to Border Studies,Wiley-Blackwell (available at http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/31/14051989/1405198931-80.pdf) DG Research, European Commission (2003) ‘Discourse: Changing Identities, Changing Nations, Changing Stories in European Border Communities’ in Final report of Project HPSE – CT-199900003. Khawaja, S. (2011), America at War: A Rhetorical Analysis of the State of the Union Address 1945-2010, Master’s dissertation at the Scuola Superiore di Lingue Moderne per Interpreti e Traduttori (SSLMIT), University of Trieste, Italy. Meyer Pitton, Liliane, U. of Bern; Larissa Schedel, U. of Fribourg (RE)CONSTRUCTING THE LINGUISTIC BORDER IN SWITZERLAND THROUGH TOURISM Switzerland is well known as a tourism destination and as a multilingual country, but only recently these aspects have been combined within research (Duchêne & Piller 2009; Jaworski & Piller 2008). The present paper extends this research by approaching the linguistic border between the French and the (Swiss) German speaking parts of Switzerland through its discursive construction within touristic marketing. While the usual approaches to this border analyze the relationship between the two linguistic communities and their respective identities (Windisch et al. 1992; Widmer 2004), we conceive the boundary-drawing between languages and the related (re)production of linguistic communities as language ideological processes (Gal & Irvine 1995) to be studied as discourses and practices rather than through the definition of the entities they supposedly separate (Barth 1969; Donnan & Wilson 1999).

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The present paper examines how the linguistic border is defined and used within tourism marketing on the international, national and local level, and what kind of identities are constructed through these process. The chosen focus on tourism situates the border construction within current societal and economic changes connecting local identity discourses to global discourses and economic interests (Heller 2010). References Barth, Fredrik (Ed.). 1969. Ethnic groups and boundaries: the social organization of culture difference. Bergen: Universitetsforlaget. Donnan, Hastings & Thomas M. Wilson. 1999. Borders: frontiers of identity, nation and state. Oxford: Berg. Duchêne, Alexandre & Ingrid Piller. 2009. Sprachen, Identitäten und Tourismus: ein Beitrag zum Verständnis sozialer und sprachlicher Herausforderungen in der Schweiz im Kontext der Globalisierung. Rapport final NFP 56. SNF. http://www.nfp56.ch/d_projekt.cfm?Projects.Command=details&get=19&kati=4 (24 August, 2009). Gal, Susan & Judith T. Irvine. 1995. The boundaries of languages and disciplines: how ideologies construct difference. Social Research 62(4). 967–1001. Heller, Monica. 2010. Language as resource in the globalized new economy. In Nikolas Coupland (ed.), The Handbook of Language and Globalisation, 350–365. Malden, Mass: Wiley-Blackwell. Jaworski, Adam & Ingrid Piller. 2008. Linguascaping Switzerland: language ideologies in tourism. In Miriam A. Locher & Jürg Strässler (ed.), Standards and Norms in the English Language, 301– 321. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Widmer, Jean. 2004. Langues nationales et identités collectives. L’exemple de la Suisse. Paris: L’Harmattan. Windisch, Uli, Didier Froidevaux, Denise Efionayi-Mäder & Christa Pieth. 1992. Les relations quotidiennes entre Romands et Suisses allemands. Les cantons bilingues de Fribourg et du Valais. 2 Vol. Lausanne: Payot. Mihali, Adelina, North University Center of Baia Mare ASPECTS OF IDENTITY AND ALTERITY IN THE ONOMASTICS OF THE ROMANIAN PUBLIC SPACE This paper regards the analysis of commercial names found in the north of Maramureş, a county with a multi-ethnic population, consisting of Romanians, Hungarians, and Ukrainians in the north of Romania, on the border with Ukraine, and where the percentage of people going abroad is big. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the relationship between ethnicity and the language used commercially, but also the causes behind the mother tongue abandonment in the onomastics of the public space in Maramureş. The corpus consists of names of businesses, shops, products seen on the field or on specialised websites. The analysis is done from a lexicalsemantic, typological and socio-cultural viewpoint, emphasising the denominator’s mindset when he resorts to a language internationally used in order to name a new business, and also how the name reflects the identity of an ethnic group or the acceptance of alterity. After the 1989 revolution, new onomastic wording have been searched for in the mercantile field, so as to remove the communist standardisation and to promote a pro-Occidental attitude. Since the Romanian EU integration, there are no more linguistic boundaries to speak of, because in Maramureş, in areas with an active emigrant majority, names in English, Italian, and French or hybrid denominations formed with Romanian notions and foreign terms can be found on the frontispiece of firms. It is likewise in the villages belonging to minorities, but here a greater 22

attachment to their mother tongue is noticed, due to the position individuals have in society. Thus, an interdependency relationship is established between language and society, especially between language and community. Key words: onomastics, identity, alterity, society Miladinović, Nenad, Elementary school "Treći kragujevački bataljon" THE CONTINENTAL BORROWINGS IN THE VOCABULARY OF OLD ENGLISH Throughout history, Latin has shaped English vocabulary significantly. The aim of the paper is to identify the earliest Latin influence on the language spoken by Angles, Saxons and Jutes while they were still occupying their continental homes - the borderline area between the Roman Empire and Northern Europe. This paper represents a sociolinguistic research on the influence of the Latin language on early Old English vocabulary. The general methodological approach in the paper is descriptive. The socio-historical approach is used with the aim to explain the interrelatedness of lexical borrowings and the cultural influences of the Roman and Germanic communities. The first Latin words found their way into English thanks to the early contact between the Romans and the Germanic tribes on the continent. Several million of Germans lived within the Roman Empire. However, they were naturally most numerous along the northern frontier of the Empire, along the Rhine and the Danube. There was an extensive communication between the two peoples. Latin was the language of a higher civilization, a civilization from which AngloSaxons had much to learn. The intercourse between the Romans and the Germans enabled carrying words from Latin to the various Germanic dialects. In addition to this, intercommunication between the different Germanic tribes was frequent and made possible the transference of Latin borrowings from one tribe to another. The vocabulary adopted during this early stage naturally indicates the new conceptions acquired from Roman civilization. A number of Latin words, acquired during the Latin Influence of the Zero Period, became an integral part of Old English vocabulary and relate to agriculture, war, trade, especially the wine trade, domestic life, food, building arts. Key words: Latin borrowings, continental borrowings, Old English vocabulary, cultural influences, intercommunication, borderline, the Latin influence of the Zero Period. References:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Alexander, H. (1969): The Story of Our Language, New York Baugh, A.C. and Cable T. (1984): A History of the English Language, London Bynon T. (1977): Historical Linguistics; Cambridge University Press Crystal, D. (1994): The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language Hogg, R. M. (1992): The Cambridge History Of The English Language; Volume I; The Beginnings To 1066; Cambridge University Press Jespersen, O. (1938): Growth and Structure of the English Language, Oxford Morris, R. (1888): Elementary lessons in historical English grammar, London Pyles, T. (1993): The Origins and Development of the English Language, New York 23

Nabavi, Yasaman, U. of Tehran HOW IRANIAN NEWSPAPER TALKS ABOUT SO-CALLED ENEMIES In any country, media has a major role in determining and sometimes creating the borders between “self” and “other”. In a process called Otherization, identities known as “self” are characterized with positive values while the others, even in the most unbiased attitude are presented with negative believes and traits that are unfavorable to “self” (fowler 1991:16). In this paper, the Otherization and hostility against the Western world which is seen in the foreign policy of Islamic Republic of Iran, is studied by analysing the editorials of Keyhan, a famous newspaper supported by the Principalist religious party in that country. It is shown how this newspaper, by means of language, convinces the audience in a very subtle way to believe that “we” (Islamic Republic of Iran) are always right and innocent while any country (specially US) and any person (either inside or outside Iran) opposing us is vicious, guilty and responsible for any unfavorable event. The theoretical framework of this paper is Systemic Functional Linguistics and it is mainly based upon ideational metafunction. As Halliday states, “The ideational function represents the speaker’s meaning potential as an observer” (1978: 112), analyzing the texts is based upon this theory. Lexical analysis, considering foregrounding/backgrounding procedures carried out by the wording in relation to the semantic fields, is applied as an analytical tool in this paper with regard to the fact that some part of the interpretation of experience in language happens in lexicon (Halliday and Mathiessen 2004: 29). In this way, how “we” and “others” are represented in texts, indicates the general characteristics of friends and enemies realized by the principalist discourse. Foregrounded/backgrounded items and also the citeria for separating groups of “friends” and “enemies” by borders, is studied considering different social situations in which the editorial texts are written and published. Various situations and also political purposes can have a considerable effect in changing the borders between who is a friend and who is an enemy. These texts mentioned are translated into English for this article. Keywords: ideational metafunction, Ideology, Kayhan newspaper, otherization, semantic fields. Works cited Fowler, Roger (1991). Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press. London: Routledge. Halliday, M.A.K.(1978/ 1987). Language as social semiotic: the Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London: Edward Arnold. Halliday, M.A.K. and Mathiessen, Christian (2004). An Introduction to functional Grammar. London: Arnold Periklieva, Violeta, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences LOCAL RELIGIOUSNESS AND IDENTITY IN BORDERLAND AREAS In the Balkans, as a result of century-long reshaping of the borders, even today the identity of large groups of people proves to be problematic and an object of construction. Actually, from 24

anthropological viewpoint the borders are not lines but whole regions where cultural and linguistic markers most often exist in dispersed form. This study is conducted on today's Bulgarian-Macedonian borderland -- the regions of Petrich, Southwestern Bulgaria and Strumica, Southeastern Macedonia. From 9th century until the liberation from Ottoman rule (1912) the lack of border between the two present municipalities gives an opportunity for intensive contacts. As a result the population develops common ethnical identity on a religious base. However, with the formation of national consciousness among the conquered peoples during the Balkan Renaissance and the emergence of new national states in the Balkans, the area becomes a subject of aspirations by the newly emerged Balkan states and a scene of different types of national propaganda. Thus after the Balkan War of 1912 a new shifted border appears and the Strumica region consecutively becomes part of Bulgaria, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians, again Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and FYR of Macedonia. Until 1948 the border is permeable but the Tito-Stalin split makes the state border between Bulgaria and Yugoslavia an insuperable obstacle breaking off relations for decades. Renewed in the beginning of the 90s, the relations are once again impeded when Bulgaria joins the EU in 2007. These sociopolitical and economic factors projected onto the border determine the processes of construction of different identity types in the area. The paper focuses on the local religiousness and its social function in the processes of local and national identity construction. The aim is to present the models of identity construction and to inspect the mutual influences of state border and religiousness in this process. I shall present how the elements of the local religiousness function as symbols of local and national identity and their use in identity construction strategies. Also, we shall see to what degree the socio-economical and family relations activate the religious exchange as well as the contrary ˗- to what extent the religious exchange is a factor in maintaining common local identity on both sides of the border. Christian, W. Local Religion in Sixteenth -Century Spain. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1989 Bourdieu, P. Genèse et structure du champ religieux, Revue française de sociologie, 12, 295-334. Pošeiko, Selvita, U. of Latvia THE LANGUAGE USE IN THE LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE AS INDICATOR OF SOCIAL IDENTITIES The Baltic States – Latvia and Estonia – are multilingual and multicultural countries in Northern Europe. Both countries have territorial border with Russia. They also have historically been in the Russian spheres of influence. Two cities in the Baltic States have been chosen for the research– Narva city in Estonia and Daugavpils city in Latvia, based on the following: 1) neither of the two cities is a capital city however both are significant economic, cultural and educational centers; 2) territorial disposition – near Russian border; 3) multiethnic and multicultural society; 4) the national ethnos is a local minority, Russians – a local majority; 5) state language is local minority language in the terms of spoken language. Since language choice is always linked to identity matters the purpose of the research is to analyze the use of the written language in the linguistic landscape of the cities in order to 25

discover strategies of how identities are created and maintained in the public space as well as to find out the population’s opinion about them. A date base of language signs that was obtained by using linguistic landscape method from both cities was used for the research (contains over 2000 units) as well as interviews with local inhabitants and employees from different companies. The following issues are addressed in the report: 1) Are language signs with state language (according to inhabitants – “the necessary language”) near governmental institutions forming and maintaining national (the unifying) identity in cities and in what way? 2) Is creation of a cosmopolite and neutral identity in English reflected in language signs of international companies and in what way? 3) Are local companies (both state companies and individual ones) balancing between “the necessary language” (state language), “actual language” (Russian) and the “prestige language” (English?) and how, and are they forming a conception about a standard norm in creation and demonstration of social identity as well? 4) Are language signs that are placed individually by inhabitants (mainly graffiti) reflecting the “actual language” application and showing individual identity, ethnic and linguistic identity, emotions and attitudes, in what way? Selvaggi, Dino, U. of Calabria HYBRID IDENTITIES IN 21STCENTURY CALABRIA: THE ROLE OF HISTORICAL AND NEW MINORITIES IN THE SHAPING OF BICULTURALISM IN A BORDER REGION Mediterranean countries and people since the beginning of history have been characterized by economic, political, religious, cultural, linguistic and social exchanges (Adams 2002). Calabria can be considered a border region, because of her geographical setting. Nowadays, inside its borders, a true multicultural background is constituted by the Italian-speaking (together with Latin-derived Calabrian dialects) community, along with the Arbëreshë, Greek and Occitan historical-linguistic minorities (Selvaggi 2012b). These languages in past decades were stigmatized; after other decades of indifference, only since 1999, with explicit legal recognition, they are attempting to regain speakers and promote their use in other contexts such as public services or mass-mediatic communication. In the meantime, culture and language experiment a process of “hybridization”, as shown in Bhabha (1994), Selvaggi (2012b), Grosjean (2008): rarely the two or more identities are simply “added up” to the main culture; in fact, this process involves certain aspects of each set of values in order to construct a bi- (or pluri-) cultural individual, whom situation is reflected in his use of language (Wilson and Donnan 2012) because of the continuous contact (sometimes “pacific”, but very often competitive) between two or more codes. One example of language border or barrier could be the refusal of the dominant form, or the use of impoliteness or other styles inappropriate for a particular audience. Conversely, communities in search for higher social prestige could drop their mother tongue to gain a better social status and to be accepted into the mainstream culture. Myers-Scotton (1993) talks about a negotiation of given and new rights and obligations: given, because they derive from linguistic habits, and new because speakers can construct them in the concrete realization of their speech acts. 26

New minorities also go through that situation, even more complicated because their languages are rarely known and often do not possess a written or standardized form. In fact, as Fairclough (1989) and Pavlenko (2004) highlighted, the negotiation of identity in multilingual contexts is constantly determined by inequalities in power relations of the socio-political-cultural environment in which communities live. Language, in this perspective, is seen as the salient element of the belonging to a ethno-cultural group. A possible solution is the promotion of bi- and trilingualism (or even plurilingualism), accompanied by code-switching and phenomenons of variation in style: they prevent permanent language shifting that, as exposed in Unesco Atlas of Endangered Languages, inevitably lead to the quitting and death of minority languages. References Adams, J. N., Bilingualism in ancient society : language contact and the written text, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002. Bhabha, H., The Location of Culture, Londra, Routledge, 1994. Fairclough, N., Language and Power, London, Longman, 1989. Grosjean, F., Studying bilinguals, New York, Oxford University Press, 2008. Myers-Scotton, C., Duelling Languages: grammatical structure in code-switching, Oxford, Clarendon Press,1993. Pavlenko, A., Blackledge, A., Negotiation of Identities in Multilingual Contexts, Clevedon, Multilingual Matters, 2004. Selvaggi, D., Il bilinguismo. Da anomalia a costante antropologica, Roma, Aracne, 2012b. Wilson, T. M., Donnan, H., A Companion to Border Studies, Malden, Blackwell, 2012. Selvelli, Giustina, U. of Ca' Foscari NEW BORDERS, DISTINCT ALPHABETS. THE POLICIES OF ALPHABETIC APPROPRIATION IN EX YUGOSLAVIA: CASES FROM CROATIA, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA AND MONTENEGRO My paper aims to present the particular fates of different writing systems after the dissolution of Yugoslavia. The assumption is that a writing system is far more than a mere representation of sounds, bearing also a fundamental symbolic dimension which is often underestimated. During the last years of Yugoslavia and just after its collapse, we could touch very clearly the symbolic functions of competing alphabets as markers of distinct cultural identities. After the borders have changed and new political entities have been created, these elements have taken an active part in the process of representing the nation. In most of the former Yugoslavian Republics, indeed, we witness an increasing interest for “autochthonous” cultural elements, including old scripts, through which differences over the borders are emphasized and affirmed. For what concerns Croatia, a significant role is assigned to the Glagolitic alphabet, considered to be an inalienable sign of “Croatness” notwithstanding its use in other Slavic countries. Initially rediscovered along the Istrian coast, where its presence is more dominant, this alphabet has now succeeded in becoming a collective Croatian element. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, we have the case of bosančica. If in the past this alphabet was seen as a symbol of a multiethnical Bosnian identity, after the war it became the element of a 27

disputed heritage, claimed not only by Muslim Bosniaks but also by Croats as an element belonging to the Croatian cultural sphere and by the Serbs as a variant of Serbian Cyrillic.Together with this, we also witness the predominant policy of Serbian Cyrillic in Republika Srpska. In Montenegro, in the years preceding the independence from Serbia , we could follow the interesting development of innovative “Montenegrin” phonemes, specific features that have some far-reaching ideological functions. Nowadays, these have been instituted as autochthonous characters in both the Cyrillic and the Latin alphabet as a sign of a distinctive language and culture. Socanac, Lelija, U. of Zagreb LANGUAGE AND IDENTITY IN MULTILINGUAL RIJEKA: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE The paper will discuss the relationship between language and identity in 19th century Rijeka, a multilingual town situated in a prototypical borderland area. The language policy as defined in normative documents of the period will be set against the actual discursive practicers and construction of identity/identities based on the analysis of newspapers published in Rijeka between 1848 and 1880's. This period has been selected as the time of political and social change in which the Habsburg monarchy was undergoing a transformation from authoritarian to civil constitutional state. Against this background, we will try to explore how the status of languages interacted with different group identities and how these identites were produced by the ideological working of discourse (Rindler Schjerve 2003). References Fishman, Joshua (ed), Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity. Oxford University Press, 1999. Hüning, Matthias; Vogl, Ulrike; Moliner, Olivier (eds). Standard Languages and Multilingualism in European History .- Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2012. Judson, Pieter M. Guardians of the Nation: Activists on the Language Frontier of Imperial Austria. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2006. Rindler Schjerve, Rosita (ed). Diglossia and Power: Language Policies and Practice in the 19th Century Habsburg Empire. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2003. Studer, Patrick; Werlen, Iwar (eds) Linguistic Diversity in Europe: Current Trends and Discourses. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 2012. Valdez, Juan R., City U. of New York ONE ISLAND, TWO NATIONS: REDRAWING THE BOUNDARIES OF LANGUAGE AND RACE IN HISPANIOLA In the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, home to the two nation-states of the Dominican Republic and Haiti, communicative practices are strategically framed by discourses in which Dominican and Haitian identities often get racialized and negotiated. As a result, contact areas such as the communities along the border region become a real paradox for observers who expect to find strict political boundaries and solid ethnic and linguistic differences between the two nation28

states. During the first half of the twentieth century, in the process of creating a network of schools with Spanish as the official language of instruction, the Dominican government banned the use of Haitian kreyòl and ordered the retoponymization of numerous places from kreyòl or French to Spanish. At the same time, cultural agents produced a corpus of texts that describe and represent the Dominican linguistic landscape, including its dominant ethnic-social dimension. By focusing on the metalinguistic discourse of the leading figures who participated in the political redrawing and cultural representation of the border, my goal is to shed light on the development of the dominant ethnolinguistic hierarchies in this area in a key historical moment. Thus, I analyze the specific racial and linguistic arguments that seized the social imaginary in the border area and its surroundings during the violent dictatorship of Rafael L. Trujillo (1930 1961). To these phenomena derived from a corpus of texts representative of Haitian-Dominican relations, I apply the analytical tools from research on linguistic discourse and language ideologies (Irvine and Gal 2000, Gal and Woolard 2001) and the glottopolitical history of Spanish (Del Valle and Arnoux 2010). My hypothesis is that these linguistic representations of the border played a precise and crucial role in the crystallization of the dominant ethnolinguistic taxonomies during sharp moments of political crisis. In this endeavor, I hope to add to the growing body of transdisciplinary studies of the role of language in the construction of identities and zones of ethnolinguistic contact and boundaries. References Arnoux, Elvira N. y José del Valle. 2010. “Las representaciones ideológicas del lenguaje: discurso glotopolítico y panhispanismo.” Spanish in Context 7.1: 1-24. Gal, Susan and Kathryn Woolard. 2001. “Constructing languages and Publics: Authority and Representation.” In Languages and Publics: the Making of Authority, edited by Susan Gal and Kathryn Woolard. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. Irvine, Judith and Susan Gal. 2000. “Language ideology and linguistic differentiation.” Regimes of language: ideologies, polities and identities, edited by Kroskrity, Paul V. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press. Vallentin, Rita, European U. BORDERS WITHOUT BORDERLAND: THE CONSTRUCTION OF A BORDER-BASED VARYING GROUPNESS BY AN AFRO-BRAZILIAN COMMUNITY Borders in form of physical, geographical, juridical, and political manifestations are not the only mode of demarcation which influences identity constructions of communities (Popescu 2012). Rather, borders of a cognitive kind are the outcome of language based processes of making groupness (Brubaker 2004) by drawing a line between the in-group (we) and the outgroup (they). Border-making always accompanies dichotomous identity processes and hence also affects communities not situated in a borderland. The discursive constitution of borders by agents of different in-groups is correlated with strategies legitimizing the exclusion of others who are instantaneously construed as belonging to an out-group (van Dijk 1987, Wodak et al. 2009). However, the out-group needs not to be clearly separated from the in-group but might share certain features with the border constructing agents. Either the border may be permeable and hence can be opened, 29

transcended and transgressed. Or it may have a durable quality, which indicates a stable and perceivably delimited border between inside and outside (Schiffauer et al. 2010). I want to outline a case of a border discursively construed by an afro-Brazilian quilombo community in the federal state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The quilombo was originally founded by fugitive slaves during the end of the 19th century and is enforced as a ‘safe’ space of afroBrazilian cultural preservation by its inhabitants. The border which is constructed by the quilombo dwellers and the groupness resulting from the division of we and they will be analyzed along the lines of permeability and durability. Based on a corpus consisting of 6 semi-structured interviews with quilombo residents and 2 hours of natural conversations between the community inhabitants, the categories of in- and out-groups made relevant by the participants are presented. It will be demonstrated that a rather permeable border is construed concerning features of being a ‘traditional community’. A border of a durable quality is discursively created when it comes to their genealogical origin and ‘race’. References Brubaker, Rogers (2004): Ethnicity without groups. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Popescu, Gabriel (2012): Bordering and Ordering the Twenty-first Century. Understanding Borders. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield (= Human Geography in the new Millenium: Issues and Applications). Schiffauer, Werner et al. (2010): B/Orders in Motion. Proposal for the German Initiative of Excellence on behalf of the European University Viadrina. Unpublished. van Dijk, Teun A. (1987): Communicating Racism. Ethnic Prejudice in Thought and Talk. Newbury Park: Sage. Wodak, Ruth/de Cillia, Rudolf /Reisigl, Martin /Liebhart, Karin (2009): The Discursive Construction of National Identity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2. ed., Translated by Angelika Hirsch, Richard Mitten and J. W. Unger. Vrzić, Zvjezdana, New York U. COMPLEX AND MULTILAYERED: CONCEPTIONS OF IDENTITY WITHIN THE VLASHI/ZHEYANSKISPEAKING LINGUISTIC ENCLAVE IN ISTRIA The paper discusses the multilayered identity negotiated and embraced by the members of the bilingual linguistic enclave community speaking the endangered Vlashki/Zheyanski (IstroRomanian) language in the multiethnic and multilingual border region of Istria in Croatia. The discussion is based on the preliminary qualitative analysis of field data, primarily, two focus group discussions about identity and language with group members in Croatia, but also oral histories that speakers of Vlashki/Zheyanski provided. The analysis of the conversations shows that most group members perceive their identity as necessarily and naturally multilayered and threefold: their strongest cultural identity seems to be the "hybrid" regional, neither ethnically nor nationally exclusive, Istrian identity, which this 30

group's members willingly share with their Croatian-speaking neighbors, and other ethnic groups in the region (Ballinger 2004, Sujoldžić 2008). In national terms, in this study's field data and in past censuses, group members most often identify as Croatian and/or again, simply Istrian. Their national orientation, which has also been changing with the changing political circumstances in the region, seems to be understood as social citizenship rather than an allencompassing national identity. They finally acknowledge as valuable their local identity, associated with the sense of belonging to the villages and, critically, existence of and ability to speak Vlashki/Zheyanski language. This local identity is claimed, apparently, without great sense of conflict with other facets of their self-ascribed identity. The factors of differentiation of this group's multifaceted social identity (age, fluency in the language, level of education, location) are also discussed to further illuminate its complexity and show its variability and fluidity. Finally, the group members' self-identification choices are discussed in contrast with the identities ascribed to the group by outsiders, which are typically reductionist and at odds with the community members' own views. Ballinger, Pamela (2004). "Authentic hybrids in the Balkan borderlands," Current Anthropology 45 (1): 31-60. Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011/2001/1991. Croatian Bureau of Statistics, Republic of Croatia. Orbanić, Srđa (1995). "Status attuale delle comunità istro-romene," Annales 6 (1995): 57-64. Roopnarine, L. (2006). "Indo-Caribbean social identity," Caribbean Quarterly 52 (1), 1-11. Sujoldžić, Anita (2008). "Istrian identities and languages in contact," Suvremena lingvistika 65 (1): 27-56. Zinkhahn Rhobodes, Dagna, European U. Viadrina “WE SPEAK POLTSCH!" – THE STRUCTURAL AND SOCIOLINGUISTIC ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE MIXING ON THE GERMAN-POLISH BORDER The processes of the opening, crossing up to fusion and dissolving of language borders as result of globalization, migration processes and accompanying them intense economic, political and social contacts have become a common part of everyday communication in multilingual contexts. With the enlargement of the European Union, the German-Polish border regions experience this transformation in the form of intense language contact beyond the state borders. The Polish and German languages come increasingly in contact especially for economic reasons, but also in institutional spaces. Therefore, the enhanced permeability of the political border impacts the linguistic border between this Slavic-Germanic language pair. In the paper, I discuss the concept of the border from a linguistic perspective using the GermanPolish language contact as an example. Based on data from interviews and spontaneous speech mixed German-Polish speech will be analyzed in terms of permeability and liminality of language borders. This permeability will be discussed as a continuum from code-switching (language switch at a syntactic boundary) via code-mixing (language switch beneath the word boundary) to building of hybrid forms (creolization and merging of lexical and grammatical structures of the languages involved). 31

In addition to these structural aspects, the German-Polish mixed speech will be also analyzed from a sociolinguistic perspective: the aspects of use, language attitudes and identity will be discussed. References: Auer, Peter (1998): “From Code-switching via Language Mixing to Fused Lects: Toward a Dynamic Typology of Bilingual Speech”. In: International Journal of Bilingualism, 3:4, 309-332. Erfurt, Jürgen (2003): „’Multisprech’: Migration und Hybridisierung und ihre Folgen für die Sprachwissenschaft”. In: Erfurt, Jürgen (Hrsg.) Multisprech?: Hybridität, Variation, Identität, Duisburg: Gilles & Francke 2003, [Reihe: Osnabrücker Beiträge zur Sprachtheorie Bd. 65]. 5-35. Hinnenkamp, Volker (2005): „’Zwei zu bir miydi’? - Mischsprachliche Varietäten von Migrantenjugendlichen im Hybriditätdiskurs“. In: Hinnenkamp, Volker / Meng, Katarina (Hrsg.): Sprachgrenzen überspringen. Sprachliche Hybridität und polykulturelles Selbstverständnis. Tübingen: Narr. 51-103. Myers-Scotton, Carol (2002): Contact Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pohl, Alek / De Vincez, A. (1987): Deutsch-Polnische Sprachkontakte. Beiträge zur gleichgenannten Tagung 10.-13 April 1984 in Göttingen. Köln / Wien: Böhlau. Tracy, Rosemarie (2000): “Mixed utterances as a challenge for linguistics: problems of observational, descriptive, and explanatory adequacy”. In: Döpke, Susanne (Hrsg.), Cross-linguistic structures in simultaneous bilingualism. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 11-36. Zuljan Kumar, Danila, Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts LANGUAGE AND IDENTITY: SLOVENIANS AND FRIULIANS IN ITALY The language we use represents an important part of our awareness of who we are, what is our identity. The connection between language and identity is especially sensitive in minority communities, where the relation towards language and identity on the part of a minority group is not only influenced by its own attitude towards the matter, but to a greater degree also by the attitude of the majority group members. Rejective attitude towards minority language from the part of the majority language users has a great influence on the language usage of the minority group members. However, it is also true, that the changed circumstances in society, in which the usage of minority group language, regional or local languages becomes acceptable in public or even seen as something valuable, gradually change the relation of the minority group members towards their own mother tongue. In the paper, I will try to show, how the relation of Slovenians and Friulians, two minority linguistic groups in the region of Friuli Venezia Giulia in Italy, towards their own languages has been changing lately, influenced by the changing relation towards minority/regional/local languages in Europe in general.

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In the past the relation of the majority group members towards minority/regional/local languages was based on the power the majority language had in society. This reflected in the language choices of minority group members. But in the last few years “a fresh, new wind has started to blow”: young Slovenians and Friulians are getting rid of the sense of inferiority when using their mother tongue in public places. Even more, speaking minority/regional/ local languages is becoming trendy. The paper will base on six sociolinguistic interviews with the representatives of Slovenian and Friulian cultural associations in Italy. References: Ammon, U.: Regional Perspectives in the and Ethnic Identity Study of Language: Western World. IN: Fishman, J. A.; García, O. (ur.) 22010: Language & Ethnic Identity. Volume I Disciplinary and Regional Perspectives. 207–220. D'Aronco, G.; Cisilino, W. 2012: Sorestants e sotans. Intervista sul Friuli. Udine: La biblioteca del Messaggero Veneto. Edwards, J. 2009: Language and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Fishman, J. A.: Sociolinguistics: Language and Ethnic Identity. In: Fishman, J. A.; García, O. (ur.) 2 2010: Language & Ethnic Identity. Volume I Disciplinary and Regional Perspectives. xxiii–xxxv.

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