对华援助协会·美国
China Aid Association Midland, TX, USA
02/12/2014
2013 Annual Report Chinese Government Persecution of Christians & Churches in Mainland China January–December 2013
China Aid Association, USA February 2014
Mailing address: PO Box 8513 Midland, Texas 79708 www.ChinaAid.org (English) www.ChinaAid.net (Chinese)
[email protected] ;
[email protected] Toll-free number: 1-888-889-7757 Fax number: 1-432-686-8355
Copyright reserved © China Aid Association, Inc. 2014 对华援助协会 版权所有
对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014
Contents Preface: 1 Peter 2:9 & Photos of Major Cases I.
Summary and Analysis of Government Persecution of Christians and Churches in Mainland China in 2013
II.
Chart: Cases of Government Persecution of Christians and Churches in Mainland China in 2013
III.
Diagrams Illustrating Government Persecution of Christians and Churches in Mainland China in 2013
IV.
Conclusion: Church Shines Bright in Political Smog and is Purified by the Refining Fire of Persecution
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对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014
PREFACE “But you are a chosen people, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people belonging to God, that you may declare the praises of him who called you out of darkness into his wonderful light.” —1 Peter 2:9
Beijing Shouwang Church has continued to hold its Sunday worship service outdoors since 2011; members of the Church’s young adult fellowship form the shape of a cross.
Xinjiang Uygur Christian house church leader Alimujiang Yimiti has been imprisoned for six years while his wife and two children are waiting for him to come home. 2
对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014
I. SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF GOVERNMENT PERSECUTION OF CHRISTIANS AND CHURCHES IN MAINLAND CHINA IN 2013 The Year of “Political Smog” and of the “Purification of Church”
In 2013, government persecution of Christians and churches in China worsened significantly. In comparing the total number of persecution cases, the number of people persecuted, the number detained, the number sentenced, the number of abuse cases and the number of people abused with the same figures for 2012, the total of all six categories showed a jump of 38.82% over the previous year. Compared with the statistics in ChinaAid’s past annual reports, this trend of worsening persecution has persisted for the past eight years, with an average geometric annual increase of 27.78%.
1. Comprehensive Analysis of the Main Characteristics of and Reason Behind 2013 Persecution: To Destroy Christianity’s Accumulated Social-cultural Assets in China Persecution in 2013 was a continuation and incorporation of the practice in 2008 and 2009 of “targeting house church leaders and churches in urban areas,” of the strategy in 2010 of “mafia tactics,” of the focus in 2011 on “attacking Christians and house churches with societal impact and containing the influence of Christianity on social cultural and the thinking of populace,” and of the approach in 2012 of “rendering house churches non-functional.” On top of this, persecution in 2013 was more reflective of the characteristics of persecution in 2011 and went further in manifesting itself in “destroying Christianity’s accumulated social-cultural capital” on the macro-level. This new characteristic may become a long-term guiding principle for the government’s persecution and containment of churches. In 2013, the first year of Xin Jinping’s administration, China’s political situation was blurry and bewildering, like diffuse, thick smog. First of all, the promotion of the Mao-style leftist ideological propaganda (similar to “Chongqing Model”) made Marxism-Leninism reappear in the report of the Third Plenum of 18th CCP Congress. Second, further reform, with economic reform as priority, was emphasized to “realize the Chinese dream of great national rejuvenation.” Lastly, adopting Mao’s approach at the Lu Mountain of “applying severe punishment to top officials so as the deter the lower-ranking officials” and cheered by the slogan “cracking down on both tigers and flies,” the trial of the century of Bo Xilai, Gu Kailai and Wang Lijun, was enacted as a successful show to make the impression that this “cleansing Party” campaign will be carried out to the end and the “supremacy” of royal power shall never be challenged. In this big context, the sudden declaration 3
对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014
of the abolition of the “reeducation through labor” system seemed to give people a glimpse of blue sky behind the smog. Overall, Xi Jinping was attempting to establish a political system imitating the “Putin Model,” but it is not a “monarch’s dictatorship” or oligarchy in the traditional sense. It is similar to authoritarianism but has different characteristics than the model seen Russia. In China, it can be seen as Xi Jinping’s “dictatorship in politics as the overlord” and the red nobility’s “monopoly of economy.” Compared with 2012, persecution of both house churches (non-official Christian churches) and officially registered “Three-Self” churches escalated in 2013. The “just right defense model” practiced by churches and Christians according to law became the bottom line of the “zero tolerance” of government suppression. As forcible demolition, caused by real estate economy, which was the key to maintaining domestic demand and averting the collapse of a bubble economy, had extended to every inch of land, the government took off the veil of “protecting legal religious venues” this year and ruthlessly seized by force from and suppressed “Three-Self” churches that dared to stand up for the interests of the unprivileged people. The extent and method of the violent persecution of “Three-Self” churches that happened during the “Nanle Case” in November 2013, in Puyang, Henan, the province which is traditionally subject to pervasive religious persecution, showed consistency with the Chinese Communist Party’s usual style. A house church in Zizhou, Shaanxi, was smashed, raided and robbed by government agencies for defending their rights with the law in 2013; believers and church leaders are still in custody today and facing prison terms. Because of defending their right to access church venues, Beijing Shouwang Church suffered persecution since 2009. Since April 2011, Shouwang Church was forced to hold worship services outdoors and continues to do so to this day. Jin Tianming, Senior Pastor of the church, and four other church leaders (Pastor Zhang Xiaofeng, Elder Liu Guan, Elder Sun Yi and Elder You Guanhui) have been under house arrest and stalked since then; their liberty has been restricted and their normal life routines disrupted. Believers of Shouwang Church, especially those persisting in attending worship service at the church-designated outdoor venue, have been subject to repeated detention, physical abuse, insults, intimidation, stalking and harassment. The escalating severity of persecution every year, and its continuous worsening in 2013 was not singular and accidental, but a part of the Chinese government’s overall escalated suppression of political dissenters, rights defense activists and ordinary people. For example, in August 2013, Xu Zhiyong, a prominent and moderate figure of the non-violent New Citizens’ Movement ,was officially arrested. Due to the priority of ideology in politics, persecution of Christianity escalated to a new level in policy in 2013, i.e. the strategy of destroying Christianity’s accumulated socialcultural capital in China, which is manifested in the following areas:
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对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014
A. Continue to crack down on the representative of large urban churches, i.e. Beijing Shouwang Church. The purpose is to contain the independence and expansion of groups subscribing to Christian faith as their ideology. Beijing Shouwang Church, which has been unceasingly persecuted for three years, has a high percent of Christian social elites, and since it is located in an area with concentrated universities, it is very impactful on intellectuals and the thought and culture of the Chinese society as a whole. Given time, the presence of Shouwang Church will be able to break the government’s monopoly of ideological propaganda, although it is not the direct or indirect intent of the church. In 2009, after the leader of Shanxi Linfen Church, a mega-church, was released from prison, the government continued to monitor and control the church community closely. For example, Li Shuangping, who was dedicated to restoring the church’s activities, was subjected to a mafia-style abduction and battering by the local government. Like Wang Mingdao did in the 1950s, Shouwang Church and many other persecuted churches have always told the government, “We stand up for our faith.” Nonetheless, it is exactly this Christian faith, which is incompatible with the foreign faith of Marxism-Leninism and the traditional faiths of China, that has been seen as a severe ideological threat by the government. B. Warfare on the cultural battlefield: persistent crack-down on Christian publication ministry and college campus ministry. In last two decades, Christian publications have made a great impact on the cultural market of China, and since 2008, the Christian publication ministry has become a target of the government’s attack. Enyu Bookstore in Taiyuan, Shanxi, which deals with Christian publications, was investigated and sealed off. On June 17, 2013, Ren Lacheng, who managed the bookstore was condemned to five years in prison, and Li Wenxi was sentenced to two years’ imprisonment. Su Zhongxing, pastor of a house church in Shangshui county, Zhoukou city, Henan province, was criminally detained by police in late April for distributing religious books, and the result of the case remains unclear. On May 29, police broke into the Autumn Rain House Church in Chengdu and took 2,000 copies of a publication titled “No abortion on Children’s Day.” Since the “Suggestions for doing a good job of resisting foreign use of religion to infiltrate institutes of higher education and preventing campus evangelism” (Document No. 18) was jointly issued by six ministries and commissions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on May 15, 2011, prevention of and crack-down on Christian evangelism on campuses continued. In September, at Yan’an, the famed “Holy Land of Revolution” of the Chinese Communist Party, a Christian fellowship meeting on the campus of a vocational school was broken up by police.
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对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014
C. Reduce the level persecution targeting Christian rights defense lawyers. Like the cancelation of the “reeducation through labor” system, this is an encouraging phenomenon. Rule of law is a key component of the Western social ideology, which has Roman-Anglo-Saxon civilization at its core, influenced by the Christian political ethics, and hence is a main theoretical instrument in the movement of churches’ defense of citizens’ rights that emerged on the platform of Christian lawyers between 2005 and 2010. The popularization of the awareness of rule of law and of citizenship and citizens’ rights by Christian faith in social political culture provided a powerful faith asset, and it is rooted in a spiritual model. By the end of 2010, the group of Christian rights defense lawyers, of which Dr. Fan Yafeng was a key figure, was forced to stop its work due to the government’s severe persecution, but suppression targeting Christian rights defense lawyers continued to 2012. In 2013, there was an obvious reduction on the persecution of Christian lawyers, which, in fact, diluted the Christian influence on the rule of law and its social-cultural impact. Bases on the information above, it is also clear that the new characteristic of government persecution of Christianity in 2013, “destroying Christianity’s accumulated social-cultural capital,” came out of both an ideological concern and the practical reason that this administration, being pragmatic, has realized that the objective of “eradicating house churches” set by the Hu-Wen administration is an unrealistic goal. For instance, in addition to Shaowang Church, which has held worship service outdoors for three years long, up to 2,000 people attended a joint meeting of house church leaders from many provinces, which was held in August 2013 at Dongying city, Shandong province. These occurrences demonstrate the rapid expansion and tenacity of house church groups. And this is probably why in a document titled, “Focus of work of State Administration for Religious Affairs in 2014,” the goal is pointed out as “summarize the practice and experience of regulating the privately set-up Christian meeting places in some regions and explore effective methods of regulating. Also, to attach importance to the job of uniting and liaising with minority religious groups and resolve conflicts and disputes.” Attention also needs to be given to the relative peace enjoyed by Chinese Catholic Church in 2013. Other than the battering of some Catholics by a land development company in Leshan, Sichuan province and the ordianing of two priests by Ma Yinglin, a bishop of a government-sanctioned Catholic Church, in Yunnan province, there were no big events. It is too early to draw the conclusion that the Xi administration made intentional efforts to avoid conflicts with the Vatican. At last, although not a main concern of ChinaAid, it is worth pointing out that, due to the tense political situation throughout the nation in 2013, religions other than Christianity in minority ethnic regions like Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and Tibet, also went through more intense restriction and
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对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014
suppression. It must be noted that ChinaAid expressed serious condemnation to any violence and terrorist activity conducted in the name of religion.
2. Statistical and schematic analysis of the overall persecution of Christians and churches in 2013 Overall government persecution of Christians and churches in China in 2013 showed a significant increase of 38.82% as compared to 2012. It should be noted that the information collected by ChinaAid about persecution cases in China is but the tip of the iceberg. Be that as it may, these cases come from most provinces and municipalities across China, are diverse, and affected urban and rural house churches and Three-Self churches, as well as individual Christians, including clergy, lay believers, college students, political dissidents, sellers of Christian books and minority ethnic (Uygur and Tibetan) Christians. Taken together, they are sufficient to reflect the overall situation and severity of the persecution suffered by churches and Christians in 2013. In 2013, ChinaAid collected information on 143 cases of persecution across the country, up 8.3% from 2012. The 7,424 people who were persecuted (more than 800 of whom were clergy) represented a 50.9% increase over the previous year. The 1,470 people who were detained (54 of whom were clergy) was an increase of 2.0% over the previous year. Twelve people were sentenced, a 33.3% jump over the previous year. There were 16 cases of abuse (verbal, mental and physical abuse and torture), a decrease of 42.9% over the previous year. Fifty people were abused, up 35.1% from the previous year. Comparing the data in the above six categories—total number of persecution cases, total number of people persecuted, number of people arrested, number of people sentenced, total number of abuse cases, and total number of people abused—the overall situation of persecution can be statistically represented as being 38.82% worse than in 2012, 56.94% worse than in 2011, 123.62% worse than in 2010, 156.98% worse than in 2009, 205.98% worse than in 2008, 466.50% worse than in 2007 and 555.23% worse than in 2006. Please see the table below for details.
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对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014
Comparison by year of persecution nationwide (2006 to 2013) (1) Table year
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2013 comparison with 2012
No. of cases
46
60
74
77
90
93
132
143
up 8.3%
No. of people
665
788
2027
2935
3343
4322
4919
7424
up 50.9%
650
693
764
389
556
1289
1441
1470
up 2.0%
17
16
35
23
6
4
9
12
up 33.3%
No. of abuse cases
4
17
19
9
18
24
28
16
down 42.9%
No. of people
7
35
60
114
63
76
37
50
up 35.1%
persecuted No. of people detained No. of people sentenced
abused Statistical
As the graph below shows, persecution overall can be statistically represented as
representation of the
being 38.82% worse in 2013 as compared with 2012, 56.94% worse than in 2011,
worsening trend of
123.62% worse than in 2010, 156.98% worse than in 2009, 205.98% worse than
persecution overall
in 2008, 466.50% worse than in 2007 and 556.23% worse than in 2006. (The six numbers are not numerically precise and are only meant as reference.)
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对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014
（2）Graph 400 375 350 325 300 275 250 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
# of persecution cases # of people persecutedx20 # of people detainedx10 # of people sentenced # of abuse casese # of people abused 2006-2007-2008-2009-2010-2011-2012-2013 year-by-year comparison
Having reported on the overall situation of church persecution in mainland China and the main characteristics of the persecution and reasons, the rest of this report will examine the situation in 2013 in greater detail through case studies, statistical analysis and diagrams.
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对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014
II. CHART: CASES OF GOVERNMENT PERSECUTION OF CHRISTIANS AND CHURCHES IN MAINLAND CHINA IN 2013 Cumulative data of known cases in 2013 as compared with 2012 2013 Number of cases
2012 143
Number of cases
132
Total number of persons persecuted >7424
Total number of persons persecuted: 4919
（church leaders > 800）
（church leaders: 442）
Total number of persons detained >1470
Total number of persons detained: 1441
（church leaders > 54）
（church leaders: 236）
Numbers of persons sentenced: 12
Number of persons sentenced: 9
Number of abuse cases: 16
Number of abuse cases: 28
Number of people abused: 140
Number of people abused: 37
NOTE: Because house churches are the main focus of our organization, in the charts and statistics below, the terms “Christian,” “church,” “meeting” or “training” all refer to those in the house church context. Where Three-Self churches are involved, they are so indicated. In some of the cases listed below, no links are provided to the case report. This is because ChinaAid did not report these cases in order to protect the victims or the links are ineffective. Also, wherever possible, we have included links to the case report in English. In some cases, however, only Chinese-language reports were available, and in those cases, the link is to the report on ChinaAid’s Chinese-language website.
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对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014
1. Municipalities: Beijing, Shanghai (Total persecution cases in municipalities directly under the central government: 62, last year: 67; total number of people persecuted: >1341 people, last year: >984 people; number of people detained: >1291 people, last year: 908; number of people sentenced: 0, last year: 3) Legal Date
Cases (62)
punishment
Abuse (2 cases, 3
Number of persons
persons) Beijing Jan.-Dec.
Shouwang Church has endured the
Detained: >
same kind of persecution for 51
1290
> 1290
straight weeks, except during Chinese New Year For details, see https://t2.shwchurch.org/category/%E6%88%B7%E5%A4%96%E9%80%9A%E6%8A%A5/ Shouwang Church pastor Jin Tianming placed under house arrest and prohibited from getting out of his apartment to do exercise For details, see 01/16
House
2
arrest
http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/02/morning-star-news-how-china-plans-to.html Beijing house church seminar broken >10 up by police For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/03/radio-free-asia-seminar-attended-by.html 02/25
House church seminar raided by police of >3 Chaoyang District For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/03/a-beijing-house-church-seminar-raided.html 02/27
03/01
Christian petitioner Li Yulian was forcibly taken away from Beijing
1
For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/03/two-news-flashes-christians-in-xinjiang.html Shouwang Churc elder Liu Guan and his family were forced to leave China and to come to the US to study after suffering longtime surveillance and intimidation; tailed and escorted to Beijing airport by police vehicles of Beijing Municipal Public Security Bureau and Chaoyang District Public Security Bureau For details, see www.facebook.com/prayforshouwang 05/15
4
Christian dissident Zhao Changqing Criminal 1 arrested on the charge of “holding detention illegal gathering” For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/05/formal-arrest-of-veteran-dissident-and.html 05/24
11
对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014 Shouwang Church believers beaten by Beaten and 1 National Security Protections agents; detained: 1 police refused to take the injured to person hospital For detail, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/08/believers-of-shouwang-church-holding.html 07/28
Two believers form Shouwang Church violently handled by deputy chief of a police station For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/08/811_17.html 08/11
Beaten: 2
2
persons
The biggest private bookstore in China, >1 Chenguang Bookstore, investigated for no reason For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/10/radio-free-asia-twenty-police-break-up.html 10/01
Beijing house church meeting scattered 25 by police, meeting place smashed, bibles and other items confiscated For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/10/radio-free-asia-twenty-police-break-up.html 10/13
Pastor Zhang Mingxuan visited Pastor Jin Tianming of Shouwang Church; was forced by police to leave Beijing For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/12/blog-post_18.html 12/14
2
Number of
Number of
Cases of
Number of
Total number of
persecution cases
persons
abuse: 2
persons
persons
in this city: 61
detained: >1291
detained: 0
persecuted: >1338
Shanghai Shanghai Reformer Church disbanded surveillance by force; pastor put under surveillance For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/03/blog-post_4621.html 03/28
>3
Number of
Number of persons
Cases of
Number of
Total number of
Persecution cases: 1
detained: 0
abuse: 0
persons
persons
sentenced: 0
persecuted >3
2. Northeast China: Liaoning, Heilongjiang (Total persecution cases in this region: 6, last year: 3; number of persons persecuted: >12, last year: >450; number of persons detained: 0, last year: >150; number of persons sentenced: 0, last year: 0) Number Date
Cases (6)
Legal
Abuse (2 cases,
of
punishment
2 persons)
persons
Liaoning Christian petitioner from Fushun, Liaoning, was beaten and had one rib broken For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/03/blog-post_28.html 03/28
12
1 person beaten
1
对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014 A Sixth Day Adventist Church at Beilimen, Shenyang, was forcibly demolished For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/04/former-seventh-day-adventist-church.html 04/12
Number of
Number of
Number of
persecution cases in
persons
abuse cases: 1
this province: 2
detained: 0
>3
Number of
Total number of
persons
persons
sentenced: 0
persecuted: >4
Heilongjiang Pastor Sun Wenxian (female) of Youhao 1 person >3 Church, Yichun city, was verbally abused beaten and beaten by police For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/02/vicious-persecution-of-churches-in.html 02/19
Director of the Religious Bureau of Yichun 1 city threatened Pastor Sun Wenxian at her hospital ward and unplugged her IV drip For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/03/update-zhang-shuhua-of-youhao-district.html 02/26
03/02
Youhao Church of Yichun city was forced to stop meeting by the local governemnt For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/03/blog-post_2.html
>3
Pastor Zhan Gang was taken to and Asked to leave detained at a hotel when visiting Pastor Sun the China before Wenxian, and was ordered to leave China a set time before a set time For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/03/blog-post_6.html
1
03/06
Number of
Number of
Number of
persecutions cases
persons
abuse cases: 1
in this province: 4
detained: 0
Number of
Total number of
persons
persons
sentenced: 0
persecuted: >8
3. North China: Inner Mongolia, Shanxi (Total persecution cases in this region: 8, last year: 10; number of persons persecuted: >137, last year: >288; number of persons detained: 13, last year: 26; number of persons sentenced: 5, last year: 4) Date
Cases (8)
Abuse (2
Number
Legal
cases, >4
of
punishment
persons)
persons
Inner Mongolia 8 Christians were taken to police 8 persons seized station and administratively detained and 01/10 while visiting sick people and sharing administratively the Gospel detained For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/03/christians-in-inner-mongolia-hire.html 04/03
Alashan Left Banner Religious Affairs Bureau of Alashan, Inner Mongolia, issued a document ordering the closure of the Grace
Outlawed
13
8
>3
对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014 Holy Love (Enhui Shen'ai) House Church before a deadline For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/05/religious-affairs-bureau-orders-closure.html More than 3 A house church at Azuo Left Banner, Inner Mongolia, was forcibly outlawed
04/28
Outlawed
persons beaten
>50
and treated with tear gas
For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/05/police-storm-inner-mongolia-house.html 5 brothers of Alashan Left Banner Gospel Church administratively detained for 15 days
08/15
5 persons
5
administratively detained
For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/09/video-inner-mongolian-house-church.html 3 Christians in Hohhot sentenced to 8-9 years’ imprisonment
09/24
3 persons
3
sentenced to imprisonment
For details see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/10/local-government-denies-three-inner.html Number of
Number of
Number of
Number of
Total number of
persecution
persons
abuse
persons
persons
cases: 5
detained: 13
cases: 1
sentenced: 3
persecuted
>69
Shanxi Court convicted Enyu Bookstore case 2 in Shanxi, Taiyuan: Li Wenxi 06/17 Imprisonment sentenced to 2 years in prison and Ren Lacheng to 5 years in prison For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/06/verdict-regarding-enyu-bookstores-case.html Li Shuangping, a leader of Linfen 1 person beaten House Church, was kidnapped and 08/13 beaten by local government For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/08/linfen-house-church-leader-li.html 10/15
Taiyuan Church Building forcibly demolished
1
>65
For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/11/blog-post_21.html Number of
Number of
Number of
Number of
Total number
persecution
persons
abuse cases: 1
persons
of persons
cases: 3
detained: 0
sentenced: 2
persecuted
14
>68
对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014
4. Northwest China: Xinjiang, Gansu, Shaanxi (Total persecution cases in this region: 17, last year: 15; number of persons persecuted: >225, last year: >426; number of persons detained: 32, last year: 199; number of persons sentenced: 0, last year: 2) Number Date
Cases (17)
Legal
Abuse cases
of
punishment
(1 case, >10
persons
persons)
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Uygur Christian Alimujiang’s wife’s Time of visits visits with him in prison were severely curtailed curtailed For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/01/caa-news-visitation-privileges-for-wife.html 01/22
02/25
Two female Christians at Yanqi were detained for distributing gospel tracts
2 persons
2
2
detained
For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/03/two-news-flashes-christians-in-xinjiang.html A house church in Xinyuan county, Yili, Sealed off was shut down For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/03/news-flash-house-church-in-yili.html 03/10
>3
A house church in Qiemo county, Kurla 3 persons 14 city, was raided and believers were detained and detained interrogated For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/03/a-house-church-in-xinjiang-was-raided.html 03/21
Urumqi Mu’en Church was raided; 1 person pastor Tan Wen was detained for 10 days detained For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/07/two-more-house-churches-raided-in.html 06/09
A female Christian in Urumqi was taken 1 person into police custody when attending a 06/23 administratively worship service and administratively detained detained for 5 days For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/07/two-more-house-churches-raided-in.html A Bible study meeting was raided in Fine imposed Urumqi For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/07/two-more-house-churches-raided-in.html 06/30
Pastor Tan Wen, leader of a house 08/04
1 person
church in Urumqi, was administratively detained again
43
1
8
1
administratively detained
For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/08/pastor-tan-wen-urumqi-house-church.html 08/23
Lou Yuanqi, pastor of a house church in Yili, was unlawfully detained
1 person
1
detained
For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/08/blog-post_1595.html 08/25
A house church in Ala’er city was raided during its worship service
15
>3
对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014 For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/08/12.html 4 persons 08/30
4 Christians in Aksu were detained for organizing Sunday school
administratively
4
detained For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/09/breaking-four-house-church-members.html In Shaya county where Christian lawyer Gao Zhisheng is serving prison time, 4 2013 Christians of a church were detained Being monitored; details not yet released to the public
4 persons detained
4
Number of
Number of
Number of
Number of
Total
persecution cases:
persons
abuse cases: 0
persons
number of
12
detained: 17
sentenced: 0
persons
>86
persecuted Gansu After 5 years’ relief work in earthquake- Interrogated and stricken Sichuan, Christians from Gansu ordered to leave 03/01 1 were suddenly order to leave Sichuan by town before a local government deadline For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/03/sichuan-authorities-raid-house-church.html Number of
Number of
Number of
Number of
Total
persecution cases:
persons
abuse cases: 0
people
number of
1
detained: 0
sentenced: 0
people
1
persecuted Shaanxi More than 10 07/26
Zion Church raided, a number of believers tortured
persons detained
More than 10 persons beaten and denied water and food
130
For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/09/blog-post_10.html A student fellowship at a vocational and technical school in Yan’an was 09/16 suppressed For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/09/shaanxi-police-illegally-disrupt.html 12/01
A Christian in Yan’an was secretly arrested; whereabouts unknown
1 person
>3
1
arrested
For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/12/blog-post_6947.html 4 male Christians in Zizhou county were 4 persons placed taken into police custody; a believer’s into custody house was smashed For details, see ttp://www.chinaaid.org/2013/12/families-of-detained-shaanxi-believers.html 12/17
16
4
对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014 Number of
Number of
Number of
Number of
Total number of
persecution cases:
persons
abuse cases: 1
persons
persons
4
detained: >15
sentenced: 0
persecuted: >138
5. East China: Shandong, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangsu (Total persecution cases in this region: 23, last year: 13; number of persons persecuted: >3020, last year: >750; number of persons detained: 7, last year: 56; number of persons sentenced: 0, last year: 0) Number Date
Cases (12)
Legal punishment
Abuse (1 case, 1 person)
of persons
Shandong 2 American 02/20
A mission meeting in western Jimo city was raided; American and Korean missionaries were detained
and Korean
93
missionaries detained
For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/02/vicious-persecution-of-churches-in.html Public Security Bureau agents of Yutai 3 persons placed raided a house church, taking three people into police custody, on church staff into custody and giving them fine imposed a fine of 35,000 yuan For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/06/blog-post_9787.html
3
A house church in Linmu county was shut Outlawed; down and given a fine fine imposed For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/06/blog-post_9787.html
>3
Xiongdi Church in Jiaozhou was forced to relocate For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/07/blog-post_7265.html
>3
05/28
06/04
07/29
08/14
A joint service of house churches in Dongying and Linzi were raided
> 2000
For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/08/blog-post_15.html 08/22
The Christian Committee of the Three-Self Patriotic Movement in Jiaozhou, Qingdao, violently evicted church members
> 500
For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/08/christian-committee-of-three-self.html Authorities and the Christian Committee of the ThreeSelf Patriotic Movement in Jiaozhou, Qingdao, violently raided Christian “Bainian Hall” For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/12/blog-post_2941.html 12/09
Number of persecution cases in this province: 7
Number of persons
>3
Number of
Number of
Total number of
abuse cases: 0
persons
persons
sentenced: 0
persecuted: >2605
detained: 5
17
对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014 Anhui Christian pro-democracy activist Zhang Lin 2 persons A 10-year-old 2 was interrogated, his home searched and his interrogated girl locked up daughter detained and detained For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/03/hu-shigen-appeal-for-immediate-stop-of.html 02/27
A house church in Hefei was banned from renting a meeting place by government; 11/15 church faces forced shutdown For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/12/blog-post.html
>200
Number of
Number of
Number of
Number of
Total number of
persecution cases
persons
abuse cases: 1
persons
persons
in this province: 2
detained: 2
sentenced: 0
persecuted: >202
Zhejiang Theological seminary held by a church in Wenzhou was raided by joint law 05/17 enforcement squad For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/05/police-in-wenzhou-zhejiang-province.html
>3
Number of
>3
Number of
Number of
Number of
Total number
persecution cases
persons
abuse cases:
persons
of persons
in this province: 1
detained: 0
0
sentenced: 0
persecuted
Jiangsu Christian staff training in Xuzhou was >200 raided by Religious Bureau and police For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/03/exclusive-report-radio-free-asia-house.html 03/19
A house church in Taizhou was ordered to join “Three-Self” church system For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/06/blog-post_5293.html 06/09
Number of
>10
Number of
Number of
Number of
Total number
persecution cases
persons
abuse cases:
persons
of persons
in this province: 2
detained: 0
0
sentenced: 0
persecuted
>210
6. South China: Guangdong, Hainan (Total persecution cases in this region: 8, last year: 7; number of persons persecuted: >1050, last year: >574; number of persons detained: 0, last year: 24; number of persons sentenced: 0, last year: 0) Date
Cases (8)
Legal
Abuse (1 case,
Number
punishment
>4 persons)
of persons
Guangdong 01/03
Meetings of Guangfu Church in Guangzhou were repeatedly disrupted by Public Security Bureau
18
>1000
对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014 For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/12/house-churches-across-china-experience.html Zhongfuwanmin Church in Tangxia, Dongguan, was forced by landlord to relocate For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/04/blog-post_8785.html 03/20
>3
The Cozy Home Church in Guangzhou was forced by landlord to relocate
04/03
>3
For details , see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/04/blog-post_8785.html 07/02
Guangfu Church was again cut off water and
>3
electricity by authorities For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/07/blog-post_12.html 09/04
Guangfu Church was forced to relocate again
>3
For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/09/blog-post_4.html 12/22
A house church in Jiangmen was raided
>3
For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/12/blog-post_7075.html Number of
Number of persons
Number of
Number of
Total number of persons
persecution cases
detained: 0
abuse cases: 0
persons
persecuted: >1015
in this province: 6
sentenced: 0 Hainan
More than 10 churches in Hainan were Outlawed outlawed For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/06/government-shuts-down-at-least-dozen.html
>30
County government privately sold the building More than 4 site of Christian church to land developers; persons beaten believers were beaten violently when preventing construction on the site For details, see ttp://www.chinaaid.org/2013/08/news-flash-hainan-christians-violently.html
>5
05/26
08/13
Number of
Number of
persecution cases
persons detained:
in this province: 2
0
Number of
Number of
Total number of persons
abuse cases: 1
persons
persecuted: >35
sentenced: 0
7. Central China: Henan, Hunan (Total persecution cases in this region: 23, last year: 11; number of persons persecuted: >1563, last year: >1056; number of persons detained: >119, last year: 76; number of persons sentenced: 7, last year: 0)
19
对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014
Date
Cases (23)
Legal
Abuse (7
Number
punishment
cases, >26 persons)
of persons
Henan National Security Protection Agency and Religious Bureau confiscated believers’ possessions forcibly For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/02/henan-mengzhou-house-church-raided.html
>3
China House Church Association’s bible study class was raided by Nanyang Public Security Bureau and Religious Bureau For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/01/caa-news-flash-police-raid-chinese.html
>3
7 house church leaders in Pingdingshan, 7 persons Henan were criminally detained and received sentenced to heavy sentences a year later imprisonment For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/04/henan-house-church-revival-meeting.html
7
A house church in Nanyang was raided by 1 person police; famous American church leader Bao under house Dening was placed under house arrest arrest For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/04/henan-house-church-revival-meeting.html
>60
01/01
01/07
04/01
04/20
Late April
Pastor Su Zhongxing was criminally detained for selling Christian books and remains in detention to this day
1 person
1
criminally detained
For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/07/blog-post_7265.html “Unity Church” in Xinyang, Henan, was 3 persons taken raided by authorities; pastor Zhang Yinan into police custody and American speakers were taken into police custody For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/06/well-known-house-church-pastor-zhang.html
>20
Three-Self Church properties in Kaifeng were sealed for 40 years; 6 churches 06/13 defended their rights collaboratively; police maintained stability For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/07/a-three-self-churchs-land-occupied-for.html
>700
06/06
06/15
A Christian church in Sunzhuang,
>3
Zhengzhou, faced forcible demolition; believers guarded the church building For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/08/zhengzhou-sunzhuang-christian-church.html 11/16
Pastor Zhang Shaojie of Nanle Three-Self Church was abducted for rights defense
3 persons seized
1 person
and placed into
beaten
>3
police custody For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/11/three-self-sanctioned-church-pastor-and.html 11/17
Nanle Three-Self Church was raided during its meeting; Pastor Zhang Shaojie’s daughter fled town 20
>150
对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014 For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/11/update-three-self-sanctioned-church.html Nanle authorities forbade lawyers to meet with detained Christians; church was raided again during its meeting For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/11/more-governmental-obstacles-faced-by.html 11/24
12/01
Nanle Christian Church was forcibly shut down; believers’ outdoor worship service was violently raided
More than 2
>150
>200
persons beaten
For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/12/nanle-county-christian-church-spends.html 12/06
Christians in Nanle who visited brutally tortured sisters were dispersed by police with force; a minor boy was beaten
4 persons taken into police custody
1 person beaten
>20
For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/12/blog-post_8209.html Christians from Hebei were beaten when visiting Nanle Church; detained believers of 12/07 Nanle Church were tortured by police for confession For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/12/blog-post_7.html
4 persons beaten, 1 person tortured
15 members of the Delegation of Lawyers for the Nanle Religious Case were surrounded 12/12 and beaten by more than 100 policemen and government-hired gang members For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/12/ap-lawyers-for-detained-china-church.html Lawyers of the Delegation of Lawyers for the 12/13
11
15
More than 6
Nanle Religious Case and British reported
persons
were beaten
beaten
>6
For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/12/nanle-county-christian-church-lawyers.html Worship service in Huang county, Henan province, was raided by police For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/12/blog-post_20.html
>80
12/15
12/21
Nanle Christian Church pastor’s daughter and three female believers were taken into police custody
4 persons taken
1 person
into police custody
tied up for 5
4
days For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/12/update-nanle-county-christian-church_23.html 12/23
More than 100 Christians who spoke in support of Nanle Church were either seized or beaten by police
More than 100 persons taken into police custody
More than 10 persons beaten and had pepper spay applied to them
>100
For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/12/blog-post_4365.html Defense lawyers and Christians were surrounded by government-hired gangsters on Christmas Eve For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/12/surveillance-violence-continues-against.html 12/24
21
9
对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014
12/25
Zhang Cuijuan, a believer from Nanle Church, was arrested; Caonan, a Christian in Shenzhen, was detained for 15 days
1 person taken
2
into police custody, 1 person criminally detained
For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/12/15_26.html Zhang Shaojie’s internet connection at home was maliciously damaged; rights defense 12/30 lawyer was threatened with revocation of license For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2014/01/believers-from-nanle-county-christian.html
>15
Number of
Number of
Number of
Number of
Total number of
persecution cases in
persons
abuse cases: 7
persons
persons
this province: 22
detained: >118
sentenced: 7
persecuted: >1562
Hunan Christian Li Huaping was officially arrested
Criminal
for participating in citizen activities
detention; 1
09/22
1
person arrested For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/09/blog-post_50.html Number of
Number of persons
Number of
Number of
Total number
persecution cases in
detained: 1
abuse cases: 0
persons
of persons
sentenced: 0
persecuted
this province: 1
1
8. Southwest China: Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou (Total persecution cases in this region: 7, last year: 6; number of persons persecuted: >76, last year: >391; number of persons detained: 8, last year: 2; number of persons sentenced: 0, last year: 0) Legal Date
Cases (7)
Abuse (0)
punishment
Number of persons
Sichuan 16 house church leaders in Langzhong taken into 6 persons police custody for learning to play musical 04/26 administratively instruments; six sentenced to administrative detained detention; prayer meeting next day raided again by the police For details see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/04/news-flash-16-house-church-leaders-in.html Police broke into Autumn Rain Church and confiscated 2,000 publications titled “No abortion 05/29 on Children’s Day” For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/05/2000.html
22
36
>3
对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014 Believers of Autumn Rain Church detained for distributing anti-abortion publications; pastor Wang Yi threatened For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/06/blog-post_1.html 06/01
8
Number of
Number of
Number of
Number of
Total number
persecution cases
persons
abuse cases: 0
persons
of persons
in this province: 3
detained: 6
sentenced: 0
persecuted
>47
Yunnan A Tibetan house church in Shangri-la threatened >3 with being outlawed For details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/09/yunnan-province-christian-threatened-by.html 07/14
Kunming Theological Seminary was forced to relocate to Wenzhou For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/07/blog-post_7265.html 07/30
10/01
Church in Yingpan county persecuted; missionary
2 persons
couple detained
detained
>3
>3
For details, see http://www.chinaaid.net/2013/10/blog-post_8708.html Number of
Number of
Number of
Number of
Total number of
persecution cases in
persons
abuse cases: 0
persons
persons persecuted: >9
this province: 3
detained: 2
sentenced: 0 Guizhou
House church meeting busted by Public Security Bureau and Religious Bureau; believers told to attend “Three-Self” churches For Details, see http://www.chinaaid.org/2013/08/tongren-guizhong-religious-affairs.html 08/21
>20
Number of
Number of
Number of
Number of
Total number of persons
persecution cases in
persons
abuse cases: 0
persons
persecuted: >20
this province: 1
detained: 0
sentenced: 0
23
对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014
III. DIAGRAMS ILLUSTRATING GOVERNMENT PERSECUTION OF CHRISTIANS AND CHURCHES IN MAINLAND CHINA IN 2013 1. Breakdown by region of cases of persecution, abuse 62 60 56 52 48 44 40 36 32 28 24 20 16 12 8 4 0
23 17 12 8
6 2
2
8 2
1
7
1
1
Case of Persecution
7
0
Case of Abuse
2. Breakdown by region of number of people persecuted, detained 3200 3000 2800 2600 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0
3020
1563 1341 1291 1050
12
0
137
225 13
32
Number of persons persecuted
24
119 7
0
Number of persons detained
76 8
对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014
3. Ratio of clergy vs. laity persecuted (Note: total number of persons persecuted is 7424) 800 persons or 10.78%
6624 persons or 89.22%
Church leaders
lay believers
4. Ratio of clergy vs. laity detained (Note: Total number of detainees is 1,470 people.) 54 persons or 3.67%
1416 persons or 96.33%
Laity
Church Leaders
25
对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014
5. Breakdown by municipality & province of cases of persecution, abuse 63
61
60 57 54 51 48 45 42 39 36 33 30 27
22
24 21 18
12
15 12 9 6 3
4 21
0
2
1
7
5 0
6
4
3
1
7
6
1
0
1
0
1
1
2
1
1
2 0
0
1
0
Cases of Persecution
26
Cases of Abuse
2
3 1
1
0
3 0
1
0
对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014
6. Breakdown by municipality and province of number of people persecuted, detained 2605 2640 2520 2400 2280 2160 2040 1920 1800
1562
1680 1560 1440
1338 1291
1320 1200
1015
1080 960 840 720 600 480 360 240 120
3 0 4 0
69 8 0
13
68
0
17 1 0
15
210
202
138
86
118 5
2
3
0
0
0
35 0
0
Number of People Persecuted
27
Number of People Detained
11
47
6
9 2 20 0
对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014
IV. CONCLUSION: CHURCH SHINES BRIGHT IN POLITICAL SMOG AND IS PURIFIED BY THE REFINING FIRE OF PERSECUTION In 2013, politics were the priority of Chinese society, with several powers getting into the arena and political forces fighting one another for dominance, and thus ushering China into a “period of ideological warring states.” In raging political waves and the smog of ruthless communist ideology, the Church of Jesus Christ still shone bright like Noah’s ark in flood. In the burning fire of intense cultural hostility and persecution, God’s children either fell or walked on, and the Church has been constantly refined. In 2013, the total number of people persecuted by the government in China showed a jump of 50.9% over the previous year, the number of people sentenced went up by 33.3% compared with the previous year, and the number of people abused increased by 35.1% over the previous year. The overall facts based on these statistics further proved that whether Christians are granted freedom in China will be a critical indicator of whether political freedom is a reality in China. In the new year, a few Christians persecuted for their faith deserve our continual attention and adequate concern, including: Xinjiang Uygur Christian Alimujiang Yimiti, who has been in prison for six years and has not received a shortened prison term; “Randy” Chuan-Chuan Shan, who was a leader for a large publication network ministry of Beijing house churches, was forced to flee China with his wife and two young daughters in 2012 and has been in exile in Thailand for over a year as their applications for UNHCR asylum have not been approved by the United Nations; Guan Liu, an elder of Beijing Shouwang Church, who was forced to flee China with his wife and two young children in 2013, is now studying in the US and his future remains uncertain. In addition to unceasing domestic persecution, the Chinese government also continued to conducted United Front work on Christianity overseas through uniting and dividing. According to the plans laid out in “The State Administration of Religious Affairs' Important Work in 2013,” China’s Three-Self Patriotic Movement Committee and the Taiwan Christian Community held the “Cross-Straits Christianity Forum” in Taiwan in late August; the China Christian Council, the Three-Self Patriotic Committee and the Billy Graham Evangelical Association jointly held “Chinese-American Christian Leaders Forum” in midNovember in Shanghai. Moreover, the World Evangelical Alliance is also actively engaged and has officially invited representatives of China’s official Three-Self system to attend the evangelistic conference, held every six years, scheduled for late October 2014 in Seoul, South Korea. “The State Administration for Religious Affairs' Important Work in 2014,” issued on January 22, 2014, reveals that the Chinese government’s major activities pertaining to Christianity this year include 28
对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014
promoting the “theological construction” championed by Ding Guangxun (liberalism), the late leader of the Three-Self Church Patriotic movement; the key task is to have a grand celebration of the 60th anniversary of the Three-Self Patriotic Movement Committee. We may predict that based on specific analysis on the document that Beijing’s government will make obvious changes to its “management approach” towards Beijing Shouwang Church in 2014 and China’s official Catholic Church’s selfselection and ordination of clergy may further escalate its conflicts with the Vatican. In today’s global context, the ambiguous attitude of governments, parliaments and Christianity in the West has blended into China’s political smog. Furthermore, the peaceful transformation of the West by the Communist spirit, with “hostility to social elites and rich class and even distribution of wealth” at its core, has reached a climax and inevitably it is surrounding Christian faith with the intention to destroy it worldwide, making the ethics and morality of secular liberalism its platform and creating new weapons with law. In such circumstances, regarding persecutions happening in China, the West continues to be “politically correct” in rhetoric, but it is not taking decisive actions. Just as the Bible says, “That day Herod and Pilate became friends—before this they had been enemies.” (Luke 23:12) In the past 60 years, Jesus Christ’s Church in China has always placed her hope in the Almighty God. ChinaAid founder and president Pastor Bob Fu said, “House churches in China had a difficult year in 2013, but we won’t lose heart. Oppositely, only in such circumstances can churches be constantly purified, free of blemishes, mature and strong, and prepared for even greater mission. When political regimes and figures, one by one, sink into the long river of history, Jesus Christ’s Church stands tall and firm, and like it was 2,000 years ago; even the power of Hell cannot triumph over it.” We still have reasons to stay hopeful in the year of 2014, to continue to lend support and specific help to the persecuted; in prayers, we hope for a more purified and mature Church in China emerging out of persecution, which will be prepared to open up a new epoch for Chinese civilization when the flood recedes and dry ground can be seen.
“For He has rescued us from the dominion of darkness and brought us into the kingdom of the Son He loves.” Colossians 1: 13 (END) Further distribution and posting welcome. If quoting from this report, please provide proper attribution.
29
对华援助协会·美国 China Aid Association Midland, TX,USA 02/12/2014
ChinaAid Contacts Bob Fu, President; John, Spokesperson Cell: (267) 205-5210 Email:
[email protected] LA Office: Eddie Romero Tel: (323) 521-6777 Email:
[email protected] China Aid Association, USA Website: www.ChinaAid.org
30
