:jR5 lgjf{rg – nf]stGqsf] cfwf/ M ;'zf;g / ;d[l4sf nflu jfdkGyL ;/sf/ Û k|ltlglw;ef tyf k|b]z;ef lgjf{rg–@)&$ g]skf -Pdfn]_ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|_ sf]

;femf 3f]if0ffkq cfb/0fLo lbbLalxgL tyf bfh'efOx¿ Û ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff;Fu} g]kfnL ;dfhdf o'ufGtsf/L kl/jt{g ePsf] 5. o; P]ltxfl;s kl/jt{gsf] dxfg\ pknlAwsf ¿kdf /x]sf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog olta]nf /fi6«sf] d'Vo sfo{ef/ xf] . lglb{i6 ;do;Ldfleq ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rgn] To; sfo{ef/nfO{ k"/f ub{5 . :yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg eO;s]sf] kl/k|]Iodf cfufdL d+l;/ !) / @! ut]] ;+3 / k|b]z txsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg x'g] qmd;Fu} ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogsf] d'Vo sfo{ef/ k"/f x'g]5 . /fi6«sf] of] o'ufGtsf/L kl/jt{gsf nflu g]kfnL hgtfn] ljut &) jif{b]lv cg]sf}+ zflGtk"0f{ hgcfGbf]ng / ;z:q ;+3if{x¿ ;~rfng u/]sf 5g\ . oL ;+3if{sf qmddf xhf/f}+ of]4fx¿n] cfkm\gf] hLjg alnbfg u/]sf 5g\, xhf/f}+ of]4f a]kQf ePsf 5g\, xhf/f}+ 3fOt] / c+ue+u ePsf 5g\ . o;qmddf s}of}+ JolQmn] s7f]/ h]n;hfo ef]u]sf 5g\ / cfGbf]ng ;~rfngsf lglDt e"ldut hLjg latfpg afWo ePsf 5g\ . oL ;a} ;+3if{x¿sf] kl/0ffd g]kfndf xhf/f+} jif{b]lv sfod /fhtGqfTds Joj:yfsf] cGTo eO{ ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . P]ltxfl;s ;+ljwfg;efaf6 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L eO{ kl/jt{gsf dxfg\ pknlAwx¿ ;+:yfut ePsf 5g\ . d'n'sdf of] P]ltxfl;s kl/jt{g Nofpg] zflGtk"0f{ tyf ;z:q ;+3if{x¿, emfkf ljb|f]x tyf dfcf]jfbL hgo'4 Pj+ dw];L, cflbjf;L hghfltnufot pTkLl8t ;d'bfon] rnfPsf ;+3if{x¿df cfˆgf] hLjg pT;u{ ug'{x'g] dxfg\ ;lxbx¿k|lt efjk"0f{ >4f~hnL ck{0f ub{5f}+, a]kQf of]4fx¿k|lt ;Ddfg k|s6 ub{5f}+, 3fOt] of]4fx¿nfO{ clejfbg ub{5f}+ tyf oL ;Dk"0f{ ;+3if{x¿df efu lng] hg;d'bfonfO{ s[t1tf efj;lxt clegGbg ub{5f}+ . xfdL dxfg\ ;lxbx¿, cfGbf]ngsf cu|hx¿, cfGbf]ng / ;+3if{sf of]4fx¿ Pj+ cfdhg;d'bfosf] ;kgf, ck]Iff / cfsf+Iff k"/f ug]{ b[9;+sNk ub{5f}+ . cf;Gg k|ltlglw;ef / k|b]z;efsf] lgjf{rgdf Jofks pT;fxsf ;fy ;xefuL x'g xfdL ;Dk"0f{ dtbftfnfO{ xflb{s cfx\jfg ub{5f}+ . o; lgjf{rgdf ;xL Pj+ of]Uo hgk|ltlwx¿ rog u/L gofF ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] ;dfhjfb pGd'v /fi6« lgdf{0fsf nflu ;fdflhs–cfly{s ¿kfGt/0fnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg]{ sfo{df of]ubfg ug{ xfdL xflb{s Pj+ ljgd| cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ .

1

!= g]kfnsf] df}lns nf]stflGqs qmflGt M pknlAwsf] /Iff / sfof{Gjog @))^ ;fndf g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ :yfkgf ePb]lv g} oxfFsf sDo'lg:6 tyf jfdkGyL zlQmx¿n] nf]stGq tyf b]zelQmk"0f{ cfGbf]ngsf ;fy} ;fdflhs–cfly{s ¿kfGt/0fsf] g]t[Tj ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o :jtGqtf, :jfwLgtf, /fli6«o :jfledfg / lxtsf] /Iffsf ;jfndf cu|e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ . uj{sf ;fy eGg ;lsG5, sDo'lg:6 tyf jfdkGyL zlQmx¿ nf]stGq / /fli6«o :jfwLgtfsf kx/]bf/ x'g\ . To;sf/0f, g]kfnL sDo'lg:6 zlQmx¿ hgclwsf/ / b]zelQmsf] kof{o aGg k'u]sf 5g\ . ;fdGtjfb / ;fdGtL lg/+s'ztGq lj?4sf] nf]stflGqs qmflGtsf cf/lDes r/0fx¿df sDo'lg:6 tyf jfd kf6L{x¿sf] g]t[Tj x'g g;Sbf tL cfGbf]ngx¿ k"0f{tfdf k'Ug ;s]gg\ . sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngsf] zlQm / k|efj lj:tf/;Fu} nf]stflGqs qmflGtdf g]kfnsf jfdkGyLx¿n] qmdzM lg0ff{os e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf 5g\ . nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngx¿df sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] g]t[Tj :yflkt ePkl5 cfGbf]ngx¿ Pskl5 csf]{ ;kmn x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . ;+;b\ / ;/sf/df ;fd]n eP/ sDo'lg:6 qmflGtsf/Lx¿n] ;'wf/fTds sfdx¿åf/f ;fdflhs–cfly{s ¿kfGt/0fnfO{ ult lbg tyf /fi6«sf] :jtGqtf / :jfwLgtfsf] kIfdf dxTjk"0f{ sfd u/]sf 5g\ . @))& ;fnsf] kl/jt{gkl5 %* jif{;Dd d'n'sdf ;~rflnt cg]s ;+3if{x¿df sDo'lg:6x¿sf] cu|u0o e"ldsf /x\of] . sd/]8 k'iknfnn] #) sf] bzsd} cufl8 ;fg'{ePsf] ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngsf] cjwf/0ffcg'¿k sltko lg0ff{os ;+3if{x¿df g]kfnL sf+u|];nfO{ ;fy lng ;lsof] . kmn:j¿k @)$^÷$& ;fnsf] ;+3if{åf/f lg/+s'z /fhtGqåf/f g]t[Tj ul/Psf] k~rfotL tfgfzfxLnfO{ k/flht ug{ ;lsof] . To;kl5 ;+;b\leq / aflx/sf cg]sf}+ ;+3if{, dfcf]jfbL hgo'4, @)^@÷^# sf] zflGtk"0f{ hgcfGbf]ng, zflGtk|lqmof / ;+ljwfg;efsf] df}lns Pj+ ljlzi6 k|lqmofdfkm{t ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq :yfkgf eof] / g]kfnL nf]stflGqs qmflGt cfwf/e"t ¿kdf ;DkGg eof] . ;+ljwfg;efaf6 @)&@ c;f]h # ut] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 g]kfnL ;dfh gofF o'udf k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnnfO{ ;dfhjfb pGd'v /fHo 3f]if0ff ug'{sf ;fy} ;dfhjfb pGd'v ;fdflhs–cfly{s ¿kfGt/0fsf lglDt dfu{bz{g u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf sDo'lg:6 kf6L{x¿ vf; u/L g]skf -Pdfn]_ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|_ sf] g]t[Tj gePsf] eP g t ;+ljwfg;efsf] ljifo /fli6«o sfo{;"rL aGg ;SYof], g ljleGg afwfcj/f]wnfO{ kG5fpFb} ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;dfhjfb pGd'v ;+ljwfg g} 3f]if0ff x'g ;SYof] . sDo'lg:6x¿sf] cys k|oTg / kxn gePsf] eP g]kfndf cfhsf oL cu|ufdL kl/jt{gx¿ ;Dej x'g] lyPgg\ . ca log} b'O{ kf6L{sf] sfFwdf ;fdflhs Gofodf cfwfl/t ;';+:s[t / ;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0f ug]{ P]ltxfl;s lhDd]jf/L cfPsf] 5 . sDo'lg:6 tyf jfdkGyL zlQmx¿sf] g]t[Tj Pj+ d'Vo e"ldsfdf cfwf/e"t ¿kdf ;DkGg ePsfn] ;fdGtjfblj/f]wL nf]stflGqs qmflGt k/Dk/fut ;+;bLo u0ftGq jf cf}krfl/s

2

/fhgLlts nf]stGqdf dfq ;Lldt 5}g . of] ;dfhjfb pGd'v nf]stGq lg/Gt/ ljsl;t eO/xg]5 . k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo /fhgLlts k|0ffnL, ;+ljwfgsf] ;jf]{Rrtf, sfg'gsf] /fh, nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHo, cfjlws lgjf{rg, df}lns clwsf/, k"0f{ k|]; :jtGqtf, dfgjclwsf/, zlQm k[ysLs/0f, wd{lg/k]Iftf, wfld{s :jtGqtf, ;fdflhs Gofo / /fHosf c+ux?df ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTj h:tf ljifox¿ g]kfnL ;dfhjfbsf ljz]iftfsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf] /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ;+3, k|bz ] / :yfgLo u/L tLg txdf ul/Psf] 5 . 5 . :yfgLo txb]lv g} hgtfsf] :jzf;gnfO{ dxTjsf ;fy :yflkt ul/Psf] 5 . juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, n}+lus, eflifs, ;f+:s[lts pTkL8gsf] cGTo ug]{ k|lta4tfsf ;fy ;+3Lo k|0ffnL tyf ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLs/0f / ;fdflhs Gofosf] dfGotfnfO{ :yflkt ul/Psf] 5 . dlxnf, blnt, hghflt, t/fO{jf;L–dw];L, yf¿, d'l:nd, lk5l8Psf] If]q Pj+ pTkLl8t hgtfsf] /fHozlQmdf ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 . lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L, vfB ;Dk|e'tf / cfjf;nfO{ gful/ssf] df}lns clwsf/sf ¿kdf c+uLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . of] ;+ljwfg ultzLn / ljsf;dfg b:tfj]h xf] . cfjZostfadf]lhd o;sf] ;+zf]wg, kl/dfh{g / ljsf; eO/xg]5 . o;/L g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;fj{ef}ldstf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, :jfwLgtf / hgtfdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d;Qf afx]s j}wflgs af6f]af6 kl/jt{gsf] 9f]sf vf]n]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] cjnDag u/]sf] nf]stGq df}lns :j¿k / gofF k|of]usf ¿kdf :yflkt ePsf] 5 . tbg'¿k :yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg eO;s]sf] 5 . lgjf{lrt ;+:yfx¿ ;dfj]zL rl/qdf ;+;f/s} gd'gfsf ¿kdf 5g\ . cfˆgf] If]qsf] ljsf;, ;dGjo, ;zQmLs/0f / k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwgsf] ;+/If0f / pkof]udfkm{t\ ;d[l4 tyf ;'zf;gsf lglDt logLx? clwsf/ / st{Jon] ;';lHht 5g\ . k|ltlglw;ef / k|b]z;efsf] lgjf{rgn] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg k"0f{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg]5 . ce"tk"j{ / P]ltxfl;s dxTjsf oL lgjf{rgx¿nfO{ ;dod} ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg ug'{ olta]nf l;+uf] /fi6«sf] d'Vo sfo{ef/ xf] . @= jfdkGyL tfnd]n / kf6L{ Pstf M /fi6«sf] P]ltxfl;s cfjZostf ljut %) jif{b]lv ljeflht g]kfnsf] sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngnfO{ PsLs[t ug{ /fi6«sf] lg0ff{os zlQmsf ¿kdf /x]sf g]skf -Pdfn]_ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|_ sf aLr @)&$ c;f]h !& ut] PsLs[t sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ lgdf{0f ug]{ P]ltxfl;s 3f]if0ff xfdLn] u/]sf 5f}+ . of] 3f]if0ff sfof{Gjogsf] klxnf] sbdsf ¿kdf xfdLx¿ /fi6«JofkL tfnd]n / jfd u7aGwg lgdf{0f ub}{ lgjf{rgdf xf]ldPsf 5f}+ . o; sbd;Fu} d'n'sleq tyf aflx/ t/+u l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . sDo'lg:6x¿sf] km'6af6 kmfObf p7fpFb} /fi6« / hgtfdfly zf;g ug{ kNs]sf k|ltlqmofjfbLx¿ cfkm\gf] P]; / cf/fdsf] :j0f{o'u ;dfKt x'g] eon] ljlIfKt eP/ sDo'lg:6 clwgfosjfbsf] xf}jf lk6fpg yfn]sf 5g\ . k|ltlqmofjfbLx¿n] rnfPsf] o:tf] e|dk"0f{ xNnf pgLx¿sf] xtf; dgl:yltsf] kl/rfoseGbf c? s]xL xf]Og . 3

xfd|f b'O{ sDo'lg:6 kf6L{x¿sf] of] Pstf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @^( sf] pkwf/f ! df plNnlvt …;dfg /fhgLlts ljrf/fwf/f, bz{g / sfo{qmddf k|lta4 JolQmx¿n]Ú /fhgLlts kf6L{ lgdf{0f / ;~rfng ug{ kfpg] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgcg'¿k 5 . of] Pstfsf] kxn g]kfnsf cfd Gofok]|dL, k|ultzLn / b]zeQm hgtfsf] ;Ddfgsf] kl/rfos xf] . of] Pstf k|oTg @))& ;fnb]lv ;'? ePsf] /fhgLlts cl:y/tf cGTosf] ;"rs xf] . of] g]kfnL hgtfdf /x]sf] ul/aL, cefj, k5f}6]kg, e]befj / c;dfgtf ;dfKt ub}{ ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t ;';+:s[t / ;d[4 /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] k|lta4tf klg xf] . of] Pstf /fi6« k'glg{df{0f ug]{ ;+sNksf] Bf]ts xf] . o; dxfcleofgdf ;fd]n x'g xfdL ljleGg sDo'lg:6sf cltl/Qm ;a} jfdkGyL, b]zeQm / ;Rrf nf]stGqjfbLx¿nfO{ cfx\jfg ub{5f}+ . lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, ljZjJofkLs/0f, ;+;f/sf clwsf+z b]zx¿sf] ljsf; / b'|tultdf ljsl;t eO/x]sf b'O{ l5d]sL d'n'sx¿sf] cufl8 ca g]kfnnfO{ ;+;f/s} cNkljsl;t, ul/a, lk5l8Psf], k/lge{/ / x]lkP/ a:g afWo d'n'ssf ¿kdf sbflk /fVg'x'Fb}g . /fli6«o :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}ldstf, :jfwLgtf, :jfledfg / cv08tf hf]lvddf /xg] l:ylt ;bfsf nflu cGTo ug'{kb{5 . g]kfn;Fu ;d[l4sf cyfx cfwf/x¿ 5g\ . /fli6«o :jtGqtfsf] /Iff ug]{ jL/ k'vf{sf ;Gtfg xfdLx¿ >dzlQmsf ¿kdf 5f}+ . g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf lglDt ;+;f/el/af6 s/f]8f}+ xftx¿ ;xof]usf lglDt tof/ 5g\ . dfq oL ;a} ;sf/fTds kIfx¿nfO{ pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] /fli6«o g]t[Tjsf] vfFrf] 5 . o:tf] g]t[Tj Ifdtf Pstfa4 eO/x]sf oL b'O{ sDo'lg:6 kf6L{x¿;Fu dfq 5 . oxL IfdtfnfO{ phfu/ ug{ xfdL b'O{ sDo'lg:6 kf6L{x¿n] PsLs[t sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ lgdf{0f ug]{ 3f]if0ff u/]sf xf}+ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;fdflhs–cfly{s ¿kfGt/0f;lxt ;dfhjfb pGd'v Joj:yftkm{ dfu{lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] o;} dfu{lgb]{zadf]lhd cufl8 a9\g xfdL k|lta4 5f}+ . cfhsf] ;dfhjfb cfhs} ljz]iftfdfly cfwfl/t eP/ df}lns 9+un] dfq lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 / ug'{kb{5 . k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo /fhgLlts k|0ffnL / nf]stflGqs d"No– dfGotf g]kfnL ;dfhjfbsf ljz]iftfsf ¿kdf /xg]5g\ . of] g]kfnL hgtfsf] rfxgf / b]zsf] cfjZostf xf] . o; ;dfhjfbdf b]z ljsf;sf nflu /fli6«o k'FhLsf] ;+/If0f, ljsf; / kl/rfng ul/g]5 . hgtfsf] ;dy{g k|fKt x'Fbf xfdL /fHosf] g]t[Tj ug]{5f+}, ;dy{g k|fKt ePg eg] k|ltkIfdf /xg]5f}+ . t/, ;+ljwfg;Ddt ;dfhjfb pGd'v k|0ffnLnfO{ eTsfP/ /fi6«nfO{ cl:y/tftkm{ ws]Ng] k|of;nfO{ eg] ;kmn x'g lb+b}gf}+ . kf6L{ PsLs/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg …kf6L{ Pstf ;+of]hg ;ldltÚ u7g ePsf] 5 . PsLs/0fsf] sfd k"/f gx'Fbf;Dd b'j} kf6L{sf ;a} sld6L / hg;+u7gx¿ oyfjt\ ¿kdf ;~rfngdf /xg]5g\ . lgjf{rg ;DkGg ePkl5 kf6L{ PsLs/0fsf lglDt cfjZos sfdx¿ cl3 a9fOg]5g\ . hlt ;Sof] l56f] P]ltxfl;s Pstf dxflwj]zg ;DkGg u/L ljlwjt\ PsLs[t kf6L{ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . s]xL sfg'gL hl6ntf / efjgfTds kIfnfO{ Wofg lbFb} cfufdL k|ltlglw;ef / k|b]z;efsf lgjf{rgdf Pp6} r'gfj lrx\g lnP/ hgtfaLr hfg g;lsPsfn] lgjf{rgdf b'j} kf6L{sf r'gfj lrx\gx¿ k|of]u ul/g]5g\ . g]skf Pdfn]_ sf pDd]bjf/x¿sf lglDt ;"o{ lrx\gdf dtbfg ul/g]5 / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|_ sf pDd]bjf/x¿sf lglDt uf]nfsf/leq xFl;of–xyf}8f lrx\gdf dtbfg ul/g]5 . 4

#= zflGt, ;d[l4 / ;dfgtf M xfd|f] cfwf/e"t k|lta4tf -s_ g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}ldstf, :jfwLgtf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, :jfledfg Pj+ lxtsf] /Iff / /fi6«sf] ;d[l4 xfd|f] cfwf/e"t k|ltj4tf xf] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] lgb]{zg u/]cg'¿k /fli6«o :jfwLgtf Pj+ lxtnfO{ s]Gb|laGb'df /fv]/ :jtGq / c;+nUg k//fi6« gLlt cjnDag ul/g]5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] a8fkq, k~rzLnsf] l;4fGt, kf/:kl/s ;Ddfg, ;dfgtf Pj+ nfe / /fli6«o lxtsf cfwf/df l5d]sLnufot ;a} d'n's;Fu d}qLk"0f{ ;DaGw ljsf; ul/g]5 . ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq, d'n'ssf] cfjZostf / /fli6«o lxtcg'¿k /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 tyf cfjZostfcg';f/ o;sf] kl/dfh{g / ljsf; ul/g]5 . -v_ g]kfnL hgtfsf] dxfg\ ;+3if{åf/f k|fKt ;dfhjfb–pGd'v nf]stflGqs u0ftGq, ;+3Lotf, ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLs/0f, ;fdflhs Gofo / wd{lg/k]Iftfh:tf P]ltxfl;s pknlAw;lxt hgtfsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo zf;gk|0ffnLnfO{ ;+:yfut ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] k"0f{ :jfldTj lnFb} To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -u_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog ub}{ ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{;lxtsf] nf]stflGqs k|0ffnLsf] /Iff / ;'b[9Ls/0f, dfgjclwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt, ;'zf;g / kf/blz{tfnfO{ alnof] t'NofOg]5 . cfjlws lgjf{rgaf6 tfhf hgfb]z k|fKt ug]{ / c;xdlt Pj+ k|ltkIfsf] sb/ x'g] k|0ffnLsf] cg'z/0f ul/g]5 . ef}uf]lns tyf ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfo'Qm g]kfnL ;dfhdf ;a}sf nflu Gofo, ;Ddfg / cj;/ ;'lglZrt ub}{ ;fdflhs ;b\efj sfod ul/g]5 . ;fdflhs ;b\efjsf] af6f]af6 /fli6«o Pstf, lbuf] zflGt / :yfloTj sfod ul/g]5 . zflGt / :yfloTjsf] jftfj/0fdf cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4 xfl;n ul/g]5 . /fli6«o lxtnfO{ ;jf]{kl/ /fVb} :jfwLgtf / cv08tf ;'b[9 ul/g]5 . c;n l5d]sL ;DaGw, kf/:kl/s nfe, ;Ddfg, ;dfgtf, cGt/f{li6«o pQ/bfloTj, ;fj{ef}d ;dfgtf, Gofof]lrt ;DaGw, k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo /fhgLlts k|0ffnL / nf]stflGqs d"No– dfGotfdf cfwfl/t ;dfhjfb sf] cEof; ul/g]5 . -3_ /fi6«sf] d'Vo sfo{ef/ tLj| cfly{s ljsf; / ;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] pRr:t/sf] ;d[l4 ePsfn] tbg'¿k sfo{qmd, d"n sfo{gLlt / sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . o;sf] nIo ;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] ;';+:s[t / ;d[4 ;dfhjfb x'g]5 . ;fdGtjfbsf cjz]ifx¿nfO{ ;dfKt kfl/g]5 . /fli6«o cf}Bf]lus k'FhLsf] ljsf; ub}{ cfTdlge{/ tyf ;an cy{tGqsf] lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . ;fj{hlgs If]q;Fu} lghL If]q tyf ;xsf/L If]qnfO{ klg plQs} dxTjsf ;fy k|jw{g ul/g]5 . cy{tGqdf :j:y k|lt:kwf{ :yflkt ul/g]5 . -ª_ zflGtk|lqmofsf afFsL sfd ;DkGg ul/g]5 . ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;Fu ;DalGwt ;Tolg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u / a]kQf 5fglag cfof]usf sfdx¿ o;} cjlwdf ;DkGg u/L d'n'sdf lbuf] zflGt :yfkgf ul/g]5 . 3fOt] tyf ckf+utf ePsf JolQmx¿ / ;a} lj:yflktnfO{ ;;Ddfg k'gM:yflkt ul/g]5 .

5

-r_ dhb'/, ls;fg, >dhLjL, zf]lift, kLl8t, ul/a hgtfsf] lxtsf kIfdf Jojl:yt sfo{of]hgf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . dlxnf, blnt, hghflt, dw];L, yf¿, d'l:nd / ;a} pTkLl8t hflt / lk5l8Psf If]qsf hgtfsf] xs, lxt, klxrfg / :jfledfgsf] kIfdf xfd|f sfdx¿ lgb]{lzt x'g]5g\ . -5_ ;a} ju{, tx / ;d'bfosf hgtfnfO{ ;dfg ¿kdf clwsf/;DkGg agfO{ /fli6«o Pstf ;'b[9 kfl/g]5 . ;'b[9 cfGtl/s Pstfsf cfwf/df /fli6«o :jfwLgtf / lxtsf] /Iff ul/g]5 . $= :jR5 lgjf{rg–nf]stGqsf] cfwf/ M ;'zf;g / ;d[l4sf nflu jfdkGyL ;/sf/

;+3Lo ;+/rgfsf tLg} txsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ xfdLn] g]kfnsf] ;d[l4sf lglDt dxTjk"0f{ k|:yfglaGb'sf ?kdf lnPsf 5f}+ . g]kfnsf] /fhgLltnfO{ l;+uf] ;dfhsf]

cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f / ;d'Ggt Pj+ ;d[4 ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 . o; lgjf{rgnfO{ xfdLn] g]kfnsf] ;d[l4sf] lbzfdf dxTjk"0f{ k|:yfg laGb'sf ¿kdf lnPsf 5f}+ . slxNo} s;}sf] pklgj]z gag]sf] b]zsf hgtf x'g kfPsf]df xfdL uf}/j ub{5f}+ . l5d]sLx¿ ;of}+ jif{ pklgj]zdf /xFbf ;d]t xfd|f] b]z :jtGq ¿kdf lz/ 7f8f] kf/]/ v8f eO/x\of] . xfdL ljZjs} ;'Gb/ b]zx¿dWo] Ps g]kfnsf hgtf x'g kfPsf]df ulj{t 5f}+ . k"jL{o ;Eotfsf] pb\ud :yn xfd|f] e"ld snf, ;flxTo / ;+:s[ltsf] uf}/jsf] k|tLs / v'nf ;+u|xfno xf] . of] hn, hldg, h+un, / hgzlQmn] ;DkGg ePsf] / h}ljs ljljwtf, pmhf{, s[lif, ko{6g, / dfgj ;+zfwgh:tf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] k|r'/ cfwf/ / kof{Kt ;Defjgf ePsf] b]z xf] . o;;Fu e"ue{df wft' / cwft'hGo ax'd"No vlghsf e08f/x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . lognfO{ k|of]u u/]/ b|'tt/ ultdf g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ ;d[4 agfOg]]5 . g]kfnL hgtfn] lg/+s'ztGqsf] cGTo / nf]stGqsf] :yfkgfkl5 tLj| cfly{s ljsf; / To;sf] k|ltkmn ;dfg ¿kdf pkef]u ug{ kfpg] cj;/sf] ck]Iff u/]sf 5g\ . hgtfsf] cfsf+Iff / cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug]{ xfd|f k|lta4tf lgjf{lrt EfP;Fu} bL3{sfnLg ;f]r, of]hgf, / sfo{qmd ;lxt sfof{Gjog ug{ ;'? ug]{5f}+ . nfdf] ;dosf] ;+qmd0fsfn / g]kfnL /fhgLltdf b]lvPsf] k/fd'vL k|j[lQ, r/d ;Qfnf]n'ktf, e|i6frf/ Pj+ ;'zf;gsf] cefj / gjpbf/jfbL cfly{s gLltsf] cGw kIfkf]if0fsf sf/0f ;+;f/s} ul/a x'g'k/]sf] cj:yfnfO{ kl/jt{g ul/g]5 . ul/aL, a]/f]huf/L / cefjaf6 hgtfnfO{ d'Qm ug]{tkm{ pko'Qm gLlt / sfo{qmdx¿ of] 3f]if0ffkqdfkm{t xfdLn] cufl8 ;f/]sf 5f}+ . of] 3f]if0ffkqdf gofF o'usf ljz]iftfdf cfwfl/t g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;d[l4sf] 7f]; sfo{of]hgf ;dfj]z u/]sf 5f}+ . o;nfO{ k"/f ug{ cfufdL lgjf{rgaf6 xfdLnfO{ ;'ljwfhgs ax'dt;lxtsf] ;/sf/ u7g ug]{ hgfb]zsf nflu ;Dk"0f{ hg;d'bfodf xflb{s cfx\jfg ub{5f}+ . %= ;fdflhs–cfly{s ¿kfGt/0fsf d'Vo gLltx¿ 6

!= ;fdGtL zf]if0fsf ;a} cjz]ifx¿sf] cGTo, gf]s/zfxL tyf bnfn k'FhLjfbL zf]if0fsf] cGTo, pTkfbs zlQm, pTkfbsTj Pj+ pTkfbgdf tLj| j[l4, ;fdflhs Gofo Pj+ Gofof]lrt ljt/0f;lxtsf] cfly{s ;d[l4, ul/aL, a]/f]huf/L, c;dfgtf Pj+ k/lge{/tfsf] cGTo, cfTdlge{/ cy{tGqsf] ljsf; / ;du|df ;dfhjfb pGd'v /fli6«o cf}Bf]lus cfly{s qmflGt xfd|f] d"n cfly{s sfo{lbzf / dfu{lrq x'g]5 . @= cfly{s ljsf;sf] k|lqmofnfO{ u'0ffTds tLj|tfsf ;fy cl3 a9fpg /fHosf tkm{af6 g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf v]lng]5 . /fi6«sf] :jtGqtf, :jfwLgtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, /fli6«o ;'/Iff, l;dfgfsf] /Iff, cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw, /fli6«o dxTjsf k"jf{wf/ tyf kl/of]hgf, lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f nufotsf If]qdf /fHon] g]t[Tj ug]{5 . lghL If]qnfO{ /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] dxTjk"0f{ c+usf ¿kdf ;fd]n / k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f, cg's"n >d ;DaGw / nufgL tyf d'gfkmfsf] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ul/g]5 . ;fj{hlgs–lghL–;fem]bf/LnfO{ dxTjsf ;fy cjnDag ul/g]5 . cy{ gLltsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/sf ¿kdf ;xsfl/tfsf] d"No dfGotfdf cfwfl/t ;xsf/L k|0ffnLnfO{ k|jw{g ul/g]5 . #= g]kfndf /fli6«o k'FhLsf] cfsf/ / ;fdYo{ cem} klg ;fgf] tyf sdhf]/ /x]sfn] /fli6«o cf}Bf]lusLs/0f / u'0ffTds cfly{s j[l4sf lglDt cfGtl/s k'FhL nufgL dfq ckof{Kt x'g]5 . To; cj:yfdf 7"nf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, cfoft k|lt:yfks tyf lgof{td"ns pBf]u / /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf cGo cfof]hgfx¿df ljb]zL nufgL leq\ofOg] 5 . cfGtl/s / afx\o nufgLdf ;Gt'ngsf] gLlt lnFb} cfGtl/s tyf afx\o nufgL k|jw{g ug{ cfjZos gLltut, sfg'gL, / Joj:yfksLo ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . $= cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ tLj| ¿kdf cl3 a9fpg hn;|f]t tyf pmhf{ If]qdf /fli6«o cleofgs} ¿kdf ljsf; tyf cfd ljB'TfLs/0f ul/g]5 . cfw'lgs k|ljlw ;lxt ;8s, /]n, ljdfg:yn, gx/ nufotsf 7"nf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿sf] tLj| ljsf; ul/g]5 . s[lif If]qsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f Pj+ Joj;foLs/0f ul/g]5 . ko{6g tyf pTkfbgzLn pBf]u If]qsf] ljsf;åf/f cfly{s ? ¿kfGt/0f ul/g]5 . gjlgdf{0fsf] cfjZostfcg'¿k dfgj ;+zfwgsf] ljsf;nfO{ of]hgfa4 9+un] tLj| ultsf ;fy cl3 a9fOg]5 . %= gjpbf/jfbsf] cGw kIfkf]if0fn] cg'Tkfbs / pkef]QmfjfbL k'FhLjfbnfO{ a9fjf lbO/x]sf] jt{dfg l:yltnfO{ cGTo u/L /fli6«o pTkfbgzLn k'FhL, >d / /f]huf/L s]lGb|t cf}Bf]lusLs/0f Pj+ ljsf; gLlt cjnDag ul/g]5 . tLj| cfly{s j[l4 / ;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] ;dfj]zL / lbuf] ljsf;, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / >ldssf] lxtnfO{ xfd|f] ljsf; gLltn] pRr k|fyldstfdf /fVg]5 . ^= Jofks ¿kdf cfoft k|lt:yfkg / lgof{t k|j4{g pBf]ux¿sf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . pTkfbsTj / pTkfbg j[l4 ug]{, /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug]{, cfly{s k/lge{/tf 36fpg], / Jofkf/ 3f6f ;dfKt kfg]{ cf}Bf]lus tyf jfl0fHo gLlt cjnDag ul/g]5 . &= ;+ljwfgn] df}lns clwsf/sf ?kdf :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L, vfB ;Dk|e'Qf / cfjf;nfO{ cfjZos sfg'g / tbg'¿ksf] of]hgf agfO{ nfu" ul/g]5 . e"ld, 7

k'FhL / k|ljlw;lxt pTkfbgsf ;a} ;fwgdf g]kfnL hgtfsf] Gofof]lrt kx'Fr :yflkt ul/g]5 . k|To]s gful/snfO{ 1fg, ;Lk tyf pBdzLntfsf] cj;/ k|bfg ul/g]5 . ;fdflhs ;+/If0f / k|To]s gful/ssf] ;'/IffnfO{ s]Gb|laGb'df /fv]/ hgtfnfO{ PsLs[t ;]jf k|bfg ul/g]5 . ;a} c;xfo j[4, afns, ckf+utf ePsf JolQm, lk5l8Psf If]qsf afl;Gbf, blnt, Psn dlxnf, ;LdfGts[t tyf nf]kf]Gd'v hflt, hghflt tyf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf ;a} JolQmnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] u/L k|efjsf/L /fli6«o ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd nfu" ul/g]5 . /fli6«o lzIff gLlt / k|0ffnLnfO{ kl/dfh{g ul/g]5 tyf /fi6«sf] cfjZostfcg'¿k lzIffnfO{ ;dtfd"ns, cg';Gwfgd"ns, Joj;flos / u'0f:t/Lo agfOg]5 . *= l5d]sL tyf afXo d'n'sx¿;Fu ul/Psf ;a} c;dfg / ckdfghgs ;lGw;Demf}tfx¿nfO{ /fli6«o lxtcg'¿k k|lt:yflkt ul/g]5 . ;dfgtf, kf/:kl/s nfe / ;Ddfgnufotsf k~rzLnsf l;4fGt, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] a8fkq / cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf :yflkt dfGotfsf cfwf/df ;a} b]z;Fu ;'dw'/ ;DaGw sfod ul/g]5 . log} l;4fGt / dfGotfsf cfwf/df l5d]sL d'n's ef/t / rLg;Fusf] ;DaGw 3lgi7 / ;'b[9 agfOg]5 . (= /fi6«sf] :jtGqtf, :jfwLgtf, ;fj{ef}ldstf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf / /fli6«o PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 ub}{ ;xsfl/tf, ;dGjo / ;xcl:tTjsf] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;sf] of]hgf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . !)= cfufdL kfFr jif{leq g]kfnnfO{ ljsf;zLn /fi6«sf] k+lQmdf k'¥ofOg]5 . !) jif{leq k|ltJolQm cfo sDtLdf % xhf/ cd]l/sL 8n/ k'Ug] u/L cfly{s j[l4nfO{ !) k|ltzteGbf dflYf k'¥ofpg] /fli6«o cy{tGq lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . o;}sf dfWodaf6 lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf hgtfnfO{ ;f] cj:yfaf6 d'Qm ul/g]5 . o; ztfAbLsf] cGTo cyf{t\ lj=;+= @)(( ;fn;Dd g]kfnnfO{ ;d'Ggt /fi6«sf] :t/df k'¥ofpg] u/L cfly{s / ;fdflhs ljsf;sf of]hgf / sfo{qmdx¿ cufl8 a9fOg]5g\ . !!= g]kfn nufot ljZjsf k|foM ;a} d'n'sn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3dfkm{t\ cl3 ;f/]sf lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox? ;g\ @)#) ;Dddf xfl;n ug{ xfdL k|lta4 5f}+ . lg/k]If ul/aL, ef]sd/L, lg/If/tf, c:j:ytf / c;dfgtfsf] cGTo h:tf oL kljq t/ r'gf}tLk"0f{ nIox? xfl;n ug]{ u/L ;fdflhs–cfly{s ¿kfGt/0fsf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx? cl3 a9fOg] 5 . ^= ;d[l4sf sfo{qmdx¿

8

!= e"ldsf] j}1flgs Joj:yfkg, cfw'lgs s[lif / ;DkGg ls;fg  b'O{ jif{leq /fi6«JofkL gfkL nfu" u/L e"ldsf] clen]v cBfjlws ul/g]5 . j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/ nfu" u/L e"ld;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ul/g]5 . e"pkof]u gLlt, of]hgf Pj+ sfg'gsf cfwf/df e"ldsf] juL{s/0f tyf pkof]u ul/g]5 . s[life"ld cltqmd0f ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf nfu" ul/g]5 . e"ld;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ clen]vx¿ l8lh6n k|0ffnLdf cfa4 ul/g]5 . df]lxofgL xssf] ;d:of sfg'gadf]lhd ;dfwfg ul/g]5 .  b'O{ jif{leq g]kfnnfO{ cfwf/e"t vfBfGg, df5f, df;', c08f / b"wdf cfTdlge{/ agfOg]5 . kfFr jif{leq vfBfGg lgof{t ug]{ cj:yfdf k'¥ofOg]5 . ;a}sf nflu vfB kf]if0f ;'/Iff k|Tofe"t ul/g]5 .  s[lifof]Uo e"ld ;xsfl/tfsf cfwf/df rSnfaGbL ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . s[lif k"jf{wf/df 7"nf] dfqfdf nufgL ul/g]5 . s[lif ofGqLs/0f, dn, aLp, k|ljlw tyf k|zf]wg / e08f/0fdf cg'bfg lbOg]5 . ;Dk"0f{ s[life"lddf ;'k/ hf]g, hf]g, Ans / ks]6 :t/sf cfw'lgs kmfd{x¿sf] ljsf; u/L df6f]cg's"n Pp6} afnL pTkfbg ul/g]5 . s[lif kmfd{x¿df Jofks ¿kdf 8]/L, kf]N6«L, kz'kG5L, df}/L / df5f kfng / vfB, kmnkm"n tyf u}/ vfB s[lifsf] pTkfbg ul/g]5 . aLp ;'/Iff sfo{qmd nfu" ul/g]5 . s[lif pTkfbsTj !) jif{df bf]Aa/ ul/g]5 .  s[lif pTkfbg, e08f/0f / ljt/0fdf cTofw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u / oflGqsLs/0f ul/g]5 . o;sf nflu cfjZos ;+Vofdf k|of]uzfnf :yfkgf ug]{ / cg';Gwfgsf sfo{qmdx? cl3 a9fOg] 5 . ;a} lsl;dsf] vfB tyf cvfB s[lifafnL / kz'kG5L Joj;fodf ladf Joj:yf nfu" ul/g]5 . ahf/df laqmL x'g g;s]sf] Jofj;flos pTkfbg ;/sf/n] vl/b u/L ;+lrt ul/g]5 / vfB ;'/Iffdf pkof]u ul/g]5 . lxdfnL If]qdf k|fs[lts zLte08f/ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 / tL zLte08f/nfO{ /fhdfu{;Fu hf]l8g]5 . x/]s :yfgLo txsf pTkfbg If]qdf ;/sf/af6 dfGotf k|fKt s[lif tflnd s]Gb|sf ;fy} s[lif ahf/, s[lif k|;f/, kz' ;]jf s]Gb|;lxt PsLs[t ;]jf s]Gb| :yfkgf ul/g]5g\ . s[liflj1 / cfjZos k|fljlws hgzlQm ljsf; ug{ Joj;flos tyf k|fljlws :s'n, sn]h tyf tflnd s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf ul/g]5g\ .  s[lif pTkfbgdf cfjZos /f;folgs / k|f+ufl/s dn b]zleq} pTkfbg ul/g]5 . qmdzM b]zsf] l;+uf] s[lif pTkfbg k|f+ufl/s dndf cfwfl/t u/fOg]5 . /f;folgs sL6gfzs ljiffbLsf] 7fpFdf k|f+ufl/s ljiffbL k|of]u ul/g]5 . cfufdL !) jif{df g]kfnnfO{ /;fog / ljiffbL d'Qm -cuf{lgs_ d'n's 3f]if0ff ul/g]5 . @= s[life"lddf kfgL M l;FrfOdf nufgL  kfFr jif{df ;Dk"0f{ l;FrfOof]Uo s[life"lddf cfw'lgs l;FrfO k|0ffnL nfu" ul/g]5 . t/fO{÷dw]; / leqL t/fO{sf] s[life"ld l;FrfO ug{ tdf]/–df]/ª 8fOe;{g, ;'gsf];L–sdnf / ;'gsf];L–dl/g–afUdtL 8fOe;{g, sfnLu08sL–ltgfp 8fOe;{g, /fktL–;'/fO{ 8fOe;{g, e]/L–aaO{ 8fOe;{g, klZrd ;]tL–s}nfnL–kf08'gh:tf gbL 8fOe;{g of]hgf cufl8 a9fOg]5g\ .  k'/fgf l;FrfO k|0ffnLnfO{ dd{t–;Def/ tyf k'glg{df{0f u/L k"0f{ Ifdtfdf ;~rfng 9

ul/g]5 . r'/] tyf dxfef/t If]qaf6 aUg] gbLsf] d'xfgdf afFw lgdf{0f u/L af9L lgoGq0f, ljB't\ pTkfbg, l;FrfO tyf df5f kfng sfo{qmd nfu" ul/g]5g\ . jiff{t\sf] kfgL;d]t pkof]u u/L /fi6«JofkL ¿kdf tfn / ;fgf7"nf kf]v/L lgdf{0f u/L 89]nf] lgoGq0f, rl/r/g / cGo l;FrfOdf ;b'kof]u ul/g]5 .  e"ldut l;FrfO ;DefJo ePsf t/fO{–dw]; / cGo :yfgdf :ofnf] tyf l8k 6\o'aj]n / kxf8L e"efudf cjl:yt ;dy/ e"efu, a+];L tyf 6f/df ;f}o{ pmhf{ Pjd\ cGo k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t lnkm\6 l;FrfO ;~rfng ul/g]5 . cfsf;] kfgL ;+sng tyf e08f/0f, yf]kf tyf kmf]xf]/f l;FrfO, Knfl:6s kf]v/L / tfntn}of Pj+ kfgLsf cGo ;|f]t k|of]uåf/f s[lifof]Uo hldgdf l;FrfO ;'ljwf pknAw u/fOg]5 . #= ljB't\ tyf pmhf{ j[l4 M /fi6«sf] cfly{s ;d[l4  cfufdL kfFr jif{df ;a} pTkfbg If]q, cf}Bf]lus If]q / ;8sdf rf}la;} 306f kof{Kt ljB't\ pknAw u/fOg]5 . pTkfbg, e08f/0f, ljt/0f, kfl/jfl/s r'nf], xf]6n, /]:6'/]G6x¿df ljB't\ pmhf{ k|of]u ul/g]5 . cfufdL tLg jif{df sf7df8f}+ pkTosfleq ljB'tLo ;jf/L;fwg dfq pkof]u ug]{ sfo{of]hgf nfu" ul/g]5 ] . cem} klg lah'nLaf6 jl~rt 3/kl/jf/df b'O{ jif{leq ljB't\ pknAw u/fOg]5 .  cfufdL !) jif{df hn, h}ljs, ;f}o{, jfo', kmf]x/ k|zf]wg / cGo j}slNks dfWodaf6 !% xhf/ d]ufjf6 ljB't\ pTkfbg ul/g]5 . ljB'tsf] pRr vkt x'g] pBf]ux?, oftfoft k|0ffnL / ufx{:y pkef]usf] dfWodaf6 ljB'tsf] cfGtl/s vkt k|lt JolQm÷k|lt3G6f !!) lsnf]jf6af6 a9fP/ !) jif{df !%)) lsnf]jf6 k'¥ofOg]5 . cfGtl/s vktaf6 ar]sf] pTkflbt pmhf{ lgof{t ug{ k|;f/0f nfOgx? lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .  cfufdL !) jif{df ;DkGg x'g] u/L s0ff{nL lr;fkfgL, a"9Lu08sL, klZrd ;]tL, gnl;+x uf8, pQ/ u+uf, gf}d'/], dflyNnf] lemd|'s, ;'gsf];L–!, ;'gsf];L–@, tdf]/, tfdfsf];L–# nufot kl/of]hgfx¿sf] sfof{Gjog tLj| ultdf cufl8 a9fOg]5 .  …3/3/df lah'nL M hghgdf z]o/Ú gLlt nfu" ub}{ cfsif{s hnljB't\ kl/of]hgfdf hgtf / ;/sf/sf] ;+o'Qm nufgL k|j4{g ul/g]5 . lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ klg o:tf kl/of]hgfdf ;]o/ pknAw u/fpg ljz]if ljQLo Joj:yf ul/g]5 . :jb]z / k|jf;df /x]sf g]kfnL gful/s tyf u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿nfO{ $( k|ltzt;Dd ;]o/ vl/b ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf kl/jf/nfO{ ljB't nfOg hf]8\g / ljh'nL pkef]udf ;x'lnot lbOg]5 .

10

 ;/sf/ ag]sf] klxnf] jif{d} k"j{–klZrd /fhdfu{sf] ;dfgfGt/ / /;'jfu9L–sf7df8f+}– jL/uGh;Dd & ;o ^% s]eL ljB't\ k|;f/0f nfOgx¿ lgdf{0f ;'? ul/g]5 . cfufdL kfFr jif{df s0ff{nL, u08sL / sf];L sl/8f]/ tyf dWokxf8L k'iknfn /fhdfu{sf] ;dfgfGt/ pRr Ifdtfsf k|;f/0f nfOg h8fg ul/g]5 . ljB't\ r'xfj6 /f]Sg / hf]lvd Go"g ug{ cTofw'lgs k|ljlwo'Qm ;'/lIft tf/ pkof]u ul/g]5 . zx/ / u|fdL0f If]qdf k|of]u x'g] ;Dk"0f{ ljB't\ k|;f/0f nfOg e"ldut u/fOg]5 . cfufdL tLg jif{df d'n'ssf] ;a} efudf ljB'tLs/0f ul/g]5 . $= oftfoft k"jf{wf/ M cfly{s ¿kfGt/0fsf] cfwf/  sf7df8f}+–t/fO{ b|'tdfu{ rf/ jif{leq lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . k"j{–klZrd /fhdfu{nfO{ kfFr jif{leq ^ n]gdf :t/f]Gglt ul/g]5 . cfufdL kfFr jif{df x'nfsL /fhdfu{nfO{ $ n]gdf :t/f]Gglt ul/g]5 . 8'afg If]qdf cfsf;] dfu{ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . cfufdL kfFr jif{df kz'kltgu/, r'nfr'nL, bds, w/fg, rt/f, lqo'uf, sdnfdfO{, x]6f+}8f, e/tk'/, b]j3f6, /fdk'/, l/8L, ;lGwvs{, Ko"7fg, 3f]/fxL, ;'v]{t, aflaofrf}/, ;'Fu'/vfn, cd/u9L / k"0ff{lul/;Dd ;d]6\g] u/L leqL t/fO{ s[lif tyf cf}Bf]lus sl/8f]/ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .  dWokxf8L k'iknfn /fhdfu{nfO{ $ n]gdf :t/f]Gglt u/L kfFr jif{df ;DkGg ul/g]5 . /fi6«JofkL ;8s ;~hfn lgdf{0f ubf{ cfjZostfcg';f/ pRr k'n / ;'?ª k|ljlwsf] Jofks k|of]u ul/g]5 . pQ/–blIf0f /fhdfu{ tyf t/fO{sf ;a} lhNnfdf /fhdfu{b]lv g]kfn–ef/t l;dfgf;Dd $÷^ n]gsf /fhdfu{ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . lxdfnL lhNnfsf ;b/d'sfdb]lv g]kfn–rLg l;dfgf;Dd @÷$ n]gsf /fhdfu{ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . k|To]s k|b]zsf s]Gb|x¿nfO{ $ b]lv ^ n]gsf cfw'lgs ;8sx¿dfkm{t\ d'Vo /fli6«o /fhdfu{;Fu cfa4 ul/g]5 .  cfufdL kfFr jif{df k"j{–klZrd /fhdfu{sf] ;dfgfGt/ tLj| ultsf ljB'tLo /]n ;~rfng ul/g]5 . o;} cjlwdf /;'jfu9L–sf7df8f+}–kf]v/f, n'lDagL ljB'tLo /]ndfu{ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . cfufdL kfFr jif{df /fhwfgL pkTosfsf rqmkyx¿df cfjZos ultsf] /]n ;~rfng ul/g]5 . sf7df8f}+ / jL/u~hnfO{ hf]8\g] /]ndfu{ lgdf{0f sfo{ cl3 a9fOg]5 . sf7df8f}+nufot cGo d'Vo ;x/x¿df ;DefJotf x]/L d]6«f] / df]gf]/]n, 6«fd / cTofw'lgs ;fj{hlgs oftfoft ;~rfng ul/g]5 .:yfgLo txdf rqmkysf] ;DefJotf cWoog u/L lgdf{0f cf/De ul/g]5 .  /fhwfgL sf7df8f}+nfO{ l5d]sL d'n'ssf /]ndfu{ ;~hfn;Fu tyf /fhwfgLnfO{ ;a} k|fb]lzs s]Gb|x¿;Fu b|'tdfu{x¿åf/f hf]l8g]5 . k|b]z tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/;Fu ;dGjo u/L k|b]z s]Gb|x¿nfO{ lhNnf ;b/d'sfd tyf :yfgLo txsf s]Gb|;Fu cfw'lgs oftfoft ;~hfnåf/f hf]l8g]5 .  cfufdL !) jif{leq ;DkGg x'g] u/L hndfu{, kbdfu{, s]a'nsf/ tyf 3f]8]6f] / uf]/]6f] af6f]] lgdf{0f, lj:tf/ Pj+ :t/f]Ggltsf a[xt\ kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . o; cjlwdf u|fdL0f If]qdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf *! xhf/ lsnf]ld6/ ;8sx¿nfO{ s[lif ;8sdf ¿kfGt/0f ul/g]5 . d'n'sdf clxn];Dd lgdf{0f eP hlt ;8s cfufdL !) jif{leqd} lgdf{0f ;DkGGf ug]{ u/L sfo{ ul/g]5 . %= cGt/f{li6«o ;Dks{sf nflu xjfO{ / hndfu{ 11

 lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynnfO{ lj:tf/ tyf :t/f]Gglt ul/g]5 . cfufdL kfFr jif{leq lghu9df cTofw'lgs cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . b'O{ jif{leq e}/xjf / tLg jif{leq kf]v/f cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f ;DkGg ul/g]5 .  lj/f6gu/, g]kfnuGh, ;'v]{t tyf wgu9L ljdfg:ynx¿nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o :t/df lj:tf/ / :t/f]Gglt ul/g]5 . ;a} cfGtl/s ljdfg:ynx¿nfO{ cTofw'lgs, ;'ljwf;DkGg / ;'/lIft x'g] u/L lj:tf/ tyf cfw'lgsLs/0f ul/g]5 .  afx\o / cfGtl/s ko{6g / dfusf] k|If]k0fsf cfwf/df g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf ljdfgsf] ;+Vof a9fOg]5 . lghL If]qsf xjfO{ ;]jfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .  sf];L, u08sL / s0ff{nL gbLdf cfGtl/s / afx\o hndfu{sf ;DefJotf cWoog ul/g]5 . pRr afFwo'Qm hnfzodf hndfu{sf] ljsf; ul/g]5 .  e"kl/j]li6t d'n'sx¿n] ;d'b| pkof]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfnL Wjhfjfxs kfgLhxfh ;~rfng ul/g]5 . ^= ;d[l4 / /fi6«sf] klxrfg M xfd|f] ko{6g  g]kfnnfO{ cfsif{s ko{6sLo uGtJosf ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 . h}ljs / ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf Pj+ k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{sf] cWoog–cjnf]sgsf nflu gofF uGtJosf] vf]hL / ljsf; ul/g]5 .  kj{tf/f]x0f, kbofqf tyf lxdfn cjnf]sgnfO{ yk cfsif{s / ;'/lIft ul/g]5 . hf]lvddf tTsfn p4f/sf] e/kbf]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5 .  ko{6gsf] ljsf;sf nflu tfKn]h'ªb]lv bfr'{nf;Dd hf]8\g] u/L …lxdfnL ko{6sLo kbdfu{Ú lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . n'lDagL, kz'kltgfy, hgsk'/wfd, d'lQmgfy, xn];Lnufot dxTjk"0f{ ko{6sLo uGtJosf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . P]ltxfl;s / k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf :yfgsf] ;+/If0f ul/g]5 . cfufdL tLg jif{leq cTofw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L w/x/fsf] k'glg{df{0f ul/g]5 .  g]kfnsf] ax'hftLo, ax'wfld{s, ax';f+:s[lts, ax'eflifs ljz]iftfnfO{ k|j4{g ub}{ ko{6g If]qx¿sf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . k|To]s :yfgLo txdf :yfgLo ljz]iftf;lxt Go"gtd Ps ko{6s uGtJosf] ljsf; ul/g]5 .  lgs'~h / jGohGt' cf/If0f If]qx¿nfO{ w]/} ko{6s cfslif{t ug]{ u/L ;+j4{g ul/g]5 .  cfufdL !) jif{df %) nfv ko{6sx¿ k'¥ofpg] u/L k|rf/k|;f/, ahf/ k|j4{g, k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f / kyk|bz{sx¿sf nflu tflnd s]Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 . ko{6g;DaGwL pRr cWoog / cfjZos hgzlQm tof/ ug{ ko{6g ljZjljBfno ;~rfng ul/g]5 .  ko{6s ;]jfsf nflu ljleGg dxTjk"0f{ ko{6sLo :yfgdf s]a'nsf/ / df]gf]/]n ;~rfng ul/g]5 . &= pBf]u / vlgh  …Ps k|b]z Go"gtd Ps cfw'lgs cf}Bf]lus If]qÚ gLltcg'¿k ;a} k|b]zdf 7"nf cf}Bf]lus If]q :yfkgf ul/g]5 . ljBdfg cf}Bf]lus If]qx¿nfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f ul/g]5 . oL cf}Bf]lus If]qx¿df !) jif{leq !) nfv JolQmn] /f]huf/L k|fKt ug]{ pBf]ux¿ :yfkgf 12

   



ul/g]5 . nufgLstf{sf nflu pBf]u :yfkgf ePsf] kfFr jif{;Dd ljB't\, kfgL / s/df ljz]if 5'6 lbOg]5 . k|To]s :yfgLo txdf Go"gtd Ps pBf]u u|fd ljsf; ul/g]5 . cfufdL kfFr jif{leqdf d'n'ssf ljleGg efudf km]nf k/]sf] vlgh / k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] cGj]if0f, pTvgg, k|zf]wg / k|of]u ul/g]5 . g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an, lghfdtL sd{rf/L, lrlsT;s tyf :jf:YosdL{, lzIfs / ljBfyL{n] k|of]u ug]{ nQfsk8f :jb]zd} pTkfbg ul/g]5 . ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ :jb]zd} pTkflbt j:t'sf] k|of]u ug{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 . g]kfnnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ cfwf/e"t cf}iflw :jb]zd} pTkfbg ul/g]5 . :yfgLo ;Lk, k|ljlw / sRrf kbfy{df cfwfl/t 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u k|j4{g ug{ /fHon] ljz]if gLlt lng]5 . cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofj;flos If]qdf pTkfbsTj j[l4 u/L cfufdL kfFr jif{df w]/}h;f] pkef]Uo j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿df cfTdlge{/tf sfod ul/g]5 . gful/sx¿nfO{ s/ ltg]{ afgL a;fNg Jofks k|f]T;fxg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . s/ gltg]{, s/ 5Ng] tyf Jofkf/ clwljhsLs/0f / Go"g ljhsL/0f ug]{dfly s8f sfg'gL sf/afxL ul/g]5 . cfGtl/s /fh:jaf6 ;/sf/L vr{sf] *) k|ltzteGbf a9L a]xf]g{ ;Sg] u/L s/sf] bfo/f / k|zf;g ;'b[9 ul/g]5 . ljb]zL ;xfotfdflysf] lge{/tf qmdzM x6fpFb} nlug]5 / ljb]zL ;xfotf grflxg] u/L cy{tGqsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ul/g]5 .

*= u'0f:t/Lo lzIff / z}lIfs k"jf{wf/ M /fi6«lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/  cfˆg} cg'ejx¿sf] ;dLIff ub}{ / ;+;f/el/sf gd'gf lzIff k|0ffnLx¿sf] cWoog ub}{ /fli6«o cy{tGq lgdf{0f / /fHo ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos kg]{ bIf hgzlQm lgdf{0fsf nflu cfufdL b'O{ jif{leq kl/dflh{t lzIff gLlt nfu" ul/g]5 . u}/k|fljlws ljifodf #) k|ltzt / Jofj;flos tyf k|fljlws ljifodf &) k|ltzt hgzlQm ljsl;t ug]{ u/L lzIff gLlt kl/jt{g ul/g]5 . tbg'¿k ;fwg;|f]tn] o'Qm kof{Kt ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .  ;+ljwfg k|bQ lzIffsf] df}lns xs sfof{Gjog ug{ s'n ah]6sf] @) k|ltzt lzIffdf nufgL ul/g]5 . k|b]z tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿ ;fwg;|f]t ;DkGg gx'Gh]nsf nflu dfWolds lzIff tyf cfwf/e"t :jf:Yodf s]Gb|n] nufgL ug]{5 .  dfWolds tx;Ddsf] ;Dk"0f{ lzIff clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns ul/g]5 . ljBfnodf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw clgjfo{ k|of]u ul/g]5 . O{–nfOa|]/L :yfkgf ug'{sf ;fy} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kf7\ok':ts / Nofk6knufot cfw'lgs lzIf0f ;fdu|L qmdzM pknAw u/fOg]5 .  dfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIffnfO{ s'g} klg txsf] ;'? ;/sf/L ;]jfsf nflu / pRr lzIffnfO{ /fli6«o cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ k|ltefjfg\ / Ifdtfjfg\ >dzlQm lgdf{0f ug{ ;~rfng ul/g]5 . /fi6«nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ lrlsT;s, OlGhlgo/, cy{zf:qL, Joj:yfksnufot bIf hgzlQm pTkfbgdf /fHon] ljz]if Wofg lbg]5 .  pRr lzIffdf cWoog, cg';Gwfgdfkm{t lj1tf / ljz]if1tfsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 .  u'?s'n, ljxf/, u'Daf, db/;f, v'nf Pj+ j}slNks lzIff sfo{qmdnfO{ /fli6«o lzIff k|0ffnL;Fu cfa4 ul/g]5 . b'O{ jif{leq ljBfno hfg] pd]/sf ;a} afnaflnsfsf] ljBfnodf egf{ ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 . cfufdL kfFr jif{df ;a} gful/snfO{ ;fIf/ t'NofOg]5 . 13

 ckf+utf ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ ljz]if lzIffsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . b'u{d If]qsf, ljkGg / ljBfno 6f9f ePsf ljBfyL{x¿sf lglDt cfjf;Lo lzIffsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . k|f/lDes afnlzIffb]lv sIff # ;Dd dft[efiffdf cWoog–cWofkg u/fpg cfjZos k|aGw ul/g]5 .  ;fj{hlgs lzIffdf nufgL j[l4 / lghL nufgLnfO{ lgodg ub}{ b'O{vfn] lzIff k|0ffnLdf /x]sf] ljifdtf x6fOg]5 . lzIffnfO{ pTkfbg, >d Pj+ :yfgLo cy{tGq / :yfgLo /f]huf/L j[l4;Fu cfa4 ul/g]5 .  z}lIfs If]qnfO{ /fhgLlts x:tIf]kd'Qm u/fOg]5 . ljBfnonfO{ zflGtIf]q agfOg]5 .  ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf nflu ;'/lIft ejg, kof{Kt kmlg{r/, k':tsfno, z}lIfs ;fdu|L, k|of]uzfnf, vfg]kfgL, zf}rfno, 5fqfjf;, v]ns'bsf] Joj:yf, ;/;kmfO cflbsf] plrt k|aGw ul/g]5 . (= ;a} gful/snfO{ ;'ne :jf:Yo ;]jf  :jf:Yo;DaGwL df}lns xssf] sfof{Gjog ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 . ;a} gful/snfO{ clgjfo{ :jf:Yo ladfdf cfa4 ul/g]5 . ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf hgtfsf nflu ladf /sdsf] %) k|ltzt ;/sf/n] e'QmfgL ul/lbg]5 . !% jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsf / ^% jif{dflysf Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo ;]jf pknAw u/fOg]5 .  x/]s ufpFkflnsfsf] s]Gb|df sDtLdf @% tyf gu/kflnsfsf] s]Gb|df %) z}ofsf ;'ljwf;DkGg c:ktfn ;~rfng ul/g]5 . k|To]s j8fdf cfjZos bIf hgzlQm, cf}iflw, pks/0f, k|ljlw / :jf:YosdL{;lxtsf :jf:Yo rf}sL / 3'DtL :jf:Yo ;]jf ;~rfng ul/g]5 .  Pnf]Koflys, cfo'j]{lbs, xf]ldof]Koflys, o'gfgL, cs'kGr/, cfDrL, k|fs[lts / k/Dk/fut :jf:Yo ;]jfnufot j}slNks pkrf/ k4ltnfO{ PsLs[t / ;dGjofTds ¿kdf ;]jfdf NofOg]5 . g]kfndf kfOg] h8La'6L tyf cf}ifwLhGo kbfy{sf] ;+j4{g u/L cf}iflw pTkfbg ul/g]]5 .  vf]k, :jf:Yo ;]jf / kf]if0fo'Qm vfgfsf] kof{Kt pknAwtf tyf :ofxf/–;Def/af6 afn d[To'b/ z"Godf k'¥ofOg]5 .  pRr /Qmrfk, d'6'/f]u, dw'd]x, lduf{}nf /f]u, bdvf]sL, SofG;/ cflb 3fts /f]ux¿sf] cf}iflw, /Qm k/LIf0f / :jf:Yo hfFr lgMz'Ns ¿kdf pknAw u/fOg]5 . lduf}{nf /f]uLsf nflu 8fonf]l;; tyf k|Tof/f]k0f ;]jf lgMz'Ns ul/g]5 . dfgl;s /f]u, 8]+u', lrsgu'lgof, dn]l/of, sfnfhf/, xfQLkfOn], l6aL, lgdf]lgof, 6fOkmfO8, emf8fkvfnf tyf l;Ssn ;]n Plgldofh:tf /f]usf] k|efjsf/L /f]syfd / lgoGq0f ul/g]5 .  k|To]s k|b]z ;b/d'sfddf ;'ljwf;DkGg Ps xhf/ z}ofsf] c:ktfn :yfkgf ul/g]5 . ;f] c:ktfn;Fu} ;fwg / ;|f]tn] ;DkGg 5'§} 8fof]Ugf]l;; s]Gb| :yfkgf ul/g]5 . To;}u/L, 6«df ;]G6/, ck|];g lyP6/, cfO{;Lo" ;]G6/ tyf e]lG6n]6/ ;]G6/x¿ :yfkgf ul/g]5 . oL ;a} :jf:Yo s]Gb|x¿df cTofw'lgs k|ljlw h8fg ul/g]5 . :jf:Yo ;]jfsf nflu nfdf] ;do kv{g'kg]{ cj:yf cGTo ul/g]5 .  ;/sf/L c:ktfndf sfd ug]{ lrlsT;s tyf :jf:YosdL{x¿nfO{ clxn] sfod tnadfgdf b'O{u'0ff a9L tna / eQfsf] Joj:yf ug'{sf ;fy} cf]e/6fOd eQfsf] Joj:yf 14

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klg ul/g]5 . ;/sf/L c:ktfndf sfo{/t lrlsT;s, g;{ / cGo :jf:YosdL{x¿n] lghL If]qdf sfd ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yf s8fOsf ;fy nfu" ul/g]5 . ;'tL{hGo kbfy{df lgoGq0f ug'{sf ;fy} dlb/f pTkfbg / ljqmL–ljt/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf lgodg ul/g]5 . k|To]s 3/df clgjfo{ zf}rfno / w'jfF/lxt r'nf]sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . w'jfF, w'nf] / /;fogsf] plrt Joj:yfkgsf nflu dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 . lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿sf] of}g tyf k|hgg :jf:Yo;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . Jofofd, of]u / dgf]/~hgnfO{ hLjgz}nLsf] c+u agfOg]5 . ckf+utf ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ :yfgLo c:ktfnaf6 lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo ;]jf pknAw u/fOg]5 . ljs6 ufpFx¿sf nflu Po/ PDa'n]G;sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . cfsl:ds b'3{6gf, k|fs[lts k|sf]k / ljkb\af6 x'g] 3fOt]x¿sf] ;Dk"0f{ pkrf/ lgMz'Ns ul/g]5 . :jf:Yo;DaGwL vf]h tyf cg';GwfgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . :jf:Yo lzIffnfO{ gfkmf sdfpg] dfWod agfpg lg?T;flxt ul/g]5 .

!)= dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf;  k|To]s ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfdf k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff tflnd kl/ifb\af6 dfGotfk|fKt k|fljlws lzIffno :yfkgf ul/g]5 . pd]/ k'u]sf ;a} JolQmnfO{ ?lr cg';f/sf] lgz'Ns tflnd k|fljlws tflnd lbOg] 5 .  k|fljlws lzIffnox¿df dfWolds lzIff k|fKt JolQmx¿nfO{ /fli6«o cfjZostfcg'¿ksf bIftf k|bfg ug{ k|of]u ul/g]5 . oL lzIffnox¿af6 bIftf k|fKt JolQmx¿nfO{ /f]huf/Ldf k|fyldstf lbOg]5 .  k|To]s k|b]zdf k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos dxfljBfno ;~rfng ul/g]5 . oL dxfljBfnox¿nfO{ pRr:t/sf bIf k|fljlws / Joj:yfks pTkfbg ug{ k|of]u ul/g]5 . s]Gb|Lo :t/df /fi6«nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ j}1flgsx¿ pTkfbg ug{ ljleGg cg';Gwfg s]Gb| :yfkgf ul/g]5 . j}1flgsx¿n] k|fKt u/]sf] 1fgnfO{ af}l4s ;DklQsf ¿kdf btf{ ul/g]5 . !!= :j:y hLjgsf] cfwf/ M v]ns'b ljsf;  /fi6«sf] klxrfg, ;Ddfg / ul/df clej[l4 ug]{ u/L v]n If]qsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . v]ns'bdfkm{t gful/sx¿sf] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s :jf:Yo, ;fd"lxs efjgfsf] ljsf; / cg'zfl;t tyf dof{lbt hLjgofkg ug{ l;sfOg]5 .  afUdtL pkTosfdf cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf rf/ /+uzfnf :yfkgf ul/g]5 / v]ns'b dxfljBfno ;~rfng ul/g]5 .  k|To]s k|b]z ;b/d'sfddf Ps cTofw'lgs / ;fwg;DkGg v]nu|fd;lxt /+uzfnf lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .  k|To]s :yfgLo txdf /+uzfnf, v]nd}bfg, o'jf Sna tyf ljr/0f kfs{x¿ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .  /fhwfgLdf v]ns'b ljZjljBfno / k|b]z ;b/d'sfdx¿df v]ns'b;DaGwL cfjf;Lo 15

ljBfno ;~rfng ul/g]5 .  k|fylds txb]lv dxfljBfnodf cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ v]ns'bdf efu lng clgjfo{ ul/g]5 . ;a} txsf ljBfnox¿df OG8f]/ tyf cfp68f]/ v]ns'b sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . ;fy}, ;'ljwf;DkGg v]nd}bfgsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .  ;a} ufpFkflnsf tyf gu/kflnsf j8fsf 6f]nx¿df v]nd}bfg / ljr/0f kfs{ agfOg]5 . gful/sx¿nfO{ laxfg–a]n'sf v]ns'bdf clgjfo{ efu lng k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 . !@= jftfj/0f / k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f  h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f ul/g]5 . hnfwf/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ul/g]5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;d'bfo;Fu ;xsfo{ ul/g]5 .  jGohGt' cf/If0f If]qnfO{ k|fs[lts lrl8ofvfgfsf ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 . ljsf;sf sfdx¿df jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, ;|f]tsf] ;'/Iffnufot ljifodf ;d'lrt Wofg lbOg]5 .  gofF ;+/rgfx¿ e"sDk / cfunfuL k|lt/f]wL, af9Lklx/f]af6 ;'/lIft agfOg]5 .  k|fs[lts ;|f]tdfly g]kfnL hgtfsf] cIf'00f clwsf/sf] k"0f{ /Iff ul/g]5 .  ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkgnfO{ Jofks agfOg]5 . sa'lnotL / lghL jgsf sfg'g ;/nLs/0f ul/g]5 . jgsf] kx'Fraflx/ /x]sf t/fO{–dw]; nufot ;a} If]qsf ;d'bfonfO{ jgsf] kx'Frleq NofOg]5 . ljkGg ju{, dlxnf, blnt, t/fO{jf;L–dw];L / hghfltsf] cfocfh{gsf cj;/ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . t/fO{–dw]; / leqL t/fO{sf !) nfv x]S6/ e"lddf nfvf}+ >dzlQm vkt x'g ;Sg] pRr:t/sf] kmlg{r/ sf7 pTkfbg x'g] s[lif jg ljsf; ul/g]5 . s[lif jg ljsf;sf nflu ls;fgx¿nfO{ ;:tf] Aofhdf cfjZos C0f pknAw u/fOg]5 .  Go"gtd $% k|ltzt xl/ofnL -jg_ If]q ;'/lIft ug{], h}ljs ljljwtf tyf kof{j/0f k|0ffnLsf] lbuf] ;+/If0f ug]{ / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/ sd ug{ gful/sx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ul/g]5 .  ljZjs} nflu clt cfjZos :jR5 kfgLsf] ;|f]t lxdfn tyf lxdtfnx?sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;|f]t tyf ;fwg kl/rfng ul/g]]5 . r'/] If]q ;+/If0f ug{ ToxfF /x]sf hf]lvdk"0f{ a:tL / cJojl:yt s[lifnfO{{ j}slNks :yfgdf Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 .  gbLvf]nf, kf]v/L, tfntn}of, wfld{s :yn, vfg]kfgLsf] d'xfg, v'nf If]q, ;8s, 6f]n jf cGo ;fj{hlgs :ynx¿df ;kmfO ul/g]5 . ;fj{hlgs :yndf ;'ljwfo'Qm ;fj{hlgs zf}rfno lgMz'Ns ;~rfng ul/g]5 . ;fj{hlgs :ynx¿nfO{ cltqmd0f x'g glbg] gLlt s8fOsf ;fy nfu" ul/g]5 .  h}ljs pmhf{ / k|f+ufl/s dn pTkfbgsf dfWodaf6 kmf]xf]/nfO{ lbuf] Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 .  dfkb08ljk/Ltsf Knfl:6s emf]nf / jftfj/0fdf k|lts"n c;/ kfg]{ ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]unfO{ lgif]w ul/g]5 . !#= ;Ifd k|b]z M clwsf/;DkGg :yfgLo ;/sf/  k|b]z / :yfgLo txnfO{ ;'b[9, ;+ljwfgk|bQ clwsf/sf] cEof; ug{ ;Ifd / cfwf/e"t 16

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nf]stGqsf] gd'gfsf ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 . k|b]z / :yfgLo txnfO{ cfTdlge{/, k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtfn] o'Qm, ljlzi6 klxrfgo'Qm agfpg ljz]if of]hgf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf nflu cfufdL kfFr jif{;Dd /fli6«o /fh:jsf] %) k|ltzt lx:;f pknAw u/fOg]5 . ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/Lx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos dfgj ;|f]t pknAw u/fOg]5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿sf] vf]hL / pkof]usf] sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug{ tyf Jojl:yt ;x/Ls/0f Pj+ PsLs[t a:tL ljsf;sf] u'?of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos k|ljlw;lxt k|fljlws hgzlQm pknAw u/fOg]5 . ah]6 lgdf{0f / kl/rfng ug{ k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fOg]5 . k|b]zsf s]Gb| 3f]lift ePkl5 ;DalGwt ;b/d'sfdx¿df :df6{ l;6Lsf] cjwf/0ffcg'¿k cTofw'lgs ;x/ ljsf; ul/g]5 . k|To]s k|b]zdf ljz]if cfly{s If]q ljsf; ul/g]5 . ToxfFsf] ;f+:s[lts klxrfg;lxt Ps rnlrq ;x/ ljsf; ul/g]5 . :yfgLo txsf ;efx¿n] tf]s]sf :yfgdf :df6{ l;6L ljsf; ul/g]5 . k|To]s k|b]zdf Go"gtd Ps ljZjljBfno / k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos dxfljBfnox¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 . cfufdL Ps jif{leq k|b]z :yfgLo txsf] ;x/L s]Gb|df k|b]z ;/sf/sf] ;lrjfno, k|b]z k|d'v tyf d'VodGqL sfof{no, k|b]z;ef ejg, pRr cbfntnufot :yfgLo txdf hgk|zf;g ejg, ;ef ejg, ljefuLo ejg, ljBfno–dxfljBfno, PsLs[t ;]jf s]Gb|, c:ktfn, ;fd'bflos ;]jf ejg / ;'/Iff rf}sLx¿ lgdf{0fsf nflu u'?of]hgf lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . Jojl:yt ;x/Ls/0fsf] of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L /fi6«JofkL ;x/Ls/0f sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . 5l/Psf a:tLnfO{ PsLs[t u/L pko'Qm :yfgdf pkgu/ of PsLs[t u|fd ljsf; ul/g]5 . o:tf ;+/rgf lgdf{0fdf u'0f:t/ sfod x'g] u/L pknAw eP;Dd :jb]zd} pTkflbt lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ul/g]5 . >dzlQm ;Dej eP;Dd :yfgLo txaf6} cfk"lt{ ul/g]5 . cfufdL kfFr jif{leq ;Dk"0f{ gful/sx¿nfO{ lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, /f]huf/L, v]ns'b, dgf]/~hg, kof{Kt :jR5 lkpg] kfgLsf] ;'lglZrttf x'g] u/L cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . 3/af/ljxLg ;'s'Daf;L, k"j{sd}of–sdn/L / k"j{xlnof, nf]kf]Gd'v hfltsf kl/jf/, d';x/, r]kfª, kf;L, rdf/, 8f]d, afbL, dfemL, /fp6], s';'G8fnufotsf ljkGg / k5fl8 k/]sf ;d'bfosf kl/jf/nfO{ % jif{leq 3/jf/ pknAw u/fOg]5 . k|To]s kl/jf/df Ps dlxnf / Ps k'?ifnfO{ /f]huf/L pknAw u/fOg]5 . ;xsf/L / ;d'bfosf] ;+nUgtfsf] k|j4{gaf6 j:t' / ;]jfsf] pTkfbg, ljt/0f / ahf/Ls/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt ul/g]5 . ;+ej eP;Dd ;a} j8f s]Gb|af6 cfwf 306fdf ufpFkflnsf÷gu/kflnsfsf] s]Gb|df tyf To:tf s]Gb|af6 clwstd b'O{ 306fdf /fhdfu{df k'Ug] u/L cfw'lgs ;8s ljsf; ul/g]5 . ;8s k'¥ofpg ;Dej gx'g] pRr lxdfnL If]qsf a:tLnfO{ s]a'nsf/nufot j}slNks oftfoftaf6 hf]l8g]5 . ljB't\, 6]lnkmf]gsf tf/, UofF;sf kfOk, vfg]kfgLsf kfOknufot ;a} e"ldut /flvg]5 . 17

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9nsf] ;d'lrt Jojl:yt ug'{sf ;fy} ;x/x¿df pTkflbt h}ljs kmf]xf]/af6 ljB't\ / k|f+ufl/s dn pTkfbg ul/g]5 . :yfgLo txdf kf]v/L, kfs{ / afn pBfg lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . ;a} j8f / 6f]ndf afnu[x, Ho]i7 gful/s cf>d, tflnd s]Gb|, v]ns'b d}bfg cflbsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yf ul/g]5 . k|To]s j8fdf sDtLdf Ps k':tsfno÷jfrgfno / :yfgLo ;+:s[lt emlNsg] ;+u|xfno lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . k|b]zsf] s]Gb|df cfw'lgs ljdfg:yn tyf gu/kflnsf÷ufpFkflnsf s]Gb|df x]lnKof8 lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . ;/sf/ ag]sf] Ps jif{leq e"sDkkLl8t, af9LkLl8t / klx/f]kLl8t, 3/af/ljxLg ;a} kl/jf/nfO{ 3/ lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u pknAw u/fOg]5 . 3/ lgdf{0f ubf{ ;DalGwt kl/jf/ / ufpFsf >ldsx¿n] sfd ug]{ Joj:yf nfu" ul/g]5 . ;s];Dd :jb]zd} pTkflbt lgdf{0f ;fdu|L k|of]u ul/g]5 . åGåaf6 Ifltu|:t ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿ tLg jif{leq k'glg{df{0f ul/g]5 . Ps jif{leq} t'Ogx¿nfO{ emf]n'+u] k'nåf/f lj:yfkg ul/g]5 . /fhwfgL, k|b]z ;b/d'sfd / :yfgLo txsf s]Gb|df k|fs[lts ljklQsf cj:yfdf rflxg] ;Dk"0f{ cfjZos ;fdu|L;lxtsf] uf]bfd lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . k|fs[lts ljklQsf a]nf p4f/ ug{ ;Sg] tflndk|fKt :jo+;]js zlQm lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . k|To]s :yfgLo txdf k|fs[lts ljklQdf /fxt k|bfg ug]{ Ps sf]if v8f ul/g]5 . k|To]s txsf s]Gb| / j8fdf Go"gtd Ps a}+ssf] zfvf vf]lng]5 . k|To]s kl/jf/nfO{ lgMz'Ns a}+s vftf vf]Ng] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . x'nfsL /fhdfu{sf gofF :yfgdf !) j6f, k"j{–klZrd /fhdfu{sf lsgf/df yk !) j6f, leqL t/fO{ /fhdfu{sf ljleGg :yfgdf @) j6f / k'iknfn dWokxf8L /fhdfu{sf tf]lsPsf !) :yfgdf cfw'lgs ;x/x¿sf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . d:of{ª\bL pkTosf, Onfd, c?0f pkTosf, bfdg, jflnª, n'lDagL, h'Dnf, 88]Nw'/f, ;fFkm]au/nufot :yfgdf cfw'lgs gofF ;x/ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . ;a} ;x/sf s]Gb|df :df6{ l;6L ljsf; ul/g]5 .

!$= :jR5, ;'Gb/ / cfw'lgs /fhwfgL  afUdtL pkTosfnfO{ ;'Gb/, :j:y, :jR5 tyf kof{j/0fd}qL P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbf ;x/sf ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 . sf7df8f}+, nlntk'/ / eQmk'/ lhNnfx¿nfO{ PsLs[t ;x/sf ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 . pkTosfnfO{ ;f+:s[lts df}lnstf / cfw'lgstfsf] ;+of]hgsf] gd'gf agfOg]5 .  sf7df8f}+ pkTosfnufot l6:6'ª, s'n]vfgL, a}/]gL / gf}la;], lqz"nL pkTosf, d]nDrL, OGb|fjtL pkTosf / bf]nfn3f6, kfFrvfn, es'G8]a]+;L, ag]kf, w'lnv]n / kgf}tL;lxt ;dfj]z u/L a[xQ/ /fhwfgL pk;x/ If]q ljsf; ul/g]5 .  P]ltxfl;s tyf k'/ftflTjs ;+/rgfnfO{ e"sDk k|lt/f]ws agfO{ ;+/lIft ul/g]5 . cJojl:yt ;+/rgfnfO{ plrt d'cfAhf lbO{ clwu|x0f ul/g]5 . leqL, aflx/L / a[xt\\ u/L tLgj6f rqmky lgdf{0f, lj:tf/ tyf ljsf; ul/g]5 .  afUdtL, lji0f'dtL, dgf]x/f / xg'dGt] gbL / vf]nfx¿ ;kmf ul/g]5g\ . afUdtL gbLsf] d'xfgb]lv rf]ef/;Dd %) ld6/ rf}8fOsf] gbL k|jfx If]q sfod ul/g]5 . /fhwfgLnfO{ 18

kmf]xf]/, w'nf], lxnf] / k|b"if0fd'Qm agfOg]5 . /fhwfgLsf gbL / tfndf 9n / kmf]xf]/ kfgL ld;fpg k|ltaGw nufOg]5 . kz' 5f8f 5f]8\g kfOg]5}g . /fhwfgLjl/kl/ xl/ofnLsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . jg If]qsf] cltqmd0fnfO{ s8fOsf ;fy lgoGq0f ul/g]5 .  b}lgs % nfv afx\o / cfGtl/s ko{6s /xg ;Sg] u/L cfjZos k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ul/g]5 .  ;a} ;x/ / ufpFsf k"jf{wf/nfO{ jftfj/0fd}qL tyf ckf+utfd}qL agfOg]5 . k}bnofq' / ;fOsnofq'x¿sf nflu cnu n]g lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .  klxnf] jifb]lv ;'? u/]/ bf];|f] jif{df ;DkGg x'g] u/L sf7df8f+} k]6«f]lnod jfxgx¿nfO{ ljB'tLo jfxgaf6 k|lt:yfkg ul/g]5 . !%= ufpF zx/df ;xsf/L M 3/3/df /f]huf/L  ;xsf/LnfO{ g]kfnL cy{tGqsf] dxTjk"0f{ lx:;fsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ g]kfnsf ;a} kl/jf/x¿nfO{ ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf cfa4 x'g k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf;df /fHon] ;xof]u ug]{5 . o;/L ufpF zx/df ;xsf/L 3/3/df /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf l;h{gf ul/g]5 .  ;a} ;fgf pTkfbsx¿nfO{ ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf cfa4 x'g 6]jf k'\¥ofOg]5 . 5l/Psf pTkfbgx¿nfO{ PsLs[t ub}{ Jofj;flos ¿kdf cufl8 a9fOg]5 . ;xsf/Ldf cfa4 hgtfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . a]/f]huf/ JolQmx¿nfO{ pTkfbs ;xsf/Ldf cfa4 u/L :j/f]huf/ Joj;fo ;~rfng ul/g]5 .  ;a} ;xsf/LnfO{ ladf Joj:yfdf cfa4 ul/g]5 .  /fhgLlts kf6L{sf sfo{stf{ / ljleGg hgjuL{o ;+u7gx¿df cfa4 JolQmx¿nfO{ pTkfbg ;xsf/Ldf ;+nUg eO{ /fli6«o cy{tGqdf of]ubfg ug{ / cfkm+}nfO{ cfTdlge{/ agfpg k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . !^= dof{lbt >d M ;Ddflgt >lds  ;a} hgk|ltlglwd"ns lgsfodf >ldsx¿sf] k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .  >d sfg'gx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ub}{ cgf}krfl/s >d ;+aGwnfO{ cf}krf/Ls/0f ul/g]5 . ;+k"0f{ >ldsx¿nfO{ kl~hs/0fsf] k|lqmofdf nuL ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] bfo/fdf NofOg]5 . of]ubfgdf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmdsf dfWodaf6 ;a} >lds tyf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ Go"gtd ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf ;'ljwfx? h:t} :jf:Yof]krf/, a]/f]huf/ eQf, cfl>t kl/jf/sf] x]/rfxb]lv lgj[lQe/0f;Dd qmdzM k|Tofe"lt ul/g]5 .  x/]s sfdnfO{ dof{lbt agfOg]5 . afFwf tyf ank"j{s nufOg] >d / afn>dnfO{ lgd{"n ul/g]5 . >d–;+k/LIf0fsf dfWodaf6 >ldssf xs–lxtsf] k|Tofe"lt ug'{sf ;fy} sfo{ynf]df x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf lje]bnfO{ cGTo ug]{ / ;dfg sfdsf] nflu ;dfg kfl/>ldssf] k|lta4tf nfu" ul/g]5 .  d'n'sleq} cfjZos /f]huf/L ;[hgf u/L o'jfx?nfO{ :jb]zsf] /f]huf/Ldf cfslif{t ug{ hLjg wfGg k'Ug] txdf Go"gtd kfl/>lds j[l4 ul/g]5 .  j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uPsfx¿sf] clen]v /fvL To;nfO{ ;'/lIft, dof{lbt / Jojl:yt ul/g]5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf eO/x]sf ljs[ltx¿nfO{ s8fOsf ;fy lgoGq0f ul/g]5 . 19

b]znfO{ cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfkg ub}{ hu]8f >ldsnfO{ uGtJo d'n's;Fu >d;Demf}tf u/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf k7fpg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .  j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg]x¿nfO{ cfjZos tflnd / k|lzIf0fåf/f ;Lk ljsf; u/]/ dfq} j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf k7fpg cfjZos Joj:yf ul/g]5 . s]Gb|, k|b]z / :yfgLo txx¿df bIf >dzlQm cfk"lt{ s]Gb| :yfkgf ul/g]5 .  b]zdf k|fKt x'g] ljk|]if0fsf] 7"nf] lx:;f /fli6«o pTkfbgdf nufOg]5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf qmddf g]kfnLx¿n] k|fKt u/]sf] ;LknfO{ k|df0fLs/0f u/L /fi6«lgdf{0fdf pkof]u ul/g]5 . !&= ;"rgf k|ljlw / k|]; :jtGqtf  …k"0f{ k|]; :jtGqtf;lxtsf] nf]stGqÚ nfu" ul/g]5 . cfd;~rf/dfWodnfO{ lgikIf, Jofj;flos, pQ/bfoL / lhDd]jf/ pBf]]usf ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 . ldl8ofdf k|ToIf jf k/f]If ¿kdf ljb]zL nufgL lgif]w ul/g]5 .  ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]gnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf nfu" ul/g]5 . cfw'lgs ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwdf cfdhgtfsf] kx'Fr :yflkt ul/g]5 .  ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfa4 u/L l56f]5l/tf], u'0f:t/Lo, kf/bzL{ / r'xfj6/lxt t'NofOg]5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwdf gjk|jt{gnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .  ;fdflhs ;~hfn / cgnfOg ldl8ofnfO{ cfdhgtfsf] r]tgf clej[l4sf lglDt ;b'kof]u ul/g]5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ cfdgful/ssf] kx'Frdf k'¥ofOg]5 . ;a} ljBfno, k|zf;lgs ejg, ;efejg, :jf:Yo rf}sL, x'nfs sfof{no / ;]jfs]Gb|df lgMz'Ns OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf pknAw u/fOg]5 . cfufdL kfFr jif{df b]zel/sf dxTjk"0f{ ;fj{hlgs :ynx¿df jfOkmfO{ ;]jf lgMz'Ns u/fOg]5 .  ;a} :yfgLo txsf s]Gb| / t/fO{–dw]; tyf kxf8L lhNnfsf :yfgLo txsf] j8f s]Gb|;Dd b'O{ jif{leq a|f]8AofG8 OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf k'¥ofOg]5 . x'nfs Joj:yfnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f u/L gful/s ;]jf ;+:yfsf ¿kdf ljsl;t ul/g]5 .  !)) jf6;Ddsf PkmPd÷;fd'bflos /]l8of]nufot :yfgLo txaf6 k|sflzt Pj+ k|;fl/t x'g] cfd;~rf/ dfWodsf] btf{, :yfkgf, ;~rfng / gjLs/0f :yfgLo txaf6} ul/g]5 . :yfgLo ;~rf/ dfWoddf n}+lus ;dfgtf, >dhLjL ;~rf/sdL{sf] k];fut ;'/IffnfO{ Wofg lbOg]5 . dft[efiffdf k|;f/0f x'g] /]l8of] tyf dft[efiffdf k|sfzg x'g] kqklqsfnfO{ cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . !*= ;'zf;g  hgtfnfO{ kfos kg]{ :yfgdf PsLs[t ;]jf s]Gb| :yfkgf u/L /fHoaf6 hgtfn] k|fKt ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ ;]jf k|bfg ul/g]5 .  e|i6frf/ / clgoldt sfo{nfO{ s8fOsf ;fy lgoGq0f ul/g]5 . e|i6frf/lj?4 hgr]tgf / ;lqmotf cleofg ;~rfng ul/g]5 . kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xL k|0ffnLnfO{ ;b[9 t'NofOg]5 .  ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿df ;Dk"0f{ cfly{s sf/f]af/nfO{ gubljxLg e'QmfgL k|0ffnLdf cfa4 ul/g]5 . ;]jfu|fxLn] rfx] cgnfOgdfkm{t ph'/L÷u'gf;f];DaGwL lgj]bg lbg] Joj:yf 20

      

    

ul/g]5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b / lgdf{0f;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfd cgnfOgdfkm{t ul/g]5 . klxn] cfpg] JolQmsf] klxn] sfdsf] gLlt x/7fpFdf nfu" ul/g]5 . ph'/L u|x0fof]Uo 5÷5}g jf sxfF k7fpg'k5{ eGg] hfgsf/L b'O{ 306fdf lbg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . ph'/Ldflysf] lg0f{o k|s[lt x]/L Ps xKtfleq lbg] Joj:yf nfu" ul/g]5 . ;]jfu|fxL;Fu ljgd|, ;Eo, ;Ddfgk"0f{ e]befj/lxt Jojxf/ ug{ ;a} ;]jfk|bfosnfO{ clek|]l/t ul/g]5 . o;f] gug]{ ;]jf k|bfosdfly sf/afxLsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . x/]s cleo'Qmn] sfg'g Joj;foL /fVg kfpg] clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf ul/g]5 . hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL tyf nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHo lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ alnof] agfpFb} nlug]5 . tLj| ;fdflhs–cfly{s ljsf;åf/f hgtfdf /fhgLlts kl/jt{gsf nfe k'¥ofpg' /fHosf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L agfOg]5 . ;fdflhs hLjgsf ;a} If]qdf nf]stflGqs d"No / k|0ffnLsf] k|j4{g ul/g]5 . ljlwsf] zf;g ;'b[9 t'NofOg]5 . zlQm k[ysLs/0f / lgoGq0f tyf ;Gt'ngsf dfGotfx¿nfO{ cjnDag ul/g]5 . :jtGq / dof{lbt Gofokflnsfsf] ljsf; tyf Gofo;]jfnfO{ ;xh, :jR5, 5l/tf] / hgd'vL agfpg cfjZos sfg'gL, ;+/rgfut / k|zf;lgs Joj:yf ul/g]5 . ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] dfGotfsf cfwf/df ;Tolg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u tyf a]kQf JolQm;DaGwL cfof]usf sfdnfO{ oyfzL3| ;DkGg ug{ cfjZos jftfj/0f ldnfOg]5 . åGåkLl8t kl/jf/nfO{ Ifltk"lt{, k'gM:yfkg / kl/k"/0fsf] afFsL k|lqmof b'O{ jif{leq ;DkGg ul/g]5 . ul/a, c;xfo tyf lk5l8Psf JolQmx¿sf nflu lgMz'Ns sfg'gL k/fdz{ tyf ;xof]usf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{nodf ljB'tLo ;'zf;g k|0ffnL k|f/De ug]{ / k|zf;g ;]jfnfO{ hgd'vL, /fli6«o lxt / hgtfk|lt lgi7fjfg\ / bIf agfOg]5 . ;+ljwfgk|bQ df}lns xs / :jtGqtfsf] k"0f{ pkef]usf] k|Tofe"lt ul/g]5 . sd{rf/L k|zf;gnfO{ ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] dd{, ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf / ;dosf] dfucg';f/ bIf, Jofj;flos, s'zn, ;'ljwf;DkGg tyf hgd'vL agfOg]5 . ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ r':t, b'?:t / :jR5 agfOg]5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pRrtd k|of]u u/L zf;sLo Joj:yfnfO{ s'zn, kf/bzL{ / ;]jfu|fxL d}qL t'NofOg]5 .

!(= sNof0fsf/L /fHo M lbuf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff  nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHo / ;dfhjfbsf] cfwf/e"t kIfsf ¿kdf /x]sf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdnfO{ ;j{sflns t'NofpFb} nlug]5 . o;sf nflu afnfkg, ;lqmo pd]/ / j[4fj:yfsf ;Dk"0f{ gful/snfO{ ;j{sflns / of]bfgdf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf sfo{qmdsf] bfo/fdf NofOg]5 .  ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf dfl;s % xhf/ ?k}ofF k'¥ofOg]5 . ^% jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ ;a} lsl;dsf oftfoft ef8fdf @% k|ltzt / &% jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ %) k|ltzt 5'6sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .  ;/sf/L c:ktfndf ;'Ts]/L x'g] cfdf / hlGdg] lzz'sf] kf]if0f / Gofgf] sk8fsf nflu 21

Psd'i6 % xhf/ eQf / /f]huf/df ;+nUg dlxnfnfO{ !$ xKtfsf] ;'Ts]/L labf lbOg]5 .

ue{jtL dlxnf / ue{df /x]sf] lzz'sf] lgoldt :jf:Yo k/LIf0f, pkrf/, kf]if0f / ;+/If0fsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . s''g} klg ue{jtLnfO{ pgsf] OR5f ljkl/t aofg lbg afWo u/fOg] 5}g .

 afnaflnsfsf] hGdbtf{, k|f/lDes afn ljsf;, lzIff, :jf:Yo, kfngkf]if0f, plrt :ofxf/, v]ns'b, dgf]/~hg, dfgl;s tyf k|hgg :jf:Yo tyf ;jf{ª\uL0f JolQmTj ljsf;sf lglDt cfjZos Joj:yf ul/g]5 .  dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f, anfTsf/, of}gzf]if0f, afnljjfx / dfgj cf];f/k;f/ tyf a]rlavgnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf lgoGq0f tyf pGd"ng ul/g]5 . lx+;f kLl8tx?nfO{ /fHoåf/f ;+/If0f ul/g]5 . kL8sdfly s8f sfg'gL sf/jfxL ul/g]5 .  afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{kl/ lxtsf nflu afnd}qL 3/, ;dfh, ljBfno, pBfg, ;d'bfo tyf afnd}qL :yfgLo tx lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . c;xfo afnaflnsfnfO{ lgMz'Ns cfjf;sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ afn ;+/If0f cg'bfgsf] bfo/fdf NofpFb} afnaflnsfk|ltsf] /fHosf] bfloTj k"/f ul/g]5 .  ;a} :yfgLo txdf Ho]i7 gful/s cfjf; u[x tyf lbjf lj>fd u[x lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . Ho]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{ lgMz'Ns lj>fd, cWoog, v]ns'b / dgf]/~hgsf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fOg]5 .  cfufdL Ps jif{leq ;Dk"0f{ gful/snfO{ ljB'tLo /fli6«o kl/rokq / ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf gful/snfO{ yk ljz]if kl/rokq pknAw u/fOg]5 . ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g /f]huf/L tyf Joj;fod"ns sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5g\ . @)= ;f+:s[lts ¿kfGt/0f, ;fdflhs ;b\efj / /fli6«o Pstf  ;fdflhs lje]b, 5'jf5"t, cGwljZjf;, 3/]n' lx+;f, bfOhf], ltns k|yf, 5fpk8L, af]S;L k|yfh:tf s';+:sf/lj?4 ;fdflhs cleofg ;~rfng ul/g]5 . o;;DaGwL sfg'gnfO{ s8fOsf ;fy nfu" ul/g]5 .

22

 kl/jf/, ljBfno / ;dfhdf >dnfO{ ;Ddfg, b]zelQm, dlxnf / Ho]i7 gful/sk|lt cfb/efj, cfkm\gf] Oltxf; / ;+:s[ltk|lt uf}/jaf]w, ;dfh;]jf, ;fd"lxstf / ;dfhjfbL d"Nox¿sf] k|j4{g ul/g]5 . r/d JolQmjfb / pkef]Qmfjfbh:tf ljs[ltlj?4 hgr]tgf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . o;sf nflu ljBfnosf] kf7\oqmddf ljifox¿ ;dfj]z ul/g]5 .  k|To]s k|b]zdf snf, ;flxTo / ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;sf nflu k|lti7fg :yfkgf ul/g]5 . To;/L g} k|To]s k|b]zdf lj1fg, k|ljlw / cGj]if0f;DaGwL k|lti7fgx¿ :yfkgf ul/g]5 .  xfd|f df}ns snf, ;flxTo, ;+:s[lt, nf]s–bf]x/L, uLt–;+lut / rnlrqsf] ;+/If0f Pj+ k|j4{g ul/g]5 . ljåfg, j}1flgs, ljz]if1, snfsf/, ;flxTosf/, ;+:s[ltljb nufot /fi6«sf k|ltefx¿sf] ;Ddfg ;lxt pgLx¿sf] k|ltefnfO{ /fi6« lgdf{0fdf ;b'kof]u ul/g]5 .  lj1fg, k|ljlw / cGj]if0fdf s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] Go"gtd ! k|ltzt nufgL ul/g]5 .  ;fdflhs ;b\efj, /fli6«o Pstf, ;f+:s[lts / wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf Pj+ pbf/ d"Nox¿sf] clej[l4 ul/g]5 .  ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax';f+:s[lts / ax'wfld{s ljz]iftfnfO{ ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ul/g]5 .  ljljwtf / ax'ntf, g]kfnsf] ;Dkbf M ;fdflhs ;b\efj / /fli6«o PstfÚ gLltsf cfwf/df ;fdflhs ;b\efj / /fli6«o PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{ ljz]if cleofg ;~rfng ul/g]5 .  snfsf/, ;+:s[ltsdL{, ;|i6f, ;a} wfld{s If]qsf cu'jf / ;dfh;]jLx¿nfO{ pTk|]l/t ul/g]5 .  hftLo ;+sL0f{tf, ef}uf]lns ljv08g / wfld{s cltjfbh:tf k|j[lQnfO{ lg?T;flxt ul/g]5 .  /fhgLltnufot ljleGg If]qdf b]vf k/]sf ljs[ltx¿sf] cGTo ub}{ :jR5tf, kf/blz{tf / /fli6«o lxt tyf Pstfsf cfbz{x¿nfO{ k|j4{g ul/g]5 .  nfu"kbfy{, w"dkfg, of}gJofkf/, dlb/fsf] clgolGqt pTkfbg, ljt/0f / pkef]udf lgoGq0f ub}{ ;fdflhs dof{bf k|j4{g ul/g]5 . @!= pkef]Qmf lxt  k|To]s txdf pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f;DaGwL lgsfo :yfkgf u/]/ pkef]Qmf lxtnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+un] sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .  ;a} k;ndf d"No;"rL clgjfo{ ug]{ tyf d"No / u'0f:t/sf] lgoldt cg'udg ul/g]5 .  s[lqd d"Noj[l4, l;lG8s]6, u'0f:t/xLgtf / e|dk"0f{ lj1fkg, gfktf}n 7uLnufotnfO{ s8fOsf ;fy lgoGq0f ul/g]5 .  oftfoftnufot If]qdf ljBdfg l;lG8s]6 / sf6]{lnª k|yfsf] cGTo ul/g]5 . :j:y k|lt:kwf{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .  k|To]s :yfgLo txdf vfBfGg, cf}ifwL / cTofjZosLo j:t'sf] ;+s6sfnLg df}Hbftsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g]5 . To;sf nflu zLte08f/ / uf]bfd3/sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

23

@@= k'glg{df{0f / ljkt\ Joj:yfkg  @)&@ sf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDkaf6 Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfx¿sf] k'glg{df{0f @)&^ ;fnleq ;DkGg ul/g]5 .  ;'/lIft / PsLs[t a:tL ljsf;sf nflu pko'Qm :yfgsf] vf]hL u/L ;s];Dd w]/} kl/jf/= a;f]af; ug{ ;Sg] ;x/sf] gS;f+sg;lxtsf] lj:t[t kl/of]hgf tof/ ul/g]5 .  /fli6«o :t/df e"sDk, af9L / klx/f]nufot ljkt\ Joj:yfkgsf nflu :yfoL ;+oGq lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . x/]s :yfgLo txdf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg s]Gb| / sf]if :yfkgf u/L ljkb\ k"j{tof/L, vf]h / p4f/, /fxt ;fdu|Lsf] k"j{e08f/0f tyf k|ltsfo{ of]hgf agfOg]5 . :yfgLo txsf ;a} ;+/rgf k|fs[lts hf]lvdaf6 ;'/lIft, ljkb\k|lt ;+j]bgzLn / ckf+ud}qL agfOg]5 .  @)&!÷&@÷&#÷&$ df ljgfzsf/L af9L klx/f]df k/L 3/af/ u'dfPsf / hgwgsf] Iflt ePsf t/fO{–dw]; tyf kxf8L lhNnfx¿df tLj| ¿kdf k'glg{df{0f cufl8 a9fOg]5 . 3/ Iflt ePsf k|To]s kl/jf/nfO{ 3/ lgdf{0fsf nflu tTsfn # nfv cg'bfg / # nfv bL3{sfnLg lgAof{hL C0fsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . 38]/L;d]t u'dfPsf kl/jf/sf nflu 3/ agfpg 38]/Lsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . @#= ;dfj]zL ljsf;  ;a} hgk|ltlglwTj x'g] If]qdf sDtLdf ## k|ltzt dlxnf ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 . dlxnfsf ;+ljwfgk|bQ clwsf/ k"0f{ ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .  dlxnflj?4sf ;a} lsl;dsf lx+;f / lje]b k|efjsf/L 9+un] cGTo ul/g]5 .  afnljjfx, ax'ljjfxnfO{ k"0f{tM lgif]w ul/g]5 . dlxnfnfO{ /f]huf/Ldf ljz]if k|fyldstf lbOg]5 .  g]kfnL ;dfhaf6 hftLo e]befj tyf 5'jf5"t k"0f{ ¿kdf pGd"ng ul/g]5 . ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ blnt ;d'bfosf xsx¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . ;dfhdf blnt ;d'bfosf] Gofo / ;dfgtf :yfkgf ul/g]5 . hftLo e]befj, prgLr tyf 5'jf5"t k|yf nfu" ug]{ ck/fwLnfO{ cfhLjg ;>d sf/faf;sf] sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/g]5 .  blnt ;d'bfosf k/Dk/fut k];f, snf / ;Lksf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g ub}{ ltgsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f / Joj;foLs/0f ul/g]5 . ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf k|To]s blnt kl/jf/sf Ps dlxnfnfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .  blnt ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfnfO{ pRr lzIff;Dd 5fqj[lQ;lxt lgMz'Ns cWoogsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . 3/af/ljxLg blntsf nflu lgz'Ns 3/ pknJw u/fpg hgtf cfjf; sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L t'NofOg]5 . o:tf kl/jf/df Go"gtd Ps /f]huf/L pknAw u/fOg]5 .  cflbjf;L–hghfltx¿sf] ;+ljwfgk|bQ clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ub}{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts ljsf; ug{ pko'Qm sfg'gL Joj:yf / ;+/rgfsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . efiff, ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f / k'Vof}{nL ;Lksf] ;+/If0fsf nflu /fHoaf6 ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .  t/fO{ nufot ljleGg :yfgdf JofKt s'/Llt / cGwljZjf;sf] cGTo ug{ lzIff, r]tgf / 24

 



    

;zQmLs/0f cleofg rnfOg]5 . t/fO{–dw];df JofKt ul/aL, cefj / cljsf;sf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ljz]if sfo{qmd nfu" u/L ul/aL / k5f}6] cj:yf ;dfKt ul/g]5 . t/fO{sf blnt tyf lk5l8Psf ju{sf] cfocfh{gsf nflu ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . t/fO{jf;L dlxnfsf] pTyfgsf nflu Ps 3/ Ps dlxnf /f]huf/Lsf] yk sfo{qmd tTsfn nfu" ul/g]5 . s0ff{nLnufotsf b'u{d lk5l8Psf If]qsf hgtfnfO{ ljsf;sf] cf};t /fli6«o :t/;Dd k'¥ofpg /fHoaf6 ljz]if ;'ljwf / ;x'lnot pknAw u/fOg]5 . vfB / cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt ul/g]5 . :yfgLo ;d'bfosf lxt ;'lglZrt ub}{ s0ff{nL If]qdf /x]sf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . o'jfx¿nfO{ ¿kfGt/0fsf ;+jfxs / g]t[Tjsf ;fem]bf/sf ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 . ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts / cfly{s If]qsf lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg o'jf g]t[Tj ljsf; ul/g]5 . pBdzLntf j[l4 u/L o'jfnfO{ :j/f]huf/tkm{ cfslif{t ul/g]5 . lx+;f, b'Jo{;g / c/fhs sfddf o'jfnfO{ b'?kof]u ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{ lgolGqt ul/g]5 . o'jfx?nfO{ :jo+;]jfdf pTk|]l/t u/L /fi6« lgdf{0fdf kl/rfng ul/g]5 . lzlIft / bIf o'jfnfO{ b]zleq} pRr kfl/>lds cfwfl/t /f]huf/L l;h{gf ul/g]5 . ckf+utfk|ltsf] b[li6sf]0fdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g ul/g]5 . lzIff, ;Lk ljsf; / /f]huf/Laf6 pgLx¿leqsf] ljz]if IfdtfnfO{ phfu/ ug{ ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . ckf+utf ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] bfo/fdf NofOg]5 . d'l:ndnufot wfld{s cNk;+Vos ;d'bfosf wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/x¿sf] hu]gf{ / pgLx¿sf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;'/Iff ul/g]5 . nf]kf]Gd'v hflt tyf efiffx¿sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu eflifs ;+/If0fsf] ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . e"k" ;}lgsx¿sf xs, lxt / ;/f]sf/sf ljifodf ;d'lrt Wofg lbOg]5 . pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf / cg'ejnfO{ /fi6«lxtdf clwstd ;b'kof]u ul/g]5 .

@$= /fli6«o ;'/Iff M /fli6«o lxt / :jfledfgsf] /Iff  /fli6«o :jfwLgtf, ;fj{ef}ldstf / ef}uf]lns cv08tfsf] /Iff, k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] hu]gf{, ;fdflhs ;b\efj / dfgjLo ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt x'g] u/L /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 .  b]zdf zflGt, :yfloTj / hgflwsf/sf] /Iff ul/g]5 . ax'ntfo'Qm g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 ub}{ g]kfnL /fli6«otfk|ltsf] uf}/jaf]w / /fli6«o Pstfsf] efj ;+j4{g ul/g]5 .  g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ ;fwg;|f]t ;DkGg, yk cfw'lgs / cem bIf agfOg]5 . g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an, g]kfn / /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefunfO{ cfw'lgs, kof{Kt ;|f]t;fwg ;DkGg / bIf agfOg]5 .  ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfdf :yfgLo k|x/Lsf] Joj:yf u/]/ ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ul/g]5 .  /fli6«o Pstf / ef}uf]lns cv08tfdf cfFr k'¥ofpg] ljefhgsf/L / ljv08gsf/L lqmofsnfknfO{ lg?T;flxt / lgoGq0f ul/g]5 . 25

@%= :jtGq / ;Gt'lnt cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw  ljZjzflGt, dfgjtf, ;b\efj / d}qLk"0f{ ;DaGwnfO{ lj:tf/ ub}{ g]kfnsf] ljsf; / g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;d[l4df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] u/L cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / k//fi6« gLltnfO{ Jojl:yt ul/g]5 .  /fli6«o lxt, :jfwLgtf / ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] /Iff ub}{ l5d]sL Pj+ ;a} ldq/fi6«x¿;Fu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] a8fkq, k~rzLn / c;+nUgtfsf l;4fGtcg'¿k ;'dw'/ ;DaGw sfod ul/g]5 .  :jtGq k//fi6« gLlt cjnDag ub}{ cfGtl/s dfldnfdf afx\o x:tIf]knfO{ c:jLsf/ ul/g]5 . xLgtfaf]w / cfTd;dk{0fjfbL dfGotfnfO{ lg?T;flxt ul/g]5 .  ef/t;Fu ul/Psf] ;g\ !(%) sf] ;lGwnufot ;a} c;dfg ;lGw / ;Demf}tfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L /fli6«o lxt / cfjZostfcg'¿k k|lt:yfkg ul/g]5 . ;Ldf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg / ;Ldf–gfsfx¿sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu s"6gLlts kxn ul/g]]5 .  u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿sf] 1fg, ;Lk / cfh{gnfO{ /fi6« lgdf{0fdf nufpg] gLlt lnOg]5 . k|jf;L g]kfnL gful/sx¿sf] >d;DaGwL xsnufot cGo xssf] ;'/Iffsf nflu k|efjsf/L kxn ul/g]5 . &= cGo /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿k|lt xfd|f] b[li6sf]0f g]kfnsf] /fli6«o /fhgLlt cfh d'Votof b'O{ k|j[lQdf w|'jLs[t ePsf] 5 . Pp6f k|j[lQn] g]kfnsf] /fli6«o :jfwLgtf / :jfledfgsf] kIfkf]if0f u5{, g]kfnsf] ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs / ax';f+:s[lts ljz]iftfnfO{ ;Dkbfsf ¿kdf u|x0f ub{5 . ;fj{ef}d;Qf, /fli6«o Pstf, nf]stGq, ;fdflhs ;b\efj, /fli6«o lxt, cfTd;Ddfg, ;'zf;g, ;d[l4, Gofo / ;dfgtfnfO{ d'Vo cfwf/ dfg]/ /fhgLlt ;~rfng ug{ rfxG5 . :jtGqtfk"j{s cfkm\gf ljb]z gLlt th'{df ug]{ / ;Gt'lnt afXo ;DaGw sfod ug{'k5{ eGg] wf/0ff /fV5 . o; k|j[lQsf] g]t[Tj g]skf -dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|_ ;lxt g]skf -Pdfn]_ n] ul//x]sf] 5 . csf]{ k|j[lQn] cu|udgsf] ofqfnfO{ /f]Sg] u/L blIf0fkGyL / oyfl:yltjfbL zlQmx¿nfO{ cfk\mgf] jl/kl/ uf]naGb ug]{ k|of; ul//x]sf] 5 . o;n] /fli6«o :jfwLgtf, /fli6«o Pstf, ;fdflhs ;b\efj, /fli6«o lxt / :jfledfg s'l07t x'g] u/L afXo zlQm s]Gb|x?sf] ;Nnfx, k/fdz{ / cfb]znfO{ lz/f]wfo{ ug{'kg]{ dfGotf /fV5 . o; k|j[lQn] cfk"m afx]s c? ;a}nfO{ …cltjfbLÚ / nf]stGq lj/f]wL b]V5 / cfk"m ;Qfdf /xFbf ;w}+ cltjfbnfO{ k|>o lbg] / cnf]stflGqs sfo{df lgln{Kt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;n] sfg'gL /fHosf] pkxf; ug]{, k[ystfjfb / ;fDk|bflostfnfO{ k|>o lbg], cf:yfsf] cfwf/df j}dg:otf km}nfpg], lghL :jfy{df /fli6«o ;DklQsf] r/d b'?kof]u ug]{, e|i6frf/ tyf ljs[lt / lj;+ultnfO{ kIfkf]if0f ul//x]sf] 5 . …ljz]if ;DaGwÚsf] gfddf l5d]sL b]zx¿;Fusf] ;DaGwnfO{ c;Gt'lnt agfpFb} /fli6«otf, :jfledfg / /fi6«lxt ljk/Lt sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

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o; k|j[lQsf] k|ltlglwTj g]kfnL sf+u|];n] ul//x]sf] 5 . o;sf] d'Vo gLlt ;fdGtL lg/+s'ztGq / j}b]lzs Psflwsf/ k'FhLjfb;Fu ;Demf}tf k/:t / cfTd;dk{0fjfbL /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . o; kf6L{sf gLltx¿ clxn] d"ntM bnfn tyf ljb]zL Psflwsf/ k'FhLjfbsf] lxt ;fwgfdf s]lGb|t 5g\ . o; kf6L{sf] d"n rl/q sDo'lg:6lj/f]wL, >dhLjL hgtflj/f]wL / nf]stGqnfO{ lglxt :jfy{cg'¿k kl/eflift ug]{ vfnsf] 5 . ;Qfdf /xFbf o;n] s}of}+k6s ljb]zL x:tIf]knfO{ lgDTofPsf] 5, ljb]zLsf ;fd' cfTd;dk{0f u/]sf] 5 / s}of}+k6s hglj/f]wL sfd klg u/]sf] 5 . ax'dt k|fKt u/]sf] ;dodf :YfL/ ;/sf/ lbg g;Sg] / k|ltudgnfO{ a9fjf lbg] sf+u|];n] lghLs/0fsf gfddf /fli6«o pBf]uwGbf / ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿ ;dfKt kf/]sf] 5 . gjpbf/jfbsf] k[i7kf]if0f ub}{ /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ sdhf]/ t'NofPsf] 5 . e|i6frf/nfO{ ;+/If0f / ;+:yfut ug]{ sfd u/]sf] 5 . k|zff;g, Gofo k|0ffnL, ;'/Iff lgsfo / ;/sf/L ;+:yfgnfO{ kf6L{s/0f ug]{ o; kf6L{n] /fli6«o ;xdlt / Pstfsf] lj/f]wL sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . /fi6« lgdf{0f ug]{ s'g} OR5fzlQm, b"/b[li6 / of]hgf o; kf6L{;Fu 5Fb} 5}g . o; lgjf{rgdf cGo s]xL /fhgLlts ;d"xx¿ klg ;xefuL x'Fb} 5g\ . ltgLx¿dWo] s]xL ;fgf sDo'lg:6 ;d"xx¿ klg 5g\ . pgLx¿df h8;"qLo, ;+sL0f{tfjfbL, cfTds]lGb|t / u'6jfbL k|j[lQ 5 . cGo kf6L{x?n] d"ntM ;fdGtjfbsf cjz]ifx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{, /fli6«o cfTd;dk{0fjfbL gLltsf] kIfkf]if0f ug]{ / ul/ad'vL tyf >ldsjuL{o ;fdflhs– cfly{s ¿kfGt/0fsf] lj/f]w ub{} cfPsf 5g\ . /fli6«o :jfwLgtf, /fi6«lxt, ;fdflhs ;b\efj Pj+ /fli6«o PstfnfO{ sdhf]/ kfg]{ / ;fdflhs Gofoo'Qm hgd'vL Pj+ ;dfhjfbpGd'v gLltsf] lj/f]w ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . ;+3Lotfsf] s'/f u/] klg oL kf6L{x? :yfgLo txsf] :jzf;gsf] clwsf/sf] ljkIfdf plePsf 5g\ . *= xfdLnfO{ g} dt lsg < cfb/0fLo hg;d'bfo Û g]kfnL ljz]iftfsf jfdk+yL Pj+ sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ afx]s b]zsf cGo s'g} klg kf6L{x¿n] /fi6« Pj+ hgtfsf] ;Rrf lxtsf] ;d'lrt k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;Sb}gg\ eGg] tYo Jojxf/af6} k'li6 ePsf] 5 . cfhsf] cfjZostfadf]lhd pgLx¿n] ;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] g]t[Tj ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . Tofu, alnbfg, ;dk{0f / l;h{gzLntfsf] cfwf ztfAbLeGbf nfdf] xfd|f] Jojxf/n] k'li6 u/]sf] 5– g]kfn /fi6«sf] k'glg{df{0f, :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}ldstf, :jfwLgtf, :jfledfg / cv08tfsf] /Iff tyf hgtfsf] ;d[l4sf] g]t[Tj xfdL g]kfnL sDo'lg:6x¿n] dfq u/]sf 5f}+ / ug{ ;S5f}+ . olta]nf g]kfnL sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngsf d"n k|ltlglw ;+:yf g]skf -Pdfn]_ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|_ x'g\, h;nfO{ xfdLn] lgs6 eljiodf Pp6} PsLs[t kf6L{df ¿kfGtl/t ug]{ 3f]if0ff ul/;s]sf 5f}+ .

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xfdL /fi6« lgdf{0fsf ;Gbe{df /fli6«otf, nf]stGq, ;fdflhs Gofo, ;dfgtf, ;fdflhs ;b\efj tyf /fli6«o Pstf, zflGt tyf :yfloTj / ljsf; tyf ;d[l4sf d'Vo kfFr ljifodf s]lGb|t x'g rfxG5f}+ . /fli6«otfsf ;jfndf ;fj{ef}d;Qf, :jfwLgtf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, /fli6«o lxt / :jfledfgsf kfFr :tDenfO{ ;'b[9 ug{ rfxG5f}+ . ljsf; tyf ;d[l4sf] ;Gbe{df xfdL gful/s clwsf/, cj;/, ;'/Iff / ;Ddfgsf rf/ :tDenfO{ ;'b[9 ug{ rfxG5f}+ . gful/ssf df}lns clwsf/sf ;Gbe{df lzIff, :jf:Yo, sfd tyf /f]huf/L, vfB ;'/Iff, cfjf; ;lxt /fhlglts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ rfxG5f}+ . ;d[l4sf cj;/df ;a} gful/ssf] ;dfg kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ rfxG5f}+ . gful/s ;'/Iffsf ;Gbe{df ;a}sf] hLp wgsf] ;'/Iff, ld;fj6hGo kbfy{, s[lqd tyf ljifbLo'Qm vfB, xflgsf/s kbfy{sf] k|of]u, k|fs[lts k|sf]k, ljls/0fsf b':k|efjaf6 hf]ufpg rfxG5f}+, jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff sfod ug{ rfxG5f}+ . oL sfo{x?af6 xfdL x/]s g]kfnLsf] cfTd;Ddfg clej[l4 ug{ ;S5f}+ / :jfwLg, ;d[4, ;d'Ggt Pj+ ;dfhjfb pGd'v g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] p2]Zo k"/f ug{ ;S5f}+ . xfdL k'gM Psk6s hf]8 lbg rfxG5f}+ M -s_ sDo'lg:6 Pj+ jfdkGyL zlQmx¿ g} b]zelQmk"0f{ cfGbf]ngsf] d"n g]t[TjbfoL zlQm ePsfn] /fli6«o :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}ldstf, :jfwLgtf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, :jfledfg / lxtsf] /Iffsf nflu jfdkGyLx¿sf] ax'dtsf] ;/sf/ cfjZos 5 . -v_ ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf u/L k'FhLjfbL hgjfbL qmflGt ;DkGg ug]{ ;+3if{sf] d'Vo g]t[Tj / jfxs zlQm xfdL sDo'lg:6 tyf jfdkGyL zlQmx¿ ePsfn] kl/jt{gsf] d"ndd{ Pj+ efj;lxt g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg kfngf ug{ / u/fpg klg ;+;b tyf ;/sf/df jfdkGyLx¿sf] ax'dt cfjZos 5 . -u_ g]kfnL :j¿ksf] nf]stGqsf] k|of]uaf6 …hgtfsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;gk|0ffnLÚ / …;dfhjfbpGd'vÚ ;fdflhs–cfly{s ¿kfGt/0fnfO{ ;kmn kfg{ sDo'lg:6 tyf jfdkGyLx¿af6 dfq ;Dej 5 . g]kfnsf] ;jf]{kl/ ljsf;sf nflu ;a} /fli6«o ;|f]t / ;fwgnfO{ cTolws ¿kdf pkof]u / kl/rfng ug{ klg jfdkGyLx¿sf] g]t[Tj ckl/xfo{ 5 . -3_ Ps}k6s ;a} If]qdf tLj| cfly{s ljsf; u/L ;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] ;d[4 g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug{, /f]huf/L / pRr hLjg:t/ xfl;n ug{, hgtfsf] cfzf Pj+ cfsf+Iff k"/f ug{ / ;dfhjfbsf] cfwf/ tof/ kfg{ sDo'lg:6 tyf jfdkGyL zlQmx¿afx]s c¿af6 ;Dej 5}g . 5f]6f] ;dodf ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj ug]{ cj;/ kfpFbf ;d]t xfdLn] cfkm"nfO{ ;xL ;flat u/]sf 5f}+ . To;}n,] ;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0fsf nflu jfdkGyLx¿sf] ax'dt cfjZos 5.

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-ª_ zflGtk|lqmofsf afFsL sfo{ef/x¿ k"/f ug{, åGåkLl8tnfO{ Gofo lbg / lbuf] zflGt :yfkgf ug{ sDo'lg:6 tyf jfdkGyL ;/sf/ clgjfo{ 5 . -r_ dhb'/, ls;fg, >dhLjL, blnt, dlxnf, dw];L, hghflt, yf¿, d'l:nd, pTkLl8t Pj+ lk5l8Psf hg;d'bfosf] :jfledfg Pj+ xslxtsf ljifox¿nfO{ /fli6«o sfo{;"rLdf :yflkt ug{] sfd sDo'lg:6x¿af6} ePsf] xf] . o;sf] /Iff ug{ / /fli6«o Pstf ;[b[9 ug{ sDo'lg:6 tyf jfdkGyLx¿sf] cu'jfO ckl/xfo{ 5 . -5_ Oltxf; ;fIfL 5, e|i6frf/sf] cGTo / ;'zf;g sfod ug{] sfd sDo'lg:6 tyf jfdkGyLx¿sf] g]t[Tjdf dfq ;Dej 5 . -h_ /fhgLlts :yfloTj, lbuf] zflGt / /fli6«o ;'/Iff sfod ug{s} lglDt xfdLn] ;a} sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ / jfdkGyL nf]stGqjfbLx¿nfO{ Pstfa4 ug]{ P]ltxfl;s sfdsf] yfngL u/]sf 5f}+ . xfd|f] o; ;xsfo{af6 dfq} /fhgLlts :yfloTj ;Dej 5 . -em_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] lgb]{lzt u/]cg'¿k ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] a8fkq, c;+nUgtf / k~rzLnsf l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df :jtGq k//fi6« gLlt cjnDag ub}{ ;a} ldq/fi6« tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+3;+:yf;Fu ;'dw'/ ;DaGw sfod /fvL g]kfnsf] lxt / :jfledfg k|j4{g ug{ klg xfd|f] cfjZostf 68\sf/f] ¿kdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 . gfsfaGbLh:tf ;+s6sf 38Ldf /fi6«sf] g]t[Tj ub}{ /fli6«o :jfledfgsf] /Iff u/]/ xfdLn] cfkm"nfO{ Jojxf/df k|dfl0ft u/]sf 5f}+ . cfb/0fLo lbbLalxgL tyf bfh'efOx¿ Û cfh xfd|f] b]z Oltxf; / kl/jt{gsf] dxTjk"0f{ laGb' / df]8df plePsf] 5 . lgjf{rgsf] k|lqmofdf hgtfn] lng] lg0f{oaf6 /fi6«sf] gofF lbzf lgwf{/0f x'g]5 . xfdLn] dfly rrf{ u/]sf gLlt, sfo{qmd / sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu lgjf{rgsf] dtaf6 hgtfsf] Jofks ;dy{g ckl/xfo{ 5 . xfdLnfO{ ljZjf; 5, g]kfnL hgtfn] o; lgjf{rgnfO{ jfdkGyL zlQmx¿sf] cTolws ax'dtsf] ;/sf/ lgdf{0f u/]/ b]znfO{ /fhgLlts l:y/tf / ;d[l4sf] lbzfdf u'0ffTds 9+un] cl3 a9fpg] cj;/sf ¿kdf ;b'kof]u ug'{x'g]5 . g]kfnL hgtfn] jf:tjdf o; lgjf{rgnfO{ To:tf] cj;/s} ¿kdf klv{/x]sf 5g\ . g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf] ;"o{ lrx\gdf / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL s]Gb|_ sf] uf]nfsf/leqsf] xFl;of–xyf+}8f lrx\gdf, hxfF h'g r'gfj lrx\g lnP/ xfd|f ;femf pDd]bjf/x¿ v8f x'g'x'g]5, ToxfF To;df dtbfg u/L xfd|f pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ ljhoL agfpg ;Dk"0f{ hg;d'bfodf ljgd| cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ .

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:jfwLgtf, ;d[l4 / ;dfhjfbsf] cfwf/ Û ;a} txdf jfdkGyLx¿sf] hgkIfLo ;/sf/ ÛÛ sDo'lgi6 g]t[Tjdf kl/jt{g / pknlAw Û sDo'lgi6s} of]hgfdf Gofo / ;d[l4 ÛÛ l:y/tf, ;'zf;g / ljsf;sf] cfwf/ Û hgtfsf] k|ltlglw jfdkGyL ;/sf/ ÛÛ zflGt, nf]stGq, :jfwLgtf / :jfledfg Û ;'vL hgtf, ;d[4 g]kfn– xfd|f] cleofg Û :jR5 lgjf{rg – nf]stGqsf] cfwf/ M ;'zf;g / ;d[l4sf nflu jfdkGyL ;/sf/ Û ufpFb]lv s]Gb|;Dd jfdkGyL ;/sf/ ;jn / ;d[4 /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ Û

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