CURRICULUM VITAE

Dr. Mohammad Ali Khan Saif Barrister-at-Law Advocate Supreme Court Address: 54-Nazimuddin Road, Sector F-6/1, Islamabad, Pakistan Mobile: 0322-5169090/0308-5555009 E.mail: [email protected] [email protected]

EDUCATION Ph. D (Religious Freedoms and Blasphemy Laws in Pakistan- A Critical Appraisal) University of Wales, UK Ph.D (Suicide Bombing in Pakistan) Quaid-e-Azam University

Pakistan

D. Phil (Research Scholar), Martin Luther Universitat, Halle,

Germany

LL.M (Human Rights Law)

University of Essex

U.K

LL.M (International Law)

University of London

U.K

LL. (M International Trade Law) International Islamic University, Islamabad. Barrister-at-Law

Lincoln's Inn, London

LL.B (Honours)

University of Buckingham

Pakistan U.K U.K

Diploma in International & Comparative Law of Human Rights International Institute of Human Rights, Strasbourg

France

Certificate in Human Rights Law International Institute of Human Rights, Strasbourg

France

Certificate in the University Teaching of Human Rights Law International Institute of Human Rights, Strasbourg

France

M.A (Political Science)

University of Peshawar

Pakistan

M.A (Philosophy)

University of Peshawar

Post Graduate Diploma (Information Technology Law), International Islamic University, Islamabad.

Pakistan

Pakistan

LEGAL EXPERIENCE 1. Advocate & Legal Consultant, Supreme Court of Pakistan (Since 2008), Advocate Federal Shariat Court (Since 2004) Advocate High Court (Since 1994) and Advocate Session Courts (since 1993) Member NWFP Bar Council since September 1993. Experienced in criminal, civil, corporate/ commercial and Human Rights law cases. I have also worked as a legal consultant for various national and international government departments and ministries, autonomous authorities, donor agencies and corporate entities both in public and private sector. This included legal opinions, drafting contracts, legislation and miscellaneous legal issues. 2.

Legal Advisor / Consultant, National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA), Government of Pakistan. June 1998 - June 2001. NEPRA is a statutory Authority with a mandate to regulate the electric power sector in Pakistan. I served as its legal advisor from June 1998 till June 2001. My responsibilities included rendering legal opinions on legal and regulatory matters, litigation in courts and drafting rules and regulations, including, NEPRA License (Application & Modification) Regulations 1999 and NEPRA (Fees) Rules. I was nominated for M.Sc degree programme in Economic Regulation of Utilities conducted jointly by University of Lahore University and Pakistan Telecommunication Authority in 1999-2001. I have successfully completed the course requirements.

3.

Additional Deputy Prosecutor General/Special Prosecutor, National Accountability Bureau, Government of Pakistan. December 1999 – March 2002. I have served as Additional Deputy Prosecutor General in the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) from December 1999 till March 2002. I worked directly under the Prosecutor General and provided legal input in investigations, preparation of references, pre-trial work, trial and appellate work. I have conducted trials in the Accountability courts at Peshawar, Rawalpindi and Attock. I also represented NAB at the appellate level in Lahore High Court Rawlapindi Bench. The first ever reference under the NAB Ordinance 1999 against former Provincial Minister Habib ur Rehman Tanoli and former Chief Minister KPK, Aftab Sherpao was prepared and prosecuted by me in the Accountability Court, Peshawar. I have several cases/prosecutions to my credit.

4.

Special Prosecutor/Legal Advisor, Special Investigation Cell, Anti Narcotics Force, Pakistan. (December 2001-December 2005)

Special Investigation Cell is an organ of the Anti Narcotics Force. It has a close working relationship with the Drug Enforcement Administration (USA) and UNDCP. It deals with investigation and prosecution of all types of offences relating to narcotics. It maintains liaison with the international law enforcement agencies of member states of the UN in relation to drug related crimes. I had been engaged as Special Prosecutor since December 2001. I was responsible for legal input in surveillance, investigation and later prosecution of offences. I have conducted cases relating to extradition, money laundering, freezing/forfeiture of assets and other proceeds of crime and miscellaneous matters. I was also responsible for coordinating with foreign agencies in matters pertaining to mutual legal assistance treaties. I was involved in the negotiation and drafting of a MoU between the Special Investigation Cell, Anti Narcotics, Pakistan, United States Navy and the naval forces of the Coalition Against Terror in the Arabian Sea and the US DEA in Bahrain in May 2004. 5.

Legal Advisor to the Legal Attache’s Office, US Department of Justice, Embassy of the United States of America (December 2001 till September 2010) I worked as legal advisor to the US department of Justice. My responsibilities included representing the US Department of Justice in Pakistan in cases including extradition of fugitive offenders and miscellaneous legal matters.

6.

Legal Counsel, Government of NWFP, Federal Shariat Court, Islamabad, 2003-2007

7.

Legal Advisor, Rabbroz Arzneimittel, Peshawar.

8.

Legal Counsel, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Government of Pakistan,

9.

Legal Advisor World Council of Religions, Oslo - Norway / Islamabad – Pakistan

10. Legal Counsel, National Bank of Pakistan 11. Legal Counsel, Zarai Taraqiati Bank of Pakistan 12. Legal Advisor, Alson Pharmaceuticals, Peshawar, 13. Pakistan Represented Privatization Commission of Pakistan in High Court Islamabad since 2015 14. Advocate on the panel of Oil and Gas Development Corporation Limited since 2016 15. Advocate on the panel of Karachi Port Trust, Karachi 16. Advocate on the panel of Federal Board of Revenue

Remained legal advisor of numerous other organizations both national and international. TEACHING EXPERIENCE Visiting Faculty, National Defense University September 2014 - January 2015. Visiting Fellow, International Humanitarian Law & Human Rights Law, Ph.D Degree Programme, Faculty of Sharia and Law, International Islamic University, Female/Male Campuses, Islamabad, (August 2014-January 2015). Visiting Fellow, International Humanitarian Law & Human Rights Law, Ph.D Degree Programme, Faculty of Sharia and Law, International Islamic University, Islamabad, (August 2014-January 2015).

Visiting Fellow, International Humanitarian Law & Human Rights Law, Ph.D Degree Programme, Faculty of Sharia and Law, International Islamic University, Islamabad, (August 2013-January 2014). Visiting Lecturer Public International Law, LL.M Degree Programme, Faculty of Sharia and Law, International Islamic University, Islamabad, (April – July 2013). Visiting Lecturer in International Law of Human Rights, LL.M degree programme (2005-6) at the Faculty of Law and Sharia, (Women Section) International Islamic University, Islamabad.Visiting Lecturer in Environmental Law, LL.M degree programme (2005) at the Faculty of Law and Sharia, (Women Section) International Islamic University, Islamabad. Visiting Lecturer in Criminal Procedure Code, LL.B degree programme (2005) at the Faculty of Law and Sharia, International Islamic University, Islamabad. 2005 Visiting Lecturer in International Human Rights Law, LL.M degree programme, International Islamic University, Islamabad, 2005. Visiting Lecturer in Private International Law, LL.M (Corporate Law) degree programme (2005) at the Faculty of Law and Sharia. International Islamic University, Islamabad. Visiting Lecturer, University College Islamabad, LL.B (Honors) Degree Programme of the University of London) since 1997. Visiting Fellow in International Law, Foreign Service Academy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Islamabad, since 1996. Visiting Lecturer in the English Legal System, Accountancy College, Islamabad, since 1997. Visiting Lecturer, Frontier Law College, Peshawar, 1994-1998.

Lecturer; Human Rights Law (LL.M Degree Programme) Faculty of Law, University of Peshawar. 1997-98. Visiting Fellow in Medical Jurisprudence and Constitutional Law (LL.B Degree Programme) at the Faculty of Law, University of Peshawar, 1994 - 1998. Visiting lecturer, Anti Narcotics Force Law Enforcement School, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.

PUBLICATIONS Research Papers/Articles Islamic Radicalism and the Pakistani Migrants – A British Perspective. Paper presented and published in the proceedings of International Conference on Migration, Education and Development in South Asia, March 27-28, 2014, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad. Afghanistan Testing Times: An Analysis of the Political Situation and the Insurgent Forces. SISA Report No. 17, published by the Center for International and Strategic Analysis, Oslo, Norway. Web-Link: http://strategiskanalyse.no/Publikasjoner%202014/2014-0314_SISA17_AfghanistanTestingTimes_MAKS.pdf FATA Region and the Global Jihad, SISA Report No. 26, published by the Center for International and Strategic Analysis, Oslo, Norway. Suicide Bombings: Terrorism versus Tactical Methodology, published in Proceedings of International Conference on Terrorism & Extremism: Social Psychological Perspectives. [Paper read at the above conference held on October 15-17, 2008, organized by National Institute of Psychology, Centre of Excellence, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Series of articles on national politics and foreign affairs in the Urdu daily Nawa-e-Waqt (2010-2012). Articles published on Pakistani politics in New Age Islam, India, (2013). Article on Afghanistan in daily The News Islamabad, in 2001. Author of "Country Report on Pakistan" in the Freedom of Religion and Belief-A World Report. (A Routledge publication, UK, 1995) Member, Advisory Editorial Board, International Human Rights Perspective, a publication of the Human Rights Center, Faculty of Law, Peshawar University.

Books (Published) Key to Cross Examination (Updated case law on cross examination and related questions on the subject in English and Urdu) Edition 2008, Hassan & Haider Law Book Publishers Lahore. Pleadings and Conveyancing (With updated case law and specimens) Edition 2009, Hassan & Haider Law Book Publishers Lahore. Cross Examination (Updated Case Law on Cross Examination and Related Questions on the subject in English and Urdu), Edition 2011 Hassan & Haider Law Book Publishers Lahore. Wakalat wo Jirah ka Fun (Civil Criminal and Family) Edition 2011 Hassan & Haider Law Book Publishers Lahore.

Books/Theses (Unpublished) Suicide Bombing in Pakistan, an unpublished Ph.D thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, 2014. Religious Freedoms and Blasphemy Laws in Pakistan-A Critical Appraisal, an unpublished Ph.D thesis submitted to the University of Wales, UK, 2010. Piracy and Counterfeiting of Intellectual Property Rights-A Pakistani Perspective, an unpublished LL.M Thesis submitted to the Department of Sharia and Law, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Freedom of Religion, Conscience and Thought in Islam, an unpublished LL.M thesis submitted to the Department of Law, University of Essex, UK, 1993. Frontier Crimes Regulations (FCR) and FATA – A Constitutional Contradiction, (An unpublished manuscript) HUMAN RIGHTS & DEVELOPMENT SECTOR EXPERIENCE Consultant NORAD (Government of Norway) and the Government of Pakistan (Oct 1997-Jan 1998). I worked as consultant for the preparation of PC-1 for "Human Rights Mass Awareness and Education" Project.. I was responsible for the design and formulation of a 3 year programme for raising awareness and education of human rights. The project included media campaign on electronic and print media, syllabi/curricula on human rights issues for schools, colleges and universities and establishment of a Human Rights Study Centre at the University of

Peshawar. .

“External Collaborator” for the International Labour Organization, Pakistan (January -March 1999) Conducted studies and prepared two reports: (i) Human Rights International System-Study of the National Situation. (ii) Human Rights and Institutional Building-Study of the National Situation Consultant NORAD for study/report on "Human Rights and Islam" (1999-2000). The report addressed principles of Islam and comparative status of human rights instruments in the context of Muslim countries. Consultant on Human Rights and Social Development, Community Development Organization, Peshawar, Pakistan. Consultant SDC (Swiss Development Cooperation) for Human Rights Sector Evaluation in Pakistan. (August 2002). Worked as consultant on conducting a survey and to evaluate the performance of SDC projects / activities in the human rights sector in Pakistan. Consultant SDC on formulation of Human Rights Strategy for Pakistan. (January 15-March 31, 2003). Worked as consultant for the preparation of SDC’s Human Rights Strategy for Pakistan Consultant NORAD, Government of Norway, (April-May 2003). Worked as consultant for a mapping exercise of development projects in human rights, governance and democratization sector in Pakistan. The exercise involved the present status of programmes funded by bilateral and multilateral donors in the subject areas in collaboration with the Government of Pakistan, their impact and suggestions and recommendations for NORAD’s future Plan of Action. Consultant, Overseas Development Institute, London-UK (July-August, 2003) Worked on the evaluation of the impact of SDC’s guidelines on Human Rights and the Rule of Law in the human rights and governance sector in Pakistan.. The study involved a thorough analysis of the significance and impact of SDC’s guidelines in relation to its programmes in Pakistan. Evaluator / Technical Expert for European Union’s projects on Human Rights & Rule of Law in the CIS States (Sept-November 2003). I worked in collaboration with Project Procurement International, Islamabad. The assignment involved analysis of the reports / project proposals submitted by NGOs and Public / Private sector organizations involved in the human rights and democratization related activities in the states of Tajikistan, Kyrgzystan and Uzbekistan for grant of EU funded grants. I was responsible for analysis of the proposals and recommendations to the EU.

Legal and Judicial Reforms Evaluation Specialist for the evaluation of Access to Justice Programme of the Asian Development Bank and Government of Pakistan. (October 2003- March 2004) I was responsible for studying the impact of reforms in relation to Access to Justice Programme of the Asian Development Bank. This included the study of the existing Legal and Judicial infrastructure in Pakistan with a detailed critique of the laws and procedures and formulation of strategy for the establishment of Independent Prosecution Service in Pakistan. Legal Reform Specialist/Local Consultant, Access to Justice Programme, Asian Development Bank, Pakistan Resident Mission. (March 2004-September 2005) The Job description includes overall supervisions and monitoring of the reforms in the legal and judicial sector under the Access to Justice Programme in Pakistan in collaboration with the Ministry of Law, Justice and Human Rights, Government of Pakistan. Backstopping Specialist for the Swiss Cooperation Office in Tajikistan on Institutional Strengthening for Human Rights Treaty Reporting for the Government of Tajikistan (May 2004) My mandate included interaction with SCO, Government of Tajikistan, National Human Rights Commission of Tajikistan and civil society organizations on Human Rights Treaty Reporting and providing consultation and input in the process. Consultant UNDP on Access to Justice and Alternate Dispute Resolution Mechanism for Pakistan Project (June 2004) Conducted research on the status of Alternate Dispute Resolution mechanisms and Legal Aid system in Pakistan and designed a nationwide project on ADR and Legal Aid. Consultant/Legal Counsel to UNDP/Devolution Trust for Community Empowerment (DTCE), Islamabad (August 2004 onwards) I provided advice on general legal matters. I was also responsible for designing schemes for Provincial Associations of Local Bodies, capacity building of CBOs and partnership programme for Police – Union Councils. Consultant UNDP on Access to Justice Program for Pakistan (May-December 2005) This project aims at developing a legal aid and e-justice scheme to improve access to legal services. I provided legal and related technical aspects. Consultant UNICEF Consultant on drafting of draft law on Child Protection (20052006) I was mandated to draft a law on child protection in accordance with the Convention of Rights of Child by the Ministry of Social Welfare Government of Pakistan and UNCEIP Pakistan. I submitted a draft bill on the subject. Consultant United Nations, Pakistan (UN Resident Coordinator’s Office) on Human

Rights. (2005-2006) I have been involved in conducting a mapping study of human rights initiatives of the UN and its specialized agencies in Pakistan with a view to propose strategy for future. Member Human Rights Commission of Pakistan Member and Consultant, Coalition Against Child Labour, (CACL) District Peshawar. Member Experts’ Committee of Human Rights MA degree programme. I acted as a member of the Experts’ Committee mandated to develop curriculum for MA in Human Rights degree programme of Peshawar University. I have developed a module on Philosophy of Human Rights for the MA degree curriculum. Member, SUR Network on Human Rights for South America, Sao Paulo, Brazil.(Since October 2005 till todate) Member-Panel of Experts of Fourth Intergovernmental Working Group on formulation of guidelines on Racism and the Internet. (January 2006) Participated in workshop at the UN Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights at Geneva, Switzerland and contributed in the drafting of guidelines.

I have participated in conferences, workshops and seminars on Human Rights Law and International Law held in various countries and have extensively wide travel experience. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS Osaka, Japan, (August 1994) Participated in a conference on the Freedom of Religions in connection with the publication of World Report on Religious Freedoms. Belfast, Ireland UK, (May 2000). Participated in a two day conference on Human Rights organized by the British Council, Northern Ireland Commission and Queen’s University Belfast and the British Council. Manama Bahrain (Month Year) Participated as legal representative in the Pakistani delegation comprising of officials of Special Investigation Cell of the Ministry of Narcotics Control for negotiating a MoU with US Navy and Drug Enforcement Administration, Department of Justice. Oslo, Norway, (July 2003). Participated in conference on the Freedom of Religion organized by the Norwegian Government and Norwegian Church Aid. Pnom Penh Cambodia, (September 2005) Participated in a Conference on Access to Justice organized by the UNDP.

Sao Paulo, Brazil, (October 2005) Participated in a three day conference organized by the SUR Network on Human Rights for South America. Geneva, Switzerland, (January 2006) Participated in the deliberations as the Member of Panel of Experts of Fourth Intergovernmental Working Group on formulation of guidelines on Racism and the Internet under the auspices of Office of the UN Commission of Human Rights. Kabul, Afghanistan (January 2007) Visited as a member of Pakistani delegation led by Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz and participated as Deputy Chairman National Volunteer Movement. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (May 2007) Attended a two days conference on Volunteerism organized by UN Bonn. Participated as Deputy Chairman, National Volunteer Movement Pakistan.

Warsaw, Poland (2015) Conference on Research Methodology in University of Warsaw. Read a paper on Research Methodology for doctoral research. Phnom Penh, Cambodia (December 2015) Participated as a member of the delegation of Pakistan’s Senate in the 8th Plenary session of Asian Parliamentary Assembly held in Phnom Penh, Cambodia in December 2015. Tehran, Iran (April 2016) Participated as Head of Delegation of Pakistan’s Senate in the meeting of Standing Committee on Social and Cultural Affairs of Asian Parliamentary Assembly in Tehran, Iran. Phnom Penh, Cambodia (September 2016) Participated as a member of the delegation of Pakistan’s Senate in the Executive Committee of Asian Parliamentary Assembly held in Phnom Penh, Cambodia in September 2016. As a result of my persuasion and arguments, the issue of Kashmir was incorporated in the text of a resolution titled ‘Significant Political Developments in Asia.” Phnom Penh, Cambodia (November 28-December 01, 2016) Participated as a member of the delegation of Pakistan’s Senate in 9th Plenary Session and 2nd Executive Committee of Asian Parliamentary Assembly in Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

NATIONAL CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS Delivered Lecture on Federalism, Devolution and Provincial Perspectives and Challenges at the Pakistan Institute of Parliamentary Services, Islamabad (October 26, 2016).

Participants included MPAs from all the four provinces including former Chief Minister Baluchistan, Dr Abdul Malik and Senator Taj Haider. Conference on Charity and Islamic Charity etc. Qauid-e-Azam University Islamabad, 2016 Participated as Chief Guest and key note speaker and chaired a session in the conference. Organized by HEC and QAU.

Conference Labor Migration and etc in University of Sargodha in ----- 2016. Participated as Guest of Honor and Key Note Speaker and chaired a session in the conference. Organized by HEC US and QAU.

Conference on Migration to Foreign Countries in QAU Islamabad 2016 Participated and read paper in the conference. Organized by QAU HEC and University of Sussex UK. Conference on Extremism and Radicalization in QAU University Islamabad in 2008 Participated as speaker and read my paper Organized by HEC and QAU.

TRAININGS/WORKSHOPS Law Seminar on Anti-Narcotics Law Enforcement conducted by the Drug Enforcement Administration of the U.S Department of Justice in the Federal Judicial Academy, Islamabad (October 2005). Workshop on Anti Narcotics Law Enforcement conducted by the Anti Narcotics Law Enforcement School, Rawalpindi. (September 2005) Environmental Law Course conducted by the International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN and International Islamic University, Islamabad. (August 2005) International Humanitarian Law Course conducted by the International Committee of the Red Cross, Islamabad. (March 2004) Advanced Drug Law Enforcement Course conducted by the Anti Narcotics Law Enforcement School in collaboration with the United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime. (February 2004)

Basic Drug Law Enforcement Course conducted by the Anti Narcotics Law Enforcement School in collaboration with United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime. (May 2003) Sharia Course for Lawyers conducted by the Sharia Faculty, International Islamic University, Islamabad. (June 2003)

White Collar Crime Course conducted by the Serious Fraud Office (United Kingdom) Crown Prosecution Service (United Kingdom) and National Accountability Bureau (Pakistan) in collaboration with the University of Liverpool (UK), July 2001.

Logical Framework Workshop Participated in the workshop on logical framework analysis (July 1998). This was organized in collaboration with the NORAD and Institute of Social Sciences, Lahore. The object of the workshop was to impart training to individual activists, NGO members and government officials involved in development of human rights strategy and programme formulation.

LANGUAGES 1 Fluent in Pashto, Urdu and English. 2 Good understanding of Hindko, Seraiki and Punjabi. 3 Understand Dari and Farsi but cannot speak fluently. Attended courses in following languages 2 Arabic : University of Buckingham, UK (1990-1991) 3 German : University of Buckingham, UK (1990-1991) Pakistan Institute of Modern Languages, Islamabad (May–August 2001) 4. Russian : Area Study Center, University of Peshawar, (1995-1996) OTHER POSITIONS

1. Member Senate of Pakistan [Since March 2015] 2. Chairman Senate Standing Committee on Ports and Shipping 3. Member Senate Standing Committee on Law Justice and Human Rights Convener of the Sub-Committee to consider the constitutional amendment proposed by Senator Saeed Ghani of PPPP, to introduce special/reserved seats for laborers in the Parliament. 4. Member Senate Standing Committee on Interior and Narcotics Control Convener of the Sub-Committee to consider the proposed bill presented by the government for conducting and regulating Local Bodies elections in Islamabad Capital Territory. Convener of Sub-committee on Organ Theft cases 5. Member Senate Standing Committee on Communications

Member of the Standing Committee on Communication’s group of Senators who toured the proposed Western Corridor of China Pakistan Economic Corridor CPEC from Quetta to Islamabad via Zhob and D.I. Khan on May 01 to 03, 2016. 6. Member Functional Committee on Devolution Process 7. Member Special Committee on Corruption in Federal Government Departments 8. Member Special Committee for Marginalized segments of the society. 9. Member Special Committee on Delegation Legislation. 10. Member Special Committee on Under privileged and Marginalized Groups. 11. Convener Sub Committee on Privatization: This committee has been constituted under the Special Committee on Delegated Legislation 12. Member of the Joint Parliamentary Committee on Panama Leaks. 13. Member of Focal Group on Asian Parliamentary Assembly Member Committee on Political Affairs and Special Committee on the Creation of Asian Parliament, Asian Parliamentary Assembly. 14. Federal Minister for Tourism and Youth Affairs (November 16, 2007 - March 31, 2008). Served as Federal Minister for Tourism and Youth Affairs from November 2007 till March 2008. 15. Special Envoy of the President of Pakistan to the United States. (November 28December 9, 2007). Visited United States in this capacity and interacted with members of US Congress both Senators and Members of the House of Representatives, various institutes including the Center for International and Strategic Studies, Woodrow Wilson Institute, The New America Foundation and The Asia Center in New York. Addressed leading US TV channels and newspapers on the Pakistan’s national and foreign policy issues.

16. Advisor, Ministry of Women Development and Youth Affairs, Government of Pakistan (June 2006 - March 2008). I was appointed as Advisor to the Ministry of Women Development and Ministry of Youth Affairs, Government of Pakistan by the Prime Minister of Pakistan in July 2006 and served until March 2008. I worked as Advisor and provided advice on policy, legal and related technical matters to the Federal Minister and both the ministries. I was also involved in interacting with United Nations and other donor agencies. I represented both the ministries as member of government delegation to Kabul, Afghanistan in January 2007.

17. Deputy Chairman National Volunteer Movement (2005-2008) I was appointed as Deputy Chairman, National Volunteer Movement by the Prime Minister of Pakistan, in November 2005 and served until March 2008. NVM is an autonomous organization established by the Federal Government through notification dated November 1, 2005. It works under the Prime Minister’s Secretariat.