BOT-DDE 201: PLANT ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY (Each block with four units & 5 hours for theory classes) Block I Units 1. Growth and Differentiation and Morphogenesis of Tissues 2. Types of Tissues and Tissue Systems in Plants 3. Root Meristem, Cell Divison, Expansion and Elongation 4. Differentiation of Root, Formation of Root Hair and Lateral Root Block II 5. Shoot Apical Meristem, Differentiation of Shoot Apex 6. Differentiation of Vascular Tissue and Abnormal Secondary Growths 7. Development of Leaf: Histology, Differentiation of Cells and Tissues 8. Tissue Differentiation and Development and Anatomy of Flowers Block III 9. Malegametophyte: Structure of Anther, Microsporogenesis and Tapetum 10. Pollen Structure, Development, Germination and Pollen Tube Development 11. Female Gametophyte: Structure and Development of Ovule and Megasporogenesis 12. Development and Organization of Mature Embryosac, Structure of Embryosac and Haustoria Block IV 13. Pollination: Structure of Pistle, Pollen-Stigma Interaction and Fertilization 14. Saprophytic and Gametophytic self Incompatibility and Double Fertilization 15. Development and Desiccation of Endosperm; Embryogenesis and Polyembryony 16. Fruit and Seed Development Apomixes and Parthanocarpy Block V 17. Diseases Development: Inoculums Potential, Penetration, Infection, Invasion, Reproduction, Spread and Survival of Pathogen 18. Physiology of Infected Plant: hangs in Respiration. Photosynthesis, Carbohydrate, Nitrogen and Nucleic Acid Metabolisms 19. Transgenics: Insect (Pest) Resistant Plant (BT-Cotton, BT-Bringal) and Viruses Resistant Plants 20. Integrated Pest Management in Perennial and Annual Crops; Physical and Chemical (Phytoseius) Methods of Diseases Resistance.

BOT-DDE 202: PLANT ECOLOGY, BIODIVERSITY AND RESOURCE UTILISATION (Each block with four units & 5 hours for theory classes) Block I Units 1. Soil Climate: Soil Profile, Types, Texture, Physiological and Chemical Properties 2. Vegetation Patterns: Organic Matter and Micro Flora-Plant Association 3. Major Climatic Zones: Tropical, Temperate, Alpine, Grassland, Aquatic and Desert biomes 4. Vegetation Organization and Development: Plant Succession, Insect Plant-Interaction and Ecological Niches Block II 5. Ecosystem Dynamics: Structure and Functions, Energy Dynamics and Energy Flow 6. Cycles: Bio-Geochemical Cycles of C, N, P, S and H2O 7. Environmental Hazards and Management: Soil, Water and Air Pollution and Control Measures 8. Climatic Changes: Green House Gass, Global Warming and Ozone Hole-Impact on Plant Ecosystem Block III 9. Status and Analysis of Phytodiversity through Remote Sensing 10. Concept, Principals and Applications of Remote Sensing 11. Principles of Diversity-Concept and Theories of Phytogeography, Phytogeographical areas in India. 12. Continental Drift, Platetectonics of world and India Block IV 13. Biodiversity statues in India and World, causes for rarity and loss of species 14. Hotspots of the World, IUCN, WWF, IPGN, BSI 15. In-situ-Conservation: Sanctuaries, National Parks, Bio-Spheres Reserves, Sacred Grooves 16. Ex-site-Conservation: Botanical Gardens, Herbaria Block V 17. Importance of plants to mankind-origin and development of agriculture and food cropsCereals, millets, pulses, oils, fruits and vegetables 18. Non-wood-forest products: Rubber, Latex, Gum, Resin, Dyes, Fibers, Aromatic plants 19. Commercial crops: spices and condiments, beverages, ornaments, orchids and Fumigatories 20. Timbers yielding plants, bamboos Ratoons as resources in industry.

BOT-DDE 203: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISMS (Each block with four units & 5 hours for theory classes) Block I Units 1. Thermodynamic Concepts: Free Energy, Chemical and Redox Potential 2. SPAC Concept: Mechanism of Water Take up and Transport 3. Phloem Transport of Organic Substances, Passive and Active Solute Transport 4. Mode of Enzyme Action, Regulators and Active sites, isozymes Block II 5. Respiration: Glycolysis, TCA Cycle, Electron Transport and Pentose Phosphate Pathway 6. Lipid Metabolism: Glyoxylate Cycle, Fatty Acid Biosynthesis, Storage Lipids and Catabolism of Lipids 7. Nitrogen and Sulpher Metabolism: Biological Nitrogen Fixation, Nitrate Uptake and Reduction, Sulpher Uptake and Assimilation 8. Physiological Effects and Mechanism of Action of Plant Growth Regulators and Elicitors Block III 9. Photosynthetic Pigments, Regulation of PS-I and PS-II Activities 10. Photooxdation of Water, Oxygen Evdving Complex, Water Oxidation Clock, Photophosphorylation- ATPase 11. Rubisco Activation and Carbon Assimilation-Calvin Cycle 12. Photorespiration, C4 cycle and CAM pathway Block IV 13. Biosynthesis of Starch and Sucrose 14. Mechanism of Protein Synthesis 15. Molecular Changes Associated with Leaf Senescence 16. Signal Transduction and Gene Expression Block V 17. Molecular Physiology of Flowering, role of Phytochrome 18. Molecular Response and Tolerance Mechanism of abiotic Stresses 19. Mechanism of Herbicidal Effect in Plant 20. Nanotechnology and its Applications

BOT-DDE 204: PLANT TISSUE CULTURE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (Each block with four units & 5 hours for theory classes) Block I Units 1. Concept of Plant Cell and Tissue culture, Totipotencey and Differentiation of Cell and Principles of Sterilization 2. Types, Composition and Preparation of Nutrient Media 3. Fundamental Aspects of Morphogenesis, Direct and Indirect Organogenesis 4. Somatic Embryogenesis, Clonal Purity and Somaclonal Variation Block II 5. Production of Haploids and its Significance in Crop Improvement 6. Secondary Metabolites Production through Cell and Organ Culture-Hairy Roots 7. Protoplast Isolation, Fusion and Culture, Selection and Characterization of Hybrids 8. Symmetric and Asymmetric Hybrids and Cybrids Block III 9. Concept of Genetic Engineering and Principles of Gene Cloning and Analysis 10. Cloning Vectors - Plasmids, Phages, Cosmids, Phagemids, YACs and BACs 11. Host Systems, Bacterial Transformation and Transduction, Selected Markers and Reporter Genes 12. Nucleic acid probes-colony and plaque hybridization- Dot, Southern, Northern and Western Blotting Block IV 13. Plant Gene Isolation, T-DNA Tagging and Transfer, Physical Methods of Gene Transfer 14. Gene Targeting, Optimization of Transgenic Expression 15. Intellectual Property rights and Regulation and Release of G.M. Crops 16. Applications of Transgenic in Improving Nutritive Values of Plants Block V 17. Structural and Functional Genomics – DNA Marker Systems 18. Genome and Gene Annotation and Bioinformatics Tools for Gene Identification and Function 19. Characterization of Proteins and Proteome Analysis 20. Evolution of Novel Genes and Proteins and Plant Genome Projects

DDE- M. Sc Botany (Final year) Program-II Lab Manual- I (Plant Anatomy, Embryology and Plant Pathology & Plant Ecology, Biodiversity and Resource Utilization) (Course –I and II) 1. Transverse sections with double staining methods 2. Transverse section of monocot - Stem, Leaf and Root 3. Transverse section of Dicot- Stem, Leaf and Root 4. Abnormal secondary growth of stems 5. C3 and C4 leaf Anatomy, Xerophytic and aquatic leaf variations 6. Mode of anther dehiscence and collection of pollen grains 7. Test for pollen viability using stains and in-vitro germination 8. Pollen germination using 9. Study of ovules in cleared preparation 10. Study of embryo sac development 11. Isolation of pathogenic fungi and bacteria 12. Screening of antibiotics/medicinal plant extracts by paper disc method 13. Determine Soil Moisture Content, porosity and balk dusty in different locations 14. Determine pH and water holding capacity of different soil 15. Determine the percent of organic carbon and organic matter in the soils of cropland, grassland and forest 16. Study the species diversity in number of quadrants at various places and determine association and frequency of species 17. Study the phytodiversity of sacred groves 18. Screening of diversified species for secondary metabolites 19. Extraction and estimation of dye from various plant parts 20. Studies on distribution of indigenous and endemic families/genera/species 21. Studies on food crops, fodder crops, pulses, fiber crops, vegetable and fruits crops 22. Studies on species and condiments, plant, fibers, medicinal and aromatic plants Lab Manual- II (Plant Physiology and Metabolisms & Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology) (Course –III and IV) 1. Extraction and estimation of chlorophyll pigments. 2. Preparation of standard curve of proteins by using Foline phenol reagent 3. Preparation of standard curve of glucose through Anthrone reagent 4. Preparation of standard curve to proline 5. Studies on hormonal regulation of senescence 6. Seed viability test using tetrazolium chloride 7. Studies on effect of salt stress on leaves 8. Separation of proteins on SDS-PAGE 9. Studies on sterilization techniques in tissue culture 10. Preparation of various media for in-vitro propagation 11. In-vitro seeds germination and seedlings development 12. Inoculation of various explants for callus production 13. Development of plantlets through calls culture 14. Acclimatization and fielding of in-vitro developed plants 15. Isolation of protoplast from various plant tissues 16. Preparation of synthetic seeds