International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia

Formulation Tuna Fishery Management Issues In The Indian Ocean Fisheries Management Area 573 Tri Wiji Nurani1*, Prihatin Ika Wahyuningrum1 , Sugeng Hari Wisudo1, Soraya Gigentika2 1

Lecturer in Department of Fisheries Resources Utilization, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University 2 Postgraduate Student in Department of Fisheries Resources Utilization, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Fisheries Management Area (FMA) 573 (South of Java-East Nusa Tenggara) has abundant resources of tuna, particularly yellowfin and bigeye. However various problems appeared in this area as the result of tuna fishing activities. Therefore it is time to manage fishing activities of tuna in this area properly. Ecosystem Approach for Fisheries Management (EAFM) could be the right approach to be used in this research because it manages not only sustainability of tuna resources but also social economic impacts. This research is aimed to formulate problems of tuna fishery in FMA 573. Problem formulation is conducted through Soft System Methodology. Scopes of research covering 1) fish resources and ecosystem; 2) technology; 3) social; 4) economy and 5) policy and institution. Result of the study revealed that there are some problems of tuna fishery at FMA 573; e.i, 3 problems in resources, habitat and ecosystem domain, 6 problems in technology domain, 5 problems in social domain, 3 problems in economic domain, and 4 problems in policy and institution domain. Seven objectives of tuna fishery management are explicitly explained here to give solution for these problems, e.i relating with 1) regulation to create a fair business system, 2) intensive socialization for regulation regarding FADs (rumpon), 3) competence certificate for skippers and crews, 4) coordination improvement between sectors, 5) transparency of tuna marketing information, 6) awareness raising of stakeholder toward the regulation of tuna fishery management, 7) establishment of institution for tuna fishery management. Key words: problem formulation, tuna fishery, ecosystem approach, FMA 573, soft system methodology

INTRODUCTION Fisheries Management Area of the Republic of Indonesia (FMA) 573 covering Indian Ocean from south of Java, to East Nusa Tenggara, Savu Sea and western part of Timor Sea. These areas have abundant resources of tuna, particularly bigeye (Thunnus obesus) dan yellowfin (Thunnus albacares). At present condition, tuna fishing activities at FMA 573 is conducted in various fishing gears, such as longline, trolling, pole and line, and purse seine. Activities of tuna fishery at FMA 573 have led to various problems. At present, Rumpon as Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) that are commonly used in trolling, pole and liner and purseiner. The widespread use of FADs and many of them are illegal is feared will endanger sustainability of tuna resources. Other problems are juvenile tuna being caught, low quality of tuna, fishing ground which is getting further, and ineffectiveness of management efforts done by the government (Nurani et al. 2012;

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International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia

Nurani et al. 2014; Nurani et al. 2015a; Nurani et al. 2015b; Nurani et al. 2015c; Ross et al. 2008; Ross et al. 2012). Various problems of tuna fishing activities in the Indian Ocean need to be solved immediately before leading bad impacts on sustainability or declining stock of tuna resources. The fear of stock declining of tuna in the Indian Ocean has been exposed in a research by Pillai and Satheeshkumar (2012). Trolling fishing with uncontrolled use of FADs has threatened sustainability of tuna resources in the northern part of Andhra Pradesh India (Rohit and Rammohan 2009). Based on the conditions above, it is time to manage tuna fishery in the Indian Ocean properly, especially at FMA 573. Management approach to be used is ecosystem approach (EAFM). that defined as a concept of fishery management by harmonizing social economic goals in managing resources while still considering biotic and abiotic conditions and human interaction within the ecosystem through an integrated comprehensive and sustainable fishery management (FAO 2003). One of the approach to be used to overcome complexity of problems is Soft System Methodology (SSM). Soft System Methodology is a solving problem framework designed specifically for a situation where the nature of a problem is difficult to define (Martin et al. 2008). The essence of SSM is to build a model system through a deeply understanding and meaning of problem situation in accordance with facing phenomena (Williams 2005). Research by using SSM approach in fishery has ever been used by Rahmah et al. (2013) and Rahmawati et al. (2013). The research is aimed to formulate fishery issues of tuna at FMA 573 by using Soft System Methodology approach. Problem formulation is essential as a foundation to decide management objectives.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Scope of research is problem formulation as a base to design management model of tuna fishery in the Indian Ocean FMA 573 by using ecosystem approach. The research covering 1) fish resources, habitat and ecosystem 2) fishing technologies; 3) social; 4) economic utilization of resources; and 5) policy and institution. Soft system methodology is conducted through seven steps; 1) to understand unstructured problem; 2) to describe situation of the problem; 3) to define root of the problem; 4) to make conceptual model; 5) to compare conceptual model and facts on 193

International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia

the ground; 6) to decide the desired changes; 7) to take steps for improvement (Checkland and Poulter 2006). This cycle will be repeated if anything found necessary to be corrected or improved. This research is conducted in step 1 and 2. Step 1. Understanding unstructured problem This stage is defined as to understand the problematic situation as the problems is considered unclear, unstructured, and so complex with so many messy and so many perspectives or views in it. Step 2. Describing situation of the problem (Rich Picture) At this stage, situation of the problem is expressed in a structured through 3 analysis. Firstly, intervention analysis, e.i to decide client (a person or group of persons who cause intervention to happen), to decide problem solver (a person or group of persons who will make transformation), and to decide problem owner (a person or group of persons who have interest or affected by the problem or by the problem solving). Secondly, social system analysis is done by investigating 3 major things in problem owner, e.i rule, norm and value. Thirdly, polytical system analysis is conducted by investigating power of the problem owner. This stage will result description complexities of the problem in detail and this will become the first door to arrange relevancy of the problem.

Results and Discussion To understand the unstructured problem of tuna fishing in the Indian Ocean FMA 573, comprehensive and sustainable research has been done so far. The scopes of research covering the aspects of resources, technology, social economy as well as policy and institution of tuna fishing activities. Locations for the research are Tamperan Fishing Port in Pacitan and Pondokdadap Fishing Port in Malang (2013), Sadeng Fishing Port in Special Region of Yogyakarta and Oeba Fishing Port and Tenau Fishing Port in East Nusa Tenggara (2014).

The research was conducted through collecting

primary and secondary data. More deeply research has been conducted at Cilacap Fishing Port

and Palabuhanratu Fishing Port (2016) through focus group discussion

(FGD). The research showed 3 problems in resources, habitat and ecosystem domain, 6 problems in technology domain, 5 problems in social domain, 3 problems in economic domain, and 4 problems in policy and institution domain (Table 1). 194

The problem of

International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia

tuna fishery at FMA 573 is described in Picture 1. Based on the understanding of the problems of tuna fishery in the Indian Ocean FMA 573 (Table 1 and Picture 1), seven objectives of fishery managements are proposed to cope these existing problems (Table 2). The seven objectives are 1) to make regulation which can create a fair tuna industry, profitable, and sustainable, 2) to intensify socialization about FADs regulation as stipulated in Regulation of Minister of Fishery and Marine Affairs No.26/PERMEN-KP/2014, 3) to build a national wide system which enabling competence certification for skippers and crews through policy and budget allocation, 4) to build a system which can create communication and coordination in planning and in implementing programs to develop tuna fishery, 5) to establish a system which can guarantee the implementation of an ideal tuna sales through transparency of sales price based on size and quality for the benefit of the fishermen, 6) to increase awareness of stakeholders toward the policy in relating with management of tuna fishery, 7) to create a system which can ensure the orderly management and industry of tuna through establishment of an institution located at the fishing ports to achieve sustainability of resources and certainty of tuna industry.

CONCLUSION Problems of tuna fishery in the Indian Ocean FMA 573 have been formulated, covering 3 problems in resources, habitat and ecosystem domain, 6 problems in technology domain, 5 problems in social domain, 3 problems in economic domain, and 4 problems in policy and institution domain. Seven objectives of tuna fishery management are explicitly explained here to give solution for these problems, e.i relating with 1) regulation to create a fair business system, 2) intensive socialization for regulation regarding FADs (rumpon), 3) competence certificate for skippers and crews, 4) coordination improvement between sectors, 5) transparency of tuna marketing information, 6) awareness raising of stakeholder toward the regulation of tuna fishery management, 7) establishment of institution for tuna fishery management.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors gratefully acknowledge to Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education through BOPTN Funding at Bogor Agricultural University year 2016.

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International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia

Table 1

Problems of tuna fishery at WPP 573

Domain 1. Resources, Habitat and Ecosystem

2. Technology (Fishing Techniques)

Problems 1. There is an indication of overfishing, it can be seen from trend of CPUE which is getting down while the fishing ground is getting far 2. In Palabuhanratu fishing port still a lot of by catch (main catch only 30-40%). 3. Treatment on endangered species is s still poor. 1. The use of illegal FADs. 2. Unreported modified fishing gears. 3. Unreported deviation of fishing technologies. 4. There is a mark down of vessel size, due to taking a long time to process revision of document. 5. Improvement of human resources, particularly in certification which facing obstacle due to limited location for a competency test and institutions which issuing competence certificate of crews are only in Jakarta and Tegal. 6. Involvement of stakeholders in Palabuhanratu is still low.

3. Social

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

4. Economy

1. 2. 3.

5. Institution

1. 2. 3. 4.

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Conflict between longline fishers and purse seine fishers. Conflict with fishers who have illegal FADs. Conflict about shipping route. Potential conflict in managing tuna. Fishers do not get comprehensive information about fish marketing, its final destination and its price. Most of the crews are full time fishers who have no alternative jobs. Fishers highly depend on tuna fishing and have low bargaining power. Fishers do not know regulation or policy regarding fishery management issued by the government. Poor quality and quantity of human resource supervisors and infrastructure of supervision. Local governments have yet to hold clear authority in regard with tuna management. Planning Management of Tuna Cakang Tongkol (RPP TCT) is yet to be well understood. There is still no institution to manage tuna fishery.

International Seminar sustainable utilization of coastal resources in tropical zone, 19-20 October,2016, Bengkulu, Indonesia

Table 2

Objective setting of tuna management

Domain

Objective setting of management

1. Resources, Habitat and Ecosystem 2.

3.

4.

5.

Minister of Fishery and Marine Affairs (MFMA) and Agency of Fishery and Marine (AFM) should make regulation which can create a fair tuna industry, profitable, and sustainable. The regulation at least could control fishing season, fishing capacity, and size limit of tuna acceptable to market. Technology Minister of Fishery and Marine Affairs (MFMA) and Agency of (Fishing Fishery and Marine (AFM) should intensify socialization about Techniques) FADs regulation as stipulated in Regulation of Minister of Fishery and Marine Affairs No.26/PERMEN-KP/2014. In addition, they should also make technical instruction and guideline, especially for FADs in tuna, cakalang and tongkol fishery.. Social Minister of Fishery and Marine Affairs (MFMA) and related institutions should establish a national wide system which enabling competence certification for skippers and crews through policy and budget allocation. Minister of Fishery and Marine Affairs (MFMA) and related institutions should build a system which can create communication and coordination in planning and in implementing programs to develop tuna fishery. Economy 1. Minister of Fishery and Marine Affairs (MFMA) should establish a system which can guarantee the implementation of an ideal tuna sales through transparency of sales price based on size and quality for the benefit of the fishermen. Institution Minister of Fishery and Marine Affairs (MFMA) should build a system which can ensure that regulation or related policy is well understood by the fishermen and other stakeholders in accordance with the society’s need by not ignoring the concept of responsible fishery management. Minister of Fishery and Marine Affairs (MFMA) should create a system which can ensure the orderly management and industry of tuna through establishment of an institution located at the fishing ports to achieve sustainability of resources and certainty of tuna industry.

REFERENCES

Checkland P, Poulter J. 2006. Learning for Action: A Short Definitive Account of Soft System Methodology and its use for Practitioners, Teachers and Students, John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. Chichester. Rahmawati NT, Wisudo SH, Wiyono ES, Nurani TW. 2013. Dinamika Perikanan Tuna Longline Indonesia: Studi Kasus pada Ikan Tuna Sirip Biru Selatan. J. Teknologi Perikanan dan Kelautan. 4 (2): 113-122. Martin E, Winarno B, Purnomo H, Wijayanto N. 2008. Penatakelolaan Hutan Rawan Konflik melalui Pendekatan Metodologi Sistem Lunak: Kasus Hutan Penelitian Benakat Sumatera Selatan. J. Penelitian Sosial dan Ekonomi Kehutanan. 5 (3): 197

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179-202. Nurani TW, Haluan J, Sudirman S, Lubis E. 2008. Rekayasa Sistem Pengembangan Perikanan Tuna di Perairan Selatan Jawa. Forum Pascasarjana. 31 (2): 79-92. Nurani TW. 2010. Model Pengelolaan Perikanan: Suatu Kajian Pendekatan Sistem. Bogor: Departemen Pemanfaatan Sumberdaya Perikanan, IPB. Nurani TW, Wahyuningrum PI, Mustaruddin. 2012. Evaluation of Payaos in South Coast of Java Related to the Sustainability of Tuna Fisheries. International Seminar on Marine Science & Aquaculture. University Malaysia Sabah (Abstract). Nurani TW, Wisudo SH, Wahyuningrum PI, Arhatin RE. 2014. Model Pengembangan Rumpon sebagai Alat Bantu dalam Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Ikan Tuna secara Berkelanjutan. J. Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia. 19 (1): 57-65). Nurani TW, Wisudo SH, Wahyuningrum PI, Arhatin RE, Komarudin D. 2015a. Hasil tangkapan Ikan Tuna pada Perikanan Pancing Tonda dengan Menggunakan Alat bantu Rumpon di Perairan Samudera Hindia Selatan Jawa. Prosiding Simposium Nasional Pengelolaan Perikanan Tuna Berkelanjutan (ISBN 978-979-1461-47-4). VI:197-205. Nurani TW, Wisudo SH, Wahyuningrum PI, Arhatin RE, Komarudin D. 2015b. Dinamika Perikanan Pancing Tonda di Pelabuhan Perikanan Pantai Sadeng Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Prosiding Seminar Hasil-Hasil Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat IPB (ISBN 978-602-8853-22-4; 978-602-8853-23-1). Hal: 207-221 Nurani TW, Wisudo SH, Wahyuningrum PI, Arhatin RE, Komarudin D. 2015c. Catch of Tuna Fish on Trolling Fishing in Indian Ocean Waters, Southern Coast of East Java Related to Sea Surface Temperature Variability. Malaysian Applied Biology Journal . 44 (3): 25-28. Pillai and Satheeshkumar. 2012. Biology, Fishery, Conservation and Management of Indian Ocean Tuna Fisheries. Ocean Sci. J. 47(4):411-433. Rahmah A, Nurani TW, Wisudo SH, Zulbainarni N. 2013. Pengelolaan Perikanan Tonda dengan Rumpon melalui Pendekatan Soft System Methodology (SSM) di PPP Pondokdadap Sendang Biru, Malang. J. Teknologi Perikanan dan Kelautan. 4 (1): 73-88 Ross A. 2008. Peluang Ekspor Tuna Segar dari PPI Puger (Tinjauan Aspek Kualitas dan Aksesbilitas Pasar) [Skripsi]. Bogor: Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Rohit and Rammohan. 2009. Fishery and Biological Aspects of Yellowfin Tuna Thunnus albacares along Andhra Coast, India. Asian Fisheries Science. 22: 235-244. Ross A, Wiyono ES, Nurani TW. 2012. Persepsi Sosial Stakeholder Perikanan Tangkap di PPN Prigi, Trenggalek. Buletin PSP. 20 (3): 229-237. William B. 2005. Soft System Methodology. The Kellogg Foundation. Users. Actrix.co.nz/bobwill/ssm.

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Investors and Fisheries enterpreneurs

Giving training and certificate of expertise

manager of fishing and landing activity

Supervision and law enforcement Certificate of Competence Institutions Limited Sites of Competency Test and Certificate of Competence Institution

Tuna Fisheries Company

Certificate of competence Low bargaining power

Fishing labors

Crew and Captain

Fish landing activity

Fishing activity

FADs Tuna Fishing Units

Tuna resources experiencing overfishing symptoms

Figure 1

Supervision and management

Supervision Lack of understanding of the applicable policies

There are no special institutions for tuna fisheries management

High dependence on tuna fishing activities

Fish capture technology is not in accordance with the reported

Fishing Port

Unlicensed FADs

Division of marine resources and fisheries supervisor Organizational forum for fishermen

Indonesia Cooperatives Fisherman Association Association of Ship Captain Conflicts with other fisheries activities and other sectors Descriptions: = issues = roles

Rich picture of tuna utilization resources in the Indian Ocean fisheries management area 573

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