II B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, May/Jun 2009 PHYSICAL METALLURGY (Metallurgy & Material Technology) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks ⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆ 1. (a) What is a light filter? Explain the significance of light filters in metallurgical microscopes. Explain any one type of light filter. i. oblique illumination ii. mechanism of etching.
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(b) Explain the following
[6+5+5]
2. Write short notes on the following: (a) Hume-Rothery classification of metals
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(b) Packing efficiency of FCC structure.
[8+8]
3. (a) What do you mean by transition elements. Give some examples for commercially important transition elements. Explain briefly the effect of dissolving ability of interstitial atoms in transition elements.
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(b) State and explain the various factors affecting solid solubility of substitutional solid solutions. [8+8] 4. (a) What do you, understand by the term Equilibrium diagram? Explain with suitable Examples. (b) Discuss the various methods for the construction of phase diagrams. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of each of them. [6+10]
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5. (a) What is allotropy? Discuss various allotropic forms of iron and their properties. (b) Explain why increase of pressure may give allotropic transformation to close packed structures. [9+7]
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6. Draw Cu-Zn phase diagram. Label the important points, lines and phases in it. Explain the various reactions that take place in the diagram. Explain the properties of the important phases in this diagram. [16] 7. (a) Compare and contrast the structural features of pearlite with that of Bainite. (b) “Steel is made hard by Quenching”. State at least three conditions which must be fulfilled to justify the above statement. [8+8]
8. (a) ‘In a TTT curve the incubation period is initially large (at =7000 C), which decreases (as the amount of under cooling increases) to a minimum at the nose of the curve and then increases’. Justify the correctness/in correctness of the above statement. Give the necessary reasons 1 of 2
Set No. 1
Code No: 33083
(b) CCT curve of eutectoid steel is displaced towards right and lowered as compared to its TTT curves. Explain, why? [10+6]
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Set No. 2
Code No: 33083
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II B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, May/Jun 2009 PHYSICAL METALLURGY (Metallurgy & Material Technology) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks ⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆ 1. (a) What are the common defects of lenses? Briefly explain each one of them.
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(b) What are the various types of objective lenses? Briefly discuss each one of them. [8+8] 2. (a) Prove that the packing factor for HCP cell is 0.74%.
(b) One of the atoms of manganese has an atomic radius of 1.12 Ao and a lattice parameter of 2.930 A and a packing factor of 0.479. How many atoms are in the unit cell. [8+8]
i. crystal structure factor ii. relative size factor
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(b) Define and explain the terms
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3. (a) Explain the following with respect to the formation of substitutional solid solutions.
i. phase and ii. system
(c) Draw the cooling curve for long freezing range alloys and explain the salient points in it. [6+4+6] 4. (a) Discuss the significance of equilibrium diagrams in the scientific study of alloy systems.
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(b) Write a brief account on
i. Grain structure of an ingot and ii. Directional solidification.
[6+10]
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5. (a) Write note on order ? disorder transformation. (b) Explain the composition, properties & uses of i. Alpha brass ii. Beryllium copper iii. Cupronickels
[4+4+4+4]
6. (a) Compute the mass fraction of ferrite and cementitie in pearlite. (b) Explain the differences between hypo eutectoid and hypereutectoid steels. (c) In a hypo eutectoid steel both eutectoid and proeutectoid ferrite exist. Explain the differences between them. [5+5+6] 1 of 2
Set No. 2
Code No: 33083
7. (a) What are quench cracks? Explain the possible reasons for their formation? How to avoid their formation (b) Distinguish between ‘retained austenite’ and stabilized austenite. 8. Draw and explain TTT diagrams for the following
[10+6] [6+5+5]
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(a) Eutectoid steel (b) Hypo eutectoid steels
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(c) Hyper eutectoid steels.
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Set No. 3
Code No: 33083
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II B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, May/Jun 2009 PHYSICAL METALLURGY (Metallurgy & Material Technology) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks ⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆ 1. (a) What is microscopy? What information is obtained by macroscopic studies of components? Explain.
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(b) Is macroscopy superior to microscopy? Why or why not? Explain. (c) Explain what do you mean by empty magnification.
[7+5+4]
2. (a) Define and explain space lattice, unit cell and crystal. How are they related?
or
(b) Explain why there are more metallic elements than non metallic elements in the periodic table.
(c) What is stacking sequence? Explain stacking sequences for FCC and BCC structures. [7+5+4] 3. (a) Explain the following with respect to the formation of substitutional solid solutions.
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i. crystal structure factor ii. relative size factor
(b) Define and explain the terms i. phase and ii. system
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(c) Draw the cooling curve for long freezing range alloys and explain the salient points in it. [6+4+6]
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4. (a) Suppose that the solid Iron was able to nucleate homogeneously with an under cooling of only 150 C. How many atoms would have to group together spontaneously for this to occur. Assume that the lattice parameter of solid BCC Iron is 0.292 nm. Freezing temperature of Iron : 15380 C Surface energy if Iron : 204 × 10−3 J/m2 Latent heat of fusion :1737× 106 J/m3 (b) Derive the expression that you have used to solve the above problem. [8+8]
5. (a) Explain eutectoid, peritectoid reactions that take place in Fe-F e3 C equilibrium diagram. (b) Distinguish fully between simple binary phase diagrams and complex phase diagrams with examples. [8+8] 1 of 2
Set No. 3
Code No: 33083
6. (a) What is an Equilibrium diagram & mention its importance. (b) For an alloy of 0.3% carbon steel draw the cooling curve & microstructure at room temperature. [8+8] 7. (a) Compare and contrast the structural features of pearlite with that of Bainite.
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(b) “Steel is made hard by Quenching”. State at least three conditions which must be fulfilled to justify the above statement. [8+8]
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8. What do you mean by TTT diagrams. Describe the method of constructing TTT diagrams for an eutectoid steels. Label the various phases in the TTT diagram. [16]
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Set No. 4
Code No: 33083
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II B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, May/Jun 2009 PHYSICAL METALLURGY (Metallurgy & Material Technology) Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80 Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks ⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆ 1. (a) With a neat line diagram of an optical microscope, explain the construction and the working principle involved in it.
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(b) What is meant by aberration? Suggest the methods to rectify this defect. [9+7] 2. (a) Define octahedral and tetrahedral sites and discuss with reference to BCC and FCC structures. (b) Give an account on bonding and material property. (properties)
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3. (a) What is the necessity of alloying?
[8+8]
(b) Distinguish between substitutional and interstitial solid solutions.
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(c) Explain the Hume-Rothery rules for the formation of extensive solid solution. [2+6+8] 4. (a) Discuss the significance of equilibrium diagrams in the scientific study of alloy systems. (b) Write a brief account on
i. Grain structure of an ingot and ii. Directional solidification.
[6+10]
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5. What are the several equilibrium changes and reactions that take place in the solid state? Explain them fully with suitable examples. [16] 6. (a) Calculate the relative amounts of the structural constituents present in furnace cooled steels & cast irons, containing 0.3%C 0.6% carbon 1.2%C 4.3%C
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i. ii. iii. iv.
(b) What is critical temperature? Describe various critical temperatures you will come across in the Fe - F e3 C diagram. [8+8]
7. (a) Explain how it is possible to obtain on a structure composed of fine pearlite, bainite and martensite. (b) What factors control the Quenching characteristics of liquid coolants? Explain them. [8+8] 1 of 2
Set No. 4
Code No: 33083
8. What do you mean by TTT diagrams. Describe the method of constructing TTT diagrams for an eutectoid steels. Label the various phases in the TTT diagram. [16]
i. crystal structure factor ... (a) Define and explain space lattice, unit cell and crystal. ... (b) What factors control the Quenching characteristics of liquid coolants?
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... the velocity of block A after it has moved 2 m. Assume that µ equals to 0.25 between block A and the plane and that the pulley · is weightless and frictionless.
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(b) An optical fibre has a NA of 0.20 and cladding refractive index of 1.59. De- · termine the refractive index of core and the acceptance angle for the fibre in.
Write how blood PH is maintained. [16]. *****. 1 of 1 ... [6+5+5] · 8. Explain how blood biochemical analysis helps in confirmation of diseases. [16] · *****. 1 of 1.
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for the magnetic fields in the different regions of a coaxial cable, having inner .... Draw the directions of electric and magnetic fields in parallel plate and coaxial.
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[10] · (b) Write a note on âaskarelsâ. [6]. 8. Give an account of the following properties of lime. [4x4=16]. (a) Slaking. (b) Setting and hardening of lime. 1 of 2.
Give various examples of capital budgeting decisions. Classify ... or other unit of Management among the activities of that unit. Explain. .... 100000 Fixed Assets.
(b) Three Brick wall in English bond. [8+8] · 6. (a) Name the different types of foundations you would recommend under different · situations and soils. Explain ...
lakhs and average variable cost of Rs.10 each . The selling price is to yield 20% · profit on cost. you are required to calculate · (a) P/V ratio. (b) Break even point.
(a) What is meant by page pinning in the buffer pool. Who is responsible for .... (b) Discuss the techniques for allocating file blocks on disk. [8+8] · 4. Consider the ...
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Code No: RR310402. Set No. 1 ... it in the long distance transmission of radio signals in the HF band. 1 of 2 ... iii. Beam area, beam efficiency and resolution.
PLANT BIO-TECHNOLOGY ... 1. Discuss the importance of Plant tissue culture in India? [16] ... 7. What is meant by disease resistance and Susceptibility? [8+8].
(a) What are the factors that lead to fading and attenuation in ionospheric prop- agation. (b) What is the wave tilt and how does it effect the field strength received ...
3. (a) How do you detect whether an organic reaction is going by free-radical mech- · anism or not ? (b) Describe the chlorination of ethane in the presence of ...
