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U.S. RMBS Roundtable: Mortgage Origination And Securitization In The PostQualified Mortgage/Ability ToRepay Market 17Dec2014
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This past January marked the required implementation date of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau's (CFPB's) qualified mortgage (QM) standards and abilitytorepay (ATR) rule. The ATR rule, an amendment to Regulation Z of the Truth in Lending Act (TILA), applies to QM loans for which applications were accepted on or after Jan. 10, 2014. This new rule requires lenders to make good faith determinations of a borrower's ability to repay a mortgage loan while also establishing protections from liabilities for QM loans. Before the rule took effect, we had conducted a roundtable discussion on Oct. 17, 2013, among originators, aggregators, and internal and external counsel to discuss its potential impact (see "U.S. RMBS Roundtable: Originators, Aggregators, and Counsel Discuss New Qualified Mortgage Rules," published Nov. 1, 2013). One year later, we checked in with a similar group of participants along with investors and thirdparty due diligence providers to discuss the implementation challenges faced, the potential origination volume of loans that fall both inside and outside the QM standards' safe harbor protection, and how each could affect the residential mortgagebacked securities (RMBS) market. The main topics discussed included: Anticipated nonQM products; Post QM/ATR documentation requirements and challenges; Alternative documentation including audio recordings; Potential inconsistency in residual income calculations; Governmentsponsored enterprises' (GSEs') pursuit of deficiency judgments; The lack of legal precedent interpreting the new standards; and Investor interest in nonQM products.
Panel Discussion Sharif Mahdavian, a managing director in Standard & Poor's North American RMBS group, moderated the 2014 panel discussion. Although the participants have agreed to the publication of this summary, the participants are not identified in this publication. The opinions expressed are those of the individual participants and not necessarily of their employers or Standard & Poor's. Standard & Poor's: What types of products have been originated and what products are planned that fall outside of the QM safe harbor standards? Which of these may be included in future securitizations? Originators agreed loans that fall outside of the safe harbor by virtue of interestonly (IO) features have been and will continue to be attractive nonQM lending products. These loans have been originated postcrisis, and originators expect to continue lending to highquality borrowers with substantial equity in their properties. There was general consensus that IO loans should not have been automatically excluded from QM treatment. However, large bank depository lenders have shown a desire to originate and hold larger balance IO loans on their balance sheets rather than including them in securitizations. One participant from a major depository institution indicated that, given the increasing IO concentration on those institutions' balance sheets, there may be a desire to securitize these loans upon meeting balance sheet thresholds. One originator expressed interest in originating lower balance IO loans with five or sevenyear IO periods, similar to the IOs previously purchased by the GSEs. However, the originator still expressed discomfort with moving down the credit spectrum to nonprime borrowers for this product. Other originators were not as hesitant to roll out nonprime lending products, and although most originators said the market's response to nonprime products was slower than expected, some originators recently launched nonprime products and others may add similar products in the near future. Some lenders are interested in offering products with debttoincome (DTI) ratios above the 43% QM threshold limit. One lender expressed an intention to stay below the 3% points and fees limitation for QM loans. Overall, originators may consider lending to borrowers with DTIs up to 55%, but residual income, lower loantovalue (LTV) ratios, and significant liquid reserves would be key considerations for taking on higher DTI borrowers. Several nonQM originators are considering offering loans to "creditevent" borrowers with clearly identifiable and documented life events that may have caused serious delinquencies, bankruptcies, and foreclosures. These lenders believe borrowers with low 600 FICO scores directly related to sudden unemployment, a short sale, divorce, or medical expenses, who have shown recent positive payment histories could be expected to perform more like prime (low 700 FICO score) borrowers. NonQM lending to strategic defaultersthose borrowers who ceased paying a loan despite having sufficient funds once the equity in their property was negligible or negative accounted for a more controversial segment in terms of originator appetite. However, it was clear that lower LTVs and home price projections are of particular importance for these borrowers given their prior behavior. Many participants expressed difficulty in identifying strategic defaulters from other borrowers with blemished credit histories and felt they would limit originating to suspected strategic defaulters.
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The difficulty in pricing nonQM products was a common theme throughout the discussion. One originator expected a coupon increase greater than 1% for a lower balance IO product. Others expressed the speculative nature in pricing "near miss" nonQMs with DTIs or points and fees slightly above QM limits. Given the lack of liquidity and inefficient pricing, participants expressed the likelihood that, in the next year or so, warehouse lenders would keep nonQM products on their balance sheets rather than include them in securitizations. Standard & Poor's: What changes have been made to origination processes and documentation to accommodate QM risks? What have been the common pain points in originating postQM? Lenders discussed the critical role documentation plays in the origination process. While it was certainly important preQM, documentation now also governs potential additional liability under QM/ATR. Last year's Standard & Poor's QM/ATR roundtable included a discussion on the potential for taping borrowers through audio or video recordings before closings to better document the borrowers' disclosures and understanding of the factors supporting ATR. While participating originators have not conducted video recordings, one lender described its regular process for audio taping the borrowers' affirmations of ATRrelated information within three days of closing. The originator said the recordings will be retained for the loans' lives and have already been reviewed in instances where the lender received postclosing borrower inquiries. While most participating lenders have not adopted audio recordings, all described requirements for additional summary documentation containing borrower verifications related to income and debt calculations, and a separate list of alternative options offered to the borrower and associated payments for IO loans. The uncertainty in calculating residual income was the most common pain point the roundtable participants expressed. One lender noted that reviewing all eight factors specified in the ATR rules does not guarantee good origination. However, since participants agreed that predicting what a court rules to meet ATR standards is a challenge, some lenders believe using Appendix Q will create consistency across products even for nonQM loans. Others suggested that agency guidelines should be used for nonQM loans, but those guidelines would have to be welldefined and consistently understood across investors, which is why one lender still prefers to use Appendix Q despite the additional level of review. Others noted that standards such as those used by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs to determine sufficient residual income are "woefully inadequate" proxies for calculating ATR, given their lack of differentiation across geographical areas and dated statistics. Participants made it clear that for securitization, the residual income calculation would have to be included in the mortgage loan schedule provided to investors along with a clearly defined calculation method for nonQM loans. Participants also raised the potential for contingent liability to affect ATR analysis. Although most private lenders have forgone seeking postforeclosure or short sale deficiency judgments against borrowers, there has been recent publicity around the GSEs seeking them. Liability for deficiency judgments could present substantial risks for lenders and may have a chilling effect on future lending. If a borrower had a crisisera short sale or foreclosure and did not receive a specific liability release from the previous lender, how should a prospective lender gauge this speculative liability in calculating whether the residual income is sufficient? Some participants expressed surprise and concern that the GSEs recently have been pursuing deficiency judgments in light of their mission and the potential for negative publicity. With respect to satisfying documentation standards under QM/ATR, lending to selfemployed borrowers and those owning multiple businesses or investment properties were cited as two of the most challenging product types. The process to review the related documentation is very labor intensive, and subsequently, the costs to originate can be substantially different, leading many to consider alternative pricing for loans to these borrower types. Selfemployed borrowers typically provide profit and loss statements and balance sheets, which creates additional burden and complexity in the lending process. For business owners, a lender would ordinarily be satisfied with documenting only the number of investments needed to support the DTI calculation. However, under this approach, money losing investments may not be investigated and documented, which could present additional ATR liability. One lender requires a borrower with multiple businesses to have all of its businesses reviewed, regardless of the loan amount. Standard & Poor's: What has been the experience of thirdparty due diligence providers in the postQM environment? What have been the major findings, burdens, and uncertainties in the process? The burdens of QM/ATR documentation were keenly felt by the thirdparty due diligence (DD) firms hired to verify ATR determinations. The DD firms participating in the roundtable discussion stressed that they do not independently determine a borrower's ability to repay a loan; instead they confirm that documentation exists to support the lender's characterization, according to its underwriting guidelines, of the loan's QM status and recalculate residual income with the information the lender collected and used. In terms of documentation deficiencies, the DD firms described a learning curve in which a lender's initial submissions were generally rich with documentation deficiencies, while subsequent submissions showed marked improvement and compliance with documentation standards. Common deficiencies include missing the documentation supporting income and employment assertions, balance sheets for selfemployed borrowers, QM status designation on the loans (as it is not required during the lending process), and documentation supporting the permitted exclusion of bona fide discount points from the QM points and fees limits. Overall, DD firms said the QM/ATR checks have significantly increased the labor required for file reviews, and loan file page counts can vary from several hundred to thousands of pages depending on the type of loan, in turn leading to longer review timeframes and higher labor costs. For securitization, given the relatively moribund market, DD firms have had the capacity to conduct these reviews; however, an employee who may have previously reviewed eight files a day may now be down to two or fewer files to validate ATR decisions, in particular for selfemployed borrowers. None of the DD firms reported reviewing audio recordings to date or were aware of them in current originations. They indicated that, similar to the documentation burden, the need to review audio recordings, likely more than once, to confirm information conveyed will add to the effort and expense involved. One interesting result of the QM review process is that it makes the "complianceonly" review a thing of the past. It was previously commonplace for investors or issuers to complete complianceonly checks on seasoned loans; however, in today's market compliance reviews inherently include credit review elements given the QM/ATR standards. The challenges DD firms and lenders face to comply with QM/ATR, raise the issue of scalability. If the market expects robust due diligence to continue as securitization volume increases, then more resources (higher labor and file review funds) will likely be needed to review those loans in order to maintain the quality and depth of review. Standard & Poor's: What updates are there about the liability imposed by QM/ATR? Attorneys participating in the roundtable were not aware of any lawsuits by borrowers claiming QM/ATR violations, which is not surprising given the short time the standards
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have been in effect and benign market conditions, including low interest rates and home price gains, but indicated that such lawsuits are inevitable. Similar to last year, given the commonality of circumstances required to certify a class, the participants still believe the likelihood of class action litigation and actions other than defensive claims to foreclosure is remote. While still rigid in application, as most elements precluding QM status are not curable, one attorney noted there have been some recent improvements to the QM/ATR rules. On Oct. 22, 2014, the CFPB published a final rule in the federal register, effective for loans closed after Nov. 3, 2014, providing for a limited cure of a loan that ultimately is found to breach points and fees limits by allowing a lender to refund fees that exceed the limit within a few months (210 days) of the loan's closing to preserve QM status. The participants believe that lenders may be able to take comfort in rules like this, to the extent they are available, to prevent relatively minor technical mistakes from precluding QM status, but there is no case law to assist lenders in interpreting QM/ATR at this time. Participants agreed that once a loan is closed, notwithstanding the aforementioned exception, subsequent action generally cannot change QM status. Differences in state law may also add complexity when legal cases are decided in the future. One attorney noted, for example, that the burden of proof needed to overcome a rebuttable presumption differs from state to state. In turn, certain evidentiary findings leading to a decision in favor of one party in one jurisdiction may not indicate potential results in all jurisdictions. Additionally, even within the same jurisdiction, the flexibility in meeting ATR requirements may lead to different results based on very similar facts, such as the residual income calculation. The attorneys participating in the roundtable also noted the importance of loan servicing quality in mitigating QM/ATR liability. The indicative flags placed on loans during the boarding process and documentation produced in the servicing notes after a loan is closed will likely be instrumental in any subsequent challenge by the borrower. The participants suggested that servicers have protocols in place before initiating foreclosures to review servicing history and exhaust all loss mitigation options, such as modifications. Standard & Poor's: Are investors ready to invest in nonQM eligible products? What are the pricing implications and what information is relevant to investors? Investors stressed several factors that were already of concern before the QM/ATR rule's implementation. Primary among them is the lack of standardization in the nonagency securitization market, which QM/ATR considerations could magnify. For example, if DD firms are validating QM standard compliance with reference to diverse lender underwriting guidelines, does the amount of information available to investors allow for easy comparison among different lenders? An investor noted that if calculations such as those for DTI and residual income differ across originators and aggregators, investors will default to the least conservative calculation method of the originators included in a securitization, which may decrease demand and increase costs to originators above the actual risks presented. Investors favor robust disclosure of information relevant to QM/ATR determinations, but recognize that the increased volume of information will present its own challenges. One investor prefers to wait for greater standardization of disclosure among lenders before deciding to invest in products that are now difficult to compare. Another investor noted that the lack of transparency in reporting modification terms could also present a barrier to nonQM investing. One investor was generally uncomfortable considering nonQM securitizations in favor of the most conservative U.S. RMBS collateral types available in the market. Even with QM lending, this investor expressed concern that representations and warranties (R&Ws) regarding QM status may not be readily enforceable given the difficulty of enforcing R&Ws on legacy transactions. Investors seemed to agree, in a sentiment often expressed with respect to the postcrisis nonagency RMBS market in general, that the anticipated overall low volume of non QM lending may cause them to put off investing in this product until the expected opportunities make significant analysis worthwhile. But one investor noted that nonQM investments could offer attractive returns. In the prime QM market, investors believe they may not be receiving enough of a spread premium for prime QM loans' lack of liquidity versus GSE and government agency loansbut nonQM securitization may offer that incentive. The investor added that, depending on prepayment speed projections, a 25 or 50 basis point pickup in the senior coupon rate could be enough to attract investors. Some investors also felt comfortable investing in loans to strategic defaulters, assuming the pools include modest LTVs.
Market Outlook For 2015 Since January 2014, there has been considerable discussion around the potential for a nonQM nonagency securitization market. We found, however, that caution is still apparent among lenders considering origination outside of the superprime IO and highreserve products, which have been sprinkled into nonagency securitizations to date. Although lenders said they have plans to originate nonprime nonQM loans in the near future, it also remains to be seen whether investors will show up in significant numbers. Based on our discussion, we project limited nonQM securitized volume in 2015. However, the offered spread, along with certain originators' appetite to continue holding higher risk loans, could change the dynamics within the market. Under Standard & Poor's policies, only a Rating Committee can determine a Credit Rating Action (including a Credit Rating change, affirmation or withdrawal, Rating Outlook change, or CreditWatch action). This commentary and its subject matter have not been the subject of Rating Committee action and should not be interpreted as a change to, or affirmation of, a Credit Rating or Rating Outlook.
Primary Credit Analyst:
Sharif Mahdavian, New York (1) 2124382412;
[email protected]
Analytical Manager, U.S. Servicer Evaluations and Mortgage Originator Reviews:
Monica Perelmuter, New York (1) 2124386309;
[email protected]
Mortgage Originator Review Analyst:
Alicia Clarke, New York (1) 2124388805;
[email protected]
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U.S. RMBS Roundtable: Mortgage Origination And Securitization In The PostQualified Mortgage/Ability ToRepay Market 17Dec2014
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Table of Contents
This past January marked the required implementation date of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau's (CFPB's) qualified mortgage (QM) standards and abilitytorepay (ATR) rule. The ATR rule, an amendment to Regulation Z of the Truth in Lending Act (TILA), applies to QM loans for which applications were accepted on or after Jan. 10, 2014. This new rule requires lenders to make good faith determinations of a borrower's ability to repay a mortgage loan while also establishing protections from liabilities for QM loans. Before the rule took effect, we had conducted a roundtable discussion on Oct. 17, 2013, among originators, aggregators, and internal and external counsel to discuss its potential impact (see "U.S. RMBS Roundtable: Originators, Aggregators, and Counsel Discuss New Qualified Mortgage Rules," published Nov. 1, 2013). One year later, we checked in with a similar group of participants along with investors and thirdparty due diligence providers to discuss the implementation challenges faced, the potential origination volume of loans that fall both inside and outside the QM standards' safe harbor protection, and how each could affect the residential mortgagebacked securities (RMBS) market. The main topics discussed included: Anticipated nonQM products; Post QM/ATR documentation requirements and challenges; Alternative documentation including audio recordings; Potential inconsistency in residual income calculations; Governmentsponsored enterprises' (GSEs') pursuit of deficiency judgments; The lack of legal precedent interpreting the new standards; and Investor interest in nonQM products.
Panel Discussion Sharif Mahdavian, a managing director in Standard & Poor's North American RMBS group, moderated the 2014 panel discussion. Although the participants have agreed to the publication of this summary, the participants are not identified in this publication. The opinions expressed are those of the individual participants and not necessarily of their employers or Standard & Poor's. Standard & Poor's: What types of products have been originated and what products are planned that fall outside of the QM safe harbor standards? Which of these may be included in future securitizations? Originators agreed loans that fall outside of the safe harbor by virtue of interestonly (IO) features have been and will continue to be attractive nonQM lending products. These loans have been originated postcrisis, and originators expect to continue lending to highquality borrowers with substantial equity in their properties. There was general consensus that IO loans should not have been automatically excluded from QM treatment.
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However, large bank depository lenders have shown a desire to originate and hold larger balance IO loans on their balance sheets rather than including them in securitizations. One participant from a major depository institution indicated that, given the increasing IO concentration on those institutions' balance sheets, there may be a desire to securitize these loans upon meeting balance sheet thresholds. One originator expressed interest in originating lower balance IO loans with five or sevenyear IO periods, similar to the IOs previously purchased by the GSEs. However, the originator still expressed discomfort with moving down the credit spectrum to nonprime borrowers for this product. Other originators were not as hesitant to roll out nonprime lending products, and although most originators said the market's response to nonprime products was slower than expected, some originators recently launched nonprime products and others may add similar products in the near future. Some lenders are interested in offering products with debttoincome (DTI) ratios above the 43% QM threshold limit. One lender expressed an intention to stay below the 3% points and fees limitation for QM loans. Overall, originators may consider lending to borrowers with DTIs up to 55%, but residual income, lower loantovalue (LTV) ratios, and significant liquid reserves would be key considerations for taking on higher DTI borrowers. Several nonQM originators are considering offering loans to "creditevent" borrowers with clearly identifiable and documented life events that may have caused serious delinquencies, bankruptcies, and foreclosures. These lenders believe borrowers with low 600 FICO scores directly related to sudden unemployment, a short sale, divorce, or medical expenses, who have shown recent positive payment histories could be expected to perform more like prime (low 700 FICO score) borrowers. NonQM lending to strategic defaultersthose borrowers who ceased paying a loan despite having sufficient funds once the equity in their property was negligible or negative accounted for a more controversial segment in terms of originator appetite. However, it was clear that lower LTVs and home price projections are of particular importance for these borrowers given their prior behavior. Many participants expressed difficulty in identifying strategic defaulters from other borrowers with blemished credit histories and felt they would limit originating to suspected strategic defaulters. The difficulty in pricing nonQM products was a common theme throughout the discussion. One originator expected a coupon increase greater than 1% for a lower balance IO product. Others expressed the speculative nature in pricing "near miss" nonQMs with DTIs or points and fees slightly above QM limits. Given the lack of liquidity and inefficient pricing, participants expressed the likelihood that, in the next year or so, warehouse lenders would keep nonQM products on their balance sheets rather than include them in securitizations. Standard & Poor's: What changes have been made to origination processes and documentation to accommodate QM risks? What have been the common pain points in originating postQM? Lenders discussed the critical role documentation plays in the origination process. While it was certainly important preQM, documentation now also governs potential additional liability under QM/ATR. Last year's Standard & Poor's QM/ATR roundtable included a discussion on the potential for taping borrowers through audio or video recordings before closings to better document the borrowers' disclosures and understanding of the factors supporting ATR. While participating originators have not conducted video recordings, one lender described its regular process for audio taping the borrowers' affirmations of ATRrelated information within three days of closing. The originator said the recordings will be retained for the loans' lives and have already been reviewed in instances where the lender received postclosing borrower inquiries. While most participating lenders have not adopted audio recordings, all described requirements for additional summary documentation containing borrower verifications related to income and debt calculations, and a separate list of alternative options offered to the borrower and associated payments for IO loans. The uncertainty in calculating residual income was the most common pain point the roundtable participants expressed. One lender noted that reviewing all eight factors specified in the ATR rules does not guarantee good origination. However, since participants agreed that predicting what a court rules to meet ATR standards is a challenge, some lenders believe using Appendix Q will create consistency across products even for nonQM loans. Others suggested that agency guidelines should be used for nonQM loans, but those guidelines would have to be welldefined and consistently understood across investors, which is why one lender still prefers to use Appendix Q despite the additional level of review. Others noted that standards such as those used by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs to determine sufficient residual income are "woefully inadequate" proxies for calculating ATR, given their lack of differentiation across geographical areas and dated statistics. Participants made it clear that for securitization, the residual income calculation would have to be included in the mortgage loan schedule provided to investors along with a clearly defined calculation method for nonQM loans. Participants also raised the potential for contingent liability to affect ATR analysis. Although most private lenders have forgone seeking postforeclosure or short sale deficiency judgments against borrowers, there has been recent publicity around the GSEs seeking them. Liability for deficiency judgments could present substantial risks for lenders and may have a chilling effect on future lending. If a borrower had a crisisera short sale or foreclosure and did not receive a specific liability release from the previous lender, how should a prospective lender gauge this speculative liability in calculating whether the residual income is sufficient? Some participants expressed surprise and concern that the GSEs recently have been pursuing deficiency judgments in light of their mission and the potential for negative publicity. With respect to satisfying documentation standards under QM/ATR, lending to selfemployed borrowers and those owning multiple businesses or investment properties were cited as two of the most challenging product types. The process to review the related documentation is very labor intensive, and subsequently, the costs to originate can be substantially different, leading many to consider alternative pricing for loans to these borrower types. Selfemployed borrowers typically provide profit and loss statements and balance sheets, which creates additional burden and complexity in the lending process. For business owners, a lender would ordinarily be satisfied with documenting only the number of investments needed to support the DTI calculation. However, under this approach, money losing investments may not be investigated and documented, which could present additional ATR liability. One lender requires a borrower with multiple businesses to have all of its businesses reviewed, regardless of the loan amount. Standard & Poor's: What has been the experience of thirdparty due diligence providers in the postQM environment? What have been the major findings, burdens, and uncertainties in the process? The burdens of QM/ATR documentation were keenly felt by the thirdparty due diligence (DD) firms hired to verify ATR determinations. The DD firms participating in the roundtable discussion stressed that they do not independently determine a borrower's ability to repay a loan; instead they confirm that documentation exists to support the lender's characterization, according to its underwriting guidelines, of the loan's QM status and recalculate residual income with the information the lender collected and used.
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In terms of documentation deficiencies, the DD firms described a learning curve in which a lender's initial submissions were generally rich with documentation deficiencies, while subsequent submissions showed marked improvement and compliance with documentation standards. Common deficiencies include missing the documentation supporting income and employment assertions, balance sheets for selfemployed borrowers, QM status designation on the loans (as it is not required during the lending process), and documentation supporting the permitted exclusion of bona fide discount points from the QM points and fees limits. Overall, DD firms said the QM/ATR checks have significantly increased the labor required for file reviews, and loan file page counts can vary from several hundred to thousands of pages depending on the type of loan, in turn leading to longer review timeframes and higher labor costs. For securitization, given the relatively moribund market, DD firms have had the capacity to conduct these reviews; however, an employee who may have previously reviewed eight files a day may now be down to two or fewer files to validate ATR decisions, in particular for selfemployed borrowers. None of the DD firms reported reviewing audio recordings to date or were aware of them in current originations. They indicated that, similar to the documentation burden, the need to review audio recordings, likely more than once, to confirm information conveyed will add to the effort and expense involved. One interesting result of the QM review process is that it makes the "complianceonly" review a thing of the past. It was previously commonplace for investors or issuers to complete complianceonly checks on seasoned loans; however, in today's market compliance reviews inherently include credit review elements given the QM/ATR standards. The challenges DD firms and lenders face to comply with QM/ATR, raise the issue of scalability. If the market expects robust due diligence to continue as securitization volume increases, then more resources (higher labor and file review funds) will likely be needed to review those loans in order to maintain the quality and depth of review. Standard & Poor's: What updates are there about the liability imposed by QM/ATR? Attorneys participating in the roundtable were not aware of any lawsuits by borrowers claiming QM/ATR violations, which is not surprising given the short time the standards have been in effect and benign market conditions, including low interest rates and home price gains, but indicated that such lawsuits are inevitable. Similar to last year, given the commonality of circumstances required to certify a class, the participants still believe the likelihood of class action litigation and actions other than defensive claims to foreclosure is remote. While still rigid in application, as most elements precluding QM status are not curable, one attorney noted there have been some recent improvements to the QM/ATR rules. On Oct. 22, 2014, the CFPB published a final rule in the federal register, effective for loans closed after Nov. 3, 2014, providing for a limited cure of a loan that ultimately is found to breach points and fees limits by allowing a lender to refund fees that exceed the limit within a few months (210 days) of the loan's closing to preserve QM status. The participants believe that lenders may be able to take comfort in rules like this, to the extent they are available, to prevent relatively minor technical mistakes from precluding QM status, but there is no case law to assist lenders in interpreting QM/ATR at this time. Participants agreed that once a loan is closed, notwithstanding the aforementioned exception, subsequent action generally cannot change QM status. Differences in state law may also add complexity when legal cases are decided in the future. One attorney noted, for example, that the burden of proof needed to overcome a rebuttable presumption differs from state to state. In turn, certain evidentiary findings leading to a decision in favor of one party in one jurisdiction may not indicate potential results in all jurisdictions. Additionally, even within the same jurisdiction, the flexibility in meeting ATR requirements may lead to different results based on very similar facts, such as the residual income calculation. The attorneys participating in the roundtable also noted the importance of loan servicing quality in mitigating QM/ATR liability. The indicative flags placed on loans during the boarding process and documentation produced in the servicing notes after a loan is closed will likely be instrumental in any subsequent challenge by the borrower. The participants suggested that servicers have protocols in place before initiating foreclosures to review servicing history and exhaust all loss mitigation options, such as modifications. Standard & Poor's: Are investors ready to invest in nonQM eligible products? What are the pricing implications and what information is relevant to investors? Investors stressed several factors that were already of concern before the QM/ATR rule's implementation. Primary among them is the lack of standardization in the nonagency securitization market, which QM/ATR considerations could magnify. For example, if DD firms are validating QM standard compliance with reference to diverse lender underwriting guidelines, does the amount of information available to investors allow for easy comparison among different lenders? An investor noted that if calculations such as those for DTI and residual income differ across originators and aggregators, investors will default to the least conservative calculation method of the originators included in a securitization, which may decrease demand and increase costs to originators above the actual risks presented. Investors favor robust disclosure of information relevant to QM/ATR determinations, but recognize that the increased volume of information will present its own challenges. One investor prefers to wait for greater standardization of disclosure among lenders before deciding to invest in products that are now difficult to compare. Another investor noted that the lack of transparency in reporting modification terms could also present a barrier to nonQM investing. One investor was generally uncomfortable considering nonQM securitizations in favor of the most conservative U.S. RMBS collateral types available in the market. Even with QM lending, this investor expressed concern that representations and warranties (R&Ws) regarding QM status may not be readily enforceable given the difficulty of enforcing R&Ws on legacy transactions. Investors seemed to agree, in a sentiment often expressed with respect to the postcrisis nonagency RMBS market in general, that the anticipated overall low volume of non QM lending may cause them to put off investing in this product until the expected opportunities make significant analysis worthwhile. But one investor noted that nonQM investments could offer attractive returns. In the prime QM market, investors believe they may not be receiving enough of a spread premium for prime QM loans' lack of liquidity versus GSE and government agency loansbut nonQM securitization may offer that incentive. The investor added that, depending on prepayment speed projections, a 25 or 50 basis point pickup in the senior coupon rate could be enough to attract investors. Some investors also felt comfortable investing in loans to strategic defaulters, assuming the pools include modest LTVs.
Market Outlook For 2015 Since January 2014, there has been considerable discussion around the potential for a nonQM nonagency securitization market. We found, however, that caution is still apparent among lenders considering origination outside of the superprime IO and highreserve products, which have been sprinkled into nonagency securitizations to date.
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Standard & Poor's Global Credit Portal
Although lenders said they have plans to originate nonprime nonQM loans in the near future, it also remains to be seen whether investors will show up in significant numbers. Based on our discussion, we project limited nonQM securitized volume in 2015. However, the offered spread, along with certain originators' appetite to continue holding higher risk loans, could change the dynamics within the market. Under Standard & Poor's policies, only a Rating Committee can determine a Credit Rating Action (including a Credit Rating change, affirmation or withdrawal, Rating Outlook change, or CreditWatch action). This commentary and its subject matter have not been the subject of Rating Committee action and should not be interpreted as a change to, or affirmation of, a Credit Rating or Rating Outlook.
Primary Credit Analyst:
Sharif Mahdavian, New York (1) 2124382412;
[email protected]
Analytical Manager, U.S. Servicer Evaluations and Mortgage Originator Reviews:
Monica Perelmuter, New York (1) 2124386309;
[email protected]
Mortgage Originator Review Analyst:
Alicia Clarke, New York (1) 2124388805;
[email protected]
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