tcef;

wmaw

paeom;

(1)

ukdpHxGef;[m olUom;MuD;Mo&oukd t&rf;cspfw,f/ armifEkqkd;wmudk wa,muf a,mufu ajym&7if aus;Zl;&SifOd;a&Tukef;u tvkdvkdufvGef;vkdU/ OD;a&Tukef;&JU ZeD;u tvkdvkdufvGef;vdkU tp&Sdojzifh udkpHxGef;[m tjcm; vlawGukd vTJcsavh&Sdw,f? oleJU ZeD; rapmcifwkdU tvkdvkdufwmvJ xl;rjcm;em;ygbJ? ukdpHxGef;[m olUom;armifEkudk pdwfqkd;&if rsufeSmMuD; rSKefukyfukyfvkyfxm;w,f? 'gxufykdNyD; pdwfqkd;vm&if armifEkudk bmrS rajymbl;/ teD;tem;vlawGudk rJNyD; atmfvm;aigufvm; vkyfw,f/ 'gxuf rcHr&yfEkdifatmif ykdNyD;pdwfqkd;vm&if &SK;&SK;&Sm;&Sm;eJU tdrftjyifbufudk xGufoGm;wmbJ? 'gayr,fh tdrfjyefvm&if om;pm;bkdU? om;MudKufwwfwJh tpm;taomufwckckudk 0,fvmw,f/ om;BudKufwwfwJh ypönf;wckck0,fvmw,f/ 'grSr[kwf&ifvnf; [if;csufp&m awG0,fvmNyd; [if;txl;tqef;awGudk olukd,fwkdifcsufauGs;w,f/ b,favmuftvkdvkdufw,fqkdwm xif&Sm;atmif om"uwck xkwfjyOD;r,f/ ukdpHxGef;[m csr;fomMuG,f0olr[kwfygbl;/ 0g;c,fr aps;xJrSm txnfqkdifuav;eJU oCFef;y&du&mqkdifuav;om&SdwJh qkdifykdif&Sifuav;rQom jzpfygw,f/ 'gayrJh olcspfwJh om;armifEktwGuf &SDpkrJhpkuav;udk jcpfcsKyfNyD; jrif;waumifeJU trkd;zGifh&xm;wpif;udk 0,fay;w,f/ 0g;c,frNrdKUuav;u usOf;usOf;av;/ &xm;pD;p&mae&mr&SDygbl;/ 'gaMumifh udkpHxGef;xuf tq aygif;rsm;pGmcsrf;omwJh olaX;awGxJrSmawmif ta&SUykdif;uolaX; OD;azMuD; wa,mufxJrSmom jrif;&xm;wpif;&Sdw,f/ oluawmh taysmfpD;bkdU 0,fxm;wmr[kwfygbl;/ 0g;c,frtaemufzsm;rSm olaqmufxm;wJh bkefNuD; ausmif;MuD;wausmif;&Sdw,f/ ol[mtoufMuD;vmawmh tJ'Dbkef;MuD;ausmif; udk jrif;&xm;eJUbJ oGm;Ekdifawmhw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh &xm;wpif;udk 0,f,lxm;wmjzpfw,f/ udkpHxGef;uawmh 'dvkdoGm;p&m b,frSmrS r&Sdygbl;/ r&Sdbl;qkdwmvnf; olodygw,f/ 'gayrJh olcspfwJhom; armifEk twGuf olwckckvkyfay;csifwJh qE?[m olUrSm tifrwef jyif;jyaeygw,f/tJ'DqE?udk ESpfodrfhwJhtaeeJU &SdpkrJhpkuav; pkaqmif;NyD; tJ'Djrif;&xm;udk udkpHxGef; ZGwftwif;0,fvkdufwmfygyJ/ olUjrif;udk rkdifaysmuf vkdUeHrnfay;xm;w,f/ rkdifaysmufuvnf; tvdkvkdufxm;vkdUxifyg&JU cyfqkd;qkd;yJ/ jrif;apmif;xJu xkwfwkdif; awmfawmfqGJqGJNyD; xkwf&w,f/ 'gawmif wjcm;vl xkwfvkdU r&bl;/ olUudkxdrf;aewJh &l;aygayg apmvSKdifukd,fwkdifawmif acsmharmhNyD;xkwfrS &w,f/

wjcm;olqkd&if jrif;apmif;xJrSm atmf[pfckHayguf uefausmufaewmbJ/ armifEk&JU tar rapmcifuawmh udkpHxGef;vkd r[kwfbl;/ wcgwcg olUom;udk ajymr&&if 'kwfawGU&if 'kwfeJU? 'kwfr&Sd&ifvufeJU wtm;&G,fNyD; armifEk&JU udk,fudkxdwJhtcgMuawmh a&udk*Grf;eJUwkdUovkd tomuav;wkdUw,f/ tJ'Dvkd&kdufaewkef; armifEk&JU tr0rf;uGJ rodef;wif tem;rSm&Sdae&if ta':cav;udk odyfr&kdufygeJU? aygufNyJukefOd;r,fvkdU tNrJwrf;0ifajymavh &Sdw,f/ 1912 ckESpftwGif; armifEkudk 0g;c,frjrdKU t*Fvdyf -jrefrm tv,fwef; ausmif;rSm tyfvkdufw,f/ armifEk[m pmawmfolvnf;r[kwf? bkwfxkdif;vnf; r[kwf? ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; twef;wifpmar;yJGvkyfwJhtcg omrmefatmifwJh ausmif;om;pm&if;rSm atmufem;u tNrJwrf; uyfvkdufaeoljzpfw,f/ ausmif;udk a&mufwJhtcsdefupNyD; ol[m vlNuD;awGukd rqJawmhbl;/ aumhjy wmawG wjcm;wenf;enf;eJU apmfum;wmawGvnf; olUrSm r&Sdawmhbl;/ 'g[m olUtwGuf xl;jcm;wJhtcsufwckyJ/ tJ'gaMumifh aeUwaeUrSm uGsefawmf[m udkpHxGef;qDoGm;NyD; cifhAsm;om;[m tck vlMuD;awGudk rqJawmhbl;/ aumhvnf; rjyawmhbl;/ apmfvnf; rapmfum;awmhbl;/ cifAsm;owdxm;NyD; Munfhrd&JUvm;vkdU uGsefawmfar;w,f/ xGef; / /at;/owdxm;rdw,f/ Ek / /tJ'g[mcifAsm;om;twGufta&;MuD;wJhxl;jcm;csufwckyJ/ xGef; ? /b,fvkdta&;MuD;wJhxl;jcm;csufrskKd;vJuG/ Ek / / cifAsm;om;&JU e*kd&fpdwf&if;xJrSm qkd;wJhpdwf&Sd&if vlMuD;awGudk tckxufxd qufNyD; apmfum;aeOD;rSmbJ/ tckrapmf um; awmh wmukd axmufMunfh&if t&ifwkef;u apmfum;cJhwm[m olukd,fwkdifu qkd;vkdUr[kwfbl;/ olUbMuD; ajrmufay;cJhvkdUqkdwmxif&Sm;aew,f/ tJ'dawmh cifAsm;om;[m vlqkd; r[kwfbl;/ aumif;wJhywf0ef;usifxJrSm xm;Ekdif&if vlaumif;uav;jzpfvm vdrfhr,f/ qkd;wJhywf0ef; usifxJrSmxm;&if vlqkd;uav; jzpfoGm;Ekdifp&m taMumif;&Sdw,fvkdU usaemf,lqw,f/ 'gayrJh tckajymwm[m twnfawmh r[kwfao;bl;/ ig;ESpfom;qkdwm i,fao;w,f/ aemufxyfeJeJavmuf apmifhMunfhcsifao;w,f/ ig;ESpfom;rS ukd;ESpfom;txd armifEkrSm aumif;wmudkvJ xl;xl;jcm;jcm;rawGU&? qkd;wmudkvnf; xl;xl;jcm;jcm;rawGU&/ udk;ESpfom; jzpfvmwJhtcgarmifEk[m av;wef;udk a&mufaeNyD/ tJ'dawmh armifEkrSm ausmif;om;oli,fcsif;awGvnf; a&S;uxufaygvmw,f/ t&yfom; rdwfaqGawGvnf; a&S;uxuf aygvmw,f/

'Dt&yfom;rdwfaqGawGxJu yef;&DqkdwJh rdwfaqG[m wjcm; rdwfaqGawGxuf xl;jcm;w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'Dae&mrSm yef;&DtaMumif;udk eJeJavmufaz:jyoifhw,f/ yef;&D[m yifv,fykdif;u tvkyfMur;form;wOD;jzpfw,f/ yifv,fukefavS wpif;rSm avSxkd;om;tjzpfeJU 0g;c,frukda&mufvmw,f/ iSufzsm;a&m8g tjyif;txefjzpfwmeJU olUavSolMuD;[m olUudkaq;&kHwifw,f/ olaq;&kHu rqif;cif avSxGufoGm;w,f/ aq;&kHuqif;wJhtcg udkpHxGef;eJUawGUNyD; xrif;csuftjzpfeJU tdrfudka&mufvmw,f? yef;&D[m armifEkxuf (15)ESpf avmufMuD;w,f/ yef;&D[m tvkyfodyfvkyfw,f/ xrif;csuf qkdaywJh tm;wmeJU wNydKifeuf tvum;xkdifraebl;/ a&xrf;w,f/ t0wfzGwfw,f/ tdrfrSmoefU&Sif;a&; vkyfw,f/ tdrfa&SUu yef;NcHuav;xJrSm opfyifa&avmif;w,f/ qkdifxGufaewJh rapmcifqDudk xrif;ykdUw,f/ armifEkeJUolUxuf wESpfi,fwJh nDarmifO wkdUudk ausmif;vkdufydkUw,f/ ausmif;tjyeftoGm; MudKw,f/ t&yfpum;eJUajym&&if yef;&D[m ]zifodyfayghw,f}/ tJ'dvkd zifayghwmaMumifh nbuftvkyfNyD;wJh tcsdefrSm ol[m uapmfeJeJaomufavh&Sdwmudk tdrfoltdrfom;awG rMudKufayrJh bmrSrajymMubl;/vspfvsL&SKxm;Muw,f/ wcgrSmawmh yef;&d[m yknaumovtoif;&JU uxdefrSm ywfpmcGm zsmodr;fwJhtxd raerem; oGm;NyD; ulwJhtwGuf toif;vlMuD; wOD;jzpfwJh OD;vluav;u yef;&Dukd olwkdUvlMuD;awGaomufNyD;vkdU ykvif;xJrS eJeJ usefaeao;wJh jrif;jzLwHqdyf bdvyft&ufukd ay;vkdufw,f? yef;&D[m bdvyft&ufudk tcGifhaumif;&rS ususee aomufr,fqkdNyD; tdrftjyifbuf xif;pifeJU uyfaqmufxm;wJh olUtcef;av;xJrSm odr;fxm;vkdufw,f/ nwn a&mufwJhtcg rE?av; uw&m;a[maumif;wJh q&mawmfwyg; yknaumov toif;rSm w&m;a[mw,f/ a':MuD;[m em;av;aewJhtwGuf w&m;yGJ roGm;Ekdifbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh tdrfrSm tdrfapmifhtjzpf a':MuD;? armifEk? armifOeJU yef;&dwkdUyJusef&pfw,f/ nwkdif;ukd;em&DavmufrSm armifEkeJU armifO tdyf&m0ifMu&w,f? r0ifcif yef;&D[m olwkdUudk tdrfomxJac:oGm;NyD; ao;w,f&w,f/ tJ'dnrSm tdrfomutjyef yef;&D[m armifOudk tdyf&atmif vTwfvkdufNyD; armifEkudk olUtcef;xJvufwkdUac:oGm;w,f/ tcef;xJa&mufwJhtcg tcef;wcg;udk ydwfvkdufNyD; yef;&D[m ocGm;oD;wvkH;&JUxdyfudk 'g;eJUjzwfw,f? tJ'dxdyf eYJocGm;oD;&JU jzwfxm;wJhae&mudk yGwfay;wJhtcg tpD;awGxGuf vmw,f/ tJ'dtpD;awGudk a&pifatmifaq;ypfvkdufNyD; yef;&D[m ocGm;oD;udk tpdyfpdyf

av;wGjzpfatmif vSD;w,f/ aemufNyD;awmhrS toifhvkyfxm;wJh zefcGufwcGuf xJudk bdvyft&uf vufwvkH; r&Sdw&SdavmufxJhay;w,f/ tJ'dt&ufudkrS armifEkaomufEkdifatmif oHyk&meJU oMum;a&a&mxm;wJh azsmfa&awGeJU a&mNyD; azsmfay;w,f/ olU&JUnTefMum;jyocsuft& armifEk[m t&ufudk ocGm;od; tjrnf;eJU aomuf&w,f/ tJ'dtcsdefupNyD; armifEkeJU yef;&dwkdU[m rdwfawG&if;csmawGjzpfoGm;Muw,f/ yef;&DrSm apwem&SdaywJh vlMuD;awG oDoGm;rSmpkd;wJhtwGuf yef;&d[m armifEkudk olaomufovkd nwkdif;t &ufrwkdfufEkdifbl;/ vlMuD;awG vpfwJhtcsdefrsdK;rSmom armifEkukd ol&JYtcef;xJvufwkdU ac:oGm;cGifh&w,f/ bdvyft&ufukefwJhtcg yef;&deJU armifEk wkdU[m uapmfbufukd vSnfhMu&jyefw,f/ armifEktwGuf uapmf[m odyfvJrrsm;? tJ'DtxJrSm oHyk&mazsmfa&awG cyfrsm;rsm;eJU a&may;xm;wJhtwGufarmifEktbkdUt0ifrqkd;vSbl;/ ykvif; rdwfaqGawG tjzpf yef;&DeJUarmifEkwkdU[m tawmf&if;ESD;vmwJhtcg yef;&D[m a&SUudk ajcwvSr;fwkd;wJhtaeeJU armifEkudk olUtarqkdifu ykdufqHtckd;ckdif;w,f/ armifEku 2 &ufwcg? 3 &ufwcgckd;ckd;ay;&w,f/ wcgwav wusyf? ESpfusyf? wcgwav 4-5usyf/ wcgwav wq,fausmf avmuftxd ckd;vkdU&vmw,f/ tJ'gawGtm;vkH;yef;&Dukd ay;vkduf&w,f/ ckd;wmrS rufvkH;&Sdatmif armifEkudk yef;&Du 'DykdufqHeJU ig0,fay;r,f/ bmvkdcsifovJ vkdUar;w,f/ armifEku cav;awGupm;wJh abmvkH;eYJ armif;cs'g;udk vkdcsifw,fvkdUajymw,f/ yef;&du vlyg;/ tJ'dawmh armifEk ckd;ay;vkdufwJh ykdufqHeJUr0,fbl;/ abmvkH;eJUarmif;cs'g;uk dckd;wwfatmif armifEkudkoifay;w,f/oifykHu'Dvkd/ 0g;c,fraps;u av;a'gifhykHo@ef&SdwJh txnfaps;&kHMuD;xJukd 0ifbkdU ta&SU bufrSmav;ayguf/ taemufzufrSm av;ayguff/ 0ifayguf aygif; 8ayguf &Sdw,f/ tJ'dt0if0awGrSmusLvD,m ukefpkHqkdifav; awG&Sdw,f/ tJ'D usLvD,mav;awG[m rlqvifawGjzpfwJhtwGuf aomMumaeUwkdif; aeUvnf wcsufwD;rS olwkdU&JUqkdifawGudk zGifhw,f/ armifEk&JUtar rapmcif txnfqkdif wef;udk 0ifwJhtayguf0rSm usLvD,m ukefpkHqkdifwqkdif &Sdw,f/ yef;&D[m rapmcifbkdU aeUpOfxrif;oGm;ykd&wJhtwGuf aomMumaeUwkdif;rSm 'Dqkdif&JU taetxm;udk avhvmcGifh&w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'Dqkdif&JUaysmhuGuf[m b,fae&mrSm&Sdw,fqkdwm olaumif;aumif;odw,f/ 'Dqkdifuav;awG&JU aemufausm[m txnfaps;&kHMud;&JU eH&Hjzpfw,f/ tJ'deH&Hudk uyfNyD; t*Faw qkdifckHuav;awG aqmufxm;w,f/ tJ'DqkdifckHwckay:rSm ukefpkHqkdif wckuspD pyfxm;wJh wHcg;t&Sifjzpfw,f/ qkdifydwfcsdefus&if tJ'dysOfjym;awGudk

qkdifckHatmufuxkwf/ qkdif&JU ab; 2 bufeJUa&SUrSm olwkdUudk xdef;xm;ay;bkdU wyfxm;wJh opfom;wef;awG&JU Mum;xJukd xJhvkdufjyD; arsmufvufwyfxm;wJh ysOfjym; 2csyfudk aomhcwfvkdufwmygbJ/ qkdifzGifhcsdefus&if aomhcavmufudk zGifh ysOfjym;wcsyfpD xkwfNyD; xkdifckHatmufoGif;xm;vkdufMuw,f? ESpfawG Mumvmawmh 'DysOfjym;awGxJrSmusKHUwJh[m uusKHU? vdrfwJh[mu vdrf? aumufwJh[m aumufukefMuNyD/ 'DysOfjym;awGxJu wcsKdUysOfjym;udk tm;aumif;aumif;eJU zdNyD;wGef;vkduf&if cav;vuf wacsmif;0ifEkdifatmif taygufuav;jzpfoGm;w,f/ armifEkvkdcsifwJh abmvkH;awGudk ydkufuGefvkd[mrsKd;eJU tkyfNyD; qkdif&JU rsufESmusufrSmqGJxm;w,f/ armif;cs'g;uav;awGusawmh qkdifckHay:rSm wifxm;w,f/ tJ'Dawmh abmvkH;udk cdk;csif&if yef;&D[m olU*kwfay:rSm armifEkudk cGxkdifckdif;NyD; oluacG;ajcwckay:rSm &yf&w,f/ NyD;awmhrS wHcg;wcsyfudk oluwtm;zdwGef;w,f/ yGifhvmwJh taygufuav;u armifEk[m abmvkH;ukdckd;&w,f/ armif;cs'g;udk cdk;wJhtcgus awmh 'DavmufcJcJ,Of;,Of; rMuH&bl;/ ysOfjym;&JU atmufykdi;fudk yef;&Du zdwGef;ay;NyD;armifEk u tomuav; ESKduf,l&wmygyJ/ ckd;&if 'Db0rSm axmifusEkdifw,f/ aemufb0rSm i&JusEkdifw,f/ qkdwmawGudk armifEk rMum;zl;bl;/ tJ'gaMumifh 'Dvkdckd;&wmudk odyfaysmfNyD; oGm;ckd;&atmif yef;&dukd cPcP ylqmw,f/ 'gayrJh ckd;csif&if aps;rpnfcif ajcmufem&DeJU ajcmufem&DcGJ twGif;rSm ckd;&r,f tJ'DtcsdefrSm armifEk&JU tr0rf;uGJ rodef;wifukd,fwkdif uGyfuJNyD; twif; pmMunhfckdif;xm;wmqkdawmh armifEk[m ckd;csifwkdif; ckd;cGifhr&&Smbl;/ wvESpfvMumrSwcgavmufyJ&w,f/ aemufxyf okH;Mudrfavmufckd;NyD;whJtcg ckd;aewmukd jrif&wJh rdwfaqGawGu jyefajymMuw,f xifyg&JU/ qkdif&Sif usLvD,mukvm;awG odoGm;Muw,f? olwkdUu armifEk&JU rdbawGudk wkdifMuwJhtwGufaemufxyfckd;cGifhr&bl;/ tJ'gaMumifh yef;&D&JU ajcOD;[m wbufudk 'Dvkd vTJ oGm;jyefw,f/ 0g;c,fr urf;em;vr;fnaps;wef;rSm tokyfa&mif;wJh w&kyfqkdifwqkdif&Sdw,f/ 'Dqkdif&Sif w&kyf[m oGyfvifyef;MuD;xJrSm tom;rsKd;pkH xnfhxm;NyD; 0,fpm;ol vm&if MudKuf&mtom;udk okyfauGs;w,f/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh 'Dw&kyf[m bdef;idkufaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh yef;&DeJU armifEk[m wyJbkd;pDavmufpm;NyD; w&kyfbdef;tidkufrSm oGyfvifyef;xJuolwkdUMudKuf&m tom;awGudk olwkdU yef;uefxJ ckd;ckd; xnfhMuw,f/ 0awmhrS xjyefMuwmyJ/ tJ'Dw&kyfqkdifrSm ckd;&wm[m ykdif&Sifudk a&SUrSmxm;NyD; ckd;&wmaMumifh usLvD,mukvm;qkdifrSm ckd;&wmxuf ykdNyD;MuD;us,fw,f/ cufcJw,f/ ow?deJU pGrf;&nfykdvkdw,fvkdU

yef;&du armifEkudk vSdrfhxm;w,f/ tJ'DvSdrfhwmudk t[kwfMuD;xifaewJhtwGuf ol[m MuD;us,fwJh cufcJwJh tvkyfMuD;wckudk vkyf&ayNyd/ owdeJU tpGr;f&SdwJhvlwa,muf jzpfaeNyDvkdU ,lqNyD; armifEk[m 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jzpfaew,f/ eJeJb0ifjrifhcsifovkdvkdvJ jzpfvmw,f/ aemufrsm;rMumrD yef;&DOD;aESmufxJrSm tMuHopfwckay:vmjyefw,f/ 'DtMuHopft7 rD;zkdacsmif&JU vufwvkH;avmufpd MuJaewJh ysOfMum;awGxJu ykdufqHMudK;udk *Gif;avsmvkyfNyD; ajrNuD;ay:udk csxm;w,f/ tJ'd*Gif;avsmxJrSm qef av;ig;aphMuJxm;w,f/ rd;zkdatmufudk a&mufvmwJh tdrfeD;csif;tdrfu MuufawG[m *Gif;avQmxJuqefudk pm;wmeJU wNydKifeufyef;&D[m MudK;udk wtm;wkyfqGJvkdufw,f/ armifEku *Gif;avQmxJrSm rdaewJh Muufudk qif;zrf;7w,f? NyD;awmhrS olwkdYESpfa,mufcsufNyD; wcsKdUudk xrif;eJUpm;w,f/ wcsKdUudk uapmfeJUjrnf;Muw,f/ 'dtMuHopf[m bJom;okwfa7mif;wJh w&kwfMuD; ukokdvfaumif;bkdUjzpfvm7w,f? tdrfrSmMuufom;ukd Akdufum;aeatmif wkyfaeMu&wJhtwGuf rolawmfESpfa,muf[m naps;wef;udk cgwkdif;vkdoGm;NyD; ckd;pm;bkdUrvkdawmhbl;/ aemufrsm;rMumcif yef;&deJUarmifEk[m xkdifNyD; uapmfaomufaeMu&if; yef;&du a[haumif armifEk rif;vifr,m;vkyfwrf;upm; ygvm;vkdU tMuH ay;vkdufw,f/ b,fvdkupm;&rSmvJ/ 'Daumif[m apmuftyJ/ vifr,m;vkyfwrf;upm;w,fqkdwm 'Dvkd vkyf&w,fuGvkdU tpcsDNyD; olwwfaom enf;rsKdpkHudk avQmufoifawhmwmbJ/ 'DavmufMumatmifaygif;vmNyD;wJhtcg armifEk[m yef;&dukd tawmfMuD; MunfndKaeNyD/ awmfawmfpGr;fwJhvl/ tMuHaumif;OmPfaumif;awG trsm;Mud; ay;EkdifwJhvlvkdU olUpdwfxJrSm ,lqxm;NyD;NyD/tJ'gaMumifh yef;&DajymNyD;wJhtcg cgwkdfif;xuf ykdNyD;MunfndKaewJhpdwfeJU b,foleJUupm;&rvJvkdU armifEku jyefar;w,f/ tJ'Dtcsdefu armifEkwkdUtdrfrSm tapcH rdef;uav; 2a,muf avmuf&Sdw,f/ wa,mufu touf20avmuf&SdaeNyD/ wa,mufuawmh armifEkeJU &G,fwlavmufbJ/ udk;ESpf ausmfausmfavmuf om&Sdao;w,f/ olwkdU&JU emrnftrSefudk rajymcsifbl;/ tJ'dawmh tMuD;rudk r,fwif/ ti,fukd vSaMuGvkdUyJac:MuygpkdU/ yef;&D[m aemufwaeUusawmh vSaMuG&JUyef;uefxJudk [if;awGtrsm;MuD; xnfhay;7if; vSaMuG ighajymwJhpum;udk eifem;axmifaemf/ eifhudk aeUwkdif; 'DvkdyJ [if;awGtrsm;Mud; xnhfay;r,fvkdU ajymw,f/vSaMuGu [kwfuJhvkdU ajzw,f/

xrif;pm;NyD;wJhtcg yef;&D[m vSaMuGudkykdufqHwjym;ay;w,f/ vSaMuG[m odyf0rf;omoGm;w,f/ aemufudkvnf; okH;av;&ufqufNyD;yef;&D[m vSaMuGudk 'DvkdbJ avmuGyfvkyfw,f/ paeaeUa7mufvmwJhtcg aeUvnf wcsufwD;avmufrSm udkpHxGef; ? rapmcifwkdUuqkdifrSm&Sdaew,f/ a':Mud;u tdyfaew,f/rodef;wifeJU r,fwifwkdUu aps;xGuf0,fMuw,f/ armifEk&JUnd armifOuvnf; tdrfa&SYrSm zef'dk;ypfwrf;upm;aew,f/ yef;&d[m vSaMuGeJU armifEkwkdUukd eifwkdUvifr,m;vkyfwrf; upm;&r,fvkdUajymNyD; olUtcef;xJu acs;vufav;opfwufcsifapmfeHaewJh olUjcifaxmifxJ oGif;ay;vkdufw,f/ olwkdUESpfOD;pvkH;[m cav;awG &SdMuao;wmbJ/ tJ'davmufawmh yef;&Du bmawGudk oifay; oifay;? olwkdUESpfOd;&JU vifr,m;vkyfwrf;upm;wm[m vlMud;awGupm;wmrsKd;awmhb,fjzpfrvJ/ cav;upm;wmrsKd;avmufbJjzpfwmaygh/ waeUrSm yef;&d[m tdrfudk wHrsufpD;vSnf;&if; tdrfacgif;&if;u pm;yGJckH wckay:rSm aiG'*Fg;awGeJU aiGpawGudk awGUw,f/ tm;vkH;aygif; wpf&mbkd; avmuf&Sdvdrfhr,f/ tJ'DaiGawGudk olvkdcsifw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh armifekudk ac:Nyd; 'DaiGawGudk tckd;ckdif;w,f/armifEkuvnf; yef;&DajymwJhtwkdif;vkyfwmbJ/ armifEk&JU OD;av; udkb[m armifEkwkdUausmif;rSm av;wef;jyq&m vkyfaew,f/ tJ'daiGawG[m ausmif;ykdifaiGawG/ vGefcJhwJhaeU ausmif;pma&; tdrfjyefoGm;wJh twGuf rtyfcJh&ao;bJ tdrfudk,lvmwmjzpfw,f/ aemufwaeU ausmif;oGm; cgeD;rSm aiGawGudk &SmrawGwJhtwGuf? udkb[m armifEKeJU armifOudk ac:NyD;ar;w,f/ armifO?'Dtay:uaiGawGudk,lovm;/ uGsefawmfr,lbl;?OD;av;/ armifEkrif;,lovm;/ ,lw,f/ b,frSmvJ/ udkyef;&DqDrSm/ yef;&DarmifEkay;xm;wJhaiGawGb,frSmvJ/ uGsefawmfrodbl;/ cav;urif;udkay;xm;w,fvkdUajymaeNyD/rif;rvdrfeJU/ uGsefawmfrvdrfbl;/ a[haumif armifEk rif;bmr[kwfwmawG avQmufajym aewmvJ/(rsufvkH;jyL;NyD;)rihfighaiGay;ovm;/ ay;w,f/ rif;rvdrfeJU/

rvdrfbl;/ a[haumif yef;&D /tckaiGxkwfay;&if rif;oufomr,f/ *gwfwkdifNyD;rS qkd&if rif;'kua&mufvdrfhr,f/ uGsefawmfrSrodyJ/ udkb[m *gwfwkdifwJhtwGuf *gwfu pmoifwa,mufvkdufvmNyD; yef;&Dudk ac:oGm;w,f/ *gwfukda&mufwJhtcg ab;udk vufoD;eJU okH;av;csufavmufyJ xkd;&w,f/ 0Sufxm;wJhaiGudk jyygr,fjzpfvmw,f? aiGjyef&Nyd;wJhaemuf OD;av;[m oltpfudk udkpHxGef;udk tusKd;taMumif; &Sif;jyNyD;yef;&Dukd ESifxkwf ypfvkdufw,f/trIqufrvkyfawmhygbl;/ yef;&dxGufoGm;vkdU okH;av;&uf MumwJhtcg rD;zdkxJrSm xrif;csufae&if; r,fwifurodef;wifudk'dvkdpajymvdkufw,f/ wifwif&,f? ukdyef;&DukdESifxkwfvkdufwm usrodyf0rf;omwgbJ/ 'Dvl[m raumif;bl;/vl,kwfrm/ tif;...../ armifEkudkolUtcef;xJac:NyD;t&ufacsmhwkdufw,f/ b,fwkef;uvnf;/ wifwif&,f/'DvkdwkdufaewmMumvSNyD/ nD;ighudkcsufcsif;bmvkdUrwkdifovJ/ armifEkt&kdufcH&rSmoem;vkdU/ nD;uvJat/csufcsif;wkdifa&maygh/ 'Dxufqkd;wmawmif&Sdao;w,f/ wifwifhudk usr tckrS zGifhajymr,f/ bmvJ/ 'Dyef;&DqkdwJhaumif [m usrudk vlysKdpum;ajymw,f/ nbufrSm vlMuD; awG tdyfaysmfaewkef; olUtcef;xJrSm oleJU vmtdyfbkdU cPcP ac:w,f/ olac:wkdif; usru olUukd tareJUcsnf;yJ uavmfwkwfwmyJ/ r,fwif&,f?ighudkcsufcsif;wkdifa&maygh/ waeUrSm rd;zkdacsmifxJrSm usrvufudk qGJw,f/ usru b,fcHrvJ/ rateJU uavmfwkyfNyD; yg;jyef&kdufwmaygh/ tJ'Dawmh olu usrudk apmufujrif;r vkdUvnf; qJw,f/ eifaumif;aumif; owdxm;/ eifhjcifaxmifxJudk igarmifEkvTwfvkdufr,fvkdU usrudk Mudrf;w,f/ aemuf 2&ufavmufMumawmh oef;aumif ausmfausmfavmufrSm armifEk usrjcifaxmifxJ 0ifvmNyD; usrudk twif;zufxm;w,f/ usrvJvefU Ekd;NyD; olUudk wGef;ypfvkdufw,f/ yxrawmh tdrfrufrufovkdvkd jzpfaew,f/ aemufudk armifEkrSef;odawmhrS 'Daumifav; 'DrSm bmvmvkyfwmvJ? eifhtdyf,meifjyefoGm; wifwifhudk atmfNyd;wkdifvkduf

&rvm;qkdawmhrS armifEkxGufoGm;w,f? yef;&DvTwfvkdufwmjzpfrSmaygh? 'gayghwifwif&JU? 'Dtaumif[m tvkyfawmhvkyfyg&JU/ 'gayrJh odyf&Iwfw,f/ oludkESifypfvkdufwmusrodyf0rf;omwmyJ/ 'Dvkd[mawG jzpfjzpfcsif; ighudk wkdifa&mayghat/ 'gawG ightdrfrSmjzpfwm ig rMudKufbl;/ ausmif;jyefvmwJhtcg rodef;wif[m armifEkudk ac:vkdufw,f/ rodef;wif[m tifrwefpnf;urf; MuD;w,f/ tjypf&Sd&ifvnf;r?Sm bl;/ acgif;ukdolUvufeJu acgufwJh tcgacguf/ aygifudk qGJvdrfwJh tcgvdrf/ MuufarT; wHjrufpD;eJU &kdufwJhtcg &kdufwJhtwGuf tazudkvJ raMumuf/ tarudkvnf;raMumuf/ tar&JU trMuD;a':MuD;qkd&if zkwfavwJh iyd &Sdw,fvkdUawmif rrSwfwJh? armifEkeJU armifOwkdU nDtudkESpf a,muf[m rodef;wifukd odyfaMumufw,f/ armifEkrif;yef;&DwkdufwJht&ufaomufovm;/ aomufw,f/ b,fESpfcgavmuf&SdovJ/ cPcPyJ/ r,fwif &JUjcifaxmifxJudkvJ rif;0ifw,fMum;7w,f/ [kwfovm;/ [kwfw,f/ oGm;/MuufarG;wHrsufpD;oGm;,lcsD/ wifwif&,f/ armifEk[m cav;yJ&Sdygao;w,f? 'Dwcgawmh csrf;omay;yg/ r,fwifnD;tomae/ (armifEkbufokdU) oGm;? MuufarT; wHrsufpd;oGm;,lcsD/ armifEk[m MuufarT;wHjrufpD; ,lvm&w,f/ rodef;wifu MuufarT;wHrsufpD; udk MuufarT;bufuudkif/aemufudk'grsKd;rvkyfeJUvkdUqkH;rNyD;? armifek&JUwifyg;udk ig;csuf&kdufw,f/ armifek[m rodef;wifudkawmh aMumufw,f/ 'gayrJh rodef;wifu acgufacgufvdrfvdrf &kduf&kduf b,fawmhrS ridkbl;/ rodef;wif&kdufwmudk a':MuD;oDoGm;wJhtcg olwlcspf&JU wifyg;u t&Id;&mawGudk MunfhNyD; rsuf&nfus&Smw,f/ tcef; (2) 1920 jynfhESpf 'DZifbmvxJrSm yxrwu?okdvf oydwfay:vmw,f? rMumcif'Doydwf[m tv,fwef;eJU txufwef;ausmif;awGudk ul;pufoGm;Nyd; armifEkwkdUvnf; oydwfxJygoGm;Muw,f? armifEk[m 'DtcdsefrSm 7 wef;/ toufuawmh 13ESpfausmfaenyd/ tJ'dtcsdefrSm armifEk &JU vkyfykHukdifykH? ajymykHqkdykHawG[m a&S;ueJU

rwlawmhbJtenf;i,f ajymif;vJvmwmolUudk tUjcwfrdwJhvlawG awGUvmMuw,f? 'dvkdajymi;fvJvmwm[m ausmif;om;oydwfaMumifh jzpfw,fvdkU tJ'dtuJcwf rdolawGu ,lqMuw,f? wu?odkvf oydwfacgif;aqmifawGu a[majymjyowJh? vGwfvyfa&;w&m;awG/ trsKd;om;ausmif;rSm? armifEkwkdUoif&wJhtmZmenfrsm;? vGwfvyfa&; wkdufyGJrsm;? tp&SdwJh pmtkyfawG[m armifEk&JUpdwfukd wrsKd;wzkH ajymif;ypfvkdufw,fvkdU tJ'dtuJcwfrdolawGu ,kHMunfaeMuw,f/ tu,fvdkY&mckdifEIef; tjynfh rSefw,fqkd&if 'Da[majymcsufawG? 'DpmtkyfawGaMumifh armifEK[m aumif;wmawGudkyJvkyf&r,f/ raumif;wmawGudk rvkyf&bl;/ tckawmh olajymwmqkdwmawG?vkyfwmudkifwmawGxJrSm taumif;awGvnf; ygaew,f/ tqkd;awGvnf; ygaew,f/ tckvdk ajymif;vJvmwmeJUywfoufNyD; armifEktaMumif;udk aumif;aumif;odwJh olUaqGrsKd;&if;jcmwa,muf ajymjywm[m pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;w,f/ tJ'd aqGrsKd;7if;jcm yk*?Kdvfu armifEkeJUywfoufNyD; 'dvkdajymw,f/ vlwkdif;rSm OD;aESmufeJU ESvkH;om;qkdNyD; t"dutpdyftydkif;MuD;ESpfck&Sdw,f/ touft&G,fMuD;rm;vmwmeJUtrQ wcsKdUvlawGrSm OD;aESmufeJU ESvkH;om;[m wnDwnmxJ MuD;xGm;vmMuw,f? wcsKdUrSm OD;aESmuf uESvkH;xufykdNyD;MuD;xGm;vmMuw,f? wcsKdUrSmawmh OD;aESmufxuf ESvkH;u ykd NyD;MuD;xGm;vmMuw,f? tJ'Dvkd vlokH;pm;&SdwJhtxJrSm armifEk [m wwd, trsKd;tpm;xJrSma&mufaew,f/ t&G,fMuD;vmwmeJUtrQ olUESvkH;[m olUOD;aeSmufxuf tqrwef ykdNyD;MuD;xGm;vmw,f/ xl;xl;jcm;jcm; ykdrdkMuD;xGm;aewJhtwGuf vlrsm;pku tao;tzGJvkdU,lqxm;wJh jy?emuav;awG[m armifEkrSm tMuD;MuD;awG jzpfwJhtcgjzpfNyD; tuskdK;&SdrJh udp?rsK;dvJr[kwfbl;qkdwJhtcsufawGudk olUOD;aESmufu rpOf;pm;Ekdifao;cif olUESvkH;xdckduf wmudk rSdNyD; armifEk[m wckckajymbkdU 'grSr[kwf&ifvnf; wckckudk vkyfbkdU csufjcif; csufjcif; qkH;jzwfcsufcsavh&Sdw,f/ olU&JUqkH;jzwfcsufawG[m bmMuD; jzpfoGm;jzpfoGm;/ vkyfr,fqkdwJh qkH;jzwfcsufawG jzpfaewJhtwGuf qkH;jzwfcsufwckudk csNyD;&if jyifbkdUrvG,fawmhbl;/ tJ'DqkH;jzwfcsuftwkdif; wckckudk ajymNyd; vkyfNyd;rS olUOD;aESmufu ususee pOf;pm;EkdifwJh tcgolajymrdwm vkyfrdwm[m rSm;rSef;od&if armifEk trsm;MuD;0rf;enf;yufvufjzpfaewwfw,f/ tJ'dvdk rSm;Nyd;&if aemufxyfrrSm;bkdU armifEk[m trsm;NuD;MuKd;pm;avh&Sdw,f/ 'gayrJh ESvkH;u OD;aESmufxuf BuD;aewJh armifEk [m BudK;pm;vkdU ratmifjrifEkdifbl;/ rSm;rSm;jyD;orS aemifw&wmawG [m tifrwefrsm;w,f/ tJ'dvkdjzpfwm[m 13-

14ESpfom; t&G,f i,fi,fwkef;uom jzpfwm r[kwfbl; / touft&G,f MuD;jyif;vmwJhtcgrSmvnf; jzpfwkef;bJ&dSao;w,f/ i,fi,fwkH;u 'DvkdjzpfcJhbl;wmawGeJU touft&G,fMuD;jyif;vmwJhtcgrSm jzpfcJhMuwmawG[m tcsufwcsufrSmbJ jcm;em;csuf&Sdw,f/ ESvkH;om; udk xdckdufvm&if tvQifpvkdqkH;jzwfwJhtwkdif; ajymwmqkdwm vkyfwmudkifwmrSmawmh rjcm;em;bl;/ twlwlyJ/ 'Dvkdqkd&if jcm;em;csufqkdwm b,fvkd[mrsKd;vnf;/ i,fi,fwkH;uqkd&if armifEk[m ukokdvf tukodkvfudk rodao;bl;/ okp&kduf'kp&kdufudk Mum;awmifrMum;zl;bl;/ tJ'dawmh wckckudk vkyfcsifvm&if ukokdvfudkyJjzpfjzpf? tukodkvfukdyJjzpfjzpf/ okp&kdufukdyJjzpfjzpf/'kp&kdufukdyJ jzpfjzpf/ jrihfjrwfwmudkyJjzpfjzpf/ ,kwfnHhwmudkyJjzpfjzpf/ ZGwfw&Gwf vkyfypfvkdufwmyJ/ touft&G,fMuD;jyif; vmwJhtcgusawmh aus;Zl;&Sif olUzcifeJUolUq&m 'D'kwf OD;bcsKdwkdU&JU oGefoif qkH;rwmawGudk Mum;em&NyD;wJhtcg armifEk[m ukokdvfeJY u tukokdvf? okp&kdufeJU/ 'kp&kduf? jrifhjrwfwmeJU ,kwfnhHwmawGudk tawmftwefodvmw,f/ 'DvkdodvmwJhtwGuf tukodkvf wkdU? 'kp&kdufwkdU ,kwfnHhwmwkdU ukd vkyfcsifwkdif; ZGwfw&Gwfrvkyfrdatmif olUukd,fol txl;xdef;odrf;vmEkdifw,f/ uGmjcm;csufqkdwm'gygbJ/ ESvkH;om;[m OD;aESmufxuf MuD;aewJh armifEk[m ESvkH;om;ukd xdckdufvmwkdif; pdwfvkdufrmefyg vkyfcJhwmawG[m trsm;MuD;ygbJ/ tJ'dtrsm;MuD;xJu pdwf0ifpm;p&m aumif;r,fvkdUxifwJh om"uav;awG tenf;i,fudk olUtcef;eJUol az:jyoGm;csifw,f/ (u) oydwfay:vmNyd;vkdU rMumcifaeUwaeUrSm olUpdwfudk b,fvkdxdckdufw,f rqdkEkdifbl;/ armifEk[m olUoli,fcsif; 4-5a,mufeJUxkdifNyD; pum;ajym&if; olUoli,fcsif; awGudk a[haumifawG igwckvkyfcsifw,fvkdU &kwfw&ufajymvkdufw,f/ tJ'daemufqufNyd; 'dkUtm;vkH; uwkH;ajymifatmif&dwf&r,f/ cg;awmifajrmifatmif MudKuf&r,f/ ukd,fwkH;vkH;cGswfxm;7r,f/ w&kwfxkd; ? aemufydwfbdeyf pD;&r,f/ vufwbufrSm cJwvkH;pdukdifNyD; aps;xJudk oGm;r,fvkdU armifEku ausnmjyefw,f/ olYoli,fcsif;awGxJrSm xGef;&ifuvGJNyD; tm;vkH;oabmwlw,f/ xGef;&if[m cg;awmif;ajrmifatmif MudKufbkdUaeaeomom vkHcsnf0wf&if olUvkHcsnfp[m ajcrsufpday:b,fawmhrS rwufbl;/ olUqHawmufukdvnf; aumhprwfwpfeJu wkdufNyD; tNrJwrf;

oyfoyf&yf&yfcGJxm;avh&Sdw,fqkdawmh b,frSm uwkH;&dwfcsifyghrvJ/ aemufNyD;awmh udkU,dkUum;,m;vkyfNyD; olwkdUoGm;&rJhae&m[m tysKdav;awG odyfaygwJh aps;jzpfaejyefw,fqkdawmh rdef;cav;awG a&SUrSm tifrwef &SufwwfwJ xGef;&iftwGuf armifEk&JU ausnmcsuftwkdif; vkdufvkyfbkdUqkdwmrajymeJUpOf;pm;bkdqkdwmawmif rjzpfbl;/ 'gayrJh armifEk[mqkH;jzwfjyD;jzpfaewJhtwGuf xGef;&if nif;vkdUr&awmhbl;/ pdwfryghwyg &Sufudk;&Sufuef;eJU vkdufvkyf&&Smw,f/ aemufwcgusawmh oli,fcsif;awG pum;ajymaeMu7if; armifEk[m ol[m t&ufudkom aomufzl;w,f/ ukwfuif;udk wcgrS ryGwfbl;bl;/ tenf;qkH; wcgawmh yGwfMunfhcsifw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh olUoli,fcsif;armif[ef u ukwfuif;udk oGm;0,facsygvkdU armifEkuajym w,f/ oli,fcsif;tcskKdUu ukwfuif; yGwfwmraumif;bl;/ &l;wwfw,fvkdU uefUuGufygao;w,f/ 'gayrJh armifEk[m qkH;jzwfNyD;jzpfaewJh twGuf olwkdUuefUuGufvkdU r&awmhbl; / armif[efu ukwfuif; 0,fay;w,f/ ukwfuif;&vmwJhtcg *eDqkdwJh uvm;vbuf&nfqkdifrSM armifEkeJU oli,fcsif;awGtm;vkH; 0dkif;NyD;ukwfuif; yGwfMuw,f/ yGwfNyD;wJhtcg pum;ajymvkdU r&bl; / EIwfcrf;awGxlaew,f/ raumif;bl;vdkU armifEku rSwfcsufcsw,f/ aemufwcgrSmawmh tckvkdyJ oli,fcsif;awG 0kdif;zGJUNyD; pum;ajymaeMuwkef; armifEku ol[m t&ufvnf;aomufzl;NyD;Nyd/ ukwfuif;vnf; yGwfbl;NyD;NyD/ bdef;udk r&Ibl;ao;bl;/ wcgavmufawmh &IMunfhcsifw,fvkdU ausnmjyefw,f/ b,folrS uefUuGufvkdUr&bl;/ 'gayrJh bdef;&Iwmudk rMudKufwJholi,fcsif;awG uHaumif;csifawmh bdef;cef;xJ a&mufwJhtcg bdef;&IrJh vlawGtwGuf cif;xm;wJh zsmpkwfawG/ acs;awGeJU rJaewJh acgif;tkH;awG? bdef;qDawG tvdrf;vdrf;uyfaewJh bdef;ajymif;awGudk MunfhNyD; armifEk[m atmf*vD qefaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh olwkdU[m bdef;r&IjzpfyJ bdef;cef;xJu jyefxGufvmMuw,f? (c) waeUaomtcg oabmFqdyfem;rSm ulvDukvm;wa,mufudk Arm 4-5a,muf 0kdif;&kdufaewm armifEkawGUw,f/ armifEk[m bkdifpu,fay:u uAsmu,mqif;NyD; ArmawGudk twif;vkdufxkd;w,f/ 'DArmawG[m 0g;c,frNrdKU ok?efeJU rsufapmif;xkd; jrpfwbufurf; wvkdif;[k&Gmu vlqkd;&ef&Sif;&JU nDvlqkd;bkd;cspfeJU olUi,fom;vlqkd;wpkqkdwm armifEkrodbl;/ 0g;c,frrSm 0g;c,from; awmawfmrsm;rsm;u 'daumifawGeJUomqkd&if rsufESmcsif;rqkdifcsifMubl; qkdwmvnf; armifEkrodbl;/ rMumao;cifuyJ

OD;bjrpf qkdwJh ykvdyfpmoifwa,mufudk bdk;cspfqkdwJhvlqkd;[m uGrf;jcHukef; bkef;NuD;ausmif;em;rSm acsmif;NyD;&kdufvkdufwmuHaumif;vkdU raow,fqkdwmvnf; armifEkrodbl; / ulvDukvm;urSm;aeovm; ? 'Dvlqkd;awGu rSm;aeovm;qkdwmudkvnf; armifEkrodbl;/ ulvDukvm;wa,mufxJukd Arm trsm;u 0kdi;&kdufaewm jrif&wmeJU olUESvkH;om;aqGUaqGUckef jzpfvmNyD; ArmawGudk twif;0ifxkd;wmygbJ/ udkpHxGef;&JU om;qkdwm tJ'dvlqkd;awG odaeMuvkdU olvGwfoGm;wmyJ/ 'dvkdom r[kwf&if tJ'Dae&mrSm oltawmfemr,f/ aemufNyD;awmhvnf; / 0g;c,fr wbufur;f &Gmopf&GmrSm atmifoif;qkdwm &Sdw,f/ atmifoif;u armifEkxuf ESpfESpfavmufMuD; w,f? t&yfvnf;tawmf&Snfw,f tm;vnf;odyfaumif;w,f/ vufvnf;odyfjrefw,f/ oleJUpum;ajym&if wbufom;[m tifrwef owdxm;ajym&w,f/ pdwfrxif&if bmr[kwfwmav;eJu xcswmyJ/ olcsckduf&ifvnf; roufombl;/ vuf0g;a&? vufoD;a&m? 'l;a&m? zaemifha&m? tukefokH;w,fqkdawmh csNyD;&if wbufom;ukd ESmESyf,l&wmcsnf;bJ/ pdwftxdtckduf tifrwef jrefwJh armifEk[m waeUaomtcg ? tJ'datmifoif;eUJ urf;em;vrf; ausmufrD;aoG;&kHtem;rSm oGm;NyD; &ifqkdifrdMuw,f/ armifEkeJUygvmwJh oli,fcsif;udk atmifoif;u olUpmtkyfawG jyefay;bkdUawmif;w,f/ tJ'doli,fcsif;uvnf; atmifoif;udk odyfaMumufNyd; jyefay;yghr,fvkdU wkefwkef&D&DeJU jyefajymw,f/ 'gayrJh atmifoif;[m a'goxGufNyD; rif;,loGm;wmMumNyD? 'DuaeU vmay;csifay;/ ray;&if rif;udk wD;&vdrfhr,f vkdUpdwfvkdufrmefyg Mudr;farmif;w,f/ 'dvkd Mudrf;armif;wmudk armifEk rMudKufbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh bmpmtkyfrSef;vnf; rodbl;/ ,lxm;wm b,favmufMumaeNyDqkdwmvnf; rodbl; / a[haumif-pmtkyfudk jyefray;eJUvkdU armifEku olUoli,fcsif;udk vSrf;ajymvkdufw,f/ tifrwef vufjrefwJh atmifoif;[m tacstwif pum; ajymaebkdU armifEkudk cGifhray;bl;/ olUAveJU armifEk &JU b,fbufar;&kd;udk wtm;xkd;vkdufwmarmifEkvnf; tJ'Dae&mu 'DcJvkH;ykHay: ykHvsufom;usoGm;w,f/ armifEk[mvufoD;'PfaMumifh rl;rl;aemufaemuf jzpfae&m u qGJrdqGJ&mudk qGJvkdufwm 'DcJvkH;wvkH;udk qGJrdw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh twif;ukef;xNyD; 'DcJvkH;eJU atmifoif;&JU em;xifukd wcsufbJxkekdifw,f/ olUxuf t&yfeJU Avaumif;wJh atmifoif;[m tay:upD;NyD; vufod;rkd;? 'l;rkd;? ajcaxmufrkd;awG &Gmcsaevkdufwm armifEk&JUnDarmifOom tJ'Dae&mudk ESpfrdepfavmufaemufusNyD; a&mufvmr,fqkd&if armifEk&JUtouf[m xGufoGm;ekdifp&m

taMumif;&Sdw,f/olUnDarmifO[m &ef jzpfae&mudk a&mufvmNyd; 'DcJvkH;wvkH;eJU wtm;vTJaygufvkdufwmatmifoif;vnf; tJ'dae&mrSm ykHvsufom;usoGm;w,f xifw,f/ atmifoif;&JU vuf uvGwfwJhtcsdefrSm armifEk[m owdr&awmhbl;/ tawmfESmESyf,l&w,f/ aemufwckajym7Od;r,f/ 1921 ckESpfxJrSm 0Iduf (Whyte) aumfr&SifvkdUac:wJh pkHprf;a&;tzGJUwckudk bdvyftpkd;&wkdUu zGJUay;vkdufw,f/ tJ'dtzGJUudk *sDDpDbDat toif;csKyfu oydwfarSmufw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'DtzGJU[m 0g;c,frudk a&mufvm&if oHykH;wD;NyD; qE?jyMubkdU 0g;c,fr *sdpdbDat toif;cGJ&JU acgif;aqmifwcsKdU upDpOfMuw,f/ tJ'dvkd oHykH;wD;rJhvlawGxJrSm ae&Sife,f ausmif;u armifEkwkdUvlpkvnf;yg,wf/ 0Idufaumfr&Sif[m 1921 ckESpf 'DZifbmvxJrSm ykodrf udktoGm; 0g;c,frrSm cP em;w,f/ olwkdU&JU oabFm[m 0g;c,frNrDKUxdyf 0ifvmwJhtcsdefupNyD; wNrKdUvkH;qlnHoGm;atmif oHykH;awG wD;MuwmyJ/ armifEkwkdUvlpk[m oabFmqdyfem;uyfNyD; wm0ef,l&w,f/ txuftrdefUt& olwkdU[m oHykH;awGudkom r&yfrem;wD;ae&r,f? wjcm;bmrS rvkyf&bl;/ 'gayrJh armifEk[m oHykH;wD;ae&if; ESvkH;om;awG aqGUaqGU ckefvmw,fxifw,f/ bmrS rajymyJ olwkdUvlpkxJu xGufNyD; tem;rSm&SdwJh qkdifwqkdifu bdvyf&nfykvif;udk twif;qGJNyD; 0Idufaumfr&SifpD;vmwJh oabFmukd wtm;aygufvkdufw,f/ ykvif;[m oabFmukd xdNyD; tpdyfpdyfaMurGoGm;w,f/ armifEkvnf; cPawmh tzrf;cHvkduf&ao;w,f/

(*) 1922ckESpf/ rwfvxJrSm armifEk[m ae&Sife,fausmif;u 8 wef;atmifw,f/ tJ'dtcsdefu armifEkrSm ynmqufoifbkdU &nf&G,fcsufr&sdbl;/ ynm&JUwefbkd;udkvnf; olrodbl; 'gayrJh olUrdbawGu txl;ojzifh olUtazu ausmif;qufxm;csifw,f/ jzpfEkdif&ifolUom;ukd 0wfvkHjzpfap cskifw,f?tJ'gaMumifh &efukefo&ufawmausmif;wkdufxJrSm zGifhxm;wJhtrsKd;omausmif;rSm ynmqufoifbkdU olUtaz udkpHxGef;u pDpOfw,f/ &efukefudk roGm;cif av;ig;&ufavmuftvkdrSm 0g;c,frukef;vrf;u ? ukvm;r barmif vkdUac:wJh oli,fcsif;wa,mfu&JU tdrfrSm bk&m;ukd;ql uyfw,f/

tJ'dtdrfrSm oli,fcsif;awG pkNyD; pum;ajymaeMu7if; at;armif pufuif;[m armifekukd vufwkdUNyd; tjyifac:oGm; w,f? armifEkwkdUtwef;xJrSm at;armifESpfa,muf&Sdw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'Dat;armifESpfOD;ukd cGJjcm;wJhtaeeJU olUudk pufuif; at;armifvkdU ac:wmjzpfw,f/ tdrftjyifbuf a&mufwJhtcg at;armif pufuif;u armifEk rif;7efukefrSm ausmif;oGm;aeawmhr,f? tJ'dawmh rif;udk igtaumif;qkH;eJU {nfhcHr,fvkdUajymw,f/ b,fvkd{nfhcHrSmvJ vkdU armifEkuar;wJhtcg tdrfrJu aumifrtopfav;wa,mufa&mufvmw,f vdkU igMum;&w,f/ rif;udk tJ'dac:oGm;r,fvkdU at;armifpufuif;u jyefajymw,f/ at;armifpufuif;[m armifEkukd a7S;OD;pGm olUtdrfac:oGm;w,f/ armifEk[m at;armifpufuif;&JU nTefMum;csuftwkdif; acgif;7if;bufu tdrfMum;xJukdoGm;NyD; jyLwif;aygufatmufrSm apmifhae7w,f/ at;armif pufuif;[m olUwmzufwm tay:tuFsD topfw xnfudk bk&m;MuD;vr;fem;u w7kyftaygifqkdifrSm oGm;aygifMuw,f/ &wJhaiGav;usyf,lNyD ;0g;c,frta&SUykdif;rSm &SdwJh tdrfrJu aumifrtopfuav;qDukd olwkdUoGm;Muw,f/ tJ'dnu armifEk awGUcJh&wJh tawGUtMuKH[m olvlvm;ajrmufwJh t&G,frSm yxrqkH;awGUMuKH&wJhtawGUtMuKH jzpfw,f/ tJ'gaMumifhxrif;csufyef;&D&JU wkdufwGef;csuft& vSaMuGqkdwJh aumifrav;eJU vifr,m;vkyfwrf; upm;cJhMupOfu awGUMuKHcJh&wJh tawGTtMuKH eJU wjcm;pD? wbmompD jzpfaewmudk awGU&NyD; armifEk&JUpdwfxJrSm 0r;fomwma&m? tHhtm;oifhwma&m/MudKufwma&m aAsmif;qefoGm;wmyJ/ tcef;(3) (u) armifEk[m 1922 arv tpavmufrSm o&ufawmausmif;wkdufxJu ae&Sife,fausmif; udk a&mufvmw,f? &yfa0;u a&mufvmMuwJh ausmif;om;awG aebkdU pm;bkdUtwGuf ausmif;tkyfcskKyfa&;tzGJUu vSnf;wef;xJrSm wkdufwvkH;iSm;ay;xm;w,f? aemuf ajcmufv MumwJhtcg ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU [m tJ'dwkdufudk qufriSm;Ekdifawmhbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh armifEkwkdUvlpk[m o&ufawm ausmif;wkdufxJu bkef;MuD;ausmif;rSm vSnf;wef;wkef;uvkd ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;awGtwGuf pnf;urf; odyfrMuD;awmhbl;/ nwnawmh &efukefta&SUykdif;rSm rD;tMuD;tus,favmifw,f? armifEkeJU olUoli,fcsif;[m o&ufawmausmif;&JU tjyifbufukd xGufNyd; tay:udk

xkd;wuffaewJh rD;a&mifawGukd vSrf;MunfhaeMuw,f? armifEkudk 'Dvl&JUemrnfar;vkdUr&bl;/ rD;avmifwmudk vSr;fMunfhvkdU tawmfuav; MumvmwJhtcg armifEku tJ'Doli,fcsif;udk vSr;fNyD;/ jhynfhwefqmrawG b,frSm&SdovJ/ cifAsm;odovm; vkdUar;w,f/ odw,fvkdU tJ'dvlu ajzw,f/ tJ'dudk usaemfoGm;csifw,f? cifAsm;vkdufykdUrvm; vkdU armifEku xyfar;wJhtcg csmwdwf rif;oGm;csifvkdufykdU r,f? 'gayrJh igykdUw,fqkdwm rif;b,folUudkrS rajym&bl;vkdU 'Doli,fcsif;u uwdawmif;w,f? armifEkuvnf; rajymygbl; vkdU uwday;NyD; olwkdUESpfa,muf xGufoGm;Muw,f? vrf;rSm armifEk t&ufaomufcsifw,fqkdwJhtwGuf olUoli,fcsif;[m armifEkudk w&kwfaysmfyGJpm;qkdif wqkdifac:oGm;w,f? armifEk[m t&ufukd rcsdefqwwfbl;/ t&r;faomufcsifw,f? olUoli,fcsif;u xdef;xm;wJhtwGuf eJeJaomufNyD; jhynfhwefqmwef;udk xGufoGm;Muw,f? t&ufaomufwm b,favmuftjypfMuD;w,fqdkwm armifEkrawG;rdbl;/ jynfhwefqmwef;udk oGm;wmuvnf; b,favmufqkdw,f qdkwmarmifEk rawG;rdbl;/ awG;EkdifavmufwJh nmPfvnf; olUrSm r&Sdbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh ol[m &efukefjrdKUMuD;xJu w&kyfaysmfyGJpm;&kHw&kHrSm t&ufudkvnf; aomufzl;Nyd/ jynfhwefqmwef;rSm jynhfwefqmr wa,mufeJUvnf; aysmfyg;bl;NyD/ ol[m vlvnfwa,mufjzpfvmNyD qkdNyD; armifEk[mb0ifjrifhaew,f/ olUudk,fol tawmf[kwfvSNyDvkdUxifNyD; ausmif;ydwfvkdUtjyef olUjrdKU u oli,fcsif;awGudk azmufonf csbkdUawmif olpdwful;xm;vkdufao;w,f? tJ'Daemuf armifEk[m aiGvnf;&Sdr,f/ taz:vnf;aumif;r,fqkd&if t&ufqkdifeJU jynfhwefqmrtdrfudk ra&SmifrvTJ omwJht vkyfwck tjzpfeJU olUukd,fol xdef;odrf;jcif;r&SdyJ oGm;aewmyJ/ 1923ckESpfavmufa&mufwJhtcg armifEkrSm a&m8gwck &vmw,f? olUoli,fcsif;udk ar;MunfhwJhtcg 'g[m *Ekd a&m*gvkdUajzw,f/ aygifxdyfrSmvnf; tMudwfwvkH;xGufw,fvdkU armifEku xyfajymwJhtcg 'D a&m*gu 'DvkdbJvkdU ololi,fcsif;u jyefajzw,f? tJ'daemuf 'doli,fcsif;&JU tultnDeJU r*kdvrf;? bif*srifaq;qkdifu aq;wykvif; 0,f w,f? aq;emrnfudkawmh armifEk aumif;aumif;Mud; rrSwfrdbl;/ bJvqrf; athmzfukd aybvkdUac:w,fxifw,fvkd Uajymjybl;w,f/ aygifu tMudwfay:rSm awmh tJ'doli,fcsif;u a&cJwifay;w,f? vli,fawG&JUpdwf [m b,fvdkpdwfvnf; rqkdEkdifbl;/ tajym& tawmfcufw,f/ 'Db0a7mufaewmawmif oHa0* r&Ekdifao;bl;/ 'Daq;pm;NyD; a&cJtkHae&wmudk atmufusaemufus tajctaeu txufwef;udk wdk;wufvmwJh txdrf;trSwfwcktjzpfeJU awmif armifEk[m MudwfNyD; *kPf,laevkdufao;w,f/

] tJ'DESpf rwfv pmar;yGJtjyD; ausmif;ydwf&uftwGif; armifEk[m 0g;c,frudk jyefoGm;w,f/ {NyD v 13&uf oMuFeftMudK&ufukd a7mufwJhtcg armifEkeJU oli,fcsif; av;ig;a,muf[m &,fp&m t0wftpm;rsKd;pkHawGudk 0wfNyD; NrKdUxJrSm a&yufcHxGufbkdU qkH;jzwfMuw,f? tJ'D qkH;jzwfcsuft& NrdKUxJudk rxGufcif urf;em;vrf;u w&kwfacgufqGJqkdifudk oGm;Nyd; armifEkwkdUvlpk[m t&ufawGudkaomufMuw,f? taomufvGefoGm;wJhtwGuf 'DaumifawG[m NrdKUxJudk a&yufcH rxGufEkdifawmhbl;/ acgufqGJqkdifxJrSmbJ0wfvpfpvpf Munfhraumif; &Iraumif;awGjzpfNyD; olwkdU&UJ tefzwfykHawGay:rSm vJaeMuw,f? olwkdU&JUrdbawGodawmhrS 'DaumifawGudk xrf;NyD;ac:oGm;Mu&w,f? armifEk[m tJ'daeUuwJu rl;aevkdufwm oMuFef b,fvkdwufoGm;w,f qkdwm rodvkdufbl;/ olUrdbawGvnf; tifrwef pdwfylNyd; trl;ajyatmif {u&mZfjrpfwkdU oHyk&m&nfwkdU tp&SdwJh tdrfeD;em;csif; awG ajymorQ aq;rD;wkdawGeJU tawmfajz,l&w,f/ tdrfrSmae&if aemufxyft&ufrl;aerSm pkd;wJhtwGuf armifek&JUtaz udpHxGef;[m ausmif;ydwf&uftwGif; wvkdif;&Gmpktem;u pyg;usnfrSoGm;aezkdU olYom;udk em;csw,f/ olUoli,fcsif;awGygrS vkdufoGm;r,fqkdvkdU udkpHxGef;[m olUom;&JUtvkdudk vkdufNyD; oli,fcsif;awGudk cGifhjyKcJh7w,f? pyg;usnf[m 0g;c,frok?ef eJUrsufapmif;xkd;jrpfwbufurf;rSm &Sdw,f? tawmfom,mwJhae&mav;ygyJ/ pyg;usnf&JU a&SUrSmESpfxyftdrfuav;wtdrf&Sdw,f? tJ'DtdrfrSm armifEkeJU oli,fcsif;awG aeMuw,f? ukdpHxGef;[m olUom;eJU oli,fcsif;awG pm;zkdUqkdNyD; pm;p&mawG tjynfhtpkH 0,fay;xm;w,f? tJ'Daemuf pyg;usnfudkapmihfaewJh olU&JUnD 0r;fuGJ ukdb0kdif;udk ac:NyD;? a[h b0kdif; 'DaumifawGudk 'DrSm aysmfatmifxm;aemf/ jrdKUzufurf;udk roGm;apeJUvkdUrSmoGm;w,f? nDb0kdif;[m tudk&JUtrdefUudk t"dyg,fjyefwmvGJaew,f/ 'dtcsuft& 'daumifawG vkdcsifwm bmrqkd vkyfay;vkduf/ 'DaumifawG jrdKUbufurf;udk ul;roGm;&if NyD;a7mvkdU rSwfxm;vkdufw,f? tJ'gaMumifh ESpf&ufavmufMumawmh armifEku jrdKzufudk ul;csifw,f vkdufydkUprf;ygvkdU ajymwJtcg rifhtaz ihgwD;vdrfhr,f/ igrykdUEkdifbl;/ vkdU udkb0kdi;fu jyefajymw,f/ 'Dvkdqkd&if t&ufaomufcsifw,f &Smay;ygvkdU armifEkuajymwJhtcg at;'gawmh ig&Smay;r,fqkdNyD; csuft&ufwykvif;udk udkb0kdif;&Smay;w,f/ aemufESpf&ufavmufMumvkdU armifEku Od;av; rdef;rr&Sdbl;vm;? &Smay;prf;ygvkdU ylqmwJhtcgrSmvnf;udkb0kdif; at;?'gawmh ig&Smay;r,fqkdNyD; rdef;rwa,mufudk ac:vmw,f? udkb0dkif;uvnf;wlawmfarmif

aysmfygapqkdwJ hapwemeJU r&ruqGJvmw,f xifyg&JU? rsufESmuvnf; oeyfcg;bJMum; vl;vmjyefqkdawmh tawmfMunfh&qkd;wmbJ/ 'gayr,fh 'Daumifuav;awGu apmufiwfuav;awG tJ'gaMumifh awmfovif;vxJrSm acG;rudk rjrifbl;whJacG;okd;tkyfwtkyfvkd xkd;xkd;xefUxefUjzpfaeMw,f? olwkdU[m tMumMuD; pOf;pm;raebl;/ a&mufvmwmeJU tdrfay:ac:oGm;NyD; b,folNyd;b,fol qkdwm rJcsw,f? oli,fcsif;ig;a,muf&SdwJhteuf armifEku eHygwfig;usw,f/ aemufawaeHusawmh aumifuav;awGudkpkNyD; a[haumifawG? 0,fwJht&ufu raumif;bl;/ rid;wkdUudk igudk,fwkdif t&ufaumif;aumif;csufwkdufr,fvkdU OD;av;udkb0kdif;u aMunmw,f?'daMunmcsuf twkdif; a7eHqDyHk;tvGwfwckxJukd a&S;OD;pGm xef;vQufxnfhw,f? a&udk ykH;w0ufavmufxnfhw,f/ tJ'dykH;udk pyg;usDxJu pyg;ykHawGxJrSjrKyfxm;w,f? okH;&ufavmufMumvkdU zGifhMunfhwJhtcg xef;vQufawG [m tcsOfaygufaeNyD/ tJ'doHykH;ay:rSm aygif;acsmiftkd;wifNyD; xef;vQufa&&JU a&ckd;a&aiGUawG[m tjyifbufrxGuf&atmif aygif;acsmiftkd;&JU taygufuav;awGxJudk tukef0ifatmif oHykH;eJU tkd;eJUxdwJhae&mawGudk t0wfpkwfawGeJU tvkHavsmufywfw,f? tJ'daygif;acsmiftkd;xJrSm yefuefvkH;tMuD;wvkH;xnfhw,f? 'Dvkd tcsOfaygufaewJh ykH;udk atmufurD;jyif;jyif;jrdKufwJh tcg taiGUawG[m aygif;acsmiftkd;&JU taygufawGxJ udk0ifNyD; ',ftkd;zifudk xdw,f/ tJ'd',ftkd;zifurS acGs;tjzpfeJU atmufu yef;uefvkH;MuD;xJudk usvmw,f/ tJ'g[m csuft&ufjzpfvmw,f? csuft&uf[m odyfjyif;w,f? tJ'gaMumifh udkb0kdif;[m olwleJU oli,fcsif;awGudk tJ'Dtwkdif; rwkdufbl;/ zefcGufxJrSm t&ufvufwvkH;avmufxnfhNyD; oMum;a&awG trsm;MuD;a&mwkdufw,f? vGefcJhwJh oMuFefwkef;u vlrSef;rodatmif rl;cJhwmudk owd&Mujyd; armifEkwkdUvlpkuvnf; t&ifvkd t&rf;raomufMuawmhbl;/ OD;av;Od;b0kdif; wkdufoavmufbJ aomufMuw,f? bJMum;rMuD;udk udkb0kdif;ac:vmwJhaeUu pNyd; jrdKUbufukd jyefMuwJhtxd q,f&ufavmuftwGif; olwkdU&JU vkyfief;pOfu xl;xl;jcm; jcm;awGr[kwfygbl;/ cyf&kd;&kd;uav;ygbJ/ tdyf,mu 7em&DavmufxNyD; jrpfxJrSm a&ul;w,f/ wHwm;ay:u 'kdufAifxkd;w,f/ avSavSmfw,f/ urf;ajcuvwmawGay:rSm vlESpfpkcGJ? &GHUcJawGeJUaygufNyd; ppfwkdufwrf;upm;Muw,f? tawmfav;armvmwJhtcg tdrfay:wufvmNyD; OD;av;udkb0kdif; auGs;wJhtpmudk csuft&ufeJU pm;MuaomufMuw,f/ pm;vkdU0Nydqkd&if rJuswJtwkdif;

Od;av;b0kdif; ac:vmwJh [mrMud;&JU tcef;xJudk apmufiwfuav;awG wa,muf wvSJUpD0if wm naetxdygyJ/ Mum;xJrSm [mrMuD;udk a&csKd;bkdU/ oeyfcg;vl;bkdU? aq;vdyfaomufbkdU/ xrif;pm;? aumfzDaomufbkdU? avmufbJ tem;ay;w,f? nae ig;em&davmufMuawmh 'DbJMum;rMud;udk udkb0kdif;[m &GmxJjyefykdU&w,f? 0g;c,frudk jyefa7mufNyd; ESpf&ufavmufMumawmh armifEkeJUoli,fcsif;wa,muf[m &SefumawG ay:vmw,f/ A[kokw&SdwJh rdwfaqGwa,mufukdcsOf;uyfNyD; wnfhchwJhtcg rdwfaqGu &Sefumudk [kduf'&kd*sifyg&kdqkduf qkdwJh aq;a&eJU aq;NyD; w&kwfrsufeSmwrsKd;udk jzL;ay;bkdU Mo0g'ay;w,f? 'DMo0g'twkdif; vkdufemwJhtcg armifEkrSmtawmfoufomoGm;w,f? 'gayrJh vkH;0raysmufao;cif ausmif;zGifhwJhtwGuf &efukefudk jyefvmcJh&w,f? &efukefa7mufawmh olUrdwfaqGudk tusKd;taMumif;ajymjywJhtcg olUrdwfaqG[m armifEkudk q&m0efwa,mufqD csufcsif;ac:oGm;w,f/ q&m0efu ed,dkqmvAmqif aq;udk xkd;ay;w,f? tm;vkH;aygif; ajcmufMudrfavmufxkd;vkduf&w,f? aomufaq;tjzpfeJUvnf; csif'l&GKdifaq;qkdifu aq;a&udkwkdufw,f? &SefumaysmufoGm;wJhtcg tJ'drdwfaqG u armifEk rif;qifjcifawmh 'Dumvom;a&m*g [m rif;udka&m? aemiftcg rif;&vmrJh om;orD;awGudka&m? tMuD;tus,f 'ku?ay;Ekdifw,fvkdU tpcsDNyd; umvom;a&m*g&JU aMumufp&maumif;ykHawGudk avsmufajymjyw,f/ armifEk[m tpu 'gawGudk bmrS rodbl;/ od&wJhtcg odyfvefUoGm;w,f/ odyfvefUaewmudk awGUwhJtwGuf olUrdwfaqGu rifhudk tvkdvkdufrdwm igrSm;oGm;w,f/ tJ'DaeUnrif;ajymwkef;u igjiif; vkduf&if rif;'dvkd jzpf&rSm r[kwfbl; vkdU armifEkudk ajymw,f/ cifAsm; tvkdrvkduf&ifvnf; uGsefawmf[m uGsefawmf wenf;enf;eJU a&mufatmifoGm;cJhwmbJ/ cifAsm;eJU roGm;cif 0g;c,frrSmuwnf;u uGsefawmfoGm;zl;aeNyD/ tJ'Dawmh 'Dvkdjzpf7wm cifAsm;eJU bmrS rqkdifbl;/ 'g[m usaemh tjypfbJvkdU armifEku jyefajymw,f/ tJ'Dawmh armifEka7? rif;raeEkdif&if rdef;r,lygvm;uGm/ 'DjynhfwefqmrawGqDawmhroGm;ygeJU? cifAsm;ajymwmukd Mum;&NyD;uwnf;u 'D[mawGqDudk xyfNyd;oGm;7rSm uGsefawmfodyfaMumufaew,f/ tJ'dawmh 'gawGqdudk roGm;awmhbl;vkdU rif;ighudk uwday;rvm;/ uwdawmh ray;ao;bl;/ uGsefawmfpOf;pm;OD;r,f/ rdef;rvkdufcsifwJhpdwfukd wjcm;buf vSnfhay;ygvm;uGm/

b,fvkd vSnfhay;&rvnf;/ vufa0SUoifuGm/ aemufjyD;awmh abmuefuGm/ 'gawGvkyfae7if rdef;rvkdufcsifwJhpdwfawG aysmufukefrSmbJ/ aemufwaeUupNyd; armifEk[m vufa0SUxkd;wmvnf;oifw,f/ abmvkH;vnf; upm;w,f/ vufa0SUxkd;wJhtcg abmvkH;upm;wJh tcg tm;&Sdatmif tarmcHEkdifatmifqkdNyd; tajy;usifh&w,f/ MudK;ckef&w,f bm;wef;ay:rSmupm;&w,f/ tJ'dvkdvkyf&wJhtwGuf rdef;rvkdufwJU bufudk olUpdwfawG vGifhaewm tawmfMuD;enf;oGm;w,f/ (c) &efukefae&Sife,fausmif;udk a&mufwJhtcg tEkdifusifhcH vlwef;pm;bufuvl&JMuD;vkyfcsifwJh pdwf[m a&S;wkef;uxuf armifEkrSmjyif;xefvmw,f/ 'gayrJh olU ESvkH;om;[m olUOD;aESmufxuf ykdNyD;Mud;aewJhtwGuf oloGm;NyD;umuG,fwJhol[m wu,ftEkdifusifhcH&wJhol [kwfovm;/ r[kwfbl;vm;qkdwm olrpOf;pm;Ekdifbl;/ pGmw,fvkdU ol,lqwJhol[m wu,fh vlpGm[kwfovm; r[kwfbl;vm;qdkwmolrawG;wwfbl;/ tEkdifusifhaew,fvkdU olowif;&wJhol[m tEkdifusifhwJhol[kwfovm;r[kwfbl;vm;qkdwm olrawG;wwfbl;/ ausmif;om;wa,muf[m odyfjyD;pGmw,fvkdUolUpdwfxJu xif&kHeJU oleJUqkdifqkdif rqkdifqkdif twif;0ifNyd;&efjzpfwmyJ/ tJ'dvkdyJ ausmif;om;wa,muf[m b,folUudk tEkdifusifhvkdufw,fvkdU wa,mufa,mufu vmajym&ifvnf; oleJUqkdifqkdif rqkdifqkdif oGm;Nyd;&ef jzpfwmyJ/ &efjzpfwJhtcg olucsnhfEkdifwmr[kwfygbl;/ olESHwJhtcg ESHcJh7w,f/ cHwJhtcg cHcJh7w,f/ b,favmufyJcH&cH& oloHa0*r&bl;/ jzpfcsifvm&if ZGwfw&GwfjzpfwmyJ/ 'DvkdjzpfcJhwmawG avQmufajym&&if qkH;rSm r[kwfbl;/ tJ'Dawmh tJ'gawGxJu vlodtawmfrsm;wJh tjzpftysuf wckESpfckavmufudk ajymjy&Od;r,f/ 1923 ckESpfxJrSm ae&Sife,fausmif;awGudk tpkd;&u todtrSwfjyKw,f/ tJ'gaMumifhtodtrSwf jyKwJhausmif;eJU todtrSwf rjyKwJh ausmif;qkdNyD;/ ae&Sife,fausmif;awG[m 2jcr;fuGJoGm;Muw,f? o&ufawmausmif;wkduf u &[ef;awmfawG[m todtrSwftjyKrcH7wJh ae&Sife,fausmif;udk axmufcHw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh todtrSwf tjyKcH&wJh ae&Sife,fausmif;[m txufwef;udk a&Twd*kHapwD taemufbufapmif;wef; eJUrsufESmcsif;qkdifrSm&SdwJh t8Fvdyfppfom;awG&UJ ppfwef;vsm;wckrSm zGifh7w,f? tJ'Dppfwef;vsm;&JU taemufbufjcrf;rSm ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;awGaew,f/ armifEk[m tJ'drSm

ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm; tjzpfeJUaew,f/ olUtwef;u q,fwef;/ olUtoufu wq,fhajcmufESpf&SdoGm;NyD/ tJ'dabmf'grSm abmf'gq&mu q&mwifhjzpfw,f/ q&mwifh[m ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;awGudl odyf*&kpkdufw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;awGuolUudk odyfcspfw,f/ 'gayrJh q&mwifh[m odyfpnf;urf;Mud;wJhtwGuf pnf;urf; azmufzsufvm7if b,foludkrS nSmavhr&Sdbl; {&mrausmif;om;MuD;awGudkvnf; wD;wmyJ/ iykawmu ausmif;om;MuD;wa,muf[m touf 20avmuf&SdNyd/ wnrSm cGifhjyKxm;wJhtcsdefxuf em&d0ufavmufaemufusNyD; jyefa&mufvmw,f/ q&mwifh[m taMuG;rxm;bl;/ 'dausmif;om;ukd pmMunfhcef;xJu ckHjrifhay:rSm rwfwyft&yfckdif;NyD; ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;awG rsufeSm pkHnD a&SUrSm MudrfvkH;eJU wtm; vTJNyd;cswm / ausmeJUwifyg;rSm t&kd;awG jyKdif;jydKif;xoGm;wmyJ/ tJ'Dnu ausmif;om;awG[m toufudk jyif;jyif;awmif r&I0Hhbl;/ waeUusawmh q&mwifh[m olUtaz aeraumif;vkdU rif;vSudk cPjyefoGm;w,f? vufaxmufabmf'g q&m q&mbausmf u abmf'gq&mwufvkyf&w,f/ tJ'dnrSmyJ q&mbausmf[m wjcm;b,fausmif;om;ukdrS cGifhray;bJoltacsmf (vlMuD;em;wGif uyf?aeaomol) wa,mufudk *sLAvDa[mrSm zkd;pdefyGJMunfhbkdU cGifhjyKvkdufw,f/ 'gudkodwJh ausmif;om;wOD;[m armifEkqDudk ajy;vmNyD; owif;ay;w,f/ armifEk[m q&mbausmf&JU tcef;0udk oGm;NyD;? igzkd;pdefyGJoGm;rvkdUa[h? b,folvkdufrvJ/ vkdufcsifwJholawG vmMu / igcGifhay;w,fvkdU av;ig;Mudrfavmuf atmfw,f/ ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;awG&JU cef;rMuD;xJrSmvnf; oGm;atmfw,f/ okH;cGu odef;armifwa,mufbJ armifEkeJUvkduf0Hhw,f/ wjcm;b,folrS rvdkuf0HMubl;/ armifEkeJU odef;armif[m zkd;pdefyGJudk rMunfhcsifygbl;/ q&mbausmf[m rw&m;vkyfvkdU oufouf t7GJUwkdufwm/ tJ'gaMumifh olwkdUESpfa,muf[m zkd;pdefyGJukd roGm;yJ a&Twd*kHapwDawmfudk oGm;NyD;zl;Muw,f/ n 11 em&DavmufrS abmf'gudk jyefvmMuw,f/ a'gotrsufacsmif;acsmif;xGufaewJh q&mbausmf[m olwkdUESpfa,mufxGufoGm;wmeJU wjyKdifeuf ausmif;om;pm&if;udkac:w,f/ 'DaumifESpfaumifudkomodyfNyD; rJaewJhtwGuf pm&if;ac:w,fvkdUom ajym&w,f/ tukefac:wmr[kwfbl;/ armifEk?odef;armifqkdwJh eHr,f 2ckxJudkom ac:? olwkdUr&Sdbl;vdkU pma&;rSwfxm;vkdufNyd; ausmif;om;awGudk olwkdU&JU tcef;jyefvTwfvkdufw,f/ q&mbausmf[m aemufwaeUreufus&if olwkdUESpfa,mufudkac:r,f/

tJ'dvkdac:NyD; olwkdUudkac:7if bmjzpfvkdU q&m rw&m; vkyf&ovJvkdU olwkdUjyefajymr,f/ q&muolwkdUudk tMurf;udkif&if odef;armifu q&mbausmf&JU acgif;udk 'kwfeJU&kduf&r,f/ armifEku rsufESm udk vufoD;eJUxkd;&r,f? NyD;awmhrS tmPmykdifawGu olwkdUudk ausmif;u rxkwfcif olwkdUu t&ifxGufr,f/ tJ'dvdkwkdifyifxm;w,f/ 'gayrJh aemufwaeUrSm q&mbausmf[m olwkdUESpfa,mufudk rac:bl;/ aemufwaeUrSmvnf; rac:bl;/ tJ'gaMumifh 'Dq&m[molwkdUuk d rac:&Jygbl; qkdNyD; olwdkUESpfOd; pdwfavsmhvkdufMuw,f? aemuf 3&ufavmuf Mumawmh q&m wifh[m rif;vSu jyefa&mufvmw,f/ nae xrif;pm;NyD;csdef avmufMuawmh armifEkeJU odef;armifwkdU[m ppfwef;vsm;&JU ta&SUajrmufa'gifhu0&efwmrSm pum;xkdifajymaewkef;/ [kdwaeUnu zkd;pdefyGJudk oGm;cGifh&wJh q&mbausmf&JU tacsmf[m q&mwifhu ac:aew,fvkdU/ armifEkeJUodef;armifwkdUukd taMumif;Mum;w,f/ rvmbl;vkdU armifEku pum;jyefw,f/ 'Dtacsmf[m vSnfhxGufoGm;NyD; q,frdepfavmufMumawmh tcgwacguf a&mufvmjyefw,f/ rif;wkdUudk q&mwifh odyfpdwfqkd;aew,f/ rif;wkdUESpfa,mfuigeJU tck vkdufcJhygvkdU tJ'dtacsmfu xyfajymw,f/ rvkdufbl;/ oGm;/ aemufwcgxyfvm&if rif;udk yg;&kdufr,fvkdU armifEku pum;jyefw,f/ tJ'geJU tacsmfvnf; vSnfhxGufoGm;Nyefw,f/ aemuf 15rdepfavmuf&SdwJhtcg udkarmifuav;qkdwJh ausmif;om;MuD;wa,mufa&mufvmNyD; armifEkeJUodef;armifa&; q&mwifhqD oGm;vkdufMuyguGm/ [kdMuawmh q&mbausmfrw&m;wmawGudk &Sif;jyvkdufayhgvkdU ajymw,f/ udkarmifuav;[m olwkdUeJU cifaeMuwJhtwGuf olwkdUvnf; qufNyD; rjiif;qefawmhbl;? q&mwifhtcef;xJudk armifEkua&SUu/ odef;armifu aemufu 0ifoGm;Muw,f/ odef;armifuawmh olwm0ef,lxm;wJh udp?ukd vkd&if tqifoifhaqmif&GufbkdUtwGuf olUvkHcsnfxJrSm 0&efwmu jyKwfusaewJh opfom;acsmif;udk 0SufjyD;,loGm;w,f/ q&mwifh[m rsufESmMuD;wif;NyD; tcef;xJrSm acgufwkefUacgufjyef avQmufaew,f? tcef;&JUwae&mrSm xm;0,fMudrfvkH;MuD;udk axmifxm;wm txif;om; jrifae&w,f? armifEk[kd aeUu rif;b,foGm;vJ/ zkd;pdefyGJ/ odef;armif Asm/ rif;aumygovm;/

ygw,f/ rif;wdkUcGifh&ovm;/ r&bl;/ rif;wkdU tjypf&Sdovm;/ r&Sdbl;/ bmjzpfvkdU r&SdovJ/ q&mbausmf&JU wynfh[m zkd;pdefyGJudk oGm;Ekdifw,fqkd&if wjcm;ausmif;om;awGvnf; oGm;Ekdif&r,f/ q&mbausmfudk qGJoGif;rvmeJU/ q&mbausmfrSm tjypf&Sd&if olUukd wjcm;oyfoyf tjypfay;&r,f/ rif;wkdU&JUudp?omrif;wkdUajz/rif; wkdUrSmtjypf&Sdovm;/ r&Sdbl;/ b,fausmif;om;rqkd tcGifhr&yJ yGJxGufMunfhw,fqkd&if tjypf&Sdw,f/ rif;wkdUt&kdufcH&r,f/ uGsefawmfwkdU t&kdufrcHbl;/ rif;wkdUudk r&kduf&atmif rif;wkdUu a7TrIefpm;NyD; arG;xm;wmvm;/ uGsefawmfwkdU udk a&TrIefpm;NyD; arG;xm;w,fvkdU uGsefawmfwkdU wcgrs rajymbl;bl;/ 'gayrJh t&kduf awmh b,fenf;eJUrS rcHbl;/ q&mbausmf rw&m;wmvkyfw,f qkd&if igjyefvmatmif apmihfNyD; ighudk rif;wkdUwkdifygvm;/ q&mbausmfuk dta7;r,l&if ightqkd;aygh/ tckawmh rif;wkdUu 'Dvkdt&GJUwkdufwm aumif;ovm;/ armifEkvnf;bmrS jyefrajymbl;/ cyfwnfwnf&yfMunfhaew,f/ tawmfav;MumwJhtcg q&mwifhu oGm;Mu/ oGm;Mu/ 'g[m aemufqkH;yJ/ aemufwcg'grsKd;jzpf&if rif;wkdUeJU igeUJawGUr,fvkdU armifEkeJU odef;armifudk Mudrf;armif;vTwfvkdufw,f/ aemufwckuawmh tawmf&,fp&maumif;w,f/ tJ'Dtjzpftysufukd owd&wkdif; olrSm;avjcif;vkdU awG;rdNyD; armifEk[m aemifw&aew,f/ 1924ckESpfrSm ar;cGef;awG aygufMum;wJhtwGuf q,fwef;pmar;yGJudk ESpfMudrfwkdifwkdif a&TUqkdif;ypf&w,f/ tJ'dvkd a&TUqkdif;NyD;wJh aemuf pmar;yGJvkyf&if ajzbkdU armifEk[m ausmif;rSmtoifhapmihfae&w,f/ q,fwef;rSm armifek[m okH;ae&majymif;cJh&w,f/ a&S;Od;pGm a&Twd*kHapwDawmfem;u t8Fvdyfppfom; ppfwef;vsm;udk ajymif;&w,f/ ajcmufvMumwJhtcg tJ'dae&mu jynfvrf; a*:&cg; ppfwef;vsm;udk ajymif;&w,f/ pmar;yGJESpfMudrfa&TUjyD;aemufwMudrftwGuf apmifh&wJhtcg jynfvrf;

a*:&cg;ppfwef;vsm;ueHygwf 1 ADGKif;vrf; taqmuftOD;udk ajymif;&w,f/ tJ'D eHygwf1 ADGKif;vrf; udk ajymif;wJhtcsdefrSm 1924ckESpftwGuf ausmif;awmif jyefzGifhaejyD/ ausmif;om;topfawGvnf;a&mufvm ukefMuNyD/ tJ'Dausmif;om;topfawG xJrSm armfvjrdKifu ausmif;om; wOd;ygvmw,f/ ol[m w&kyfujym;? armifEk[m tJ'DtcsdefrSm ausmif;tdyfausmifpm;omjzpfw,f/ausmif;om;r[kwfawmhwJhtwGuf tJ'dausmif;om;topfeJU rodMuao;bl;/ waeUawmh oli,fcsif;wa,muf[m armifEkqdudkvmNyd; armifEk&,f 'DaumifMud;[m odyftpm;Mud;w,f/ olrsm;awG tm;vkH;pm;NyD;wmawmif olrNyD;ao;bl;/ wjcm;ckHawGrSm usefaewJh xrif;awG [if;awG udk olUckHudk a&TUNyD; tukefwkyfypfwmyJ/ tJ'gaMumifh ola&mufvmrS wHjrufpnf;vSnf;orm;awG xrif;0atmif rpm;Mu&awmhbl;vkdU ajymjyw,f/ wHjrufpD;vSJorm;awG udk 'Dvkd tEkdifusifh&yghrvm;qkdNyD; armifEk [m 'DaumifMud;ukd xkd;zkdU csufjcif;qkH;jzwfvkdufw,f/ 'gayrJhxkd;&rSmrvG,fbl;/ 'DaumifMud;u odyfMud;w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh armifEk[m ausmif;om;awG tdyfwJh tcef;0a&SUrSm pm;yGJckHwck a7TUxm;NyD; tJ'dpm;yGJckHay:rSm wuf&yfaew,f/ 'DaumifMud;0ifvmwmeJU wjydKifeuf armifEk[m tJ'dpm;yGJckHay:uae qD;NyD;uefwmygyJ/ armifEk&JU oli,fcsif; armif[efqkdoluvnf; 'DaumifMuD;udk ab;u 0ifxdk;vkdufao;w,f/ ab;uausmif;om;awG ajy;vmNyD; 0dkif;zsifMuw,f/ NyD;awmhrS 'Dvkd &Sif;jyMuw,f/ 'DaumifMuD;[m tpm;MuD;wmawmh [kwfw,f/ 'gayrJh odyfoabmaumif;w,f/ ausmif;0ifwJhaeUupjyd; ol[m tpm;MuD;w,f/ xrif;00pm;yg&ap/ESpfa,mufpmtwGuf xrif;vc ay;yghr,fvkdU q&mMuD;udk yGifhyGifhvif;vif;ajymxm;w,f/ q7mMuD;u 0atmifpm;Ekdifw,f/ ESpfa,mufpmay;bkdUrvkdbl;/ vkdUcGifhjyKxm;wJhtwGuf tckvkdpm; aewmjzpfw,f/ wHjrufpD;vSJorm;awG xrif;r0qkdwmvnf;rrSef ? wHjrufpD;vSJorm;awG pm;NyD;wJhaemuf xrif;usef[if;usef awG jrLeDpyg,f trIdufykH;xJukd trsm;MuD; oGefypf&ao;w,fvkdU ausmif;om;awGu &Sif;jyMuw,f/ tJ'gawGudk Mum;NyD;wJhtcg/ armifEk[m &Sufvnf;&Sufaew,f/ olawmfaumif;wa,mufudk apmfum;rdavjcif; vkdUaemifw&NyD; awmhvnf;idkcsifovkdvkd jzpfaew,f/ aemufwaeU q7mMuD;OD;bvGifu armifEkeJU tJ'doli,fukd &kH;cef;xJac:Nyd; armifEk-rif;olUukd uefw,fvkdUigMum;w,f/ [kwfovm;vkdU ar;w,f/ [kwfygw,f q&mMuD;/ usaemfuefygw,f/ tJ'dtwGuf uGsefawmftrsm;Mud;0rf;enf;ygw,f/ uGsefawmfukd q&mMud; MudKufovkd qkH;ryg/ q7mMuD;OD;bvGif[m armifEk&JUwifyg;udk ig;csuf&kdufNyd; vTwfvkdufw,f/

tJ'dt7G,fwkef;u waeUrSm olUtaz udkpHxGef;eJU jzpfMuwJhtjzpftysuf[m ydk NyD;awmif &,fp&m aumif;ao;w,f/ 'Dae&mrSm tvsOf;oifhvkdU enf;enf;avmufaz:jyoihfw,f/ udkpHxGef;rE?av;ujyefvmwJhtcg 7GufvSyifygvmw,f/ 'Dtyifudk olodyfjrwfEkd;w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'Dtyifudk wjcm;opfyifawGeJU a&mrxm;bl;/ oD;oefUpifuav;wckay:rSm yef;tkd;ukd wifxm;w,f/ a&avmif;wJhtcgrSmvnf; wjcm;opfyifawGeJU twlwl a&mravmif;bl;/ 'D&GufvSyifudk avmif;bkdu a&tkd;wckxm;&w,f/ a&avmif;wJhtcgrSmvnf; olrsm;udk tavmif;rckdif;bl;/ oludk,fwkdif aiGcGufeJU avmif;w,f/ udkpHxGef;[m tJ'davmufjrwfEkd;aewJhopfyifay:udk waeUMuawmh armifEk[m olYyg;pyfrSm ikHxm;wJh a&eJUtrSwfwrJhaxG; csvkdufw,f/ udkpHxGef;[m tem;rSm&SdaewJhtwGuf olU&ifbwfudk bkwfueJjrnfatmifxkNyD; 'Daumif[modyfrkdufwJhtaumifbJ vkdU armifEkudk a[mufvkdufw,f/ armifEk[m yxrtMudrfwkef;uawmh trSwfwrJh axG;csvkdufwmygbJ/ 'gayrJh oltaz[m olUudk aigufNyD;wJhtcgusawmh armifEk[m aemufxyf a&awG trsm;Mud;ikHvmNyD; wrifoufouf tJ'd&GufvSyifay:rSm tukefaxG;csvkdufjyefw,f/ udkpHxGef;vJ aemufxyfbmrS rajymawmhbl;/ idkrJhrJhrsufESmuav;eJU olU&GufvSyif ay:u armifEkaxG;csvkdufwJh a&awG pifoGm;atmif olU[mol aq;ypfaew,f/ tJ'DawmhrS armifEk[m trsm;MuD;aemifw&NyD; olUtaz&JUcg;udk oGm;zufw,f/ acsmhwJhtaeeJU olUtaz&JU cg;udk [kd&rf;'D&rf; &rf;w,f/ watmihfavmuf MumwJhtcg armifEk[m olUtazcg;udk zufNyd; tdrfxJqGJoGif;oGm;w,f? tdrfxJa&mufwmeJU wjydKifeuf olwkdUom;tz upm;aeMutwkdif; eyr;fvkH;Muw,f/ ESpfa,mufpvkH; acGs;jzdKifjzdKifxGufNyD; ajcukefvufyr;fusawmhrSyJ tJ'd eyrf;vkH;wJhae&mrSm wa,mufukd wa,mufzufNyD; tdyfaysmfaeMuw,f/ (*) ESvkH;[m OD;aESmufxuf ykdMud;wJholawG jzpfwwfwJh pdwfa&m8g wck[m ikyfvQKd;ae&muae armifEkq,fwef;udk a&mufptcsdefrSm AsKH;ueJ ay:vmw,f/ waeUrSm armifEk[m bmudp?eJUrSef;rodbl;/ &efukefu 0g;c,frudk jyefvmw,f/ oabFmay:rSm tdyfaysmfaewkef; ? 0g;c,fru a':tdrfNidr;f&JU orD; r{ausmf eJU vufxyf&w,fvkdU tdyfrufrufw,f/ armifek[m r{ausmfudk jrif&kHomjrifbl;w,f/ wcgrs pum;rajymzl;bl;/ ykd;vnf; rydk;zl;bl;/ olukdom r[kwfbl;/ tJ'dtcsdeftxd armifEk[m b,frdef;uav;udkrS cspfvnf; rcspfbl;/ ydk;vnf;rykd;bl;/ 'gayrJh tdyf,mu Ekd;vmwJhtcg olUrsufpdxJrSm tdyfrufxJu tjzpftysufukdjrifNyD; ol&ifxJrsm {ueJ/{ueJ jzpfoGm;wJh twGuf ol[m

r{ausmfudk pGJvr;faejyDqkdwm odvmw,f/ armifEk[m xl;xl;axGaxG av;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;raebl;/ &efukefk rjyefcif r{ausmfudk cspfwJhtaMumif; pmwapmifa&;NyD; pmwkdufu xJhvkdufwmbJ/ &efukefudk oljyefa7mufNyD; we*FaEGwywfavmufMum&if r{ausmfqDu jyefpmvmvdrfhr,fvkdU olarQmfvifhw,f/ 'gayrJh we*FaEG wywf Mumvnf;rvm/ okH;av;ywf Mumvnf; rvmwJhtcg? armifEk[m pmwapmifxyfa&;NyD; pmwkdufu ykdUvkdufjyefw,f/ armifEk[m pdwfrysufwJhtjyif/ odwif;uGswfv? ausmif;ydwfvkdU 0g;c,frudk jyef&if r{ausmfwkdU tdrfa&SUrSm atmf[pfNyD;qkdbkdUtwGuf oli,fcsif;wa,mufqdu oltifrwefMudKufwJh OD;zkd;pdef qkdwJh ]vifarmifpdefcskKdomwJ pum;&,feJU} tpcsDwJh oDcsif;udkawmif MudK;pm;yrf;pm;tvGwfusufvkdufao;w,f/armifEk[m ausmif;ydwf&uftwGif; 0g;c,frrSm&Sdwkef; olaqmif7Guf7rJh 0w?&m;rysufbl;/ oli,fcsif;armif[ef eJUtwl vifarmifpdefcsKdomwJhpum;7,feJU qkdwJhodcsif;udk r{ausmfwkdUtdrfa&SUrSm nwkdif;tcsdefrSefrSefav;ig;ajcmufacgufavmuf acgufwkefUacgufjyef avQmufNyD; toHukef [pfqkdwmyJ/ ausmif;zGifhvkdU &efukefjyefa&mufNyD; okH;av;7ufavmufMumawmh cyfvGrf;vGrf;eJU r{ausmfqdudk aemufxyf pmwapmifa&;r,fvkyfae wkef; abmf'gaqmifrSmarmifEkeJU twlaewJh armif0rf;uGJwa,muf armifEkqDudk a&mufvmw,f/ tJ'Darmif0rf;uGJu armifEka&? a[m'DrSm r{ausmfqDu pmzwfMunfhygOD; vkdUajymjyD; armifEkudk olUvufxJrSm udkifxm;wJh pm vSr;fay;w,f/ r{ausmfqDujyefpm&NyDqkdJjyD;armifEk[m odyf0rf;omoGm;w,f/ pmuk duAsmu,mzwfMunfhwJhtcg r{ausmfu olUqduk d a&;wJhpm;r[kwfbl;/ olUarmif0rf;uGJqD a&;wJhpm jzpfaewmudk awGU&wJhtwGuf armifEk&JU&ifxJ rSm'dwfueJ jzpfoGm;w,f/ pmudk zwfMunfhwJhtcg armifEkolqDuk dpmcPcP a&;w,f/ ra&;bkdUajym ay;yg/ vlMuD;awGodoGm;&ifraumif;bl;/ olvn;fvlwa,mufeJU aphpyfNyD;jzpfaew,f/ rMumrD vufxyfawmhr,fqdkwmudk awGU&w,f/ pmzwfjyD;wJhtcg armifEK[m tJ'darmif0r;fuGJud k jyKH;MunhfjyD; igaemufwD;aemufawmuf vkyfwmr[kwfbl;? odyfcspfvkdU a&;wmyJ/ 'gayrJh olUpmxJu twkdif;qkd&if iga&;rdwmrSm;oGm;jyD/ trsm;MuD;awmif;yefwJhtaMumif; r{ausmfudk ajymjyvkdufyguGm? aemufxyf igra&;awmhbl;/ tJ'gukdvnf; qufqufajymjyvkdufygvkdU armifEkuajymvkdufw,f/ olUwoufrSm OD;OD;zsm;zsm;cspfrdvkdU olUtcspfOd;jzpfaewJh r{ausmfudk r7wJhtwGuf armifEk[m tawmfaqG;w,f/ 'gayrJh tcspfjy?emrSm ukd,fcspf,kHeJU

rNyD;bl;/ oluvnf; cspfOd;rS jyD;w,fqkdwJh oabmw&m;udk armifEk[m MudKwifNyD;odaewJhtwGuf olUpdwfudk ajzEkdifw,f/tJ'gaMumifh r{ausmf&JU armif0rf;uGJ xGufoGm;wJhtcg armifEk[m tdyf,may:rSmvSJNyD; r{ausmf&JU tdrfa&SUrS ajcat; 0r;fa,mif? acG;a[mifjyefajy; tjzpfeJU tMudrfaygif;rsm;pGm toHukef[pfcJhbl;wJh vifarmifpdefcsKdomwJhpum;&,feJU qkdwJh ESpfyg;oGm;oDcsi;fuav;udk wa,mufxJ rwkd;rus,f oDqkdaew,f/ ESvkH;[m OD;aESmufxuf MuD;aewJh armifEk&JU a&m*g[m tJ'gavmuf x&kHeJU rNyD;ao;bl;/ aemufxyfjyD; trsm;MuD;xp7m&Sdao;w,f/ aemufwcef;awGa&mufrS yJ oufqkdifovkd MunfhNyD; az:jyoGm;yghr,f/ (C) armifEk[m pmbufrSm nHhw,f/ ausmif;uppfwJh pmar;yGJawG[m tJ'dtcsdefwkef;uawmh wif;wif;MuyfMuyf r&SdvSao;bl;/ tJ'dawmh tJ'davsmh&J&J ausmif;pmar;yGJawG rSm atmifbkdU armifEktwGuf tcuftcJr&SdvSbl;/ q,fwef;pmar;yGJuawmh tpkd;&ppfwJhpmar;yGJ jzpfaejyD/tJ'gaMumifh 'Dpmar;yGJrSm atmifbkdU armifEk twGufcufw,f/ wwef;wnf;om;csif; armifEk&JU oli,fcsif;awGuvnf; armifek[m q,fwef;rSm ratmifEkdifbl;vkdU Mobmay;Muw,f/ q,fwef;jyq&mawGuvnf; 'DvkdyJedrdwf zwfMuw,f/ armifEkudk,fwkdifvnf; twef;om; awG olUq&mawG edrdwfzwfwJhtwkdif; Mobmay;wJhtwkdif;jzpfvdrfhr,fvkdU rrdSwfrokH ,kHMunfaew,f/ 'gayrJh armifEkrSm txufwef;ynmawG qufoifbkdU 'dynmawGudk oifNyD;wJhaemuf b,ftvkyfMuD;tudkifMud; awGudk vkyfbkdU qkdwJh &nf7G,fcsufawG? pdwful;awG qE?awG bmrS r&Sd ao;wJhtwGuf q,fwef;pmar;yGJrSm atmifwm/uswmawGudk olodyfpdwfr0ifpm;bl;/ pmar;yGJus&if bmta&;Mud;ovnf;/ ausmif;uxGufNyD;tdrfjyefrSmayhgvkdUom olpdwful;xm;w,f/ 1924 ckESpfZefe0g&D tv,favmufukd a&mufwJhtcg tpr;fpmar;yGJwckusif;yw,f/ 'Dpmar;yGJrSm atmifwJh ausmif;om;awGukdom rwfv pmar;yGJMud;rSm ajzqkdbkdU pm7if;oGif;r,f/ tJ'd pmar;yGJ&JU atmifpm&if;udk raMunmcif w&ufrSm q,fwef;ausmif;om;awGudk ac:NyD; rif;wkdUreufjzefcg pmar;yGJ0ifc 12usyfpd,lcJhMu? atmifwJhvlawG 12usyfpd ay;NyD; pmar;yGJtwGuf avQmufvTmoGif;&r,f/ uswJvlawGukd,fh aiGudk,f,lNyD; tdrfjyefMuvkdU q&mMuD;u ausnmw,f/ q&mwa,mufu wdwfwdwfajymvkd U olusw,fqdkwm armifEk odNyD;aeNyd/ 'gayrJh tJ'daeU naebufa7mufawmh q&mawGu q&mMuD;udk 0kdif;jyD;wkdufwGef;wJhtwGuf

q,fwef;ausmif;om;tm;vkH;pmar;yGJ0ifcGifh jyKvkdufw,f/ q,fwef;pmar;yGJMuD;twGuf atmifpm&if;xGufvmwJhtcg tprf;pmar;yGJrSm uswJ ausmif;om;awGxJu armifEkeJU armfvjrDKifu ausmfpdefwkdU&JU eHr,fawG ygvmw,f/ausmfpdefu u wef;u atmifw,f/ armifEku c wef;u atmifw,f/tJ'dtprf;pmar;yGJrSm yxr&wJh iokdif;acsmif;u armifodef;qkdwJh ausmif;om;ususefae&pfw,f/ tcef; (4) q,fwef;pmar;yGJatmifwJhtwGuf armifEku bmrS rjzpfbl;/ olUtaz OD;pHxGef;[m0rf;omvGef;vdkU ajcrdukdifrd?vufrudkifrd jzpfNyD; rdwfaqG&if;csmawGudk omru eJeJyg;yg;avmufom oduGsrf;zl;wJh vlawGudkyg/ olUom;pmar;yGJatmifwJhtaMumif; avsmufajymw,f/ aemufwaeUusawmh armifEk&JU oli,fcsif; awGukd tzdwfckdif;NyD; olUom;pmar;yGJatmifwJhtxdrf;trSwfeJU tdrfrSm npmxrif;auGs;w,f/ olUom;&JU atmifyGJtwGuftxl;[if;qkdNyd;olukd,fwkdifcsufw,f/ [if;awGu xl;vnf; xl;ygw,f/ Muufom;[i;fusawmh xl;oxufxl;atmif tcsKdvnf;r[kwf/ tcsOfvnf;r[kwf? i&kyfoD;axmif;a&m? EGm;EkdU a&m? tkH;EkdUa&m wjyKHMuD;xnhfwmyJ? {nfhonfawG rMudKufMubl;xifw,f/ tJ'D[if;udk odyfrEIdufMubl;/ a[haumifawG xnhfpm;MuuGm? uvsmPD[if;qdkwm 'gyJ vkdU 0rf;omtm;&ajymjyD; armifEkoli,fcsif;awG&JU yef;uef xJudk uvsmPD [if;awG OD;pHxGef;twif;vkdufxJhay;w,f? armifEk[m aumvdyfausmif;udk a&mufwJhtcg urÇm opfwckxJudk a&mufvm&ovkd jzpfaew,f? taqmuftOD;awGuvnf; olt&ifaechJ&bl;wJh bkef;MuD;ausmif;tkdMuD;awG ppfwef;vsm;awGvkd r[kwfbl;/ tawmfcrf;em;oyf,yfwJh taqmuftODawG awGU&wJh ausmif;olausmif;om;awG tawmfrsm;rsm;uvnf; jrDKUr txufwef;ausmif;rSwkef;u olawGUcJh&wJh olvkdigvkd/ ausmif;olausmif;om;rsKd;awG r[kwfbl; / t*Fvdyfpm/ jrefrmpm/ tu©&m ocsFm/ uifrpö&D/zD;qpf/ Oya'tp&SdwJh bmom&yftoD;oD;rSm tifrwef xl;cGsefwJh vl&nfcGsefawG/ pifjrifhay:rSm pum;ajymaumif;wJh ausmif;om;awG/ abmuefaumif;wJh ausmif;om;awG / wif;epft&kdufaumif;wJh ausmif;om;awG/ twkckd;p&m wu,fxl;cGsefwJh ausmif;om;awGjynfhaewmbJ? tJ'DurÇmopfxJudk a&mufvmwJhtcg armifEk&UJ pdwf[m t&ifvkd r[kwfawmhbl;/ ajymif;vJcsufawG trsm;MuD; jzpfaew,f/ t&ifwkef;u txufwef;pm;awG udk qufNyD;oifcsifwJhqE´olUrSmvkH;0 r&SdcJhbl;/ tckqkd&if

trsm;MuD;&SdvmNyD/ t&ifwkef;u olMud;vm&if bmvkyfr,fqkdwm wckrS rpOf;pm;cJhbzl;bl;/ tckqkd&if trsm;MuD;pOf;pm;vmNyD/ q,fwef;wkef;u &SdwfpyD;,m;&Ju jyZmwfawGxJu aumufEIwfcsufuav;awG 'djyZmwfawGudk t*Fvdyfpum;ajyeJU jyefa&;xm;wmaawGudk ausmif;pmawGtjzpfeJU oifcJh&w,f? tJ'gaMumifh armifEk[m tJ'dpmawGxJrSm odyfpdwfr0ifpm;vSbl;/ wuúokdvfa7mufwJhtcg aumvdyfpmMunfhcrf;xJrSm &SdwfpyD;,m; &JU jyZmwfawG? uAsmawGudk twef;pmtjzpfeJU r[kwfyJ/ olUoabmeJU olzwf7wJhtwGu odyfoabmusw,f/ 'dvkdoabmuswmawGrsm;vmawmh armifEk[m jyZmwfa&;q&mvkyfcsifovkdvkd jzpfvmw,f/ &SDwfpyD;,m;a&;wJh bvifhAg hpf (Blank Verse ) udk twkckd;NyD; eJeJyg;yg; a&;prf;Munfhw,f/ &SdwfpyD;,m;&JU qGef;euf uAsmawGudk twkckd;NyD; a&;Munfhw,f/ trSefpifppf aumif;rSmawmh r[kwfygbl;/ 'gayrYJarmifEku ol[mol odyfMudKufaew,f/ armifEkaumvdyfa7mufvkdU rMumcifrSmbJ jynfausmif;aqmifeJU waumif;ausmif;aqmifawG[m abmoif;woif;pDaxmifw,f/ jynfausmif;aqif abmoif;&JU uyÜwdef[m apm"l0H? waumif;bufrSmawmh armif&Sifjzpfw,f/ armifEk[m waumif;rSm okH;a,mufwef; b,fbufuupm;w,f/ armifEk[m qGef;euf udk a&;wwfcgp olUvufudk xdef;r7wJh twGuf apm"l0Hudk ajymifavSmifwJh qGef;eufawGudk rMumcP a&;a&;NyD; jynf ausmif;aqmif&JU xrif;pm;cf;u EkdUwpfbkwfrSm uyfavh7Sdw,f/ apm"l0H [m 'DqGef;euf awGudk jrifwkdif; odyfa'gyGw,f/ wnvomom 11em&DavmufrSm cyfvSrf;vSrf; ae&mwcku ukvm;wa,muf[m 'kd;ywfukdwD;aewm armifEkMum;7w,f/'DtoHMum;NyD; 'Dva&mifjrif&wJhtcg armifEk&JU &ifxJrSm vSyfvSyf/vSyfvSyf jzpfvmw,f?tJ'gaMumifh Under a marian tree r&rf;wyifatmufrSm qkdwJU acgif;pOfeJUqGef;euf uAsm wyk'fa&;w,f/ aemufwaeUusawmh olUusLwmwa,mufudk 'DqGef;euf jyMunfhw,f/ tJ'dvkdjyjyD; olUausmif;uxGuf&ifjyZmwfa&;q&m vkyfcsifwJUtaMumif;ajymjyw,f/ 'DusLwm[m tifrwef ,Ofaus;odrfarGU w,f/b,fwynfhudkrS pdwfysufoGm;atmif/ &SufoGm;atmif/ pdwfemoGm;atmif rajymbl;/tJ'gaMumifh armifEk&JU qGef;eufukd zwfMunfhNyD; MudK;pm;uGm? MudK;pm;&ifatmifjrif&rSmaygh vkdU csD;rGrf;wmvnf;r[kwf / uJU&JUwmvnf; r[kwf r,kwfrvGef 'DusKwmuajymw,f/ tJ'dusKwm&JU wkdufwGef;csuft&armifEk[m bm;ewfa&Sma&;wJh *sL;vD;,yfqDZmeJU uif'pf'g;qkdwJu jyZmwfpmtkyf ESpftkyfudk pzwf&w,f/pum;ajy[m bvifhAmpf eJU a&;&wmxuf

armifEktwGuf ykdvG,fw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh bmewfa&Sm&JU pmtkyfESpftkyfudk zwfNyD;wmeJU jyZmwfa&;&if pum;ajyeJU a&;bkdU armifEk qkH;jzwfw,f/ waeUusawmh armifEk[m aumvdyfMunfhwkdufrSm olzwfbkdUpmtkyfvkduf&Smaewkef; pydefpma&;q&mMuD; omAif;wyfpfa&;wJh 'GefuD[kd;wD;0 wåK udkoGm;awGUw,f/ 'GefuD;[kd;wD;[m rw&m;rIrSeforQudk wkdufzsufypfr,f vkdU olUukd,fol txifMuD;NyD;b0ifjrifha&m*g pGJuyfaewJh r&l;w&l; ?cyfESrf;ESrf; vlwa,mufjzpfw,f/ olUtjzpftysufawG[m tawmf&,fp&maumif;w,f/ armifEk&JUtjzpftysuftawmfrsm;rsm;eJU wlvGef;vkdU armifEkaumvdyfpmNunfhcef;xJrSm tdajE´rq,fEkdifbl;/ wcdcd w0g;0g;eJU &,f&if; 'D0wåKudk odyfpGJaew,f/ 'D0wåK[m armifEktay:rSm b,favmufvTrf;rkd;aew,fqkdwm xif&Sm;atmif om"uav;wckudk azmfjycsifw,f/ aumvdyfausmif;udk a&mufNyD;vkdU wvavmuftMum armifEk[m waumif;ausmif;aqmif tem;rSm vrf;avQmufaewkef; acG;MuD;waumifu tpmvkpm;csifwJhtwGuf tpm;pm;aewJhacG;av; waumifudk twif;vSdrfhNyD; udkufaewm armifEk jrif7w,f/ tem;rSm&SdwJh cJESpfvkH;udk aumufNyD; acG;MuD;udk twif;ajy;aygufwmbJ/ acG;MuD;[m acG;i,fudk vTwfNyD; xGufajy;wmawmif armifEk&JUa'go[m rajyao;bl; acG;uav;udk tEkdifusifhNyD; olUtpmvkpm;rJh acG;qkd;MuD;udk ememESufay;&r,fqkdwJh pdwfxm;eJU acG;Mud; aemufudk tawmfMumatmif armifEkajy;vkdufao;w,f/ armifEk[m 'GefuD[kdwd;udk zwfjyD;wJhtcg 'grsKd;awG odyfrvkyfawmhbl;/ olU&JU udk,fEIwfESvkH;okH;yg;pvkH;udk xdef;odrf;rI awG tawmfvkyfvmw,f/ tJ'daumvdyfausmif;udk a&mufwJh yxrESpfrSmbJ ESvkH;MuD;a&m*g wMudrfxvkdufao;w,f/ tJ'da7m*g [m armifEk&JU b0rSm ta&;yg t&ma&mufwJh tcsufwcsu jzpfaewJhtwGuf 'Dtcsufudkvnf; 'Dae&mrSm azmfjyoifhw,f/ 0g;c,frrSm wifwifjrifh qkdwJh ausmif;olwOd;&Sdw,f/ olUtaz[m tjidrf;pm; &mZ0wf0efOD;cif qkdoljzpfw,f/ wifwifjrifhrSm trokH;a,muf&Sdw,f/ nDrwa,muf&Sdw,f/ 'Dndtr ig;OD;pvkH;[m rdef;racsmawGcsnf;bJ/ armifEk[m 0g;c,frausmif;rSm wifwifjrifheJU yxrwef;upNyD; ckESpfwef;txd twlwlaecJhbl;w,f/ 'gayrJh wifwifjrihf[m tdajE´MuD;wJh rdef;uav;jzpfwJhtwGuf oluvnf; b,fa,musFm;u av;udkrS pum;rajymbl;/ b,fa,muFsm;av;rSvnf; olUukdpum;rajym0Hhbl;/ 1920jynfheSpf yxrausmif;om; oydwf jzpfwJhtcg wifwifjrifhu

ausmif;rSmusef&pfw,f/ armifEkwkdUuxGufvmw,f/ tJ'dtcsdefupNyD; wa,mufeJU wa,muf rawGU&awmhbl;/ 'gayrJh 1924 ckESpf/ 0g;c,frwefaqmif;awmfMuD; twGif;rSmusif;ywJh wefaqmifwkdifyGJrsm armifEk[m wifwifjrifhudk awGUvkdufwJhtcg olUpdwfxJrSm a&S;wkef;u wcgrS rjzpfbl;wJh cspfpdwfawG[m tvGeftrif;jyif;jyif;xefxefMuD;jzpfvmw,f/ armifEk[m wjcm;udpöawGrSmomvl&JMuD; vkyf0Hhw,f/ tcspfeJUywfoufvm&ifawmh owådaMumifw,f/ wcsKdUa,muFsm;av;awGvkd olwkdUcspfwJh rdef;cav;awGudk vlysKdpum;vkdufajymwmwkdU arwåmpmvkdufay;wmwkdU rvkyf&Jbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh ol[m pmykdUukvm;udk tm;udk;NyD; aemufwaeUusawmh wifwifjrifhqudk pmwkdufu pmwapmifxnfhvkdufw,f/ tdajE´MuD;vSwJh wifwifjrifhqDu pmwapmifrS jyefrvmbl;/ 'gayrJh armifEkrSm t"dXmefrsm; &Sdaeovm;rodbl;/ 1924 ckESpf Ekd0ifbm avmufupNyD; 1925 ckESpf rwfv v,favmuftxd wifwifjrifh qDudk pmaygif;30xuf renf;wapmifNyD;wapmif xnfhcJhw,f/ aemufESpfaygif; 36ESpfavmufMumwJhtcg a':wifwifjrifh&JU cJtkd tif*sifed,mcsKyf OD;ausmfpdefeJUpum;ajymaewkef;? OD;Ek[m i,fi,fwkef;u wifwifjrifhudk pmaygif; 30ausmf ay;cJhbl;wm jyefNyD;owd&w,f/ tJ'DtcgusawmhrS oli,fi,fu *rl;&I;xkd;? eokd;MudK;jywfvkyfcJhrdwmudk aemifw&NyD; a':wifwifjrifhudk ajymay;bkdU Od;Eku cJtkd Od;ausmfpdefudk arwåm&yfcHcJhw,f? a':wifwifjrifh[m OD;ausmfpdefudk ajymwJhtcsdeftxd tysKdMuD;bJ? aemifvnf; tdrfaxmifjyKrJhvu©Pm r&Sdygbl;/ 'dudpöudk tawmfpufqkyfykHay:w,f? tcef; 5 1925ckESpfrSm armifEk[m cwef;eJU tkdifat atmufwef;pmar;yGJudk wESpfxJeJU atmifNyd; txufwef;ukd wuf&w,f/ olUtouf[m tJ'dtcgrSm 18ESpf&SdoGm;NyD/ aumvdyfausmif;udk ZGefv tp avmufrSm jyefzGifhw,f/ eJeJyg;yg; uvnfywf&atmif qkdwJh &nf&G,fcsufeJU armifEkeJU olUoli,fcsif;udkxGef;wif wkdU[m ausmif;rzGifhcif we*FaEG wywfavmufMudKNyD; &efukefudkvmMuw,f/ udkxGef;wif[m armifEkxuf 2ESpfavmufykdMuD;w,f/ pmbufrSmodyfawmfw,f/ armifEkeJU wjcm;pDbJ/ tJ'dESpfrSm udkxGef;wif[m bDat atmufwef;ukd a&mufaeNyD/ &efukefa&mufwJhaeUrSm a&S;OD;pGm a&Twd*kHapwDawmfMuD;udk zl;arQmfMuw,f/

aemufNyD;awmh jrdKUxJrSm eJeJyg;yg;avQmufvnfMuw,f/ nae 3em&DcGJrSm &kyf&Sif0ifMunfhw,f/ nae 6em&DcGJavmuf&Sdawmh w&kwfaysmfyGJpm;&kHwckrSm npmpm;Nyd; t&ufeJeJaomufMuw,f? eJeJrl;vmwJhtcg jynfhwefqmr awG qDudk oGm;MubkdU olwkdUESpfOD;aqG;aEG;Muw,f? aumvdyfrSm olwkdUESpfOd;pvkH;[m t&ifwkef;uvkd t&rf;roGm;Mubl;/ tufzft,f (F.L) qkdwJh tumtuG,f udk,lNyD; oGm;Muw,f/ jynhfwefqmr tdrfrSm udkxGef;wifeJU armifekwkdU[m olwkdU rsufpdus&m rdef;uav;wa,mufpDukd ac:NyD; tcef;xJ 0ifoGm;Muw,f/ armifEkac:oGm;wJh trsKd;orD;[m armifEkxuf tawmfuav;MuD;w,f/ touftpdyf avmuf &Sd aeNyD/ tom;nKdw,f / rvSbl;/ 'gayrJh armifEk&JU rsufpdxJrSm tawmf,Ofw,f/ armifEk[m t&yfykwJhrdef;rxuf t&yf&SnfwJh rdef;rud ykdNyD;rufw,f/ olac:oGm;ol[m olUrsufpdxJrSm ,Of&wJhtxJ t&yfuvnf; olUpdwfwkdif;us ayrSDaejyefwhJtwGuf armifEkrsufpdxJrSm tJ'doli,fr[m tawmfrufp&mjzpfaew,f/ cifAsm;emrnfb,folvJ/ rcifjrihf/ ('g[m olUeHr,f tppfr[kwfbl;) &efukefolvm;/ r[kwfbl;/ b,fuvmwmvJ/ wkdufMuD;u/ b,fvkdjzpfNyD; 'Dukda&mufvmwmvJ/ rcifjrifh[m 'Dar;cGef;udk &kwfw&ufrajzEkdifbl;/ olUacgif;udktomikHUxm;NyD; rsuf&nfawG usaew,f/ armifEk[m rdef;rwa,muf rsuf&nfusaewmudk 'davmuf ed;eD;uyfuyf olUwoufrSm wcgrS rjrifzl;bl;/ tJ'gaMumifh tckvkdjrif7wJhtcg bmjzpfrSef;rodbl;/olyga&mNyD; idkcsifovkdvkd jzpfvmw,f/ watmifh avmufMumwJhtcg rcifjrifh[m armifEkudk armhMunfhw,f/ rsuf&nfuswmawmh &yfoGm;Nyd/ 'gayrJh olUrsufESmay:rSm rsuf7nfpuav;awG eJeJyg;yg; &Sdaeao;w,f/ usr[m tckvkdtpm;xJu r[kwfygbl;/ usra,muFsm;[m r,m;i,fwa,mufudk ,lygw,f/ tJ'dr,m;i,fu *kH;wkdufay;wJhtwGuf usrudk odyfESdyfpufygw,f/ r,m;i,fbufukd vkH;vkH;ygoGm;NyD; usrudk tdrfay:uESifcsvkdufwmygyJ/ usrvnf;tvkyf&Sm&atmif &efukef a&mufvmygw,f/ &efukef usawmh aea&;pm;a&;[m odyfMuyfwnf;vmwJhtwGuf ckdukd;&mrJUjzpfNyD; 'Db0udk a&mufvm&wmygbJ/ vkdU

rcifjrifhu ajymwJhtcg rcifjrihfudk oem;wJhpdwfeJU rcifjrifh a,muFsm;udk a'gojzpfwJhpdwf awG[m olU7ifxJrSm t&Sdefjyif;jyif;xefxef? wvSnfhpd/ ikyfcsd ay:csD jzpfaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh rcifjrifhajymNyD;wmeJU wjydKifeuf cifAsm;bmjzpfvkdU tdrfay:uqif;vmwmvJ? cHcsNyD;'daumifhudk tdrfay:u qif;ckdif;ygvm;/ ukd,fhr,m;udk tEkdifusifh wJh rat-awG[m amufaMumufawG/ ikHUcHcswJhvlawG udkom olwkdUtEkdifusifh&Jwm/ cHcs&ifolwkdU tdrfay:u ajy;rSmbJ/ bmjzpfvkdU cifAsm;rcHcsovJ/ cHrcsyJ tckvkdqif;vmwm cifAsm;odyfrSm;wmyJvkdU olU0rf;xJu aygufuGJ xGufvmwJh rcHcsifpdwfawG/ a'gopdwfawG? oem;wJhpdwfawGudk rxdef;odr;fEkdifbJ armifEk avQmufajymaew,f/ rdef;rom;qkdawmh b,fcHcs&Jrvnf;/ tJ'dvkd rcifjrifhudk ESifcsaewkef;u olomtem;rSm &Sdae&if yGJaumif;wckawmh Munfh7rSmyJvkdU pOf;pm;&if; tawmfuav;Mumatmif ai;aerdw,f/ rcifjrifh&JU udk,frSmvl;xm;wJh aygif'geHUuav;awG[m olESmacgif;xJudk 0ifuvdawmhrS rcifjrihftem;rSm xkdifaewmudkolowd&jyefw,f/ tJ'Dtdrfay:u qif;vmwJhtcgrSma7m vrf;wavQmufvkH;rSma&m? ausmif;aqmifjyefa&mufNyD; tdyf&m0ifwJhtcgrSmyg? rcifjrihf&JUrsufESmuav;[m armifEk&JU rsufvkH;tdrfay:rSm pkyfwHeJU aq;cs,fxm;ovkdjzpfae w,f/ aemufwaeU aeUvnfpmpm;NyD;wJhtcg armifEk[m udkxGef;wif&JU tcef;udk jyefa&mufvmNyD; rcifjrifhwkdUqDukd oGm;&atmifvkdUac:wf/ udkxGef;wifvnf; olzwfaewJhpmtkyfudk ydwfNyD; armifEkeJUtwl jrdKUxJudk xGufvmcJhw,f/ aeUcif;bufrSm vl&Sif;wJhtwGuf armifEkwkdU[m rcifjrihfwkdU tdrfrSm nwkef;uxuf ykdNyD; Mumw,f/ aemufwaeUaeUvnfpm pm;NyD;wJhtcgrSmvnf; armifEk[m udkxGef;wif&JU tcef;udk a&mufvmNyD; rcifjrifhwkdUqDukd oGm;&atmifvkdUac:jyefw,f/ wcgESpfcgavmufoGm;7if awmfa&mayghuGm/ armifEka&;rifh [m eJeJrsm;vmNyDxifw,f/ rcifjrifhudk uGsefawmf,lawmhr,f/ udkxGef;wif[m armifEkudk tHhtm;oifhNyD; Munhfae&mrS b,fvkd,lrSmvJvkdU armifEkudk ar;vkdufw,f/ r,m;tjzpfeJu,lrSmaygh/ r[kwfwmyJuGm/ bmjzpfvkdU r[kwfwmvJ/ [m-olu zmonf yJuG/ zmonfudk r,l&bl;vm;/

armifEk rif;cyfwnfwnfajymaewmvm;/ uGsefawmf qkH;jzwfNyD;NyD/ iguefUuGufw,fuGm/ udkxGef;wifvnf; olUtcef;eH&Hudk pkdufMunfhNyD; pum;rajymyJ Nidrfaew,f/ aemufESpfrdepfavmufMumwJht cg igtckcsufcsif;rvkdufEkdifao;bl;uGm/ pma&;p&menfenf;&Sdaew,f/ aeUvnf 1 csuf avmufrS jyefvm/ tJ'dawmhrS igvkdufr,f/ armifEk[m wcsufwD;jyefvmwJhtcg udkxGef;wif[m olUtcef;rSm r&Sdawmhbl;/ oltcef;ydwf xm;w,f tcef;&JU aomhcavmufwHxJrSm ol[m rdwfaqG wa,mufvmac:vkdU jrdKUxJudk vkdufoGm;&w,f? tJ'djrdKUxJurS armifEkeJUcsdef;xm;wJh tdrfudkoGm;NyD; tJ'drSm apmifhaer,fqkdwJharmifEktwGuf pmwapmifukd nSyfxm;ypfcJhw,f? rcifjrifhwkdUtdrfuk darmifEkvkdufoGm;wJhtcg {nfhcef;xJrSmudkxGef;wifudkvnf; rawGUbl;/ rcifjrifhudkvnf; rawGUbl;/ tJ'dtdrfu tMuD;tuJjzpfwJh acgif; eJU tawmfuav; tuGsrf;w0ifjzpfaeMuNyDjzpfwJhtwGuf armifEku uGsefawmfh oli,fcsif; udkxGef;wif ra&mufao;bl;vm;vkdU vSrf;ar;vkdufw,f? tJ'dacgif;u a&mufaeNyDtcef;xJrSm vkdUajzw,f/ rcifjrifhaum b,foGm;ovnf; vkdU armifEku xyfNyD;ar;wJhtcg ukdxGef;wif ac:oGm;w,f/ ESpfa,mufvkH; tcef;xJrSm vkdU xyfajzw,f/ rcifjrifhu zmyJ (pmom;twkdif;&kduf&jcif;jzpfygonf?) b,folrqkd ac:Ekdifw,f/ oleJUrawGUcifwkef;uvnf; b,folac:ac:vkdufaewmyJ? oleJUawGUNyD; b,folac:ac:vkdufaerSmbJ qkdwmawGudk tJ'dtcsdefrSm armifEkarhaew,f/ ig,lawmhr,fvkdU ajymxm;wJh rdef;rukdrS ol'Dvkdvkyfwmaumif;ovm;vkdU awG;rdNyD; armifEk[m axmif;ueJa'go xGufvmw,f/ tJ'da'goaMumifh x&rvm;/ xGufoGm;&rvm;/ tcef;xJudk 0ifNyD; twif;&kduf&rvm;/ tjyifuyJ uavmfqJ&rvm; qkdwmawGudk rqkH;jzwfEkdifao;yJ awGa0aewJhtcsdefrSm armifEkudkodovm;vkdU udkxGef;wif cyfus,fus,f ar;vkdufwJhtoH[m tcef;xJu a&S;OD;pGmxGufvmw,f/ tJ'daemufodom;yJ qkdwJh rcifjrihf&JU ajzoH xGufvmw,f/ armifEkvnf; a'gojzpf&mu tJ'dtoHawGudk em;axmifaew,f/ rcifjrihf armifEkudk arw?m&Sdvm;/ r&Sdbl;/ rcifjrihf armifEkukd ,lrvm;/ 'dcsmwdwfudk r,lcsifbl;/ rcifjrifh udk,fudk arw?m&Sdvm;/

&Sdwmayghukdudk/ udkxGef;wifeJU rcifjrihfwkdU[m tcef;xJrSm tar;awG tajzawG eJUqufNyD;ESpfyg;oGm;aeMuwmudk armifEk[m qufNyD;em;raxmifcsifawmhbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh 'kH; 'kdif;eJJU tdrfay:u qif;csoGm;w,f/ tdrfeJU udkufw&mavmuf a&mufwJhtcg olUvufxJu xD;udk ajymif;jyefudkifNyD; apmifhaew,f/ 15rdepfavmuftMum ukdxGef;wifqif;vmwJhtcg armifEk[m udkxGef;wifudk xD;eJU&kduf&atmif twif;ajy;oGm;wmyJ/ tJ'D (36) vrf;xJrSm &SdwJY uvm;wa,mufu armifEkudk qD;zufygao;w,f/ armifEk[m a'goeJY wtm;wGef;ypfvdkufwm aMumifh tJ'Dukvm;[m vGifhNyD;vJusoGm;w,f/vrf;xJu ukvm;awGcyfrsm;rsm;m tJ'dvJoGm;wJhukvm;udk jrif&wJhtwGuf ukvm;vkd atmf[pfNyD; armifEkudk twif;ajy;zufxm;Muw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh armifEk[m ukdxGef;wifudk r&kduf&bl;/ udkxGef;wif[m cyfvSr;fvSrf;uaeNyD; rif;ighudk tcktrsm;MuD; pdwfqkd;r,f/ aemufMu&if rif;ighukd trsm;MuD; aus;Zl;wifr,fvkdU armifEkudkajymw,f/ armifEkvn;fa'goodyfxGufaewmaMumifh pum;rsm;rsm; rajymEkdifbl;/ rif;aumif;aumif;owdxm;/ qkdwmavmufudkyJ jyefajymEkdifw,f/ bmxyfajym&rvnf; vkdUpOf;pm;aewkef; &efukefa7mufwJhaeUu ukdxGef;wifrSm vufMu,foD; wpkH aysmufoGm;w,f qkdvkdU udkxGef;wifudk olay;xm;wJh a&TMu,foD;awGudk armifEkajy;NyD;owd7w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh cav;vkd jzpfNyD; / igha&TvufMu,foD;awG jyefay;vkdU atmfNyD;awmif;w,f/ ukdxGef;wifvnf; a&TMu,foD;av;awG uAsmu,mjzKwfNyD; olUtem;rSm &yfaewJh ukvm;wa,mufeJU armifEkudk tay;ckdif;vkdufw,f/ armifEk[m olUtcef;udk jyefa&mufwJhtcg wHcg;ydwf/ twGif;u rif;wkH;ukd aoaocsmcsmxkd;/ jcifaxmifcs/ apmifacgif;jrD;jcHKNyD; &IdufMuD;wiif ikdyGJqifypfvkdufw,f/ 'gayrJh 'Dvkdikdwm[m rcifjrihfudk r&vkdU idkwm [kwfr,f rxifbl;/ 'dtcsdefrSmzmo,fr rcifjrifhukd oltawmfpdwfemaeNyD/ olUa'goudk olEkdifatmifrxdef;EkdifwJht wGuf idkcsvkdufwmyJvkd ol,lqEkdifp&m taMumi;f&Sdw,f/ aemufwe*FaEG ESpfywfavmufMumawmh rcifjrifhudk arhNyD;pmNunfhcef;xJu jyZmwfawGeJU qGef;eufawGxJrSm pdwfjyefvnfvmwJhtcgarmifEk[m ukdxGef;wifudk wpdrfhpdrfhaus;Zl;wifvmw,f/ [kdaeUu vrf;rvnfacgifMuD;rSm vlawG0kdif;NyD; MunfhaewJhMum;xJu zmo,frwa,muftwGuf vlod&SifMum; atmfMuD;[pfus,f 7efjzpfcJh&wmudkvnf; wpdrfhpdrfhawG;NyD; armifEk&Sufaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh waeUrSm armifEk[m udkxGef;wifqDudk oGm;NyD;awmif;yefw,f/oljyefawmif;xm;wJh a&TvufMu,foD;udk vnf;

udkxGef;wifudk jyefay;vkdufw,f/ rcifjrifhtay:rSm armifEkpdwfysufoGm;atmif ukdxGef;wif'Dvkdvkyf7w,f/ tJ'daeU armifEkudk wcsufwD;rSm vmvdkU csdef;vkdufNyD;wJhaemuf olwa,mufxJ rcifjrifhwkdUqDudk xGufvmw,f/ acgif;vkyfolm rcifjrifh eJU tawmf pD;yGm;jzpfaeawmh rcifjrifhudk b,fvufvTwfcsifrvJ/ tJ'gaMumifhukdxGef;wif[m odyfajymaebkdUrvkdbl;/ udkxGef;wif&JU tMuHudk acgif;vkyfol[m csufcsif;oabmwlNyD; [kdaeUutwkdif; jzpfoGm;atmif olyg0kdif;ulvkdufwmygyJ? armifEk tifrweffuHaumif;w,f/ tJ'daeUu pdwfysufroGm;bJ wacgufjyefvm&if olUwynfhawG 0kdif;&kdufwmudkarmifEk r&IrvS cH&r,f/ aemufwvavmufMuwJhtcg *sifrcgem jyZmwftoif;u wifquwJh ]csD;usL;p&maumif;wJh u&kdufwef }( Admirable Creighton )qkdwJh jyZmwfukd MunfhbkdUtwGuf armifEk[m *sKAvDa[m xJrSm xkdifaew,f/ armifEk&JUab;rSm yg&pdruav; ESpfa,mufeJU olwkdU&UJ rdb eJUwlwJh yg&pd a,muFsm;MuD;wa,muf yg&pD rdef;rMuD;wa,muf xkdifaeMuw,f/ yg&pDruav; ESpa,mufpvkH;[m rdef;racsmav; awGyJ/ 'gayrJh armifEk&JUab;rSmxkdifaewJh tMuD;ruav;u ykdNyD;acsmw,f/armifEk rufavmufatmift&yf&Snfw,f/ txl;ojzifh olUrsufvkH;uav;awG[m odyfvSwmyJ/ toufu armifEkxufeJeJykdMuD;vdrfhr,fvkdU cefUrSef;&w,f/ 'Dyg&pDruav;[m vS&kHwifrubl;/ odyfNyd;awmhvnf;azmfa&GwmbJ/ armifEk[m arhNyD; tcrf;tem;tpdtpOfudk r0,fcJhbl;/ tJ'gudk yg&pDruav;u jrifw,f?tJ'gaMumifh armifEkudk olUvufxJu tpdtpOfpmtkyftwtkyfay;w,f/ armifEku cifAsm;bmeJUMunfhrvnf; vkdUar;wJhtcg olUnDreJU twlwl Munfhr,fvkdU jyefajymw,f/ jyZmwfrjycif jyZmwfukdzwfbl;vm;vkdU oluarmifEkudkar;w,f/ armifeku rzwfbl;bl;vkUd ajzw,f/ tJH'Dtcg olu zwfNyD;NydvkdU ajymjyD;jyZmwfeJUywfoufvkdU olUoabmxm;udk ajymw,f/ jyZmwf yxrydkif;eJU 'kwd,ykdif;jyD;wJhtcg rSmvnf; jyZmwfaumifawGeJU ywfoufNyd; b,folawGuaumif;w,f/ o&kyfaqmifEkdifw,f/ b,folawGunHhw,f/ b,folawGuaysmhw,f/ tp&Sdojzihf tJ'Dyg&pdruav;u armifEkukd azmfazmfa&Ga&G ajymjyw,f/ armifEkuvnf;olUoabmxm;awG udk jyefajymjycsifaew,f/ 'gayrJh yg&pDruav; u t*Fvdyfpmaumif;vGef;wJhtwGufarmifEk[m olajymcsifwmawGudk jyefrajym&Jbl;/ yg7pDruav;ajymwmawGudkom acgif;Nidrfhvkduf/&,fvkduf? jyKH;vkdufeJU

vkyfae&w,f/ jyZmwfNyD;vkdU xjyefMucgeD; tifrwef wkdawmif;wJhtcsdefuav;twGif;rSmawmif u&kdufwef[m wu,fcsD;usL;p&m raumif;bl;vm;vkdU ar;NyD; armifEkudk *GwfbkdifvkdU EIwfqufoGm;vkdufao;w,f/ yg&pDruav;awG&JU armfawmfum; xGufoGm;wJhtcg armifEk[m cyfvSrf;vSrf;u ai;NyD;usef&pfw,f/ armifEk[m wvrf;vkH;rSma&m? olUtcef;udk jyefa&mufwhJtcgrSma&m yg7pdruav; udk,fu xGufxGufvmwJh oif;ysHU yHsU tarT;eUHuav;awGcsdKomEGJUajymif; tifrwefem;axmifvdkUaumif;wJh toHuav;awG? olU[',ESvkH;udk odrf;MuKH;xm;wJh rsufvkH;uav;awGtay:rSmbJ olUpdwfawG[m w0Jvnfvnf jzpfaew,f/ tJ'Dn qGef;eufwyk'fudk armifEKxkdifa&;aewm reufvif;tm;Mud; 4em&DavmufMumrS jyD;oGm;w,f 'gayrJh qGef;eufudk b,folUqDykdU&rvJ/ *sKAvDa[mxJrSmwkef;u tJ'dyg&pDruav;udk cifAsmhemrnf b,fvkdvnf;vkdU ar;csifvkdufwm armifEk&JU yg;pyfzsm;rSm udk ,m;aewmyJ/ rar;&JvkdU vufavsmhvkduf&w,f/ olUtcef;udk jyefa&mufawmh rS 'Dvkdrar;rdwm rSm;avjcif;vkdU olUudk,fol jyefNyD; tjypfwifaew,f/ [kd[mruav;uawmh ar;&ifajymrJhykHyJ/ ajymcsifvGef;vdkU tcGifh&wkdif; olucsnf;ajymaewm/ rif;apmufokH;rusvkdU 'Dvkdjzpf7wm qkdNyD; / olukd,fhol xkd;csifovkdvkd/Mudwfikdcsifovkdvkd rcsifhr&J jzpfaew,f/ armifEk[m olU0rf;xJrSm jzpfaewm w&ufESpf&ufavmufyJ?rsKdodyfxm;vkdU&w,f/ wwd,aeU avmufa&mufawmh olUoli,fcsif;t&ifawGxJu vnfvnfywfywf&SdwJh oli,fcsif;ESpfOD;okH;OD;ukd olUudp?wkdifyifMunfhw,f/ &efukefrSm yg&pDawGu trsm;MuD; tJ'DawmhtJ'Daumifrav;udk &SmbkdUqkdwm rvG,fbl;/ tenf;qkH;eHr,favmufod&if &SmawGUbkdUqdkwmjzpfekdifp&m taMumif;&Sdao;w,fvkdU oli,fcsif;awGu ajzMuw,f/ tJ'dtajzawG Mum;&awmhrS rif; tvkdU 'Dvkdjzpf&wmyJ vkdUolukd,folMudr;farmif;NyD; armifek[m a&S;uxufawmif olukd,fol ykdNyd;pdwfqkd;aeao;w,f/ oli,fcsif;awGu b,fvkdrS rulnDEkdifwJHtcg armifEk[m ausmif;u tm;vyfcGifh&wkdif; tJ'Dyg&pDruav;udk &kyf&Sif&kHawGrSm ? zkduf(cf) puGJ,m;(,ck AE?Kvyef;jcH)xJrSm ? uefawmfMuD;rSm oGm;oGm;NyD; &Smw,f/ *sifrcgem jyZmwf toif;u ap;0Sif; (Say When) qkdwJh &DjAL; (oDcsif;eJU tuygaom jyZmwfwrsKd;) udk *sKAvDa[mrSm wifjyefwJhtcgrSmvnf; armifek[m yg7pDruav;udk awGUvkdawGUjim; ESpfnwkdifwkdif oGm;apmihfygao;w,f/ rawGUbl;/ aemufwvMumwJhtcg vSarmifqkdwJh oli,fcsif;wa,muf udk Ek cifAsmh

yg&pDruav;&JU vdyfpm7NyD qkdNyD; vdyfpm wckay;w,f/ tJ'dvdyfpmxJrSm yg&pdruav;&JU eHr,f[m rpf[kd;rufpf*sD qkdNyD;ygvmw,f/ armifekodyfNyd;0rf;om oGm;w,f/ ola&;xm;wJh qGef;euf&,f/ rpf[kd;rufpf*sDudk oltifrwef awGUcsifw,fvkdU a&;xm;wJhpmwapmif&,f tJ'dvdyfpmtwkdif; csufcsif;ykdUvkduw,f/ we*FaEG wywfMumvnf; pmjyefrvm? ESpfywfMumvnf; pmjyefrvmwJhtcg armifEk[m vSarmifqDoGm;NyD; cifAsmh vdyfpm[kwf&JUvm;/ pmvJjyefrvmbl; vkdU armifekunnf;w,f/ pmwapmifxJ&Sdao;w,f/ b,fjyefvmrvJ/ tdajE?&Sifqkdwm 'DvkdyJ [efvkyfae&ao;w,f/ pmwapmifay;&kHeJU csufcsif;pmjyef&if taygpm;jzpfoGm;rSmaygh/ vkdU vSarmif u&Sif;jyNyD; ikyfrdoJwkdif wufEkdifzsm;a&muf qkdwJhpum;twkdif; ZGJaumif;aumif;eJU qufMudK;pm;zkdU armifEkukdtm;ay;w,f/ armifEkvnf;tJ'dtm;ay;csuft& aemufxyf wapmifxJhvkdufw,f/ pmjyefrvmbl;/ aemuf we*FAEG 2ywfavmufMumwJhtcg wwd,pmudk xnfhvkdufjyefw,f/ aemufwe*FaEG 2ywfavmufMumawmhvnf; pmjyef r7wJhtcg a&SUwvSr;fwkd;r,f qkdwJhtaeeJUrpf[kd;rwfpf*sD&JUtdrfudk tvnfoGm;csifw,f/ vkdufjyygvkdU armifekuvSarmifukdylqmw,f/ vSarmifuvnf;cPapmifhygOD;vkdU awmif;yefxm;&w,f/ ylqmwJhtMudrfaygif;rsm;vmwJhtcgusawmh rS uJ-udkEk cifAsm;udk oufoufaemufwm/ 'Dvdyfpm aumifrav;&JU vdyfpmr[kwfbl; / w,fvDzkef; pmtkyfxJu yg&pdeHr,feJU vdyfpmwckul;vmNyD; cifAsm;udkay;wm vkdU tlwufatmif&,f&if;vSarmifu armifekukd &Sif;jyw,f/ armifEkvnf;0g;c,frwkef;u armif&SefeJU xGef;&ifqkdwJh oli,fcsif;awGudk 'DvkdyJ aemufcJhbl;w,f/ 'Doli,fcsif;awG ykd;aewJh aumifrav;awG&Sdw,f/ aumifrav;awGu bmrS rod&bJ aumifrav;awG&JUvufa&;eJUwlatmif pmawGa&;NyD; armif7SefeJU xGef;&ifqDydkUw,f/ nukd b,fvrf;u vmcJhygqkdNyD; csdef;w,f/ vmwJhtcg armifEkeJU oli,fcsif;wpk[m arSmif&dyfxJu acsmif;NyD; tJ'Darmif&SdefeJU xGef;&ifudk a&awGeJU0kdif;avmif;w,f/ tJ'gawGud karmifEk jyefowd&NyD; igvn;f0#fvnfwmyJvkdU oabmaygufwJhtwGuf vSarmifudk bmrS rajyawmhbl;/ rcsdoGm;jzJvkyfaevkdufw,f/ (*) tkdifat 'kwd,ESpfrSm armifEk[m t7ufukd a&S;uxuf ykdNyD; aomufvmw,f/ paenwkdif; pdwfwl oabmwl rdwfaqGawG pkNyD; t&ufaomufavh7SdMuw,f/ olwkdUaomufykHaomufenf; udkpkHpr;fMunfhvkdU od&wJhtwkdif;qkd&if

;aysmfp&mMuD;ygbJ/ a*smfed0g;um; 0DpuDwykvif;udk0,f ZvkHMuD;xJrSm Aifrwkd/ bdvyfa&/ a&cJawGeJUa&m tzGJUxJygwJh ausmif;om;awG[m 'D0dpuDazsmfa&udk MudKufoavmuf cyfaomufMuwmyJ/ armifEk[momreftm;jzifh aq;vdyfraomufwwfbl;/ tJ'd0dpuDazsmf&nfaomufwJhtcg usawmh t&ufwMudKuf / pD;u&uf wzGm aomufavh&Sdw,f/ wjcm;ausmif;om;awG[m t7ufrl;ayrJh tawmftdajE?&w,f/ armifekuawmh 'dvkdr[kwfbl; / t&ufrl;vm&if tvGef tdajE?rJhw,f/ tJ'dESpfu waumif;eJU jynfausmif;aqmifESpfckpkNyD; vkyfMuwJh c7pfprwfyGJrSm ausmif;tkyfMud; qavmh/ ausmif;aqmifrI;awG / q7mawG ausmif;olausmif;om;awG xkdifjyD; tNidrfhMunfhaewkef;/ armifek[m t&ufukd tvGeftuGsHrl;NyD; yGJvnfacgifrSm vJaevkdU olUtcrf;udk xrf;Nyd;ac:oGm;7w,f/ b,favmufrl;vJqkd&if MudK;eJckdifckdif csnfxm;wJh olU&I;zdeyfwbuf[m uGswfusefae&pfwmudk armifekrodbl;reufusawmh wHjrufpD;vSJorm;wa,mufu ,lvmvkdUjyef&w,f/ (C) armifEk[m aumvdyfausmif;udk a&mufuwnf;u pifjrifhay:u pum;ajymaewJh ausmif;olausmif;om;awGudk jrifNyD; olvnf;tJ'dausmif;olausmif;om;awGvkd odyfjzpfcsifaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh pum;&nfvkyGJawG aqG;aEG;yGJawGqkd7if olMudK;pm;wufw,f/ 'gayrJh wufcgp okH;av;yGJrSm pum;ajymr,fvkdU xcgeD; wukd,fvkH; qufqufwkefaewmeJU rx&JyJ vufavsmhay;cJh7w,f/ aemufyGJawGusawmh tJ"dyGJrSm pum;rajym&J&if w&ufvkH;vkH;tpmrpm;bl;vkdU t"dXmef vkyfoGm;w,f/ 'gayrJh t"dXmefvnf; ru,fEkdifygbl;/ wukd,fvkH;ewfyl;ovkdvkd jzpfNyD; vufavsmhcJh&wmbJ/ tJ'Dvkd vufavsmh cJh&wkdif; t"DXmefawG wkd;wdk;NyD;wifvmvkdufwm pum;rajym&J&ifokH;&ufwkdifwkdif tpmrpm;bl; qkdwJht"dXmef txda&mufvmw,f/ wnusawmh ausmif;oltoif;u MuD;MuyfNyD; pum;&nfvkyGJwck usif;yw,f/ ajym&r,fh bmom&yfu 'g;oGm;xuf? uavmifoGm;u ykdNyD;xufonf/ qkdwJhbmom&yfyJjzpfw,f/ 'dyGJrSm t*fvdyfvkdajym&r,f/ pifjrifhay:rSmtqkdeUJ twkduftcHbuf u ajymMurJh yk*?Kdvfav;Od;pvkH;[m ausmif;olawGcsnhfyJ/ aemufNyD;awmhvnf; ausmif;ola[mi;fMud;awG pum;&nfvkyGJrSm usifhom;trsm;MuD;&NyDD;olawG r[kwfbl;/ vGefcJhwJhESpfurS armifEkeJUtwlwl aumvdyfausmif;udk a&mufvmMuolawjzpfaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh armifek[m pum;&nfvkyGJ rprDSuwJu armifEk 'Daumifrav;awG ajymekdifwJhyGJrSm rif;rajym&J&if rif;udk av;7ufiwfxm;r,f/ vkdU olUukd,fol

Mudrf;armif;xm;w,f/tJ'dyGJrSm tqkdwifoGif;r,fhausmif;ol[m pDpDatmifMuD;jzpfaw,f/ 'Dausmif;ol[m touftm;jzifh armifEkeJU &G,fwlcsif;avmufjzpfrSmyJ/ 'gayrJh pDpdatmifMud;[m abmhbfqHawmufxm;wJhtjyif olUrsufESmuav;[m tifrwefcsKdNyd; EkaewJhtwGuf olUukdjrif&olwkdif;u cav;vkdU xifMuw,f/ pDpD[m olUtcsdefa&mufwmeJU wjydKifeuf? oLUtqkdudk raMumufr&GHU rwkefrvIyf? cyfat;at; uav; wifoGif;oGm;wmbJ/ pum;ajymodyfaumif;w,f rqkdEkdifbl;/ 'gayrJh rnHhbl;/ tjcm;ausmif;olokH;OD;uvnf; tawmfem;axmifaumif;atmifolUenf;eJUol ajymqkdoGm;MuwmyJ/ pifjrifhay:u ausmif;olav;a,mufajymNyD;wJhtcg em,uvkyfolu y&d?wfrsm;vn;f 0ifa&mufaqG;aEG;Ekdifw,f vkdU cGifhjyKvkdufwmeJU wjydKifeuf armifEk[m jAKef;ueJ xvkdufwmbJ/ olUrsufpdxJrSm bmudkrS oJoJuGJuJG rjrif&bl; / a&xJikyfNyD; rsufpdzGifhMunfae&ovkd 0g;wm;wm;MuD;jzpfaew,f/ tJ'Dwkef;u olbmawG ajymcJhw,fqkdwmawmh pkHprf;vkdUr&bl; / ol[m tqkdudk uefUuGufw,fqkdwmavmufyJ od&awmhw,f/ tJ'dnpum;ajymwatmifjrifoGm;wJhtwGuf armifEk[m odyfaysmfaew,f/ 'gayrJh aysmfwmcsnf;oufouf r[kwfbl;/ rMumcP xaeMu olUa&m*g [m aysmfwmeJU twllwl wvSnfhpD olUpdwfxJrSm ay:aewm armifEkawGU&w,f/ 'dwMudrfrSmawmh a&m*g xatmifvkyfay;ol[m wjcm;r[kwfbl; / pum;&nfvkyGJrSm tqkdwifoGif;oGm;wJh pDpDatmifMuD;jzpfaew,f/ pDpDatmifMuD;udk Munfhvkduf&if olUrsufESmuav;[m tpOfjyKH;aeovkd xif&w,f/ 'guvGJNyD; olUrsufeSmrSm rufp&m qkdvkdU bmrS rawGUbl;/ udk,fvkH;ukd,faygufuvnf; ydefuyfuyfuav;/ a&m8gonfuav;eJUwlw,f/ abmhbfqHawmufeJU Armt0wftpm;udk 0wfxm;jyef w,fqkdawmh AsKH;ueJqkd7if tqifrajyovkdvkdjzpfaew,f/ 'Dvkdqkd&if armifEk[m pdpDrSm bmudk rufoGm;wmvJ/ pum;7nfvkyGJnu armifEk[m twif;om pum;xajymvkduf&w,f/ aMumufpdwfawG vTrf;aewmaMumifh olajymcsifoavmuf ususee rajymvkduf&bl;/ pdpDuawmh 'Dvkdr[kwfbl;/ cyfat;at; cyfwnfwnfbJ tqkdwifoGif;wJhtcg rSm oltqkd[m usufvmwJhtqkdvkdU ajymcsifajymEkdifw,f/ 'gayr,fh twkduftcHbufu ajymwmawGudk jyefajzbkdUusawmh usufxm;vkdUr&bl;/ tJ'gudk tcsufusus jyefajz&w,fqkdwm rvG,fbl;/ tJ'drvG,fwJh tvkyfukd pDpDatmifMuD;[m cyfat;at; cyfwnfwnfvkyfEkdifw,f/ tJ'd wnfMunfrI ow?d&SDrInmPfxufjrufrIawG[m

armifEk&JU rsufpdeJUem;xJu tonf;ESvKH;xJtxd pdrfhNyD;0ifoGm;w,f/ 'Dtpmpm;rd&if 'dtzsm;zsm;wmyJ qkdwJUpum;udk "gwfrwckck&JU tm&kH[m tckvkd olUtonf;ESvkH;xJ0ifvmNyDqkd7if armifEkrSm xaeMua&m8g [mxvmwmygbJ/ 'gayrJh armifEk[m arw?mpma&;wkdif; b,fawmhrS wkHUjyefrI r&wmaMumifh 'Dwcgusawmh a&S;wkef;uvkd tvsifpvkdrvkyfbl;/ taumif;qkH;jzpfatmif b,fvkdvkyf&rvJqkdwm olcsdefqaew,f/ waeUusawmh emrnfausmf jrefrm&kyf&Sifwum;udk 3em&DcGJyGJrSm Munfh&atmif &kyf&Sif&kHwck&JU a&SUudk armifEka&mufoGm;w,f/ tJ'D&kHa&SUrSm pDpDatmifMuD;eJU ausmif;ol oli,fcsif;ESpfa,mufvnf; a7mufaew,f/ y&dowfu rsm;vGef; tm;MuD;wJhtwGuf vufrSwfudk vG,fvG,feJU0,fvkdUr&bl;/ tJ'gaMumifhvufrSwfokH;apmif0,fNyD; pDpDwkdUudk ay;zkdU armifek a&S;OD;pGm pOf;pmrdw,f/ 'gayrJhrvdkcsifbl;vkdqkdvkduf&if vlawGtrsm;MuD;a&SUrSm t&SufuGJ rSmyJvkdU pOf;pm;rdwJhtwGuf armifEkaemufwGefUoGm;jyefw,f/ aumvdyfausmif; om;awG[m tdajE?MuD;wJh ausmif;olawGeJUawGUwJhtcg t7SufuGJNyD;jyefvmMu&w,f qkdwJhowif;awGudk armifEk cPcP Mum;&wJhtwGuf aarmifEk[m pdpdwkdUtem;uyf&rSm odyfvefUaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh pDpDwkdU tultnDawmif;&if tqifoifhay;bkdUqkdwJhtaeeJU armifEk[mcyfvSrf; vSrf; u &yfNyd;apmifh aew,f/ vltawmfyg;oGm;wJHtcg pDpdwkdUvlpkvnf; olwkdU[m olwkdU vufrSwf0,fNyD; &kyf&Sif&kHxJ0ifoGm;Muw,f/ tawmfav;MumawmhrS armifekvnf; &kHxJvkduf0ifoGm;w,f/ armifEk[m &kyf&Sifudkom Munhfae&w,f/ bmawGudk jrifae&w,fqkdwmaumif;aumif;roJuGJbl;/ pdpdwkdUqDudk oloGm;NyD;ar;vkduf&if; odyfaumif;r,f/ rar;rdwmodyfrSm;oGm;w,f/ [m b,fjzpfrvJ ukd,fu apwemeJUoGm;ar;wmawmh [kwfyg&JU [kdu tultnDrvkdcsifbl; vkdUqkdvkduf&if b,fES,fhvkyfrvJ/ rvkyfygbl; apwemaumif;eJU vmar;w,fqkdwm olwkdUvnf;oDrSmyg/ pDpdwkdU[m olbufukd cPcP vSnfhMunfhaewmaxmuf&if olUqDu tultnD vkdcsifwmtrSefjzpfrSmyJ/ oem;p&myguGm/ tp&SdwJh olUukd,fol tjypfwifcsufawG/ jyefvSefajzMum;csufawG/ oefm;pdwfawG[m olUOD;aESmufxJrSmpkykHNyD; AvkH;AaxG;jzpfaewmbj/ olUtcef;jyefa&mufwJhtcgrSmvnf; 'DAvkH;AaxG;jzpfaewmawG[m ol UOD;aESmufxJrSm qufNyD;ay:aewkef;bJ? azsmufzsufypfvkdUr&bl;/ trSefpifppf qkd&if oluom wbufoyf 'Dvkdjzpfaewm pDpDatmifMuD;uawm h'gawGudk bmrS odrSmr[kwfbl;/ 'Dtcsdefavmufqkd&if pDpdatmifMuD;[m tdyfaysmvdkU wa&;awmifEkd;avmufNyd/

armifEk[m tdyfvkdUr&wmeJU pDpDatmifMud;qdudk ykdUbkdU pmwapmif xkdifa&;w,f/ olUpm[m arw?mpmvnf; r[kwf / 0w?KvkdU ac:&rSmvnf; tcuf/ jyZmwfvnf rqkdEkdif/ tJ'dawmh 'Dpmudk yefMum;vTm vkdUyJ ac:MuygpkdU/ 'DyefMum;vTmudk bvifhAmpf eJUa&;xm;w,f/ 'DyefMum;vTmxJrSm ygwmawGudk tukefvkH; raz:jyEkdifbl;/ oabmavmufyJjyefajymjyawmhr,f/ a&S;tcgwkef;u rdef;uav;wOD; &Sdw,f/ tJ'drdefuav;&JUeHr,fu pDpDjzpfw,f/ tJ'dpDpd&JU tacsmtvS[m jyKdifbufuif;w,f/ olUrSmjrifhjrwfwJh pdwfvn;f&Sdw,f/ owd?vnf; &Sdw,f/ ol[m tifrwefeuf&Idif;wJh awmfMuD;tv,fu tifrwefom,mwJh O,smOf xJrSmaew,f/ olaewJh&JwkdufMuD;uvnf; odyfaumif;w,f/ olaewJhO,smOfMuD;udk a&mufekdifbkdU vrf;wavQmufvkH;rSm *kr?mef waxmifapmihfusyfaewJhtwGuf EkqkdwJholi,f[m O,smOfem;udk ruyfa&Smuf Ekdif&SmyJ ta0;uomvSrf;arQmfae&ygw,f/ EkrSm ESvkH;om;udk avmifuGsrf;vkrwwf pGJuyfzdpd;ESdyfpufaewJh tcspfa&m8gqkd;wck&Sdw,f/ vrifaomfwmvkd yy0if;aewJ pdpD&JUrsufESmudk tm;&atmifMunfh&ygrS Ek[m 'Da&m*gqkd;MuD;u vGwfajrmufygvdrfhr,f/tJ'gaMumifh Ektay: pDpDu *&kPmoufNyD; b,ftqD;twm;tydwfyifr&Sdap&/ igha&SUarSmufudk Ekta7mufvmapqkdwJh trdefUawmfjrwf csrSwfay;oem; awmfrL7ef toem;cHygw,fqkdwJh oabmrsKd;a&;om;xm;w,fqkdwm pkHprf;od&Sd&w,f/ 'DyefMum;vTmudkzwf&&if ynm&SdawG csD;usL;rvm;/ rcsD;usL;bl;vm;rajymEkdifbl;/ 'gayrJh armifEk taeeJUuawmh olUyefMum;vTmudk odyfMudKufaewmbJ cspf'ku?eJU &ifqkdif 7wkdif;b,fawmhrS ukd,hfudk,fukd tm;rudk;0HhyJ pmykdUukvm;udkom tpOfxm0& tm;ukd;&&Smaom armifEk[m aemufwaeUreufukd a&mufvmwJhtcg tJ'daeUtwGuf yxrqkH;tvkyftaeeJU olyefMum;vTmudk pmwkdufykH;xJoGm;NyD;xnfhvkdufw,f/ pDpDomolUtay:arw?m&Sdr,fqkd&if we*FaEG wywftwGif;pmjyef&r,fvkdU armifekwGufxm;w,f/ 'gayrJh we*faEG okH;ywfukefwJhtxd bmoHrS rMum;bl;/ pDpdvufxJudk pmra&mufbl;/ vrf;rSm aysmufoGm;wmjzpfEkdifw,fvkdU olUukd,foltm;ay;NyD; armifEk[m aemufxyfpmwapmifxnfhvkdufw,f/ we*faeGokH;ywfMumonfhwkdifatmif bmoHrS rMum;&bl;/ aemufwapmifxyfydkU&if pmjyefaumif;jyefvdrfhr,fvkdU olUukd,fol w&m;csNyD; armifek[m pDpdatmifMuD;qDudk wwd,pmykdUjyefw,f/ wvavmufMumvkdU bmoHrS rMum;&wJhtcg 'Dudp?udk b,fvkdvkyf&rvnf;vkdU armifEk[m yef;uef ukdA*srf;eJU wkdifyiw,f/ udkA*srf;u olUrSm&nf;pm;&SdaeNyDxidw,fvkdU ajzw,f/ uGsefawmfuawmh'dvkdrxifbl;/ uGsefawmhudk arw?mr&SdvkdUpmrjyefwmvkdU

,lqw,f/[kdaeUu &kyf&Sif&kHa&SUrSmolwkdUtem;roGm;rdwm odyfuHaumif;w,f/ oGm;rd&if vlawGxJt&SufuGJrSmyJvkdU armifeku jyefajymw,f/ armifEk[m tJ'dtcsdefu pNyD;pDpdatmifMuD;qd udk bmpmrS ra&;awmhbl;/ rwfv pmar;yGJMuD;vkyfwJhtcg pDpD/ ukdA*sr;feJU armifEkwkdU[m cef;rMuD;wckxJrSm twlwlajz&w,f/ aemufqkH;bmomudk ajzNyd;wJhtcg pDpDu crf;rMuD;xJu t&ifxGufw,f/ pDpd&JUaemufu armifEkxGufw,f/ armifek&JUaemufu udkA*sr;fxGufw,f/ pdpd[m ukdufokH;q,favmuf avsmufrdwJhtcg armifEkwkdU zufudk vSnfhMunfhNyD; &yaewmudk udkA*sr;fjrifvkdufw,f/ tJ'gaMumifhukdA*sr;f[m ukd Ek [kdrSm pdpD&yfNyD; apmihfaew,/f oGm;oGm;vkdU armifekudk tvefUwMum; okwfoD;okwfjymajymvkdufw,/farmifEk[m roGm;&Jbl;vkdU udk A*srf;udkwkd;wkd;ajymNyd; temu tcef;wckxJudk0ifajy;w,f/ udkA*sr;fvnf; tcef;xJudk vkdufvmNyD; pDpDu cifAsm;udk apmifhaewmoGm;ygAsm vkdU armifEkudk xyfwkdufwGef;w,f/ pmokH;apmifudk ay;NyD;Nyd/ pdpdqDu jyefpmr&uwJu pdpD[molUudk rcspfbl;vdkU armifekqkH;jzwfvkdufNyd;NyD/tJ'gaMumifh uGsefawmfhudk apmifhwm[m arw?m&Sdygw,f vkdUpum;jyefbkdUr[kwfbl;/ olUqDukd aemufxyf pmra&;eJUawmhvkdU ajym zkdUapmifhaewm uGsefawmfroGm;csifbl;/ vkdU armifekujyefajymw,f/ cifAsm;[m wjcm;ae&mawGrSm tifrwefpGmNyd; 'dae7mrSm odyfow?daMumifw,f/ uGsefawmfomqkd&if pDpdqDudk oGm;r,f/ olupmra&;eJUvkdU ajym&if at;aumif;NyD/ aus;Zl;wifw,fvkdU cyfwnfwnf jyefajymr,f? cifAsm;vkdawmh zkd;om0 eodk;vkd oa0xkd;Nyd;rajy;bl;/ cifAsm;[m rdef;rawGudkcspfwJhae&mrSm olrsm;xufjrefw,f aMumufwJhae&mrSmvnf; olrsm;xufykdw,f/ vmAsm / usaemfvnf;vkdufr,f/ aemufxyfolUqDukd pmra&;ygeJU vkdUajym7if cifAsm;bmrS rajymeJU / usaemfajzr,f/ vmygqkdNyD; udkA*sr;f[m armifEkukd twif; qGJac:w,f/ olwkdUESpfa,mufxGufvmwJh tcg pdpD[m tJ'dae&mrSmr&Sd awmhbl;/ ausmif;olawG tyef;ajzcrf;roGm;NyD; pdpDeJUawGU&atmif udk A*srf;u tqkdoGif;ao;w,f/ armifeku twif;acgif;cgNyD; jiif;wmeJU 'DtMuHysufoGm;cJh&w,f/ aumvdyfausmif;om;awG[m ausmif;wufcsdefrSm aumvdyfausmif;olaGudk awGUcsif&if tJ'd ausmif;ol tyrf;ajzcef;rudkoGm;MuwmyJ? olwkdU awGUcsifwJh ausmif;olawG[m cef;rxJu xGufvmNyD; tJ'DteD;w0kdufrSm ausmif;om;awGeJU awGUMuwmyJ/'Dtcef;em;udk jzwfoGm;MuwJh ausmif;om;awG[m 'dteD;w0kdufrSm 'DvkdyJ rwfwyf&yf7if; pum;ajymMuwJh pkHwGJawGudk tcsdefra&G;jrifEkdifygw,f/ ausmif;qif;csdefrSm aumvdyfausmif;olawGudk awGUcsifwJhausmif;om;awG[m

tif;vsm;ausmif;aqmifudk oGm;MuwmyJ/ armifEk[m aumvdyfrSm 8ESpf wkdifwkdifaechJayr,fh tJ'Dtyef;ajzcef;r teD;tem;rSm b,fausmfi;oleJUrS csdef;rawGUcJhzl;bl;/rawGUcsifvkdUawmhr[kwfygbl;/ aMumufvkdUrawGUwmyg/ tifvsm;ausmif;aqmifudk awmif wcgyJ a&mufcJhbl;w,f/ tJ'g[mvnf; wjcm;aMumifhr[kwfygbl;/ bkwvif ukdodef;azu olUrdwfaqG rodef;Ekudk oGm;awGUrvkdU vkdufcJhyg ac:wmeJUygoGm;wmygbJ/ olUtvkdtavsmuf b,foleJUrS rawGUzl;bl;/ tJ'dvkdowd?aMumifwJhpdwfawG[m twif;0kdif;NyD;zsufwJhtwGuf tyef;ajzcef;rrSm pdpDukdvkdufawGUqkdwJh ukdA*srf;&JU zl;pma&;tqkdMuD;[m ysufoGm;&wmjzpfw,f/ pDpD[m 1926 ckESpfZGefvxJrSm ausmif;jyefzGifhwJhtcg jyefrvmawmhbl;/ armifEk pkHpr;fMunfhwJthcg tqkwfema&m*geJU tedp?a&mufoGm;w,fvkdU Mum;&w,f/ 'gayrJh olwkdU&UJ a7puf[mrukefao;bl;/ aooGm;w,fqkdwJh pdpDeJU armifek wkdU[m xlqef;pGm jyefawGUMu&ao;w,f/ b,fvkdawGUw,fqkdwm oufqkdif&m tcef;a&mufrS yJ qufajymawmhr,f/ tcef; 6 u 1926 ckESpfrwfv pmar;yGJMuD;rSm ajzqkdNyD;wJhaemuf armifEk[m 0g;c,frukd jyefoGm;w,f/ 0g;c,frrSm oli,fcsif;awGeJU pkNyD; t&ufaomufaeMuwkef; olpmar;yGJusoGm;w,f/ qkdwJhowif;udkMum;&w,f/ q,fwef;wkef;uqkd&i txufwef;ynmeJU ywfoufNyd;olUrSm arQmfrSef;xm;wm [m bmrS r&SdwJhtwGuf 'Dvkdpmar;yGJusw,fqkdwJh owif;rsKd;[m oUpdwfudk b,fvdkrS xdckdufrSm r[kwfbl;/ 'gayrJh aumvdyfausmif;udk a&mufNyD;rS txufwef;ynmawGudk oifcsifwJ qef'awG jzpf Ekdif&if bdvyfukdoGm;NyD; pmqufoifcsifwJh arQmfrSef;csufawG/ t*Fvdyfvkd jyZmfa&:q&m? 0wfxk a&;q&m vkyfcsifwJh &nf&G,fcsufawG/ olUwukd,fvkH; wzGm;zGm;ay:aewJh tcdseftcgrsKd;rSm 'Dusw,fqkwJh 'Pfukd olrcHEkdifbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh pmar;yGJusw,fqkdwJh owif;Mum;&wJhtcg armifEk[m tawmfwkefvIyfoGm;w,f/ aomufazmfaomufzufawGa7SUrSm [efvkyfNyD;awmhoma e&w,f/ olUpdwfxJrSmawmh rcsdvSbl;/ tJ'Dn tdyfaewkef; ausmif;tkyfMud; qavmhu atmifpm&if; aemufqufwGJ wck xyfNyD;xkwf w,f/ tJ'daemufqufwGJxJrSm olUeHr,f ygvmw,fqkdNyd; armifEktdyfrufrufw,f/ aemufnawGrSmvnf; wnjcm; ESpfnjcm; tJ'dvkdbJ

qufrufw,f/t&ifwkef;uqkd&if tjyifrSmom oli,fcsif;awGeJU tcsdefjzKef;aeMu armifEk[m tJ'd owif;Mum;&NyD;wJhaemuf 'Doli,fcsif;awGeJU rsufESmcsif;rqkdif csifawmhbl;/ olUtdrfoltdrfom;awGeJawmif rsufESmcsif;rqkdifcsifawmhbl/ tJ'gaMumifh 4-5&ufMumwJhtcg armifEk[m tyef;ajzbdkUtwGu olUtazaqmufay;xm;wJh jrdKUpGefu tdrfuav;udk ajymif;oGm;w,f/ tJ'dtdrfuav;&JU 0if;jcHudk waeUvkH;ydwfxm;w,f/ b,folukdrS t0ifrcHbl;/ n10em&Davmuf jrDKUxJrSm vlajcwdwfawmhrS armifEk[m oH'kwfaumufav;udk ukdifNyd; ajcOD;wnfh7m oGm;aew,f/ nwn 12em&DavmufrSm olUtdrfuav;bufqDudk avsmufvm&if; &kH;a&SUudk a&mufwJhtcg armifEkrif;rSm ukd,usifhw&m;r&SdvdkU tckvkd pmar;yGJuswmyJqkdwJh todnmPf wck[m OD;aESmufxJrSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm;ay:vmw,f/ tJ'dvkday:vmNyD; ESpfrdepfavmuftwGif;rSm tJ'dtcsdefupNyD; ig;ESpftwGif; t&ufraomufbl;vkdUarmifEK[m t"dXmefvkyfvkdufw,f/ c? aemifwaeUrSm olUtazqDudkoGm;NyD; armifEku aemifb0qkdwm &Sdovm;vkdUar;w,f/ olUtaz OD;pHxGef;u &Sdw,fvkdUajzw,f/ aemifb0qkdwm &Sd&if vufawGUjyEkdifyghrvm; jrwfpGmbk&m;[m vufawGUrjyEkdifwJh w&m;udk b,fawmhrS ra[mbl;/ 'Dvkdqkd&if odMum;awG ewfawG jA[?mawG qkdwm ta0;MuD;rSmaevkdU xm;vkdufygOD;/ uGsefawmfwkdU&JU teD;tem;rSmaew,fqkdwJhol&Jwaumifudk uGsefawmfjrifatmif jyEkdifyghrvm/ todnmPfqkdwm &Sdw,f/ xl;aomtodnmPf vkdU t"dyg,f &w,f/ tJ'dtoDnmPfudk &atmif b,fvkd&atmif tm;xkwf&w,fqkdwm jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJhw,f/ tJ'da[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh twkdif; w&m;tm;xkwfNyD;vdkU todnmPfudk &&if ewfawGjA[?mawGukdvnf; jrifEkdifw,f/ ewfawG/ jA[?mawG ajymwmudkvnf; Mum;Ekdifw,f/ vGefcJhwJhb0wkef;u rif;[m bmawG jzpfcJhbl;w,f/ig[m bmawGjzpfcJhbl;w,f/ rifhtar[m bmawG jzpfcJhbl;w,f/ wkd;yGm;[m b,fb0uaeNyD; tckvkdacG;jzpfvmw,fqkdwm awGudkvnf; rif;odEkdifr,f/ todnmPf&atmif tm;xkwfbdkUqkdwm cufvm;/ 'guawmh tm;xkwfwJh vlqDrSm rlwnfw,f/tJ'dvlrSm ,kHMunfrIvnf;&Sdr,f/ ZGJvnf;aumif;r,fenf;jyq&maumif; aumif; vnf;&Sdr,fqkd&if

todnmPf7bkdU rcufygbl;/ tazuHqkdwmbmvnf;/ 'duHqkdwmwu,f&Sdvm;/ &Sdwmayhgvluav;/ uGsefawmfuawmh r&Sdbl;xifw,f/ owfcsifowf/ ckd;csifckd;/ bmudkvkyfvkyf aumif;wmvkyfvkyf/ raumif;wmvkyfvkyf/ b,fvkdrS tusKd;ray;Ekdifbl;/vlawGao&if ajrMud; jzpfoGm;wmyJ/ olwkdUraocif vkyfcJhMuwJh aumif;wmawGeJU raumif;wmawG[m b,fvkdtusKd;ay;rvJ/ 'Dvkdr[kwfbl; vluav;/ [kwfygw,f taz vluav; avmurSM taMumif;eJU tusKd;qkdwm&Sdw,f/ wckckjzpfwm[m tusKd;/ tJ'd[m jzpfatmifvkyfay;vkdufwm[m taMumif;/ Oyrm vlawG wd&dpmefawGukd rif;jrif&w,f r[kwfvm;/ tJ'dvlawG wd&dp?mefawGqkdwm taMumif;/ taMumif;r&SdyJ bmrSrjzpfekdifbl;/ tJ'dtaMumif;awGudk tusOf;csKyfNyD; tukokdvfeJU ukokdvfvkdUac:vkdufwmyJvkdU zcifOD;pHxGef;u ajymjywJhtcg armifEk[mbmrS rajymbJ awGNyD; pOf;pm;aew,f/ tazajymwm usaemf em;rvnfbl;/ usaemhfudk 'dtaMumif;w&m;awG ajym&if cyf&Sif;&Sif;ajymyg/ a[m'gawGa[m'gawG tukokdvduHawG / a[m'gawGa[m'gawG[m ukodkvf uHawG/ tJ'Dvkd cyf&Sif;&Sif;ajymyg/ vluav; 'dtukodkvfeJu ukodkvdtaMumif;udk ajym&r,fqkd&if 31 bkHtaMumif; a&S;OD;pGm ajym&r,f/ tJ'dvkdajymrS vluav;[m ukokdvf tukokdvf taMumif;udk vG,fvG,feJU oabmaygufr,f/ usaemf'gawG udk em;raxmifcsifbl;/ usaemhudkcyfwkdwkdbJ ajymyg/ tukokdvfuHawGqdkwm bmawGvJ/ ukokdvfuHawGqkdwm bmawGvJ/ vluav;onf;cHNyD;em;axmifygOD;/ 31bkHu pNyD; ajymyg&ap/ em;axmifNyd;&if vluav;oabmusvdrfhr,f vkdU usaemfxifw,f/ usaemf em;raxmifcsifbl;/ tukokdvfuHawGqkdwm a[m'gawG/ ukokdvfuHawGqkdwm a[m'gawG tJ'dvkd wkdwkdajymyg/ 'Dvkdqkd&ifaumif;NyD/ tukodkvfuHawGu pNyD; taza jymr,f/ [kwfuJhajymyg/ 1/ owfwm/ 2/ ckd;wm/ 3/ ukd,fhvifukd,fr,m; r[kwfwJholawGeJU arxkHrSd0Jwm/4/ vdrfajymwm/ 5 / *kH;wkdufwm/ 6/ qJwm/Mudrf;wm/ atmfwmtp&SdwJh Murf;Murf;wrf;wrf;ajymqkdwm/ 7/ odrfzsif;wJh tusKd;r&SdwJh pum;awGudk ajymwm/ 8/ olwyf;&JUom;orD; r,m;/ pnf;pdrfOpmawGudk

vkdcsifwmwyfrufwm/9/ a'gojzpfwm olwyg;udk ESdyfpufcsifwm/ ysufpd;apcsifwm/ aoapcsifwm/ 10 / tukokdvfuHeJU ukokdvfuHqkdwmr&Sdbl;vkdU ,kHMunf,lqaewm/ tJ'd10rsKd;[m tukodkvfuH 10rsKd;jzpfw,f/vluav;/ taz 'gawGudk tukodkvfuHvkdU bmjzpfvkdUac:wmvnf;/ raumif;wJhtusKd;ay;EkdifvkdU 'D[mawGudk tukodkvfuH awGac:wmyJ/ b,fvdk raumif;wJhtusK;dawGay;vJ/ 'D[mawGxJu wckckudkjzpfap/ trsm;udkjzpfjzpf/ tm;vkH;udkjzpfjzpf/ usL;vGefwJholawG[m aowJhtcg tyg,f av;yg; bkHxJu wbkHbkHudk a&muf&r,f/ tyg,fav;yg; bkHqkdwm bmawGvnf;/ i&J/ wd&dpm?ef/ Nydw?m/ tol&u,fbkHawG jzpfw,f/ 'Dav;bkH[m 'Dur?mrSm &Sdw,f/ 'Dav;bkHrSm &SdwJhow0gawG[m odyfqif;&JMuw,f/ aeUpOfeJUtrQ towfcHaeMu&wJh bJMuufiSufawGudk Munfh&jcif;tm;jzifh 'Dtyg,f av;bkHrSm ow0gawG b,favmuf qif;&Jr,fqdkwm cefUrSef;MunfhEkdifw,f/ 'dvkdqif;&JwJhtwGuf 'Dav;bkHudk tyg,fav;bkHvkdUac: wmjzpfw,f/ 'dtyg,fav;bkHwu,f&Sdw,faemf/ &Sdw,f bk&m;a[mtppfyJvm;/ tppfygyJ vluav;/ 'dtukokdvfuHawG[m tyg,fav;bkHudk usap&kHomrubl;/ tyg,f av;bkHuvGwfvmNyD; ukokdvfuHawGaMumifh vlawG ewfawGjyefjzpf&ifvn;f vlqif;&JawG/ ewfqif;&JawG/ jzpfatmif tusKd;ay;jyefao;w,f/ armifEk[m bmrS rajymbJ ceavmufawGNyD; pOf;pm;aew,f/ tJ'dvkdpOf;pm;NyD;wJhtcg/ ukodkvfuHawGqkdwm bmawGvnf; qufNyF;ajymygOD;/vkdUar;w,f/ 1/ ay;urf;pGefUMuJwm/ 2/ ukd,furaumif;wmrvkyfatmif/ EIwfu raumif;wmrvkyfatmif/ rdrd&JU udk,feJU EIwfudk apmifhxdef;wm/ 3/ bk&m;w&m; oHCmawmfawG&JU *kPfawmfawGudk tzefwvJvJowd&wm/ 4/ rdbq&m/ ynm&Sd/ 7aoh? &[ef;pwJh olawmfaumif;awGudk &kdaoudkif;nTwfwm/ 5/ tultnDvkdaomolrsm;udk tultnDay;wm/ 6/ aumif;rIwckudk jyKvkyfNyD;wkdif;tjcm;aom ewf tp&SdwJh ow0gawGom"kac:Ekdifatmif trQa0wm/ 7/ olwyg; trQa0wJhtcg rdrdudk,fwkdifuvnf; om"kac:wm/ */ olwyg; a[majymwJh opmav;yg; w&m;udk ukd,wkdif Mum;emwm/ 9/

rdrduvnf; olwyg;tm; opmav;yg;w&m;udk wwfpGrf;Ekdifoavmuf a[majymwm/ 10/ uHqkdwm&Sdw,f/ raumif;wJh uHudk vkyf&if raumif;usKd;jzpfr,f/ aumif;wJhuHudkvkyf&if aumif;usKd;jzpfw,f vkdU,kHMunfwmawG[m ukodkvfuHawGjzpfw,f 'DukokdvfawGxuf ykdNyD; aumif;wJhukodkvf uHawG &Sdygao;w,f/ vluav;/ tJ'DukodkvfawGudkpsmef ukokdvfvkdUac:w,f/ psmefukodkvawGjzpfatmif bmawGudk vkyf7vnf; taz/ t&m0wfxk wckckay:rSmjzpfap/ ow0gwOD; tay:rSmjzpfap/ rdrd&JU pdwfudk rdrdtvkd&Sdoavmuf wnfNidrfatmifxm;Ekdif&if psmef ukokdvfjzpfwmbJ vluav;/ aowJh tcsdeftxd 'dpsmefukokdvf awGjzpfatmif tm;xkwfEkdif&if tJ'd yk*kdvf[m aowmeJU wjyDKifeuf jA[mbkH 20 &SdwJHtxJu wckckrSm jA[m jzpfw,f/ vluav;vlawGxuf ewfawGu ykdNyD;wefckd;MuD;w,f/ pnf;pdrf&Sdw,f/ touf&Snfw,f/ ta&miftqif;&Sdw,f/ vluav;tckajymcJhwJhtyg,f av;bkH/ vlbkH1bkH/ ewfbkH6bkH/ jA[mbkH 20 udk aygif;vdkuf&if 31 bkHjjzpfw,f/'D 31 bkHxJrSm ow0gawG[m tckajymcJhwJhukokdvfuHawG tukokdvf awG tavsmufaowJhtcg b0topfawGjyefjyefNyD; jzpfMu&w,f/ tukokdvfawG vkyfcJhwJh ow0gawGu i&J wd&dpm?ef/ Nydwm/ tol&u,f qkdwJh tyg,fav;bkH xJu wbkH bkHrSm b0topfawGjzpfMuwmaygh/ ukodkvf &kd;&kd;vkyfcJhwJh ow0gawGu vlUbkH/ ewfbkHawGrSm vlawG jzpfMuayhg/ psmefukokdvfawGudk vkyfcJhMuwJh ow0gawGu jA[mbkH 20xJu wbkHbkHrSm jA[mawGjzpfMuaygh/ taz jA[m jzpf&ifb,fawmhrS rtkdbl;/ rembl; raobl;vkdU Mum;bl;w,f/ tJ'grSef&JUvm;/ rrSefbl; vluav;/ 31 bkHxJrSm raowJhow0g&,fvkdU b,frSmrS r&SDbl;/ oufrJht&0wfxk jzpfjzpf/ ouf&SdbJjzpfjzpf/ jzpfvmwmrSeforQ ysuf&r,f/ jzpfNyD;rysufyJ wnfNrJaew,fqkdwm ouf&Sdow0gawG&JU avmurSmvnf; r&Sdbl;/oufrJt&m0wfxkawG&JU avmurSmvnf; r&Sdbl;/ jzpfwmrSeforQysuf&r,f/ vluav; jA[m awG[m ao&kHom ruao;bl;/ aowJhtcgrSmtwdwfb0wkH;u olwkdU&JU tukokdvfuHawG0ifNyD; tusKd;ay;r,fqkd&if 'DjA[mawG[m tyg,fav;bkHxJU wbkHbkHtxd usqif;oGm;Ekdifw,f/ 'Dvkdqkd&ifjzifh taz&,f/ b,fow0gyJjzpf&jzpf&/ b,faumif;rvJ/ raumi;fbl; vluav;/ jzpfav&m b0rSm tkd&r,f/ em&r,f/ ao&r,f/ cspfwJhcifwJholawG eJU uGJ&r,f/ ukd,fvkyfcJhwJh tukokdvfawG/

0iffNyD;tusKd;ay;vkduf&if tyg,fav;bkHxJu wbkHbkHus&OD;r,f/ 'dvkdwb0NyD; wb0 b0opfawGjzpfjzpfNyD; / tkdemaouGJqkd wmawGeJU wawGUxJ awGUae&wJh qif;&J'kwfcawGu ow0gawG b,fawmhrS rvGwfajrmufEkdifawmhbl;vm; taz/ vGwfEkdifwmayhg vluav;/ jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrlwJhtwkdif;/ usifhEkdif&if tJ'dusifhwJholawG/ewfawG/ jA[mawG[m tck ajymcJhwJh tzefzef tdkemaouGJqkdwJhqif;&J'kwfcawGu vGwfr,f/ jrwfpGmbk&m;qkdwm b,fvkd yk*kdvf rsKd;vnf; taz/ usaemfem;vnfatmif tvG,fqkH; enf;eJh rajymEkdifbl;vm;/ ajymEkdifygw,f/vluav; tMudrfMudrftzefzef y#doaE?ae&/ tkd&/em&/ ao&/ uGJ&wJh 0#fqif;&JawGu ow0gawGudk wu,fwef; vGwfajymufapcsifwJh oem;pdwfawG tifrwefMuD;MuD;us,fus,f &SdwJh yK*Kdvf rsK;dawGrS bk&m;zjpfatmi usifhfEkdifMuw,f vluav;/ bmawGusihf&vnf; taz/ ukokdvf q,frsKd;udk om;r,m;/ pnf;pdrfOpm/ ajcvufudk,ft*Fg / toufawGudkyg/ pGefU&wJHtxd usifh&w,f vluav;/ b,favmufMumMumusihf&vJ taz/ tenf;qkH; av;oacsFeJU ur?mwodef;usifh&w,f/ b0aygif; uka#aygif;rsm;pGm usihf&w,fvkdU cyfvG,fvG,frSwfxm;aygh/ vluav;&,f/ taz usaemfwkdU&JU a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;[m bk&m;jzpfvmatmif b,fvkdusifhcJh&ovJ/ enf;enf;avmufajymjyprf;yg/ 'kdU&JU a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;[m vGefcJHwJh av;oacsF urm wodef;txufu urmwckrSm okar"mqkdwJh olaX;MuD;jzpfw,f/ pnf;pdrfOpmawGudk pGefUNyd; &aoHvkyf&w,f/ rsm;rMumcif 'dyuF&m jrwfpGmbk&m;eJU awG&w,f/ tJ'dtcsdefu 'DyuF&m jrwfpGmbk&m;xHrSm &[ef;jyKNyD; 0dyoem urXmef; w&m;udk tm;xkwfvkduf&if &[E?mjzpfNyD; tzefzef/ tkdemaouGJqkdwJh0#fqif;&JawGxJu wcgwnf; vGwfajrmufoGm;r,f/ 'gayrJh &aohMuD;okar"grSm tifrwefMuD;us,fvSwJh oefm;pdwfawG&Sdw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh wOD;xJ ukd,fvGwf&kef;NyD; edAmef 0ifroGm;csifbl;/ bk&m;jzpfatmifusifh / jzpfNyDqkdawmhrSuGswfxkdufwJh ow0gawGudk cGswf/ tJ'dvkduGswfNyD; wJhow0gawGeJU twl wl edAmef pH0ifcsifw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'DyuF&m jrwfpGmbk&m;qDrSm bk&m; qkawmif;w,f/ tJ'daemuf ukokdvfq,frsKd; ukd tMudrfMudrf toufpGef&onftxd av;oacsFeUJ urmwodef; wkdifwkdif jznfhusihfNyd;rS tckurmrSm bk&m;jzpfvmw,f/

usaemfvnf;bk&m;jzpfcsifw,ftaz/ jzpfEkdifyghrvm;/ ow0gawGudk u,fcsifw,f/ jzpfEkdifwmayhgvluav;/ 'Dvkd vG,fvG,f rajymygeJU/ tz/ usaemf[mvlaumif;rS r[kwfbJ/ owfcJhbl;w,f/ ckd;cJhbl;w,f/ umrrSm rSm;,Gif;pGm usifhcJhbl;w,f/ vdrfajymcJhbl;w,f/ t&ufaomufcJhbl;w,f/ 'gawG[m ta&;rMuD;ygbl;/ ykxkZOfqkdwm rSm;wJhtcgrSm;rSmaygh/ rSm;rSef;od&if aemufrvkyfrdatmif a&Smifaygh/ 'kdU&JU a*gwr tavmif;awmfvnf; vluav;vkdbJ owfwJhtcg owfcJhbl;w,f/ ckd;wJhtcg ckd;cJhbl;w,f/ umrrSmrSm;,Gif;pGmusifhwJhtcg usifhcJhbl;w,f/ t&ufvnf;aomufwJhtcg aomufcJhbl;w,f/ tazu usaemfpdwfcsrf;omatmif awGUu&mawG avsmufajymaewmvm;/ bk&m;tavmif;[m 'gawGudk vkyfcJhbl;w,fqkdwm usrf;tudk;tum;eJu jyEkdifyghrvm;/ w&m;awmfeJUywfoufvm&if taz[ awGUu&mawGudk avsmufrajym&Jbl; vluav;/ usr;ftudk;tum;eJU jyekdifygw,f/ ra[mo" Zmwfawmfudk vluav; zwfMunfhprf;yg/ tJ'dtxJrSm bk&m;tavmif;owfcJhbl;wm / ckd;cJh vkcJhbl;wmawGudk vluav;awGU&r,f/ tamiv;awmf[m [7dwp 7aohMuD;b0wkef;u&Sifbk&ifppfwkdufxGufaewkef; rdzk&m;acgifMuD;eJU usL;vGefcJhbl;wmbJ/ pdO?rme tavmif;eJU pawGUcsdefwJhb0rSmvnf; tavmif;awmf[m t7uform;MuD; uG vluav;&/ 'gayrJh tavmif;awmfawGrSm olwy;geJUrwlatmif xl;jcm;csufwcsuf&Sdw,f/ tavmif;awmfawG[m Asm'dwf&wJhtcsdefupNyD; bk&m;jzpfwJhtcsdeftxd uHqkdwm&Sdw,f / uH&JU tusK;dqkdwm&dSw,f/ raumif;wJhuHukd vkyf&if raumif;wJhtusKd;ukd cH&r,f/ aumif;wJHuHukd vkyf&if aumif;wJh tusKd;ay;cH&r,f qkdwJhtcsufudk rrSdwfrokef ,kHMunfw,f/'D,kHMunfcsufudk b,fawmhrS rpGefUbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh bk&m;tavmif;awG[m wcsKdUb0awGrSm rSm;wJhtcg rSm;wmbJ/ 'gayrJh ckeu ajymcJhwJh rrSdwfrokH,kHMunfcsufaMumifh rSm;&ifvnf; cebJ/ trSm;udkodwmeJU wjydKifeuf tJ'dtrSm;udk pGefUvkdufNyD; olawmfaumif;awG jzpfvmw,f/ b,fb0rSmrS jyifr&atmi fqkd;wJhvlqkd;awG rjzpfcJhMubl;/ usaemfbk&m;jzpfcsifw,f/ taz/ usifh&rJh ukokdvf10rsKd; qkdwm bmawGvJ/ vluav; bk&m;jzpfcsifwJh yk*kdvf[m ukokdvf10rskKd;ukd vkyfay;&w,f/ 'dukokdvfawGudk b0aygif;rsm;pGmvkyf&w,f/ b0fwkdif;b0wkdif;rSmvnf;

tMudrfaygif;rsm;pGmvkyf&w,f/ 'dvkdtMudrfMudrf vkyfay;awmh ukokdvfawG rsm;vmawmhwmaygh/ tJ'Dvkdrsm;vmwJh ukokdvfawGudk yg7rDvkdU ac:w,f/ ukokdvfawGudk tckvkd tMudrfMudrf vkyfay;aewmudk yg7rDjznhfw,fvkdU ac:w,f/ yg&rD 10yg;qkdwm wjcm;r[kwfbl;/ 1/ 'ge/ 2/ oDv/ 3/ edu?r/4/ ynm/5/ 0d&D,/6/ cE?D/ 7/ op?m/ 8/ t"dXmef/ 9/ arwm/ 10/ Oayu?mwkdUbJjzpfw,f/ vluav;'dcsdefrSmawmh yg&rDawGudk twkdcsKyfavmufyJ &Sif;jyr,f/ 1/ 'geqkdwm ay;ur;fpGefUMuJwm/ 2/ oDvqkdwm ukd,f uraumif;wm rvkyfatmif EIwfu raumif;wm rajymatmif apmihfxdef; wm 3/ edu?rqkdwm om;orD; /r,m;pnf;pdrfawGudk pGefUNyD;qdwfuG,f&mrSm w&m;tm;xkwfwm/ 4/ ynmqkdwm olwyg;wkd;wuf aumif;pm;bkdUtwGuf A[kokw pkaqmif;wm/ 'DA[kkokwawGudk jzefUjzL;ay;wm/ 5/ 0d&D, qkdwm aumif;usKd;wckcktwGuf rem;raeMudK;yrf;aqmif&Gufwm/ 6/ cEDqkdwm onf;cHwm/ 7/ opmqkdwm rSefaom pum;ukd ajymwm/ 8/ t"dXmefqkdwm vkyfr, fvkdUqkH;jzwfxm;&if qkH;jzwfwJhtwkdif; vkyfwm rvkyfbl;vkdU qkH;jzwfxm;&ifvnf; qkH;jzwfwJhtwkdif; rvkyfyJ a&Smifwm/ qkH;jzwfxm;wJhtwkdif; woa0rwdr;fvkdufemwm/ 9/ arw?mqkdwm rdwfaqGyJ/ 7efolyJ wpdrf;yJvkdU ykdif;jcm;jcif;r&SdbJ ow0grSeforQudk nDndrQrQ cspfwm/ 10 / Oayu?m qkdwm rdrdMudKufwmeJU awGUwJhtcgyJjzpfjzpf/ rMudKufwmeJU awGUwJhtcgbJjzpfjzpf/ 0r;fen;fjcif; / 0r;fomjcif;/ cspfjcif;/ rkef;jcif;/rjzpfbJ vspfvSsL&Ixm;wm/ vluav;tckawmh 'DavmufyJ rSwfxm;OD;/ bk&m;jzpfcsifwJh yk*kdvf wOD;twGu fyg&rD 10yg;odyfta&;MuD;w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'dyg&rD10yg;udk tus,fcsJUNyD; pkHpkHvifvif jynfhjynfhpkHpkH a&;ay;xm;r,f/ vluav; / tJ'dyg&rD awGudk t,kwfpm; tvwfpm;/ tjrwfpm;qkdNyD; okH;rsKd;cGJjcm;xm;w,f/ cGJjcm;ykHudk vluav;oabmaygufEkdifatmif OyrmeJU azmfjyr,f/ Oyrm vluav;[m vluav;&JUom;orD; r,m;pnf;pdrf awGudk vSLypfvkduf&if vluav;[m t,kwfpm;yg&rDjznfhw,fvkdUac:w,f/ rsufvkH;/ ajcvkH;awGudk vSLvkduf&if vluav;[m 'gerSm tvwfpm;yg&rDjznfhw,fvkdUac:w,f/toufvSLvkduf&if vluav;[m 'get&mrSm tjrwfpm;yg&rD jznfhw,fvkdU ac:w,f/ vluav;udk vlqkd;wpku zr;fNyd; t&ufaomuf&ifaomuf/ raomuf&if/ vluav;&JU om;orD; / r,m;/ pnf;pdrfawGudk ,lr,fvkdU jcdrf;ajcmufw,fqkdygpkdU/ tJ'dvdk Ncdrf;ajcmufNyD; 'dom;orD; r,m;/ pnf;pdrfawGudk ,loGmonhf wkdif vluav;[m t&ufraomufbl;qkd&if

vluav;[m oDvrSm t,kwfpm;yg&rD jznhfw,fvkdU ac:w,f/ vluav;&JU ajcvufawGud k jzwfrsufvkH;awGudk azmufonfhwkdifatmif t&ufraomufyJae&if vluav;[m oDvrSm tvwfpm;yg&rDjznfhw,f vkdUac:w,f/ vluav;udk owfonfhwkdifatmif vluav;[m t&ufraomufyJae&if vluav;[m oDvrSm tjrwfpm; yg&rDjznfhw,fvkdUac:w,f/ vluav;b0wckrSm a8gwr bk&m;avmif;[m 7aohMuD;wyg;jzpfw,f/ onf;cHwJh yg&rDudk jznfhaewJhtwGuf olukd cEd0g'D 7aohvkdU vlawGuac:Muw,f/ waeUusawmh uvmvmAlqkdwJh &Sifbk&ifwOD;[m olUrdbK7m;awG aemufvkdufaemufygawGeJUtwl 'D&aohMuD;&SdwJh awmxJrSm awmupm; &atmif a&mufvmMuw,f/ &Sifbk&if[m awmupm;NyD; armarmeJU tdyfaewkef; olUrdzk&m;awG[m &aohMuD;qdoGm;NyD; uefawmhMuw,f/ &Sifbk&if Ekd;vmwJhtcg olUrdzk&m;awGudk rawGUwmaMumifh odyfpdwfqkd;w,f/ cED7aohMuD; qDukd oGm;Muw,fvkdU pkHprf;od&SdwJhtcga'go trsufacsmif;acsmif; xGufaewJh &Sifbk&if[m cE?D7aohMuD;uk dzrf;cJhMubkdU csufcsif; trdefUay;vkdufw,f/ &aohMuD;eJUawGUwJhtcg a'goxGufaewJh &Sifbk&ifu &aoh oifb,ftusifhudk usifhovJvkdU ar;w,f/ tuGsEkfyf[m onf;cHwJhtusifhudk usifhaeygw,f vkdU &aohMuD;uajzw,f/ tJ"dtcg &aohMuD;udk MudK;eJUwkyfNyD; oHql;wyfxm;wJh MudrfvkH;eJU wtm;&kdufckdif;w,f/ 7aohMud; &JU wukd,fvkH;rSmvnf; 'Pf&muxGufwJh aoG;awGeJU eD&JaewmygJ/ &Sifbk&if[m &kdufwmudk cP&yfckdif;NyD; 7aohoif[m onf;cHwJh tusifhusifhEkdifao;&Jvm;vkdU 7aohMuD;udk ar;w,f/ &aohMuD;u tuGsEfkyfusifhEkdifao;w,f/ tuGsEkyfukd&kdufwJh tmPmom;ukdvnf;tuGsEkfyf trsufrxGufbl;/ 'dtmPmom;uk d&kdufckdif;wJh &Sifbk&if tay:rSmvnf; trsufrxGufbl;vkdUajzw,f/ tJ'dtcg &Sifbk&if [m &aoMuD;&JU ajcqpfvufqpfawGudk tjzwfckdif;NyD; t&ifvkdbJ ar;w,f/&aohMuD;uvnf; t&ifutwkdif; ajzw,f/ &Sifbk&ifvnf; a'goxGufvmNyD; 7aohukd owfypfbkdU trdefYay;vkdufw,f/ &aohMuD; [m towfcH&awmhrJh qJqJrSmawmif a'gorxGufyJ t&iftwkdif; ajzNyD; towfcHoGm;w,f/ &aohMuD;[m aoG;awGxGufvmwJhtxd t&kdufcHNyD; a'gorxGufatmif xdef;Ekdif&if &aohMuD;[m cE?D rSm t,kwfpm; yg&rDjznfhw,f vkdU ac:Ekdifw,f/ ajcqpfvufqpfjzwfwJhtxd a'gorxGufatmifxdef;ekdif&if &aohMuD;[m tvwfpm;yg7rDjznfhw,fvkdU ac:w,f/ towfcH&wJhtxd a'gorxGufatmif xdef;Ekdif&if tjrwfpm; yg&rDjznfhw,ffvkdU ac:w,f/ vluav; bk&m;avmif;awG[m Asm'dyf&wJhtcsdefupNyD; bk&m;jzpfonfhwkdifatmif

'dyg&rD q,fyg;udk tjrwfpm;txd tMudrfMudrf yg&rD jznfh&w,f/ b0aygif; ra&rwGufEkdifatmiftMudrfMudrf yg&rdjznfh&w,f/ Asm'dyf&w,fqkdwm bmvJ taz/ bk7m;wql yGifhawmfrlNyDqkd&if t&Sifbk&m;vkd bk7m;jzpf&ygvkd\vkdU jrwfpGmbk&m;xHrSm bk&m;qkawmif;MuwJhvlawG/ ewfawG[m jynhfaewmyJ/ 'Dvkdqkawmif;Muolwkdif;udk bk&m;jzpfr,fvkd U jrwfpGmbK7m;u 0efrcHbl;/bk&m;jzpfEkdifavmufatmif tajccH &SdaewJhtxd vGEfcJhwJh b0aygif;rsm;pGmu ukokdvfawG trsm;Mud;tm;xkwfxm;wJh yk*kdvfudkrS jrwfpGmbk&m;u tckurm u pNyD; aemufudk ur?maygif; b,favmufMumwJHtcg oif[m bk&m;jzpfr,f/ tJ'dtcg oihfeHr,f[m b,foljzpfr,f/ oifht*?om0u [m b,folawG jzpfr,f/ tp&Sdojzihf jrwfpGmbk&m;u 0efcHawmfrlw,f/'Dvkd0efcHwmudk Asm'dwfay;w,fvkdU ac:w,f/ tckvdk Asm'dwfay;cH7wJh tcsdefupNyD; tJ'dtay;cH&wJh yk*kdvf[m bk&m;tavmif;jzpfvmwmyJ/ tJ'dbk&m;favmif;[m yg&rD 10yg;udk av;oacsFeJU urmwodef;twGif; b0aygif;rsmpGm ra&rwGufEkdifatmif tjrwfpm;txd tMudrfMudrfyg&rDjznfh&w,f/ 'Dvkdqkd&if bk&m;jzpfbkdqkdwmudk xm;vdkufygOD;/bk&m;avmif;jzpfbkdUudk tawmfMudK;pm;&OD;r,f/ [kwfw,fvluav;/ 'gayrJh MumcsifMumygap/ taz/ bk&m;jzpf&if ow0gawGudk qif;&Jcwfodr;fu vGwfNidr;foGm;atmif trsm;Mud;u,fEkdifw,f/ vluav;&JU apwemudk azaz trsm;MuD;om"kac:w,f/ tazhudk usaemf wckar;cskifw,f/ ar;yg vluav;/ tazusaemhukd 'Dw&m;awG t&ifwkef;u bmvkdUra[movJ/ a[m&if 'Dtukodkvf awGudk usaemfvkyfjzpfrSm r[kwfbl;/ OD;pHxGef;[m olU&ifbwfudk bkef;ueJjrnfatmif ykwfvkdufNyd; ajymrS ajym&ufyavv luav;&,f/ taz[m vluav;ukd tMudrfrsm;pGm ajymygoaum/ vluav; wcgrS aumif;aumif; em;raxmifbl;/ tukokdvf/ ukokdvf vkdU tazu pvkduf&kH&SDao;w,f/ 'gawGudk rajymygeJU taz/ usaemf r,kHbl;qkdNyD; vluav;[m tazajymaewmawGudk twif;&yfckdif;wmyJ/ opm w7m; av;yg;taMumfif; pvkduf&KH7Sdao;w,f/ 'gawGudk rajymeJU taz/ usaemf'gawGudk r,kHbl;qkdNyD; vluav;[m tazajymaewmudk twif;&yfckdif;wmyJ/ xkdifae&mu wjcm;udk ZGwftwif; xcsifxoGm;wmyJ/

wcgrS em;raxmifbl;/tJ'gaMumifh tckvdk vluav;u tazhudk vmar;wJhtcg taz odyf0rf;omwmbJ/ usaemf [m odyfNyD;qkd;wJhtaumifbJ taz/ bk&m;w&m; oHCm tay:rSmvnf;qkd;cJhw,f/ rdbtay:rSmvnf;qkd;cJhw,f/ vlawGtay:rSmvnf; qkd;cJhw,f/ bJMuufiSufig;awGtay:rSmvnf; qkd;cJhw,f/ ow0gawG[m uGswfcsdefrwefao;&if'DvkdygbJ/ b,fola[mvkdUrS r&bl;/ tJ'gaMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;[m ow0gwOD;udk cGswfcsif NyDqkd&if uGswfcsdefa&mufatmif apmihfw,f/ azazwkdUvlomrmef awG vkd twif;rvkdufvmbl;/ Od;pHxGef;[m olUom;armifEkudk bk&m;cef;ac:oGm;NyD;/ &kyfyGm;awmfawGa&SUrSm &kd&kdaoao txkdifckdif;wf, xdjcif;ig;yg;eJU &wemokH;yg;udk uefawmhckdif;w,f/ MoumoeJU ig;yg;oDvudkolukd,fwkdif csay;NyD; olUom;udk vkudtqdkcdkif;w,f/ tJ'Daemuf wynfhawmfonf yg&rD 10yg;/ tjym;30udk ,aeUrSp ukd,fpGrf;nmPfpGr;f&SdorQ yg7rDjznfhygrnf[k &kdaoav;jrwfpGm &Sdckd;avQmufxm;ygonf bk&m; / ?okdU yg&rD jznfh&aom ukokdvft[kefaMumifh waeUaomtcgwGif bk&m;pifppf {uefjzpf&ygvkd\ t&sifbk&m;vkdU OD;pHxGef;u olUom;udk qkawmif;ckdif;w,f/ tJ'daemuf olUom;tay:rSm tjypfawG pifoGm;atmif olUudkvnf; uefawmhvkdU Od;pHxGef;u ajymcsifw,f/ 'gayrJh olom;armifEk[m a&S;wkef;uvkd olU udk uvefuqefvkyfae&if tjypfpif&rJhtpm; ykdqkd;aerSmudk jrifwJhtwGuf Od;pHxGef;[m bmrS rajymbJ Mur;fjyifudk pkdufNunfhaew,f/ armifEk[m olUtazbufvSnhfNyD; uefawmhwJhtcg OD;pHxGef;[m odyf0rf;omwJhtwGuf AsKH;ueJ qkray;Ekdifao;bl;/ 0rf;omwJh rsuf&nfawG wawGawGusaew,f/ tcef; 6 u 1926 ckESpfrwfv pmar;yGJMuD;rSm ajzqkdNyD;wJhaemuf armifEk[m 0g;c,frukd jyefoGm;w,f/ 0g;c,frrSm oli,fcsif;awGeJU pkNyD; t&ufaomufaeMuwkef; olpmar;yGJusoGm;w,f/ qkdwJhowif;udkMum;&w,f/ q,fwef;wkef;uqkd&i txufwef;ynmeJU ywfoufNyd;olUrSm arQmfrSef;xm;wm [m bmrS r&SdwJhtwGuf 'Dvkdpmar;yGJusw,fqkdwJh owif;rsKd;[m oUpdwfudk b,fvdkrS xdckdufrSm r[kwfbl;/ 'gayrJh aumvdyfausmif;udk a&mufNyD;rS txufwef;ynmawGudk oifcsifwJ qef'awG jzpf Ekdif&if bdvyfukdoGm;NyD;

pmqufoifcsifwJh arQmfrSef;csufawG/ t*Fvdyfvkd jyZmfa&:q&m? 0wfxk a&;q&m vkyfcsifwJh &nf&G,fcsufawG/ olUwukd,fvkH; wzGm;zGm;ay:aewJh tcdseftcgrsKd;rSm 'Dusw,fqkwJh 'Pfukd olrcHEkdifbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh pmar;yGJusw,fqkdwJh owif;Mum;&wJhtcg armifEk[m tawmfwkefvIyfoGm;w,f/ aomufazmfaomufzufawGa7SUrSm [efvkyfNyD;awmhoma e&w,f/ olUpdwfxJrSmawmh rcsdvSbl;/ tJ'Dn tdyfaewkef; ausmif;tkyfMud; qavmhu atmifpm&if; aemufqufwGJ wck xyfNyD;xkwf w,f/ tJ'daemufqufwGJxJrSm olUeHr,f ygvmw,fqkdNyd; armifEktdyfrufrufw,f/ aemufnawGrSmvnf; wnjcm; ESpfnjcm; tJ'dvkdbJ qufrufw,f/t&ifwkef;uqkd&if tjyifrSmom oli,fcsif;awGeJU tcsdefjzKef;aeMu armifEk[m tJ'd owif;Mum;&NyD;wJhaemuf 'Doli,fcsif;awGeJU rsufESmcsif;rqkdif csifawmhbl;/ olUtdrfoltdrfom;awGeJawmif rsufESmcsif;rqkdifcsifawmhbl/ tJ'gaMumifh 4-5&ufMumwJhtcg armifEk[m tyef;ajzbdkUtwGu olUtazaqmufay;xm;wJh jrdKUpGefu tdrfuav;udk ajymif;oGm;w,f/ tJ'dtdrfuav;&JU 0if;jcHudk waeUvkH;ydwfxm;w,f/ b,folukdrS t0ifrcHbl;/ n10em&Davmuf jrDKUxJrSm vlajcwdwfawmhrS armifEk[m oH'kwfaumufav;udk ukdifNyd; ajcOD;wnfh7m oGm;aew,f/ nwn 12em&DavmufrSm olUtdrfuav;bufqDudk avsmufvm&if; &kH;a&SUudk a&mufwJhtcg armifEkrif;rSm ukd,usifhw&m;r&SdvdkU tckvkd pmar;yGJuswmyJqkdwJh todnmPf wck[m OD;aESmufxJrSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm;ay:vmw,f/ tJ'dvkday:vmNyD; ESpfrdepfavmuftwGif;rSm tJ'dtcsdefupNyD; ig;ESpftwGif; t&ufraomufbl;vkdUarmifEK[m t"dXmefvkyfvkdufw,f/ c? aemifwaeUrSm olUtazqDudkoGm;NyD; armifEku aemifb0qkdwm &Sdovm;vkdUar;w,f/ olUtaz OD;pHxGef;u &Sdw,fvkdUajzw,f/ aemifb0qkdwm &Sd&if vufawGUjyEkdifyghrvm; jrwfpGmbk&m;[m vufawGUrjyEkdifwJh w&m;udk b,fawmhrS ra[mbl;/ 'Dvkdqkd&if odMum;awG ewfawG jA[?mawG qkdwm ta0;MuD;rSmaevkdU xm;vkdufygOD;/ uGsefawmfwkdU&JU teD;tem;rSmaew,fqkdwJhol&Jwaumifudk uGsefawmfjrifatmif jyEkdifyghrvm/ todnmPfqkdwm &Sdw,f/ xl;aomtodnmPf vkdU t"dyg,f &w,f/ tJ'dtoDnmPfudk &atmif b,fvkd&atmif tm;xkwf&w,fqkdwm jrwfpGmbk&m;

a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJhw,f/ tJ'da[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJh twkdif; w&m;tm;xkwfNyD;vdkU todnmPfudk &&if ewfawGjA[?mawGukdvnf; jrifEkdifw,f/ ewfawG/ jA[?mawG ajymwmudkvnf; Mum;Ekdifw,f/ vGefcJhwJhb0wkef;u rif;[m bmawG jzpfcJhbl;w,f/ig[m bmawGjzpfcJhbl;w,f/ rifhtar[m bmawG jzpfcJhbl;w,f/ wkd;yGm;[m b,fb0uaeNyD; tckvkdacG;jzpfvmw,fqkdwm awGudkvnf; rif;odEkdifr,f/ todnmPf&atmif tm;xkwfbdkUqkdwm cufvm;/ 'guawmh tm;xkwfwJh vlqDrSm rlwnfw,f/tJ'dvlrSm ,kHMunfrIvnf;&Sdr,f/ ZGJvnf;aumif;r,fenf;jyq&maumif; aumif; vnf;&Sdr,fqkd&if todnmPf7bkdU rcufygbl;/ tazuHqkdwmbmvnf;/ 'duHqkdwmwu,f&Sdvm;/ &Sdwmayhgvluav;/ uGsefawmfuawmh r&Sdbl;xifw,f/ owfcsifowf/ ckd;csifckd;/ bmudkvkyfvkyf aumif;wmvkyfvkyf/ raumif;wmvkyfvkyf/ b,fvkdrS tusKd;ray;Ekdifbl;/vlawGao&if ajrMud; jzpfoGm;wmyJ/ olwkdUraocif vkyfcJhMuwJh aumif;wmawGeJU raumif;wmawG[m b,fvkdtusKd;ay;rvJ/ 'Dvkdr[kwfbl; vluav;/ [kwfygw,f taz vluav; avmurSM taMumif;eJU tusKd;qkdwm&Sdw,f/ wckckjzpfwm[m tusKd;/ tJ'd[m jzpfatmifvkyfay;vkdufwm[m taMumif;/ Oyrm vlawG wd&dpmefawGukd rif;jrif&w,f r[kwfvm;/ tJ'dvlawG wd&dp?mefawGqkdwm taMumif;/ taMumif;r&SdyJ bmrSrjzpfekdifbl;/ tJ'dtaMumif;awGudk tusOf;csKyfNyD; tukokdvfeJU ukokdvfvkdUac:vkdufwmyJvkdU zcifOD;pHxGef;u ajymjywJhtcg armifEk[mbmrS rajymbJ awGNyD; pOf;pm;aew,f/ tazajymwm usaemf em;rvnfbl;/ usaemhfudk 'dtaMumif;w&m;awG ajym&if cyf&Sif;&Sif;ajymyg/ a[m'gawGa[m'gawG tukokdvduHawG / a[m'gawGa[m'gawG[m ukodkvf uHawG/ tJ'Dvkd cyf&Sif;&Sif;ajymyg/ vluav; 'dtukodkvfeJu ukodkvdtaMumif;udk ajym&r,fqkd&if 31 bkHtaMumif; a&S;OD;pGm ajym&r,f/ tJ'dvkdajymrS vluav;[m ukokdvf tukokdvf taMumif;udk vG,fvG,feJU oabmaygufr,f/ usaemf'gawG udk em;raxmifcsifbl;/ usaemhudkcyfwkdwkdbJ ajymyg/ tukokdvfuHawGqdkwm bmawGvJ/ ukokdvfuHawGqkdwm bmawGvJ/ vluav;onf;cHNyD;em;axmifygOD;/ 31bkHu pNyD; ajymyg&ap/ em;axmifNyd;&if

vluav;oabmusvdrfhr,f vkdU usaemfxifw,f/ usaemf em;raxmifcsifbl;/ tukokdvfuHawGqkdwm a[m'gawG/ ukokdvfuHawGqkdwm a[m'gawG tJ'dvkd wkdwkdajymyg/ 'Dvkdqkd&ifaumif;NyD/ tukodkvfuHawGu pNyD; taza jymr,f/ [kwfuJhajymyg/ 1/ owfwm/ 2/ ckd;wm/ 3/ ukd,fhvifukd,fr,m; r[kwfwJholawGeJU arxkHrSd0Jwm/4/ vdrfajymwm/ 5 / *kH;wkdufwm/ 6/ qJwm/Mudrf;wm/ atmfwmtp&SdwJh Murf;Murf;wrf;wrf;ajymqkdwm/ 7/ odrfzsif;wJh tusKd;r&SdwJh pum;awGudk ajymwm/ 8/ olwyf;&JUom;orD; r,m;/ pnf;pdrfOpmawGudk vkdcsifwmwyfrufwm/9/ a'gojzpfwm olwyg;udk ESdyfpufcsifwm/ ysufpd;apcsifwm/ aoapcsifwm/ 10 / tukokdvfuHeJU ukokdvfuHqkdwmr&Sdbl;vkdU ,kHMunf,lqaewm/ tJ'd10rsKd;[m tukodkvfuH 10rsKd;jzpfw,f/vluav;/ taz 'gawGudk tukodkvfuHvkdU bmjzpfvkdUac:wmvnf;/ raumif;wJhtusKd;ay;EkdifvkdU 'D[mawGudk tukodkvfuH awGac:wmyJ/ b,fvdk raumif;wJhtusK;dawGay;vJ/ 'D[mawGxJu wckckudkjzpfap/ trsm;udkjzpfjzpf/ tm;vkH;udkjzpfjzpf/ usL;vGefwJholawG[m aowJhtcg tyg,f av;yg; bkHxJu wbkHbkHudk a&muf&r,f/ tyg,fav;yg; bkHqkdwm bmawGvnf;/ i&J/ wd&dpm?ef/ Nydw?m/ tol&u,fbkHawG jzpfw,f/ 'Dav;bkH[m 'Dur?mrSm &Sdw,f/ 'Dav;bkHrSm &SdwJhow0gawG[m odyfqif;&JMuw,f/ aeUpOfeJUtrQ towfcHaeMu&wJh bJMuufiSufawGudk Munfh&jcif;tm;jzifh 'Dtyg,f av;bkHrSm ow0gawG b,favmuf qif;&Jr,fqdkwm cefUrSef;MunfhEkdifw,f/ 'dvkdqif;&JwJhtwGuf 'Dav;bkHudk tyg,fav;bkHvkdUac: wmjzpfw,f/ 'dtyg,fav;bkHwu,f&Sdw,faemf/ &Sdw,f bk&m;a[mtppfyJvm;/ tppfygyJ vluav;/ 'dtukokdvfuHawG[m tyg,fav;bkHudk usap&kHomrubl;/ tyg,f av;bkHuvGwfvmNyD; ukokdvfuHawGaMumifh vlawG ewfawGjyefjzpf&ifvn;f vlqif;&JawG/ ewfqif;&JawG/ jzpfatmif tusKd;ay;jyefao;w,f/ armifEk[m bmrS rajymbJ ceavmufawGNyD; pOf;pm;aew,f/ tJ'dvkdpOf;pm;NyD;wJhtcg/ ukodkvfuHawGqkdwm bmawGvnf;

qufNyF;ajymygOD;/vkdUar;w,f/ 1/ ay;urf;pGefUMuJwm/ 2/ ukd,furaumif;wmrvkyfatmif/ EIwfu raumif;wmrvkyfatmif/ rdrd&JU udk,feJU EIwfudk apmifhxdef;wm/ 3/ bk&m;w&m; oHCmawmfawG&JU *kPfawmfawGudk tzefwvJvJowd&wm/ 4/ rdbq&m/ ynm&Sd/ 7aoh? &[ef;pwJh olawmfaumif;awGudk &kdaoudkif;nTwfwm/ 5/ tultnDvkdaomolrsm;udk tultnDay;wm/ 6/ aumif;rIwckudk jyKvkyfNyD;wkdif;tjcm;aom ewf tp&SdwJh ow0gawGom"kac:Ekdifatmif trQa0wm/ 7/ olwyg; trQa0wJhtcg rdrdudk,fwkdifuvnf; om"kac:wm/ */ olwyg; a[majymwJh opmav;yg; w&m;udk ukd,wkdif Mum;emwm/ 9/ rdrduvnf; olwyg;tm; opmav;yg;w&m;udk wwfpGrf;Ekdifoavmuf a[majymwm/ 10/ uHqkdwm&Sdw,f/ raumif;wJh uHudk vkyf&if raumif;usKd;jzpfr,f/ aumif;wJhuHudkvkyf&if aumif;usKd;jzpfw,f vkdU,kHMunfwmawG[m ukodkvfuHawGjzpfw,f 'DukokdvfawGxuf ykdNyD; aumif;wJhukodkvf uHawG &Sdygao;w,f/ vluav;/ tJ'DukodkvfawGudkpsmef ukokdvfvkdUac:w,f/ psmefukodkvawGjzpfatmif bmawGudk vkyf7vnf; taz/ t&m0wfxk wckckay:rSmjzpfap/ ow0gwOD; tay:rSmjzpfap/ rdrd&JU pdwfudk rdrdtvkd&Sdoavmuf wnfNidrfatmifxm;Ekdif&if psmef ukokdvfjzpfwmbJ vluav;/ aowJh tcsdeftxd 'dpsmefukokdvf awGjzpfatmif tm;xkwfEkdif&if tJ'd yk*kdvf[m aowmeJU wjyDKifeuf jA[mbkH 20 &SdwJHtxJu wckckrSm jA[m jzpfw,f/ vluav;vlawGxuf ewfawGu ykdNyD;wefckd;MuD;w,f/ pnf;pdrf&Sdw,f/ touf&Snfw,f/ ta&miftqif;&Sdw,f/ vluav;tckajymcJhwJhtyg,f av;bkH/ vlbkH1bkH/ ewfbkH6bkH/ jA[mbkH 20 udk aygif;vdkuf&if 31 bkHjjzpfw,f/'D 31 bkHxJrSm ow0gawG[m tckajymcJhwJhukokdvfuHawG tukokdvf awG tavsmufaowJhtcg b0topfawGjyefjyefNyD; jzpfMu&w,f/ tukokdvfawG vkyfcJhwJh ow0gawGu i&J wd&dpm?ef/ Nydwm/ tol&u,f qkdwJh tyg,fav;bkH xJu wbkH bkHrSm b0topfawGjzpfMuwmaygh/ ukodkvf &kd;&kd;vkyfcJhwJh ow0gawGu vlUbkH/ ewfbkHawGrSm vlawG jzpfMuayhg/ psmefukokdvfawGudk vkyfcJhMuwJh ow0gawGu jA[mbkH 20xJu wbkHbkHrSm jA[mawGjzpfMuaygh/ taz jA[m jzpf&ifb,fawmhrS rtkdbl;/ rembl; raobl;vkdU Mum;bl;w,f/ tJ'grSef&JUvm;/ rrSefbl; vluav;/ 31 bkHxJrSm raowJhow0g&,fvkdU b,frSmrS r&SDbl;/ oufrJht&0wfxk jzpfjzpf/ ouf&SdbJjzpfjzpf/ jzpfvmwmrSeforQ ysuf&r,f/

jzpfNyD;rysufyJ wnfNrJaew,fqkdwm ouf&Sdow0gawG&JU avmurSmvnf; r&Sdbl;/oufrJt&m0wfxkawG&JU avmurSmvnf; r&Sdbl;/ jzpfwmrSeforQysuf&r,f/ vluav; jA[m awG[m ao&kHom ruao;bl;/ aowJhtcgrSmtwdwfb0wkH;u olwkdU&JU tukokdvfuHawG0ifNyD; tusKd;ay;r,fqkd&if 'DjA[mawG[m tyg,fav;bkHxJU wbkHbkHtxd usqif;oGm;Ekdifw,f/ 'Dvkdqkd&ifjzifh taz&,f/ b,fow0gyJjzpf&jzpf&/ b,faumif;rvJ/ raumi;fbl; vluav;/ jzpfav&m b0rSm tkd&r,f/ em&r,f/ ao&r,f/ cspfwJhcifwJholawG eJU uGJ&r,f/ ukd,fvkyfcJhwJh tukokdvfawG/ 0iffNyD;tusKd;ay;vkduf&if tyg,fav;bkHxJu wbkHbkHus&OD;r,f/ 'dvkdwb0NyD; wb0 b0opfawGjzpfjzpfNyD; / tkdemaouGJqkd wmawGeJU wawGUxJ awGUae&wJh qif;&J'kwfcawGu ow0gawG b,fawmhrS rvGwfajrmufEkdifawmhbl;vm; taz/ vGwfEkdifwmayhg vluav;/ jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrlwJhtwkdif;/ usifhEkdif&if tJ'dusifhwJholawG/ewfawG/ jA[mawG[m tck ajymcJhwJh tzefzef tdkemaouGJqkdwJhqif;&J'kwfcawGu vGwfr,f/ jrwfpGmbk&m;qkdwm b,fvkd yk*kdvf rsKd;vnf; taz/ usaemfem;vnfatmif tvG,fqkH; enf;eJh rajymEkdifbl;vm;/ ajymEkdifygw,f/vluav; tMudrfMudrftzefzef y#doaE?ae&/ tkd&/em&/ ao&/ uGJ&wJh 0#fqif;&JawGu ow0gawGudk wu,fwef; vGwfajymufapcsifwJh oem;pdwfawG tifrwefMuD;MuD;us,fus,f &SdwJh yK*Kdvf rsK;dawGrS bk&m;zjpfatmi usifhfEkdifMuw,f vluav;/ bmawGusihf&vnf; taz/ ukokdvf q,frsKd;udk om;r,m;/ pnf;pdrfOpm/ ajcvufudk,ft*Fg / toufawGudkyg/ pGefU&wJHtxd usifh&w,f vluav;/ b,favmufMumMumusihf&vJ taz/ tenf;qkH; av;oacsFeJU ur?mwodef;usifh&w,f/ b0aygif; uka#aygif;rsm;pGm usihf&w,fvkdU cyfvG,fvG,frSwfxm;aygh/ vluav;&,f/ taz usaemfwkdU&JU a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;[m bk&m;jzpfvmatmif b,fvkdusifhcJh&ovJ/ enf;enf;avmufajymjyprf;yg/ 'kdU&JU a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;[m vGefcJHwJh av;oacsF urm wodef;txufu urmwckrSm okar"mqkdwJh olaX;MuD;jzpfw,f/ pnf;pdrfOpmawGudk pGefUNyd; &aoHvkyf&w,f/ rsm;rMumcif 'dyuF&m jrwfpGmbk&m;eJU awG&w,f/ tJ'dtcsdefu 'DyuF&m jrwfpGmbk&m;xHrSm &[ef;jyKNyD; 0dyoem urXmef;

w&m;udk tm;xkwfvkduf&if &[E?mjzpfNyD; tzefzef/ tkdemaouGJqkdwJh0#fqif;&JawGxJu wcgwnf; vGwfajrmufoGm;r,f/ 'gayrJh &aohMuD;okar"grSm tifrwefMuD;us,fvSwJh oefm;pdwfawG&Sdw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh wOD;xJ ukd,fvGwf&kef;NyD; edAmef 0ifroGm;csifbl;/ bk&m;jzpfatmifusifh / jzpfNyDqkdawmhrSuGswfxkdufwJh ow0gawGudk cGswf/ tJ'dvkduGswfNyD; wJhow0gawGeJU twl wl edAmef pH0ifcsifw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'DyuF&m jrwfpGmbk&m;qDrSm bk&m; qkawmif;w,f/ tJ'daemuf ukokdvfq,frsKd; ukd tMudrfMudrf toufpGef&onftxd av;oacsFeUJ urmwodef; wkdifwkdif jznfhusihfNyd;rS tckurmrSm bk&m;jzpfvmw,f/ usaemfvnf;bk&m;jzpfcsifw,ftaz/ jzpfEkdifyghrvm;/ ow0gawGudk u,fcsifw,f/ jzpfEkdifwmayhgvluav;/ 'Dvkd vG,fvG,f rajymygeJU/ tz/ usaemf[mvlaumif;rS r[kwfbJ/ owfcJhbl;w,f/ ckd;cJhbl;w,f/ umrrSm rSm;,Gif;pGm usifhcJhbl;w,f/ vdrfajymcJhbl;w,f/ t&ufaomufcJhbl;w,f/ 'gawG[m ta&;rMuD;ygbl;/ ykxkZOfqkdwm rSm;wJhtcgrSm;rSmaygh/ rSm;rSef;od&if aemufrvkyfrdatmif a&Smifaygh/ 'kdU&JU a*gwr tavmif;awmfvnf; vluav;vkdbJ owfwJhtcg owfcJhbl;w,f/ ckd;wJhtcg ckd;cJhbl;w,f/ umrrSmrSm;,Gif;pGmusifhwJhtcg usifhcJhbl;w,f/ t&ufvnf;aomufwJhtcg aomufcJhbl;w,f/ tazu usaemfpdwfcsrf;omatmif awGUu&mawG avsmufajymaewmvm;/ bk&m;tavmif;[m 'gawGudk vkyfcJhbl;w,fqkdwm usrf;tudk;tum;eJu jyEkdifyghrvm;/ w&m;awmfeJUywfoufvm&if taz[ awGUu&mawGudk avsmufrajym&Jbl; vluav;/ usr;ftudk;tum;eJU jyekdifygw,f/ ra[mo" Zmwfawmfudk vluav; zwfMunfhprf;yg/ tJ'dtxJrSm bk&m;tavmif;owfcJhbl;wm / ckd;cJh vkcJhbl;wmawGudk vluav;awGU&r,f/ tamiv;awmf[m [7dwp 7aohMuD;b0wkef;u&Sifbk&ifppfwkdufxGufaewkef; rdzk&m;acgifMuD;eJU usL;vGefcJhbl;wmbJ/ pdO?rme tavmif;eJU pawGUcsdefwJhb0rSmvnf; tavmif;awmf[m t7uform;MuD; uG vluav;&/ 'gayrJh tavmif;awmfawGrSm olwy;geJUrwlatmif xl;jcm;csufwcsuf&Sdw,f/ tavmif;awmfawG[m Asm'dwf&wJhtcsdefupNyD; bk&m;jzpfwJhtcsdeftxd uHqkdwm&Sdw,f / uH&JU tusK;dqkdwm&dSw,f/ raumif;wJhuHukd vkyf&if

raumif;wJhtusKd;ukd cH&r,f/ aumif;wJHuHukd vkyf&if aumif;wJh tusKd;ay;cH&r,f qkdwJhtcsufudk rrSdwfrokef ,kHMunfw,f/'D,kHMunfcsufudk b,fawmhrS rpGefUbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh bk&m;tavmif;awG[m wcsKdUb0awGrSm rSm;wJhtcg rSm;wmbJ/ 'gayrJh ckeu ajymcJhwJh rrSdwfrokH,kHMunfcsufaMumifh rSm;&ifvnf; cebJ/ trSm;udkodwmeJU wjydKifeuf tJ'dtrSm;udk pGefUvkdufNyD; olawmfaumif;awG jzpfvmw,f/ b,fb0rSmrS jyifr&atmi fqkd;wJhvlqkd;awG rjzpfcJhMubl;/ usaemfbk&m;jzpfcsifw,f/ taz/ usifh&rJh ukokdvf10rsKd; qkdwm bmawGvJ/ vluav; bk&m;jzpfcsifwJh yk*kdvf[m ukokdvf10rskKd;ukd vkyfay;&w,f/ 'dukokdvfawGudk b0aygif;rsm;pGmvkyf&w,f/ b0fwkdif;b0wkdif;rSmvnf; tMudrfaygif;rsm;pGmvkyf&w,f/ 'dvkdtMudrfMudrf vkyfay;awmh ukokdvfawG rsm;vmawmhwmaygh/ tJ'Dvkdrsm;vmwJh ukokdvfawGudk yg7rDvkdU ac:w,f/ ukokdvfawGudk tckvkd tMudrfMudrf vkyfay;aewmudk yg7rDjznhfw,fvkdU ac:w,f/ yg&rD 10yg;qkdwm wjcm;r[kwfbl;/ 1/ 'ge/ 2/ oDv/ 3/ edu?r/4/ ynm/5/ 0d&D,/6/ cE?D/ 7/ op?m/ 8/ t"dXmef/ 9/ arwm/ 10/ Oayu?mwkdUbJjzpfw,f/ vluav;'dcsdefrSmawmh yg&rDawGudk twkdcsKyfavmufyJ &Sif;jyr,f/ 1/ 'geqkdwm ay;ur;fpGefUMuJwm/ 2/ oDvqkdwm ukd,f uraumif;wm rvkyfatmif EIwfu raumif;wm rajymatmif apmihfxdef; wm 3/ edu?rqkdwm om;orD; /r,m;pnf;pdrfawGudk pGefUNyD;qdwfuG,f&mrSm w&m;tm;xkwfwm/ 4/ ynmqkdwm olwyg;wkd;wuf aumif;pm;bkdUtwGuf A[kokw pkaqmif;wm/ 'DA[kkokwawGudk jzefUjzL;ay;wm/ 5/ 0d&D, qkdwm aumif;usKd;wckcktwGuf rem;raeMudK;yrf;aqmif&Gufwm/ 6/ cEDqkdwm onf;cHwm/ 7/ opmqkdwm rSefaom pum;ukd ajymwm/ 8/ t"dXmefqkdwm vkyfr, fvkdUqkH;jzwfxm;&if qkH;jzwfwJhtwkdif; vkyfwm rvkyfbl;vkdU qkH;jzwfxm;&ifvnf; qkH;jzwfwJhtwkdif; rvkyfyJ a&Smifwm/ qkH;jzwfxm;wJhtwkdif; woa0rwdr;fvkdufemwm/ 9/ arw?mqkdwm rdwfaqGyJ/ 7efolyJ wpdrf;yJvkdU ykdif;jcm;jcif;r&SdbJ ow0grSeforQudk nDndrQrQ cspfwm/ 10 / Oayu?m qkdwm rdrdMudKufwmeJU awGUwJhtcgyJjzpfjzpf/ rMudKufwmeJU awGUwJhtcgbJjzpfjzpf/ 0r;fen;fjcif; / 0r;fomjcif;/ cspfjcif;/ rkef;jcif;/rjzpfbJ vspfvSsL&Ixm;wm/ vluav;tckawmh 'DavmufyJ rSwfxm;OD;/ bk&m;jzpfcsifwJh yk*kdvf wOD;twGu fyg&rD 10yg;odyfta&;MuD;w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'dyg&rD10yg;udk tus,fcsJUNyD; pkHpkHvifvif jynfhjynfhpkHpkH a&;ay;xm;r,f/ vluav; / tJ'dyg&rD awGudk t,kwfpm; tvwfpm;/ tjrwfpm;qkdNyD;

vluav;udk vlqkd;wpku zr;fNyd; t&ufaomuf&ifaomuf/ raomuf&if/ vluav;&JU om;orD; / r,m;/ pnf;pdrfawGudk ,lr,fvkdU jcdrf;ajcmufw,fqkdygpkdU/ tJ'dvdk Ncdrf;ajcmufNyD; 'dom;orD; r,m;/ pnf;pdrfawGudk ,loGmonhf wkdif vluav;[m t&ufraomufbl;qkd&if vluav;[m oDvrSm t,kwfpm;yg&rD jznhfw,fvkdU ac:w,f/ vluav;&JU ajcvufawGud k jzwfrsufvkH;awGudk azmufonfhwkdifatmif t&ufraomufyJae&if vluav;[m oDvrSm tvwfpm;yg&rDjznfhw,f vkdUac:w,f/ vluav;udk owfonfhwkdifatmif vluav;[m t&ufraomufyJae&if vluav;[m oDvrSm tjrwfpm; yg&rDjznfhw,fvkdUac:w,f/ vluav;b0wckrSm a8gwr bk&m;avmif;[m 7aohMuD;wyg;jzpfw,f/ onf;cHwJh yg&rDudk jznfhaewJhtwGuf olukd cEd0g'D 7aohvkdU vlawGuac:Muw,f/ waeUusawmh uvmvmAlqkdwJh &Sifbk&ifwOD;[m olUrdbK7m;awG aemufvkdufaemufygawGeJUtwl 'D&aohMuD;&SdwJh awmxJrSm awmupm; &atmif a&mufvmMuw,f/ &Sifbk&if[m awmupm;NyD; armarmeJU tdyfaewkef; olUrdzk&m;awG[m &aohMuD;qdoGm;NyD; uefawmhMuw,f/ &Sifbk&if Ekd;vmwJhtcg olUrdzk&m;awGudk rawGUwmaMumifh odyfpdwfqkd;w,f/ cED7aohMuD; qDukd oGm;Muw,fvkdU pkHprf;od&SdwJhtcga'go trsufacsmif;acsmif; xGufaewJh &Sifbk&if[m cE?D7aohMuD;uk dzrf;cJhMubkdU csufcsif; trdefUay;vkdufw,f/ &aohMuD;eJUawGUwJhtcg a'goxGufaewJh &Sifbk&ifu &aoh oifb,ftusifhudk usifhovJvkdU ar;w,f/ tuGsEkfyf[m onf;cHwJhtusifhudk usifhaeygw,f vkdU &aohMuD;uajzw,f/ tJ"dtcg &aohMuD;udk MudK;eJUwkyfNyD; oHql;wyfxm;wJh MudrfvkH;eJU wtm;&kdufckdif;w,f/ 7aohMud; &JU wukd,fvkH;rSmvnf; 'Pf&muxGufwJh aoG;awGeJU eD&JaewmygJ/ &Sifbk&if[m &kdufwmudk cP&yfckdif;NyD; 7aohoif[m onf;cHwJh tusifhusifhEkdifao;&Jvm;vkdU 7aohMuD;udk ar;w,f/ &aohMuD;u tuGsEfkyfusifhEkdifao;w,f/ tuGsEkyfukd&kdufwJh tmPmom;ukdvnf;tuGsEkfyf trsufrxGufbl;/ 'dtmPmom;uk d&kdufckdif;wJh &Sifbk&if tay:rSmvnf; trsufrxGufbl;vkdUajzw,f/ tJ'dtcg &Sifbk&if [m

&aoMuD;&JU ajcqpfvufqpfawGudk tjzwfckdif;NyD; t&ifvkdbJ ar;w,f/&aohMuD;uvnf; t&ifutwkdif; ajzw,f/ &Sifbk&ifvnf; a'goxGufvmNyD; 7aohukd owfypfbkdU trdefYay;vkdufw,f/ &aohMuD; [m towfcH&awmhrJh qJqJrSmawmif a'gorxGufyJ t&iftwkdif; ajzNyD; towfcHoGm;w,f/ &aohMuD;[m aoG;awGxGufvmwJhtxd t&kdufcHNyD; a'gorxGufatmif xdef;Ekdif&if &aohMuD;[m cE?D rSm t,kwfpm; yg&rDjznfhw,f vkdU ac:Ekdifw,f/ ajcqpfvufqpfjzwfwJhtxd a'gorxGufatmifxdef;ekdif&if &aohMuD;[m tvwfpm;yg7rDjznfhw,fvkdU ac:w,f/ towfcH&wJhtxd a'gorxGufatmif xdef;Ekdif&if tjrwfpm; yg&rDjznfhw,ffvkdU ac:w,f/ vluav; bk&m;avmif;awG[m Asm'dyf&wJhtcsdefupNyD; bk&m;jzpfonfhwkdifatmif 'dyg&rD q,fyg;udk tjrwfpm;txd tMudrfMudrf yg&rD jznfh&w,f/ b0aygif; ra&rwGufEkdifatmiftMudrfMudrf yg&rdjznfh&w,f/ Asm'dyf&w,fqkdwm bmvJ taz/ bk7m;wql yGifhawmfrlNyDqkd&if t&Sifbk&m;vkd bk7m;jzpf&ygvkd\vkdU jrwfpGmbk&m;xHrSm bk&m;qkawmif;MuwJhvlawG/ ewfawG[m jynhfaewmyJ/ 'Dvkdqkawmif;Muolwkdif;udk bk&m;jzpfr,fvkd U jrwfpGmbK7m;u 0efrcHbl;/bk&m;jzpfEkdifavmufatmif tajccH &SdaewJhtxd vGEfcJhwJh b0aygif;rsm;pGmu ukokdvfawG trsm;Mud;tm;xkwfxm;wJh yk*kdvfudkrS jrwfpGmbk&m;u tckurm u pNyD; aemufudk ur?maygif; b,favmufMumwJHtcg oif[m bk&m;jzpfr,f/ tJ'dtcg oihfeHr,f[m b,foljzpfr,f/ oifht*?om0u [m b,folawG jzpfr,f/ tp&Sdojzihf jrwfpGmbk&m;u 0efcHawmfrlw,f/'Dvkd0efcHwmudk Asm'dwfay;w,fvkdU ac:w,f/ tckvdk Asm'dwfay;cH7wJh tcsdefupNyD; tJ'dtay;cH&wJh yk*kdvf[m bk&m;tavmif;jzpfvmwmyJ/ tJ'dbk&m;favmif;[m yg&rD 10yg;udk av;oacsFeJU urmwodef;twGif; b0aygif;rsmpGm ra&rwGufEkdifatmif tjrwfpm;txd tMudrfMudrfyg&rDjznfh&w,f/ 'Dvkdqkd&if bk&m;jzpfbkdqkdwmudk xm;vdkufygOD;/bk&m;avmif;jzpfbkdUudk tawmfMudK;pm;&OD;r,f/ [kwfw,fvluav;/ 'gayrJh MumcsifMumygap/ taz/ bk&m;jzpf&if ow0gawGudk qif;&Jcwfodr;fu vGwfNidr;foGm;atmif trsm;Mud;u,fEkdifw,f/ vluav;&JU apwemudk azaz trsm;MuD;om"kac:w,f/ tazhudk usaemf wckar;cskifw,f/ ar;yg vluav;/

tazusaemhukd 'Dw&m;awG t&ifwkef;u bmvkdUra[movJ/ a[m&if 'Dtukodkvf awGudk usaemfvkyfjzpfrSm r[kwfbl;/ OD;pHxGef;[m olU&ifbwfudk bkef;ueJjrnfatmif ykwfvkdufNyd; ajymrS ajym&ufyavv luav;&,f/ taz[m vluav;ukd tMudrfrsm;pGm ajymygoaum/ vluav; wcgrS aumif;aumif; em;raxmifbl;/ tukokdvf/ ukokdvf vkdU tazu pvkduf&kH&SDao;w,f/ 'gawGudk rajymygeJU taz/ usaemf r,kHbl;qkdNyD; vluav;[m tazajymaewmawGudk twif;&yfckdif;wmyJ/ opm w7m; av;yg;taMumfif; pvkduf&KH7Sdao;w,f/ 'gawGudk rajymeJU taz/ usaemf'gawGudk r,kHbl;qkdNyD; vluav;[m tazajymaewmudk twif;&yfckdif;wmyJ/ xkdifae&mu wjcm;udk ZGwftwif; xcsifxoGm;wmyJ/ wcgrS em;raxmifbl;/tJ'gaMumifh tckvdk vluav;u tazhudk vmar;wJhtcg taz odyf0rf;omwmbJ/ usaemf [m odyfNyD;qkd;wJhtaumifbJ taz/ bk&m;w&m; oHCm tay:rSmvnf;qkd;cJhw,f/ rdbtay:rSmvnf;qkd;cJhw,f/ vlawGtay:rSmvnf; qkd;cJhw,f/ bJMuufiSufig;awGtay:rSmvnf; qkd;cJhw,f/ ow0gawG[m uGswfcsdefrwefao;&if'DvkdygbJ/ b,fola[mvkdUrS r&bl;/ tJ'gaMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;[m ow0gwOD;udk cGswfcsif NyDqkd&if uGswfcsdefa&mufatmif apmihfw,f/ azazwkdUvlomrmef awG vkd twif;rvkdufvmbl;/ Od;pHxGef;[m olUom;armifEkudk bk&m;cef;ac:oGm;NyD;/ &kyfyGm;awmfawGa&SUrSm &kd&kdaoao txkdifckdif;wf, xdjcif;ig;yg;eJU &wemokH;yg;udk uefawmhckdif;w,f/ MoumoeJU ig;yg;oDvudkolukd,fwkdif csay;NyD; olUom;udk vkudtqdkcdkif;w,f/ tJ'Daemuf wynfhawmfonf yg&rD 10yg;/ tjym;30udk ,aeUrSp ukd,fpGrf;nmPfpGr;f&SdorQ yg7rDjznfhygrnf[k &kdaoav;jrwfpGm &Sdckd;avQmufxm;ygonf bk&m; / ?okdU yg&rD jznfh&aom ukokdvft[kefaMumifh waeUaomtcgwGif bk&m;pifppf {uefjzpf&ygvkd\ t&sifbk&m;vkdU OD;pHxGef;u olUom;udk qkawmif;ckdif;w,f/ tJ'daemuf olUom;tay:rSm tjypfawG pifoGm;atmif olUudkvnf; uefawmhvkdU Od;pHxGef;u ajymcsifw,f/ 'gayrJh olom;armifEk[m a&S;wkef;uvkd olU udk uvefuqefvkyfae&if tjypfpif&rJhtpm; ykdqkd;aerSmudk jrifwJhtwGuf Od;pHxGef;[m bmrS rajymbJ Mur;fjyifudk pkdufNunfhaew,f/ armifEk[m olUtazbufvSnhfNyD; uefawmhwJhtcg OD;pHxGef;[m odyf0rf;omwJhtwGuf AsKH;ueJ qkray;Ekdifao;bl;/ 0rf;omwJh rsuf&nfawG wawGawGusaew,f/

tcef;7 bk&m;qkyefvkdufwJhtwGuf armifEk[m waeUaomtcg bk&m;jzpfr,fqkdwm b,folrS rajymEkdifbl; bk&m;jzpfbkdUqkdwm rajymxm;eJU/ bk&m;wqlql&UJ Asm'dwfay;wmudk cH&NyD; bk&m;avmif; jzpfvmbkdUqkdwmawmif rvG,fbl;/ armifEk[m olUtazajymwmudk Mum;&NyD; AsKH;ueJjzpfay:vmwJh o'?gw&m;eJU AsKH;ueJ qkawmif;vkdufjcif;omjzpfw,f/ bk&m;wql jzpfbkdU usihf&rJU tcdsefumvMud;udk ykdydkNyD;odvmwJhtcg tJ'dtcsdefumvMuD;twGif;rSm ra&SmifrvTJombJawGU&rJh/ tkdemaouGJ tp&SdwJh oHo&m 0#fqif;&JawGtaMumif; ukd ydkydkNyD;pOf;pm;vmrdwJhtcg armifek[m bk&m;tjzpfusihf&rSmudk aMUumufvmw,f/ armifEkvkdyJ bk&m; qkawmif;cJhayrJh oHo&m0#f qif;&JawGudk aMumufvmMuwJhtwGuf bk&m;qkudk pGefUNyD; 'Db0rSmbJ wr*f wzkdvf&atmif usifhoGm;MuwJh yk*kdvfawG 'keJUa';bJ/ tJ'dawmh oHo&m 0#fqif;&J awGudk aMumufp jyKvmwJh armifEk[m olUbk&m;qkukd pGefU/ 'Db0rSmbJ wr8fwzdkvf &atmif tm;xkwfNyD; yuwdom0utjzpfeJhbJ Zmwfrodrf;ygbl;qdkwmvnf; b,folrS rajymEkdifbl;/ 'gayrJh bk&m;qk yefvkdufwmaMumifh olUtwGuftrsm;MuD;aumif;oGm;w,fqkdwm awmh ajymEkdifw,f/ b,fvkdaumif;oGm;w,fqdkwm wckpD&Sif;jyyg&ap/ cyfvG,fvG,feJU owfjzwfavh&SdwJh wd&dpm?efawG tay:rSm olb,fvkdpdwfajymif;oGm;w,fqkdwm a&S;OD;pGmMunfh&atmif/ bk&m;qkyefNyD;wJhaemuf nbufrSm tdyf,m0ifwJhtcg olcwfcJhbl;wm awGxJu MuufESpfaumifudk armifEk xl;xl;jcm;jcm; jrifaew,f/ waumifu Muufz/ aemufwaumifu Muufr jzpfaew,f/ Muufz[m olUtdrfatmufudk 0ifvmwJhtcg armifEk[m ausmhuGif;eJUaxmifNyD; zrf;w,f/ NyD;awmhrS tdrfatmufu wkdifwwkdifrSm wkyf/ acig;udk 'kwfwacsmif;eJU &kdufNyd; wajz;ajz;owfw,f/ aoawmhrS yef;&dukd tcsufckdif;NyD; olwkdUESpfa,mufpm;Muw,f/ Muufrudk awmh a':ao;ao;&JU Z&yf em;rSm olUcav;awGeJu tpm&Smpm;aewkef; armifEk[m tkwfcJusKd;wckeJU ypfowfcJhw,f/ tJ'dMuufrudkawmh olrpm;vkduf&bl;/ olUtdrfcPjyefaewkef; olUoli,fcsif;awG[m wefaqmif;awmfNuD; t0u tdrfwtdrfrSm csufpm;ypfvkdufMuw,f/ 'DMuufzeJU Muufrudk wpdrfhpdrfhjrifNyd; olrSm;avjcif;v dkU armifEk tMud;tus,f oHa0*&w,f/ 'dMuufawGudk oem;vmNyd; armifEk[m ikdcsifovdkvdk jzpfvmw,f/ 'ghxuf MuD;us,fwJh tEkdifusifhrI [m &Sdao;ovm;vkdU

olUudk,folar;NyD; olUukd,fol a'gojzpfaew,f/ olUyg;udk okH;av;csufavmuf wtm; &kdufvkdufawmhrSyJ 'Da'goawGajyoGm;w,f/ ceavmufMumwJhtcg bJMuufiSufawGudk ypfbkdUtwGuf oltjrwfwEkd;aqmifxm;wJh oa&*GawG/ avmufpmvkH;awGeUJ avaoewfawGud kolajy;NyD;owd&w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh aemufaeUtxd taMuG;rxm;bJ tdyf,muxNyD; tJ'dvufeufawGqD qif;oGm;w,f/ tJ'dtcsdefqkd&if oef;acgifausmf wcsufwD;avmuf &SdaeNyD/ armifEk[m olUoa&*GawGudk 'g;eJUckwf/ avmufpmvkH;awGudk vGifhypf/ avaoewfudkvnf; wydkif;pD jzKwfEkdiforQ jzKwfNyD;vTihfypf/ tJ'dvkdtm;&atmif vkyfNyD;awmhfrS olUtdyf,mxJudk jyefw,f/ reufvif;tm;MuD;avmufusrS armifEktdyf aysmfoGm;w,f/ bJMuufiSufig;awGudkEkdifxufpd;eif; owfjzwfcJhbl;wJ armifEk&JU pdwfxJrSm wd&dp?awGeJU ywfoufNyD; xl;xl;jcm;jcm; ay:vmjyefw,f/ armifEk[m xrif;pm;yGJrSm [if;cGufawGud kjrifvkdufwmeJU wNydKifeuf olowfcJhwJh MuufzeJU Muufr [m rsuf&nfawGusNyD; ikdaewm olUrsufpdxJrSm ay:vmw,f/ tJ'dvkd ay: vm&if tom;[if;udk armifEkpm;vkdUr&bl;/ 'Dvkday:vmwm av;ig;&uf MumwJhtcg Mumw,f/ wcgwcg 2v3v Mumw,f/ wcgwcg 2ESpf 3ESpfMumw,f/ 'dvkday:aewJh tawmtwGif;rSm qkdvkdU&Sd&if armifEk[m tom;udk eJeJrS pm;vkdUr&awmhbl;/ wcgwcg tvkyfursm; / tpm;uenf;NyD; tm;awGavsmh / rsufpdawGrIef / acgif;awGtkHaewJhtwGuf q&m0efawGu tom;pm;bkdUwkdufwGef;wmawmif armifEk[m pm;vkdUr&bl; tawmfuav;MumvmjyefwJhtcg wd&dp?mefawGay:rSm armifEk &JU pdwfajymif;vJrI wck xyfwkd;vmw,f/ tJ'gu'Dvkd/ wd&dp?mefawGudk reif;rdatmifqkdNyd; vrf;avQmufwJhtcg armifEk[m acgif;armhravQmufyJ vr;fudk MunhfavQmufw,f/ tJ'Dtusifh[m ESpfawGeJUcsDNyd; MumvmwJhtcg armifEk[m vr;favQmuf&if olUacgif;[m atmufpkdufaewmudk awGU&r,f/ armifEk[m acgif;armh&if cPwjzKwf avmufyJ7w,f/ rMumcifacgif;jyefpkdufoGm;wmyJ/ b,fvkdjyifjyif jyifvkdUr&awmhbl;/ aemuftawmfav;MumvmwJhtcg a&xJusaewJh yifhultdrfrSm rdaewJh wenf;enf;eJU 'kwfc a&mufaewJh ykd;rTm;w&dpm?efawGudk u,f&wJhtvkyfudk tvkyfMud;wcktaeeJU armifEk avQmufvkyfaejyefw,f/ 'DtvkyfrsKd;[m tjcm;vlawGrSm tao;tzGJjzpfaeayr,fh armifEkrSmawmh tao;tzGJr[kwfbl;/ tvkyfMud;wvkyfjzpfaew,f/ owfwmajymNyD;vkdU ckd;wmuk dqufNyD; ajym7OD;r,f/ ypfpnf; wck[m MuD;wm i,fwm tzkd;wefwm rwefwm y"me r[kwfbl;/ ykdif&Sifray;bJ ,lrd&if

ckd;wmbJvkdU olUtaz ajymwmudk armifEkaumif;aumif;rSwfrdxm;w,f/tJ'dvkdrSwfrdxm;wJhtwGuf olwyg;ypfpnf;eJU ywfoufvm&if armifEk[m txl;owdxm;w,f &Hzef&Hcg armifEk[m oli,fcsif;awGeJUtwl o&ufjcHawG rmvum jcHawG O,smOfawGxJudk a&mufoGm;zl;w,f/ olYoli,fcsif;awGrSm ckd;csifwJh &nf&G,fcsuf &Sdr,frxifygbl;/ 'gayrJU taysmftyg;taeeJU ykdif&SifukdryefMum;yJ ausmif;xkdifbkef;MuD;uk dryefMum;yJ r&r;foD;wkdU / rmvumoD;wkdU / o&ufoD;wkdU yef;wkdUudk ypfcsavh tyifaywufNyD; cl;avh tudkif;csKd;avh&SdMuw,f/ armifEkvnf; pdwfxJuawmh 'grsK;dawGudk olUoli,fcsif;awGeJU taysmftyg;qkdNyD; vkyfcsifw,f/ 'gayrJh rvkyfbl;/ olUpdwfeJu udk,fudkxdef;xm;w,f ykdif&SifqdDu cGihf&NyD;rS vkyfw,f/ aemufNyD;awmhvnf; tao;tzGJ wckudk ajym&Od;r,f/ xrif;qkdifawG/ acgufqGJqkdifawG/ rSm oGm;Mum;xkd;wHawGudk cGufuav;xJrSm xnhfNyD; pm;yGJckHawGay:rSm wifxm;avh&Sdw,f/ 'DoGm;Mum;xkd;wH awG [m trSefpifppfawmh bkHypfpnf; wrsKd;ygyJ/ xrif;wkdU / acgufqGJwkdUukd 0,fpm;olrSef&if b,folrqdk 'DtwHuav;awGudk okH;av;acsmif;avmuf,lEkdifygw,f/ qkdif&SifqDrSmcGifhawmif;aebkdUrvkdygbl;/ 'gayrJh armifEkuawmh qkdif&SifqDrSmjzpfap/ qkdifeJUywfoufwJh yk*kdvf wOd;OD;qDrSmjzpfap cGifhawmif;Nyd;rS ,lavh&Sdw,f/

aqm&D;cifAsm/ usaemf0if;tif;0 eJU&Kduf&wm vufroGufvkdUyg/aemuf a&Smhuwf u;dawGudk aoaocsmcsm r&awmh wcsKdU pmvkH;awG rSm;Ekdifaumif;ygw,f/ em;vnfay;apcsifvkdUyg/ wd&dpm?efeJU olwyg; yp?nf; tay:rSm olUpdwfawG ajymif;vmwm jrif&wJhtcg olUtaz ajymzl;wJh Zr?Lu taMumif;udk armifEk ajy;Nyd;owd&w,f/ Zr?Lu[m a&S;b0wkef;u &[E?mwyg;udk apmfum;cJhzl;wJhtwGuf olaowJhtcg i&Jusw,f/ i&J uvGwfvmwJhtcg tJ'Dapmfum;cJhwJh tukokdvfuHMuGif;awGaMumifh tpmaumif;udk pm;vkdUr&bl;/ csD;udk pm;ae&w,/f t0wf0wfvkdU vnf;r&bl;/ ukd,fwkH;vkH;cGswfae&w,/f 'gayrJh vlawGeJU awGU&awmhr,f qkd&ifol[m yg;pyfukd tNrJwrf;[xm;w,f/ rDSp&mwckckudk rSDNyd;olUajcwbufudk wjcm;ajcwbufay: auG;NyD;wifxm;avh&Sdw,f/ vlawGu ar;wJhtcg ol[m olawmfaumif;ygvkdU vdrfcsifwJhtwGuf ol[m

wjcm;tpmudk rpm;bl;/ avudkom pm;w,f/ olUtusifh[m tifrwef jyif;xefwJhtwGuf ol[m t0wf0wfvkdU r&bl;/ ukd,fwkH;vkH;cGswfae&w,f/olUwefckd;[m tifrwef MuD;wJhtwGuf olUajcESpfbufpvkH;udk wjyKdifwJ ajray:rSm csxm;vkdUr&bl;/ csxm;&if ;ur?mMud; ysufoGm;vdrfhr,fvkdU rodem;rvnfwJh vlawGudk aMumifolawmf ZA?Lu u vSdrfhavh&Sdw,f/ 'DZA?Lu[m waeUrSm usawmh jrwfpGmbk&m;eJUawGU/ tuGswfw&m;&NyD; &[E?mjzpfoGm;w,f/ armifEk[m qkdif&SifokdUr[kwfqkdifeJU ywfoufwJh vlawGqDrSm cGifhawmif;NyD;rS oGm;Mum;xkd;wHav;awGudk ,lwkdif;/ ,lwkdif; ydk;rTm;uav;awGudk reif;rdatmif vrf;udk MunhfNyD;avQmufwkdif;avQmufwkdif; tvkyfMud;wvkyftjzpfeJU ykd;rTm;uav;awGudk usa&mufaewJh ab;'kwfc awGu u,fwkdif; u,fwkdif; 'Daumif[m olawmfaumif;vkdU ywf0ef;usifu txifcH&atmif aMumifolawmf Zr?Luvdk odyf[efvkyfaewmyJ/ yvDaph ajcmufcsuf awG odyfrsm;aewmyJvkdU olUpdwf&JU ajymif;vJrIawGudk rodwJh vlawGu olUtay:rSm txifrSm;r,f qkd&if rSm;Ekdifp&m taMumif;&Sdw,f/ qkdwmudkawG;Nyd; olU[mol rMumcP jyKH;rdw,f/ aumvfdyfausmif;udk rjyefcif av;ig;&ufavmuftvkdrSm armifEk[m olUtazudk ar;cGef;wckavmuf ar;csifw,f vkdUajymw,f/ olUtazu ar;cGifhjyKwJhtcg zmo,fawGqDudk oGm;NyD;aysmfyg;wm[m i&JMuD;ovm;vkdUar;w,f/ vluav;udk,fwkdif b,fvkdxifovJ/ vluav;xifwmudk t&ifajymprf;ygOD;vkdU olUtazu jyefajymw,f/ jynfhwefqmreJu oGm;wm[m owfrSwfxm;wJhtwkdif; aiGay;NyD; oGm;vwmjzpfwJhtwGuf 'DvkdoGm;vmwJU udwfprSm tEkdifusifhrIvnf;ryg/ rw&m;rIvnf;ryg/ rdef;rwOd;&JU umtdajE?ukd zsufqD;rIvnf;ryg/ aemufNyD;awmhvnf; arxkefrSd0Jwm[m &Sufp&m udwfp r[kwfbl; / ol,kwfrmqkdwJh vlawGvnf; rSD0JwmyJ/ olawmfaumif; qkdolawGvnf; rSD0JwmyJ/ ewfawGvn;frSD0JwmyJ? tJ'gaMumifh vla7m ewfyg/ jrdef&nf&Suf&nf tm;yg;w& vkyfaeMuwJhtvkyfudk jynfhwefqmrawGqDrSm ol awmif;wJhtwkdif;ay;NyD;vkyfwm[m i&JrMuD;bl;vkdU armifEkuajzw,f/ jynfhwefqmtvkyfudk 'Dvkd vG,fvG,feJU MunhfvkdUr&bl;/ vkdU tpcsDNyd; zcifOd;pHxGef;[molUom;udk 'Dvkdajymw,f/ vluav;rif;[m rdef;rr,lyJ raeEkdifbl;qkd&if tazudk zGifhajym/ oifhawmfwJh[muav; wOd;Od;eJU rif;ausmif;udk rjyefcif taz ay;pm;r,f 'DjynhfwefqmrqD roGm;eJU/ jynfhwefqmrqDu a&m8g&&if rif;&JUom;pOf ajr;quf/ tukefvkH; 'kwfc a&mufukefr,fvkdUajymNyD; ighom; 'Dumvom; a&m*g wcgrS r&bl;ao;bl;vm;vkdU/ Od;pHxGef;u ar;w,f/ &zl;nyD ESpfcgawmif &SdNydvkdU

armifEk u ajzw,f/ tJ'gudk tjrpfjywfatmif ukypf ruk&if rifhom;pOfajr;quf 'kwfca7mufvdrfhr,fvkdU Od;pHxGef;u owday;w,f/ [kwfuJh ukypfyghr,f vkdU armifEkuuwdjyefay;w,f/ vluav;a&; tcktazajymcJhwm[m avmuDrsufpdeJU MunfhNyD;ajymwm jynhfwefqmudwfpudk bmoma7;rsufpdeJu MunfhvkdufMuOD;pkdU/ jynfhwefqmtdrfrSm awGU&wJh rdef;cav;awGxJrSm pdwfwloabmwl? MunfMunfjzLjzL a&mufvmMuwJh rdef;cav;awGvnf; &Sdr,f/wcsKdUusawmh 'Djynfhwefqm tdrfawGudk MunfMunfjzLjzLeJU a&mufvmMuwm r[kwfbl;/ tvkyfay;r,f / t0wftxnf vuf0wfvufpm;ay;r,f &efukefrSm avQmufvnf&r,f &kyf&Sifaumif;aumif;Munfh&r,f vkdU jynhfwefqm yGJpm; awGu wywf&kdufwmudk ,kHMunfNyd; awm&GmawGu &efukefudk vkdufvmMuolawGjzpfw,f &efukef udk a&mufvmawmhrS 'Dcav;rav;awGudk jynfhwefqmacgif;awGqDrSm a&mif;pm;vkduf wmjzpfw,f/ acgif;awG[m 'Dcav;ruav;awGudk tpmiwfxm;w,f/ ndKrJaeatmif &kdufESufxm;w,f/ vufeufrsKd;pkHjyNyd; jcdrf;ajcmufxm;w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'Drdef;uav;awG[m zdefUzdefU wkefatmif aMumufNyD; b,folUukdrS rwkdif&JMubl;/ 'DjynfhwefqmrtdrfawGrSm awGU&wJh wcsKdUrdef;rawGuawmh tNrJwrf;orm;awGr[kwfbl;/ e,fawGu / &efukefudk ypfpnf;0,f&atmif vnf&ywf&atmif wufvmMuolawGjzpfw,f/ vnfywf0,fjcrf; NyD;wJhtcg tjyeftwGuf c&D;p&dwf vkdaeww,f&efukefu txl;tqef;ypfpnf;av;awGudk vnf;eJeJyg;yg; 0,foGm;csifao;w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh olwkdUukd,fudk av;ig;q,f&ufavmuf jynfhwefqmtdrfawGrSm tyfNyD; ,m,d ykdufqH&Smorm;awGjzpfw,f? olwkdU[m pdwfwlukd,fwl/ MunfMunfjzLjzL ykdufqH&SmolawGjzpfw,fvkdUawmh qkdEkdifw,f/ 'gayrJh 'Drdef;rrsKd;awGxJrSm vif&Sdr,m;awGrsm;w,f/ aemufNyD;awmh &efukefrSm wcsKdU&Sdao;w,f? txifu& jynfhwefqmtdrfrsKd;r[kwfbl;/ tJ'Dtdrfykdif&SidawGxJrSm wcskKdUu vcpm;vkyfw,f/ / wcsKdUu yGJpm;vkyfw,f/ olwkdUtdrf[m *kPfoa&&Sd tdrfaumif;tdrfoefUvkdUjyEkdifatmif wifhwihfw,fw,f tvkyftudkifwckjyxm;w,f/ 'gayrJholwkdU&UJ vufxJrSm wdwfwdwfykef; pm;&if;oGif;xm;wJh trsKd;orD;awG&Sdw,f/ tJ'dtrsKd;orD;awGxJrSm wcsLdUuawmh omreftrsKd;orD;awGygbJ/ t0wfaumif;aumif;0wfcsifw,f/ vuf0wfvufpm;aumif;aumif; 0wfcsifw,f/ aumif;aumfi;okH;cskifw,f/ &kyf&Sifaumif;aumif;Munfhcsifw,f/ tJ"dvkd csifjcif;rsKd;pkH awGu

wGef;vTwfwJhtwGuf wdwfwdwfykef; pm&if;oGif;&wJhb0udk a&mufvm&olav;awGjzpfw,f/ wcsKdUusawmh omrmeftrsK;dorD;awGr[kwfbl;/ olwkd[m txufwef;vTmxJu vifawmfarmifawGu ususeeqifxm;wJh pdefvufaumuf/ pdefem;uyf/ pdefqGJMudK;tp&SdwJh vuf0wfvufpm;awGudk jrif;avmif; zJ&kdufypfvkdufwJh twGuf wae&mrSm tokH;tjzKef;Mud;ypfvkdufwJhtwGuf 'DvkdrS vifawmfarmifawGrodcif aygifESHxm;wJh vuf0wfvufpm;awGudk tcsdefrSdjyefa&G;Ekdifatmif olwkdUvkdcsifaewJh pdeftvkH;MuD;MuD;awGudk 0,fcsifwkdif; 0,fEkdifatmif tckvdk wdwfwdwfykef;ZmwfoGif;xm;&olawGjzpfw,/f olwkdUuawmh aMu;MuD;w,f/ ArmawGodyftem;ruyfEkdifbl;/ ukvm;olaX;awG/ w&kyfolaX;awGtwGufoD;oefU umr&m*yGJpm;Mud;awG yGJuawmfawGu yGJawmfquf&w,fvkdU OD;pHxGef;u olUom;armifEkukd pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf &Sif;jyw,f/ 'dtcsuf[m armifEktwGuf topftqef;awGjzpfaew,f/ jynfhwefqmeJYywfoufNyD; olUrsufvHk;awGudk wtm; zGifhay;vkdufovkd jzpfoGm;w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh armifEk[m eJeJavmufawGpOf;pm;aew,f/ watmifhavmufMumwJhtcg vif&Sdr,m;uk doGm;vmrd&if bmjzpfovJ taz/ i&JMuD;ovm;vkdU armifEkuar;w,f/ MuD;w,f/ vif&Sdr,m;uk doGm;vmrdwJhvl[m ao&if i&JrSm ESpfawGtMumMuD;cH&w,f/ tJ'di&Ju vGwfNyD; ukokdvfuHtusKd;ay;vkdU vljzpf&if a,musFm;ydyDoo rjzpfEkdifbl;/ eykef;y@Kwf awG b0aygif;rsm;pGmjzpf&w,f/ rdef;r&SmawG b0aygif;rsm;pGm jzpf&w,fvkdU OD;pHxGef;u ajzw,f/ eykef;y@Kwfqkdwm bmvJtaz/ t*FgZmwftm;jzifhawmh 'Deykef;y@KwfawG[m a,muFsm;yJ/ 'gayrJh a,muFsm;yDyD oo r[kwfbl;/ a,musFm;tcsif;csif;&JU wefqmudk pkwf&rS? a,musFm;tcsif;csif;umrpyf&Sufwmudk cH&rS rdef;rwOD;OD;eJU oGm;vmvkdU&w,f/ 'Deykef;y@KwfawG[m 'Davmuftxd ,kwfnHhw,f/ usaemf vif&Sdr,m;wa,mufudk oGm;vmcJhbl;w,f taz/ b,fwkef;uvnf;? [kdwESpfwkef;u/ usaemfwkdUudk pyg;usnfbufur;f ydkUxm;wm ? tazrSwfrdovm;/ tif;/ rSwfrdw,f/ tJ'dwkef;uyJ/ b,folUrdef;rvJ/ 'dvludkawmh usaemfrodygbl;/ "jrrSKeJUaxmifusoGm;wJhtwGuf Od;av;0kdif;udk

olUrdef;rtyfypfcJhw,f/ usaemfu rdef;rwa,muf&Smay;ygqkdawmh tJ'drdefrukd OD;av;0kdif;ac:vmwmyJ/ 'daumif'Dvkdvkyfwm b,faumif;rvJ/ ighpyg;usDrSm rae&bl;/ 'gOD;av;0kdif;tjypfr[kwfbl;/ usaemhtjypfyJ taz/ r[kwfygbl;uGm/ cav;awGrkdufwkdif; 'DacG;rom;u vkdufrkduf&ovm;/ xm;vkdufygawmh taz/ 'Daumif'Dvkdvkyfwm raumif;bl;vluav;/ apmvSKdif vmprf;/ b0kdif; ighpyg;usDrSm rae&bl;/ tckcsufcsif;xGufoGm;vkdU oGm;ajymprf;/ rvkyfygeJU taz/ 'g[m usaemhftjypfyg/ olUtjypfr[kwfbl;/ a[hapmvSKdifoGm;rajymeJU xkdifae? zcifOD;pHxGef;[m a'goawGjzpf/ rsufarSmifMuD;MuKwfae&mu AsKH;ueJxjyD; tdrftjyidukd xGufoGm;w,f/ armifEk[m olUtaz&JU cg;udk zufNyD; taztjyifbufroGm;cif usaemfar;csifwJh ar;cGef; wck udk ajz&r,fvkdUarmifEku ajymw,f/ bmar;cGef;vJ/ jynhfwefqmtdrfrSm rdef;rwa,mufudkawGUw,fqkdygpkdU/ tJ'drdef;rrSm vif&Sdw,f/ 'gayrJhoGm;vm olu vif&SdrSef;rodbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh olawmif;oavmuf ykdufqHay;Nyd;oGm;vmrdw,f/ 'Dvli&JMud;rvm;/ MuD;w,f/ rMuD;bl;/ vifeJUrSef;olrS rodbJ/ rif;udk ig Oyrm wckajymr,f/ narSmifrJMuD;xJrSm vrf;avsmufoGm;aewkef; vlwa,mufudk ajrGayG;udkufvkdufw,f/ tJ'dvlu olukdufwJh ajrGudk a&ajrGvkdUxifaew,f/ tJ'dvl 'DvkdxifwmaMumifh ajrGqdyfrwufbJae rvm;/ 'dajrGayG; tudkufcH7wJhvl raoyJaervm;/ taz Oyrm usaemf MudKufw,f /odwm/ rodwm y"mer[kwfbl;/ vif&Sdr,m;udk oGm;vm&if i&JMuD;rSmbJ? uJ usaemfar;csifwmawG ar;Nyd;NyD/ tazoGm;csifwJhqDoGm;awmh qkdNyD;armifEk[m zufxm;wJh olUvufudk oltazcg;u ajzvkdufw,f/ 'gayrJh ZyfueJ csufcsif;jyefzufNyD; taz ukd,hfom;rSm;wJh trSm;twGuf OD;av;0kdif;udk tjypfay;wm rw&m;bl;/ olUukd pyg;usDuae ESifrypfbl;qkdwm taz *wDay;&r,f/ uwddray;&if 'Dae&mu b,frS roGm;&bl;/ qkdNyD; olUtazudk cyfwif;wif;zufxm;w,f/ olUtazu at;yguGm / eSifrypfygbl;/ vkdUuwday;awmhrS olUtazcg;udk ESpfcsufokH;csufarTUjyd;vTwfvkdufw,f/ tJ'daeUu om;tzESpfOD;&JU aqG;aEG;yGJ[m armifEktwGuf

tusKd;trsm;MuD;&SdoGm;w,f/ tJ'dtcsdefupNyD; armifEk[m jynhhfwefqmeJUtqufoG,f jywfoGm;w,f/ bk&m;qkyefNyD;uwnf;u armifEk&JU pOf;pm;csufawGxJrSm ukd,fusifhw&m;ta7;MuD;ykHudkpOf;pm;csuf[m trsm;MuD;ygvmw,f/ udk,fusifhw&m;qkdwmtjcm;r[kwfbl;/ ukd,uvkyfwm/ ESkwfuajymwm/ pdwfu MuHpnfpdwful;wmygyJ/ ukd,fu raumif;wmvkyf / ESKwfu raumif;wmajym? pdwfu raumif;wmMuHpnf pdwful;wm[m raumif;wJhtusifhw&m;ygbJ/ udk,fu aumif;wmvkyf/ ESKwfu aumif;wmajym/ pdwfuaumif;wmudk MuHpnfpdwful;wm[m aumif;wJhudk,fusifhw&m;bJ? tJ'dvkdarmifEk oabmaygufvmw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh armifEk[m olUukd,fu raumif;wmrvkyfatmif/ olwwfEkdifoavmuf qifjcifjyD;wJhaemuf olYEIwfu raumif;wm rajymfatmifvnf; txl;qifjcifvmwmudkawGU&w,f/ vdrfajymwm? *kH;wkdufay;wm/ Murf;Murf;wrf;wrf; ajymwm odrfodrfzsif;zsif;ajymwmqkdNyD; raumif;ajymjcif;av;rsKd; &SdwJhtxJu vdrfwm/ *kH;wkdufay;wmrsKd;awGudkawmh armifEK[m ajymwwfykH ray:bl;/ 'gayrJh Mur;fMurf;wrf;wrf;a jymwm odrfodrfzsid;zsif;ajymwmawGrSmawmh armifEk[m tawmfqkd;w,f/ pum;ajym&if rMumcP wkdif;qJatmf aigufNyD;ajymwwfw,f/ 'gxufqkd;wmuawmh odrfodrfzsif;zsif;ajymwyJ/ t&yfpum;eJUa jym&if armifEk[m odyfNyd; t&Tef;ajymwwfw,f/ tJ'Dt&Tef;awGudk ajymwJhtcg t&l; vkdyJ/ udk,fa&m vufa&m? acgif;a&m? rsufeSmxm;a&m odyftdajE?rJHwmyJ? tdajE?rJhvGef;vkdU olUtr 0r;fuGJ rodef;wifu armifEKrif;[m AE?KeJUodyfwlwmyJ/ vkdU rMumcPowday;&w,f/ AE?Kqkdwm t&yfxJrSm vnfNyD;awmif;pm;aewJh t&l;ol[m avjzwfcHxm;&wJhtwGuf vrf;avQmuf&if ajcum;,m;vufum;,m;jzpfaew,f/ olUyg;pyfu &GJUaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh yg;pyfxJuuGrf;aoG;awG[m olUrsufcGufupNyD; wukd,fvkH;ESHaewmyJ/ tJ'dtxJ &l;oGyfoGyfqkdawmh rsufeSmxm;trsKd;rsKd;vkyfNyD; ryDuvm/ yDuvm yg;pyfawGUu&m awGavQmufajym/ awGUu&moDcsif;awG avQmufqkdaewm awG[m jrif&olMum;&olwkdif; oem;p&mMuD;jzpfaew,f/ ukd,fusifhw&m;&Sdcsifw,fqkd&if 'dvkdt&Tef;awG/ atmfus,f[pfus,f ajymNyd;vufum;,m;/ ajcum;,m; eJU tdajE? rJhrIawGudk vnf; jyifypf&r,fvdkU armifEk pOf;pm;rdw,f/ tJ'dvkdpOf;pm;rdwJhtcsdefupNyD; armiEk[m pum;ajymwmvnf; t&ifuxuf en;foGm;w,f/ ajymcsifvmwkdif;vnf; rajymbl;/ xdef;xm;w,f/ ajymjyef&ef7ifvnf; olUpum;awGxJrSm t&Tef; awGrygatmif 'grSr[kwf&ifvnf; enf;ekdiforQ enf;atmif armifEk

txl;owdxm;w,f/ tJ'dvkd owdxm;aewJh txJu t&Tef;awG [m ygoifhwmxuf wpwp ykdNyD;ygvmaewmudk olowdjyKrd&if wcgwav pum;ajymaewmudk jAKef;ueJ &yfypfvkdufw,f/ qufrajymawmhbl;/ olUpum;awGxJrSm 'Dt&Tef;awG odrfzsif;wmawG [m &mckdifEIef;tjynfh pifMu,foGm;NyDvkdUawmh armifEk[m tmrrcHEkdifygbl;/ 'gayr,fh olajym&if a&S;wkefuvkd tcsKyftcs,f tqD;twm; r&SdyJ rajymawmhbl; /olwwfekdiforQ xdrf;w,fqkdwmudk awmh armifEku tmrcHw,f/ t&ufeJUywfoufjyef&ifvnf; armifEk[m 'Dvkd pOf;pm;rdw,f/ vlrSm qifjcifwkHw&m;&Sdw,/f wd&dpmefrSm qifjcifwkHw&m;r&Sdbl; / vleJU wd&dpm?efuGmjcm;wm[m 'gyJ/ t&ufrl;vm&if vlrSmqifjcifwkHw&m;ajymufoGm;w,f/ tJ'dvkd qifjcifwkHw&m;aysmufaewJhvl[m wd&dpm?ef jzpfoGm;Nyd;/ vlwa,muftaeeJU rajymoifhwmawG rvkyfoifhwmawGukd tukefavQmufajym tukefavQmufvkyfypfwmyJ/ tJ'dawmh t&ufaomufw,fqkdwm wjcm;[m r[kwfbl;/ vlpifppfu wd&dpm?efjzpfoGm;atmif vkyfwmyJvkdU armifEk,lqvmw,f/ armifEk[m t&ufaomufwkef;u olukd,fwkdifrl;aewJhtwGuf t&ufrl;wm[mb,favmuf apmufjrifhuyfp&maumif;w,fqkdwm olrodcJhbl;/ olt&ufjzwfjyD;wJhaemuf olrsm;rl;wm udk jrif&awmhrS t&ufrl;aewJh vlwa,muf[m b,favmuf apmufjrifuyfp&m aumif;w,fqkdwm olaumif;aumif;oabmaygufw,f/ waeUrSmawmh t&uf&JUqkd;0g;ykHukd oabmaygufatmif olUtazu ykHuav;wykhajymjyw,f/ tJ'dykHu 'Dvkd/ wcgwkef;u tifrwefcspfwJh oli,fcsif;ESpfa,muf&Sdw,f/ yxroli,fcsif;u 'kwd,oli,fcsif;ukd vloGm;owf&atmif qG,fw,f/ 'kwd,u owfwmrSm 0goem rygbl;vkd ajymjyD;jiif;w,f/ tJ'dawmh yxru oGm;ckd;&atmifvkdU wkdufwGef;wG,f/ tJ'grSmvnf; 0goemrygbl;vkdU 'kwd,uajzw,f/ 'Dvkdqkd&if rdef;uav;wa,mufudk oGm;NyD; rk'def;usifh&atmifvkdU yxru eyleqmvkyfw,f/ 'gudkvnf; rvkyfyg7apeJUvkdU 'kwd,u awmi;fyefw,f/ 'gawGudk rvkyfcsifbl;qkd&if olU&JU trIrSm vdrfNyD;oufao vkdufay;yg vdkU yxru toem;cHjyefw,f/ igwoufvkH; wcgrS rvdrfbl;bl;uG,f? vkdU 'kwd,u ajzw,f/ tJ'dtcg yxru okli,fcsif;&,f/ rif;[m ightvkdukd wckrSrvkdufao;bl;/ tJ'dawmh ighudk cspfw,fqkd&if t&uf wcGufavmufawmh aomufyguGm vkdU yxru xyfjyD; ajymwJhtcgusawmh 'kwd,[m enf;enf; tm;emvmNyD; t&ufwcGufaomufvkdufrdw,/f rl;vmwmeJU wcgwnf;

vlvnf;owfwmyJ/ ckd;vnf;ckd;wmyJ/ rk'def;vnf;usifhwmyJ/ oufaovnf;vdrfxGufwmyJ/ tJ'dykHuav; Mum;Nyd;wJhtcg t&ufrL;vm&if vlawGrSm qifjcifwkHw&m; aysmufuG,foGm;Nyd; wd&pm?efawG jzpfvmMuw,fqkdwJh ,lqcsuf[m armifEk&JUpdwfxJrSm ydkNyD;ckdifrmvmw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh ig;ESpftwGif;t&ufraomufygbl; vkdU t"dXmefvkyfxm;ayr,fh 7 ESpftxd armifEk[m t&ufukd wpufrS raomufcJhbl; / 7 ESpfvGefwJhtcgusawmh armifEk[m okH;cG trsK;dom;ausmif;rSm q&mMuD;jzpfaeNyD/ tHJ'DESpf aEG&moD ausmif;ydwfwJhtcg okH;cGausmif;u xGufNyD; yef;waemfukd jyefzkdU olUyp?nf;awGudk odrf;aew,f/ olUukdvmNyD;ul nDaeMuwJh wynfhMuD;awG[m yp?n;f awGudk xkwfykd;NyD;wJhtcg olUtdrfem;u uefapmif;rSm xef;&nfaomufcsifw,fvkdU ylqmMuw,f/ wynfhawGudk xef;&nf wkduf&if; armifekvnf; enf;enf;aomufw,f/ uGrf;od;ESpfvkH;pmavmuf aomufNyD;wJhtcg armifEk qufraomufawmhbl;/ olukd,fol xdef;xm;vkdufw,f/ aemufwESpf oMuFefuswhJtcg armifEk[m 0g;c,fr a&mufaew,f? oleJU aomufazmfaomufzuf ta[mif;awGu 0kdif;NyD;wkdufwGef;MuwJhtwGuf olwkdUauseyfatmif a*smfeD0g;um;eJU AifeDvm azsmf&nf a&mxm;wJh t7ufazsmf&nf av;ig;q,fpuf avmufaomufvkdufw,f/ tJ'dtcsdefupNyD; armifEkudk b,folrS t&ufwkdufvkdUr&awmhbl;/ armifEkudk,fwkdifvnf; raomufawmhbl;/ bk&m;qkyefvkdfufwmaMumifh armifEktwGuf txl;aumif;oGm;wmu wck&Sdao;w,f ? tJ'gav;udk vnf; 'dae&mrSm ajym&ODr,f armifEkudk bMuD;/ MuD;awmf/ tar/ taz upNyD; wtdrfvkH;u odyfcspfw,f/ odyftvkdvkdufw,f/ odyfajrmufpm;w,f/ armifO[m armifEk&JU trd0rf;wGif;u tlwkHqif;wJh nD&if;jzpfayrJh armifEkvkd tcspfrcH&bl;/ tvkdvkdufrcH&bl;/ tajrmufpm;rcH&bl;/ cspfwm tvkdvkdufwm/ ajrmufpm;wmudk tJ'dvkd rcH &wJhtwGuf toufawmfawmfMuD;wJhwkdifatmif rdbawGudk pdwfemNyd; armifO[m touft&G,ftawmfMuD;wJhtxd rdbawGudk pdwfem;pum; rMumcPajymavh&Sdw,f/ armifEk[m tckvkdcspfwm tvkdvkdufwm ajrmufpm;wmudk tcGifhaumif;,lNyD; rdbawGtdrfoltdrfom;vlMuD;awGudk tay:rSm a&mifhwufw,f/ txl;ojzifh olUtaztay:rSm a&mifhwufw,f/ olUtazudk armifek[m rcspfwmvnf; r[kwf odyfcspfw,f/ 'gayrJh oltaz[m olUukdcspfwmaMumifh &kdufzkdUqkdwm a0;a&m/ Mudr;fvm;armif;vm; awmifvkyfrSmr[kwfbl;qkdwmudk armifEkodaewJhtwGuf tazudk qufqHwJhae&mrSm armifEK&JU qufqHykH[ armufrmovkd jzpfaew,fyrmrcefU

vkyfovkd jzpfaew,f/ rav;pm;ovkd jzpfaew,/f r&kdaoovkdjzpfaew,f/ 'gayrJh bk&m;qk yef NyD;wJhtcsdefu pvkdU tJ'dvkdqufqHwmrsKD;awG[m ododomomMuD; ajymif;oGmw,f/ armifEk[m nbufrSm tdrfukd b,ftcdsefyJjyefvmvm/ olUtazeJU tar&UJ ukwifajc&if;udkoGm; ESpfOD;pvkH;udk &kd&kdaoao uefawmh NyD;rS wjcm;[mudk vkyfavh&Sdw,f/ 'DrQruao;bl;/ tdrfrSm &SdwJhtcg olUtazeJU tarudk aeUpOfvkdvkd eif;ESdyfay;w,f/ tazeJU taruolUom;MuD;yifyef;rSmpkd;wJhtwGuf aeygap/ reif;ESdyfygeJUvkdwm;wmawmif r&bl;armifek[m twif;eif;ESdyfay;wmyJ/ tazeJ qufqHwJhae&mrSm tifrwefcspfwJh oli,fcsif;awGudk ajymwJhtwkdif; yGifhyGifhvif;vi;f &if;&if;ESD;ES;d ajymwmyJ/ bmrS csefrxm;bl;/ 'gayrJh a&S;wkef;uvkd rcefUav;pm;/ raxrJhjrif vkyfwm rsKd;awG ygrvmawmhbl;/ olUtaz a[mwJhw&m;awGqdk&ifvnf; armifEk[m trsm;MuD; av;av;pm;pm;em,lvmw,f/ armifEk[m tckajymcJhwJh 'kp&kdufawGudk jyefjyefjyD; pOf;pm; pwkef;uqkd&if i,f&G,folqkdwm &l;wkef; rkdufwkef; yJ/ &l;wkef; rkdufwkef;qkdawmh taumif;eJUtqkd;udk b,f rSm cGJjcm;EkdifOD;rvJ qkdNyD; olUtjypfrSeforQudk armifEk[m olUi,f&G,frI tay: ykHcsavh&Sdw,f/ aemufNyD;awmhvnf; xrif;csufyef;&du wkdufwGef;vkdU MuufawG / iSufawG olowf&w,f/ tJ'dyef;&D u oifay;vkdU olUrdbeJU olUOD;av;wkdU&JUaiG usLvD,m ukvm;&JU abmvkH;eJU armif;cs'g; w&kyf&JUbJom;uif? Muufom;uif? 0ufom;uif tp&SdwmawGudk olckd;&wmjzpfw,f/ 'Dyef;&DuyJ oifay;vkdU rSm;,Gif;wJh arxkefudk olusifhcJh&w,f/ yef;&DwkdufvkdU t&uf aomufwwfvmw,f/ Od;av;b0kdif;ac:vmvkdU vif&Sdr,m;wa,mufudkolusL;vGef cJh&w,f/ tp&Sdojzifh olUtjypfrSeforQudk armifEk[m olrsm;awGtay:rSm ykHcsavh&Sdw,f/ 'gayrJh olU[mol / aoaocsmcsmjyefNyD; pOf;pm;MunfhwJhtcg olUtjypfawGudk olrsm;tay:rSm 'DvkdykHcswm[m ol&Jabmen;fwmvkdU ,lqNyD; tJ"dvkd ykHcswmudk yJ wpdrfhpdrfh &GHUrkef;vmw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 1/ ig[m MuufawG iSufawG owfcJhbl;w,f/ 'Draumif;rItwGuf ighrSm tjypf&Sdw,f/ olrsm;tay: tjypfvTJrcseJ 2? ig[m aiG?ypfpnf; tpm;taomufawGudk ckd;cJhzl;w,f/ 'Draumif;rItwGuf ighrSm tjypf&Sdw,f/ olrsm;tay: tjypf rvTJcseJU/ 3? ig[m rSm;,Gif;wJharxkef udk usifhcJhbl;w,f/ 'Draumif;rItwGuf ighrSm tjypf&Sdw,f/ olrsm;tay: tjypf rvTJcseJU/

4/ ig[m t&ufuk daomufcJhzl;w,f? 'Draumif;rItwGuf ighrSm tjypf&Sdw,f/ olrsm;tay: tjypf rvTJcseJU/ 5? ig[m rdbudk r&kdrao qufqHbl;w,f/ 'Draumif;rItwGuf ighrSm tjypf&Sdw,f/ olrsm;tay: tjypf rvTJcseJU/ tJ'dpm 5 ykd'fudk olU'kdif,m,DpmtkyfxJrSm w&mh&Spf&ufwkdifwkdif aeUpOfrSwfwrf;wifbkdU armifEk csufcsif; t"dXmefvkyfvkdufw,f/ 'Dt"dXmef atmifjyD;wJhaemuf armifEk[m aemufxyfESpfMudrf wkdifwkdif 'Dt"dXmefudk qufNyD;vkyfvkdufjyefao;w,f/ tcef; 8 1926 ckESpfZGefvxJrSm wufuokdvfukd jyefa&mufawmh armifek[m olUt"dXmeftwkdif; t&ufudk vkH;0 raomufawmhbl;/ 1927 ckESpf rwfv pmar;yGJrSmtkdifat atmifw,f/ b,folu ajymajym armifEktaeeJUuawmh 'dvkdatmifwm[m olU t"DXmefaMumifhbJvkdU oJoJrJrJ pGJpGJjrJJjrJ,kHMunfaew,/f vGefcJhwJh ESpfwkef;u pmar;yGJuswm[m t&ufaomufvkdU / aemufwESpfrSm pmar;yGJatmifwm[m t"DXmefvkyfvkdUqkdwJhtcsufawG[m rSefovm;/rSm;ovm; qkdwmukd jrwfpGmbk&m;bJ twdtus ajzawmfrLEkdifrSm yJ vlomrefawGtaeeJUuawmh rdrd,kHMunfcsif&mudk t&r;f,kHMunf&wmygbJ/ 'gayrJh vGefcJhwJh wESpfu armifEK pmar;yGJus&wJhtwGu ft&ufaomufcJhwJh tukokdvfuHwckwnf;udkom 0uGufNyD; tjypfwifvkdU rjzpfbl;xifw,f/ armifEktokH;ruswmawGudkvnf; armifek pmar;yGJus&wJhtxJrSmxnfhwGuf&r,f/ armifEk[m tkdifatrSm avm*spf a&S;cwforkdif;/ ,ckacwf/ orkdif;qkdwJh bmomokH;&yfukd ,lw,f/ a&S;acwforkdif;udk q&ma';Apfqdkolu oifjyw,f/ q&ma';Apf[m Armjynfayguf / r'&mpD vlrsKd; ol[m a&S;acwforkdif;pmtkyf tapmifapmifu aumufEIwfcsufawGudk xkwfNyD; olUwynfhawGtwGuf rSwfpkawG tifrwfMudK;pm;NyD;a7;w,/f tJ'drSwfpkawGudk twef;xJrSm zwfjyw,f/ wynfhawGu vkdufNyD; a&;&w,f/ a&;wJhtcg vkH;aphywfaph a&;Ekdifatmif twkdcsKyfNyD;a&;enf;awGudkyg pm&Gufuav;awG&kdufNyD; wynfhawGudka0xm;w,f/ Oyrm-t*Fvdyfvkd (oJ,m;zkd;) qkdwJh pum;t&SnfMuD;qkd&if tay:u tpufwpuf/ atmufu ESpfpufa&;&w,f/ (bDaumhpf) qkd&if tay:u tpufESpfpuf/ atmufu wpfpuf/ a&;7w,f/ (pifMuL&D)qkd&if 0 vkH;a&;&w,f/ tckvkd tp&Sdojzifh vufa&;wkda&;enf;awGudk oloifay;xm;w,f/ tckvkd MudK;pm;yr;fpm; oifay;xm;wJhtwGuf

olar;cGef;xkwfwJhtcg olUwynfhawG[m oloifxm;wJhtwkdif;ajzrS oabmusw,f/ armifEkuvnf; MudKufovkd ajzcsifw,f/tJ'gaMumifh owif;ywfwkdif;/ wMudrfuspD/ a&S;acwforkdif;udk ajz&wJhtcg 10rSwfay;wJhteuf armifEk[m olnwvSnfh wrSwfwvSnfhvkdvkd tjrJ&avh&Sdw,f/ pmar;yGJMuD;ppfcgeD;whJtcg q&ma';Apfu tajzpmtkyfawGukd jyefvkdcsifwJh wynfhawG rdrdwkdU&JU vdyfpmeJU wHqdyfacgif;udk tJ'DtajzpmtkyfawGxJ xnhfxm;Mu/ trSwfay;NyD;7if tJ'dpmtkyfawGudk pmwkdufu jyefykdUay;r,fvkdU twef;xJrSmaMunmw,f/ tJ'D aMunmcsuft& armifEk[m olUtajzpmtkyfxJrSm vdyfpmeJU wHqdyfacgif;xnfhvkdufw,f/ pmwkdufu a&mufvmvkdU olUtajzpmtkyfukd zGifhMunhfwJhtcg trSwfw&may;wJhteuf armifEk[m wrSwf yJ&w,f/ 'gu 'Davmuf rqkd;ao;bl;/ 'D wpfrSwfawmif rif;udk oem;vkdU igay;wmqkdwJh ptkyftzkH;ay:rSm q&ma';Apfa&;xm;wJh rSwfcsuf uykdqkd;w,f/ aemufESpfMuawmh q&ma';Apf[m bmjzpfrSef;rod/ olUtvkyfu xGufoGm;&&Smw,f/ olUae&mudk a'gufwm tufpfyife,fqkdola&mufvmw,f/ 'Dt*Fvdyfu q&mwrsKd;/ q&ma';Apfvkd r[kwfbl;/ olUrSwfpkawGudk zwfjyrJhtpm; oloifcsifwmud kenf;enf;ajymNyD; wynfhawGeJU aqG;aEG;w,f/ wynfh awGeJU oleJU oabmuGJvGJaeaywJh wcsKdUtcsufawGudk olrypfy,fbl;/ rif;ajymwJhtcsufawG[m pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;w,fvkdU q&mtufpfyife,fu 0efcHw,f/ olUvufxufrSmawmh we*faEG wywfudk wMudrfuspd ajz7wJh twef;wkdif; rSm q,frSwfay;wJhteuf armifEk[m rMumcP 7 rSwftxd &avh&Sdw,f/ ig;rSwfavmufukd wcgrS ravsmhbl;/ armifEk[m tkdifatrSmomolajzcsifovkd ajzwmr[kwfbl;/ bDatrSmvnf; 'grsKd;awG vkyfao;w,f/ a'gufwm tufpfyife,fvkd oabmxm;tifrwefMuD;wJh q&mawG 0ifNyD;u,fvkdufvkdU olatmifvmwmyJ/ pmar;yGJMuD;rSm usawmhrvkdU vufwvkH;avmufomvkdawmhw,f/ tJ'g uav;[m pdwf0ifpm;p&m aumif;w,f xifwjhtwGuf enf;enf;avmuf ajymjyvkduf&OD;r,f/ bDatrSm armifEk[m t*Fvdyfpm/ jrefrmpmeJU zDavmqkdzDudk ,lw,f/ zDavmzkdzDrSm qkdifaumfavmf*sDeJU tufopfqkdwJh bmomESpf&yf&Sdw,f/ bDat yxrESpfrSm qkdifaumfavmf*sDukd a'gufwm a&mhpf/ tufopfudk q&maqmif'g;wkdUu oifw,f/ armifEk 'kwd,ESpfudk a&mufwJhtcg 'Dt*Fvdyfq&mawG r&SdMuawmhbl; yifpif,lukefMuNyD/ olwkdUae&mrSm tdE?d,u

q&m rZGef'g;eJU q&m bifem*sDwkdUa&mufvmw,f/ q&m rzGef;'g;u qkdifukdvkd*sDoifw,f/ q&m bifem*sDu tufopfoifw,f/ armifEk[m qkdifudkvkd*sDtwef;rSm txpftaighr&Sdbl;/ tufopftwef;rSm q7mbifem*sDeJU rMumcP tjiif;tckHjzpfw,f/ q&m bifem*sd[m wrsKd;bJ/ 'Dvkd tjiif;tckHvkyfwJhtwGuf armifEktay:rSm tmCmw rxm;bl;/ ykdNyD;awmhawmif arw?m&Sdao;w,f/ olUtwef;rSm wynfhig;OD;&SdwJhtxJu armifekudk olUtdrfrMumcP zdwfw,f/ tpm;taomufawG auGs;w,f/ armifEk aumif;aumif; rSwfrdao;w,f/ q&m bifem*sDm MuufOeJU aMumfxm;wJh aygifrkefUeJU ukd;udk uk dodyfMudKufw,f/ olUtdrfudk armifEkoGm;wkdif; tJ'gawGudk rMumcP auGs;avh&Sdw,f/ tJ'dvkd auGs;NyD;awmh tdE?d,EkdifiHa7;/ ArmEkdifiHa&; awGudk aqG;aEG;avh&Sdw,f/ wcgwcgrSmawmh armifEka&; rif;&JU ,lqcsufawGudk igoabmusygw,f/'gayr,fh 'D,lqcsufawGtwkdif; pmar;yGJMud;rSm ajz&if rif;pmar;yGJusvdrfhr,f/ pmar;yGJMuD;vkyf&if Ekdifihjcm;u ya&mfzufqm wODOD;ukd zdwdfNyd; tppfaq; ckdif;vdrfhr,f/ igu,fEkdifrSmr[kwfbl; vkdU armifEkudk q&mbifem8sD owday;w,f/ 'DvkdowDay;aywJh r&ygbl;/ pmar;yGJMuD;vkyfwJhtcg tufopfrSm oifwef;pmtkyfawG twkdif; rajzbll;/ olajzcsifovkd ajzw,f/pmar;yGJppfNyD;wmeJU wjydKifeuf q&mbifem*sD[m armifek&JU tajzpmtkyfukd uAsmu,m,lzwfNyD; 'DaumifusNyDvkdU ,lqvkdufw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh wynfhukdu,fzkdU twGuf armifEkudk olUtdrfzdwfNyD; tufopfppfzkd; EkdifiHjcm;ua&mufvmwJh ya&mfzufqmeJU rdwfqufay;w,f/ tJ'd ya&mfzufqm[m wjcm;r[kwf waeUaom tcg tdE?d,EkdifiH&JU orw MuD;jzpfvmrJh a'gufwm 'gu&pf&Seef jzpfw,/f xkdifNyD; pum;ajymMu&if; q&mbifem*sDu armifek&JU t,ltqawGu oifwef;pmtkyfxJrSm ygwJh t,ltqawGeJUawmh rwlbl; / 'gayrJh pdwf0ifpm;p&mawmh aumif;w,f/ vkdU ajymajymqkdqdk armifEk&JU tajzpmtkyfudk olUpm;yGJckHay:u ,lNyD; a'gufwm &m'gc&pf&Seef &JU vufxJ xnhfvkdufw,f/ armifEk &JUpmtkyfudk av;ig;rdepfavmuf zwfNyD;wJhtcg a'gufwm &m'gc&pf&Seef[m enf;enf;rsufarSmifukwfvmw,f/ aemufq,frdepfavmufMumawmh jyKH;ovkdvkd jzpfvmNyD; olUyg;pyfuvnf; [if;[if; eJU jrnfaew,f/ aemuf q,frdepfavmufMumwJhtcg a'gufwm &m'gc&pf&Seefu armifEk rif;bmawG a&;xm;wmvJ vkdU vSr;far;vkdufw,f/ armifEkuvnf; jyKH;jyNyD; usaemhf tajzpmtkyfxJrSm ya&mfzufqm jrif&wJhtwkdif;ygbJcifAsm;vkdU jyefajzw,f/ tJ'dtcg a'gufwm&m'gc&pf&Seef u armifEk rif;tajzawG[m oif&Kd;twkdif;awmh r[kwfbl; 'gayrJh rSm;w,fvkdU igrqkdvkdbl;/ rifuk

datmifrSwf ay;vkdufr,f/ 'Dpum;Mum;&wJhtcg wynhfarmifekxuf q&mbifem*sDu ykdNyD;0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfaewmudk awGU&w,f/ armifEk[m bDat wef;udk a&mufwJhtcg tcspfopfudk awGUvkdufao;w,f/ 'gayrJh tJ'dtMudrf rSmawmh olUtcspf[m vlr[kwfawmhbl;/ jyZmwfta&;tom;jzpfaew,f/ol[m jyZmwfa&;wmrSm b,favmuf pGJovJqkd&if oifwef;pmawGudk ypfNyD; tcsdef&orQ jyZmwfwkd/ jyZmwf&SnfawGudk wukef;ukef;eJU a&;aewJhtxd jzpfcJh&ao;w,f/ waeUrSmawmh olUrdwfawG ukdcifaZmf[m olUtcef;udk cPa&mufvmw,f/tJ'Dtcsdef[m pmar;yGJMuD;vkyfbkdU 15 &ufavmufomvkdawmhwJhtwGuf armifEk[m twef;pmawGudk tjyif;txef zwfaerSmyJvkdU ,lqvmw,f/ olUtcef;xJukd a&mufwJhtcg armifEk[m twef;pmawGudk zwfraeyJ jyZmwfwyk'fa&;aewmudk awGU&wJhtwGuf cifAsm;pmar;yGJusaevdrfh r,faemf twf;pmudk zwfygOD; vkdUqkdNyD; armifEka&;aewJh jyZmwfwykdif;wef;vef;udk twif;qGJ,loGm;cJh&zl;w,f/ olUjyZmwfawG[m aumif;vnf;raumi;fygbl;/ jyZmwfvkdU ac:ekdifzkdUawmif tawmfcJ,Of;w,f/ olUjyZmwfawGrSm vIyf&Sm;rIqkdwm rygbl;/ olUjyZmwfawGudk zwf7wm pdwf0ifpm;p&mraumif;wJh ESD;aESm zvS,fyGJ wckudk em;axmifae&ovkdyJ/ 'gayrJ harmifekukd,fwkdif uawmh olUjyZmwfawGudk odyftxifMud;w,f/ ukd,fukd,fudk txifMuD;aewJhvlawG[m tNrJwef; atmufajcvGwfaewwfw,f/ trSeftwkdif; wef\rwef\ qkdwmudk rpOf;pm;ekdif&Smbl;/ a0vrif;om;qkjydKifyGJrSmawmif olUjyZmwf wyk'foGif;NyD; jyKdifvkdufao;w,f/ t*Fvdyfvufxufu a0vrif;om;qkqkdwm&Sdw,f/ Armjynfukd NAdwdoQ tdrfa&SUrif;om; tjzpfeJU vma&mufbl;wJh rif;om;tu'0yfukd *kPfjyKwJhtaeeJU Armtpkd;&u 'Da0vrif;om;qkudk wDxGifvkdufwmjzpfw,f/ tJ'dwkef;u pmayavmurSm 'Dqk[m tjrifhqkH;bJ/ ynm&SifawG/ 'DqktwGuf cefUxm;wJhtzGJUudk rdrdwkdU&JU ta&;tom;awG wESpfudk wcg wifoGif;&w,f/ 'DtzGJUu taumif;qkH; tjzpfeJu a&G;cs,fwmudk tpkd;&u qkaiGwaxmifay;w,f/ olUjyZmwf ty,fcH&wmudk ododcsif; tzGJU0ifawG[m rw&m;bl; / vufoihf&m pm;awmfac:w,f vkdU tzGJU0ifawGudk rw&m;pGyfpGJNyD; olU[mol txifMuD;aewJh armifEk[m tawmfa'gyGvkdufao;w,f/ armifek[m zkd;jrdKifqkdwJh n'v0rfeJY tcsuftvufawG tawmfrsm;rsm;rSmwlw,f/ zkd;jrdKifqkdwm &l;aygayg? olUudk tvkyfwckck ususee ckdif;vkdU r&bl;/ 'dvkdyJ [kdvlckdif;/ 'Dvlckdif; wmudk vkyf/

[kdvlauGs;'DvlauGs;wmudkpm; ae&wJh ajcovkH;tdrfwkdiform;wa,mufjzpfw,f/ waeUusawmh armifEk&JU taz OD;pHxGef;u zkd;jrdKifukd oem;NyD; pyg;usDrSm 'v0rfcefUvkdufw,f/ zkd;jrdKifu nbufrSm olrtdyfcsifatmif ywfwvm;wvkH;0,fay;yg vkdU ylqmwmeJU Od;pHxGef;[m oHywfwvm;wvkH;0,fay;vkdufw,f/ zkd;jrdKif[m enf;enf;uav;rS ywfwvm; rwD;wwfbl;/ 'gayrJh &l;ESrf;ESr;f aygawmawm qkdawmh rwd;wwfrSef;udkvnf; olU[molrod&Smbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh ywfwvm;&wJhtcsdefupNyD; tdyf&kH/ pm;&kH/ aemufaz;oGm;&kH avmufyJ tem;,lw,f/ tJ'dtcsdefawGu vGJ&if olUywfwvm;em;u b,frSroGm;bl;/ yg;pyfuvnf; awGUu&mawG avQmufqkdNyD; vufuvnf; awGUu&mawGudk wa'gifa'gifjrnfatmif avQmufwD;aewmyJ/ 'DavmufeJU rjyD;ao;bJ waeUrSm armifEkukd olUtem;ac:NyD; armifEk a[m'D0g;c,frjrdKYrSmavQmuf&Sm ighvkdqkdNyD; ighvkdwD;ekdifwJhtaumif waumifrS r&Sdbl;vkdUawmif MuGm;vkdufao;w,f/ zkd;jrdKif&JU qkdwD;oHaMumifh pyg;usD0if;xJrSm aeMuwJh vlawGxJrSm ttdyfysufwJhvlawG em;nnf;aewJhvlawG tawmfrsm;aeNyD/ 'gayrJh OD;pHxGef;u txl;cefUxm;wJhvl qkdawmh b,folurS rajym&Jbl;/ tJ'dvkdeJU aevmvkdufwm / pyg;ta&mif;t0,fvkyfcsdefa&mufawmh OD;pHxGef;[m olUpyg;usdbufudk ajymif;vmw,f/ yxrnupNyD; OD;pHxGef;[m olUwynfhMuD; zkd;jrdKif&JU qkdwD;oHaMumifh wnvkH;aumif;aumif; rtdyf&bl;/ zkd;jrdKifukd ac:NyD; wkd;wkd;qkd wkd;wkd;wD;zkdU ajymw,f/ 'gayrJhwynfhMuD;u em;csvkdUr&ygbl;/ olMudKufovkd wD;jrJwD;aewmyJ/ tJ'gaMumifh aemufwaeY reufusawmh OD;pHxGef;[m zkd;jrdKif&JU ywfwvm;udk odrf;vkdufw,f/ aemuf ESpf&ufavmufMumwJhtcg OD;pHxGef;qD udk wynfhwOD; okwfoD; okwfjyma&mufvmNyD; ukdzkd;jrdKifwa,muf ywfwvm; odrf;wJhaemuf olUtdyfcef;xJrSm wHcg;ydwftdyfaew,/f xrif;awmif xGufrpm;awmhbl;vkdU ajymw,f/ OD; pHxGef;vkdufoGm;wJhtcg zkd;jrdKif[m olUtdyf,m tay:rSm vSJNyD; ua,mifuwrf; awG avQmufajymaeNyD/ tJ'gaMumifh OD;pHxGef;[m olUoHywfwvm;udk csufjcif;jyefay;NyD; tawmfaq;uk,l&w,f/ armifEk[m n'v0rfzkd;jrdKifvkd awmh &l;ESr;fESrf; r[kwfygbl;/'gayrJh zkd;jrdKif[m ywfwvm; rwd;& tqkd&7if raeEkdifovkd armifEkvnf; ra&;rom;7&if raeEkdifbl;/ txl;ojzifh rdef;racsmacsm/ vomom? pdrfhprf;MunfMunfvifvif / awm&dyfawmif&dyfaumif;aumf;/ qkdwD;oH csKdcsKd{{ tp&SdwmawGudk jrif&Mum;&&if wckck ra&;yJ raeEkdifbl; taMumif;wckckaMumifh ra&;&&if zkd;jrdKifyrm zsm;csifvmw,f/ aexkdif raumif;csifvmw,f/ bmyJjzpfjzpf wckckudk a&;vkdufom;vkduf&rS taMumtcsifawmihfwif;wm awGajyoGm;NyD;

aexkdifaumif;vmw,f/ wcgwcg waeUvkH;a&;/naebu xrifpm;Nyd;awmhvnf; pmqufa&;vkdufwm noef;acgifausmf oGm;a&m/ tJ'daemuf tdyf,mxJ0ifaywJh aumif;aumif;tdyfvkdUr&bl;/ cPcP xNyD; olUtdyf,mab;em;xm;wJh rSwfpkpmtkyfxJrSm a&;p&mtcsufawGudk rSwfrSwfaew,f/ zkd;jrdKif[m olywfwvm;rwD;wwfbl;/ odcsif;rqdkwwfbl;qkdwm olU[m olrodbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh ol[mol tawmftxifMuD;aew,f/ 0g;c,frwjrdKUvkH;rSm olUavmufqkdwwfwD;wwf wJhvl wa,mufrS r&Sdbl; vkdUawmif olMuHK;0g;cJhao;wmyJ/ armifekvn;f jyZmwfra&;wwfbl;/ jyZmwf 2tkyf 3tkyf zwfNyD; olU0goemtavQmuf jyZmwfta&;oifcgp yJ&Sdao;w,fqkdwm oloabmrayguf&SmyJ/ jyZmwfa&;q&m wa,mufjzpfNyDvkdU olUukd,fol txifMuD;aew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh [kdtcgu pmayavmu&JU twef;tjrifhqkH;jzpfwJh a0vrif;om;qk jydKifyGJrSm olUjyZmwfudk oGif;NyD; oljydKif&Jwmaygh/ olUjyZmwf ty,fcH&wJhtcg ayrrSDvkdU tyg,fcH&w,fqkd ol oabmraygufbJ tzGJU0ifawG t*wd vkdufpm;NyD; olUjyZmwfudk y,fypfvkdufw,fvkdU awmif olrw&m;yprSm;&Jvkdufao;w,f r[kwfvm;/ 'gayrJh n'v0rfzkd;jrdKifeJU armifEk eJU rwlwJhtcsuf wcsufuawmh wjcm;r[kwfbl; n'v0rf zkd;jrdKif[m aoomoGm;a&m/ olqkdwwfw,f/ olwD;wwfw,f/ olUvkdqkdwwf wD;wwfwJhvl 0g;c,fr wjrdKUvkH;rSm wa,mufrS r&Sdbl; vkdU olU[m ol odfyftxifMuD;wJhpdwfeJU aooGm;w,f/ tJ'DpdwfMud;[m wa7G;om;rS avsmhroGm;bl;/ armifEkuawmh awmfygao;&JU/ 'Dvkdr[kwfbl;/ jyZmwfpmtkyfawGudk tawmfrsm;rsm; zwfrdvmwJhtcg olu wa&;xJa&;NyD; wufuokdvf r*?Zif;/ jrdKUrausmif;r*?Zif;eJUwuG tjyifu r*?Zif;tapmifapmif/ *sme,ftapmifapmif ukd wydkUxJydkUaewJh olUjyZmwf awG[m tJ'dtcsdefwkef;u rxif&Sm;ao;wJh "l0H r*?Zif; wapmifuvGJNyD; b,frSmrS rygvmwJhtcg olUta&;tom;awG[m tawmf ]a&Smf] aeao;w,f qkdwm olwpdrfhpdrfhoabmaygufvmw,f/ tcef; 9 1929 ckESpf arvxJrSm armifEk[m bDatatmifw,f/ olUpdwfxJrSmawmh pma&;q7mavmu udk ajcpkHypfNyd; 0ifvkdufcsifwJh qef'awGtrsm;MuD; &Sdaew,f/ 'gayhr,f olUqef'&Sdoavmuf olUvufu rygbl;/ tawmfnHhaeao;w,f qdkwmudk oljrifoavmuf jrifaewJhtwGufpma&;q&m avmuxJukd ajcpkHypf0if

&rSm olqkwfqkdif;jzpfaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh oltpk;d&vcpm;vnf; rvkyfcsifwmeJU bDt,fvf Oya'wef;rS Oya' qufoifbkdY qkH;jzwfvkdufw,f/ Oya'wef;udk okH;&ufavmufwufNyd;wJhtcg yef;waemfjrdKUu olUbMuD;wOD;u cPvmygOD;vkdU &kdufvkdufwJh oHMudK;udk &wmeJU armifek[m yef;waemfudk vkdufoGm;w,f/ bMud;eJUawGUwJhtcg yef;waemf trsKd;om; txufwef;ausmif;rSm q&mMud;vkyfbkdU armifEkudkajymw,f/ armifEk[m tJ'dtcsdefwkef;u touf 22 ESpfbJ&Sdao;w,f/ aemufjyD;awmhvnf; ausmif;q&mvkyfbkdU qkdwmudk armifEkwcgrS pdwfrul;cJhzl;bl;/ tJ'gaMumihf 'Dtvkyfudk vufcHbkdU enf;enf;cufaew,f/ 'gayrJh ausmif;aumfrwD vlMuD;awGuyg 0kdif;NyD;ajymwJhtwGuf 'Dtvkyfudk vufcH vkdufjyD; Oya'wef;u xGufvkduf&w,f/ yef;waemfrS m armifEk&JU aqGrsKd;awG tawmfrsm;rsm; &Sdw,f/ armifek tvkyfvufcHNyD;vkdU q,fhav;ig;&uf &SdwJhtcg tJ'dtxJu aqGrsKd;av;ig;OD;u armifEk rif;rSm&nf;pm;&Sdovm;/ vlMuD;rdbcsif; pyf[yfxm;wmrsm; &Sdovm; tp&SdwJh ar;cGef; awG ar;Muw,f/ olUrSm &nf;pm;vnf;r&Sd/ pyf[yfxm;wm vnf;r&SdvdkU armifEku ajzwJhtcg 'DaqGrsKd;awGu armifeka& 'Dvkdqkd&ifjzifh tawmfyJ 'kdUjrdKUoleJU rif;udk ay;pm;&r,fvkdUajymMuw,f/ armifekpkHprf;MunfhwJhtcg oleJUay;pm;csifw,f qkdwJh rdef;cav;[m wjcm;r[kwf/ oltvkyfvkyfaewJh ausmif;u ausmif;tkyfOD;atmifjidrf;/ ZeD; a':nDr&JU ord;axG; rjr&D vkdUod&w,f/ a':a': wkdU&JU trsKd;orD;u acsm&JUvm;vkdU armifeku jyKH;Nyd;ar;wJhtcg rif;jrifawmh odrSmayghvkd U olUta':awGu ajzw,f/ 'gayrJh armifEk[m tJ'dausmif;q&mMuD;vkyfaewJh wESpfvkH;vkH;/ rjr&Dukd wcgrS aumif;aumif;rjrifcJh7zl;bl;/ ausmif;udpfp wckckudk &r,f&SmNyD; armifek[m olUausmif;tkyf OD;atmifjidrf;&JU tdrfudk okH;av;acgufavmufoGm;cJhzl;w,f/ rjr&D[m olUtdrfxJrS [kdoGm;/ 'DoGm;oGm;wmudk &dyfceJ jzwfceJavmufom jrif7w,f/ olUtazMuD;eJU pum;ajymaew,fqkdawmh olUorD;uk dao aocsmcsm MunfhvkdUraumif;bl; r[kwfvm;? armifEk[m rjr&d&JU tudkMuD; ukdtkH;armifqkdwmeJUvnf; wufuokdvfwkef;u aumif;aumif;odcJhbl;w,f/ 'dtukdMuD;qDudk tvnfoGm;&if olawGUcsifaewJh rjr&Dudk awGU&rSmyJvkdU wGufNyD; ESpfacgufavmuf oGm;cJhzl;ygao;w,f/ udktkH;armifqkdwJhvl[m b,fvkdvlpm;rsKd;vn;f rqkdEkdifygbl;/ tvnfvmwJh

{nfhonf armifEkud kESpfacgufpvkH; tdrfxJt0if rcHbl;/ tdrf0rSmbJ rwfwwf&yf&if; pum;ajymw,/f 'Dvl[m waeUus&if olrsm;ESrudk ,lrSmyJ/ ,lvnf; ,lwmyJ/olUESrudk olrsm;oGm;,lwmusawmh aumif;aumif;roxmcsifbl;/ tvdkufrodwwfwJh vlrsKd;bJ/ ukdtkH;armifu tckvkd jyKpkvTwfvkdufwmudk pdwfememeJU armifEk [m aemufxyfNyd; rjr&Dtdrfudk roGm;awmhbl; olwkdUtdrfa&SU rvTJomvkdU avQmuf&&ifawmif tdrfbufvSnhfrMunhfawmhbl;/ rjr&Dukdjrif&NyDvm;/ b,fES,fhvJvkdU olUta':awGu ar;wJhtcg rawGU &ao;ygbl; a':a': vkdUom armifEk[m aumif;atmifMunhfajzvkdufw,f/ rjr&deJU ywfoufNyD; bmrS a&SUqufrajymbl;/ armifEku [uf[ufyufyuf tm;wufoa7m/ pdwfyg0ifpm;wmudk rjrifwJhtcg olUta':awGuvnf; aemufxyf qufrajymMuawmhbl;/ armifek&JUpdwfxJrSmvnf; oleJU olaumif;aumif;rjrif&bl;ao;wJh rjr&DwkdU[m zl;pmrygvkdU 'Dvkdjzpf&wmyJvkdU oabmxm;NyD; rjr&DtaMumif;udk qufraqG;aEG;awmhygbl;/ armifEkausmif;q&mvkyfwm ratmifjrifygbl;/ ausmfi;q&mqkdwm tifrwefpdwf7Snf&w,f/ ausmif;q7mMuD;qkdawmh b,fajymp&m&SdrvJ? odyfpdwf&Snf&wmayhg/ 'gayrJh armifEk[m odyfpdwfqwfw,f/ yef;waemf ausmif;rSm tvkyfvufcHNyD;vkdU rMumcifrSmbJ armifEk[m q&mwcsKdUeJU &efjzpfwmyJ/ trSefpifppf &efjzpfw,f qkdwJh pum;vkH;[m &mckdifEIef;tjynfhrrSefygbl;/ wjcm;okH;p&mpum;r&SdvkdUom okH;vkduf&wm jzpfw,f/ &efjzpfw,fqkdwm ESpf zuf&Sd&w,f/ tckawm h ausmif;q&mMud; armifEkwa,mufwnf; pGmaewm/ oleJUzufNyD; 7ef jzpfwJh ausmif;q&m r&Sdygbl;/ ausmif;q&mawG[m tqi;f&J trsKd;rsKd;cHNyD; oLwkdUen;feJU olwkdU 'Dausmif;uav;udk tESpfESpf tvv jyKpkysK;daxmifcJh&&Smw,f/ tJ'dvkdq&mawGtay:rSm armifEku AkdvfoGm;usw,fqkdawmh q&m awGtaeeJU b,fcHcsifyghrvJ? 'gayrJh 'Dq&mawG[m tifrwef odrfarGUw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh armifEkeJU cGef;MuD;cGEf;i,f jzpf&wJhtxd roGm;Mubl;/ wwfEkdiforQ a&SmifMu&Sm;Muw,f/ q&mawG[m 'DvkdyJ rcsdwifuJ jzpfaeMu&w,fqkdwmudk Mum;&wJh ausmif;aumfrwD vlMuD;awGvnf; tifrwef pdwfrcsrf;rom jzpfvmMuw,f/ armifEk[m q&mawG tay:rSmom pGmus,fpGmus,fvkyfwm r[kwfbl;/ ynm0eftay:rSmvnf; pGmus,fus,f oGm;vkyfvkdufao;w,f/ vkyfykHu 'Dvkd/

ynm0ef[m yef;waemf trsKd;om;ausmif;udk wESpfwMudrfppfavh&Sdw,f/ armifEkvnf; 'Dausmif;udk ra&muf cifESpfwkef;u ynm0ef&JU rSwfcsufxJrSm q&mjzpfpmar;yGJ ratmifao;wJh q&mawG[m pmar;yGJatmifatmif vkyfMuzkdU wkdufwGef;xm;w,f/ armifEk jzpfvmwJhESpfrSm armifek[m 'Dausmif;u q&mwOD;udk odyfNyD; rausreyfjzpfaew,f/ 'dq&m [ mq&mjzpf pmar;yGJrSm twef;tjrifhqkH;qkdwJh 'DyvkdrmbGJUudk &vmoljzpfw,f/ 'gayrJh oifwJh jywJh ae&mrSm tifrwef nHhzsif;aewmudk armifEk awGU&w,f/ armifEk wa,mufxJom r[kwfbl;/ wjcm;q&mawG vnf; 'D'DyvkdrmbJGU& q&m&JU nhHzsif;wmawGudk awGUaeMuwmyJ/ 'gayrJh 'Dq&mawG[m tJ'D'Dyvkdrmq&m nHhuk dq,fESpfausmfausmf onf;cHvkdU&w,f/ armifek[m 'dq&mudk wESpf jynfhatmif onf;cHvkdUr&bll;/ zsif;wmxuf ysif;wmudk ykdNyD; armifeku onf;cHvkdUr&bl;/ armifek[m tJ'dq&muk djzpfEkdif&if xkwfypfcsifw,f/ rjzpfEkdifwJhtwGuf vufykdufMunhfae&w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh tJ'DESpf ynm0efvmwJhtcg wifjy&rJh ausmif;q&mMuD;&JU tpD&ifcHpmxJrSm q&mjzpf pmar;yGJatmifwkdif; q&mrjzpfEkdif? olUtawGUtMuKHt&qkd&if q&mjzpfpmar;yGJ ratmifjrifao;wJh q&mwcsKdU[m q&mjzpf atmifxm;wJh q&mtcsKdUxuf toiftjyrSm ykd awmfaeao;w,fvkdU armifEku a&;xm;w,f/ 'Dtpd&ifcHpm[m ynm0ef rESpfu a&;ypfcJhwJh rSwfcsufuk dapmfum;&ma&mufwJhtwGuf ynm0ef tawmfpdwfqkd;w,f/ tJ'dacwfwkef;u ynm0efwOD;uk d'Dvkdpdwfqkd;atmif vkyfrd&if tJ'Dausmif;[m tpk;d& todtrSwf jyKxm;wJh pm&if;u y,fzsufwmudkaomfvn;faumif;/ cH7p&m &Sdw,f/ tenf;qkH: ESpfpOf tpkd;& axmufyHhaiGaomfvnf;aumif;/ tavQmhcH&p&m taMumif; &Sdw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh armifEku 'Dvkda&;whJtwGuf ynm0efu pdwfqkd;w,fqkdwJh owif;udk ausmif;aumfrwD vlMuD; awG Mum;&jyefwJhtcg a&S;uxufykdNyD; armifEk&JU &r;fum;rI twGuf pdwfqif;&JMu&jyefw,f/ tckajymcJhwmawGxuf qkd;wm wck &Sdao;w,f tJ'gav;udk rajymrjzpfvkdU ajymvkduf&OD;r,f/ yef;waemfjrdKU&UJ taemufbuf 2rkdifuGmavmufrSm a&Tjrifwif apwDawmf wql &Sdw,f/ ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; waygif;vrSm yGJawmfvkyfw,f/ nbuf rSm yef;waemfjrdKU&JU teD;w0dkuf &Sd &GmMud;&Gmi,f awGu vlawGvm MuwJhtwGu fyGJawmf[m odyfpnfum;w,f/ armifek ausmif;q&mMuD;vkyfwJh ESpf rSm aeUvnfzufvnf; vlpnfum;atmifqkdwJh &nf&G,fcsufeJU ausmif;aygif;pkH ajy;yGJ/ jydKifyGJ awGvkyfay;w,f/ tJ'djydKifyGJrSm t&ufrl;aewJh vlwa,muf[m 0if0ifNyd; &Iyfaew,f/ vlawG0kdif;NyD;awmif;yefvkdUr&bl;/ t7uform;a[mif;

armifek[m t&ufjywfNyD;uwnf;u t&ufrL;aewJhvlawGuk dwzufowf rsufrkef;MudK;aew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'Dt&uform;&Iyfwm vGefvGef;vmwJhtcg olUpdwfudk xdef;vkdUr&wJhtwGuf ajy;NyD; wtm;ypfuef vkduw,f/ t&uform;vnf; tJ'dae&mrSmyJ ykHvQufom;vJaew,f/ aemufwcsufxyfuefOd;r,f tvkyfrSm vlawG0kdif;NyD; qGJxm;MuwJhtwGuf armifekruefjzpfawmhbl;/ armifEk[m uef&wJhvlqkdawmh uefNyD;wmeJu 'dtjzpftysufudk arhoGm;wmyJ/ 'gayrJh tuefcH&wJhvluawmh cH7wmudk b,farhEkdifrvJ/ tJ'dtjzpftysuf jzpfNyD;vkdU wvavmuf Mumawmh armifek[m olUa':av; ESpfa,mufeJU naps;wef;bufudk avQmufvmMuw,f/ olUa':av;ESpfa,muf[m naps;wef;u rkefU[if;cg;qkdifwqkdifrSm rkefU[if;cg;pm;Muw,f/ armifeku rpm;bl;/ olwkdUtem;rSm rwfwyf&yfaew,f/ armifek &yfaewJh ae&m[m yGJawmfrSmwkef;u armifEk uefvTwfvkdufwJh t&uform;&JU tdrfeJU rsufapmif;xkd;jzpfNyD; q,fudkufavmufyJuGmw,f/ wkdwkdajymMuygpkdU/ tJ'dtuefcH&wJhvl[m armifek &JU acgif;udk aemufuae 'kwfeJ U wtm;&kdufNyD; olUtdrfay:wufajy;wmyJ/ armifekvn;f a'go jzpfjzpfeJU tJ'dvl&JU aemufukd twif;ajy;vkdufNyd; olUtdrfay:wuf wJh wHwm;ay:rSm vufxJu 'kwfeJU wcsufjyef&kdufvkduf&w,f/ yGJawmfwkef;u yxryGJrSmawmh t&ufrl;wJholu emw,f/ 'gayrJ h naps;wef;'kwd,yGJrSmawmh armifekeme,/f cskdapmif;rSm uGJoGm;wmtawmfrsm;w,f/ ODav;jzpfol q&m0efu tJ'dtuGJuk djrif;jrD;eJU csKyfay;w,f/ armifekeJU &if;ESd;wJholawGu rcHr&yfEkdfifjzpfjyD; *wfwkdifbkdU armifekudk 0kdif;NyD; wkdufwGef; Muygao;w,f/ 'gayrJ olu vlv,facgifrSm cyfemem uefxm;vkdU olUudk jyef&kdufwmyJvkdU ajzmifhajzmifhMuD; oabmaygufaewJh armifEk[m olUrdwfaqGawGudk bmrS jyefrajymbl;/ jyKH;pdpd vkyfaew,f/ armifeku 'dvkd jyKH;pdpd vkyfEkdifayr,fh ausmif;aumfrwDuawmh rjyKH;Ekdif&Smbl;/ txufwef;ausmif;q&mMuD; vkyfwJhvlwa,muf[m t&yfxJu umvom;acgif;wa,mufvkd &Gm&kd;avQmufNyD; &efjzpfaewmrsK;duk olwkdUtaeeJU pdwfawmifrul;zl;bl;/ wcgrSvnf; rawGUbl; / rMum;zl;bl;/ 'Dvkd rMum;bl;/ rjrifbl;/ pdwfawmif rul;bl;wJhtwGuf olwkdwif xm;wJh ppfuJ armifEkuk db,fvkdjyefcs&r,fqkdwm rMuHwwfEkdifatmif jzpfNyD; MudrfrD;tkH;ovkd jzpfaeMuw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh wESpfaphvkdU Oya'wef;udk jyefwufbkdU ausmif;q&mMuD; &mxl;u armifekEIwfxGufvkdufwJhtcg jzpfEkdif7if wESpfavmufawmh vkyfapcsifao;w,fuGm qkdwJh avmuGyf

pum;rsK;duav;udkawmif b,faumfrwD vlMud;qdurS xGufrvmEkdif&Smbl;/ &if0rSm wufaqmifhaewJh tvkH;MuD; usoGm;ovkd aumfrwD vlMuD;tm;vkH; touf&I&wmtawmfacsmifoGm;Muw,f/ tcef; 10 u 1930ckESpfxJrSm armifEk[m wufuokdvfudk jyefvmNyD; bDt,fvf Oya'wef;wufw,f/ wvcGJ ESpfvavmufMumwJhtcg 'kdUArm tpnf;t&kH;0if ocifwOD;eJU jrdKUxJrSm awGUw,f/ tJ'dtcsdefrSm 'DkUArm oDcsif;udk pyfMyD;ump/ &efukefjrdKUxJrSmawmif okH;av;Mudrfavmufom qkd&ao;w,f/ tJ'geJU tJ'DocifrdwfaqGu wufuokdvfrSm tJ'dodcsif;udk qkdcsifw,f/ pDpOfay;prf;ygvkdU armifEkudk ajymw,f/ 'Dodcsid;eJU 'DoDcsid;udkqkdrJh 'kdUArm tpnf;t&kh;0if ocifawGudk tmPmykdifawGu tawmfrsufrkef;MudK;aew,f/ tawmfxdwfvefUaew,fqkdwmawGudk armifEku bmrS rpOfpm;rdbJ qkdcsifvmqdkMuav pDpOfay;r,fvkdU cyfvG,fvG,f ajzvkduf w,f/ tJ'dtcdsefu armifEk[moxkHausmif;aqmifrSmaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh oxkHausmif;aqmif&JUatmufqkH;xyfu cef;raqmifrSm odcsif;qkdbkdU armifek[m oxkHausmif;aqmifu vlwcsKdUeJU pDpOfw,f/ tJ'daemuf ausmif;tkyfMuD; qavmhudk awGUbkdU olUtdrfudk armifEk oGm;w,f/ ausmif;tkyfMud;tdyfaew,fvkdU olcsmy&mpDu ajymwJhtwGuf csmy7mpDqDu pufulav;w&Gufawmif;NyD; tJd'aeU nbuf 7em7D csdefavmuf oxkHcef;raqmifrSm 'kdUArmodcsif;udk qkdcsifw,f/ cGifhjyKyg/ vkdU pmuav;wapmifa&;w,f/ tJ'daemuf ausmif;tkyfMuD;Ekd;ekd;csif;'Dpmukd ay;vkdufbkdU csmy&mpdudk ajymNyD; armifEk[m olUausmif;aqmifudk oljyefvmw,f/ aemufwem&DavmufMumwJhtcgf armifek[m ausmif;tkyfMuD;tdrfudk jyefvmNyD; olUpmtaMumif; uk dpkHprf;w,f/ olpmukd zwfMunfhNyD; ausmif;tkyfMuD;qkwfypfvkdufw,f/vkdU csmy7mpdu ajymw,f/ aemufjyD;awmhvnf; ausmif;tkyfMud; tdrfrSmr&Sdbl;wifepf &kduf&atmifxGufoGm;NyD;vkdU csmy&mpDu ajymjyefw,f/ armifEk[m odyftw,f/ ausmif;tkyfMuD;qavmhudk 'dvkdvkyfvkdU b,f7rvJ/ ,leDAmpwD aumvdyfuausmif;om;rSeforQ olUudk zdefzdefUwkefatmif aMumuf&wm/ b,fausmif;om;rSmolUudk olutdrfoGm;NyD; rawGU0Hh/ 'Dpufulpkwfav;ay:rSm pma&;NyD;csmy&mpD qDuwqifh cGifhawmif;w,fqkdwmrsKd;awmh pdwfawmifrul;&Jbl;/ qkdwJhtcsufawGudk armifEk rod/ enf;enf;av;rS

rod&Smbl;/ ol[m 'kdUArmoDcsif;udk qkd&atmif pDpOfay;bkdU uwd ay;NyD;NyD; tJ'duwdt& pFpOfay;&r,fqkdwm wckbJ odw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh ausmif;tkyfMuD;[m olUpmudk qGJqkyfypfvkdufw,fqkdwm udk od&if odjcif;/ wjcm;ausmif;om;wOD;omqkd&if tJ'dtcsdeftcgu odcsif;qkdyGJudk csufcsif;zsufypfvkdufrSm jzpfaywJh / vltarmifEk uawmh rzsufbl; / ausmif;tkyfMuD;u cGifhray;&if oxkHausmif;aqmif rSL;qDrSm cGifhawmif;r,fvkdU armifeku qkH;jzwfvkdufw,f/ tJ'dtcgu ausmif;aqmifrSL;[m ygarmufc OD;azarmifwifjzpfw,f/ ausmif;aqmifrSL;eJU awGUwJhtcg tcuftcJr&SdyJ qkdcGifh&w,f/ tJ'gaMumif;n7em&D rSm csdef;xm;wJhtwkdif; oxkHcef;raqmifrSm 'kdUArmoDcsif;udk ausmif;om;awG 0kdif;NyD;qkdvkdfufMuwm ywf0ef;usifwckvkH;odrfhodrfhwkefoGm;w,f/ aemufESpf&ufavmuf MumwJhtcg tJ'doDcsif;qkdyGJtaMumif;eJU wuG 'kdUArmoDcsif;&JU t"dyfyg,fyg aeUpOfowif;pmwapmif rSm ygvm w,f 'DrQ ruao;bl; / pDtkdif'DXmecsKyfuvnf; b,folu pdpOfay;w,f/ b,folawGvmqkdw,f/ tJ'dvlawGxJrSm b,folawG[m EkdifiHa&;orm; t,lonf;orm;awGjzpfw,f/ b,fol[m tMurf;zuform;awGjzpfw,f/ tp&SdwJh taMumif;csif;7m pkHpkHvifvifygwJh tpD7ifcHpmwapmifukd ausmif;tkyfMuD;qdukd ykdUEkdifp&m taMumif;&Sdw,fvkdUawmif ,lqEkdifw,f/ nae av;em&Davmuf&SdwJhtcg oxkHausmif;aqmif armifekaewJh tcef;wHcg;rSm EkdUwpfpm wapmifvmuyfwmudk armifEkawGU&w,f/ tJ'dekdUwpfpmxJrSm armifek[m aemufwaeU 2 csufwD;wJhtcsdefrSm ausmif;tkyfMuD; eJU ol&kH;cef;xJrSm vmawGU7r,fqkdazmfjyxm;w,f/ tJ'g[m vkyf&kd;vkyfpOf r[kwfbl;/ b,fausmif;om;awG[m bmvkyf&r,f/ bmrvkyf&bl;qkdwJh EkdUwpfpmawGudk ausmif;om;trsm;qkdif7m EkdUwpf bkwfrSm uyfMuwmygbJ'Dvkdausmif;om;aewJh tcef;0rSm vmuyfw,fqkdwm wcgrSrMum;zl;bl;/ tJ'gaMumifh tcef;teD;em;csif; ausmifom;awGu armifEk [m oDcsif;qkdyJG eJUywfoufNyD; ausmif;xkwfcH&awmhrSmbJvkdU ,lqvkdufMuw,f/ EkdUwpfpmuyfNyD;wmeJUarmifEk[m qGJcGmvkdufNyD; qkwfypfvkdufw,f/ tJ'daemufEkdUwpfpmrSm ygwJhtwkdif; aemufwaeU nae 2csufwD;rSm ausmif;tkyfMuD;eJYoGm;rawGUyJ wrifoufouf t&GJUwkdufNyD; aemuf2&ufavmufMumawmhfrS reufbufrSm ausmif;tkyfMud;eJUoGm;awGUw,f/ armifEk[m ausmif;tkyfMuD;qavmh7JUatmufrSm ausmif;om;tjzpfeJU aevmwm ig;ESpfausmfausmfyJ/ tJ'dig;ESpftwGif; ausmif;tkyfMuD;eJu teD;uyfNyD; awGU7wJh tMudrfaygif;[m okH;MudrfavmufYyJ&Sdvdrfhr,fvkdU armifekrSwfxm;wf/ 1924

ckESpfrSm jynfeJU waumif;ausmif;aqmif awGudk pNyD;zGifhw,f/ 'kwd,ausmif;aqmifrSL;awG&JU pDpOfcsuft& 'Dausmif;aqmifawGrSm abmvkH;toif;woif;pdzGJU7w,f/ tJ'd2oif;[m av;ig;ajcmufMudrfavmufjynf ausmif; aqmif &JU taemufbuf abmuGif;xJrSm upm;Mu&wf/ trSwf trsm;qkH;&wJh waumif;abmoif;udk ausmif;tkyfMuD; qavmhu zvm;wck qkcsw,f/ aemufNyD;amwh aumfr&Sifemvrf;xJu olU&kH;crf;xJrSm npmausG;w,f/ armifEk[m tEkdif&wJh waumif;abmtoif;xJrS ygaewJhtwGuf 'Dnpmpm;yGJukd wuf&w,f/ tJ'g[m ausmif;tkyfMud; qavmhudk armifEk yxrtMudrf teD;uyfawGU&wmygbJ/ 1926ckESpf rwfvxJrSm armifEk[m tkdifat txufwef;pmar;yGJukd yxrtMudrfajz&w,f/ 'dvkdtwef;wif pmar;yJGudk ajzwJhtcg ajzrJhausmif;om;[m pmar;yGJ0ifcudk a&S;Od;pGmay;&w,f/ tJ'daemuf pmar;yGJ0ifbkdUtwGuf avQmufvTmwifoGif;&w,f/ 'DvkdyJ avQmufvTmwifoGif;&w,fqkdwmudk wausmif;vkH;odw,f/ armifEkrodbl;/ tJ'dvkd rodwJhtwGuf armifEk[m pmar;yGJ0ifcudkom ay;NyD; avQmufvTm rwifrdbl;/ tJ'gaMumfifh pmar;yGJ 0ifrJh ausmif;olausmif;om;pm&if; xGufvmwJhtcg armifEk&JUemr,f ygrvmbl;/ bmqmqkdwJh &kH;tkyfMud;udk oGm;ajymwJhtcg igrwwfEkdifbl; ausmif;tkyfudk rif;oGm;ajymvkdUqlvTwfvdkufw,f/ armifEk[m ausmif;tkyfMuD;qavmhfudk 0ifawGUwJhtcg ay;NyD;NyDvm;vkdU ausmif;tkyfMud;uar;w,f/ ay;Nyd;NyDvkdU armifekuajzw,f/ ajymwJhtwkdif;rSefovm; vkdUpkHprf;csifwJhtwGuf ausmif;tkyf[m pm&Gufuav;w&Gufay:rSm pma&;NyD;bmqmqDukdykdUvkdufw,f/ q,hfig;rdepfavmuftMumrSm pm&Gufav;w&Guf jyef0ifvmw,f/ tcef;xJrSm ukvm;xkdif7Sd&ufeJu armifEkrxkdif7bl;/ wcsdefvkH; rwfwwf&yfNyD;apmifhae&w,f/ 'gayrJh iguvnf; avQmufvTmoGifh;7r,fh [m roGifbJ aerdwmudk;/ ighrkdufjypfyJ/ bmqmqDu pmar;yGJ0ifc ay;oGif;NyD;NyDvkdU pmjyefvm&if ighudpfp NyD;oGm;rSm yJvkdU olUpdwfukdajzNyD; armifEk[m ausmif; tkyfMuD;a&SUrSm jidrfjidrfav; rwfwwf&yfaew,f/ bmqmqDu jyefpmudk zwfNyd;wJhtcg rif;pmar;yGJ0ifcudk awmh ay;NyD;NyD/ 'gayr,fh &,f*spfpwmukdrif;oGm;ajym/ lwwfEkdif&if vkyfay;vdrfhr,f/ olvkyfray;Ekdif&ifrif;udk igrulEkdifbl;/ rif;avmufrkdufrJwJh ausmif;om; ,leDAmpwD wausmif;vkH; b,frSmrS r&Sdbl;/ vkdU qlvTwfvkdufw,f/ armifEk[m &,f*spfpwm uif;bJvfudkoGm;awGUwJh tcg 'gcufwJh udpfp r[kwfygbl; qkdNyD; armifEk&JU emr,fudk cyfvG,fvG,f pm&if;oGif;ay;vkdufw,f/ tJ'dtMudrf[m

ausmif;tkyfMuD; qavmhudk armifEk eD;ed;uyfuyf 'kwd,tMudrf awGU&wmyJ/ aemufwMudrfuawmh pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;w,f/ armifEk[m wufuokdvf a&mufwJhtcsdefupNyD; olUrsufpdxJrSm pyg;arT; ql;aewhJ tcsufwcsufudk b,foGm;oGm;awGU ae&w,f/ tJ'gu wjcm;r[kwfbl; ausmif;tkyfMuD;utp ygarmufceJUvufaxmuf q&mawG tqkH;&SdwJh ausmif;tmPmykdifawGudk wufuokdvf ausmif;om;awG[m awGUwJhae&mrSm qvHay;aeMu&wmyJjzpfw,f/ armifek[m q7mawGudk r&kdraorvkyfcsifygbl;/ Armh,Ofaus;rIt& uefawmh 7r,f qkd&if OD;rav;yJ uefawmhEkdifygw,f/ 'gayrJhqvHay;wm[ Armh,Ofaus;rIvnf; r[kwf /ArmhtpOftvmvnf; r[kwfwJhtwGuf qvHay;wmudk rMudKufbl;/ odyfNyD;jrifjyif;uyfw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh oludk,fwkdifvnf; b,fawmhrS qvHray;bl; / oleJU &if;ESD;wJh rdwfaqGawGudkvnf; qvHray;bkdU oltNrJwr;fw&m;a[mw,f / waeUusawmh armifEk[m oli,fcsif;ESpfa,mufeJUtwl jynfvrf;rMuD;ay:udk oGm;bkdU jynfeJU waumif; ausmif;aqmif0if;xJu xGufvmw,f/ tJ'dtcsdefrSm ausmif;tkyfMud; qavmh pd;vmwJh armfawmfum;[m t&SdefowfNyD; jynfvrf;ray:u jynfeJUw aumif;ausmif; aqmif0if;xJ ajz;ajz;vSdrfh0ifvmw,f/ armifEkwkdU[m armfawmfum;eJU vufwurf;avmuftvkda7mufawmholeJUygvmwJh oli,fcsif;ESpfa,mfu[m ausmif;tkyfMuD; qavmhudk qvHay;7atmif olwkUd&JU nmvuftoD;od;udk ajrmufvkdufMuw,f /armifEk[m olUvufESpfbufeJU tJ'dausmif;om;awG&JU nmvufawGukd AswfueJ qGJcsypfvkdufw,f/ ausmfi;tkyfMuD; qavmh[m tHtm;oifhoGm;NyD; olUarmfawmfum; cyfvSrf;vSr;fa&mufonfhwkdifatmif armifEkudk vSnhfMunfhoGm;w,f/ armifek[m ausmif;tkyfMuD;qavmheJuU tckvdk eD;eD;uyfuyf awG&wm tckajymcJhwJh okH;MudrfavmufyJ &Sdvdrfhr,fvkdU armifEk rSwfrdw,f/ 'kdUArm odcsif;qdkyGJeJu ywfoufNyD; awGU&atmif armifek[m ausmif;tkyfMuD;qavmh&JU &kH;cr;fxJudk 0ifoGm;wJhtcg ausmif;tkyfMuD; qavmhu ig csdef;wJhaeUrSm rif;bmjzpfvkdU vmrawGUovJ vkdU pdwftaESmuft,SufjzpfaewJh rsufeSmxm;eJU armifEkudk ar;w,f/ usaemf ta&;MuD;wJh udpfpawG udk aqmif7Gufaew,fvkdU armifEku cyfwnfwnfjyefajzw,f/ 'kdUArm oDcsif;qkdyGJtwGu frif;cGifh&ovm;/ 7w,f/ b,fu&ovJ/ oxkHausmif;aqmifrSL;qDu/

,leDAmpdwD aumvdyf0if;twGif;rSm wckck vkyfcsif&if ighqDu cGifhawmif;&r,fqkdwm rif;rodbl;vm;/ odw,f/ od&ifbmjzpfvkdU ighqDu cGifhrawmif;ovJ/ tJ'dtcg ausmif;tkyfMuD;&JUtdrfudk cGifhawmif;&atmif olvmcJhwJh taMumif;udk tputqkH;txd &Sif;jyw,f/ oxkHausmif;aqmifrSL;ygarmufc OD;azarmifwifqDu cGifh&wJhtwGuf armifEkoufomoGm;w,f/'dvkdomcGifhr&&if ausmif;xkwfcH&aumif; cH7Ekdifp7m taMumif;&Sdw,f/ tJ'gaMumifhaumvdyf0if;twGif;rSm EkdifiHa&;vIy&Sm;rI wckckudk aemufwMudrf xyfvkyf&if rif;udk jyif;jyif;xefxef ta7;,l7vdrfhr,fvkdU ausmif;tkyfMuD;u owday;NyD;armifekudk jyefvTwfvkdufw,f/ aemuf q,f&ufavmufMumwJhtcg usKwmwOD; armifEkqDudk a&mufvmNyD; ausmif;tkyfMud; qavmhu armifEkeJU pum;ajymcsifw,fvkdU taMumif;Mum;w,f/ armifek [m ausmif;tkyfMuD;eJU awGUwJhtcg armifek rif;wkdU wkdif;jynfrSm a&SUaeawG[m vkdtyfwmxufydkaew,f/ 'dwkdif;jynfeJUvlrsKd;udk xddxda7mufa&muf tusKd;jzpfapwJh vkyfief;awG0ifvkyfoifhw,f /igrif;twGuf tvkyfwckudkpOf;pm;rdw,f/ tJ'gor0g,rtvkyfyJ/ or0g,rvkyfief;[m 'kdU t*fvefeJU Oa&myu wcsKdU EkdifiHawGrSmodyfMuD;yGm;aew,f/ rif;wkdUEkdifiHrSmawmh t&nftcsif;&sdwJhvlawG[m 'dvkyfief;rSm pdwfr0ifpm;wJhtwGuf'Dvkyfief;[m ratmifjrifbl;/ tJ"dvkyfief;rSm ri;f0ifvkyfEkdif&if odyfaumif;r,f/ waeUwkef;u face=WinKalaw b@ma&;rif;MuD; 'gef; / or0g,rrif;Mud; zkd*gwD wkdUeJU ig pum;vufqkHus&if; rif;taMumif;udk igajymjyw,f/ olwkdUuvnf; rif;eJU awGUcsifw,f/ cPavmufoGm;awGUyg qkdNyD; tJ'dyk*f*kdvf ESpfOd;ud armifEk awGUEkdifatmif w,fvDzkef;eJU csdef;ay;w,f/ aemufwMudrf ausmi;ftkyfMuD; qavmheJUawGUwJhtcg or0g,rtoif;awG&JU vufaxmuf &D*spfpwm tjzpfeJU cefUbkdU or0g,r rif;MuD; zkd*gwDu &nf&G,fxm;wJhtaMumif; armifEkukd ajymjyw,f/ armifeku tpkd;7tvkyfrvkyfcsifbl;/ vkdU ajzw,f/ tpkd;&tvkyf qkdaywJh or0g,r tvkyf[m jynfolvlxkudk qefUusif7wJh tvkyfr[kwfbl; / jynfolvlxk&J tusK;dukdaqmif7Guf&wJhtvkyf jzpfw,fvkdU ausmif;tkyfMuD; qavmhu taMumif;jyefw,f/ armifEk[ olUtcef;udk jyefa&mufwJhtcg ausmif;tkyfMuD;ajymwmudk jyefpOf;pm;aew,f/ tpkd;&tvkyfvkyf&rSmukd armifeku e*kdvftm;jzifh rESpfoufaomfvnf ; ausmif;tkyfMud;u zcifozG,f qkH;rwmudk tm;emNyD;

vufaxmuf&D*spfpwmtvkyfudk 0ifvkyf&awmhrvkd vkd jzpfaew,f/ 'gayrJh ]armifEk[m &mxl;eJUacsmhawmh/ aysmhoGm;w,f} qkdwJhpum;[m wufuokdvf avmurSm O'gef;wGifNyD; usef&pfrSmudkvnf; armifEk&Sufw,f/ ausmif;tkyfMuD; qavmh[m olUuk dcyfMurf;Murf;udkif&if ausmif;ut xkwfcH7wJhtxd jyefwkdufbkdU qdkwm armifEk 0efrav;/ 'dvkdwkdufr,fvkdUvnf; armifEk oH"DXmef csxm;w,f/ tckawmh ausmif;tkyfMud;u zcifobG,f qufqHaewJhtwGuf ausmif;tkyfMuD; qavmh pdwftaESmuft,Sufjzpfatmif wckck vkyf&rS olUtwGuf0efav;vmw,f/ 'DvkdjzpfvmwJhtwGuf zcifvkdapmifha&Smufwm aus;Zl;wifygw,f/ or0g,rvkyfief;rSmpdwfr0ifpm;ojzifh vufaxmuf&D*spfpwm&mxl;udk usaemf vufrcHyg&apeJU?Oya'rSmvnf; usaemf pdwfr0ifpm;awmhygbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh Oya'wef;u usaemf EIwfxGufvkdufygNyD tp&SdwhJtcsufawG ygwJh pmwapmifudk ausmif;tkyf MuD;qavmh qD a&;NyD; armifEk[m Oya'wef;u w0ufwysufeJU 'kwd,rfyd EIwfxGufoGm;cJh&jyefw,f/ ,leDAmpdwDu xGufNyD;wJhaemuf armifEk[m &efukefNrdKU pawmh8dwfvrf; (,cktcg odrfjzLvrf;) ab;u ukvm;bwfpwD; qkdwJh &yfuGufuav;rSm oli,fcsif;wa,mufeJU twloGm;aew,f/ a&S;OD;pGm owif;pmwkdufwwkdufrSm tvkyf0ifvkyfbkdU olpdwful;rdw,f/ 'gayr,hf vcpm;tvkyfudk olMum&Snf vkyfbkdU jzpfrSm r[kwfbl; vkdU qufNyd;pOf;pm;rd wJhtwGuf tJ'd pdwful;ysufoGm;w,f/ pmtkyfa&;bkdUudk qufNyD;pOf;pm;wJhtcg ola7;csifwmu jyZmwf/ oLUjyZmwfawGu vlMuDKufenf;aewJhtwGuf 'gvnf;rjzpfao;ygbl; qkdNyD;pdwfavsmhvkdufjyefw,f/ oltJ'dvkdjzpfaewJhtcsdefrSm olUtar a':apmcifuvnf; olUtwGuf tawmfpdwfylaew,f/ &efukefNrDKUMuD;qkdwmuvnf; tifrwef aMumufp&maumif;w,f/ &Iyf&IyfayGayG u aygygobdeJU/ tJ"gaMumifh olUom;[m 7efukefrSm bmrS rvkyf&if 0g;c,frudk jyefvm / 0g;c,frrSm oltifrwef rsufaphusaewJh rdef;cav;wOd;eJU olUom;ukday;pm;NyD; olUom;uk drsufpdatmufrSmbJxm;csifw,f/ vkdU cPcP ylpmwJhtwGuf olUtaz OD;pHxGef;[m tJ'dtaMumif;awGudk armifEk qD cPcP a7;w,f/ oLU tar rsufpdusaew,fqkdwJh rdef;cav;[m vdrfrmwJhae&mrSm tdajE?&wJhae&mrSm tawmfemr,f&wJh rdef;cav;ygyJ/ 'gayrJh racsmwJhtwGuf udka&Teku rMudKuf&Smbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh 0g;c,frjyefNyd; rdef;r,lbkdUqkdwJh olUtar&JU tqkdjyKcsufvnf; olvufrcHEkdif? tckvdkrwifrusjzpfaewkef; waeUusawmh ausmif;tkyfMud;qavmh&JU &kH;u pmykdUukvm;wa,muf[m armifEkudk pmwapmifvmay;w,f/ zGifhzwfwJhtcg

ausmif;tkyfMud;u oleJU cPvmawGUygvkdU a&;xm;wmudk awGU&w,f/ ol[m tJ'DtdrfrS aewm ausmif;tkyfMud;b,fvkdvkyfodoGm;ovJ / tJ'gudk armifEkpOf;pm;vkdUr&bl;/ aemufwaeUrSm armifEk[m ausmif;tkyfMud; eJUawGUwJhtcg armifEkrif;[m tckvkd a,mifokH;q,fvkyfaewm raumif;bl;/ rif;&JU wkdif;jynfeJU trsKd;twGuf wckckvkyfyguG,f/ rif;twGuf ig'Dvkdpdwful;xm;w,f/ tckavmavmq,f vufaxmuf &D*spfpwm 0ifvkyf aemufajcmufv/ ckESpfvavmufMum&if ynmawmfoiftjzpfeJU t8FvefrS 2ESpfaeNyD; or0g,rvkyfief;udkavhvm Oa&mrSm wESpfavhvm/ tJ'dvkd EkdifiHjcm;ynmcHawG&Sd&if rif;'dukdjyefa&mufwJhtcg rif;&JU wkdif;jynfeJU trsKd;twGuf vnf;ykdNyd; xdxda&mufa7mufvkyfay;Ekdifr,f/ &mxl;wufwJhae&mrsm ykdNyD; jrefrSmaMumifh rifhtwGuf vnf; tusKd;trsm;MuD;&Sdr,fvkdU ajym w,f/ armifEk[m tpkd;&ynmawmfoiftjzpfeJU t*Fvefudk oGm;csifw,f/ odyfoGm;csifw,f/ oxkHausmif;aqmifrSm 'kdUArm oDcsif;qkdyGJeJU ywfoufNyD; ausmif;tkyfMuD; qavmhfeJU y#dyu?om ray:cJh&if olvufcHcJhr,f/ 'gayrJh y#dyu?jzpfNyd; rS&wJh ynmawmfoifqkudk vufcHoifhovm;qkdwm oltrsm;MuD;pO;fpm;aew,f/ ol[m tifrwef pOf;pm;7MuyfwJhtwGuf olUtaru EkdifiHjcm;oGm;wmudk rMudKufbl;vkdU armifEk[m ajymrdajym&m ajymcsvkdufw,f/ tJ'dtcg ausmif;tkyfMuD;qavmh u rif;tckvkd ynmawmfoif tjzpfeJUoGm;&if rif;twGuf a&m rif;&JU wkdif;jynfeJUvlrsKd; twGu fa&m b,favmuftusK;d&Sdr,fqkdwm rif;tarudk &Sif;jybkdU rif;tazqD igpma7;r,fvkdU armifEkudk ajymw,f/ armifEkvnf;aumif;NyDqkdNyD; jyefvmw,f/ 'Dtaumif armifEk[m vlnHhav;bJ/ tvkyfvkyfcsifwJhaumif r[kwfbl;vkdU ,lqNyD; ausmif;tkyfMuD;[m olYtay:rSm pdwdfajymif;oGm;ygap/ pdwfqkd;oGm;ygap/ oleJU tqufjzwfvkdufyapvkdU vrf;wvrfvkH;a&m tdrfjyef a&mufNyD;tcsdefawmfawmfMumwJhtxd armifek[m tMudrfMudrf qkawmif;aew,f/ aemufq,f&ufavmufMumwJhtcg armifek&JU taz Od;pHxGef;[m ausmif;tkyfMud;qavmha&;ay;vkdufwJh pm&SnfMud;udk ,lNyD; 7efukefudk vkdufvmw,f/ olUom;armifEkeJU awGUwJhtcg ausmif;tkyfMuD;ay;wm,lvkdufyguGm/ rif;taruvnf; oabmwlygw,f/ tJ'g[m wkdif;jynftwGufa&m / rif;twGufyg odyfaumif;w,fvkdU Od;pHxGef;u tm;yg;w& ajymw,f/ aemufNyD;awmhvnf; ausmif;tkyfMuD;[m rif;tay: 'davmufxd apwemxm;aewmudk rif;tm;embkdUaumif;w,f/ aus;Zl;vnf; trsm;MuD;wifbkdUaumif;w,f / OD;pHxGef;u qufNyD;ajymjyefw,f/

aemufokH;av;&ufavmuf MumwJhtcg armifEk[m pdwfajymifoGm;ovkd jzpfjyD; ausmif;tkyfMuD;eJUawGUw,f/ EkdifiHjcm;ynm awmfoif qk,lygr,fvkdU ajymwJhtcg ausmif;tkyfMuD;[m t7r;f0rf;omw,f/ avQmufvTmykHpH av;&Gufudk ol&kh;u csufcsif;awmif; / olUa&SUrSmyJ vkdwJhtcsufawGud karmifEk a7;xnfh&w,f/ ykHpHwckudk jznfhNyd;wJhtcg tifrwef0rf;omaewJh ausmiftkyfMuD;[m olUwynfh armifEk vufanmif;rSm pkd;vkdUxifw,f/ usefykHpHokH;&Guf rSm xyfrjznfheJUawmh olU&khH;u yxrykHpHuk dMunhfNyD; Nznfhvdrfhr,f/ ykHpHawGay:rSm vufrSwfawGom xkd;ay;vkdufvkdU armifEkudk ajymw,f/ armifekuvnf; olajymwJhtwkdif;vkyf&w,f/ wjcm;ausmif;om;awG&JU ykHpHrSm qkd7if ausmif;tkyfMuD;[m oufqkdif&mokdU wifykdUvkdufonf qkdwJh pmwvkH;bJ a7;w,f/ armifEk&JU ykHpHrSmawmh armifEk&J t7nftcsif; awGud k t&SnfMuD; a7;xm;wmawGU&w,f/ ynmawmfoifawG[m pmar;yGJ wck0if&w,f/ tJ'Dpmar;yGJvkyfNyD;awmhrS ynmawmfoiftjzpf avsmufxm;olawGudk tzGJUwzGJU a&G;w,f/ 'gayrJh pmar;yGJqkdwm vkyfw,fqkdwm avmufygbJ/ ta&;rMuD;ygbl; tzGJu ta&;MuD;w,f /tJ'dtzGJUxJrSm ausmif;tkyfMuD; qavmhygw,f/ ,leDAmpdwD ausmif;om;qkd&if ola7G;wJhol&wmyJ/ 'Dpmar;yGJ[m 'DZifbmvxJrSm vkyfavh&Sdw,f/ 'Dpmar;yGJvkyfbkdU av;ig;ajcmuf&uf vkdwJhtcg armifEkpdwfxJrSm olUoli,fcsif;awG olUudk 0kdif;NyD; oa&mfMuwJh face=WinKalaw ykHo@efrsKd;awG jrifvmw,f/ armifEkqkdwJh aumif[m [kdbufudk ygoGm;NydvkdU ajymMuwJh toHrsKd;awGolUem;xJrSm Mum;ovkdvkdjzpfvmw,f/ armifek&JU ESvkH;om;[m OD;aESmufxuf Mud;aew,f/ r[kwfvm; / tJ'dawmh 'DvkdoLUpdwfu olUud kjyefajcmufwJhtcg b,fcHEkdifrvJ/ tJ'gaMumifh pmar;yGJppfwJh aeUusawmh armifekoGm;rajzawmhbl;/ tcef; 11/ aemuf &uftenf;i,fMumwJhtcg olwkdUqDudk tvnfvmbdkU aqGrsKd;awGu pma&;vkdufwJh twGuf armifEk[m yef;waemfudk vdkufoGm;w,f/ yef;waemfudk a&mufNyD; aemufwaeUrSm armifEk[m yef;waemfaps;xJudk oGm;w,f/ olUta': a':a':jrDKif&JU txnfqkdifrSmxkdifNyD; a':a':jrDKifeJU pum;ajymaewkef; trsKd;orD;wa,muf qkdifa&SUudk jzwfavQmufoGm;w,f/ a':a':jrDKifu jrjra& cPaeygOD; nnf;udk ajymp&m en;fenf;&Sdaew,f/ vkdU EIwfqufvkdufwJhtwGuf tJ'dtrsKd;orD;[m armifEk &JU rsufESmcsif;qkdifav;ig;ukduf tuGmrSm xkdifw,f/ armifEk

vSnfhMunfhvdkufwJhtcg &kwfw&ufqkdawmh yGJxkdifwckoGm;zkdU twGuf ausmhaeatmif zd;vdrf;0wfpm;vmw,fvkdU xifr,fqkd&ifvnf; xifEkdifavmufwJh trsKd;ord;wa,mufudk awGU&w,f/ aemufwMudrf jyefMunfhwJhtcg jrjrqkdwJh trsKd;orD;[m wjcm;r[kwfbl;/ cyfvSrf;vSr;fu ESpfMudrf/ okH;Mudrf avmufjrifvdkuf&bl;wJh OD;atmifjidrf;&JU ord;axG; rjr&Djzpfaewmudk awGU&w,f/ rjr&d[m aps;udkvmvm/ yGJxkdifudk oGm;oGm; / tdrfrSmbJaeae/ qHxkH;MuD;udk armufaeatmifxkH;/ yef;awGudka0aeatmifyef/ oeyfcg;eJU aygif'gudk azG;aeatmif wudk,fvkH;vl; aumif;ayhqkdwJh a&arT;wkdU / atmf'duvkH;wkdUudk MudKifaeatmifjzef;/ olUtaz/ olUtaray;xm;wJh vuf0wfvufpm; qkd&ifvnf; &SdorQtukef cs0wfae&rS auseyfw,fqkdwJhowif; udk t&ifwkef;uwJu armifEk[m aqGrsKd;awGqDu okd;okd;oefUoefU Mum;cJhzl;w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh a&S;wkef;u 0kd;wkd;0g;wm; jrifcJh&bk;ayrJh oljrif&wJh jrfjrqkdwm[m rjr&DyJvkdU oltwwfqGJvkdufjcif;jzpfw,f/ tckvkd jrjrudk jrif&NyD; w,fvSyguvm; vkdU armifEk[m olUpdwfxJrSm rSwfcsufcsvkdufw,f/ jrjr[m a':a':jrDKifeJu pum;ajymaewkef; armifek[m jrjrudk wcsufckd;Munfhvkdufw,f/ w,fusufoa&&SdwJh [mrav;ygvm;vkdU olUpdwfxJrSm 'kwd,rfyDrSwfcsufcsjyefw,f/ aemufokH;av;rdepfMumwJhtcg wMudrfckd;Munfhjyefw,f/ odyfcspfp&m aumif;w,fuG,fvkdU wwd,rfyd rSwfcsufcsvkdufjyefw,f/ jrjr xoGm;wJhtcg a':a':jrDKifu armifek rif;rjr&Dudk rodbl;vm; / rif;&JUausmif;tkyfa[mif; OD;atmifjidrf;&JU orD;av;vdkU ar;w,f/ cyfvSrf;vSrf;u cPavmufjrifbl;wmygbJ/ tJ'gvnf;odyfrMumygbl;/ ESpfMudrf/ okH;Mudrf? avmufygyJ? tckvdk eD;eD;uyfuyf cyfMumMumav;jrifbl;wmawmh 'g[m yxrqkH;tMudrfyJvkdU armifEku ajzw,f/ aemufav;ig;rdepfavmufMumwJhtcg armifEk xjyefvmw,f/ armifEk[m olUtr0rf;uGJwifwifeJU awGUwJHtcg trMud; rjr&d[m w,fcspfp&maumif;ygvm;vkdU pum;pvkdufw,f/ tJ'g[m bmjzpfovJvkdU olUtrMuD;u jyefar;w,f/ usaemfvkdcsifw,f/ olUudk usaemMudKudaeNyD/ vkdU armifEku ajzw,f/ odyfMudkufae&if olUtazMud;udkrif;oGm;ajymygvm;/ rif;&JU ausmif;tkyfa[mif;bJvkdU trMud;u tMuHay;w,f/ usaemf ausmif;q&mMud;vkyfwkef;u *RwfqwfqwfEkdifvGef;vkdU tzkd;MuD;u saemhudk rkef;oGm;NyDxifw,fv/ tJ'dawmh oabmwlbkdUudk rqkdxm;eJU tawGUcHrSmawmif r[kwfbl;vkdU armifEk[m olUxifjrifcsufudk wifjyw,f/ 'dvkd rajymygeJUuG,f/ rif'[m uavuacs tpm;xJurS r[kwfbJvkdU trMud;u tm;ay;w,f/

usaemf rajym&Jbl;/ trMud;yJajymay;/ tzkd;MuD;udk ajymzkdUr[kwfygbl;/ usaem arw?m&SdwJhtaMumif; armifEkua jymw,f/ 'Dudpfpudk pOf;pm;yg&apqkdNyD; trMud;utcsdefawmif;w,f/ trMud;[m tysKdMud; qkdawmh tcspf[m b,fvdkvnf;qkdwm trMud;rodbl; / tcsdefrqGJcsifygeJU/ usaem tckyJpmwapmifa&;r,f/ rjr&DukdoGm;ay;ygvkdU armifEku olUtrMuD; udk twif;ylqmw,f/ tJ'daemuf a':a':jrdKif&JU qkdifrSm awGUuwJu rjr&Dudk odyfarw?m&SdaeNyD olUarw?mudk rjr&d wkefUjyefvdrfhr,fvkdU txl; ,kHMunfaeygw,f/ tp&SdwJh arw?mpmudk a&;Nyd; trMuD;&JU vufxJ xnfhvkdufw,f/ twif; eyleqmvkyfaewJhtwGuf trMuD;[m pm,lNyd; rjr&DqDudk oGm;&w,f/ aemufwem&DavmufMumwJhtcg trMuD;jyefvmw,f/ tJ'dtcg rjr&DqDu jyefpmygvmvdrfhr,f xifwmaMumifh armifEk u trMuD; jyefpmygvmovm;vkdU tdrf0u qD;NyD;ar;w,f/ [Jharmifek rkefU[if;cg;qkdifrSmrkefU[if;cg;wcGuf ay;vkdufpr;fqkdwmeJUcsufcsif;&wmyJ tckudpfpukd rkefU[if;cg; 0,fpm;ovkd oabmxm;vkdUb,fjzpfrvJvkdU aigufvkdufawmhrS tirf;r& jzpfaewmu jidrfusoGm;w,/ armifEk[m aemufxyf av;ig;&ufavmuf yef;waemfrSm apmihfaew,f/ tJ'dtawmtwGif; trMud;[m rjr&DwdkUtdrfudk okH;acgufavmufa&mufao;w,f/ pmawmh,lxm;wmyJ bmrS rajymbl;/ ar;vkdUvnf;r&bl;qkdwJh owif;xufxl;NyD; armifek[m bmowif;rS Mum;roGm;&bl;/ armifEk[m &efukef jyefa&mufNyd; we*FaeG wywfavmuftMum rjr&DqDu kd pmwapmifxyfa&;jyD; trMuD; qDudk ydkUvkdufw,f/ olay;wJhpmawGudk pmjyef zkdU armifek[m olUpmxJrSm rjr&du kd txl; arw?m&yfxm;w,f/ wvavmufMumwJhtxd bmoHrS rMum;&jyefwJhtwGuf wufMuGaewJh olUpdwfawG[m pdwfjy'g;wkdifxJrSm &mckdif;EIef;ig;q,favmuf usoGm;w,f/ olUwoufrSmjzifhf &nf;pm; xm;vkdU b,fenf;eJUrS pGHrSm r[kwfygbl;vkdU pOf;pm;Nyd;a emufqkH;pmtjzpf eJU wwd,pmudk a&;vkdufw,f/ aemufq,f&ufavmufMumwJhtcg yef;waemfu pmwapmifa&mufvmw,f/ pmtdyfukdzGifhvkdufwJhtcg trMuD;&JUpmtjyfi wjcm;pmwapmifvnf; pmtdyfuav;wckeJU ygvmw,f/ armifEk[m olUtrMud;&JUpmudk rzwfEkdifao;bl;/ olUvufawGwkefkwkef&D&deJU pmtdyfuav;xJu pmudk uAsmu,mazmufMunfhw,f? pma&;vkdufygonf udkufkdEk qkdwJh yxrpmaMumif;udk zwfvdkuf&wmeJu wjydKifeuf olU7ifacgif;udk 0rf;omvkH;Mud;aqmifhvkdufwm &ifyGifhxGufoGm;ravmufjzpfoGm;w,f/ 'dvkdrjzpfyJ b,faervnf; a&s;wkef;uqkd&if armifek[m rdef;rawGudk

olucsnfhyJ wzufowfavQmufMudKufvmcJh&wm trSefpifppfqkd&if olwzufowfMudKufcJh&wJhrdef;uav;awG[m tckpmtkyfxJrSm az:jyxm;wmxuf rsm;ao;w,f/ wcsKdUusawmhvnf; pdwf0ifpm;p&m raumif;bl;vkdUxifwJhtwGuf csefxm;ypfcJhw,f/ wcsKdUusawmhvnf; iJhp7mtaMumif;awG&SdaevkdU csdefxm;ypfcJh&w,f/ tJ'dvkd wzufowfMudKufMudKufNyD; armifek[m arw?mpm awG teE?ay;cJh&aywJh rdef;cav;awgqDu pmrajymeJuU Vif;weJUwlwmrsKd;awmif olUwoufeJUwudk,f wcgrSr& bl;wJhpmudk ol&wJhtcg ol&ifyGifhrwwf jzpfvmwm enf;awmifenf;ao;w,f/ armifek[m rjr&D&JUpmudk a;ig;ajcmufacgufavmuf zwfjyD;wmawmif rwif;wdrfEkdifao;bl;/ {nhfcef;ux olUtdyfcef;xJ0if/ olUckwif ay: vSJNyD; av;ig;ajcmufMudrf jyefjyefzwfaewmudk Munfh&wm c;gydkufaqmifem&DwvkH; aumuf&xm;wJh arsmufwaumif udk Munfh&wmeJU odyfwlaew,f/ ighudk ukdufdkEkwJh/ trMud;u oifay;vkdufvkdU ac:wmrsm;vm; / olzwfbl;wJh 0w?KawGxJu orD;&n;fpm;pmawGtm;usNyD; ukdudkekvkdUac:wmvm;/ 'grSr[kwf&ifvnf; yef;waemfu ighnDrf0r;fuGJ/ nD0rf;uGJuav;awGu ighudk udkudkEkvkdUac:wmtm;usNyD; ac:wmvm; vkdU trsKd;rsKd;tzkHzkHawG;NyD; tJ'DukdukdEkvkdU a&;xm;wJh pmaMumif;uav;udk wjcm;pmykd'fawGxuf tMudrfaygif;rsm;pGmykdzwfaew,f/ tJ"dtcsdefu opfpm0g'd owif;pmwkdufrSm vufaxmuft,f'Dwm vkyfaewJh olUoli,fcsif;wa,muf cGifh,loGm;vkdU olUae&mrSm armiEkcP0ifNyd; tvkyfvkyfaew,f/ tJ'dpm&wJhaeUu owif;pmwkdufoGm;wJhtcg armifEk[m rjr&d&JUpmuav;udk tdrfSM xm;rypfcJhbl;/ oleJU twlwl,loGm;w,f? vrf;rsm pmaysmufrusatmifqkdNyD; olUtay:tusFd &JU ab;tdyfxJrSm xnfhw,f/ tdrfxJu tdrfjyifudka&mufwJHtcg olpdwfajymif;oGmw,f/ pmeJU olUtoJeJU ykdeD;atmifqkdwJh pdwful;eJUpmudk ab;tdyfxJuxkwf/ &SyftuFsdtdyfxJrSmxnfhNyd ;ukef;vkduf uGvkduf&fi atmufudk usroGm;atmifvufudkifyk 0geJU tay:u zdxm;vkdufw,f/ owif;pmwkdufudk a&mufNyD; olUpm;yGJrSmxkdifrdwmeJU wjydKifeuf tvkyfvkyfp&m&SdwmawGudk wjydKifeuf tvkyfvkyfp&m&SdwmawGudk armifEk bmrS rvkyfekdifao;bl;/ b,fvkyfekdfifOD;rvJ/'Dowif;pmxuf trsm;Mud; ykdNyd; ta&;MuD;aewJh tvkyfwck olUrSm&Sdaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh owif;pmtvkyfudk rudkifcif rjr&d&JU pmaMumif;uav;udk av;ig;Mudrf avmufxyfzwfvkduf&ao;w,f/ tJ'dvkd tMudrfMudrf zwfNyD;wJhtcg t&if u olpmay;cJhwJh rdef;cav;awG[m oleJU zl;pmrygvkdU pmrjyefwm/ rjr&Dusawmh zl;pmygwmaMumifh pmjyefwmyJvkdU

awG;rdNyd; zl;pmuH&JU qef;us,fykHawGudk armifEk tHhMoaew,f/ vlawG[m rsm;taomtm;jzifh wckckjzpfvm&if uHudk om vTJcsavh&Sdw,f/ jrwfpGmbk&m;[m uHtjyif nmPfeJU 0d&d,udkvn;f a[mxm;awmfrlygao;w,f/ zl;pmuHqkdwmawmh b,folrS jrifEkdifwm r[kwfvkdU olUudk pmrjyefwJh rdef;acav;awGrSm oleJU zl;pm ryglb; pmjyefwJh rjr&D rSmom oleJU zl;pm ygw,fqkdwJh tcsufudk jiif;vnf;rjiif;Ekdifbl;/axmufvn;f raxmufcHEkdifbl;/ 'gayrJh wck awmh wyftyfaocsmajymEkdifygw,f/b,fvkdyJ zl;pmygyg b,fvkdyJ arw?m&Sd&Sd tdajE?&SdwJh rdef;cav;omqkd&if pmwkdufu pmykdUukvm;vmay;wJhpmudk pmjyef bkdUodyfcufrSmbJ/ rjzpfoavmufcufrSmbJ/ armifEkrSm 0d&D,awmh&Sdyg&JU/ 'dvkd&Sdvkdvnf; rdef;cav;wa,mufa,mufudk olMudKufvmNyDqkd&if rarmryef;EkdifbJ pmawGa&;NyD; pmwkdufuykdUaeEkdifwmaygh/ 'gayr,fh pmwkdufu ykdUwJh arw?mpmukd tdajE?apmifhwJh rdef;cav;wOd;[m b,favmufyJ arw?m&Sd&Sd b,fenf;eJUrS pmjyefrSm r[kwfbl;/ qkdwJh tcsufudk em;vnfEkdifwJh nmPfrsKd;awmh armifEkrSm r&Sdbl;/ tu,fa&GUomtrMuD;uk dtm;rukd;bJ oltm;udk;aeMu pmykdUukvm;awGudk om tm;udk;OD;r,fqkd&if rjr&d&JU cspfudpfprSmvnf; bmeJUjzpfjzpfavmif;&Jygw,f/ ol[m olUcspfwyfawGudk qkwfNyd; cspf&IH;awG ay;7OD;rSmyJ/ 1931 ckESpf {NyDvxJudk a7mufvmwJhtcg {nfhcHyGJwckrSm armifEk[m trsKd;om;ynm0ef OD;zkd;Mum;eJU awGU&w,f/ OD;zkd;Mum;u pdtrftD; vkdUac:wJh olU&kH;udk cPvkdufcJhygvkdU ac:wmeJU armifekvkdufoGm;&w,f/ okH;cGtrskd;om;tv,fwef;ausmif;rSm q&mMuD;ae&m vpfvyfaew,f/ tJ'DrSm tvkyfoGm;vkyfyg/ ausmif;uawmh enf;enf;qif;&Jw,f/ vcrSefrSef ay;EkdifrSmr[kwfbl;/ rif;[m jzpfovkdae&rSmbJvkdU OD;zkdMum;uajymjyw,f/ vcr&rSmudk usaemfraMumufygbl;/ qif;qif;&J&J aeEkdifygw,f/ 'gayrJh usaemf q&mvkyfvkdUrjzpfbl;xifw,f/ vkdU armifek ujyefajymw,/ Od;zkd;Mum;u bmjzpfvkdUvnf;vkdU ar;w,f/ yef;waemfrSmusaeq7mMuD;vkyfwkef;u aumfrDwDvlMud;awG tawmf pdwfnpfukefMu&w,f/ OD;wkdUvnf; usaemhf taMumif;Mum;NyD;a7maygh vkdU armifEkujyefajzw,f/ Mum;NyD;ygNyd/ rif;vkyfwmrSeforQ tqkd;csnfbJ r[kwfygbl;/ taumif;awGudk rif;vkyfcJhwm trsm;Mud; &Sdygw,f/ tJ'dawmh okH;cGausmif;rSm cPoGm;vkyfay;vkdufyg/ tJ'du ausmif;aumfrwD&JU Ou?X[ mausmif;q&mMuD; wOD;vTwfay;bkdU ighudk cPcP em;ylaew,fvkdU Od;zkd;Mum;u qufajymjyefw,f ? tJ'gaMumihf armifEk[m okH;cG trsKd;om;ausmif;udk a&mufoGm;w,f/ armifekufkd vl&r;fum;av;wa,muftjzpfeJU rjr&DwkdUrdbrsm;u

pm&if;oGif;xm;NyD;jzpfwJhtwGuf rdbawgudk em;azmuf&if b,fenf;eJUrS r&Ekdifbl;qkdwm trMud;qDu armifEk owif;tpkHtvif &xm;Nyd;NyD/ tJ'gaMumifh oDwif;uRwfv asumif;ydwfwmeJUwjyKdifeufwnf; rjr&dukdckd;&atmif armifEk[myef;waemfudk jAKef;ueJ a&mufoGm;w,f/ wvavmufawmh MudKwiftaMumif;Mum;oifhw,f/ tckvkd jAKef;pmMuD;qkdawmh rjr&dvkdufEkdfifr,f rxifbl;/ rif;vkyvkduf&if 'DvkdtavokH;q,fcsnf;yJvkdU trMud;u tjypfwifw,f/ rjr&Dudk usaemudk,fwkdif ajymMunhfyg&ap/ caPavmufawGUa&atmifcsdef;ay;yg vkdU armifeku ylqmwmeJU trMuD; wkdUtdrfrSmbJ csdef;ay;w,f/ rjr&DudkawGUwJhtcgjrjrvkdU olUaqGrsKd;awG ac:wJhtwkdif; ac:&rvm; / jrvkdYyJ &if;&if;ESDESD; cspfaoG;az:NyD; ac:7rvm;qdkwm armifEk ra0cGJEkdifbl;/ tJ"gaMumifh avSMud;xkd;&kd;&kd;qkdovkd/ rjr&DvkdyJ ac:bkdU armifEk qkH;jzwfvkdufw,f/ armifek[m rjr&deJU rawGUcifwkef;u awGUwJhtcg [kd[m ajymr,f 'D[m awG ajymr,feJUqkdNyD;pOf;pm;xm;w,f/ 'gayrJh awGUwJhtcg ajcawG vufawG wkef 'gawG tukefarhNyd; oljyefwJhtcg vkdufcJhyg qkdwmudkyJ xyfwvJvJ ajymaew,f/ rjr&duawmh xl;xl;axGaxG rajymygbl;/ usrvnf; vkdufcsifygw,f/ ukdukdEk&,f/ tcsdef wvavmufay;ygvkdUomawmif;yef wmygyJ/ wvxufawmh rydkygapeJU rjr&d&,f vkdU armifeku xyfNyd;ajymwJhtcg rkdyap&ygbl;/ udk udkEk&,fvkdU rjr&duajzNyD; q,f&ufavmuftMumrSm rjr&du wefaqmifrkef;vjynfh ausmf 2&ufaeUavmufvmac:ygqkdwJh pmwapmifa&mufvmw,f/ armifEk[m wefaqmifrkef;vjynfhausmfw&ufaeU nbufrSm yef;waemfudk a&mufoGm;w,f/a7mufa7mufcsif;bJ trMud;u rif;rjr&Dukdckd;r,fqkdwhJowif; [m b,uf ayguMum;w,f rqkdEkdifbl;/ olUrdbawG odaew,f/ tJ'dawmh oltdrfay:u qif;wmeJU yoG,fudk csufcsif;ckd;ajy;&r,fvkdU trMuD;u ajymw,f yoG,fqkdwJh&Gmuav;[m yef;waemfu armfawmfbkwfcyfjrefjrefeJU oGm;&if eSpfem&Davmuf oGm;&r,f tJ'd&GmrSmtrMuD;&JU tazbufu Od;zkd;&if/ a':arqkdwJh aqGrsKd;awG&Sdw,f/ 'Dvkdcyfjrefjrefr ckd;ajy;7r,fqkd&if armfawmfbkwfcyfjrefjrefwpfpif;udk 0g;c,frrSm oGm;iSm;rSyJ/ tJ'dawmh reufjzef reufapmapmxGufwJh oabFmeJU 0g;c,frudkvkduf/ [kdudka&mufwmeJU *Refqif armfawmfbkwfuav;wpif;udk iSm;vm&if 'dudk n8em&Davmuf jyea&mufr,f/ rjr&d[ olUtdrfu oef;acgifausmf 2csufwD;rSmxGufvmr,fqkdawmh tawmfyJ/ vkdU armifEku &Sif;jyw,f/ trMud;u oabmwlw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh aemufwaeUrSm 0g;c,frukd jyefoGm;w,f/ yef;waemfudk cyfapmapma&mufekdif&if

ykdaumif;w,fqkdwJh oabmrsKd;eJU aeUvnf 2em&D0g;c,fruxGufrJhtpm; wem&davmufapmNyD; wcsufwD;avmufrSm xGufvmw,f/ yef;waemfacsmif;xJudk 0ficgeD;usawmh yJhcsdyfpuf[ m &kwfw&uf ysufoGm;w,f/ pufq&mvnf; tpGr;fukef MudK;pm;Nyd;jyifwmyJ/ b,fvkdjyifvkdUrS r&bl; / 'Dvkdjyif&if; armfawmfbkwfav;[m a&pkefxJarsmoGm;vdkufwm/ rjr&dtdrfu xGufrJh oef;acgifausmf2csufwD;wJhtcsdefavmufrSm armifek[m 0g;c,frjrKdUudk jyefa&muaew,f/ aemufaeUn 11em&DavmufrS armifEk[m yJcsdyfuav;eJu yef;waemfudk a&mufw,f/ armifEkvnf;a&mufa7mufcsif; rjr&D b,frSmvnf; vkdU okwfoD;okwfjym ar;&Smygw,f/ raeUnu olay:rvmvkdU trMud;udk,fwkdif rjr&dudkckd;Nyd; yoG,fukdydkUxm;vkdufNyDqkdwm udk Mum;&awmhrS armifek pdwfat;oGM;w,f/ armifekvn;f yoG,fudk csufcsif;vkdufwmyJ/ 'gayrJh yoG,facsmif;uav;xJrSm aA'gyifawGu taeSmuft,Sufay;aewJhtwGuf oef;acgifausmf 2csufwD;avmuf&SdrS yoG,fudk a&mufoGm;w,f/ tdrf&Sifrsm;jzpfMuwJh OD;zkd;&if/ a':ar? ndra':av;/ trMud;wkdUu tMud;tuJ rdbawGvkyfNyd; armifekeJU rjr&DwkdUudk olwkdU&JUtdyfcef;xJvkdufykdUMuw,f/ OD;zkd;&if qkrGefaumifawmif;Nyd; vkdufykdUMuolrsm;xGufoGm;MuwJhtwGuf olwkdUESpfa,mufxJ tcef;xJrSm &SdwJhtcg.. jra&/ ukdukdEk/ tcef; 12 u rjr&D&JUzcif Od;atmifjidrf;[m orD;ckd;&m vkdufpwkef;uawmh tawmfpdwdfqkd;w,f/,lp7m a,muFsm; 'davmuf&Sm;ovm; vkdU awG;rdwkdif; uRwfqwfqwf armifekudk a&G;Nyd;,lcJhwJh orD;awm uO?eudk crnf;awmfMduD;[m tawmfpdwfemw,f 'gayrJh awmfi;qkd;yvkH;qkd;udkom ypf&kd;xkH;pH&Sdw,f/ om;orD;qkd;udk rdbrseforQ rypfEkdifMubl;/ tJ'gaMumifh av;ig;vavmuf&SdwJhtcg orD;udk jyeftyfyg/ ESpfa,mufpvkH;udk vufcHr,f/ vkdU rjr&DrdbawGu armifEk&JU trMud;wdkUudk taMumif;Mum;w,f/ orD;ukd jyeftyfbkdUtwGuf rjr&D&JUrdbawGqdudk oGm;wJhtcg tazeJU taru awmh ta&;rMuD;bl; / pdwfajyukefMuNyD/ tukdMuD; udktkH;armif ubmajymrvJ/ t&ifwkef;uvkd tdrfxJt0ifrcHbJ tdrf0uqD;Nyd;rsm; wm;aeOD;rvm;vkdU

armifEk[m tdrfqduk davQmufvm&if;pkd;&drfaerdw,f/ udktkH;armif[m 'Dvkd rvkyf&Smygbl;/ tdrfxJudk 0ifvmwJh a,mufzawmfarmifEkudk jyKH;NyD; vmvkdU EIwfqufw,f/ 1933 ckESpfarvxJrSm ausmif;jyefzGifhwJhtcg ye;waemf trsK;dom;txufwef;ausmif;rSm armifek[m ausmif;tkyfMud;tjzpfeJU tvkyfjyefvkyf&w,f/ olvkyf&ykH[m tawmfxl;qef;w,f/ a,mufcr OD;atmifjidrf;uvnf;olUuk dMuKdufvSvkdUr[kwfbl; / orD;udk wjcm;ac:oGm;rSmpkd;vkdU armifekukd ausmif;tkyftjzpfcefUbkdU ausmif;aumfrwD udk ajymw,f/ ausmif;aumfrwDuvnf Od;atmifjidrf;eJU y#dyu??rjzpfcsifwJhtwGuf oabmwlvkdufw,f/ armifEkvnf; a,mufcrMuD;eJU jyefaygif;xkyfump olUorD;ukd tjcm;wae&m ac:oGm;&if jyoemwck ay:vmEkdifp&m &Sdw,fvkdU ,lqwJhtwGuf a,mufcrMud;ajymwJhtwkdif; tvkyfudk vufcHvkduf&w,f/ tJ'Daemuf wESpfavmufawmh atmifhae&mrSmayghuG,f qkdwJhoabmeJU t&ifuvkd e&Gufodyfrcyf/ uRwfqwfqwf rvkyfawmhyJ armifek[m cyfukyfukyfuav; aevkdufw,f/ 1934 ckESpf ausmif;jyefzGifhwJhtcg armifek[m ausmif;tkyftvkyfu xGufvkdufNyd; Oya'oifbkdU wufuokdvf udk jyefvmw,f/ armifek[m Oya'eJU tusKd;ray;bl;/ 'DvkdtusKd;ray;vkdUbJ wykdif;wef;vef;eUJ Oay'wef;u xGufxGufvm&wm ESpfcg&SdNyd r[kwfvm;/ tckwcg Oya'wef;udk wufjyefNyd/ bmrsm;jzpfOd;rvJqkdwJh tawG;awG[m armifek&JU OD;aESmufxJrSm rMumcP ay:ay:aew,f/ (c) Oya'wef;wufvkdU wvavmuf&SdwJhtcg oxkHausmif;aqmif usLwmukdtkH;u olUrSm rdwfaqG 3Od;&Sdw,f/ tJ'd okH;Od;eJU rdwfzGJUay;csifw,f vkdU armifekudk taMumif;Mum;w,f/ tJ"dokH;Od;eJU udk Ek tcef;xJrSm awGUwJhtg udk Ek[m pum;aumif;aumif;rajymao;bl;/ tuJcyfaew,f/ udkausmfjidrf;[m pum;awmfawmfajymw,f/ olajymwJhtxJrSm t&Tef;awGvnf; tawmfygw,f/ udkodef;azvnf; pum;awmfawmf ajymwmyJ/ 'gayrJh ukdausmfjidrf;vkd t&Tef;awG rygbl;/ olwkdUESpfa,mufpvkH; nmPf tawmfxufjrufykHay:w,f/ udkatmifqef;uawmh bmrS rajymbl;/ ikwfwkwfMuD;xkdifae w,f/ 'dokH;O;dpvkH;[m ukdEkxuftrsm;Mud;i,fw,f/ tJ"daeU wem&DavmufawGUNyd; vlpkcGJvkdufMuw,f/ ukdtkH;&JU pDpOfay;csuft& 'dvvlig;a,mfu[m rMumcPqkdovkd awGUMuw,f/ olwkdUaygif;rdMuwm tawmfuav;

MumvmwJhtcg 'Dig;a,mfu[m ausmif;tkyfMud;&JU 7kH;cef;eJU q,fudkufavmufa0;wJhae&m narSmifrJMuD;xJrSm wa,mufukd wa,muf rjrif&yJ tpn;fta0;vkyfMu&w,f/ tJ'dtcsdefwkef;uqkd7if 'dig;a,mufrSm vQLdUvQLdU0Suf0Suf udpfpawGudk pdwful;xJrSmxnfhawmifxnfhrdMuOd;r,f rxifygbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh wufuokdvf uxGufNyd; wJhtcg tJ'darSmifrkduftpnf;ta0;Mud;[m bmtwGufrsm;vkyfcJhrdMuygvdrfhrvJ/ b,folursm; tMuHay;vkdU vkyfcJhMu&ovJqkdwm udkEk pOf;pm;vkdU r&bl;/ (*) atmufwkdbm ausmif;ydwfcgeD;rSm wufuodkvf or*f*&JU 'kwd, Ou?X[m ausmif;xGufoGm;w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh ausmif;jyefzGifhwJhtcg tJ'dvpfvyfoGm;wJhae&mrSm a&G;aumufyGJwckvkyfw,f/ ig;Od;tzGJU&JU wkdufwGef;csuft& udk Ek[m Mum;jzwf a&G;aumufyGJ 0if&w,f/ ,SOfjyDKifolr&SdbJ ta&G;cH7w,f/ 'DZifbm ausmf;ydwfcgeD;wJhcg ausmif;tkyfMuD;qavmh&JU vufrSwfeJU ta&;MuD;wJh EkdUwpfpmwapmif xGufvmw,f/'DEkdUwpfpmxJrSm tJ'dESpfupNyd; ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; ,leDAmpdwDaumvdyfrsm atmifwJh ausmif;olausmif;om;awGrSom rwfv pmar;yGJMuD;rSmajzqkdcGifh&r,fvkdU azmfjyxm;wmudkawGU&w,f/ ausmf;tkyfMud;qavmhuawmh olUwynfhawG odyfMudK;pm;apsifw,f/ tJ'dvkdMudK;pm;MuwJhtwGuuf t&nftcsif;awG qxufwHydk;wkd;vmapcsifw,f/ 'Dvkdwkd;vmwJhtwGuf jzpfekdif&if jAdwdoQ tifykdif,mwckvkH;rSm olU,leDAmpdwDaumvdyf[m xdyfqkH;wef;udk a&mufaewmudk olodyfMunfhcsifjrifcsifw,f/ olUvufxuf ,leDAmpdwDaumvdyf&JU tqifhtwef;[m tawmfjrifhrm;wJh tajctaeudk a&mufcjhw,fqkdwm rSwfwrf;awG &Sdygw,f/ ausmif;tkyfMuD;qavmh[m olUwynfhawGudkom MudK;pm;MubkdU wkdufwGef;om r[kwfbl;/ olukd,fwkdivnf; odyfMudK;pm;wmyJ? olUudk rkef;wJh ausmif;olausmif;om;udkyJjzpfjzpf/ cspfwJh ausmif;olausmif;omudk bJjzpfjzpf/ ar;csifwJh ausmif;om;udk ar;/ ausmif;tkyfMud;qavmh[m a7omrcdkbl;nmraebl;/ odyftvkyfvkyfw,fqkdwm wndwnGwfwnf ;aESmifhaESjcif;r&SdbJ ajzMur,f / 'gayrJh tJ'dtcsdefwkef;u ausmif;om;awG[m olUapwem&if;udk rjrifMubl;/ rsufESjzLvkyf&if bmudkdyJvkyfvkfyf e,fcsJU7nf&G,fcsufeJUvkyfwm jzpf&rSmyJ/ ausmif;olausmif;om; awG ud kzdESdyfcsifvkdU vkyfwmjzpf&rSmyJvkdUom jrifaeMuw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'DedkUwpfpm xGufvmwmeJuU wjydKifeuf / ausmif;om;awG tkHMuGvmNyD; 'Dudpfpudk

aqG;aEG;&atmif ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;wck csufcsif;ac:ay;bkdU awmif;qkdMuw,f/ 'Dawmif;qkdcsuft& wufuokdvf or*f8u ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;wckudk or*f* cef;raqmifxJrSm ac:ay;&w,f/ tpnf;ta0; pwmeJU wjYydKifeuf olwkduajymaeMutwkdif; ausmif;om;tawmfrsm;rsm;[m 'Dtprf;pmar;yGJvkyfwm[m e,fcsJU&nf&G,fcsufeJU vkyfwmyJ/ ausmif;om;awGudk zdESdyfcsifvkdU vkyfwmyJqkdwmawGudk xyfcgwvJvJ ajymMuw,f/ tawmfuav;MumwJhtcg tpnf;ta0;wckvkH;[m tkHMuGvmfNyD; 'Dtpr;fpmar;yGJ udkwkdufbkdUtwGuf oydwfarSmuf&r,f qkdwJhtoHawG jyif;jyif;xefxefxGufvmw,f/ tckvdk jzpfaewJh tcsdefrSm ausmif;om;MuD;wOD;ESpfOD;u xNyD;/ oydwfrarSmufcif ausmif;tkyfMud;qavmheJU aqG;aEG;oifhw,f/ aqG;aeG;vkdUr&rS oydwfarSmufoifhw,f/ vkdU tMuHay;w,f/ tJ"dtMuHudk ausmif;om;xku vufcHNyD; wufuodkvf or*f* Ou?Xukd ausmif;tkyfMud;eJU oGm;a&mufaqG;aeG;bkdU qkH;jzwfMuw,f/ wufuokdvf or*f8Ou?Xvnf; ausmif;tkyfMud;qDudk olwa,mufwnf; roGm;yg&apeJU qkdNyd;t vkyftrIaqmiftzGJUxJu olMudKufwJh trIaqmifESpfa,mufa7G;w,f/ 'DokH;OD;tzGJU[m ausmif;tkyfMuD;qavmheJU aemufwaeUrSmoGm;awGUNyD; b,fvkdvnf;qkdwm 'DZifbm ausmif;rydwfcif ausmif;om;xktpnf;ta0;udk tpd&ifcH&r,fvkdU ausmif;om;xku awmif;qkdw,f/ aumif;ygNyDvkdU Ou?Xu uwday;w,f/ 'gayrJU Ou?XeJU olUtaz: ESpfOd;[m ausmif;tkyfMuD;qavmhudkoGm;rawGU&JwJhtwGuf ausmif;omydwfoGm;a&m olwkdUuwdtwkdif; raqmif&GufEkdifMubl;/ 'kwd, Ou?X udkEkukd tJ'dtpnf;ta0;u bmrS wm0efay;rxm;bl;/'gayrJh wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&wJh Ou?XeJU tvkyftrIaqmifESpfOd;[m wm0efa&Smifwdr;faewm udkekjrif&awmh ausmif;tkyfMud; qavmhudk tdrfrSm oGm;awGUbkdU udkEk[molUoambeJUol udkausmfjidr;fudk vTwfvkdufw,f/ aemufwem&davmufMumwJhtcg udkEkwkdUvlpk A[kd xrif;pm;cef;raqmifxJrSm aeUvnfpmpm;aeMuwkef; udk ausmfjidrf;jyefvmw,f/ b,fvkdvnf;a[h ae&mus&Jhvm; vkdU udkEku qD;NyD;ar;w,f/ ae&m rusbl;/ yk*f*kdvf wOd;wa,mufyJjzpfjzpf/ tzGJUtpnf;wckckuyJjzpfjzpf/ ighudkvmNyD; jcdr;fajcmufwm ig raMumufbl;/ tprf;pmar;yGJawGudk gausnmxm;wJhtwkdif;vkyf&r,fvkdU pm;yGJckHudk vufod; eJUxkNyD; ausmif;tkyfMuD;qavmhu tajzay;vkdufw,f/ vkdU udkausmfjidrf;u &Sif;jyw,f/ uJ-xrif;pm;OD;uGm/ NyD;awmhrS wkdifyifMuwmaygh/ vkdU ukdEku udkausmfjidrf;udk ajymNyd; xrif;pm;&if; tMuH,laew,f/ watmifhavmuf MumwJhtcg udkek tMuHwck &w,f/ 'DtMuH[m vdrfajymNyd; tEkdif,l&rJh

tMuHjzpfaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'DtMuHtwkdif; vkyfr,fvkdU olUpdwfxJrSm qkH;jzwfNyD;rS rvkyfawmhbl;uGmvkdU ukdEk pdwfajymif;oGm;jyefw,f/ 'gayrJhrsm;rMumcif 'g[m ihgtusKd;twGuf vkyfwmr[kwfbl;/ ausmif;olausmif;om; tm;vkH:twGuf vkyfwm yJqkdwJhpdwfawG / ukdEk&JU OD;aESmufxJrSm ay:vmjyefw,f/ av;ig;q,frdepftwGif; ukdEk&JU OD;aeSmuf xJrSm vkyfr,f rvkyfbl; qkdwJh pdwfawG tMudrfaygif;rsm;pGmay:aew,f/ aemufqkH;usawmhrS ausmif;om;awG&JU tuskKd;twGuf igvkyf7r,f/ 'DvkdvdrfajymwJhtwGuf i&JruvkdU t0Dpduscsifusygap/ igvkyfr,fvkdU ukdEk[m ,wdjywfqkH;jzwfvkdufw,f/ xrif;pm;Nyd;wJhtcg ig;Od;tzGJUtjyif vl&if; av;ig;a,mufudkvnf;zdwfvkdufw,f/ udkEku tajctaeudk &Sif;jyNyD; Ou?XeJU olvUl 2a,muf[m bkd;om0eokd; awGvkd oa0xkd;oGm;MuNyd/ 'DvlawGudk tm;udk;vkdU rjzpfbl;/ olUrdwfaqG awG oabmwl&if olukd,fwkdif acgif;aqmifNyD; 'D tprf;pmar;yGJawGudk wkdufr,f vkdU ajymw,f/ tm;vkH;u oabmwlwJhtwGuf olvkyfcsifwJhtpDtpOfudk ukdEku &Sif;jyw,f/ tmvkH; oabmwlwJhtcg udkEkwkdUvlpk[m arm&d,eJU jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwkduf 2wkduf udk xGufoGm;Muw,f/ arm&d,rSm ukdktHk;ukdodwJh t,f'Dwmwa,muf&Sdw,f/ jrefrmhtvif;rSm udkEkudkodwJh t,f'Dwmwa,muf&Sdw,f/ yk*f*kdvfwa,mufuyJjzpfjzpf/ tzGJUwckuyJjzpfjzpf/ olukdvmNyd; jcdr;fajcmufwm olraMumufbl;vkdU ausmif;tkyfMud; qavmh u udk ausmfjidrf;udk ajymwkef;u ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif awG txl;ojzihf ukdekwkdvlpkeJU wufuodkvf or*f*udk &nf&G,fajymvkdufwmygyJ/ wjcm;vlawGudk ajymp7m taMumif;vnf; r&Sdygbl;/ tJ'gawGudk udkEkwkdU aumif;aumif;odygw,f/ 'gayrJh ausmif;om;wkdufyGJ atmifekdifa&;twGuf ausmif;tkyfMud;[m wEkdifiHvkH;7Sd/ b,fekdifiHa&;orm;udkrS igraMumufbl;/ b,fEkdifiHa&;tzGJUudk rS igraMumufbl;/ vkdUajymw,fqkdNyd;vkyfMuHrrSefowif;udk udkEkwkdU[m owif;pmxJxnhfvkdufw,f/ aemufwaeU acgif;pOfrJMuD;awGeJuU owif;pmESpfapmifrSm 'DvkyfMuHowif;awG ygvmwJhtcg ausmif;tkyfMuD;qavmhu ol'Dvkd rajym&ygbl;/ olajympOfu ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGeJU wufuodkvf or*f* udkom &nf&G,fNyD; ajymwmyg/ owif;pmrSmygwJh owif;awG[m ukd,fvkd&m qGJNyD;a&;xm;wJhowif;awGjzpfyg w,f/ qkdwJh&Sif;vif;csufawG tJ'dowif;pm2apmif udkykdUygao;w,f/ owif;pmwkdufawGu xnhfray;ygbl;/

tJ'drxrtqidfh NyD;wJhaemuf ukdodef;azu txufArmjynfudk oGm;&w,f/ ukdEku jrpf0uRef;ay:bufudk oGm;&w,f/ tJ'dtcsdefwkef;uqkd&if udkodef;azuodwm/ udkodef;azudkvnf;odwm? wEkdifiHvkH;rSm rkH7GmeJU bkwvifqkdwJh jrdKESpfjrDKUbJ&Sdw,f/ ukdEkuodwm/udkEkudkodwmvnf; wEkdifiHvkH;rSmrS 0g;c,freJU yef;waemfyJ&Sdw,f/ tJ'Dawmh udkEkeJU udkodef;az wkdU[m wjcm;jrdKUawGudk oGm;vkdUrjzpfbl; udkodef;azu rkH&GmeJU bkwvifudk oGm;&w,f/ ukdEku 0g;c,freJU yef;waemfudkoGm;&w,f/ tJ'djrdKUav;jrdKU rSm olwkdUESpfO;d[m bmrS t&Sdeft0gr&SdwmaMumifh olwkdUac:wJh jrdKUvkH;uRwftpnf;ta0;awGqdkwm bk&m;pl;/usr;fpl; vGwf&kHrQom&SdwJh tpnf;ta0;awGyJ/ tpnf;ta0;wufMuwJh vlxkqkdwmuvnf; 'DjyoemrSm tifrwef pdwf0ifpm;wJhtwGuf tkHMuGwJhvmMuwmr[kwfygbl;/ oli,csif;awG / rdwfaqGawGjzpfwJhtwGuf tm;emyg;em wufvmMuolawG jzpfw,f/ udkEkeJU udkodef;azwkdUtwGufuawmh vlenf;wmrsm;wm/ tkHMuGwm? rtkHMuGwm[m odyfta&;rMud;ygbl;/vlxktpnf;ta0; vkdU uifyGef;wyfEkdifwJh ae&mwckckrSm EkdifiHa&;orm;awGeJU EkdifiHa&;toif;awGudk apmfum;whJ ausmif;tkyfMud;qavmh ArmjynfutjrefxGufoGm; avmh qkdwJh qkH;jzwfcsufudk cs&ifNyD;a&m tJ'dqkH;jzwfcsufcsNyd;wmeJU wjyDKifeuf &efukefrSmapmifhaewJh ukdtkH;/ udkausmfjidrf;eJU udkatmifqe;fwkdUqDukd oHMuKd;YykdU7w,f/ udktkH;/ukdausmfjidrf;eJU udkatmifqef; wkdUu MudKwif pDpOfxm;wJht wkdif; arm&d,eJU jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwkdufawGudk owif;awG ykdU&w,f/ 'Dowif;pmESpfapmifuvnf; MuufyGJavmuf&SdwJh tpnf;ta0;rsKd;rSm r[kwfbJ tifrwef tkHMuGwkefvIyfaewJh jrdKUvkH;uRwf vlxktpnf;ta0;MuD;awGqDrSm tJ'dqkH;jzwfcsufawGudk qkH;jzwfMuw,f vkdUxifvmaatmif udktkH;/ udk ausmfjidrf;/ udkatmifqef;wkdUu ykdwJhowif;awGudk rGef;rHcs,fvS,fay;Muw,f/ ukdEkeJU udkodef;azwkdU/ &efukefjyefa&mufwJhtcg tJ'dqkH;jzwfcsufudk xyfNyd;cs&atmif a&Twd*kHapwDawmfMud;&JU &m[ka'gifh oHwefaqmif;rSm jrdKUvkH;uRwf tpnf;ta0;wck ac:Mujyefw,f/ 'kdUArm tpnf;t&kH;0ifocif wcsKdU eJU jrdKUvlxkxJu w&mavmufwufw,f/ tJ'dtcsdefrSm ausmif;tkyfMud;qavmh[m tawmf wkefvIyfaeNyDxifw,f/ ,leDAmpDwD tkyfcsKyfa&; tzGJU0ifjzpfwJh 0wfvkHOD;pkd;nGefUeJU bmqmOD;wifwkdUudk olUudk,fpm;vS,fawGtjzpf tJ'dtpnf;ta0;udk wuf&Sif;ckdif;w,f/ 'gayrJhvlxk[m ukdEkwkdUac:xm;wJh vlxkqkdawmh 'dudk,fpm;vS,fESpfO;d[m vlxkudk em;0ifatmif r&Sif;ekdifbl;/ tJ'gaMumifhtJ'dtpnf;ta0;rSmvnf;ukdEkwkdUvkdcsifwJhtwkdif;

ausmif;tkyfMud;qavmh tjreff xGufoGm;avmhqkdwJh qkH;jzwfcsufudkyJ csrSwfvkdufMuw,f/ trSeftwkdif;ajym&&if tJ'Dtcsdeftxd vlxk[m tJ'dudpfpawGrSm pdwfr0ifpm;ao;ygbl;/ bmjzpvkdU 'Dvkd ajymEkdifovJ/ 'd&m[ka'gifhu wefaqmif;xJrSm tpnf;ta0;awG rMumcP vkyfcJh Muzl;ygw,f/ vlxkpdwf0ifpm;wJh tpnf;ta0;qkd&if 'DoHwefaqmif;wckvkH; y&dowf [mjynfhoGm;w,f/ teD;tem;u wefaqmif;awGrSmvnf; vlawG Muyfaew,f/ wcgwav a&Twd*kH apwDawmfMuD;&JU &ifjyifawmftxd y7dowf vQHxGufoGm;w,f/ udkEkwkdUac:wJh tpnf;ta0; rSmawmh vlxk w&mhig;q,favmufom wufwJhtwGuf acsmufuyfuyfMuD;awmifjzpfaew,f/ tckvdk vlxktpnf;ta0;awGrSm qkH;jzwfcsufcsNyd; owif;pmawGxJrSm pmvkH;rJ acgif;pOfMuD;awGeJU vIHUaqmfwm[m 'DwkdufyGJrSm okH;bkdU udkEk toifhaqmifxm;wJh vufeuf ESpfckteuf yxrvufeufomjzpfao;w,f/ tJ'dvufeufeJU wkdufyGJrSm ratmifjrif&if 'kwd,vufeufjzpfwJh oydwfvufeufudkokH;bkdU udkekpDpOfxm;w,f/ 'gayrJh ukdEk wkdU vlxk&JU uk okdvfuHuav;u aumif;csifawmh &m[ka'gifh jrdKUvkH;uRwf tpnf;ta0;&JU qkH;jzwfcsuf[m aemufwaeU owif;pmawGxJrSm ygvmw,f/ tJ'dnaerSmbJ ,leDAmpDwD aumvdyftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU&UJ ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;wck usif;yNyD; tprf;pmar;yJGawGudk &kwfodrf;ypfvkdufbdkU qkH;jzwfcsufcsMuw,f/ 'gayrJh tJ'dta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;rSm ukdEkeJUukdausmfjidr;fudk ausmif;xkwfypfbkdU ausmif;tkyfMuD;qavmhuawmif;qkdw,f/ ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&; tzGJU0ifwOD;jzpfwJh 0wfvkHawmf& trfat Od;odrf;armifu 'Doli,fawGudk ausmif;xkwfypf&if aemufxyf qlylyGJwck jzpfvmvdrfhOD;r,f qkdNyd; ausmif;tkyfMuD;qavmhf&JU tqkdukd uefUuGufw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh Mum;jzefwJhtaeeJU 'kwd,wufuodkvf 'kwd,t"dywd a'gufwmqufu udkEkeJU udkausmfjidrf;udk ac:NyD; ausmif;olausmif;om awG qlylvmatmif vIHUaqmfray;ygbl;qkdwJh tmrcHcsuf rSm vufrSwfxkd;ckdif;bkdU tkyfcskKyfa&;tzGJU u qkH;jzwfw,f/ tJ'dtcgu a'gufwmquf [m &efukefjrLedpyg,f rif;Mud;jzpfaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh aemufw&ufavmufMumwJhtcg ukdEkeJUudkausmfjidrf;wkdU[m a'gufwmquf ud k&efukef jrLeDpyg,f &KH;MuD;u olU&kH;cef;rSm oGm;awGU&w,f/ a'gufwmquf tmrcHcsufrSm vufrSwfxkd;zkdUajymw,f/ udkEku rxkd;Ekdifbl;vkdU jiif;qkdw,f/ rif;wkdUrvkdvm;wJh tprf;pmar;yGJ udk 7kwfodr;fvkdufNyD;NyD/ 'DtmrcHcsufudk vufrSwfxkd;bdkU [m rif;wkdUrSmbm wm0efav;p&m&SdvJ/ vkdU a'gufwmqufu ajymw,f/ 'DtmrcHcsufudk vufrSwfxkd;wmxufpm&if ausmif;xkwfch7wm

uawmfao;w,fvkdU udkEku jyefajymw,f/ rif;wkdU pOf;pm;MuOD;uGm aeUvnf 2csufwD; us&if rif;wkdU jyefvmMuOD;/ qkdNyd; udkEKeJU udkausmfjidrf;wkdUudk wae&m&mrSmoGm;NyD; vufrSwfxkd;bdkUudpfpudk aqG;aEG;&atmif vTwfvkdufw,f/ aeUvnf 2csufwD;rSm a'gufwmqufeJU awGUwhJtcga'gufwmqufu rif;wkdU pOf;pmNyd;MuNydvm;vkdU qD;ar;w,f/ Nyd;NydvkdU udkEku ajzw,f/ tJ'Dawmh b,fvkdvnf; vufrSwfxkd;r,fr[kwfvm; vkdU a'gufwmqufu qufar;w,f/ rxkd;Ekdifbl;vkdU udkEku jyefajzw,f/ a'gufwmqufu w,fcufwJvlawGyJvkdU nOf;Nyd; ukdekeJU udkausmfjidrf;udk jyefvTwfvkdufw,f/ ukdEk[m OD;aESmufxuf ESvkH;om;u ykdMuD;aewJh olwOd;jzpfwJhtwkdif; tckvkd atmifjrif rI &Nyd;wJhtcg atmufajcawGvGwfNyd; igrSigqkdwJhtaersKd;eJU b0iftMud;tus,f jrihfoGm;p&m taMumif;&Sdw,f/ 'gayrJh udkek[m atmufajcrvGwfbl;/ tckvdk atmifyGJcHEkdfifwm tmPm ykdifawGeJU cyfwif;wif; cyfrmrm qufqHEkdifwm[m wjcm;aMumifhr[kwfbl;/ olUOya'udk av;pm;wJh NAdwdoQ e,fcsJUorm;awG&JUvufatmufrSmae&wmaMumifh qufqHEkdifwmyJ/ oya'udk rav;pmwJh e,fcsJhorm;awG&JU vufatmufrSm ae&&if tJ'de,fcsJhorm;awG[m "e&Sif e,fcsJUorm;yJjzpfjzpf/ qkd&S,fvpfe,fcsJUorm;bJjzpfjzpf/ zufqpfe,fcsJUorm;yJjzpfjzpf olvkdaumifrsKd; tpdrf;vkduf0g;pm; ypfrSmyJ qkdwJhtcsufudk ukdEk oabmaygufaewJhtwGuf olatmufajcrvGwf / b0ifrjrifhwm jzpfw,f/ C/ aemufESpf wufuodkvf or*f* Ou?Xa&G;aumufyGJvkyfwJhtcg udkEk[m ,SOfjykdifol r&SdyJ ta&G;cH&w,f/ wjcm;Ou?XawG &r;fr,fqkd&if Ou?XjzpfNyD;vkdU ESpfv okH;vMumrS &rf;r,f/ Ou?X udkekuawmh 'dvkd r[kwfbl;/ Ou?X jzpfwJh yxraeUrSmbJ b,folUukdrS rwkdifyifbJ 7rf;ypfvkdufw,f/ ol&rf;ykH[m tawmf&,fp&m aumif;wJhtwGuf 'dae&mrSm enf;enf;avmufajymjy&OD;r,f/ Ou?XeJU tvkyftrIaqmifukd a&G;aumifwifajrmuf Nyd;wJhtcg wufuokdvf or*f8 oif;vkH;uRwf tpnf;ta0;udk ac:7w,f/ tJ'dtpnf;ta0;rSm Ou?Xu usrf;opfpm usdefqkd7w,f/ Ou?X[m tpnf;ta0;cef;rxJudk r0ficif taxGaxG twGif;a&rSL; u0ifNyd; ]Ou?X}vkdUaMunm&w,f/ tJ'dtcg toif;om;awGu rwfwwf&yfNyd; tav;jyK&w,f/ Ou?XudkEk[m tpnf;ta0;cef;rxJudk 0ifrdwmeJU wjydKifeuf wjcm;bmrS rajymbl;/ tvum;/ 'gawG[m ykdaewmbJ aemifudk usaemftcef;xJ0ifvm&if b,folrS rx&bl;/ xkdifae&r,fvkdU ajymajymqkdqkd olUacgif;aygif;udk qGJcRwfvkdufNyd;

pm;yGJckHay:udk ypfwifvkdufw,f/ Ou?X udkEk &r;fum;aewmudk jrif&Mum;7wJh tvkyftrIaqmif awG[m odyfpdwfqdk;MuwmbJ/ tJ'gaMumifh tpnf;ta0;NyD;wmeJU wjydKifeuf Ou?X&JU tcef;xJrSm ta&;ay: tvkyftrIaqmif tpnf;ta0;udk csufjcif;ac:ay;bkdU tvkyftrIaqmifawGu Ou?XqDrSm awmif;qkdMuw,f/ Ou?Xtcef;xJrSm tvkyftrIaqmifawG pkHwmeJU wjydKifeuf Ou?XudkEkudk 0kdi;fNyd; tjypfwifMuw,f/ olwkdUajymMuwmawG&JU twkdcsKyfuawmh 'Dvkd/ tpnf;ta0;cef;rxJudk Ou?X r0ifcif taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;u Ou?XvkdU aMunmvkduf&if toif;om;tm;vkH;u rwfwwf&yf&r,f/ Ou?X xkdifNyD;rS x&r,f/ Ou?X[m oif;vkH;uRwftpnf;ta0;wkdif;rSm acgif;aygif;aygif;&r,fqkdwmawG[m pnf;rsOf;xJrSm twdtvif; az:jyxm;w,f/ wufuokdvf or*f* udk xlaxmifwJhESpfupNyd; 'Dtwkdif;vkyfcJhwJtpOftvm&Sdw,f/ 'DtpOftvmudk Ou?Xwa,mufwnf; oabmeJU rcsKd;azmufEkdfif bl;/ toif;om;awG rwfwwf&yfNyD;t &kdtaoay;wm[m ukdEkudk ay;wmr[kwfbl;/ Ou?X&mxl;udk ay;wm tvkyftrIaqmifawGudk rwkdifyifbJeJU Ou?Xu tckvkd&rf;um;wmbmaumif;ovJ/tp&SdwJh rauseyfcsuf awGudk qlnHaeatmif tvkyftrIaqmifawG 0kdif;Nyd; tefxkwfMuwmygbJ/ tckajymcJhwJh tpOftvm awG[m pnf;rsOf;xJrSm &Sdw,f qkdwm Ou?X ukdEk rodbl; / 'DukdEk Ou?X oufwrf;rSm 'Dpnf;rsOf;ud kwacgufjnhfatmif zwfbl;ykHray:bl;/ tvkyftrIaqmifawGu tckvkd 0kdif;qlwJhtcg Ou?XukdEk[m bmrS jyef rajymbl;/ pyfNzJNzJvkyfaew,f/ tvkyftrIaqmifawGvnf; qlvkdUtm;&wJhtcg aemifoif;vkH;uRwftpnf;ta0;awG usif;ywJhtcg tpOftvmtwkdif; vkyf&r,f vkdU qkH;jzwfcsufcsw,f/ aemifoif;vkH;uRwftpnf;ta0;awGusawmh taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL; eJU Ou?XwkdU tpnf;ta0;cef;rxJ ukdr0ifcif 'kwd, Ou?X ukd&m&Spfu tvkyftrIaqmif tzGJU&JU qkH;jzwfcsufudk zwfjy&w,f/ Ou?X ukdEkvn;f tpnf;ta0;cef;rxJudk acgif;aygif;aygif;Nyd;0if&w,f/ olOu?XtjzpfeJUwufuokdvf or*f* pifjrifhay:rSm cPcP pum;ajymcJhbl;wmyJ/ 'gayrJhbmawG ajymcJhw,fqkdwmukdawmh olvnf;aumif;aumif;rrSwfrdbl;/ tJ'Dwkef;u or*f* toif;0if wOD;ESpfOD;&JU ajymjycsuft7 qkd&if tmPmykdifawGudk ausmif;om;awGuqvHay;MuwJh udpfpudk ukdEk tifrwef pufqkwfykHay:w,f/ wufuokdvf or*f* &JU pifjrifhay:rSm ig;cgajym&if tJ'dqvHudpfp[m av;cgavmufygw,f/

vkdUod&w,f bmtaMumif;ukdbJ ajymajym tJ'D qvHudpfp[ Mum;xJrS nSyfygvmowJh? i? olOu?XjzpfNyD;vdkU wvavmufMumwJhtcg udpfpwck ay:vmw,f/ ausmif;tkyfMud;qavmh [m cGifheJU t*Fvefudk jyefoGm;wJhtwGuf wjcm;yk*f*kdvfwOd; [m olUae&MrSm acwfw ausmif;tkyfvkyfaewkef; waeUusawmh acwfw ausmif;tkyfqdrSm yef;waemf uausmif;om;av;wOD;[m tdrfjyefcsifwJhtwGuf cGifhoGm;awmif;w,f /trSefpifppfqkd&if wufuokdvfrSm tJ'dvkd cGifhawmif;wJh xkH;pHr&Sdygbl;/ tdrfjyefcsifwJh ausmif;om;[m aeUausmif;om;qkd&if b,folUrS rajymyJ ol[mol jyefoGm;wmyJ/ ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm ; qkd&if 'kwd,taqmifrSL; 'grSr[kwf&ifvnf; ausmif;aqmif usLwmudk ajymNyD;jyefoGm;MuwmbJ/ udkEkudk,fwkdifvnf; olUZeD;eJU orD;av;udk atmufarhvmwkdif; 'DvkdyJajymajymNyd; olUtdrfudk cPcP jyefaewmyJ/ tu,fa&GU tJ"dausmif;om;awG[m twef;wufwJhtrSwfvkdcsif&if twef;xJrSm ausmif;om;pm&if; ac:wJhtcg olwkdUukd,fpm; xl;vdkufzkdU rdwfaqG wOd;Od;udk rSmypfcJhwmyJ? 'davmuftxd vG,fvsufom;eJU 'Dausmif;om; [m tdrfjyefcsifwJhudpfpudk bmjzpfvkdU acwfwausmif;tkyfqDrSm wufajymw,fqkdwmudkek em;rvnfEkdifbl;/ 'Dausmif;om;u cGifhawmif;wJhtcg acwfwausmif;tkyfu rif;bmjzpfvkdUjyefcsifwmvJvkdU ar;w,f/ cPjyefvmcJh ygvkdU usaemhftdrfu pm&w,f/ 'gaMumifhcPjyefyg&ap vkdU 'dausmif;om;u xyfNyd;cGifhawmif;w,f/ rifhpmb,frSmvnf; ighjyprf;/ vkdU acwfw ausmif;tkyfu ausmif;om;udk ajymw,f/ ausmif;om;u olUpmudk xkwfjyw,f/ acwfwausmif;tkyfu pmudk zwfMunfhNyd; pmrSmvufrSwfxkd;xm;wmb,folvJ vkdU ar;w,f / ausmif;om;u olUtrMud;vkdUajymw,f/ rihftazeJU taru bmjzpfvkdU vufrSwfrxkd;ovJ vkdU acwfw ausmfi;tkyfu xyfar;w,f/ olUrdzawG[m olUqDukdb,fawmhrS pmra&;bl;/ pma&;p&m&Sdwkdif; tJ'dtrMud;u a&;avh&SDw,f/ vkdU ausmif;om;u jyefajzw,f/ tJ'Dtcg acwfw ausmif;tkyfu rifhtazeJUtar vufrSwfrxkd;wJhtwGufrif;Ukd cGifhray;Ekdifbl;vkdU ausmif;om;udk ajymvkdufw,f/ acwfwausmif;tkyfudk umuG,fcsifvkdU ajymwmr[kwfygbl;/ trSeftwkdif;ajym&r,fqkd&if tJ'dwkef;u acwfwausmif;tkyf[m t*fvdyfwa,mufu Armwa,mufukd apmfum;vkdufwJhtaeeJUajymvkdufwmvnf; r[kwfbl;/ olUpdwfxJrSm

wufuokdvfausmi;olausmif;om;awGtm;vkH;[m olUom;orD;awGjzpfaew,f/ 'ghtjyif 'Dausmif;om; ausmif;ukda&mufp vlopf / touftm;jzifh qkd7if 16ESpfavmufbJ&SdOD;r,f/ t&G,fi,fvGef;wJh twGuf olUukdjrif&if cav;vdk qufqHcsifp&m jzpfaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh acwfwausmif;tkyf[m rdztaeeJU ajymvkdufwm ygyJ/ 'gayrJh tJ'dwkef;u ukdEkwkdUvlpk&JU pdwfxJrSm t*fvdyfqkd&if b,ft*fvdyfyJjzpfjzpf/ e,fcsJUorm;jzpf&r,f/ tJ'dt*Fvdyf[m bmbJvkyfvkyf e,fcsJU&nf&G,fcsufeJU vkyf&r,fvkdU w,loefpGJxm; Muw,f/ 'dvkdw,loefpGJxm;wJhtwGuf tJ'Dausmif;om;&JU owif;udkMum;&wJhtcg e,fcsJUorm; rsufESmjzlLu Armudk apmfum;w,f vkdU ,lqNyd; udkek[m odyfa'gojzpfw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh acwfwausmif;tkyfudk olukd,fwkdif oGm;awGUNyd; tdrfjyefbkdUcGifhawmif;r,f/ bmjzpfvkdUjyefcsifwmvJar;&if tdrfupm&vkdU jyefcsifw,fvkdUajzr,f/ pmjypr;fvkdU acwfwausmif;tkyfu ar;&if atmufpzkdUeJU udef;b&pf qkdwJh jAdwdoQ wufuokdvfawGrSm ausmif;om;awG&JUpmudk q&m awGu awmif;Munhf0Hovm; / t*FvefrSm rvkyf0HhwJhudpfpudk bmjzpfvkdU 'DrSm vmvkyf&wmvJ/ cifAsm;Armudk apmfum;wmbJ tp&SdwJh&efpum;awG ajymzkdU txd udkek qkH;jzwfxm;w,f/ tJ'dqkH;jzwfcsuft& aemufwaeUusawmh udkEk[m acwfw ausmif;tkyfeJUoGm;awGUw,/f / usaemftdrfjyefcsifw,/f bmudpfpjyefcsifwmvnf;/ tdrfupm&w,f/ at;............ aumif;NyD/ jyefEkdifw,f/ &efjzpfp&mr&SdawmhwJhtwGuf acwfwausmif;tkyf eJU 7efjzpf&atmifoGm;wJh ukdEk[m bmqufvkyf&rSef;rod jzpfaew,f/ tJ'gaMumihf rdepf0ufavmuf acwfwausmif;tkyfudk MuufaoaoMunfhaerdw,f/ p/ wufuokdvk or*f*Ou?Xukdek[m waeUusawmh 'D'kwf*sme,fwdkufudk tvnfoGm;w,f/ tJ'DrSm 'kdUArmtpnf;t &kH; ocifacgif;aqmifwOd;eJUawGUw,f/ pum;ajymaeus&if; em&d0ufavmufMumwJhtcg Od;Ow?r[m vmr,fh a&G;aumufyGJrSm aiGwaxmifEIef;eJU vufcHNyd; ig;yGifhqkdiftzGJUbufu rJw&m; awGvkdufa[may;awmhr,f/ OD;Ow?r[m t7ifwkef;uvkd trskKd;om;acgif;aqmif r[kwfawmhbl;/ tJ'dawmh trsKd;om;aeUus&if wufuokdvf

or*f*pifjrihfay:uaeNyD; Od;Ow?rudk opfpmazmuftjzpfeJU &IHUcsygvkdU tJ'Docifacgif;aqmifu ukdEkudkwkdufwGef;w,f/ zkdufpuGJ,m; yef;jcH vlxktpnf;ta0;rSm oluvnf; tJ'dvdkYyJ &IHUcsr,fvkdU tJ'docifacgif;aqmifu uwday;w,f/ 'Docifacgif;aqmifjyefoGm;wJhtcg 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdu armifEk rif; 'Daumifajymwkdif; rvkyfeJU? owdxm; 'Daumifu r,kH&bl;vkdU owday;&Smygao;w,f/ 'gayr,hf olrsm;ajymorQ ,kHvG,fwwfwJh udkekuawmh trsKd;om;aeUrSm wufuodkvf or*f8 pifjrifhay:uaeNyD; OD;Ow?rudk csbdkU qkH;jzwfNyD;Nyd/ trSeftwkdifqkd&if wufuodkvf or*f*[m EkdifiHa&;toif;r[kwfbl;/ ArmhEkdifiHa&;xJ rSm bmrS 0ifpGufp&m taMumif; r&Sdbl;/ tu,f?0ifpGufEkdifonf qkdonfhwkdifatmif OD;Ow?reJUywfoufvkdU tJ'Docifacgif;aqmifa jymoGm;wJh pGyfpGJcsufawG[m rSefovm;/rSm;ovm; qdkwmudk udkEKpkHprf;MunfhbkdU aumif;w,f/ pkHprf;Nyd;rSefw,f vkdUawGU7onfhwkdifatmif 'Dyk*f*kdvfMuD;wOD;udk Ou?XtaeeJU or*f*pifjrifhay:u &IHUcsbkdU udpfprSm Ou?X udkEk[m olUtvkyftrIaqmiftzGJuk dwkdifyifbkdUaumif;w,f/ ukdEk[m tJ'gawG bmrS rvkyfbl;/ [kdocifacgif;aqmifajymwmudkbJ ol,kHMunfNyd; Od;Ow?rudk &IHUcsbdkU olU[molqkH;jzwfvkdufwmygyJ? ukdEk[m tawmf&,fp&maumif;wJhvlwa,mufbJ/ b,fvkdrSef;rodbl;/ wbufom;ajymorQ odyf,kHvG,fNyd; AsKH;ueJ 'kdif;ueJ qkH;jzwfcsufcswwfw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh olUtaMumif;udk odwJhvlwcsKdU[m ukdEk&JU ,kHvG,fwJh oabmudk tvGJokH;pm;vkyfNyD; olwkdUtwGuf tjrwfxkwfMuw,f/ ukdEkeJU &if;ESD;wJh rdwfaqGawGu udkEk cifAsm;[m odyf,kHvG,fw,f/ wbufom;ajymwkdif; odyfr,HkygeJUvkdU owday;&if odwfpdwfqkd;w,f/ cifAsm;odyf,KHvG,fw,fqkdwmpum;vSatmif Munfhajymwm/ trSeftwkdif;ajym&&if cifAsm;odyf,kHvG,fw,fqkdwm cifAsm;odyftw,fqkdwmeJU bmrS rjcm;bl;/ twlwlyJvkdU udkeku ,lqw,f/ tJ'Dvkd ,lqwJhtwGu fcsufqkd7if ecGufu rd;awmufaew,f vkdU olUukdoltxifMuD;aewhJ udkEk/ wbufom;u yg;pyf[vkdufwmeJU/ zif0rSm csD;b,fESpfwkH; &Sdw,fqkdmw txd olodEkdifygw,fvkdU olUukd,fol txifMuD;aewJh ukdEk[m olUudk odyf,kHvG,fw,fvkdU wa,mufa,mufuajym&iftJ'Dvl[m olUudk apmfum;vkdufw,f/vkdU oltNrJwrf;,lqw,f/ trsKd;om;aeUa&mufwJhtcg wufuodkvf or*f*u MuD;Muyfusif;yay;wJh trsKd;om;aeU tcrf;tem;udk wuf&atmifvmMuwJh &efukefNrDKUxJu *kPfoa&&Sd {nhfonfawmf awG owif;axmufawG/ ausmif;olausmif;om;awG[m

wufuokdvf or*f*&JU ta&SUbufu uGufvyfwckvkH; jynfhvQHoGm;wmyJ/ tJ'dtcrf;tem;rSm Ou?Xudkek[m [kdocifacgif;aqmif ajymoGm;wJhtwkdif; OD;Ow?rudk tm;&yg;& pGwfpGJNyd; opfpmazmuftjzpf tjyif;txef &IHUcsypfvkdufw,f/ tJ'dtcrf;tem;eJU wcdsefwnf;vkdvkd zkdufpuGJ,m;xJrSm usif;ywJh trsKd;om;aeUtcrf;tem;rSmawmh [kdocifacgif;aqmif[m ukdEkudk oluwday;xm;wJhtwkdif; OD;Ow?rukd &IHUcsbkdUqkdwm a0;a&m/ OD;Ow?reJUywfoufNyD; olUrdfefUcGef;xJrSm bmrS xnfhrajymoGm;cJhbl;/ OD;Ow?r[m axmifwef;tuscH? tzdESdyf tnSOf;qJ cHNyD; wEkdifiHvkH;udk pwifrsufvkH;zGifhay;cJhwJh EkdifiHa&;aus;ZL;&Sif MuD;jzpfwJhtwGu fukdEk&JU pGyfpGJcsufawG? &IHUcscsufawGudk Mum;&wJhtcg ausmif;olausmif;om; awGvnf; Ou?X ukdEk tay: rSm tawmf rcHr&yfEkdifjzpfMuw,f/ tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUuvnf; 'Davmufta&;MuD;wJhudpfprSm olwkdUrwkdifyifbJ ZGwfvkyfvkdufwJhtwGuf tawmf rausreyfjzpfMuw,f/ aemufwaeUusawmh tJ'drdefUcGef;eJUywfoufNyD; owif;pmawmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m rkduf&kdif;aom / vlrSef;rodwwfaom/ aus;Zl;uef;aom tp&SdwJhemr0daooeawGudk ukdEk eHr,f a&SUrSm wyfNyD; udkekudk 0kdif;tkyfMuw,f/ q/ wufuodkvf or*fOu?XtjzpfeJU udkEk awGUcJh&wJh om"u uav;wckudk 'Dae&mrSm qufajym&OD;r,f/ tcsdfefuawmh rwfvpmar;yGJMuD; eJUuyfaewJhtcdsefyJtJ'dtcsdefrSm ausmif;om;awG[m aeUa&mnyg pmufkd tjyif;txefMunfhaeMuw,f/ 'gayrJh ppfukdif;ausmif;aqmifa&SUu tdrfwtdrfrSm aewJh ppfudkif;ausmif;aqmif&JU0g'ifac: taqmifrSL;[m w&ufjcm /ESpf&ufjcm;fvkdvkd nbufus&if olUtdrfudk {nhfonfawGzdwfNyd; odcsif;awGqkdMu/ t&ufawGrl;Nyd; atmfMu[pfMueJU w&kef;&kef;jzpfaew,f/ waeUrSmawmh ppfudkif;ausmif;aqmifu ukdausmfjrifhqkdwJh ausmif;om;wa,muf[m tJ'dtaqmifrSL;qd ogm;Nyd; qlqlnHnHrvkyfbkdU awmif;yefw,f/ taqmifrSL;u udkausmfjrifhudk atmfvTwfw,f/ nbufusawmh cgwkdif;vkd {nhfonfawGeJU w&kef;&kef;jzpfaejyefwmbJ/ udkausmfjrifhvnf; onf;rcHEkdifawmhbl;/ ausmif;om;av;ig;q,fa,muf avmuf pkNyD; taqmifrSL;udk tHwkwJhtaeeJU oHykH;awG wtm; wD;Muw,f/ 'kwd,taqmifrSL;vmMunfhwJhtcg ukdausmfjrifhudk awGUoGm;w,f/ tJ'd 'kwd,taqmifrSL;u ausmif;tkyfudk wkdifwJhtwGuf ausmif;tkyfu tJ'd udkausmfjrifhudk wESpfausmif;xkwfypfvkdufw,f/

'Dvkd ausmif;xkwfypfvkdufwmudk ukdEkod&if wckck ta&;,lcH&vdrfr,f/ tJ'dvkdta&;,l&if wESpfausmif;xkwfcH&wJhtjyif tjypf'Pf[m woufvkH; ausmif;xkwf cH&wJhtxd wkd;oGm;Ekdfifp&m taMumif;&Sdw,fvkdU udkausmfjrifhu awG;rdw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh udkEkudk 'dudpfp todray;bJ wdwfwdwfqdwfqdwf wufuokdvf uxGufoGm;bkdU qkHjzwfNyd; udkausmfjrifh[m olUypfpnf;awG xkwfykd;aew,f/ wjcm;rdwfaqGwOD;qDu 'Dowif;Mum;Mum;csif; ukdEk[ mudkausmfjrifhqDudkvkdufoGm;w,f/udkausmfjrifh[m olausmif;xkwf cH&wJh udpfpudk ukdEkeJU aqG;aEG;&rSmawmif cyfvefUvefUjzpfaeykH&w,f/ ukdEkvnf; tcdsef jzKef;raebl;/ wkdufyGJwyGJrS rwkduf&yJ tckvdk vufajrmuftnhHcHoGm;awmh udk ausmfjrifhudk tjypfwifNyd; ausmif;u wESpfxkwfypvkdufwJh EkdUwpfpm b,frSmvnf;vkdU ar;w,f/ EkdUwpfpmudk zwfNyd;wmeJU wjydKifeuf udkEk[m ukdausmfjrifhudk jrdKUxJu 0wfvkHwa,mufpd ac:oG;mw,f 0wfvkHu 'Dausmif;om; [m wESpf ausmif;xkwfcH&wJhtwGuf trsm;MuD; epfemoGm;Nyd/ tJ'gaMumifh&kH;awmfudk OD;wkdufavQmufNyd; ausmif;tkyfqDu avsmfaMu;awmif;&r,f/ 'DvkdvkyfrJhtaMumif; ausmif;om;&JUudk,fpm ;0wfvkHu ausmif;tkyfMud;ukdEkdUwpfpm ay;r,fvkdu udkEkudkajymjyw,f/ ukdEku 'DtMuHukdvufcHw,f/ ausmif;tkyfMuD;[m EkdUwpfpm&NyD; aemufwaeU rsm udkausmfjrifhudk ac:vkdufw,f/ awGUwmeJU wjyDKifeuf olUudkvnf;w&m;pGJraeygeJUawmh udkausmfjrifhudkvnf; olausmif;rxkwfawmhygbl;vkdU ausmif;tkyfMud;u ajymvkdufw,f/ Z/ tJ'dvkdeJU wESpfukefcged;Nyd/ wufuokdvf or*f*&JU SESpfywfvnf tpnf;ta0; usif;ywJhaeUudk a&mufvmw,f/ tJ'dtcsdeftcgwkef;u wufuodkvfor*f*&JU ESpfywfvnftpnf;ta0;awGudk wcrf;wem; usif;yMuw,f/ tJ'daeUutcrf;tem;rSmqkd&if eef;&if;0efeJU 0efMud;wcsKdU/ Oya'jyK trwfwcsdKU/ [kdufukwf w&m;olMud;wcsKdU/ eHr,fMuD; 0wfvkHwcsKdUupNyD; wjcm;emrnfMud; {nfhonfwcsKdUvnf; wufa&mufMuwmudk awGU&w,/f tcrf;tem;tpDtpOft& Ou?X ukdEku rdefUcGef;ajymwJhtcg pcgprSmawmh tawmfav;tdajE?&& ajymekdifw,f/ 'gayrJh ed*KH;em;a&mufwJhtcg *kPfoa&&Sd y&dowfawG twGuf uHraumif;csifawmh Ou?X ukdEk[m ausmif;om;awG qvHay;wJhudpfpudk jAKef;ueJ trSwf&oGm;w,f/ tJ'dvkd owd&Nyd; 'DtaMumif;udk ajymwJhtcg t&ifuvkd r[kwfawmhbl;/ eJeJazmufvmNyd; olUrsufESm xm;ukd,ftrLt,meJU avoHyg enf;enf; ajymif;vmw,f/

azmufw,f qkdayrJH 'Dtxd'gavmufrqkd;ao;bl;/ 'dtaMumif;udk ajymaewkef; tdrfjyefcsifwJh ausmf;om;av;qDu acwfw ausmif;tkyfMuD;u pmawmif;Munfhwmukdyg ukdEk ajy;owd&vmjyefw,f/ tJ'dtcsdefrSm udkEk[m atmufajctawmfMud;vGwf oGm;Nyd; oLUrsufESmxm;uvnf; ykdNyD;wif;rmvmw,f/ vufoD;vufarmif;wef;wmvnf; ydkNyd;Murf;wrf;vmw,f/ toHuvnf;ydkNyd;jyif;xefvmw,f/ tJ'dvkdajym&if; acwfwausmif;tkyfMuD;eJU ta&;qkdbkdU oludk,fwkdif oGm;whJ tydkif;udk a&mufvmw,f/ tdrfupm&vkd oljyefcsifw,fvkdU ajymwJhtcg tu,f?rsm; acwfwausmif;tkyfMud;u olUpmudk Munfhcsifw,fvkd awmif;&if 'dacwf wausmif;tkyfMuD;udk &kH;cef;xJu tjyifa&mufoGm;atmif oluefxkwfypfvkdufr,fvkdU udkEk[m jyif;jyif;xefxefMuD;ajymcs vkdufw,f/ ausmif;ol ausmif;om;awG&JU wcJeuf MobmoHMuD; xGufvmfw,f/ {nfhonfawGuawmh wa,mfufrS rvIyfbl;/ 'Dvkd &kdif;pkdif;&ifhoD;wJh pum;udk *kPfoa&&Sd {nfhonfawGu b,fvkd axmufcHEkdifyghrvJ/ ukdEkukd,fwkdif vnf; wcJeuf MobmoHawGudk Mum;aewkef;uawmh olU[mol [kwfvSNydxifvkdufao;wmyJ/ tJ'dn tdyf,m0ifcged; olUukd,fwGif;u wufMuGaewJh t&SdefawG avQmhusoGm;awmhrS olrSm;oGm;Nydqkdwm oabmaygufvmNyd; wpdrfhpdrfh&Sufaew,f/ tcrf;tem;tNyd;rSm {nhfonfawmfawGxJU [kdufukwfw&m;olMuD;ba&mif;qkdol[m ukdEktem;udkuyfNyD;armifEk ausmif;om;wOD; qDu acwfwausmif;tkyf u pmawmif;zwfw,f qdkwJh rif;wifwJhtrI[m trItaeeJu tifrwef aumif;wJh trI yJ / 'gayrJh ri;fwifjyykHraumi;fwJhtwGuf rifhtrI &IH;NyDvkdU &,fNyd;ajymoGm;wJhpum;ukd jyefowd&wJhtcg udkEk[m a&S;uxufawmif ykdNyD; &Sufvmw,f/ udkEk[m tawmf &,fp&maumif;w,f/ atmufpzkdUeJU uif;b&dwfqkdwJht*Fvdyf wufuodkvf awGrSm t*Fvdyfq&mawG[m wynfhawG&JUpmukd awmif;rMunfhbl;qkdwmudkawmhodw,f/ 'gayrJh 'Dt*FvdyfwufuodkvfawGrSm ausmif;tkyfukd &kH;cef;xJu uefxkwfypfr,fqkdwmrsKd;txd &ifhoD;&kdif;pkdif; &kef;&if; Mur;fwrf;wJh pum;rsKd;udk b,ft*Fvdyfausmif;om;urS rajy,bl;bl; qkdwmusawmh udkekodykHray: bl;/ ps? tJ'dESpfywfvnf tcrf;tem ;NyD;wJhaemuf 15&ufavmufMumwJhtcg rwfvpmar;yGJMud;twGuf ausmif;olausmif;om; awG pmusufekdifatmif pmoifwef;awG ydwfay;w,f/ Ou?X udkEkvnf; [kd[m 'D[mawGudk

avQmufvkyfaewJhtwGuf twef;pmawGudk aumf;aumif; rzwfjzpfbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh pmar;yGJMuD;rvkyfcifusefaeao;wJh &uftenf;i,ftawmtwGif; pmusufvkdufOD;r,fqkdwJh &nf&G,fcsufeJU Oya'pmtkyfawGudk avQmufvSefaew,f/ tckw wd,tMudrf rs rxreJU 'kwd,tMudrfawGwkef;uvkd txpftaighr&SdbJ Oya'bGJUudk ol&awmhr,f qkdNyd;awmhvnf; 0r;fomaew,f/ aemufokH;av;&uf MumwJhtcg aeUvnfwcsufwD;avmufrSm ausmif;tkyfMud;qavmh&JU &kH;u pmwapmifvmay;w,f/ t&ifwkef;uvkdyJ/ olUudk ac:awGUNyD; tvkyfwckck ay;vdrfhOd;r,f/ 'dtcgawmh t&ifay;cJhbl;wJh or0g,r vufaxmuf &D*spfpwmxufykdMud;wJhtvkyfudk ay;vdrfhr,f/ b,f,lvkdUjzpfrvnf; / ,lvkduf&if ol[m ausmif;om;awG&JU wHawG;cGufxJrSm yufvufarsmoGm;rSmaygh vkdU qkdwJh pdwful;,OfawG[m ukdEk&JU OD;aESmufxJ&dyfceJjzwfoGm;w,f/ pmudk azmufzwfNyd;wJhtcg udkEkjyKH;aew,f/ bmjzpfvkdUvJqkdawmh pm[m ukdekxifwJhtwkdif; tvkyfay;wJhpmr[kwfbJ ukdekudk ausmif;u xkwfypfwJhpmjzpfaew,f/ ukdek[m olUa&SUu Oya'pmtkyfudk pkdufMunfh&if; Oya'a& rif;udk awmhigcspfygw,f/ cspfvkdUvnf; rif;qdudk igjyefvmwm okH;acguf&SdoGm;Nyd/ 'gayrJh jynfyef;ndK csKdcsifygvsuf qm;uzsufw,f / 'kdUESpfudk vkdcsifygvsuf Mum;uzsufw,f qkdwJh aw;uAsm uav;vkd Mum;uzsufwJhtwGuf rif;udk igcGJ&jyefNyd/ 8GwfbkdifvkdU qkdNyd; zGifhxm;wJh Oya'pmtkyfukd ydwfvkdufw,f/ tJ'Daemuf ol tdyf,may:rSmcPvSJae&if; ukdEk acwfw tdyfaysmfoGm;w,f/ ukdEk[m 'dpmudk &wJh taMumif; b,folukdrS rajymbll;/ 'dpmudk awGUNyd;owif;aygufoGm;&if pmar;yGJMuD;vkyfcgeD; rSm olUtwGuf ausmif;om;awG pmMunfhysufrSmukd pkd;7drfw,f/ tJ'gaMumif h tdyf,mu Ekd;wmeJU wjydKifeuf pmudk rD;&IdUypfvkdufw,f/ aeUvnf 2csufwD;avmuf &SdwJhtcg t0wftpm;vJNyd; &kyf&Sif Munfh&atmif ukdEkjrdKUxJxGufoGm;w,f/ olrajym&if olUtaMumif;b,folrS rodEkdibl;vkdU ukdEku ,lqxm;w,f/ trSefjzpfwmuawmh 'Dvkdr[kwfbl;/ ukdEkqDukd pmra&mufcifuwJu ausmif;tkyfMud;&JU &kH;u owif;aygufMum;aeNyd/ tprSm awmh ausmif;om;av;ig;a,muf avmufom odwmygbJ/ aemufwaeUreufusawmh ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm ; rSeforQ tukefvkH;vkdvkd odaeMuNyD/ reuf10em7davmuf &SdwJhtcg 'kwd, Ou?X udk&m&Spfacgif;aqmifNyD; tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU[m ukdEkudk vmawGUMuw,f/ ukdEk cifAsm;udk ausmif;xkwfypfvkdufNyDvkdMum;w,f/ cifAsm;odNyD;NyDvm; /

cifAsm;wkdU 'dowif;b,fu Mum;vmwmvJ/ cifAsm;rodao;bl;vm; / wausmif;vkH;rSmawmh 'Dowif;[m yGaeNyd/ odNyD;ygNyd/ bmjzpfvkdU cifAsm;usaemfwkdUudk taMumif;rajymwmvJ/ pmar;yGJMuD; uyfaewJhtcg ausmif;om;awG pmusufrysufapcsifbl;/ Ou?Xudk ausmif;xkwfypfwm[m cifAsm;wudk,fwnf; eJU qkdifwJh udk,fa&;ukd,fwm udpfp r[kwfbl;/ wu?odkvf or*f* wckvkH;eJU qkdifwJhudpfpjzpfw,f/ ododcsif; usaemwkdU tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUudk cifAsm; taMumif;Mum;bkdUaumif;w,f/ cifAsm;wkdUrSm taeSmuft,Suf jzpfaerSmpkd;vkdU? usaemfrajymwmyJ/ rqkdifygbl;/ cifAsm;ajymbkdUoifhw,f/ usaemfwkdU wckck vkyf&r,f/ 'dvkdjidrfcHvkdU rjzpfbl;/ rvkyfygeJUAsm/ usaemf awmif;yefygw,f/ 'g[m cifAsm;wa,mufxJeJU qkdifwJhudk,fa&;udk,fwm udpfpr[kwfbl;/ usaemfem;vnfygw,f/ 'gayrJhbmrS rvkyfMuygeJUawmh/ udkatmifqef;udkvnf; ausmif;uxkwfypfOD;r,f/ bmjzpfvkdUvnf; / olUr*f*Zif;xJrSm i&Jjynfu vGwfvmwJhacG;MuD; qkdwJh acgif;pOfeJU aqmif;yg;wyk'f ygvmw,f/ tJ'g[m ausmif; tmPmykdif wa,mufudk ykwfcwfxm;wJh aqmif;yg;jzpfaew,f/ 'gb,fola&;wmvJ vkdU udkatmifqef; udk tmPmykdifawGu ar;w,f/ udkatmifqef;u rajymbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh xkwfypfrSmbJ/ tJ'daemuf tvkyftrIaqmif tpnf;ta0;vkyfMuNyd; tvkyftrIaqmif tzGJU0ifawGtm;vkH; tJ'dESpf pmar;yGJMuD; 0ifrajzbl;vkdU qkH;jzwfw,f/ ta&;ay:oif;vkH;uRwf tpnf;ta0;wckac:Nyd; tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU&JU qkH;jzwfcsufudk wifjybkdUvnf; aemufxyfqkH;jzwfMuao;w,f/ ta&;ay:oif;vkH;uRwftpnf;ta0;rSm 'kwd, Ou?X ukd&m&Spfu tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU&UJ qkH;jzwfcsufudk wifjyNyD;wmeJU wjydKifeuf oydwfoydwfarSmufarSmuf qkdwJh toHMuD;[m wcJeufxGufvmNyd; oydwfarSmufvkdufMuw,f/ tcef; 13 1936 ausmif;om;oydwf[m av;vavmufMumw,f/ ausmif;uxkwfxm;wJh udkekeJU ukdatmifqef;udk vnf; ausmif;rSm jyefvufcHr,f/ wufuodkvf

pkHpr;fa&;aumfrwDwck zGJUNyD;oydwfarSmuf ausmifom;awG awmif;qdkxm;wJh awmif;qkdcsufawG udk pkHprf;r,f/ oifhawmfwJhtcsufawGudk wufuokdvf Oya'xJrSm jyifqifcsufawGtaeeJU xnhfay;r,fvkdUtmPmykdifawG u taMumi;fjyefwmeJU oydwfvSefMuw,f/ ukdEkeJU ausmif;om;wcsKdUuawmh ausmif;jyefrwufMuawmhbl;/ ausmif;xGufvkdufMuw,f/ udkek[m 'D;'kwf*sme,frSm tvkyfoif&if; aqmif;yg;awGudkvnf;olEkdifoavmuf a&;w,f/ oltifrwefMudKufwJh jyzmwfawGudkvnf; olMudK;pm;Nyd;a&;w,f/ olUjyZmwft&SnfMuD;awG[m vlMudKufeJwJhtwGuf 'D;'kwf*sme,f eHr,fysufr,fpkd;vKdUukdEk[m wcef;&yfjyZmwfwkd uav;awGudk a&;w,f/ t,f'DwmOD;bcsKduvnf; tifrwef oabmaumif;&Smygw,f/ ukdEka&;orQ olU*sme,fxJrSm xnhfay; w,f/'D;'kwf *sme,frSm vkyfvkdU wESpfavmuf&SdwJhtcg ukdEk[m e*g;eD pmtkyfwkdufudk wnfaxmifw,f/ ukdEk[m pvQifpjcif; paumhaps;&JU taemufzufwef;u aps;aygwJhae&mrSm tcef;uav; wck iSm;Nyd; 'de*g;eD pmtkyfwkdufudk zGifh&w,f/ 'Dpmtkyfwkdufuav;[m EkdiiHa&;udk a&m wjcm;ta&;awGudka&m ajcOD;wJh&m avQmufajymaewJh EkdifiHa&;orm;awG ausmif;om;awG pmtkyf0,folawGeJU aeUpOfaeUwkdif; w&kH;&kH;jzpfaew,f/ e*g;eDpmtkyfwkduf[m t*Fvefu Apfuwma*:vefUZf&JU vuf0Jpmtkyftoif; udk twk,lNyd; xlaxmifxm;wJh pm tkyftoif; jzpfw,f/ e*g;eDpmtkyfawGudk tifrwef vlMudKufrsm;wJhtwGuf udkEk[m vpOf pmtkyfawG xkwfa0ae&mu ESpfvwMudrf/ okH;vwMudrfavmufqkdovkd txl;pmtkyfrsm;udk rMumcif wkd;wufxkwfa0vmekdfifw,f/ aemufrsm;rMumcif e*g;eD *sme,f xkwfa0vmekdifjyefw,f/ e*g;eD aeUpOf owif;pmwapmifxkwfa0bdkU pDpOfaewkef; 1942 ckESpf twGif ; 'kwd,urfbm ppfMud; Armjynfudk ul;pufvmNyd; ocifEk ('DtcsdefrSm ocifEkjzpfaeNyD) wkdUvlpk[m tmPmzDqefrI tpdk;&wkdU&JU ppfbufqkdif&m vkyfief;rsm;udk aESmuf,Suf zsufqD;rI tp&SdonfwkdUeJU axmifusoGm;Muw,f/ tJ'daemuf e*g;edudk qufNyd; rxkwfEkdifawmhyJ ydwfvkduf&w,f/ 1936 -37 ckESpfrS udk&m&Spf[m wufuokdvf or*f*&JU Ou?X jzpfvmw,f / 1937-38ckESpfrSm udk atmifqef;[m wufuokdvf or*f* &JU Ou?X jzpfvmw,f/ tJ'dESpfrSm wufuodkvf pkHpr;fa&;aumfrwD[m pkHprf;vkdU NyD;oGm;w,f/ oydwfarSmufausmfi;om;awG&JU awmif;qkdcsufawGxJu ta7;MuD;wJhtcsufawGudk aumfrDwDu vufcHw,f/ 'DaumfrwDu wifjywJh axmufcHcsufawGudk a'gufwmbarmfacgif;aqmifwJh tpkd;&u vufcHNyd; Oya'jyKvTwfawmf wifoGif;awmhrJhqJqJjzpfaewJhtwGuf

wufuokdv fausmif;olausmif;om;awG odyf0rf;omaeMuw,f/ tJ'dtcsdefrSm rlqvifeJU Ak'f" bmom0if awG&JU t"du&kPf; wckjzpfay:vmNyd; wbufeJUwbuf owfjzwfckwfxpfrIawG &efukefjrdKUay:rSm tawmfuav;jzpfw,f/ waeUusawmh ukdEk[m paumhaps; tay:xyfrSm rdwfaqGawGeJU pum;ajymaewkef; atmfoHMum;&wJhtwGuf paumhaps;a&SUu 25vrf;Mum;xJudk vSr;fMunfhvkdufwJhtcg qGrf;cHaewJh &[ef;awmfwyg;udk rlqvifwOD;u 'g;eJU ckwfaewm awGU&w,f/ ukdEkwkdU vlpk twif; vkdufawmhrS tJ'd rlqvif[m olUwkdufay:wufajy;w,f/&[efk;awmf&JU acgif;uae pD;usaewJh aoG;awGudk jrif&NyD; ukdEktrsm;MuD;pdwfxdckdufoGm;w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh &[ef;awmfudk vefcsm;wpD;ay:wif ab;u tomav; zufxm;NyD; udkekudk,fwkdif aq;&kHudk vkdufykdUvkdufw,f/ udkEkaq;&kHMuD;u jyefvmwJhtxdtJ'd &[ef;awmfudk 'g;eJU ckwfwhJowif; [m paumhaps;xJrSm ylyl aEG;aEG; &Sdao;w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh e*g;eD pmtkyfwkdufrSm a&muf&SdaeMuwJh y&dowfeJU ukdEkwkdU[m t"du&kef; taMumif;udk ajcOD;wJh&m avQmufajymaeMu&if; yk*f*kdvfwOd;u 'dt"du&kef;rSmAk'f"bmom0ifawG[m tawmfemw,fvkdUajymvkdufw,f/ emrSmaygh/ a'gufwmbarmfudk,fwkdif ppfuJarmifaxmfav;vrf; u rpfp&D;cef;&JU om;awGeJU aygif;Nyd; rlqvifawGbufu yif;aewmudk ;vkUd 0ifaxmufvkdufw,f/ 'DpGyfpGJcsuf[m tifrwef ,kwfwd uif;rJhwJhpGyfpGJcsufbJ/ 'dvkdyif;bkdUtwguf a'gufwm AarmfrSm bmtaMumif;rS r&Sdygbl;/'gayrJhtifrwef ,kHvG,fwJh ukdek[m 'dpGyfpGJcsufudk wcsufwnf;,kHypfvkduf wmygbJ/ukdEk[m Ak'f"bmom0ifu rlqvifudk cswmvnf;rMudKufbl;/ rlqvifu Ak'f"bmom0if udkcswmvnf; rMudKufbl;/ t"du&kef; jrefjrefNyD;oGm;atmif tpkd;&[m wnfhrwfpGm Mum;aeNyd; w&m;wJhenf;awGeJU aqmif&Guf ay;wmudk om ukdEkMudKufw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh eef;&if;0ef a'gufwm Aarmf[m rlqvifwcsKdUeJU aygi;fNyd; rlqvifawGbufu yif;aew,f qkdwm mjum;wJhtcg 'dvkdbufvkdufaewJh a'gufwmAarmf tpkd;& udk olb,fvkd wkduf&r,fqkdwm ukdEkpOf;pm;aew,f/ ol bmvkyfaeae/ b,foGm;oGm; 'dtpkd;&udk b,fvkdwkduf&rvJ qkdwJhpdwf awGyJ olUOD;aESmufxJrSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh ay:aew,f/ aemuf&uftenf;i,fMumwJhtcg &efukefaxmifMuD;&JU taemufzufrSmaewJh rdwfaqGwOD;u zdwfac:vkdU udkekeJU rdwfaqG ESpfO;d/okH;OD; tvnfoGm;Muw,f/ tJ'du tjyef &efukefaq;&kHMuD;tem;qDa&mufawmh vufwGef;vSnf;uav;eJU tavmif;wck wGef;vmwm udkEkawGU&w,f/ tJ'dtavmif;rSm vnf;aoG;awG ayaew,f/ pkHpr;fMunfhwJhtcg rlqvifwOD; uvSHeJU xkd;vkdufvkdU aooGm;wJh

qdyfurf;ukefwifukefcs tvkyform;wOD;&JU tavmif;vkdU ukdEkwkdUod&w,f/ 'Dtavmif;udk jrif&wmeJU ukdEk[m eef;&if;0ef a'gufwmAarmfudk 'ufceJ ajy;jrifvkdufwf/ tJ'd jrifNyD;wmeJU wjydKifeuf bmvkyf&r,fqkdwm udk jAKef;ueJ 'kdif;ueJ qkH;jzwfNyd; wufuodkvfudk tjyif;vkdufoGm;w,f/ ukdatmifqef;[m tJ'dtcsdefu tjyfixGufaewJh udkekrawGU&bl;/ tJ'gaMumifh 1/ rlqvifawGbufu yif;Nyd; Ak'f"bmom0ifawG towfcH&atmif vkyfaewJh a'gufwmAarmf tpkd;&udk tvkdr&SD/ eef;&if;0ef&mxl;u tjrefxGufavmh qkdwJh pmudka&;/ 2/ tJ'd pmrSM ausmif;olausmf;om;awG&JUvufrSwfawG axmifeJUcsDNyd; &atmifvkyf/ 3/ tJ'dpmudk eef;&if;0ef a'gufwmAarmfqDudkvnf; ykdU owif;pmwkdufawGudkvnf;ykdU vkdU udkek pma&;xm;ypfcJhw,f/ udkatmifqef;wdkUvlpk e*g;eDpmtkyfwkdufrSm udkekudkvmawGUMuw,f/ udkEk cifhAsm tpDtpOfraumif;bl;/ 'gxufaumif;wm usaemf pdwful;xm;w,f/ bmvJ/ a'gufawm Aarmftpkd;&[m tckw&ufESpf&uftwGif;wufuodkvf Oya'Mur;fudk vTwfawmfrSm ifawmhr,f/ tJ'dOya'Murf;udk tvkd r&Sdbl;/ vTwfawmf trwfawG0kdif;Nyd; uefUuGufMuygvkdU usaemwkdUvIHUaqmf ay;r,f/ usaemwkdUu tvkdr&Sdbl;vkdU uefUuGufaewJhMum;u a'gufwmAarmftpkd;&u 'dOya'Mur;fudk vTwfawmfrSm ZGwftwif;wif&if 'dtpkd;&[m jyKwfusoGm;p&m taMumif;&Sdw,f/ jyKwfusrSm aMumufvkdU 'DOya'Murf;udk rwifyJ qGJxm;&&if 'DDwufufokdvf Oya'Murf;udk olUtpkd;& vkyfay;cJhw,fqkdwJh eHr,f a'gufwmAarmfr&awmhbl;/ a'gufwm Aarmfu 'DOya'eJU ywfoufNyD; t7rf;*kPf,laew,f/ [kwfw,f/ 'DtpdtpOfu ykdaumif;w,f/ aemufwaeUusawmh udkatmifqef;eJuUolUtvkyftrIaqmifwcsKdU[m wufuodkvf Oya'Murf;udk ukdifNyD; tvkdr&sd 0kdif;NyD;uefUuGufMuyg vkdU ykHESdyfxm;wJh pm&GufawGudk Oya'jyK vTwfawmf0if;xJ0ifoGm;Nyd; trwfawgudk avQmufa0w,f/ a'gufwmAarmf[m tJ'dwufuokdvf Oya'Mur;fudk vTwfawmfrSmrwifawmhbl;/ qGJxm;vkduf&w,f/ 'Dowif;udk wufuokdvf ausmif;om;awG Mum;wJhtcg wufuokdvf or*f* tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU tay:rSm tifrwef rausreyfjzpfNyD; tkHMuGvmw,f/ ausmif;om;wOd;[m tJ'dtkHMuGrIudk tcGifhaumif; ,lNyd; A[k dxrif;pm;cr;frMuD;xJrSm ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0; usif;yw,f/ wufuodkvf Oya'Mur;fudpfp[m ausmif;olausmif;om;wkdif; odyfpdwf0ifpm;aewJh udpfpjzpfwJhtwGu ftJ'dtpnf;ta0;udk ausmif;olausmif;om; awG vSdrfhNyd; wufvmMuw,f/ pum;xajymwJhausmif;om;awG[m wufuokdvf or*f* tvkyftrIaqmif

tzGJUudk jyif;jyif;xef xef ykwfcwfMuNyD; 1/ wufuodkvf or*f* oif;vkH;uRwf ta7;ay: tpnf;ta0; udk csufcsif; ac:ay;zkdUawmif;qkd&ef 2/ tJ'd oif;vkH;uRwf tpnf;ta0; rSm tvkyftrIaqmif tzGJUudk t,kHtMunfr&Sd tqkdwifoGif;Nyd; jzKwfcsypf&ef qkdwJh tqkd2&yfukd uefUuGufolr7SdyJ qkH;jzwfvkdufMuw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh aemufwaeUudk a&mufwJhtcg udkatmifqef;eJU tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0if wcsKdU[m e*g;ed pmtkyfwkduf udk a&mufvmMuNyd; udkEkeJU awGUMuw,f/ ausmif;om;awG odyfNyd;tkHMuGaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh olwkdU awmif;qkdwJhtwkdif; ta&;ay:oif; vkH;uRwftpnf;ta0; udk ttJ'daeU nae 5em&D ac:ay;&r,f/ tpnf;ta0;rSm t,kHtMunfr&Sd tqkdwifoGif;NyD; tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUudk jzKwfcsvdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dawmh olwkd U rjzKwfcscif usaemfwkdU EIwfxGuf&if aumif;r,f xifw,fvkdU wufuokdvftrIaqmifawGu udkekudk ajymMuw,f/ wyGJrSrwkduf&ao;yJ vufajrSmufNyD; t&IH;ay;vkduf7wJh vrf;pOfudk igrMudKufbl;/ rif;wkdU&UJ vrf;pOf twkdif;qkd7if t&IH;yJ&Sdr,f/ tEkdifr&Sdawmhbl;/ tJ'dawmh rEIwfxGufeJU 'DaumifawG udk jyefwkdufMu/ 'Dvkdwkduf &if &IH;csifvnf; &IH;r,f/ Ekdifcsifvnf; Ekdifr,f/ tJ'dvkd t&IH;eJU tEkdifeJU ESpfck&SdwJh vrf;pOf[m t&IH;wckxJ&SdwJh vr;fpOfxuf ykdaumif;w,f/ jyefkwkdufMu/ raMumufeJU/ igvnfulNyD;wkdufay;r,f vkdU udkEkujyefajymw,f/ 'DvkdaqG;aEG;MuNyD; wufuodkvf or*f* tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJY0if awGjyefoGm;Muw,f/ naebuf tJ'Dtpnf;ta0; udkoGm;cgeD;usawmh ig[m wufuodkvf or*f* toif;0ifvn; r[kwfawmhbl;/ olwkdUtpnf;ta0;udk igwuf vkdUjzpfyghrvm;/ Ou?Xa[mif;awG[m wufuokdvf&JU &moufyeftoif;om; jzpfEkdifvdrfhr,fxifw,f/ tJ'gudkvnf; udkEkaumif;aumif;rodbl;/ ol[m 'kwd,O?XtjzpfeJu ESpf0uf? Ou?X tjzpfeJU wESpfvkyfvmcJhayrJh wufuodkvf or*f*&UJ tajccHpnf;rsOf;udk olwcgrS rzwfcJhbl;/ tJ'Dvkd rdrdeJUqkdifwJhpmayawGudk zwfavhzwfxr&SdwmawG [m ukdEk&JUOmOfqkd;wwckyJ/ tJ'Dawmh olb,fvkdvkyf&r,f qkdwm ra0cGJEkdifatmifjzpfaewkef; olUukd,fawGUtjzpftysufwckudk ajy;owd&w,f/ tJ'guav;udk 'Dae&mrSm enf;enf; ajymyg&ap/ 'kdUArmoDcsif;udk oxkHausmif;aqmifrSm qkdNyD;wJhaemuf/ ukdek [m Oya'wef;u xGufoGm;w,f/ rsm;rMumcif owif;pmwapmifxJrSm ukdEk pdwf0ifpm;wJh owif; wckygvmw,f/ 'Dowif;udk wdwdusus awmh rrSwfrdbl;/ bdvyfrSm rsufESmpkHnD aqG;aEG;yGJwufaeMuwJh Armukd,fpm;vS,fMuD;awG jADwdoQ tpkd;&qDrSm 'kdrDeD,H tkyfcsKyfa&;awmif;wmudk wufuodkvfor8f*

uaxmufcHygw,f vkdU qkH;jzwfcsufcs bkdUtwGuf? wufuokdvf or*f* oif;vkH;uRwf tpnf;ta0; ac:xm;w,f qkdwJhowif;rsKd;yg/ udkEk[m 'kdrDeD,H tkyfcsKyfa&;udk rvkdcsifbl;/ vkH;0 vGwfvyfa&;bJ/ vkdcsifw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh or*f* oif;vkH;uRwftpfn;ta0; udk wufNyd; oluefUuGufbkdU qkH;jzwfw,f/ oleJu tazmfvkdufrJh jrdKUr ausmif;q&m a[mif; q&mwifh[m tdrfuxGufcgeD;rSm &I;zdeyfMudK;csD vkdufwm jywfxGufoGm;wJhtwGuf armifEka& bdeyfMudK;jywfoGm;w,f/ edrdwfraumif;bl;a[h / tpnf;ta0;rSm rif;pum;ajym&if owdxm;ajymaemfvkdU tdrfu xGufcgeD;rSm owday;w,/f tJ'd oif;vkH;uRwftpnf;ta0;udk tJ'dtcgu wufuokdvf or*f*toif;wkdufrSm rvkyfbl;/ toif;wkduf a&SUu *sifraepd;,r;f vkdUac:wJh tm;upm;&kHMuD;xJrSm usif;yw,f/ bmjzpfvkdUvJqkdwm pkHprf;vkdUr&bl;/ Ou?XeJU tvkyftrIaqmifawG[m *sifraepd;,rf;&JU taemufzufu pifjrifhay:rSmxkdifMuw,f/ tpnf;ta0;pwJhtcg pdpOfxm;wJhtwkdif; toif;om; wa,muf u Armudk,fpm;vS,fawmfMuD;rsm;u jAdwdoQ tpkd;&qDu 'kdrDeD,H tkyfcsKyfa&;awmif;qkdjcif;udk toif;vkH;uRwftpnf;ta0;Mud; u axmufcHygw,f/ qkdwJh tqkdudk wifoGif;w,f/ tjcm;toif;om;okH;av;a,mufu tqkduk daxmufcHw,f/Ou?Xu uefUuGufolrsm;&Sdao;vm;vkdU ar;wJhtcg ukdEk[ m vufnSKd;axmifNyd; pifjrifhay: wufoGm;w,f/ Ou?X cifAsm; 'Dtqkdufdk udk usaem fuefUGufw,f/ 'kdrDeD,H tkyfcsKyfa&;udk rvkd csifbl;/ vkH;0vGwfvyfa&;udkom vkdcsifw,f/ tp&SdwJh pum;av;ig;q,fcGef;omajym&ao;w,f/ Ou?XeJU twlxkdifaewJh tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0ifwOD;u jAKef;ueJ rwfwwf&yfNyd; Ou?XcifAsm;/ ukdEk[mausmif;om; r[kwfygbl;/ olUudk pum; ajymcGifhray;ygeJU vkdU uefUuGufw,f/Ou?X u ola&SUrSm&SdwJh bJvfuav;udk ESpfcsufavmuf ememwD;vkdufNyD; udkEk cifAsm;ausmif;om; r[kwfbl;/ 'dpifjrihfay:rsm pum; rajymygeJU/ qif;oGm;ygvkdU udkEkudk trdefUay;w,f/ tckudpfp[m wrsKd;om;vkH;eJUqkdifwJhudpfp jzpfwJhtwGuf Armwa,muftaeeJU usaemhrSm ajymykdifcGifh&Sdw,f/ vkdU udkeku Ou?Xudk jyefajymw,f/ r&Sdbl;/ cifAsm;ajymcsif&if wjcm;rSmoGm;ajym 'DrSm rajymeJU cGifhrjyKEkdifbl;vkdU Ou?Xu jyefaigufw,f/ tJ'Dtcg toif;om;awGxJu okH;av;q,f avmfu rwfwyf7yfNyD; qif;oGm; qif;oGm;/ 'DrSmvmr&IyfeJU/ Ou?Xudk jyefrajymeJU tp7SdwJh Mudrf;armif;oHawGeJU 0kdif;atmfMuw,f/ ukdekbufu ajymrJh toif;om;wa,mufrS r&Sdbl;/ udkEk[m a'govnf;jzpf/

&Sufvnf;&SufaewJhtwGuf bmrS qufrajymekdifbJ &SufbG,f&sufB,f vkdU qlnHatmif atmf[pfaeMuwJhMum;u tpnf;ta0; tjyifbufudk xGufcJh&w,f/ tJ'dtjzpftysufuav;[m ukdEk&JU rsufpdxJrSm &kyf&Sifum;vkd jyefay:vmw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh ukdEk[m ESpfrdepfavmufcyfaxGaxG av; jzpfoGm;NyD;rS igapmuf8&krpkdufbl;/ [kdwkef;u igpifay:u qif;oGm;wmrSm;w,f/ 'Dwcgqkd&if b,fvkdatmfatmf igxGufroGm;bl;/ 'if;wkdUowfwd &Sd&if ighudk qGJxkwfMuygap/ igholi,fcsif;awG 'ku?a&mufaewJhtcg vufykduf Munfhaewmxuf tatmf taiguf cH&wmu ykdaumif;ao;w,f/ vkdU ,wdjywf qkH;jzwfNyd; wufuodkvf or*f* oif;vkH;uRwf tpnf;ta0; udkwuf&atmif udkEkxGufoGm;w,f/ toif;ol toif;om ;awG[m ig;em&D rxkd;cif tapmMuD;uwJu t,kHtMunfr&Sd tqkdudk axmufcH&atmif tpnf;ta0;crf;rxJudk a&mufaeMuw,f/ tpnf;ta0;pzGihfNyDvkdU udkatmifqef;u ausnmvkdufwmeJUwjydKifeufwnf; udkek xNyD;ajymw,f/ olajymwJhtxJrSm t,kHtMunfr7Sd tqkdudk wifoGif;rJh ausmif;om;[m bmaMumifh 'dvkdvkyfw,f qkdwJhtcsuf awGudk wcsufpdwcsufpD aoaocsmcsm &Sif;jyw,f/ olajymvkdU q,frdefpavmufMumwJhtcg &SufbG,f/ &SufbG,f xGufoGm;xGufoGm; tvkdr&Sd/ tp&SdwJhaMuG;aMumfoH awG[m [kda'gifhuwcsuf? 'Da'gifhwcsuf/ [kdae&muwcsuf 'dae&muwcsuf/ ay:xGufvmMuwm udkMum;&*w,f/ wcsKdUausmif;om;awG[m olwkdU&UJ pdwfudk rxdrf;Ekdif? rodr;fekdif jzpfvmwJhtwGuf olwkdUae&mux? tJ'dausmif;om;udk eHr,fac: / vufnSKd;eJUxkd;Nyd; tpnf;ta0;crf;rxJuckcsufcsif; xGufoGm;bkdU jyif;jyif;xefxefawmif;qkdMuw,f/ tpnf;ta0;wckvkH;[m tkyfr7 xdrf;r&avmufwJh tajctaeudk a&mufvmwJhtcg t,kHtMunfr&S d tqkd wifoGif;rJh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif[m tpnf;ta0;crf;rxJrSm rae0Hh&SmawmhyJ &SufbG,f &SufbG,f vkdU wcJeu fatmf[pfaeMuwJh toif;om;awG&JU toHawGMum;xJu tjyifbufudk xGufoGm;cJh&w,f/ Ou?X oufwr;qKH;wJhtcg ukdatmifqef;[m wufuokdvfu xGufvkdufw,f/ tJ'dvkd xGufvkdufNyd; tawmfMumMum b,frSmoGm;aew,fqkdwm udkEk rodbl; /waeUusaemh udkatmifqef;[m naeav;em&davmufrSm ukdEKeJU rjr&dwkdU iSm;aewJh paumhudwfvrf;xJu tdrfcef;uav;udk jAKef;ueJa&mufvmw,f/ udkEk usaemwkdU 'kdUArm tpnf;t&kHxJ0if&atmif/ igr0ifcsifbl;/ bmjzpfvkdUvJ/

igEkdifiHa&;rvkyfcsifbl;/ cifAsm;'dvkd acgif;a&Smifvkd U b,fjzpfrvJ/ [ 'g acgif;a7Smifwm r[kwfbl;/ EkdifiHa&;vkyfoifhwJhvlawG EkdifiHa&;udkrvkyf&if acgif;a&SmifwmyJ/ ighrSm EkdifiHa&; vkyfcsifwJh 0goemr&Sdbl;/ abD,eftoif;xJrSm cifAsm;'k Ou?X 0ifvkyfao;wmyJ/ EkdifiHa&;rSm 0goemrygbl;qkdwm b,f[kwfrvJ/ igtdrfudk cPjyefaewkef; Od;bcsKdu ighemrnf udk owif;pmxJ rSma usnmvkdufwm/ &efukefjyef a&mufNyd; azbD,ef toif;xJrSm rygyg&apeJU vkdU OD;bcsKdudk igajymao;w,f a&G;aumufyGJNyD;wJhtxd cPaeygOD;vdkU qkdwmeJY igcP 0ifaewmf/ a&G;aumufyGJNyD;wmeJU igxGufvkdufwmyJ/ 0goemqkdwm 'DvkdyJ EkdifiHa&;vkyf&if; olU[meJUol jzpfvmrSmayhg/ zkd;atmifqef;udk igMunhfaew,f wjcm;vlawGqkd&if vluJcwfodyfaumif;w,f/ zkd;atmifqef; vluJcyfvkduf&if rSefaewmcsnf;bJ/ ighudkusawmh zkd;atmifqef; vluJcyfvkdUr&bl;/ igbmvJqkdwm tckxufxd zkd;atmifqef; rodao;bl;/ cifAsm;bmvJ/ ig EkkdifiHa7;orm;r[kwfbl;/ wyGJwkd;orm; bmvn;fAs wyGJxkd;orm;qkdwm igajymjyr,f zkd;tmifqef;aoaocsmcsmrSwfxm; EkdifiHa&;orm;qkdwm xkdif&ifvnf; EkdifiHa&;pdwfeJUxkdifwmyJ/ oGm;&if;vnf; ekdfifiHa&;pdwfeJUoGm;wmbJ/ x&ifvnf;EkdifiHa&;pdwfeJUxwmbJ/ vSJavsmif;ae&if vnf;EkdifiHa&;pdwfeJu vSJavsmif;aewmbJ/ EkdifiHa&;orm;wOD;rSm EkdifiHa&;pdwf[m b,fawmrS raysmufbl;/ iguawmh 'Dvkdr[kwfbl;/ pdwfxdckdufp&m udpfp ay:vm&if xvkyfvkdufwmbJ/ tJ'dudpfp NyD;oGm;&ifi gb,foleJUr SrawGUcsifbl;/ acsmifuav;wckrSm yKef;Nyd; ai;aecsifw,f/ awG;aecsifw,f/ a&;aecsifw,f/ wjcm;bmudkrS rvkyfcsifbl;/ cifAsm;bmawG avQmufajymaewmvJ/ tcktcsdef[mai;aebkdU/ awG;aebkdU a&;aebkdU tcsdefrsKd;vm;(ukdEk[m tJ'dar;cGef;udk &kwfw&uf rajzEkdifbl/ wrdefpavmuf acgif;atmufpkdufNyD;awG;aew,f/) zkd;atmifqef;a& 'DvkdvkyfyguGm/ rif;wkdUEkdifiHa&;0goemygwJholawG u 'kdUArm tpnf;t&kH;xJudk0if / rif;wkdUrsm wkdufyGJwckck 0ifp&m&Sd&if ighudk ac:vkduf/ ig0ifwkdufay;r,f/ tJ'dvkdwkdufwkef; aooGm;7ifvnf; Ny;Da&m wkdufyGJNyD;wJhtcg ighacsmifuav;udk igjyefNyD;ai ;aeEdkifatmif awG;aeEkdifatmif a7;aeEkdifatmif ighudk jyefvTwfyg/ &moufyef EkdifiHa&;orm;rsKd;qkdwmawmh

igrvkyfyg7apeJUuGm/ igrvkyfcsifbl/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;&if cifAsm;vkyfcsifwmvkyf/ r&ao;cifawmh ekdifiHa&;vkyf&rSmyJ/ vmygAsm/ 'kdUArm tpnf;t&kH;xJudk tckyJoGm;0if&atmif/ (udkEKeJU udkatmifqef; wkdU[m tck0ifr,f r0ifbl;qkdNyD; wa,mufeJU wa,muf tcsdtcs ajymaeMuwm ESpfem&Davmuf &SdoGm;w,f/) uJ zkd;atmifqef;&,f igvnf; ajym&wm armNyDuGm/ tJ'dawmh 'dvkd vkyfyg/ 'dudpfpukd igaoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;bdkU wvavmuf tcsdefay;yg/ vkyfraeygeJUAsm/ tckyJoGm;0if7atmif/ ukdekvnf; pdwfaygufaygufeJU uJ'Davmuf0ifcsifvSwm 0ifuGmqkdNyD; udkatmifqef;aemufudkxvkdufvmw,f,/ bwfpfum;ay: wufcgeD; Muawmh zkd;atmifqef;a&/ ighehr,fa&SUrSm ocifvkdU wyf&rSm aMumifw,fuGm vkdU udkeku ajymw,f/ uRefvkdUwyf&wmxuf ocifvkdU wyf&wm ykdraumif;blvm; vkdU udkatmifqef;u jyefar;w,f/ udkekvnf; bmrS jyefrajymbl;/ bwfpfum; ay:wufoGm;w,f/ tJ'dtcsdefu 'kdUArmtpnf;t&kH; u yef;qkdwef; txufvrf;u wkdufcef;uav;wckrSm zGifhxm;w,f/ rD;&xm;blwm&kHMuD;eJU uyfaew,f/ ukdekeJU udkatmifqef;wkdU[m tcef;uav;xJudk 0ifoGm;wJhtcg "mwfr;dMudK;jzwfxm;w,fxifw,f/ napmifh '70rfawGudk ifwJh vufqGJrSeftdrf &JU cyfrSdefrSdef rD;a&mifxJrSm 'kdUArm tpn;ft&kH;Ou?X ocifxdyfwifudk,fawmfMud; eJu ocifokH;av;ODukd awGU&wf,f ukdatmifqef;u oleJU ukdEk wkdU 'kdUArm tpnf;t&kH;xJudk 0ifcsifw,fvkdUajymw,f/ ukdEku bmrS rajymbl;/ ikwfwkyfMuD;xkdifaew,f/ Ou?X ocifxdyfwifukd,fawmfMud; [mudk atmifqef;udk toif;om;vufrSwf 2apmifxkwfay;vkdufw,f/ wa,mufukd0ifaMu; wrwfuspDeJU udkatmifqef;u ig;rl;ay;vkdufw,f/ tJ'dtcsdefupNyD; udkekeJU udkatmifqef;wkdU i,feHr,fawG aysmufNyd; ocifEkeJU ocifatmifqef; jzpfoGm;Muw,f/ q&mudkarmifudk cifAsm? pmtkyfxJuygwJY tjrifig;jrifudk usaemf Ak'f""rfreJY wdkufqdkifNyD; avYvmMunfYygw,f/ usaemfodxm;wJY Ak'f"ujrifjywmawGeJY enf;enf;awmY uGmovdkyJ/ q&mbBuD;0d[m&Du onfydkYpf rzwfjzpfao;vdkY raqG;aEG;wmvm;awmY rodygbl;/ olYudk today;vdkufygOD;r,f/

usaemf odxm;&wJY Ak'f"ujrifwJY ]avmutjrif}-udk ajymygYr,f/ tJonftjriftm;vkH;udk Ak'f"u ]rdpfqm'd|d}="rfrvrf;aMumif;udk ra&mufapwJY vrf;rSm;tjrif-&,fvdkY rdefYcJYwm &Sdygw,f/ tJonftjrifawGudk "rfrpufuy0wfweokwfrSm ]umrwPSm jzpfapwJY umrtjrif? b0wPSmjzpfapwJY &lytjrif? 0db0wPSmjzpfapwJY t&lytjrif}-&,fvdkY a[mcJYygw,f/ onftjrifpGJYeJY ajymwm-jyKwm-aewmawGvkyfvsif umrtjrifpGJol[m umr(11)bkHom;-umr11bkHom;b0udk &ygYr,f/ &lytjrifpGJeJY ajym-jyK-aeol[m &lyjA[frm16bkHom;-&lyjA[frm16bkHom;b0udk &ygYr,f/ t&lytjrifpGJeJY ajym-jyK-aeol[m t&lyjA[frm4bkHom;t&lyjA[frm4bkHom;b0udk &ygYr,f/ usaemfajymwJY umr11bkHom;tjzpf-&ly16bkHom;tjzpft&ly4bkHom;tjzpf-aygif;vdkufvsif 31bkHom;tjzpfudk ]tckvkyf tck&oljzpfw,f}-qdkvdkjcif;yg/ aonyD;aemufb0usrS &wmudk rqdkvdkygbl;/ onfumrtjrif-&lytjrif-t&lytjrif 3ckaygif;udk ]avmuDtjrif}-&,fvdkY bk&m;oQifa[mcJYjcif; jzpfygw,f/ onfavmutjrifokH;yg;u bk&m;oQifvGwfajrmufoGm;wmyg/ onftjrifawGudk vkH;0y,fowfEdkifoGm;wmyg/ onftjrifwpfckpDrSm umrtjrifeJY igY[m-igYypfpnf;vkyfvsif umrwPSm? onftjrifeJY igvkyfvdkufwm-igYbmrSwfovJ -igrdkYvdkY vkyfedkifwmaxmifvTm;vsif umr rme? onftvkyf[migyJ-vdkY rSwf,lrdvsif umr'd|d jzpfygw,f/ tvm;wl &lytjrifeJY &lywPSm-&lyrme-&ly'd|d &Sdygw,f/ xdkenf;wlygyJ t&lywPSm-t&lyrme-t&ly'd|d&,fvdkY &Sdygw,f/ wPSm-rme-'d|d[m umrtjrifeJY umroHo&me,fcsJUygw,f? &lytjrifeJY &lyoHo&me,fcsJUygw,f? t&lytjrifeJY t&lyoHo&me,fcsJUygw,f/ tjrif3ck[m a&mvdkYr&ygbl;/ bmjzpfvdkYvnf;qdkawmY olwdkY&JUt&IcHtm&kHcsif; rwlvdkY jzpfygw,f/'gayrJY wpfckeJYwpfckvnf; rqefYusifygbl;/ &IaxmifYcsif;om uGmjcm;jcif; jzpfygw,f/ vlaumifudk jrifwm? txufu pmtkyfrSmygwJY vludk MunfhNyD; vltjzpfrjrifyJ w&kwfukvm;? olqif;&J olcsrf;om tjzpfjrifygu -[m

yyOfptjrif-vdkY ajymvsif vkH;NyD;ajymvdkufwm jzpfygw,f/ bmyyOfptjrifvJvdkY cGJjcm;ajym&ygYr,f/ onftjrif[m ]umrtjrif}- jzpfygw,f/ onfvlaumifudk zsufNyD; &kyfyJ-emrfyJ-yx0DyJ-tmaygyJ--qdkNyD; ]&kyftpdwftpdwf}-eJY &INyD;jrifwm[m ]orm"dtjrif}-rSefaomfvnf; tjriftppfu ]&lytjrif}- jzpfygw,f/ onf&kyftpdwftpdwfudkawmif r&SDawmYbl; ]&kyfvnf;jzpfysuf? emrfvnf;jzpfysuf-wavmuvkH;[m jzpfysufcsnf;yJ/ bmrSr&SDawmYbl;}tjrif[m ]0dyofoem}-tjrif rSefaomfvnf; twdtusajym&vsif ]t&lytjrif}om jzpfygw,f/ txufygtjrif 3ckvkH;udk bk&m;oQifu "rfrpufuy0wfweokwfawmfrSm umrokcvfvdumEka,m*(umrtjriftpGef;)? twfwudvrxmEka,m*(&lytjrifeJYt&lytjriftpGef;)-tjzpf y,f&rnfYtpgef;2yg;tjzpf nTefjycJYygw,f/ OayufcgtjrifuawmY Oayufcg[lonf jA[fr0d[m&(jrifYjrwfaomolwdkY\ aejcif;) tjrif jzpfygw,f/ arwfwmtaeu&kPmtae-rk'dwmtae-Oayufcgtae-wdkY jzpfygw,f/ onfvdkaeEdkifwm[m ]umrvl-&lyvl-t&lyvl[m ]ig}-r[kwfbl;/ onftpGJawGu igYrSmvm&pfywfaeNyD; igYudkajymcdkif;-vkyfcdkif;-aecdkif;aewmvdkY ]igeJY-tpGJvl(ta,mifaqmifvl=udavomvl)}-udk cGJjcm;odjrifwJY t&d,mawG&JU taejzpfygw,f/ Oayufcg[m-tjrifr[kwfygbl;/ tpGJ'kufcawGu vGwfajrmufoGm;aom &dk;om;-jzLpif-,Ofaus;-jrifYjrwfol(t&d,m)awG&JU taeom jzpfygw,f/ olwdkY[m vl(twfw)eJY vlay:&pfywfaewJY (udavom=tewfw)udk uGJuGJjym;jym ; cGJjcm;odjrifolrsm; jzpfMuygw,f/ 'gaMumifY vludk edAÁmefvdkUjrifNyD; jzpfysuf udkawmif rjrif&wmu r*fzdkvf tjrifr[kwfygbl;/ qifwl,dk;rSm;awmY wlovdkvdkygyJ/ edAfAmefqdkwm ]'kufceda&m"t&d,opfpm}-xdkufygw,f/ tpGJjzpfwJY vltcsif;csif;qufqHa&;rSm rormrrQwJYtrI&Spfck-jzpfwJY um,uHrSm;0pDuHrSm;-raemuHrSm;aMumifY vlrSmtxyfxyf&pfywfaewJY udavo0#f-

urfr0#f-0dygu0#fawG w&pyfvnfaewJY ]'kufc}-udk cGGJcGJjcm;jcm; *CePodjrifNyD; tJonf'kufc&JUtaMumif;&if; ]tEko,udavom}-udk y,fowfNyD; ]'kufcvGwfajrmuf&jcif;}-om edAfAmef jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifY vl[m edAfAmef r[kwfygbl;/ vl[m j'yfypfpnf;wpfckjzpfwJY umrypfpnf;ygyJ/ onfvlrSmjzpfaewJY ]uHqdk;uHrSm;uae vGwfajrmufjcif;}udkom ]edAfAmef}-vdkY ,lEdkifrSmyg/ 'kufceJY edAfAmef[m qefYusifbufyg/ 'kufcudkodrS edAfAmefudk odrSmyg/ 'kufcudk jyufjyufxifxifrodbJ edAfAmefudk a,mif0g;0g;awmif rodEdkifygbl;/ 'kufcudk odzdkYu vlvlcsif;qufqHa&;rSmjzpfwJY ]y#dpfpork'fyg'fvnfapwJY uH}udk ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; em;vnf&rSm jzpfygw,f/ a&S;b0uH-aemufb0uHawG ,laevsif onft,lawGudk bk&m;oQifu ]rdpfqm'd|duEfwm&}-tjzpfawmI &Iwfcsxm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifY tjrif5jrifeJY ywfoufNyD; usaemfudk,fwdkifod&Sdxm;wJY Ak'f""rfreJY wdkufqdkifaqG;aEG;cJYygw,f/ tjrifcsif;-wlrSm-r[kwfygbl;/ aqG;aEG;Edkifygw,f/ aqG;aEG;wJYtcg usaemfu Ak'f""rfr-tjzpf qdkxm;awmY ]"rfr*kPf&nf6yg;}-abmifxJuyJ aqG;aEG;EdkifrSm jzpfygw,f/ onfabmiftjyifbufqdkvsif usaemfraqG;aEG;Edkifyg/ aqG;aEG;wJYtjzpfuae ]jiif;ckefwJYtjzpf}-udk a&mufoGm;Edkifygw,f/ aqG;aEG;zdkYzdwfac:wJYtwGuf aus;Zl;txl;wifygw,f/ &Tifvef;&SifoefEdkifygap/ Peace Keeper nDaemif ydpf&J. aqG;aEG;csufawGtwdkif; tjrifwlygw,f/

They are invisible. uRefawmfajymxm;ovdkygyJ uRefawmfu aqG;aEG;EdkifbdkU zwfwkef;awG;wkef;yg?

aemufwcsuf? uRefawmf taeeJU edAmefa&mufaMumif;vrf;awGudk 'Dae&mrSm jiif;cHkjcif; r&Sdyg? JjArpdk&fw&m;udkawmh vufudkifrxm;EdkifyJ? vIwJhwef;wJhvlawG? w&m;tvkyfvkyfMuwJhvlawG trsm;BuD;awGUae&w,f? vlavmu csrf;ombdkUu jArpdk&fw&m;eJUwifvkHavmufw,f? 'Dw&m;&SdwJh EdkifiHawG csrf;omaeMuwmyJ? olwdkU pdwfcsrf;omrIr&SdBuygvdkU vdkufjiif;Muvdkufr,f? rSefygw,f edAmefa&mufaMumif;w&m; pdwfcsrf;omrIr&Sdyg? 'gayrJh MuD;Edkifi,fjiSif;pdwf"wfrsm; trsm;tjrifrSm r&SdMuyg? tpdk;&rsm; usifhoHk;wmu wuefryg? rkom; rajymmuyg? cav;rsm; rkom;rajymatmif cav;rsm;udk rkom;eJU rxdef;csLyfyg/ oHo&mrS vGwf&mvGwf&maMumif;tydkif;xuf tJ'DvGwf&mvGwfaMumif;vkyfaevdkUqdkNyD; 'Dacwf vlUavmu&JU rw&m;rIawG jArpdk&f rqefrIawGudk vpfvQK&I rxm;atmif 'Dpmtkyfu qHk;rw,fvdkU uRefawmfcH,lygw,f? 'DcH,lcsufrSm;rrSm;udkyJ uRefawmfvJ aqG;aEG;csifygw,fcifAsm;? wu,fw&m; tjrifrsm;uRefawmfhxuf bBuD;wdkUu omw,fvdkU cH,lNyD;om;yg wmawpaeom; tquf tcef; 14 ocifatmiffqef;eJU ocifEkudk tJ'dtcsdefwkef;u ausmif;om;avmurSmom vlodrsm;ao;w,f/ jynfolvlxktaeeJUawmh olwkdUESpfa,mufudk odyfrodMuao;bl;/ tJ'gaMumifh olwkdUEESpfOD; 'kdUArm tpnf;t&kH; xJudk 0ifvkdufMwJhtwGuf 'dkUArm tpnf;t&kH;[[m ausmif;om;awG&JU axmufcHrSKudk a&S;ueJUpm&if enf;enf; ydkNyD; &vmw,fvkdU qkdEkdifygw,f/ 'gayrJh olwkdU ESpfOD; 0ifvmwJhtwGuf jynfolvlxk&JU axmufcHrSK wkd;wufvmwmudkawmh aumif;aumif;rawGU&bl;/ ''kdUArmtpnf;t&kH;[m jynfolvlxk&JU axmufcHrSKudk &oavmuf&vmatmif vkyfay;EkdifwJh yk*¾KdvfrSm ocifudk,fawmfrskdif;jzpfw,f / ocifudk,fawmfrSkdif;udk rsKd;cspfyk*DKvfMuD;taeeJU jynfolvlxku av;pm;w,f?

ocifodef;az (bkwvif) &JU vkHUv ya,m*aMumifh ocifukd,fawmfrSkdif;[m 'kdUArm tpnf;t&kH;&JU em,uMuD;jzpfvmw,f? 'Dem,uMuD;&JU t&Sdeft0gudk rSdNyD; 'dkUArmtpnf;t&kH;[m EkdifiHawmfwGif;rSm us,fus,fjyefUjyefU pnf;&kH;vmEkdifw,f? 1938ckESpf xJrSm 'kdUArmtpnf;t&kH;[m ESpfjcrf;uGJoGm;w,f? wjcrf;udk ocifudk,fawmrSKdif;OD;pd; wJh 'kdUArmtpnf;t&kH;vkdUac:w,f? wjcm;wjcrf;udk ocifApdefOD;pD;wJh 'kdUArmtpnf;t&kH;vkdUac:w,f? ocifudk,fawmfrSKdif;OD;pD;wJh 'dkUArm tpnf;t&kH;xJrSm ocifvSaZmf? ocifav;armif? ocif xdyfwifukd,fawmfMud;? ocifjr? ocifwif? ocifatmifqef;? ocifoef;xGef;? ocifpkd;?ocifvSaz? ocifEk tp&SdwJh ocifawG ygMuw,f/ tJ'Dvkd ESpfjcrf;uGJNyD;wJhaemuf ocifvSabmfu OufuX / ocifatmifqef;u taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; jzpfvmw,f? tpnf;t&kH;udkvnf; yef;qkd;wef;uaeNyD; ykZGefawmif a&ausmf vrf;xJudk ajymif;a&TUvmw,f/ OufuX ocifvSabmf&JU &kd;om;rSK? az:a7TrSK? ZmwdaoG;/ Zmwdrmef xufoefrSKwkdUaMumifh olUudk vlcspfvlcif aygw,f/ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ocifatmifqef;[m XmecsKyfrSm aew,f/ olUudk 0kdif;NyD; ulnDMubkdUtwGuf ocifwifOd;/ ocifoufwif? ocifvSarmifqdkwJh ocifuav; 3OD;vnf; oleJUtwl XmecsKyfrSm aeMuw,f/ wGJbuf twGif;a&;rSL; ocifoef;xGef;uawmh tJ'dcgu uefawmfuav; rlqvif txufwef;ausmif;rSm ausmif;q&m vkyfaew,ftm;vyf&uftcdsef&orQ XmecsKyfrSm ocifatmifqef;eJUtwl wl tvkyfvkyfw,f/ olwkdUESpfa,muftaMumif;ajym&r,fqkd&if ocifatmifqef;u AdokumeJUwlw,f/ ocifoef;xGef;utif*sifeD,meJUwlw,f? AdokumMuD; ocifatmifqef;a7;qGJay;wJh ykHpHudk tif*sieD,mMuD; ocifoef;xGEf;u taqmuftOD;jzpfatmi faqmufay;w,f/ ocifatmifqef;u t*Fvdyf-Arm ESpfbmom pvkH;rSm ta&;a&m tajymygEkdifw,f/ ocifoef;xGef;u Armpmta7;tom;rsm ykdNyD;oefw,f? ykdNyD;vnf; jrefw,f? ESpfa,mufpvkH; pmzwfodyf0goemygw,f/ trsm;MuD;vnf; zwfbl;w,f? ocifatmifqef;u vlwkdif;eJU pum; ajymvkdUr&bl;/ pum;ajym&if &efjzpfwmrsKd;r[kwfbl;/ 'gayrJh wa,mufa,mufudk olYpdwfxJrSm oabmrus&if [efvkyfvkdUr&bl;/ wjcm;bufudk rsufeSm vSnfhcsifvSnfhaer,f? wckckudk zwfcsifzwfaew,f? tJ'dvlu oludk pum;ajym&ifvnf; oljyefajymcsifrS ajymr,f?

ocifoef;xGef;u'dvkd r[kwfbl; ? b,foleJU rqdk tvdkuftxkduf ajymvkdU&w,f/ qufqHvkdU&w,f/ ocifatmifqef;[m tcefUroifhwJhtcg olUa'go[m tjyifbufudk jyif;jyif;xefxef aygufxGufwwfw,f/ ocifoef;xGef;[m olUa'goudk olxdef;Ekdifw,f/ ocifoef;xGef;[m b,fcgrSmbJjzpfjzpf b,foleJUbJjzpfjzpf pum;odyfrajymbl;/ awmfoihf&kHajymw,f? ocifatmifqef;[m olajymcsifwJh tcgrsKd;rSm qkd7if wbufom; 0ifajymcGihfr&atmif tqufrjywfem&Daygif;rsm;pGmajymekdifw,f? olUtaMumf;oabmaygufEkdifatmif om"uav; ESpfckudk wifjyvkduf&OD;r,f? wcku *syefvufxuf ol umuG,fa7;0efMuD; vkyfaewkef;jzpfwJh om"u/ amufwcku 'kwd,ur‘m ppfMuD; tNyd; olzqyv OufuX vkyfaewkef; jzpfwJhom"uyg? *syef vufxufwkef;u umuG,fa&;0efMuD; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m twGif;0efwa,muf&JU tdrftem;udk ajymif;vmw,f? twGif;0ef[m umuG,fa&;0efNuD;&JUtdrfudk oGm; t&kdtao ay;csifw,f? olajymcsifvm&if AkdvfcsKyf[m pum;aMumodyf&Snfw,fvkdU emrnf MuD;wJhtwGuf pum;aMumr&SnfEkdifatmif AkdvfcsKyfnpmrpm;cif oGm;awGUr,f vkdU qkH;jzwfNyD; nae ig;em&DavmufrSm oGm;awGUw,f? 'dtwGif;0ef[m uHqkd;csifawmh tJ'daerSmrS AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;uvnf; xrif;qmw,fqkdNyD;tapmMuD;pm;vkdU twGif;0efvmwJhtcsdefrSm AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; [m xrif;pm;Nyd;aeNyD/ tJ'dnae ig;em&Du AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m pum;tqufrjywfajymaevkdufwm ? nukd;em&DavmufrS tJ'DtwGif;0efu AkdvfcsKyfvnf; xrif;rpm;&ao;bl;/ usaemhfudk jyefcGifh jyKyg? qkdwJh pum;av;ig;q,fcGef;ajymEkdifatmif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JU pum;awG[m wrdepfavmuf tqufjywfoGm;w,f/ twGif;0efu tJ'dvkd ajymwJhtcg AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m olpm;NyD;NyDvkdU ajzNyD; ajymjrJ qufajymvkdufwm n 11em&Davmuf &SdoGm;a&m? twGif;0ef[m npmrpm;&wmu ta&;rMud; bl;/ qD;atmifhwmu odyfta&;MuD;aew,f? tJ'gaMumifh 'kwd,tMudrf enf;enf; pum;tjywfrSm uysmu,mxNyD; jyefcGifhjyKygvkdU twGif;0efu awmif;yef&Smw,f? AdkvfcskKyfatmifqef;vnf; 0if;xd vkdufykdUr,f qkdwJh &nf&G,fcsufeJU twGif;0efeJUtwl vdkufxGufvmw,f? 0if;0udk a&mufwJhtcg 45rdepfavmuf aemufxyf rwfwyf&yf ajymaewkef; twGif;0ef][m qD;atmifh vGef;vkdU tom;awGyg qwfqwfwkefNyD; idkoHygMuD;eJU awmif;yefawmhrS jyefcGifh&&Smw,f/

'kwd, om"uuawmh 'kwd,urœmppfMuD;tNyD;rSm AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m zqyv OufuX vkyfaewkef; A[kdaumfrwD tpnf;ta0;wckrSm OufuX rdefUcGEf;ay;aewm ajcmufem&DausmfausmfMumw,f/ ocif;pkd;vnf; tawmf pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;ygw,f/ tJ' D wkef;u olvnf; 'dkUArmtpnf;t&kH;XmecsKyftvkyftrSKaqmiftzGJU0ifwOD;bJ? tvkyftrSKaqmif tzGJU0ifawGtm;vkH;rSm ocifEkudk oltcifqkH;/ ocifEk&JU tdrfudk olrMumcPvmw,f/ tawmftwGif;uswJh olUtwGi;fa&;awG ocifEkudk tawmfrsm;rsm;ajymw,f/ ocifEkuvnf; ESKwfvkHw,f? 'DuaeUtxd 'dtwGif;a&;awGudk b,folrS rajymbl;/ olUrsufvkH;[m wrsKd;yJ &,fp&mawGudk ajymNyD; olUrsufESm[m &,fwJhtoGifudk aqmifaewJhtcgrsKd;rSmawmif olUrsufvkH;awG[m a'goxGufaeovkdyJ? olvnf; ocifatmifqef;wkdU ocifoef;xGef;wkdUvkdpmtawmfrsm;rsm;zwf zl;olwOD;jzpfw,f/ uGefjrLepfpmayawGusawmh ol[m ocifatmifqef;wkdU ocifoef;xGef;wkdUxufykdNyD; pkHpkHvifvif zwfbl;w,f/ EkdifiHa7;orm; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m ollUudk vlMurf;wa,muf tjzpfeJUom jrifMuwmrsm;w,f/ trSefpifppf qkd&if Murf;oihfw,f vkdU ol,lqwJhtcg ol[m wu,fMurf;ygw,f? Mur;f&r,fqkd&ifvnf; olUudk vkdufrSdwJhvl[m tvkyftrSKaqmiftzGJUxJrSm wa,mufrS r&Sdygbl;/ 'gayrJh EkwJhtcgqkd&ifvnf; ol[m tifrwef Ekygw,f? vlawGeJUqufqHwJhae&mrSm ol[m tifrwef azmfa7Gw,f? ae&mxm;oifhwJhvl awgudk ae&mxm;w,f av;pm;oihfwJh vlawGudk av;pm;w,f / tJ'gawG[m vlwa,muf&JU EL;nHh odrfarGUrSKawGyHJ? ol&JU tckvkdu ek;nhGH odrfarGUrSlawGaMumifh oloGm;av;&m&mrSm vlcspfvlcif aygw,f/ ArmhxGuf&yf*kdPf; acwfwkef;u ocifawGeJU a'gufwm Aarmf&JU *kdPf;om;awG[m rMumcPqkdovkd w&m;xGufa[mcJhbl;w,f? wjcm;ocifawGeJU qkd&if "g;rawG[m w,fNyD; tqifrajycsifbl;/ ocifpkd;eJUqkd&if avay; ajzmifhaeMuwmyJ/ tJ'dvkd El;nHhodrfarGUwmawGtjyif ocifpdk;rSm wjcm;El;nHh odrfarGUrSKawG vn;f&Sdo;w,f? ocifpkd;[m wa,maumif;aumif;xkd;wwfw,f/ oDcsif;vnf; aumif;aumif;qkdwwfw,f? umvay:vnf;7w,f? oDcsif;MuD;awGvnf; &w,f? ocifav;armif/ ocifjr/ ocifwifwkdU[m 'DkUArm tpnf;t&kH; xlaxmifpuwnf;u ygvmMuwJh ocifa[mi;fMuD;awGjzpfw,f? 'kdUArmtpnf;t&kH;[m ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twgu xl;cRefxda7mufwJh acgif;aqmifrSKudk ay;cJhwJh ekdifiHa&;tzJGUMuD;jzpfvmatmif vkyfay;cJhwJh yk8f*kdvf

awGxJrSm 'Docifa[mif;MuD;awG[m a&SUwef;u yg0ifcJhw,f/ ocifav;armif[m odyfNyD; tdajE´ MuD;wJHhacgif;aqmiftjzpfeJU emrnf MuD;w,f/ ocifjru odyfpdwf&SnfwJh acgif;aqmiftjzpfeJU emrnfMuD;w,f?ocifwif u cufcJwJh jyóemawGudk vlxkem;vnfatmif &Sif;jywwfwJh acgif;aqmiftjzpfeJU emrnfMuD;w,f? 'kdUArm tpnf;t&kH; xJrSm olU[meJUol rSwfom;p&m aumif;avmufwJh yk*f*kdvf tajrmuftrsm; 7Sdygao;w,f? 'DpmtkyfxJrSm yk*f*Kdvf awG tm;vkH;udk pkHpkHvifvif azmfjybkdUcufw,f? ocifEk[m tvdkvkdrStai;orm;/ tawG;orm;? ta&;orm;jzpfae&wJhtxJ olodyfpdwf0ifpm;wJh 0goemtopfwckudk tJ'Dtcsdefavmufu aemufxyf &aejyefwJhtwGuf wjcm;ocifacgif;aqmifawGvkd XmecsKyfudk cPcP rvmEkdifbl;/ (aemuftcef; 15wGif tao;pdwf)? tvkyftrSKaqmif tpnf;ta0;&SdwJhtcg ocifatmifqef;udk awGUcsifwJhtcg tvSLcHvkdU&vmwJh aiGudk tyfbkdU&SdwJHtcg rsK;dawGavmufrSmbJXmecsKyfudk olvmw,f? EkdifiHa&;wm0efqkdwmvnf; olrsm;rsm;pm;pm; r&SdcJhbl;/ taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;u b,ufaem&mudk b,foleJU w&m; a[m oGm;ygqkdwJhtcg xoGm;NyD;a[mw,f/ tJ'davmufygbJ/ ol'dvkdoGm;a[mcJh&wJh w&m;yGJawGxJrSm olrarhEkdifwJh w&m;yGJESpfck&Sdw,f? wyGJu aysmfbG,f w&m;yGJjzpfw,f/ wjcm;w&m;yGJu a&eHacsmif;w&m;yGJjzpfw,f? aysmfbG,f w&m;yGJ jzpfwJh tcsdeftcgavmufrSm *VKefOD;apm eJU ocifawG&JU y#dyu©[m tifrwef jyif;xefaew,f? Od;apm [m tJ'dtcgu opfawma&;&m 0efMuD;jzpfw,f? jrdKUwjrdKUudk c&D;xGufwJhtcg (yJcL;xifw,f) tJ'DjrdKUu ocifawGu oHykH;wD;NyD; qef' jyMuw,f? OD;apmbufu vlawGu tJ'd oHykH;wD;wJh ocifawG ocifrawGudk 0g;&if; 'kwfeJU twif;0if&kdufw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh OD;apm b,foGm;oGm;/ oGm;wJhae&mrSm ocifawG[m oHykH;wd; qef' jy&r,fvkdU XmecsKyfu qkH;jzwfcsufcsw,f/ OD;apm uvnf; oHykH;wD;wJh ocifawGudk 0g;&if;wkwfeJu &kdufr,fvkdU aMunmw,f/ aemufrsm;rMumcif aysmfbG,fjrdKUu olUaxmufcHolawG&J zdwfMum;csuft& OD;apm[m aysmfbG,f udkoGm;r,fqdkwJh owif;wck xGufvmw,f/ aysmfb,f[m ocifawG tiftm;awmifhwif;wJhae&m wck jzpfwJhtwGuf ocifawGuvnf;tjyif;txef oHykH;wD;NyD; qef' jyMubkdUpdpOdw,f? OD;apmbufom;awGuvnf; tm;usrcH/ oHykH;wD;wJhocifawGudk 0g;&if;'kwfeJU twif;0if&kdufbkdU vlpkMuw,f? wbufeJU wbuf tajctae[m

tawmfMuD;wif;rmvmwmaMumifh jidrf0yfydjym;a&;udk okH;bkdUtwGuf ykvdyf&kd;&kd;eJU rvkHavmufawmhbJ ppfykvdyfawGeJU jrif;pD;yKvdyfawGudkyg okH;bkdU tmPmykdifawGu fqkH;jzwf&wJhtxd tajctae [m qkd;0g;vmw,f/ 'Dvkd qdk;0g;vmwmaMumifh olwkdUudk acgif;aqmifbkdU XmecsKyfu acgif;aqmifawG ykdUay;ygvkdU aysmfbG,focifawGu XmecsKyfrSm tultnDawmif;w,f/ taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL; u ocifEkeJU ocif b&if ('v )wkdUudk vTwfvkdufw,f? ocifEkeJU ocifb&if wkdUvnf; aysmfbG,fjrdKUudk OD;apm ra&mufcif w&uf MudKNyD;a&mufMuw,f? olwkdUa&mufvmwJhtcg aysmfbG,focifawGu olwkdU&JU vQLDU0Suf tpD;tpOfudk wkd;wkd;wdwfwdwftpD&ifcHw,f? 'g[m wjcm;r[kwfygbl;/ OD;apm&JU bufawmfom;awG[m oHykH;wD;olawGudk 0g;&if;'kwfeJU 0if&kduf&if ikHhrcHyJ wae&mrSm toifhapmifhaewJh ocifwcsKDUu 'g;eJU jyefckwfbkdU qkdwJhtpDtpOf yJjzpw,f/ 'DvkdckwfbkdUtwGuf aysmfbG,fjrdKU rif;wef;&yfuGufu ocifawGu wm0ef,lw,f/ 'Dvkd tMurf;zufwm[m 'kdUArm tpnf;t&kH;&JU vr;fpOfeJU qefusifaew,f? 'kdUArm tpnf;t&kH;[m vGwfvyfa&; &bkdUtwGuf NAdwdoQ tpkd;&udkwkdufwJhtcgrSmawmif tMurf;rzufbl;/ tEkenf;eJU wkdufyGJ0if bkdU vrf;pOfcsxm;NyD;NyD? tJ'gaMumfih OD; apm&JU vlawG 0g;&if;'kwfeJU 0if&kduf&if ikHUcH&r,f/ jyefrvkyf&bl;/ ikHrcHcsifwJhvlawG qef' jywJhae&mudk rvm&bl;/ vkdU ocifEku &Sif;jyw,f/ rif;wef;&yfuGufu ocifawGudkvnf; 'Dtwkdif;vkduf&Sif;; jyygOD;vkdU aysmfbG,focifacgif;aqmifawGu ajymwJhtwGuf ocifEkeJU ocifb&if wkdUvkdufoGm;Mu&w,f/ rif;wef;qdkwm ArmjynfrSm taumif;qkH;'g;awG vkyfwJhae&m ? tJ'd&yfuGufu ocifawG[m odyfNyD;cufxefw,f?ZmwdawG; Zmwdrmef odyf jyif;jyw,f? &efolu wcsuf ckwf&if olwkdUu av;ig;csuf jyefckwf7rS auseyfolawGjzpfw,f? tJ'gaMumifh jyefrckwf&&if qef' jyyGJudk olwkdrvmcsifbl;vkdU twdtus ajzjuwJhtwGuf rvmMueJUvkdU ocifEkwkdUu wm;ypfcJh&w,f? tJ'dqef'jyyGJudk rsufaphxJrSm rSef;NyD; MunfhEkdifatmif r;d&xm;blwm&kHeJU vrf;&JUtaetxm;udk a&S;OD;pGmenf;enf;avmuf azmfjyoifhw,f/ aysmfbG,frD;&xm;blwm&KH&JU ta&SUbufrSm awmifeJUajrmuf ,azmufxm;wJh vrf;usk,fwck&Sdw,f? tJ'Dvrf;us,f&JU vuf0JbufrSm oHykH;wD;rJh ocifw&mavmufu oHykH;awGukdifNyd; reuf 8em&Davmufuwnf;u ae&m,lxm;Muw,f? olwkdUeJuyfvQuf olwkdU&JU vuf0JbufrSm ocifEkeJU ocifb&if wkdU&SdMuw,f? olwkdU&JU aemufrSm ocifocifrawGeJU olwkdUudk

axmufcHMuwJh jrdKUvlxk&Sdw,f? rif;wef;u ocifawG[m qef'jyyGJukd olwkdUrvmbl;vkdU ocifEkwkdUudk vGefcJhwJhaeUu ajymayr,fh tJ'Dreufusawmh olwkdU&UJ 'g;awGudk zJxD;awGxJrSm 0SufNyD; tJ'Dvlxkaemufu wdwfwdwf&yfaew,f? 'Dvkd&yfaewmudk qef' jyyGJNyD;vkdU nbufa&mufawmhrS wcsKdUvlawGajymvkdU ocifEkwkdUod&w,f? 'DvlawGuawmh bmyJjzpfjzpf/ olwkdU&JU &JabmfawGudk xd&ifrcHbl;vdkU oH"dXmef csxm;olawGjzpfw,f/ tJ'dvrf;us,f &JU nmbufrSm OD;apm&JUbufom;awG &Sdw,f/ olwkdU&JU vufxJrSm 0g;&if;'kwfawG udkifxm;Muw,f? 'gayrJh 'D'kwfawGudk ykvdyf rodr;fEkdifatmif 'kwfawG&JUtzsm;rSm tvHawG wyfxm;NyD; 'DtvHawGeJU olwkdU&JU acgif;aqmif Od;apm udk MudK&r,fvkdU taMumif;jyw,f/ 'Dvrf;us,f&JUtv,frSm ykvdyf/ ppfykvdyfeJU jrif;pD; ykvdyfawG &Sdw,f/ reuf udk;em&davmufusawmh OD;apm&JU wGJjzLMuD;udk qGJvmwJh rD;&xm;[m aysmbG,fblwm&kHxJudk 0ifvmwmeJUwjydKifeuf MudKwifpDpOfxm;wJhtwkdif; ocifawG&JU toHcsJUpuf xJu v' (Vif;w) apmqkdwJh toHMuD; [m wcJeuf ay:xGufvmw,f? (olUwynhfawGu OD;apmudk *VKefapm vkdUac:w,f? ocifawGu v'apmvkdU ajymifNyD; ac:Muw,f) tJ'dvk d ocifwa,muf u wkdifay;vkdufwmeJU wjyKdifeu toifhapmifhaeMuwJh ocifawG ? ocifrawGeJU jrdKUvlxkMuD;u tvkdr&Sd vkdU wnDwnmwnf; [pfatmfMuw,f/ 'D[pfvkdufwJh toHMud;aMumifh ywf0ef;usifwckvkH;odrfhodrfhwkefoGm;w,f? tJ'dvkd twkdiftazmuf tMudrfMudrf [pfaMuG; aeMuwkef; opfawma&;0efMu;d O;dapm [m olUvlawG jcH&HNyD; rD;&xm;blwm&kHxJu xGufvmw,f? olUudk jrifvkdufwmeJU wjydKifeuf toifhapmifhaewJh ocifawG[m oHykH;awG oHjym;awGudk tm;7yg;& pdwfvkdufrmefyg wD;aeMuwm[m em;yGifhxGufoGm;vkrwwf jzpfw,f? ykvdyfawG/ ppfykvdyfawG/ jrif;pD; ykvdyfawGMum;rSm cHaewJhtwGuf OD;apm&JU wynfhfawG[m bmrS vkyfvkdUr&ygbl;/ 0g;&if;'kwfawG udkifNyD; tHMudwfae&w,f? tu,fíolwkdU[m olwkdUukd,f udk rxdef;odr;fekdif&if ocifawGukd ZGwftwif;0if&kduf&if toifhapmifhaewJhrif;wef; u ocifawGuvnf; OD;apm&JU wynfhawGudk pOf;ypfrSmbJ? rJueJjrif&mudk ykvdyfu eHywf'kwf eJU &kduf/ ppfykvdyfu &kdifz,feJUypf? jrif;pD;ykvdyfuvnf; jrif;eJUtwif;wufeif;rSm aocsmw,f/ r;d&xm;blwm&kHu xGufNyD; OD;apmwkdUvlpku &kyf&Sif&kHwcka&SUrSm w&m;yGJvkyfw,f/ ocifawGu tJ'dtem;u wjcm;&kHwckrSm w&m;yGJvkyfw,f/

nbufa&mufwJhtcg ocifEkwkdU[m aysmfbG,focifawGeJU twl aysm fbG,fOufuX ocifaX; wkdUtdrfrSm pum;ajymaeMuwkef; OD;apm&JU wynfhwpk[m tdrfa&SUrSvmNyd; a*:&if*sD0g' tvkdr&SD tp&SdwJh ocifawGudk jyefESufwJh aMuG;aMumfoHawGudk atmfMuw,f/ a*:&if*sDulvDawGom oHykH;wD;w,f? tJ'gaMumifh ocifawG oHykH;wD;wm[m a*:&if*sD 0g'jzpfw,f vkdU OD;apm wynfhawGu qkdvkdwmjzpfw,f/ ocifaX;[m &kwfw&uf vSHwacsmif;udk qGJNyD; tJ'dvlawGaemufudk twif;vkdufw,f? 'DvlawG[m arSmif&dyfu acsmif;aewJhtwGuf olwkdUudk ocifaX;u rjrif&bl;/ olwkdu jyef&kdufwm ocifaX;tawmfemw,f/ aysmfbG,focifawGvnf; tkHMuGvmNyD; OD; apm&JU rdwfaqGNuD; OD;jzdK;omtdrfud wckckvkyfbkdUoGm;0kdif;w,f? ocifEkudk,fwkdif tawmf ajzmif;zsNyD; ocifawGudk jyefac:cJh&w,f? wcgrSmawmh XmecsKyf&JU qkH;jzwfcsufwcKeJU ywfoufNyD; a&eHacsmif;u a&eHajrtvkyform;awG[m 'kdUArm tpnf;t&kH;XmecsKyf tvkyftrSKaqmiftzGJUudk rausreyfjzpfaew,f? tJ'gaMumifh tajctaetrSefudk &Sif;jybkdU taxGaxGtwGif;a7;rSL;u ocifEkeJU ocifpkd;ukd vTwfw,f/ olwkdU ESpf OD; a&eHajr a&mufwmeJU wjyKdifeuf a&eHajrtvkyform;awGu XmecsKyftay: rauseyfwm[m rao;bl;/ jyif;xefw,fqkdwm pkHprf;od&Sd&w,f? tJ'gaMumifh tppt&m&m pdwdf&SnfbkdU onf;cHbkdU ocifEku ocifpkd;uk dajymxm;w,f? yxrw&m;yGJudk wefaqmif;wckxJrSm vkyf&w,f? obmywd u tpnf;ta0;pNyDvkdU aMunmNyD;ocifpkd;pum;ajymr,fvkdUqkdvkduf wmeJU wjyKdifeuf ocifcifaZmf[m obmywdqDukd y7dwfowf xJu xvmw,f? tJ'dtcsdefwkef;u ocifcifaZmf [m a&eHajr tvkyform;tpnf;t&kH;rSm taxGaxG twGi;fa&;rSL;/ 'grSr[kwf&ifvnf; tvkyftrSKaqmifwOD;jzpfvdrfhr,fxifw,f? tJ'docifcifaZmf[m obmywdqDrSmvnf; cGifhrawmif; yJ w&m;yGJudk zsufwJhtaeeJu obmywda&SUrSm acgufwkefUacgufjyef avQmufaew,f/ olUyg;pyfuvnf; XmecsKyf tvkyftrSKaqmiftzGJUudk rauseyfwJhtaMumf;jApfawmuf jzpfawmuf ajymaew,f/ MumNyDjzpfwJhtwGuf bmawGajymaew,fqkdwm pkHpr;fvkdUr&ygbl;? ocifcifaZmf 'DvkdaESmifh,SufaewmMumvmawmh ocifpdk;[m pdwfcsKyfwnf;vkdU r&awmhbl xifw,f? cyfvSr;fvSr;frSmcsxm;wJh toHcsJUpuf u oHacsmif;wacsmif;ud kqGJ,lvkdufw,f? a[hvl bmvkyfwmvJ? oHacsmif;udkcsxm;yg vkdU ocifEku ajymNyD; ocifpkd;&JU vufarmif;udk qGJxm;wJhtwGu focifpkd;olUae&mrSm jyefxdkifw,f? 'gayrJh olUvufxJu

oHacsmif;udk rcsao;bkl;/ csxm;ygAs/ vlawG 0kdif;Munfaehw,fvkdU ocifEku aemufwcsuf xyfajymawmhrS ocifpkd;[m oHacsmif;udk csxm;vkdufw,f/ 'gayrJh olUESKwfcrf;MuD;uawmh tawmfMumMum plxm;wkef;&Sdao;w,f/ y7dowf[m xolx tjyifxGufolxGufeJu vSkyfvIyf&G&Guav; jzpfoGm;w,f? tJ'dae7mrSm &kdufyGJ jzpf&if XmecsKyfu vTwfvkdufwJh udk,fpm;vS,f 2OD; tawmf emr, f/ r&IrvS cH&r,f? tcef; 15 (u) a&Stcef;rSmwkef;u ocifEk[m tvkdvkdrS tawG;orm; /tai;orm;? ta&;orm;jzpfaewJhtwGuf txJ olodyfpdwf0ifpm;wJh 0goemtopfwckudk tJ'Dtcsdefavmufu aemufxyf&aejyefwJhtwGuf tjcm;ocifacgif;aqmif awG vkd XmecsKyfudk cPcP rvmEkdifbl;vkdU ajymcJhwm rSwfrDMuygvdrfhr,f/ tJ'D0goemtopfwckqdkwm bmvJ? 'Dtar;udk cyf&Snf&Snfuav; ajz&r,f? 'D0goemudk ocifrjzpfcif okH;av;ESpfavmufuwnf;u ukdEk&vmw,f? &yKHu 'Dvkd? 1934 ckESpftwGif;avmufrSm ukdEkeJU rjr&DwkdU[m armfvNrdKifuRef;em;u ausmif;tracsmif;qkdwJh&Gmu av;w&GmukdoGm;vnfMuw,f? tJ'D&GmrSm vlwa,mufudkawGUw,f/ tJ'Dvl[m om;awG orD;awG awmfawmfMuD;jyif;vmwJhtxd pum;aumif;aumif;ajymEkdifw,f/ waeUusawmh &Gmaemufbufu awmxJrSM opfyifwyifudk oGm;ckwfrdwmeJU wNydKifeuf pum;ajymvkdUr&awmhbl;/ qGHUoGm;w,f/ olwckckudkajymcsifvm&if olUyg;pyfu eJeJ-eJeJ-eJeJ vkdUyJ ajymEkdifw,f/ wjcm;bmrS rajymEkdifbl;/ qGHUpwkef;u qkd&if ol[m tJ'Dawmbuf ud rMumcP vufnSKd;xkd;jyavh&Sdw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'Dvl&JUom;orD;awGeJUtwl w&GmvkH;vkdvkduyJ 'Dvludk opfyifapmifhewf zrf;pm;xm;w,fvkdU,kHMunfaeMuw,f/ ukdEk[m 'DvludkjrifNyd; odyfoem;aew,f/ &efukefjyefa&mufwJhtcg waeUusawmh udkEk[m 'D;'kwf*sme,f tzGJU0ifawGeJU pum;0kdif;ajymae Muwkef; 'DvlUtaMumif;udk a&mufoGm;NyD; 'DvlUudk u,fcsifw,fvkdU ajymvkdufw,f/ tJ'Dtcg 'D;'kwf*sme,f tzGJU0ifwOD;u tJ'Dvkd jzpfwmudk ya,m8vkdUac:w,f? 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd[m 'Dya&m*udk odyfEkdifw,f/vkdU udkEkudk taMumif;Mum;w,f/ ukdEk[m Od;bcsKdqDukdoGm;NyD; 'DtaMumif;pkHpr;fw,f?

ya&m* jzpfaewJhvlawGudk Munfh&wm tifrwef oem;p&maumif;w,f q&m/ 'DvlawGudk usaemf u,fwifcsifw,f/ u,fEkdifatmif b,fvkd vkyf&rvJ/ tif;aomuf&r,f/ bmtif;awGvnf;q&m/ ighqDrSm "gwfMuD;av;yg;tif;/ tXm&otif;/ 0dZfZm r[d'd?tif; qkdNyD; okH;rsKd;&Sdw,f/ rif;aomufcsif&if "gwfMuDav;yg;tif;eJU tXm&otif;udk igwkdufr,f/ 0dZfZm r[d'?dtif;udk awmh igrwkdufao;bl;/ bmjzpfvkdUvnf; q&m/ 'Dtif;awGudk aomuf&if t"dXmefvkyf&w,f? b,fvkdt"dXmefrsKd;vJ/ usaemf[m 'DuaeU 'Dtcsdefu pNyD; toufxufqkH; vif&Sdr,m;ukd ckd;,laygif;oif;jcif;rS a&Smifyghr,f/ ao&nfao&uf aomufpm;jcif;rS a&Smifyhgr,fvkdU t"dXmef jyK &w,f/ tJ'dvkd t"dXmef jyKNyD;awmh 'Dt"dXmefudk csKd;azmufrd&if csufcsif; aoG;pdrf;yGufyGuftefNyD; aoygapom;vkdU usdefpmxyfqkd&w,f? 'Dt"dXmefawG[m usaemhtwGuf rcufygbl;q&m? usaemf t"dXmefvkyfEkdifygw,f/ 'gayr,fh wckar;yg&ap q&m/ 'Dtif;awG aomufNyD; usaemf[m ya,m*udk b,fvkd EkdifrSmvJ? tif;awGrSm tif;apmifhewfawG &Sdw,f? rif;[m apmifhxdef;xm;&wJh t"dXmefudk rcsKd;azmuf oa&GU ya&m* ukwJh ae&mrSm 'Dtif;apmifhewfawGu rif;udk ulnDMuvdrfhr,f/ t"dXmefudk csKd;azmufvkdufwmeJU rif;qkdxm;wJh usdefpmtwkdif; rif;'kufc a&mufr,f/ ya&m*jzpfaewJh vleJU awGU&if usaemf b,fvkd uk&rvJ? t"dXmefudk vkHatmifxdef;Edkif&if ya&m* uk&wmodyfvG,fw,f/ aysmufapqkdwmeJU aysmufwmbJ/ 'DavmufeJU r&&if a&wcGufrSm *kPfawmfudk;yg; / 'grSr[kwf&ifvnf; teaE?mteE?ig;yg;udk&Gwf/ tJ'D a&ref;udkwkduf/ 'Da&ref;udk enf;enf; yufay;/ aysmufwmbJ/ trSefpifppfqkd&if tXm&o tif;wkdU 0ZfZm r[d'?dtif;wkdUqkdwm odyfwefckd;MuD;wJh tif;awGjzpfw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh ya,m8orm;udk rif;awGU&if rif;u bmrS ajymbkdU bmrS wkdufbkdU awmifrvkdbl;/ olU[mol tvkdvkd aysmufae&r,f/ at;-'gayrJh t"dXmef vud vkHatmifxdef;bkdUuodyfta&;MuD;w,f/ rxdef;Ekdif&if 'kufca&mufr,f/ usaemfxdef;Ekdifygw,f/ usaemhudk 0dZfZm r[d'?dygwdkufyg/ rwkdufao;bl;uGm/ "gwfMuD;av;yg;tif;eJu tXm&otif;udk aomuf&if

t"dXmefaygufwJhtcg &l;wmavmuf uskKd;wmyJhwmavmuf yJ 'kufca&mw,f/ aowJhtxd 'kufc ra&mufbl;/ 0dZfZm r[d'?tif;uawmh 'Dvkdr&bl;/ t"dXmefaygufwmeJU wcgwnf;aow,f/ usaemf t"dXmefxdrf;Ekdifygw,f q&m/ 0dZfZm r[d'?d tif;udk ygwkdufyg/ usaemfaomufcsifw,f/ armifEkudk igtaumif;ajymwm/ tckraomufeJUOD;/ tXm&otif;udk av;ig;q,fMudrfavmuf aomufNyD;rif;pdwfukd aoaocsmcsmEkdifwJhtcsdefrS aomufyg/ igwkdufyghr,f/ rESpfwkef;u 'vbufu ighwynfh wa,muf[m 0dZfZm r[d'd? tif;udkodyfaomufcsifw,fvkdU cPcP ylqmwmeJU igwdkufvkdufw,f/ tJ'gaomufNyD;rMumcifrSm olUqefpuf0if;xJu tvkyfvkyfaewJhol&JU r,m;udk oGm;NyD;usL;vGefrdw,f/ wMudrfwnf;bJ usL;vGefrdw,f/ aemufwaeUusawmh aoG;tefNyD;aowmbJ/ udpfpr&Sdygbl; q&m/ usaemhfpdwfudk usaemEkdifw,f/ 0dZfZmr[d'?tif;yg usaemf aomufr,f/ 'Dtif;awGudk udkEku cPavmufMunfhcsifw,f qkdwmeJU Od;bcsKd[m pD&ifxm;wJhtif;awGudk bk7m;pifu xkwf,lvmw,f/ tif;awGukd ukdEk em;rvnfygbl;/ olUrsufpdxJrSm*Pef;eJU tufc&mawGudk bJ awGU&w,f/ *Pef;awG[m bk&m;w&m; oHCmawmfawG&JU *kPfawGjzpfw,f/ Oyrm/ 9 *Pef;udk awGU&ifbK7m;&JU *kPfawmfudk;yg;udk qkdvkdwm/ 6 *Pef;udk awGU&if w&m;&JU *kPfawmfudk;yg;udk qdkvkdwm ? 4 *Pef;udkawGU&if opfpmw&m;av;yg;udk qkdvdkwm/ aemuf 9 *Pef;wrsKd;udk awGUU&if oHCm&JU *kPfawmfudk;yg;udk qkdvkdwm ? p-"-A-0 / wonc/ uy"0/,*A" tp&SdwJh tufc&mawGudk prawGvkdUac:w,f/ 'DprawGudk xGuf&yfaygufoGm;wJh ynm&SdMuD;awGu b,fvkd&vmw,f/ tp&SdwmawGudk OD;bcsKdu avQmuf&Sif;jyw,f/ (atmufajcrSwfpk- tMurf;tm;jzifh azmfjy&&if tif;qkdwm wjcm;r[kwf/ bk&m;w&m;oHCm&wemjrwfoHk;yg;&JU *kPfawmfawGudk a&;xm;wJh pm&GufawGbJ jzpfw,f/ taemufEkdifiHuvmwJh pufuLawGudk tif;twGuf tokH;rjyK/ rSkdif;cHpufuL vkdUac:wJh &Srf;jynfrS mxkwfvkyfwJh pufulwrdsK;ukdom tif;twGuf tokH;jyKw,f/ tJ'Dpuful awGay:rSm *kPfawmfawGudk a&;wJhtcg q&mtrsKd;rskKd;u enf;trsdK;rsdK;eJU a&;Muw,f/ wcsKdUq&mrsm;u oifhawmfaom tufc&m rsm;/ *Pef;rsm;udk *kPfawmfrsm;&JU trSwfonmrsm;tjzpf tokH;jyKNyD; 'Dtufc&m awG *Pef;awG/ eJU yk*f*kdvf face=WinKalaw o@efjzpfatmif a&;qGJMuw,f/ wcsKdUq&mrsm;uawmh a'gifhrsOf;uGuf uav; csNyd; tJ'drsO;fuGufawGxJrSm 'Dtufc&m awGeJU *Pef;awGudk xnhfoGif;Muw,f/

'Dtif;pufuLawGudk jymcs a&tenf;i,feJU a&mNyD; oifhawmfwJhtcsdefrSm aomuf&w,f/) nwn 11em&DavmufrSm OD;bcsKd[m ukdkEkudk a&Twd*kH&ifjyifawmf ay:u Mumoyaw;a'gihfukd ac:oGm;NyD;tXm&oeJU 0dZfZm r[d'd? tif; 2tif;udkwkdufw,f/ tif;raomufcif OD;bcskKdu t"dXmefud kwkdifay;w,f/ udkEkqkdwJhtcg vif&Sdr,m;omru rDrd\umrykdif r,m;rSwyg; rnfonfhrdef;rESihfrQ umr&m* pyf,Sufjcif; rvkyfygeJUvkdqkdNyD; t"dXmefjyKw,f/ao&nf ao&ufrSmawmh OD;bcsKdwkdifay;wJhtwdkif; vkdufqkdw,f/ aemufxyfNyD;awmh usdefpmudk vdkufqkdw,f/ OD;bcsKd&JU tdrfudk jyefa&mufwJhtcg aemufaeUpNyD; wMudrfaomuf&if udk;&uf qufNyD;aomufbkdU "gwfMud;av;yg;/ tif;uav;awGudk tawmfrsm;rsm; ay;w,f/ a&S;ODpGm yx0Dtif;udk udk;&uf/ aemufNyD;awmh tmaygtif;udk udk;&uf/ aemufNyD;awmh awaZmtif;udk udk;&uf/ aemufNyD;awmh 0ga,mtif;udk udk;&uf/ tJ'dvkd wvSnfhpD tMudrfaygif;rsm;pGmaomuf&w,f/ tJ'DnrSmbJ udkEk tdrfrjyefcif tif;eJU ywfoufwJh Mo0g'awGudk OD;bcsKdu 'DvkdqufNyD;ay;jyefw,f/ armifek opfaphwaphudk ajray:rSm ypfxm;vkduf&if 'Dopfaph[m olU[mol tanSmifh xGuf tyifaygufNyD; MuD;xGm;vmEkdifygw,f/ 'DvkdaygufaeMuwJh o&ufyifawG ukufudkyifawGudk rif;jrifbl;rSmaygh/ 'gayrJh vdrfrm wJh O,smOfrSL;uawmh 'Dvkdrvkyfbl;/ opfaphrpkdufcif ajrukd qGay;w,f/ opfaphpkdufNyd; a&rSefrSef avmif;w,f ajrMoZm aumif;aumifauR;w,f/ ajrawmifajrmufay;w,f/ opfaphud qdwf? EGm;Muuf iSufawG rzsufqd;Ekdifavmufatmif jcHuav;cwfay;w,f/ tJ'dopfaph[m tanSmifhxGuf opfyifaygufNyd; MuD;xGm;vmNyD; toD;tyGifhawG yGifhvmwJhtcg ypfxm;wJhopfaphu MuD;xGm;vmcJh&wJhopfyifxuf ykdNyD; pdkpkdajyajy a0a0qmqm&SDw,f/ tJ'dvkdyJ tXm7otif;awG / 0dZfZm r[d'?dtif;awG"mwfMuD; av;yg;tif;awGqdkwm opfaphawGeJUwlw,f/ olwkdUudk rSefrSefaomufNyd; t"dXmefudk xdef;xm;&kHeJU udpfp Nyd;Ekdifygw,f 'gayrJh 'dtif;awGud kaomufNyD; aeUpOfykwD;rSefrSefpdyfr,f/ y&dwfrSefrSef&Gwfr,f/ &Spfyg;udk;yg; oDv awGudk 7&uf/ ukd;&uf/ 10&uf/ 1v/ 37&uf/ 45&uftp&Sdojzifh udk,fwwfEKdifoavmuf t"dXmefwifNyD; apmifhxdef;ekdifr,f/ oufoufvGwf pm;Ekdifr,fqkd&if vdrfrmwJh O,smOfrSL;pkdufwJh tyifvkdbJ/ 'dtif;awG&JU wef;ckd; tmedoif[m qxufwHykd;wkd;wkd;NyD;pdyfayhguGm/ rsm;avaumif;avyJ/ pdyfwJhtcg rif; pdwfawGudk wjcm;rvGifhapeJU/ vlrif;/ewfrif;/ jA[?mrif;wkdU\ ylaZmftxl;ukd cHawmfrlxkdufaom jrwfpGmbk&m; qkdwJh t&[H&JU teuft"dyfyg,f

ay:rSm pdwfudk wwfEkdifoavmuf wnfNidrfatmifxm;NyD; pdyfyg/ aemufNyD;awmh y&dwfMuD; 11okwfqdkwm&Sdw,f/ tJ'dokwf/ cE?mokwftm#mem#D,okwf/ ykAfAPSokwf udk &GwfEkdifatmif MudK;pm;yg/ aemufNyD;awmh udk;&uf 37&uf 45&uftp&Sdojzifh rif; wwfEkdifoavmuf t"dXmefwifjyD; Oykof &uf&Snf rMumcP apmifhEkdifatmif MuKd;pm;yg/ Oykof apmifhwJhtcg awGU&mukdpm;Ekdifygw,f/ 'gayrJhoufoufvGwf pm;Nyd; Oykof apmifhEkdif&if ykd aumif;ygw,f/ tckvkd MudK;pm;tm;xkwfay;Ekdif&if vdrfrmwJh O,smOfrSL;[m opfaphuopfyifMuD;txd a0a0qmqm MuD;xGm;vmEkdifatmif vkyfay;ovkd rif;uvnf; tif;&UJ wefckd;MoZmawG wkd;wufMuD;yGm;rsm;jym; vmatmif vkyfay;vkdufwmygbJvkdU q&mcsKdu ajymw,f/ aemufwaeUusawmh udkEk[m a&Twd*kH apmif;wef;aps;udk oGm;NyD;pdyfykwD;wukef;eJU q&majz0wf&GwfpOfudk 0,fw,f/ q&mcsKdrSmvkdufwJhtwkdif; ykwD;pdyfw,f/ y&dwf&Gwfw,f/ tif;aomufw,f/ tJ'DaeU upNyD; udkEkudk Munfhvdkuf&if ykwD;pdyf/ y&dwf&Gwf/ tif;aomufaewmudkyJawGU&w,f/ OykofapmihfwJhae&mrSmvnf; Oyrm Oykof r&SdyJ/ 7&ufaeNyd;&if 7 &ufOykofapmifhw,f/ ukd;7ufaeNyd;&if udk;&uf Oykofapmifhw,f /45 &ufaeNyD;&if 45&uf Oykof apmifhw,f/0gwGif;qkd&if 0gqdkvjynfhaeUu odwif;uRwf vjynfhaeUtxd wqufxJ &ufaygif;ukd;q,f apmifhw,f/ ukdEk[m tif;aomuf? ykwD;pdyf/ y&dwf&Guf/ OykofapmihfwmeJU ywfoufNyD; jzpfysufcJhwJh tjzpftysuf awGxJu tjzpftysufESpfckudk 'Dae&mrS enf;enf;avmufazmfjycsifw,f/ wcku ocifrjzpfcif tif;aomufpwkef;u jzpfcJhwm/ aemufwckuawmh ocifjzpfNyd;rS jzpfwmygyJ/ tJ'gESpfckudk avhvmMunfh&if tif;aomufwmwkdU/ ykwD;pdyfwmwkdU y&dwf&GwfwmwdkU OyKofapmifhwmwkdU[m olUpdwfudk b,favmuf qGJaqmifxm;vJqkdwm cefUrSef;Ekdifw,f/ tdrfu bk&m;piffa&SUrSm tMumMuD;/ tMumMuD; xkdifxkdifaewJh &ufawG[m w&ufvnf;r[kwf/ESpf&ufvnf; r[kwf wajz;ajz;rsm;vmawmh rjr&D&JU pdwfxJrSm &,fcsifovkdvkd jzpfvmw,f/ tJ'dvkdjzpf&mu olUvifawmfarmifudk bk&m;pifa&SU awGUwJhtcg toHus,fus,f &,fvmw,f/ tawmfuav;Mumvmwawmh farSmfq&mMuD;vkdU ajymifNyD; ac:vmw,f/ 'ghxufMumvmawmh txufq&mMuD; xGuf&yfraygufao;bl;vm;/ tp&Sdojzifhaemufajymifvmwm wajz;ajz;wkd;vmw,f/ waeUusawmh udkEk[m yef;waemf&JU tdrftay:xyfu bk&m;pifa&SUrSm olusifhpOftwkdif;

tm;xkwfaewkef; rjr&Duvnf ; ajymifaeustwkdif; ajymifwmygbJ/ 'gayrJh tJ'daeUu bmjzpfvnf;rodbl;/ udkEk odyfpdwfqdk;NyD; rjr&Dukd bmrS jyefrajymbJ tdrfay:u qif;oGm;w,f/ wem&DavmufMumawmhrS jyefvmw,f/ rjr&Dudk atmufxyfrSm rawGUwmeJU tay:xyfudk udkEkwufvkdufoGm;w,f/ tay:xyfrSmvnf; tjyifbufrSm rjr&Dudk rawGU&bl;/ tdyfcef;xJ0ifoGm;wJh tcg rjr&D[m tdyf&may:vJaew,f/ udkEk0ifvmvmjcif; [m - ckrSyJ &ifxJrSm at;oGm;w,fvkdU rjr&Du qD;NyD;ajymw,f/ bmjzpfvkdUvJvkdU udkEku ar;wJhtcg ckewkef;u olUudk,fol owfaocsifovkdjzpffaew,fvdkU rjr&Du ajzw,f/ bmjzpfvkdU 'dvkdjzpfw,fqkdwm ukdEkvnf; 'duaeUtxdroddbl;/ 'gayrJh 'Dvkdjzpfwm[m rjr&DtwGufodyfaumif;oGm;w,f/ tJ'DtcsdefupNyD; olUvif ukdEkudk arSmfq&mMuD; vkdU rajymif&Jawmhfbl;/ waeUrSmvnf; 'Dvkd wckjzpfvkdufao;w,f/ tJ'dtcdsefu udk Ek[m ocif jzpfaeNyD/ ocifEk&JU tazu ocifEkudk ykwD;pdyfenf;wenf;ay;w,f/ tJ'denf;u 'Dvkd/ aMomif; earm Ak'?,/ aomb*0g ?wdyd t&[H? / / / / / orfrmorfAka'?g / / / / / 0dZfZm p&P orfya'?g/ / / / / / ok*awm / / / / / avmu0d'l/ / / / / / tEkwfwa&m yl&do "rom&wd/ / / / / / owfwmga'0 rEk?eH/ / / / / / Aka'?g/ / / / / b*0g/ tJ'dtwkdif; *kPfawmfukd;yg; ukd &GwfqkdNyd;wJhtcgykwD;wvkH;pdyf&w,f/ yxr udk;&ufrSm 108 vkH;&SdwJh ykwD;wywfjynfhatmif pdyf&w,f/ aemufukd;&ufMumawmh ykwD;ESpfywfjynfhatmif pdyf&w,f/ tJ'dvkd udk;&ufjynhfwkdif; ykwD;wywfwkd;NyD;udk;ywfjynfhatmif pdyfoGm;&w,f/ tm;vkH;aygif; 81 &ufMumw,f/ ykwD;wywf jyD;atmif ;em&D0ufpdwf&w,f/ ocifEk[m tJ'Dtwkdif; pdyfvmwm ykwD;ywftm;jzifh av;ywf &wJhtvSnhf &uftm;jzifh 35&uf ajrmufwJhae udka &mufvmNyD? nae ig;em&DrSm e*g;eD pmtkyfwkdufukd twGif;uydwdfNyD; tay:xyfu bk&m;pifa&SUrSm ykwD;pdyfaew,f/ tJ'dtcgwkdef;u ocifEk ykwD;pdyf&if q&mcsKdrSmxm;wJhwkdif; ykwD;b,fESpfywf jyD;rS tJ'Dae&muxr,f/ *gxm b,fESpfyk'f/ y&dwfb,fESpfokwf &GwfNyD;rS

tJ'Dae&muxr,f/ tp&dSojzifh.t"dXmefwifNyD;ykwD;pdyfavh/*gxmqkdavh y&dwf&Gwfavh&Sdw,f/ tJ'Dawmh tJ'daeUu ykwD; av;ywf pvkH;NyD;rS xr,f vdkU t"dXmef vkyfNyd; ykwD; 15 rdepfyJ &Sdao;w,f/ ocifpkd;[me*g;eD qkdifa&SUudk a&mufvmw,f/ ocifEk[m qkdifxJrSm &Sdw,fvkdU wa,mufa,mufu olUudk ajymvkdufw,fxifw,f/ tJ'dqkdifa&SUuaeNyD; ocifEk/ocifEkeJU tus,fMuD;ac:aew,f/ q,fav;ig;Mudrfavmuf ac:vkdUr&awmh qkdifwHcg;ukdtjyifbufuaeNyd;w0kef;0kef;eJU xkaew,f/ tJ'geJU qkdifwHcg; ukd rzGifhwJhtcg tay:xyfu rSefwHcg;udkcJeJU aygufjyefw,f/ ocifEkuvnf; ykwD; av;ywf jynhfrS xr,fqkdwJh t"DXmef&SdwJhtwGuf atmufukdrqif;Ekdifbl;/ ZGwfayNyD; av;ywfrjynfhrcsif; twif;ykwD;pdyfaevkdufw,f/ tJ'gNyD;wJhaemuf 'D&efukefrSmom qufae&if wa,mufNyd;wa,mfmuf 'Dvkdvm aESmihf,SufaewJhtwGuf 81&ufwkdif wkdif ykwD;ukd;ywfjynhfwJhtxd pdyfygr,fqkdwJh olUt"DXmef[m ysufoGm;awmhrSmyJvkdU ocifEkawG;rdw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh aemufwaeUnukd a&mufwJhtcg b,foludkrS todray;bJ armfvjrdKif&xm;eJU awmifpGef;udk xGufvmw,f/ tJ'DawmifpGef;urS aMumifw&m jroydwfqkdwJh awmifuav;ay:udk oGm;w,f/ tJ'Dawmifay:rSm t"DXmefatmifwJhtcg ocifEk[m Oykofapmifh y&dwf&GwfNyD; ykwD;pdwfaevkdufw,f/ (c) tif;aomufwJhtwGu f&&SdcJhwJh ykwD;pdyfwJhtusifh OykofapmifhwJhtusifh y&dwf&GwfwJhtusifh qkdwJh tusifhokH;yg;xJu y&dwf&GwfwJh tusifhay:rSm aemif okH;ESpfavmufMumwJhtcg ocifEk,kHMunfcsuf[m ykdNyD;jyif;xefvmw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh tJ'dokH;ESpf avmufMumwJhtcg t"dXmef wifNyD; aeUpOf ykwD;pdyfwm udkavQmhypfvkdufw,f/&Hzef&HcgrSyJ pdyfawmhw,f/ aemufNyD;awmhvnf; wESpftwGif; tenf;qkH; &ufaygif; 180 &ufaygif; 150 Oykof apmifh&r,fqdkwJh t"dXmefrsKd;vnf;rvkyfawmhbl;/ &Hzef&HcgrSyJ Oykofapmifhawmhfw,f/ 'gayrJh y&dwf&GwfwJhae&mrSm a&S;uxufykdvmw,f/ aeUpOfaeUwkdif; ocifek[m "rpMuFm eJU tew?vufcPm okwfukd &GwfNyD;wJhtcg r*Fv okwf &wemokwf arwfwm okwf/ cE?mokwf/ tm#mem#d,okwf q'Domygvokwf ykAFAPSokwfawGud &Gwfw,f/ tJ'Dukd;okwfudk tif;aomufptcsdefuwnf;u &Gwfvmvkdufwm tckxdbJ/ rxkdifEkdifavmufatmif aeraumif;wJhaeUrsKd;rSoom r&GwfrdyJ aecsifae w,f wjcm;aeUawGrSm r&GwfyJraebl;/ wcgwcg reuf upNyD;ntxd waeUvkH;vkH;rtm;7yJ tvkyfrsm;cJh&wmrsKd;awGudk

ocifwOD;tjzpfeJU ocifEk rMumcP awGUcJh&bl;ygw,f/ 0efMuD;csKyfjzpfNyD;wJhaemufykdif;rSmvnf; OD;Ek[m rMumcP awGUcJh&bl;ygw,f/ 'gayrJhb,favmuftvkyfrsm;rsm; tJ'daeUrukefcif ol&GwfaeMu ukd;okwfudk &GwfbkdUtwGuf tcsdef wckckudk r&&atmif,lw,f/ tvkyfrsm;aevkdU &GwfaeMu y&dwfawGudk r&GwfyJ tysufcHw,fqkdwm rsdK;r&SdcJhbl;/ tifrwef yiffyef;Nyd; tdyfcsifaewJhtcgrsKd;rSm qkd&ifawmif olUukdEId;bkdU vlwOD;udk tapmifhxm;w,f/ olUZeD; rjr&D[m 'Dtvkyfudk rMumcP vkyfay;cJh&bl;w,f/ tJ'dvkdxm;NyD; ocifEk/ 4if;aemuf OD;Ek[m 15rdepf/ em&D0uf tp&Sdojzifh cPtdyfvkdufw,f/ tdyf,muEkd;wmeJU rsufESmopfNyd; ol&GwfaeMu y&dwfawGudk x&GwfwmbJ/ tysufrcHbl;/ 'Dvkd aeUpOf &GwfaeMu okwfudk;okwf tjyif wjcm;okwfawmfawGudkvnf; wokwf eSpfokwfjzpfap ocifEk[m olwwfEkdifoavmuf rMumcP&Gwfavh&Sdw,f/ (*) y&dwf&Gwfwmudk olMudKufwm[m taMumif;&Sdw,f/ y&dwf&Gwfawmhr,fqkd&if jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU okwfawmfawGudk em&atmif vmMuzkdU a&S;OD;pGm ewf jA[?mawGukd yifh7w,f/ tJ'dvkd yifhNyD;awmhrS jrwfpGmbk&m;a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJhaom okwfawmfawGudk &Gwf&w,f/ jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU 'kufc cyfodrf; rS uif;vGwf Nidr;fapEkdifwJh w&m;awmfawGudk emcsifMuwJ hewfawG[m 'DpMum0|mawGrSmvnf; &SdMuw,f/ tJ'dewfawG [m w&m;awmfukdemcsifMuwJHtwGuf b,frSmrsm; a[mygvdrfhrvJ vkdU tjrJwrf;vkdufvH pkHpr;faeMuw,f/ tckvkd tNrJwrf; pkHpr;faeMuwJhtwGuf y&ddwf&GwfcgeD; ewfawGudk yifhvkdufwJh tcg tJd ewfawG[m w&m;em&atmifvmMUw,fvkdU oltifrwefav;pm;wJh &[ef;q&m / vlq&mawGu ocifEkudk a[mMum;xm;bl; w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh ewfjA[?mawGud kjrwf pGmbk&m;&JU w&m;awG vSLvkdufa&ayNyD;/ ewfjA[?mawG[m tdkemaouGJ tp&SdwdJh oHo&m 0#fqif;&J aqGu vGwfajrmufapEkdifwJh w&m;awmfawGudk Mum;emoGm;Mu&ayNyDqkdNyD; ocifEk[m 0rf; ajrmuf0rf;om jzpfw,f trSeftwdkif;ajym&&if tJ'dvdk 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jzpfwm[m y&dwf7Gwfpwkef;u awmh omrefavmufjzpfwmygbJ/ 'gayrJH y&dwf&Gwfwm MumvmwJHtcg 'DvkdaeUpOfeJutrQ y&dwf&Gwfaewm[[m trSefpifppfawmh wjcm;r[kwf ewfjA[?mavmuukd omoemjyKaewmgvm;qkdwJh todnmPf wrsKd;[m ocifEk&JU OD;aESmufxJrSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm; ay:vmw,f/ tJ'dtcsdefupNyD; y&dwf&Gwfwkdif; ocifEk[ma&S;wkef;uvkd omrefavmufom 0r;fajrmuf0rf;om

jzpfjzpfaewmudk oludk,fwkdif xl;xl;jcm;jcm; awGUvm&w,f/ ewfjA[?mavmurSm tckvkd omoem jyK&if; vlUavmurSmvnf; omoemjyKcsifwJhpdwfawG ocifEkrSm wzGm;zGm;ay:vmw,f/ vlUavmurSm omoemjyK&wm[m ewfjA[?mavmurSm omoemjyK&wmavmuf rvG,fbl;/ ewfjA[?mawG&JUtodnmPf tqifhtwef;xuf ydkNyD;jrifhrm;aewJhtwGuf ewfjA[?mavmurSm omoemjyKcsif&if orE?mtp&SdwJh ewfyihfukdqkd/ jrwfpGmbk&m;a[mMum;xm;awmfrLwJhokwfawmfawGxJu rdrdMudKufESpfouf&mokwf awmf udk &Gwf tJ'daemuf y&dwfem&atmif
jrefjrefa&;r,f/ a&;NyD;wmeJUwjyKdifeuf usr;fpmawGukd oifr,f/ tJ'dvkdoifNyD; omoemjyKavmuxJudk ajcpkHypf0ifr,fvkdUocifEkqkH;jzwfcsufcsxm;vkdufw,f/ (C) 'Dy&dwf&Gwfwmudk taMumif;jyKNyD; ocifEkrSm xl;qef;wJh wjcm;ajymif;vJrI wck jzpfjyefao;w,f/ 'gudk 'dae&mrSm enf;enf; avmufazmfjycsifao;w,f/ vlUavmurSm omoemjyKcsifwJh qef'awG[m waeUwjcm; &ifhoefvmwJhtcg ocifEk&JU OD;aESmufxJrSm tawG;tac:wck[m xl;xl;jcm;jcm; 'Dvkday:vmw,f/ Ak'f"omoemawmfrSm yk*f*kdvf ESpfrsKd;&SDw,f/ wrsKd;udk omoemh'g,umvkdUac:w,f/ wjcm;wrsKd;ukd omoemjyKvkdUac:w,f/ omoemh'g,umqkdwm aiG?ausmif; / ouFef;/ aq;qGr;ftp&SdonfwkdUudk axmufyhHol jzpfw,f/ omoemjyKqkdwmuawmh Ak'f"w&m;awmfawGudk vlawGem;vnfatmif a[majymjyoolawGjzpfw,f/ 'DESprsKd;ESpfpm;xJrSm omoemh'g,umawGuawmh arxkefrDS0Jvkdu ukd,fhumrydkifr,m;eJU rSD0JEkdifw,f/ omoemjyKawGrSmawmh &[ef;qkd&if txl;ajymaebdkUawmifrvkdbl;/ rdef;rudk txl;a&Smif&w,f/ Oyrm/ / orD;uav;udk rsufESmjrifwJhaeUrSm zcifjzpol[m odrf0ifNyd; 7[ef;jzpfoG;w,f qkdMuygpkdU/ tJ'd&[ef;[m w&ufom&ao;wJh orDuav;udk vufzsm;eJUawmif rxd&bl; xd&if 0denf;awmft& tmywfoifhw,f/ aemufNyd;awmhvnf; arxkefudk tputtqkH:txd rSD0Jwmudk rajymxm;eJU &[ef;&JUt*Fg[m rdef;r&JU t*FgpyfxJudk pyg;vkH;waxmufavmuf 0ifoGm;&kHeJU tJ'D&[ef;[m yg&mZduHusw,f/ tJ'Dvkd yg&mZDuPf usNyD; wJhol[m &[ef;r[kwfawmhbl;/ 'Db0rSm 7[ef;tjzpfudk b,fenf;eJUrSjyefr&Ekdifawmhbl;vkdU/ jrwfpGmbk7m;uynwfawmfrlxm; w,f/tJ'gaMumifh &[ef;awGvkd omoemjyKjzpfcsifwJhvlwa,muf[m arxkefrSD0Jwmudk &[ef;awGvkd a&Smif&r,f? ol[m vlUavmurSmomoemrjyKao;aywJh ewfjA[?mavmurSm omoemjyK aeNyd/ tJ'gaMumifhol[m ol[m arxkefrSD0Jjcif;rS a&SmifusOfwmudk ukd,fusifhw&m;wyg;tjzpfeJU apmifhxdef;oifhw,fvkdU ocifEkawG;awmp jyKvmw,f/ tJ'dvkd awG;awmwJhtMudrfawG[m rsm;vmwJhtcg arxkefrSD0JcgeD;&if ewfjA[?mawGudk ocifEk pddwfxJu jrif&ovdkvkd jzpfvmw,f/ ewfjA[?mavmurSmom oemjyKaewJhvl[m tckvkdarxkefrrSD0J&bl;vkdU ewfjA[?mawGu tjypfwifaewJhtoHawG owday;aewJh toHawGudk ocifEk[m pdwfxJu Mum;ae&ovkd jzpfvmw,f/ tJ'dvdkjrif&Mum;&wJhtwGuf ocifEk[m arxkefrSD0JrItxd a&mufatmif

qufroGm;EkdifawmhyJ tMudrfaygi;rsmpGm vufavQmhay;cJh&zl;w,f/ wcgwcgusawmh 'Djrif&Mum;&wmawGu trSefwu,f r[kwfbl;/ udk,fhpdwfu ukd,fudk jyefNyD;vSnfhpm;aewmygvkdU olUpdwfudkwif;Nyd; arxkefrSD0JwJhtcg arxkefrSD0JwmNyD;wmeJU wjydKifeuf ol[m tifrwef MuD;avwJh tjypfMuD;wckudk usL;vGefrdNydqdkwJh pdwfawG[m olUOD;aESmufxJrSmwoDwwef;Mud;ay:NyD; ol[m tifrwef pdwfqif;&J aew,f/ *kPfawmfawGukdykwD;ywfaygif;rsm;pGmpdyfvkdufawmhrS 'DpdwfawG[m olUOD;aESmufxJu aysmufoGm;Nyd; olpdwfcsrf;om&&oGm;w,f/ 'DvkdjzpfwmawG[m tMudrfaygif;rsm;vmwJhtcg ocifEk[m olUZeD;rjr&Dukd 'DtjzpftysufawG zGifhajymNyD; arxkefrSD0Jjcif;rS woufvkH; a&SmifusOfbkdU bk&m;a&SUrSmt"dXmefjyK&ifaumif;rvm;vkdUwkdifyifMunfhw,f/ tJ'dvkdwkdifyifwJhtcg bGif;bGif;orm;rjr&Du udkukdEk&,f a,muFsm;awGu r,m;,lMuwm/ rdef;rawGuvif,lMuwm 'DudpfptwGufbJ/ 'gayrJh bmoma&;t& udkudkEk 'dvkdt"DXmef jyKcsifw,fqkd&if usrrwm;ygbl;/ ukdukdEkeJUtwlwl yg&rDjznfhbkdU usrvnf; t"dXmef jyKxm;w,f r[kwfvm;vkdU cyfbGif;bGif;bJ jyefajzw,f/ tckvkd rjr&Du ruefUuGufayrJh tJ'dtcsdefwkef;u ocifEK[m 'Dt"dXmefeJUywfoufNyd; olUpdwfol aumif;aumif;rEkdifao;ygbl;/tJ'gaMumifh arxkefrSD0JwmeJUywfoufNyD; oltckvdk jrifMum;aewmaG pdwfqi;f&JaewmawG[m ,m,DoabmrsKd;jzpfcsifjzpfaer,f/ olt"dXmefvkyfNyD;rS t"dXmefudk zsuf&rSmvnf;tcuf rzsuf&rSmvnf; tcuf jzpfaer,f/ tJ'dawmh cPavmufapmifhMunhfygOD;av vkdU olUudk,folvSnfhpm;NyD; t"dXmefudk &ufa&TUxm;vkdufw,f/ (i) y&ddwf&Gwfwmudk olodyfMudKufaewJh taMumif;xl;wck&SDdao;w,f/ 'DtaMumif;xl;uawmh 'dvkd y&dwfrSefrSef &GwfaewJhvlawG[m yg&rDq,fyg;udk tvkdvkdjznfhNyD;om;jzpfaew,fvkdU ocifEk rrSdwfrokH ,kHMunfaew,f/ yg&rD10yg;qkdwm u 'ge/odv/edufcdr/ynm/ 0D&d,/ cE?D/ opfpm/ t"dXmef/ arw?m/ Oayu?mwkdUbJjzpfw,f/ y&dwf&GwfwJhtcg 1/ ewfjA[?mawGudk w&m;vSLwJhtwGuf 'geyg&rdjzpfaeNyD/ 2/ y&dwf&Gwfaewkef; udk,fuvnf; r[kwfwmrvkyf EIwfuvnf; r[kwfwm rajymwJhtwGu foDv yg&rdjzpfaeNyd/ 3/ y&dwf7GwfwJhtg om;orD; r,;rSpNyd; rdrd&JU udpfpt&yf&yfUdk pGefUypfxm;wJhtwGufedufcdr yg&rDjzpfaeNyD/ 4 /

y&dwfrSefrSef &GwfaewmaMumifh opfpmav;yg;/ vufcPm3yg;/ owdyXmef av;yg;/ aAgZif 7yg; tp&SdwJh w&m;awmfawGudk rdrdudk,fwkdifu tMudrfMudrfod&/ ewfjA[?mawGudk vnf;tMudrfMudrfodatmifvkyfay;&wJhtwGu fynmyg&rDjzpfeNyd/ 5? y&dwf&GwfwJhtcg 0d&d,udktm;udk;NyD;&Gwf&w,f/ 0d&d,r&SdwJhvl[m y&dwf rSefrSef r&GwfEkdifbl;/ tJ'dod&d,udk tm;udk;Nyd; &Gwf&wJhtwGuf 0d7d,yg&rDjzpfaeNyd/ 6/ y&dwf&GwfwJhtcg udkufwmcJwm anmif;nmwm ylwmat;wm qmwm tdyfcsifwm armwmtp&SdwJh rESpfoufp&mawGudk tawmfonf;cHNyd;&Gwf7w,f/ tJ'dvkd onf;cH&wJhtwGuf cE?Dyg7rD jzpfaeNyd/ 7/ y&dwf&Gwfw,fqkdwm jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU w&m;awmfawGudk &GwfwmyJ/ w&m;awmfawG[m rSefaom pum;awGjzpfwJhtwGuf opfpm yg&rD jzpfaeNyD/ * t"dXmefr&SdwJhvlwa,muf[m y&dwfudk rSefrSefr&Gwfekdifbl;/ &GwfwJhtcg &Gwfr,f/ r&GwfyJjywfaewJhtcg jywfaer,f/ t"dXmef&SdrS y&dwfudk rSefrSef&GwfEkdifwJhtwGuf y&dwfudk rSefrSef&Gwfolrsm t"DXmef yg&rdjzpfaeNyd/ 9/ y7dwf&Gwfw,fqkdwm ow?0gawG ab;uif;ygap/ oHo&m0#fqif;&JawGu uif;vGwfMuygapqkdwJh arw?mudk a&SUxm;Nyd; &GwfwmjzpfwJhtwGuf arw?myg7rD jzpfaeNyD/ 10/ y&dwf&GwfwJhtcg jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMm;xm;awmfrLwJh w&m;awmfawGudk &GwfqkdNyD;wkdif; u/ tm;vkH;aomow?0gawG ab;&ef cyfodrf;uif;Nidr;fMuygap? c/ tm;vkH;aomow?0gawGaMumifhMucyfodr;f uif;Nidr;fMuygap/ */ tm;vkH;aomow?0gawGqif;&Jcyfodr;f uif;Nidr;fMuygap/ C/ tm;vkH;aomow?0gawGESvkH;pdwf0rf; {csrf;Muygap/ i/ tm;vkH;aomow?0gawGusa&mufaeMu&aom 'kufcrsm;rS vGwfajrmufMuygap/ p/ tm;vkH;aomow?0gawG&NyD;om; pn;fpdrfawG ravQmusygapESihf/ q/ tm;vkH;aomow?0gawG olwkdU&JU uHtwkdif;jzpfMu&rSmbJvkdU y&dwf&GwfolawG[m &Gwfqkd Mu&w,f/ u/c/*/C/udk &GwfqkdwJhtcg arw?mcspfjcif;eJU ,SOfaewJhpdfwfeJU &Gwfqkd&w,f/ i?udk &GwfqkdwJhtcg u&kPm (oem;jcif;)eJU &Gwfqkd&w,f/ p/ udk &GwfqkdwJhtcg rk'dwm (0rf;ajrmufjcif;) eJU &Gwfqkd&w,f/ q/ udk &GwfqkdwJh Oayum(vspfvsL&Ijcif;)eJU ,SOfwJhpdwfeJU 7Gwfqkd7w,f/ igwkdUu b,fvkdyJ arw?mykdUykdU b,fvkdyJ qkawmif;qkawmif;tm;vkH;aomow?0gawG[m olwkdU&JU uHtwkdif;bJjzpfMurSmbJqkdwJh todnmPfudk Oayum okdUr[kwf vspfvsL&Ijcif;vkdUac:w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh q udk &Gwfqkdwkdif; 7GwfolrSm Oayum yg&rD &w,f/

(p) tJ'dtaMumif;aMumifhvnf; y&dwf&Gwfwmudk ocifekd odyfMudKufaew,f/ 'gayrJh 'DrQom ruao; ygbl;/ y&dwf&Gwfwmudk ocifekodyfMudKufwJh taMumif;xl;wck aemufxyf&Sdygao;w,f/ tJ'dtaMumif; uawmh 'dvkd/ ocifek[m wufuodkvd ausmif;om;b0upNyD; woufvkH; ol&ifqkdifcJh&wJh jyoemawG renf;ygbl;/ tJ'djyoemawGxJrSm wcskdKUjyoemawG[m odyfNuD;us,fw,f/ 'DjyoemawGaMumifh wekdifiHvkH; [m acsmufxJMubkdU vufESpfvkH;avmuf vkdwJh b0txd jzpfcJh7w,f/ wcsKdUjyoemawGusawmh oLutouf[m aorif;&JU cHwGif;xJudk usa7mufbkdU vufESpfvkH;avmufom vkdawm wJh b0txd a7mufcJh&w,f/ tJ'dvkdtcgrsKd;rSm ocifEk[m ykxkZofjzpfwJhtwkdif; pdwf"mwfawG[m atmufqkH;tqidhtxd tMudrfMudrf usa7mufcJh&w,f/ tJ'dvkdjzpfvm&if olbmrSrvkyfawmhbl;/ olU ydwfjzLobufudkydwfjzLvkHcsnfudkvJ/ bk&m;cef;xJ0if ol&GwfaeMuf/ y&dwfudk &GwfwmyJ/ tJ'dvkd &Gwfvkduf&if olb,fvkdjzpfvmwf,f/qkdwm arQmfrSef;Munfhekdifatmif &kyf&Sifwum;xJu tjzpftysufuav;wckudk jyefajymjycsifw,f/ ppfyGJwcktNyd;rSm taotaysmufeJU 'Pf&m&wJh ppfom;awGuvnf; odyfrsm;/ ppfyGJuvnf; jyfi;xefwJhtwGufppfom;awG[m rvIyfcsif avmufatmifvnf; yifyef;/ tpma&pmrpm;aomuf&wmMumwJhtwGuf tm;jywfvkrwwfvnf;jzpfae/ tJ'dtxJrSm pdwf"mwfawGuvnf; tifrwef usqif;aewJhtwGu fppfom;awGu [kdae&mwpk/'Dae&mwpk wkH;vkH;yufvufjzpfaeMuw,f/ tJ'dvkdtcgrsKd;rSm qkduf'&rfwD;wJh ppfom;wa,mufu olU'kwfuav;ESpfacsmif;eJU qkduf'&rfudk wD;aeuUs twkdf; wD;vkdufw,f/ 'DtoHudk Mum;&wmeJUwjydKifeuf wkH;vkH;yufvufjzpfaewJh ppfom;awGrSm tm;awG jyef0ifvmovkd jzpfNyD; twif; ukef;xMuw,f/ tJ'dvkdx7mu tprSm awmh cyfjznf;jznf; cyf,dkfif,dkifbJ/ tawmfuav;Mumvmawmh ajcukefvufyrf;usaewJh trlt,mawG wjznf;jznf; aysmufoGm;NyD; olwkdUppfcsdaeMutwkdif; csDwufoGm;EkdifMuw,f/ ocifEkvnf; ol&GwfaeMu y&dwfawGudk &Gwfvkduf&fi tJ'd&kyf&Sif um;xJu qkduf'&rfoHMum;&wJh ppfom;awGvkdyJ/ pdwfyifyef;/ udk,fyifyef;jzpfaewmawG aysmufoGm;w,f/ wkdifajctxdusqif;aewJh olUpdwf"gwfawG jyefwufvmw,f/ tm;ofpawG ,kHNunfcsuftopfawG arQmfvifhcsuftopfawG wcJeufay:xGufvmMuw,f? tJ'DtaMumif;aMumifhvnf; ocifEk[m y&dwf&Gwfwmudk odyfNudKufaew,f/

(q) ocifEk[m t&ifwkef;u &kyf&Sifudk odyfMudKufw,f/ wufuokdvf ausmif;om;b0wkef;uqkd&if &kyf&Sifum;opfvJ wkdif;wum;rS rvGwf7bl;/ udkEk&kyf&SifMunhfwkdif;vkdufaeMu bkwvifudkodef;az[m pmar;yGJMuD; pdpfcgeD; wvavmuftvkdrSm &kyf&Sif Munfh&atmif rvkdufyg&apeJU? pmusufyg&apvkdU awmif;yef,l&w,f / udkEkuawmh reufjze fpmar;yGJpawmhr,f / 'duaeUnaerSm olMudKufwJh&kyf&Sifudk MunfhjzpfatmifoGm;Munhfvkdufao;w,f/ tJ'd&kyf&Siftjyif tqkdtwD;trIwf aumif;aumif; qkd&if tem;u rcGmcsif;bl;/ tJ'd0kdif;awGrSm wnvkH;wD;Mu rIwfMu qkdMuwmyJ/ udk[m NyD;wJhtxdxkdifw,f/ y&dwf&GwfwJht&om udkolawGUvmwJhtcg ol&JU nnf;aiGUpdwfawGudk ajzazsmufbkdU tyef;ajzbkdUtwGuf a&S;wkef;uvkd &kyf&sifwkdUtqkdtu twd; trIwfwkdUudk ocifEkr&Smawmhbl; y&dwfawGudk wcgwcg pMuFavQmuf&if; wcgwcgxkdif&if; &GwfaewmeJUyJ olU nnf;aiGUrIawGajyaysmufukefw,f/ tyrf;ajzNyD;om;jzpfoGm;w,f/ (Z) trSeftwkdif;ajym&&fi tif;aomufp/ ykwD;pdyfp/ y&dwf&Gwfp Oykofapmifhpwkef;u ocifEk[m vlawGukd ESdyfpufaewJhpkef;/ua0 / waq/rSifpmtp&SdwJh raumif;qdk;0g;awgudk EkdifapekdiwJh wefckd;?'Dyg'f vkdcsifvkdUaomufwm pdyfwm7Gwfwm apmihfwmygbJ wjcm;twGuf r[kwfygbl;/ tJ'Dwkef;u qkd&iftif;aomufwmwkdU ykwD;pdyfwmwkdU y&dwf&GwfwmwkdU OykofapmifhwmwkdU udk olvkdcsifaewJh wefcdk; ?'dy'gwfawG ay;pGrf;ekdifwJhvkyfief;awGtjzpfeJUom ocifEk jrifcJhw,f/ 'gayrJh wpwpMumvmwJhtcg 'gawGudk ol'dvkd rjrifawmhbl;/ vufpoyfawmh 'Dtif;aomufwmawG/ ykwD;pdyfwmawg y&dwf&GwfwmwG OykofapmifhwmawG[m oli,fi,fwkef;u usa&mufcJh&wJh vlqdk;b0udk oljyefusroGm;ekdifatmif MuHhMuHhckdifckdifumqD;ay;aewJh ausmuftkyf wHwkdif;MuD;awGyguvmvkdU olUpdwfxJrSm jzpfay:vmaewJh jyKjyifajymif;vJrIawGt& ocifek jrifvmw,f/ ocifEk&JU EkdifiHa&;rdwfaqGawGxJrSm tif;aomufwm/ ykwd;pdwfwm/ y&dwf&Gwfm/ OykOfapmihfwmoufoufvGwf pm;wmawGudk &,fp&mtaeeJU ,lqaewJholawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; &Sdw,f/ waeUusawmh tJ'dtxJu rdwfaqGwa,muf[m ocifEkeJU awGUw,f/ tJ'dvkdawGUwJhtcg 'Doli,fcsif;u ocifEkudktif;aomufwm ykwD;pdyfwm/y&dwf7Gwfwm/ Oykofapmifh

oufoufvGwfpm;wmawGudk aemufwD;aemufawmufvkyfcskifw,f/ av;ig;q,fcGef;awmifpajymvmNyd;/ ocifEku a[hvl/ ciAsm;udk usaemhudk aemufwd;aemufawmufvkyfcsifvkyf/usaemftif;aomufwmykwD;pdyfwmawG y&dwf&GwfwmawG/ Oykofapmifh oufoufvGwfpm;wmawGudkawmh aemufwD;aemufawmuf rvkyfeJU. usaemf rMudKufbl;vkdU rsufESmwif;wif;eJU ajymvkdufrS tJ'doli,fcsif;[m t&Sdef &yfoGm;NyD; olaemufwD;aemufawmufvkyfrdwJhtwGufocifekudk awmif;yefw,f/ tJ'Daemuf ocifEkudkacsmhwJhtaeeJU 'Dtif;aomufwmawG ykwD;pdyfwmawG/ y&dwf&GwfwmawG oufoufvGwfpm;Nyd; OyKof &uf&SnfapmihfwmawG&JU tusKd;aus;Zl;awGudk usaemfodyg&ap/ usaemhfrSm 'gawGvkyfbkdU qef' &Sdygw,fvkdU ocifEkudk 'ddrdwfaqGu ajymw,/f tuskKd;awG trsm;MuD;&Sdw,f/ ocifEka7; aemifb0rSm jzpfrJhtusKd;awGudkawmh rajymapcsifbl;/ usaemfwkdUu vlNydef;awG aemifb0taMumif;em;rvnfbl;/ cifAsm;udk ajym&if 'db0rSmjzpfrJh tusKd;aus;Zl;awGudkyJ ajymjybkdU usaemfpdwful;xm;ygw,f/ vkdU tpcsDNyd; cyfwnfwnfajymjyw,f/ tif;aomufwJhtcg &kd;&kd;aomuf&wmr[kwfbl;/ rdrd&JU umrykdifrdef;rrSwyg; wjcm;rdef;awGeJU arxkHrrSD0Jyg/ t7ufraomufygvkdU bk&m;a&SUrSm t"DXmefjyK7w,f/ tJ'dt"dXmefusKd;oGm;&if aoG;tHNyd; ao&ygapvkdU usdefpmqkd&w,f/ tJ'dvkd t"DXmefjyKNyD; usdefpmqkdxm;wJtwGuf usaemf[m rdef;rawGeJU &Iyf&IyfayGayG vkyfvkdUvnf; rjzpfawmhbl;/ t&ufaomufvkdUvnf; rjzpfawmhbl;/'dvkdr&Iyf& raomuf&wmaMumifh1/ 'drdef;r? 'Dt&ufawGtwGuf usaemf tcsdefrjzKef;&awmhbl;/ 2/ 'Drdef;r 'dt&ufawGtwGuf usaemf[m aiGrjzKef;&awmhbl;/ 3/ 'Drdef;r 'dt&ufawGtwGuf usaemf [m tusifhysufwJhvlysufrjzpf&awmhbl;/ 4/ usaemfhrdef;r usaemfhom;orD;awGvnf; vlysuf&JU rdef;r/ vlysuf&Ju om;orD;awGqkdNyD; emrnf rysuf&awmhbl;/ 5/ acgif;aqmifwOD;tjzpfeJU MunfnKdwmaMumifh usaemhfudk vkdufaeMuwJHvlawGvnf;vlysuf&JU aemufvkdufawG wynfhawGqkdNyD; emrnf rysuf&awmhbl;/ usaemftckajymwJh[mawG[m tif;aomufwmudk taMumif;jyKNyD; usaemf omru usaemfeJUywfoufaewJh vlawGyg vufiif; 'dX cHpm;&wJh tusKd;awGyJvkdU ocifEku ajymjyw,f/ 'DrdwfaqGeJU ocifEk[m jy'g;wvrf;/oHwvrf; jzpfaew,f/ 'drdwfawG[m

aemifb0udk r,kHbl;/ ocifEku ,kHw,f/ 'DrdwfaqG[mukd,fusifhw&m;udk wefbkd;rxm;bl;/ ocifEkuxm;w,f/ 'DrdwfaqG[mrdrdr,m;rSwyg; wjcm;rdef;rawGeJu arxkHrSD0Jwm/ t&ufaomufwmawGudk i&JrMud;bl;vdkU,lqw,f/ ocifekuawmh i&JMuD;w,fvkdU ,lqw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh ocifEk&Sif;jywJh tusK;daus;Zl; 5rsK;dudk 'DrdwfaqG[m &,fp&m awGtjzpfeJU ,lqw,f/ tu,fa&GUom ocifEkpdwfrqkd;bl;qkd&if oa&mfwJhtaeeJh us,fus,favmifavmif &,fypfvkdufbkdU qkdwm tifrwef aocsmw,f/ 'gayrJh ocifek[m olpGJpGJjrJjrJ/ oJoJrJrJ ,kHMunfaewmudk oa&mfawmfawmfvkyfvm&if ikHUrcHwwfbl;qdkwmodaewJhtwGuf 'drdwfaqG[m &,fawmh r&,f&Jbl;/ 'Docifek[m tawmfoem;p&maumif;wJhvlwa,mufyJvkdU ,lqwJh rsufESmxm;rsKd;eJU ocifEkudk Nunfhaew,f/ tcef; 16 1939ckESpf pufwifbmvxJrSm 'kwd,ubmppfMuD; pwifjzpfyGm;NyD; rsm;rMumcif wreufcif;rSm ocifatmifqef;[m paumhudwfvrf; ocifek&JUtdrfudk aygufvmw,f/ 'dppfyGJudk taMumif;jyKNyd;awmh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGu vIyf&Sm;rI wckck jykvkyfay;&r,fvkdU ocifatmifqe;fu ajymw,f/ ocifEku oabmwlw,f/ tJ'dawmh 'dudpfpudk a'gufwmAarmfeJU wkdifyifcsifw,/ csdef;ay;ygvkdU ocifatmifqef;u ajymw,f/ cdsef;wJhaeU a&mufvmwJhtcg ocifatmifqef; /ocifoef;xGef;eJU ocifEkwkdU a'gufwmAarmfeJu oGm;awGUMuw,f/ tJ'dtcsdef[m a'gufwmAarmf eef;&if0ef&mxl;u jyKwfusNyD; p jzpfw,f/ tckvkd &mxl; jyKwfus&wJhtaMumif;awGxJrsm ocifawG&JU vIHUaqmfrIawGvnf; ygoavmufygaewJhtwGuf acgif;aqmifykdif;u trsKd;om;udpfpw&yfrSm tckvkd awGUqkHaqG;aEG;EkdifMuayr,fh i,fom;ykdi;frSmawmh wbufeJU wbuf tmCmw tawmfjyif;xefwkef; &SdMuao;w,f/ "g;reJU ocifacgif;aqmifawG[m tckvdk ESpfMudrf/okH;Mudrfavmuf aqG;aEG;MuNyd; vGwfvyfa&; wyfaygif;pkwckudkzGJUpnf;bkdU qkH;jzwfcsufcsEkdifcJMuw,f/ ocifatmifqef;&JU OD;aeSmufu arG;xkwfay;vkdufwJh 'DvGwfvyfa&;wyfaygif;pk om;&wemudk a'gufwmAarmfu ArmhxGuf&yf*kdPf;vkdU uifyGef;wyfay;vkdufw,f/ tJ'dwyfaygif;pkxJrSm a'gufwmAarmf&JU qif;&Jom;ygwd("m;r)/ 'dkUArm (ocif)tpnf;t&kH;&,f0wfvkHawmf& OD;xGef;atmif? A[kdpnfOD;bOD;/ u7ifacgif;aqmif apmazomtp&SdwJh EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmif awGvnf;wOD;csif;taeeJU ygMuw,f/

'kwd,ubmppfMuD;NyD;wJhtcg ArmEkdifiHudk vGwfvyfa&;ay;yghr,fvkdU NAdwdoQ tpkd;&u ausnm&if ArmhxGuf&yf*kdPf;[m NAdwdoQudk ulnDr,f / rausnm&if qefUusifr,fvkdU t"dyfygf,f ygwJh qkH;jzwfcsufw&yfudk csrSwfNyd; ArmhxGuf&yf*kdPf;[m ae&mtESHUtjym;udk 0g'jzefU&atmif xGufMuw,f/ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;cskKyf&JU wm0efay;csuf&Armh xGuf&yf*kdPf;oGm;&mudk ocifpkd;eJU ocifEkwkdU[m 'kdUArm tpnf;t&kH; udk,fpm;vS,fawGtjzpfeJu vkduf&w,f/ ArmhxGuf7yf*kdPf;udk xlaxmifNyD;vkdU rsm;rMumcifom,m0wDNrDKUrSm 'kdUArmtpnf;t&kH;&JU jynfvkH;qkdif&m ndvmcHudkusif;yw,f/ 'kwd,urfbm ppfMuD;NyD;&if ArmekdifiHudk vGwfvyfa7;ay;yghr,fvkdU NAdwdoQ tpkd;&ausnm&if 'kdUArmtpnf;t&kH;u NADwdoQwkdUukdulnDr,f / rausnm&if qefUusifr,f qkdwJh ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPf;&J qkH;jzwfcsufeJUtvm;wl tqkdwckudk ocifatmifqef;eJU ocifoef;xGef;wkdU wkdifyifNy;d a&;om;Muw,f/ ocifEku wifoGif;w,f/ uefUuGufolr&SdyJ nDvmcHwckvkH;u vufcHtwnfjyKw,f/ aemufrsm;rMumrd tJ'dtqkdudkwifoGif;rIu wrI/ ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPf; u *sKAvda[mrSmOd;pd; usif;ywJh jrdKUvkH;uRwftpnf;a0;rSm tpkd;&udk tNunfnKdysufatmif a[majymrIuwrI/ tJ'dESpfcktwGufocifEkudk tpdk;&u zrf;awmhr,fqkdwJh owif;w&yfxGuvmw,f/ tJ'dowif;xGufvmwJhaeUrsmyJ ocifatmifqef;eJU ocifEkwkdUawGUMuw,f/ ocifEkeJU wMudrfxJrSmbJjzpfjzpf/ rMumcifrSmbJjzpfjzpf/ wEkdifiHvkH;&Sd ocifacgif;aqmifawGtm;vkH;udk zrf;qD;vdrfhr,f/ tzrf;cH&NyD;axmifxJrSm vGwfvyfa&;twGu bmrS vkyfEkdifrSmr[kwfbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh ol tzr;frcHbl;/ EkdifiHjcm;wckck ukdoGm;Nyd;wwfekdifoavmuf ArmhvGwfvyfa&;twGufvkyfr,f vkdU ocifatmifqef;u ajymw,f/ 'DvkdajymwJhtwGuf ocifEk[m ocifatmifqef;udk q&mxGef;a&TqkdwJh olrdwfaqG&if;wOD;eJh rdwfzGJUay;w,f/ tJ'dq&mxGef;a7T[m pum;tifrwefenf;w,f/ EIwfvkHw,f/ ow?d&Sdw,f/ opfpm&Sdw,f/ udpfpwckudk NyD;ajrmufonfhwkdifatmif aqmif&GufwwfwJh ZGJ&Sdw,f tJ'dt&nftcsif;awGaMumifh ocifek[m q7mudk xGef;a&Tudk odyf,kHw,f/ tJ'dq&mudkxGEf;a&T[m olUrdwfaqG&if; / aemifwaeUrSm ocifcspftrnfESihf uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifjzpfvmr,fh q&mcspfeJUwkdifyifNyd; ocifatmifqe;fudk ykvdyfrzrf;Ekdifatmif wae&mrSm 0Sufxm;Muw,f/ tJ'daemuf oifhawmfwJhtcsdefwcsdefrSm ocifatmifqef;&JU tvkdqef' twkdif; ekdifiHjcm;udk wdwfwdwf xGufoGm;Ekdifatmif q&m udkxGef;a&T/ q&mcspfeJU tjcm;rdwfaqGwpku pDpOfay;vkdufMuw,f/

ocifEk[m om,m0wD ndvmcHrSmtqkdwifoGif;rIaMumifh wESpf/ *sLAvDa[mrSm w&m;a[mrI aMumifh wESpf/ tmvkH;aygif; ESpfeSpf axmifcscH&w,f/ ESpfESpfaphoGm;wJhtcg ArmEkdifiHumuG,fa&;Oya't& qufvuftcsKyfcH&NyD; *syefawG rE?av;NrdKUudk a&mufcgeD;awmhrS ocifEkeJU tjcm;ekdifiHa&; orm;rE?av;axmifu vGwfvmw,f/ (atmufajcrSwfpk ? ?ref;wav; axmifu vGwfajrmufvmwJhtcdsefupvkdU 'kwd,urfbmppfMuD;Nyd;wJhtxd ocifek[m bmawGvkyfcJhw,fqkdwmudk }ig;ESpf&mod Armjynf} qkdwJh pmtkyfxJrSm ocifEkukd,fwkdif a&;xm;w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh *syefvufxuftwGif;u ocifEk&JU tjzpftysufawGudk oDjcm;razmfjyawmhygbl;/odvkdaomolrsm; 4if; ig;ESpf&moD Armjynf qkdwJh pmtkyfudk qufvufzwf&IMuyg&ef ,ckpmtkyf a&;xm;olu arw?m&yfygw,f) tcef; 1&/ rMumcif EkdifiHa&;u xGufr,f?/ tJ'Dvkd xGufNyd; ola&;csifwJhpmtkyfawGudk a&;r,f? 'DpmtkyfawGudk a&;NyD;wmeJU wjYyKdifeuf w&m;pmtkyfawGudk avhvmoifMum;NyD; omoemjyKavmuxJudk ajcpkHypf0if r,fvdkU 'kwd,ur?mppfMuD; rjzpfrSDuxJu ocifEk qkH;jzwfxm;w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh AkdvfcsKyfatmiffqef;u vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJ rNyD;ao;bl;vkdU ajymNyD;wm;vnf;r& wjcm; rdwfaqG&if;awGu 'DtcsdefrsKd;MuD;rSm EkdifiHa&;u xGufoGm;vkdU roifhawmfbl;vkdU &Sif;jyMuwmawGvnf; vufrcHbJ/ ocifEk[m ola&;bkdU pdwful;xm;;wJh EkdifiHa&;pmtkyfwtkyftwGuf rSDjirf;pmtkyfawGpkaqmifNyd; armfvNrdKifuRef;udk xGufoGm;w,f/ ocifEka& EkdifiHa&;orm;qkdwm vufa0SUorm;vkdbJ? vufa0SUorm;[m t&G,fMuD;vkdU vufa0SUowfwmu tem;,lw,fqkdayr,fh av;uif;qkdif;oH udkMum;&if vufcarmif;xcyfao;wmbJ? cifAsm;vnf; EkdifiHa&;u wu,f rxGufEkdfifygbl; vkdU EkdifiHa&;rdwfaqGawGu ajymwJhtcg Munfhao;wmaygh vkdU ocifEku jyefajzw,f/ armfvNrdKifuRef;rSm }rmhufpf qZfZif;rf;qkdwm bmvJ} qkdwJh pmtkyf a&;aewkef;ol&JU EkdifiHa&;rdwfaqGawG edrdwfzwfvkdufwm rSefawmhrvkdvkd ESpfMudrfavmuf jzpfoGm;vkdufao;w,f/ jzpfykHu'Dvkd/ ppftwGif;u tdE?d,rSm pcef;csaewJh ArmEkdifiH&JU bk&ifcH qma':refprpf[m ppfMuD;tNyD; 1945 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv tv,favmufrSm &efukefudk jyeffa&mufvmw,f/ ,m,Dtpkd;&zGJUbkdU EkdifiHa&;tzGJU tod;oD;&JU acgif;aqmifawGeJU awGUwJhtcg zqyvacgif;aqmiftjzpf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u

zqyv A[kdOD;pD;tzGJU&JU qkH;jzwfcsuft& 0efMuD;ae&m 11 ckteuf zqyvukd,fpm;vS,f awGudk 7 ae&may;bkdU awmif;qkdw,f/ tu,f?bk&ifcHu tpkd;&tzGJUxJrSm 0efMuD;ae&m 15ck xm;r,fqkd&if zqyv udk,fpm;vS,f awGudk 11 ae&may;bkdU bk&ifcH qma':refprpfqDudk awmif;qkdw,f/ qma':refprpf pm 2ae&may;wJhtcg zqyvu jiif;y,fvkdufw,f/ 'DtcsdefupNyd; qma':refprpfacgif;aqmifwJh tpkd;&tzGJUeJU AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifwJh zqyvwkdU&UJ tMum; rSm jzpfay:vmwJh wif;rmrI[m wvxufwv ydkrkdjyif;xefvmw,f/ 1946 ckESpfarvxJudk a&mufwJhtcg tif;pdefc&kdif xef;wyifNrdKUrSm jynfolU&JabmfawGud kzrf;wJhtwGuf zqyvtzGJU0ifawG qE?jyw,f/ ykvdyfuaoewfeJU ypfwJhtwGuf qE?jyol okH;OD;aoqkH;oGm;w,f/ tJ'dtcg armfvNrdKifuRef;rSm pmtkyfa&;aewJh ocifEk[m pmtkyfqufa&; vkdUrjzpfawmhbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh ola&;wJh pmtkyfudk ab;rSmtomcsNyD; bk&ifcH qma':refprpfxH pm&SnfMuD; wapmifa&;vkdufw,f/ pm&UJ twkdcsKyfu 'Dvkd.. EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;awG[m jrefrmEkdifiHudk udk,fpm;jyKEkdifwJh vlawGr[kwfbl;/ EkdifiHa&;usm;ao MuD;awG jzpfaeNyd/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;omvQif jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH;&JU wcJeufaxmufcHrIudk &aewJhtwGuf jrefrmEkdifiHudk udk,fpm;jyKEkdifoljzpfw,f/ tJ'dvkdjzpfygvsufeJU AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JU awmif;qkdcsuf udk vufrcHyJ EkdifiHa&;usm;aoMuD;awGeJU tpdk;&zGJUwm[m rSm;w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; awmif;qkdcsufudk tjrefvufcHNyD; zqyvudk,fpm;vS,fawGeJU tpkd;&zGJUyg/ tp&Sdojzifh ocifEku bk&ifcH qma':refprpf udk tus,fw0ifhwkdufwGef;xm;w,f/ we*FaEG wywfavmufMumawmh bk&ifcHeJU cPvmawGUyg vkdU bk&ifcH&JU &kH;u armfvjrdKifuRef; rSm&SdwJh ocifEk ud w,fvDzkef;eJU vSr;fzdwfw,f/ bk&ifcHeJU awGUwJhtcg jynfolvlxk&JU axmufcHrIudk AkdfvfcsKyfatmifqef; [m b,favmuftxd&aew,fqkdwmudk tus,fw0ifh&Sif;jyNyd; AkdvfcsKyfatmiffqef;eJU awGUqkHaqG;aEG;bdkU ocifEku bk&ifcHudk wkdufwGef;w,f/ bk&ifcHu oabmwlwJhtwGuf zqyvukd,fpm;vS,f awGtjzpf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJU ocifoef;xGef;wkdU u oGm;awGUMuw,f/ awGUwJhtcg tpkd;&tzGJUxJudk0ifbkdU bk&ifcHu AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkdUudk wdkufwGef;w,f/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u olU rlvawmif;qkdcsuf udk vufcHbkdU bk&ifcHudk ajymw,f/ tJ'dtcsdefrSm bk&ifcH qma':refprpf[m usef;rma&;aMumifh &mxl;uEIwfxGuf NyD; bdvyfudk jyefawmhr,f/ tJ'gaMumifh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JU rlvawmif;qkdcsufudk bdvyfjyefa&mufwJhtcg oludk,fwdkf bdvyftpdk;&vufxJ xnfhay;r,fvkdU qma':refprpf uajzw,f/

'Dvkd awGUqkHNyD;wJhaemuf bdvyfudkrjyefcif olUae&mrSm acw? bk&ifcHvkyfr,fh [ife&DEkdufqDudk qma':refprpfu pmwapmifa&;ypfcJhw,f/ tJ'DpmrSm }atmifqef;[m Armjynf&JU vlMudKufrsm;wJHhtm ZmenfbJ/ ol[m wEkdifiHvkH;rSm vlxkaxmufcHrI trsm;qkH; &xm;oljzpfw,fqkdwJhtcsufudk oHo, enf;enf;rS rjzpfeJU? uREkfyf[m olUudk &kd;om;wnfMunfolwOD;tjzpfeJU vufcHw,f/ ol&JU zqyvwzGJUxJomvQif wEkdifiHvkH;udk us,fus,fjyefjyefU pnf;&kH;EkdifwJh ekdifiHa&;tzGJUjzpfw,f/ ol[m Nidrf;csrf;a7;eJU Nidrf0yfydjym;a&;& &Sdatmif MudK;pm;aew,fvkdU uREKfyf ,lqw,f/ vufeufudkif ykefuefjcif;tm;jzihf 'kufc a&mufaewJh jynfolvlxkrSmom ydkNyD; 'kufc jzpfp&m taMumif;&Sdw,f qkdwJhtcsufudk olaumi;faumif;oabmaygufw,f/ qdkwJhtcsufawGudk vnf; qma':refprpfu xnfhoGi;fa&;xm;ypfcJhw,f/ bk&ifcH qma':refprpfeUJ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkdU&JU aqG;aEG;yGJtNyD; EkdifiHa&; rdwfaqGawGu armfvNrdKifuRef;udk rjyefygeJUawmhvdkU0kdif;NyD;wm;wJhtcg EkdifiHa&;udk pGefUNyD;pma&;yghr,f vkdU wif;xm;wJh ocifEk&JU pddwfawG[m ,drf;,kdifovkdvkd jzpfoGm;vkdufao;w,f/ aemufrsm;rMumcifrSm zqyvtwGif;rSm AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkdUvlpkeJU ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD acgif; aqmif ocifoef;xGef; wkdU vlpk roifhrwifh jzpfaeMuNyD/ wOD;eJU wOD; twkduftcHvkyfaeMuNydqdkwJhowif;awG ocifEk Mum;&w,f/ 'dowif;awGaMumifh pdwfrcsrf;romjzpfaewkef; uGefjrLepfMoZmcH awmifolv,form;awG pdwef;vrf;avQmuf&if; qE?jyaewmdu ocifEkawGU&w,f/ ocifEk[m qE?jyyGJudk cyfa0;a0;u vSr;fMunfhaewkef; olwkdU&JU a
usaemfvnf; pnf;ray;Ekdifbl;/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;uvGJNyd; b,folrS pnf;ray;ekdifbl;/ tJ'Dvkd vlwa,mufudk ykdNyd; NunfndKvmatmif vkyfzkdUom usaemfwkdU vkyf&r,f? vlxktMunfndK ysufatmif cifAsm;wdkU tokH;jyKaewJh enf;y&d,m,ffawG rrSefbl;vkdU ocifEku tus,fw0ifh&Sif;jyw,f/ ocifoef;xGef;uvnf; olwkdU&UJ rauseyfcsufawG udk azmfjyw,f/ 'Dvkd&Sif;jywJH rauseyfcsufawG qkdwm EkdifiHa&; rauseyfcsufcsnfhbJ/ 'DEkdifiHa&; rauseyfcsuftjyfif udk ,fa&;udk,fwmeJU ywfoufwJh rauseyfcsufawG ocifoef;xGef;rSm &Sdaeao;w,f/ 'DrauseyfcsufawGudk ocifoef;xGef;u r&Sif;jyayr,fh ocifEkuawmh aumif;aumif;odaew,f/ 'DrauseyfcsufawGqkdwmu 'Dvkdyg/ ocifoef;xGEf;[m pdwfjyif;xefolr[kwfbl;/ AkdfvfcsKyffatmiffqef;uawmh pdwf tifrwef jyif;xefw,f/ olwdkUESpfOD;aqG;aEG;Mu&if oabmuGJvGJwJhtcsufudk a&muf&if AkdfvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m ocifoef;xGef;udk aigufaeovkd Mudr;farmif;aeovkdjzpfjzpfaew,f/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JU tajymtqkd[m tckvkd jyif;xefvm&if ocifoef;xGef;[m qufrajymawmhbl;/ pdwfrcsrf;omwJh rsufESmxm;eJU ikwf wkyfMud; xkdifaeavh&Sdw,f/ tJ'grsKd;[m rMumcPjzpfaewmudk ocifEkeJU vkyfazmfudkifbufawGu awGUcJh&zl;w,f/ 'DvkdjzpfysufwJh tjzpftysuf awGxJu pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;wJh om"U wkcudk 'dae&mrSm enf;enf;avmufajymvkdufOD;r,f/ *syefvufxufwkef;u *syef&JU cGihfjyKcsuft& ArmEkdifiHtwgu ftajccH tkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf;Oya' wckudk a&;qGJbkdU a'gufwmbarmf tpdk&tzGJUeJU EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftcsKdU ukufudkfif; a&ul;uef&JU wef;vsm; uav;wckxJrSm awGUqkHaqG;aEG;Mubl;w,f/ ocifek[m 'DaqG;aEG;yGJawGudk pdwfr0ifpm;bl;/ tJ'gaMumifh olrrsm;awG ajymaeMuwmudkvnf; em;axmifraebl;/ oludk,fwkdifvnf; bmrS 0ifrajymbl;/ pmtkyfwtkyfukd zwfcsifzwf/ rzwfcsif&if pm&Gufw&Gufay:rS m awGUu&mawGudk avQmufa&;aewmbJ jzpfw,f/ waeUusawmh aqG;aEG;p&m tcsufwcsufay:vmw,f/ tJ'g[morwtmPm xifw,f/ ESpfawG tawmfMumNyDjzpfwJhtwGu fb,folUqDurS vkdufNyd;pkHprf;vkdU twdtus r&awmhbl;/ tJ'DtmPm eJUywfoufNyD; ocifoef;xGef;wifjyxm;wJh tcsufudk AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; u rMudKufbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m olvkyfaeustwkdi;f ocif oef;xGef;udk aigufief;aew,f/ 'Daigufief;oHawGudk Mum;&awmhrS ocifEk [m awG;aumif;wkdif;awG;/ ai;aumif;wkdif;ai;/ a7;aumif;wkdif;a&;aewmuae aqG;aEG;yGJ xJudk pdwfjyefvnfvmw,f/ AkdvfcsKyffatmifqef;eJU ocifoef;xGef;

wkdUudk wvSnhfpD Munfhvkduf whJtcg wOD;u odyfjyif;xefaew,f/ wjcm;wOD;u pdwfrcsrf;omwJh rsufESmMud;eJU ikwfwkyfxkdifaewmudk awGU&w,f/ ocifEk[m tpnf;ta0;rSm ai;aewJhtwGuf ocifoef;xGef;bmawG ajymoGm;w,fqkdwm rMum;vkdufbl;/ 'gayrJh ocifoef;xGef; udk Munfh&if;oem;vmNyd; ocifoef;xGEf;udk axmufcHwJhtaeeJU AkdvfcsKyffatmifqef;&JU acsycsufawG ud k ZGwftwif;0ifNyd;uefUuGuf w,f// aemufwaeU uefUuGufaew,f/ aemufwaeU reufusawmh &Spfem&DavmufrSm AkdfvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m ocifEk&UJ tdrfudk a&mufvmNyD; ocifEk- cifAsm; 'DuaeU aqG;aEG;yGJrwufygeJUvkdU AkdvfcsKyffatmiffqef;u ajymw,f/ rwufvkdU rjzpfbl;/ wuf&r,fvkdU ocifEk ujyefajymw,f/ rwufygeJUAsm/ vkdU AkdvfcsKyffatmifqef;u xyfajymw,f/ bmjzpfvkdUvnf; vkdU ocifEku jyefar;w,f/ aqG;aEG;yJGrSm cifAsm; eJU usaemf pum;rrsm;csifbl;/vkdU AkdfvfcsKyfatmifqef;u jyefajzw,f/ pum;rrsm;csif&iftvG,fuav; enf;&Sdw,f/ vkdU ocifEku qufajymw,f/ bmenf;vJ vkdU AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u jyefar;w,f/ ocifoef;xGef;udk raigufygeJU/ pum; aumif;aumif;ajymyg/ tJ'g[m AkdvfcsKyfeJU ig pum; rrsm;&wJhenf;yJvkdU ocifEkajzwJhtcg AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;&,fw,f/ tJ'Dtpn;fta0;rSm AkdfvfcsKyfatmiffqef;u ocifoef;xGef;udk aigufwmvnf; rMum;&awmhbl;/ ocifEk pum;0ifajymwmvnf; rMum;&awmhbl;/ ocifoef;xGef;[m pdwfrcsrf;omwJh rsufESmMud;eJU ikyfwkyfxkdifaewmvnf; rawGU&awmhbl;/ ocifoef;xGef;rSm EkdifiHa&;eJU ywfoufwJh rauseyfrIawGtjyif tckajymcJhwJh udk,fa&;udk,fwm eJU ywfoufwJh rauseyfrIawGvJ &Sdaeao;w,f qkdwmud kocifek odaywJh 'dukd,fa&;ukd,fwmudpfp awG[m aqG;aEG;bkdUraumif;bl;/ vkdU,lqwJhtwGuf ocifEkvnf; bmrS qufrajymawmhbl;/ 'gawGudk olU&ifxJrSmbJ odrf;xm;vkdufw,f/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJU awGUwJhtcg AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;&Sif;jywJh EkdifiHa&; tajctae udk em;axmifNyD; ocifoef;xGef;eJU rdwfrysufatmifaygif;bkdU ocifEku wkdufwGef;w,f/ AkdfvfcsKyffatmifqef;u em;axmifaew,f/ bmrSjyefrajymbl;/ *syefvufxufwkef;uocifoef;xGef; twGufeJU AkdvfcsKyfatmiffqef;eJU ol jzpfcJh&wJh tjzpftysufav;udk owd&ao;vm; vkdUar;whJtcg AkdvfcsKyffatmifqef;u &,faew,f/ ocifoef;xGef;eJU AkdvfcsKyfatmiffqef;wkdUtwGuf ocifEk aqmif&GufwJh aphpyfa&;[m ratmifjrifygbl;/ 'gayrJh vkyf&rJU tvkyf0wfw&m; wck aqmif&Gufvkduf&ayNyDvkdU ocifEk[m

olUukd,fol ESpfodrfhvdkuf w,f/ armfvNrdKifuRef;udk jyefcgeD;wJhtcg EkdifiHa&;rdwfaqGawGu armfvNrdKifuRef;udk rjyefbkdU ajymMujyefw,f/ tJ'dtcgrSmvnf; EkdifiHa&;udkpGefUNyD; pma&;ygawmhr,fvkdU csrSwfxm;wJh ocifEk&JUoH"dXmef 'kwd,tMudr fawmawmf ,drf;,kdifoGm;vkdufao;w,f/ ocifEk[m armfvNrdKifuRef;udk jyeffa&mufwJhtcg 1946 ck/ Zlvkdifvtv,favmuf jzpfaeNyd/ ola&;aewJh rmufhfpfqif;qkdwmbmvJ/ qkdwJhpmtkyfudk rMumcifa&;vkdUNyD;oGm;w,f/ armfvNrdKifuRef;u ykHESdyfpufykdif&Sif wOD;u olUpufrSm ykHESdyfay;r,f qdkwmeJU ocifek[m Amhufpfqif;qkdwm bmvJ udk tJ'DpufrSmbJ tyfvkdufw,f/ pufrSmpmjyifq&m r&SdwmeJU ocifEk[m ykHESdyfwkdufudk aeUwkdif;oGm;NyD; pmjyifay;ae& w,f/ tm;wJhtcsdefrSm tmZmenfqdkwmbmvJ qkdwJh pmtkyftopfudk a&;aew,f/ tJ'Dvkd eJU Mo*kwfvtukefrSmqm[l;bwf&efpfh qkdwJh bk&ifcHopf &efukefudk a&mufvmw,f/ocifEkvnf; pmtkyftopf a&; ae&mu 'Dbk&ifcHtopfeJU AkdvfcsKyfatmiffqef; tay;t,lwJhapAsm/ vkdU qkawmif;vkdufw,f/ bk&ifcHopf qm[l;bwf&efpfh [m AkdfvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkdUeJUvnf; aqG;aEG;w,f/ wjcm;EkdifiHa&; acgif;aqmifawGeJUvnf; aqG;aEG;w,f/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JU awmif;qkdcsufudk bk&ifcHopfu vufcHwJhtwGuf pufwifbmv 26 &uffaeUrSm AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJU zqyv ukd,fpm;vS,fawG[ bk&ifcHopf zGJUpnf;xm;wJh tpkd;&tzGJUxJudk 0ifvkdufMuw,f/ 'Dowif;udk Mum;&wJhtcg ocifEk odyf0r;fomoGm;w,f/ 'gayrJh zqyvacgif;aqmif awG tpdk;&tzGJUxJukd tckvkd 0ifvkdufMuwJhtwGuf olbmjzpfr,fqkdwmudkom olarQmfrSef;MunfhEkdifr,fqkd&if tckvkd odyfNyD;0r;fom csifrS 0rf;omr,f/ aemufrsm;rMumcif jrefrmhtvif; OD;wifqDu pmwapmifa&mufvmw,f/ OD;wif[m zqyv tzGJUcsKyf tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUxJrSm face=WinKalaw b@ma&;rSL; jzpfw,f/ ocifEkeJUvnf; txl;&if;ESD;oljzpfw,f/ ocifEk[m OD;wif&UJpmukd zwfMunfwhJtcg zqyvacgif;aqmifawG[m tpdk;7tzGJUxJudk 0ifoGm;MuwJhtwGuf XmecsKyfudk tkyfcsKyfr,fh acgif;aqmifawG enf;oGm;NyD/ tJ'gaMumifh tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu ocifEkudk OufuXtjzpf wifajrmufvkdufw,f/ 'Dpmudk&&if &efukefudk tjrefvkdufcJhyg qkdwmudk ocifEk awGU&w,f/ &efukefXmecsKyfudk olrvmcsifbl;/ 'DarmfvNrdKifuRef;rSmyJ pma&;aecsifw,fvkdU ocifEk csufcsif; pmjyefvkdufw,f/ aemufwe*FaEG wywfavmufMumwJhtcg OD;wifqDu pmwapmif xyf&w,f/ tJ'DpmxJrSm XmecsKyfudk qufqufvmyg/ XmecsKyftwGuf waeU2em&DavmufbJ tvkyfvkyfay;yg/ usefwJhtcsdef awGrSm ocifEk MudKufovkd pma&;aeEkdifw,fvkdU

tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUuxyfrH qkH;jzwfw,fqkdwmukd ocifek zwf&w,f/'D'kwd,pmudk &Nyd; wJhtcg ocifEktwGuf jiif;vkdUraumif;awmhbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh oloGm;&mudk tNrJwrf; acg:oGm;csifwJholUcg;ykdufaqmif rjr&D/ orD;MuD;pef;pef;/om;;MuD;aomif;xkduf/ om;i,f armiffatmifwkdUukd ac:NyD; ocifEk &efukefudkvkdufoGm;w,f/ ocifEk XmecsKyfudk a&mufwJhaeUrSmbJ/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; [m XmecsKyfrSm ocifEkukdvmawGUw,f/ ocifetckvkd XmecskKyfrSm tvkyfvkyfwmudk AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;odyf0r;fomw,f/ wjcm;vlwa,mufom olUae&mrSm &Sdr,ffqkd&if ocifekeJUawGUwJhtcg 0r;fajrmuf0rf;ompum;awG udk ajymrSmbJ/ ten;fqkH;tjjzpfeJUawmh ocifEk cifAsm;vmwm usaemf0rf;omw,fvkdUa jymrSmbJ/ 'gayrJh AkdvfcskKyfatmifqef;uawmh 'dvkd avmuGwfpum;awG udk rajymwwfbl;/ ocifEktem;rSm wrdefpavmufpum;rajymyJ xkdifaeNyD;tif;vkdU olUyg;pyfu ajymajymqkdqkd pm;yGJay:u pm&Guf w&Gufudk qGJ,lvkdufw,f/ tJ'dpm&Gufay:rSm zqyv XmecsKyf&kH;&HykHaiGudk usaemfhoabmtwkdif; okH;pGJEkdfif&ef tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUrS ay;xm;aom tmPmukd 'kwd, OufuX ocifEkxHokdU ,aeUrSp? vTJtyfay;vkdufonf vkdUa&;NyD; ocifEkudk tJ'Dpm&Gufay;vkdufw,f/ tckvkd vkyfwm[m ol0r;fajrmuf0rf;omjzpfaew,fqkdwmudk olUenf;olU[efeJUjywmygbJ/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU olUtyfESif;xm;wJhtmPmukd tckvkdvTJray;Ekdifbl;/ vTJay;csif&if tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUudk olukd,fwkfdif tqkdoGif;&r,f/ tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUuom ocifEkudktmPmtyfEkdifw,f qkdwmudk ocifEk[m pm&Gufukd zwfNyD;NyD;csif; oabmaygufygw,f/ 'gayrJh AkdvfcsKyfatmiffqef; 0r;fajrmuf0rf;omjzpfaewmudk raESmifh,SufcsifwmeJU tcGifhaumif;&wJhtcgrSyJ &Sif;jyawmhr,fvkdUqkH;jzwfNyD; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; ay;wJhpm&Gufudk tomodr;fxm;vkdufw,f/ aemuf&uftenf;i,f MumwJhtcg AdkvfcsKyffatmiffqef;[m nbufrSm AkdvfcsKyfuawmf a':cifMunfeJUtwl ocifEkwkdU rdom;pk qDudk tvnfvmw,f/ ocifEkeJU awGUwJhtcg AkdvfcsKyfuawmf a':cifMunfu olUvufxJrSm udkifxm;wJh oHpD;u&ufwAl; ocifEkukdvSr;fay;w,f/ tawmfav;wmeJU ocifEk zGihfMunfhwJhtcg a&T'*Fg;jym;awG jzpfaew,f/ 'da&T'*Fg;jym;awG[m AkdvfcsKyfatmiffqef;vkd&mokH;bkdU twGu MunfnKdolwcskKdU vIxm;wJh a&T'*Fg;jym;awG jzpfaew,f/ ociEkvnf; vufcHxm;vkdufNyd; 'Da&T'*Fg;jym;awGudk vkH;vkH;arhoGm;w,f/ 1951 ckESpfavmufukd a&mufwJhtcg 0efMud;csKyf&kH;crf;uae oHaow?mwckxJrSm ocifEk[m ypfpnf;wckudk &Sm&if;

a&T'*Fg;awGxnfhxm;wJh 'D oHAl;ukdoGm;awGUw,f/ AkdvfcsKyfatmiffqef;ukokdvf&atmif AkdvfcsKyfuawmf a':cifMunfeJUwkdifyifNyD; ocifEk[m 'Da&T'*Fg;awGudk omoemh &dyfom 7HykHaiGxJ vSLypfvkdufw,f/ XmecsKyfudk a&muf&if waeUESpfem&D vkyfr,f/ usefwhJtcsdefrSm pma&;;r,fqkdNyD; ocifEk tm;cJvmcJhwmyJ/ tJ'gaMumifh XmecsKyfu ay;wJh axmufyHhaMu;awmif olvufrcHbl;/ pma&;vkdU&wJh ykdufqHeJUpm;r,fqkdNyD; ocifekd jiif;vkdufao;w,f/ 'gayrJH XmecsKyf ukda&muffwJhaeupNyd; aeUpOf &GwfaeMu y&dwfudkawmif tawmfMudK;pm;NyD; &Gwf&w,f wEkdifiHvkH;u udwfp trsKd;rsKd;eJU XmecsKyfudk wufvmMuwJh EkdifiHa&;orm;awG[m reuftapmMud;vnf;a&mufvmwmbJ/ xrif;pm;wke;vnf; a&mufvmMuwmbJ/ ntdyfwkef;vnf; vmESKd;wmbJ/ ocifEkXmecsKyfudk a&mufNyD; rMumrD AkdfvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JU tdrftay:xyfrSm tvkyftrIaqmif tpnf;ta0;wck usif;yw,f/ wem&DavmufMumwJhtcg AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JU ukd,f&Hawmf AkdvfxGef;vS tpnf;ta0;cef;rxJudk 0ifvmNyD; OD; apmaoewfeJU typfcH&w,f vkdU trIaqmifvlMuD;awGudk taMumif;Mum;w,f/ ocifEk[m olUtem;rSm&SdwJh OD; ausmfNidr;fbufvSnfhNyd; a[h- ausmfNidrf; ? b,fol ypfw,f xifovJvkdUar;w,f/ OD;ausmfNidr;fu olrodbl;vkdUajzw,f/ aemufwaeU nbufusawmh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m aq;&kHMuD;rSm OD;apmqDudk owif;oGm;ar;&atmifocifEkudk vmac:w,f/ ocifEk[m t0wftpm;vJNyD; tjyifxGufcgeD;rSm AkdvfcsKyfa&; OD;apmudk b,folypfw,fxifvJ/ 'guawmh uGefjrLepfawG ypfw,fxifw,f/ vkdUajymwJhtcg AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m olrodbl;/ vkdUajymw,f/ OD;apm&JU rsufESmawGudk t0wfeJU ywfxm;wJhtwGuf AkdvfcsKyfeJU ociffEk wkdUvmw,fqkdwm udkom olod&w,f/ AkdvfcsKyfwkdUudk rjrif&bl;/ XmecsKyfudk ocifEk pa&mufwJhtcsdefrS mzqyvtwGif; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tpdk;&tzGJUeJU uGefjrLepfwkdU&JU y#Dyu?rI[m tawmfjyif;xefaeNyD/ tpdk;&tzGJu vkyforQ / uGefjrLepffawGu axmufcH&r,fvkdU AdkvfcsKyfatmiffqef;wkdUu rqkdvkd? zqyvtzGJUtwGif; rSm MudKufovkd a0befEkdifw,f/ MudKufovkd uefUuGuf Ekdifw,f/ zqyv[m wyfaygif;pk jzpfwJhtwGu fwjcm;tzGJUawGudk olwdkUbufygatmif uGefjrLepfawGuf qGJaqmifekdifw,f/ tJ'dvkd qGJaqmifvdkU olwkdUtqkdtEkdif&&if AkdfvfcsKyfatmiffqef; tpdk;&tzGJU olwkdU&JU tqkduk vufcH&r,f tpkd;&tzGJU tqkdtEkdif&&If uGEfjrLepfawGu tpkd;&tzGJU&JU tqkdudk vufcH&r,f wyfaygif;pk qkdwm 'Dvkdvkyf&r,f / uGefjrKLepfawGuawmh 'dvkdr[kwfbl;/ zqyvxJrSm

AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JUtqkdudk jyif;jyif;xefxef a0befw,f/ uefUuGufw,f/ 'gayr,hf olwkdUuefUuGufrI &IH;oGm;wJhtcg olwkdU&UJ jynfolUtmPm qdkwJh *sme,fxJrSm jyif;jyif;xefxef tpkd;&udk &IHUcsw,f/ a0befw,f/ txl;ojzifh AkdvfcsKyfatmiffqef;udk jyif;jyif;xefxef &IHUcsw,f/ 'dvkdvkyfwm[m enf;vrf;rusbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh zqyv tvkyftrIaqmiftpnf;ta0;awGrSm uGefjrLepfudk,fpm;vS,fawGudk AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u rMumcP owday;&w,f/ ocifEkXmecsKyfudk a&mufvmwJhtcg ygwdwGif;rSm MudKufovkd a0befyg/ 8sme,fxJu a0bzefwm enf;vrf;rus bl;vkdU ocifekudk,fwkdif uGefjrLepfawGudk tMudrfMudrf &Sif;jybl;w,/f 'gayrJh ajymvkdUr&bl;/ jynfolUtmPm *sme,f xJu a0zefcsuf awG &IHUcscsufawG[m wMudrfxuf wMudrf ydkNyD; jyif;xefvmw,f/ Murf;wrf;vmw,f/ zqyv tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU&UJ oabmwlnDcsufudk r,lbJ uGefjrLepfawG[m olwdkU&UJoabmeJU olwdkU vlxk vIyf&Sm;rIawGudk jyif;jyif;xefxefvIHUaqmftm;ay;vmMuw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh XmecsKyfudk ocifEk a&mufvmNyD;vkdU bmrS rMumcif 1946 ckES pf fatmufwkdbmvtv,favmufrSm zqyv tvkyftrIaqmif tzGJU[m uGefjrLepfygwDudk zqyvxJu xkwfypfvkdufw,f / tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU&UJ 'DqkH;jzwfcsufudk Ekd0ifbm tpavmufrSm usif;ywJH A[kdaumfrwD nDvmcHu twnfjyKw,f/ tJ'd A[kdaumfrwDnDvmcH Nyd;oGm;wJhaeUupNyD; ocifEk&JU OD;aESmufxJrSm tBuHwck[m jyif;jyif;xefxef ay:aew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'DtMuHeJUywfoufNyD; wkdifyif&atmif taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf OD;ausmfNidr;dukd ac:vkdufw,f/ tcsdefuawmh 1946 ckESp fEkd0ifbmvtv,favmufjzpfaeNyD/ ausmfNidr;fa&- ighOD;aESmufxJrSm tMuHwck jyif;jyif;xefxef ay:aew,f/ [kwfuJh/ tdEd´,udk 'kdiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;ay;zkdU 1917ckESpfxJrSm NAdwdoQtpkd;&u ausnmwJhtcg ArmawG[[m 'dkiftmcDeJUroifhawmfao;bl; qkdNyD;Armjynfudk csefxm;cJhw,f/ ArmawG[m tckvdk tESdrfcH&wmud ikHUrcHbJ jyif;jyif;xefxef enf;rsKd;pkHeJU awmif;qkdwJhtwGuf 1923ckESpfusawmhrS Armjynfudk 'kdiftmcD ay; w,f/tckqkd&ifvnf; 1946 ckESpf arvxJrSm NAdwdoQ tpdk;&[m 0efMuD;awGyg0ifwJh tzGJUwckudk tdEd´, udk apvTwfcJhw,f/ bdvyfu rxGufcGif 'DtzGJU[m tdEd´,acgif;aqmiffawGeJU tEd´,vGwfvyfa&;;udk aqG;aEG;ygvdrfhr,f/ vGwfvyfNyD;wJhtcg tdEd´,[m NAdwdoQ o[m, tzGJUawGtwGif;rSm aevkdu aeEkdifw,f/ xGufvkdu xGufEkdifw,f/ vkdU NAdwdoQtpdk;&u ygvdrefrSm

twtvif;ausnmcJh&w,f/ 'kdUArmjynftwGufusawmh Armjynfudk puåLjzLpmwrf;t& tkyfcsKyfr,fqkdwmudkom NAdwdoQtpkd;&u ausnmao;w,f/ vGwfvyfa&; eJUywfoufNyD; bmudkfrS rausnmao;bl;/ 'dpuåLjzLpmwrf;xJu tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdwm 'dkfiftmcD tkyfcsKyfa&;avmufawmif tokH;rusbl;/ 'kdUeJU tdEd´, bmuGmvJ/ urÇmppfBuD;twGif;u NAdwdoQtpdk;&ukd 'kdUvJ taESmuft,Sufay;cJhwmyJ/ tdEd´,vn;f taESmuft,Suf ay;chJwmbJ/ 'dkUvn;f vGwfvyfa&;twGuf *syefeJUaygifNyD; t*Fvdyfudk cscJhwmbJ/ tdEd´, acgif;aqmifBuD;wOD;jzpfJwJh qlzwfcsef'&mbkdUpfvnf; tdEd´,vGwfvyfa&;twGuf *syfef eJUaygif;NyD; t*FvdyfudkcscJhwmyJ? *syefawG[m tdEd´,xJukd r0ifEkdifvkdUyJ? 0ifEkdif&if tdEd´,xJrSm qlbwfcsef'&mbkdUpfvkd tdEd´,trsKd;om;awG oef;eJUcsDNyD; ay:MuOD;r,fqkdwm b,folrS rjiif;Ekdifygbl;/ tJ'dvkd tptp t&m&mrSm wkdUeJU wlaeNyd; tdEd´,twGufawmhvGwfvyfa&;ay;;r,fqkdwm ausnmw,f/ 'kdUArmjynftwGuf awmh tckxd bmrS rausnmao;bl;/ [kwfw,f/ NAdwdoQawG tdEd´,twGufvGwfvyfa&;ay;r,fvkdU ausnmNyD; 'kdUArmjynftwGufawmh rausnmwm[m bmjzpfvkdUvJ rif;odvm; ausmfNidrf;/ bmjzpfvkdUvJ/ NAdwdoQawG tdEd´, uxGufoGm;MuqkdwJh qkH;jzwfcsufudk 1942 ckESpf rSmcsNyD ; tdEd´,trsKd;om; awG[m vlxk vIyf&Sm;rIawGudk jyif;jyif;xefxef vkyfMuw,f/ tJ'dvkd vkyfwJhtwGuf tdEd´,trskKd;om; awGa&m? trsKd;orD;awGyg axmifeJUaomif;eJU csDNyd; tzrf;qD; tcsKyfaESmif cHMu&w,f/ 1945 ckESpfxJrSm NADwdoQu ppfEkdifwJhtwGu fzrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;wJh tdEd´,trsKd;om; trsKd;orD;awGudk axmifxJu tawmfrsm;rsm; vTwfvkdufw,f/ 'gayrJU tdEd´,uGefu&uftzJGUBuD;uawmh NAdwdoQ awG tdEd´,uxGufoGm;MuqkdwJh 1942ckESpfwkef;u csxm;cJhwJh tqkdukd jyefr&kwfodrf;ao;bl;/ vGwfvyfa&; r&oí a&Shudk qufvSrf;MubkdU pdpOfaew,f/ tJ'gudk NADwdoQwdkUaumif;aumif;odw,f/ yxrurÇmppf yGJBuD;t NyD;wkef;u tdEd´,rSm vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJawG tjyif;txefay:vmNyD; aoG;xGufoH,kdrIawG/ zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifrIawG? qlylaomif; usef;rIawG trsm;MuD; ayaygufcJhbl;w,fqkdwmvnf; NAdwdoQ wkdU aumif;aumif; owd&w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh1946ckESpf arvxJrSm NAdwdoQ0efMud;awGygwJh tzGJUwckudk tdEd´,udkvTwfNyD; vGwfvyfa&; ay;ygr,fvkdU ausnm&wmyJ/ [kwfuJh?

'dkUvnf; vGwfvyfa&;ay;csifay;/ ray;&if wkdufyGJ0ifr,f vkdUausnmNyD; tdEd´,rSmvkd wkdufyGJ0ifjyvkduf&if 'dkUvGwfvyfa&;twGufvJ NAdwdoQawG ausnm&r,f/ [kwfuJh/ tdEd´,rSm wEkdfifiHvkH;udk udkifvIyfEkdfifwJh r[wÅr*ED´ &Sdovkd 'kdUqDrSmvnf; wEkdifiHvkH;udkukdifvIyfEkdifwUJh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;&SDw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'kdUvGwfvyfa&;twGuf qkH;jzwfcsufwckcsNyD; wkdufyGJ0ifcsifw,f/ ighrSm qE´ &SdwJhtaMumif; rif;AkdvfcsKyfudk oGm;ajymcsDuGm/ vkdU ocifEku ajymwJhtwGuf OD;ausmfNidr;f[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; &Sd&m twGif;0ef&kH;udk vkdufoGm;bkdU xoGm;w,f/ wrdepfavmufMumwJhtcg wpkHwck ukd owd&wJhtwGuf ocifEk[m OD;ausmfNidrf;udkvkdufac:jyefw,f/ ausmfNidrf;a& vGwfvyfa&;twGuf wkdufyGJ0ifr,fqkd&if jrefjref0if&r,f/ vufaES;vdkU rjzpfbl;/ jynfolvl xkqkdwm pdwftajymif;tvJ tifrwefjrefw,f/ 'kdUvufaES;ae&if EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrI[m zqyv vufu uGefjrLepfawG&JU vufxJ a&mufoGm;Ekdifw,f/ 'g[m igwrifuvm csJUNyD;ajymwm r[[kwfbl; / igEkdifiHa&;vkyfvmwmMumNyD/ vlxk7JUoabmudk igaumif;aumif;odw,f/ tJ'Dawmh vGwfvyf&;wdkufyGJ0ifbkdU 'dkUvufaES;ae&if EkdifiHa&; acgif;aqmifrI[m uGefjrLepfawG&JU vufxJ a&mufoGm;ekdifw,fqkdwm igwu,fajymwm/ aemufawmufawmufajymaewm r[kwfbl/ ightaeeJUqkd&ifawmh zqyv u,lay;wJh vGwfvyfa&;udkom igvkdcsifw,f/ uGefjrLepfawGuay;wJh vGwfvyfa&;udk igrvkdcsifbl;/ AkdvfcsKyfudk tJ'dtcsuf rif;aoaocsmcsm &Sif;jyuGm/ [kwfuJh/ AkdvfcsKyf aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;Ekdifatmif igbmvkyfcsifw,fqkdwmudk tckwcgwnf; rif;udk igajymjyvkdufr,f/ [kwfuJh/ 1/ vGwfvyfa&;udk wESpftwGif;ay;yghr,fvdkU 1947 ckESpf Zefe0g&D 31 &ufaeUrwkdifcif NAdwdoQtpkd;&wkdUrS ausnm&ef/ 2/ tu,fírausnmvQif zqyv udk,fpm;vS,fawGtaeeJU tpdk;&tzGJUrS EIwfxGufNyd; vGwfvyffa&; twGuftEkenf;eJU tmPmzDqef&ef/ tJ'DtcsufESpfcsufygwJh qkH;jzwfcsufudk csNyD; jynfwGif;rSmvnf; ausnmr,f/ NAdwdoQtpkd;&udkvnf; taMumif;Mum;r,f/ tJ'Daemuf tEkenf;eJU

tmPmzdqefbkdU vkdtyfwJh tpDtpOfawG udk vkyfr,f/ 'kdUawmif;wJhtwkdif; NAdwdoQtpdk;&u ausnm&if tmPmzDqefbkdUrvkdbl;/ rausnm&if tmPmzDqefr,f/ 'gyJ/ OD;ausmfNidr;fvJ AkdvfcsKyfudk&Sif;jy&atmif twGif;0ef&kH;udk xGufoGm;w,f/ aemuf okH;em&Davmuf MumwJhtcg jyefvmNyD; ol&Sif;jywJh udpöudk tvkyftrIaqmiftpnf;ta0;rSm aqG;aEG;r,f/ tvkyftrIaqmif tpnf;ta0;udk tJ'DaeUnrSmbJ ac:bkdU AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u rSmvkdufwJhtaMumif; OD;ausmfNidrf;u ocifEkudk &Sif;jyw,f/ tvkyftrIaqmiftpnf;ta0;pwJhtcg ocifEku olUtqkdudk wifw,f/ OD;ausmfNidr;fu axmufcHw,f/ tzGJU0ifawGxJu vlBuD;okH;av;OD; u uefUuGufw,f/ useftzGJU0ifawGuawmh bmrS rajymbl;/ AdkvfcsKyfbmajymr,fqkdwm apmifhem;axmifaeykHay:w,f/ AkdvfcsKyfatmiffqef;rSm olU[mol qkH;jzwfxm;wm&SdaeygNyD/ 'gayrJh olU qkH;jzwfcsufudk awmh olrajymjyao;bl;/ wjcm;tzGJU0ifawG pkHpkHvifvif rajym&ao;cif ol ajymvkdUraumif;bl;/ olu tqkdufk daxmufcHvkduf&if b,folrS uefUuGufrSm r[kwfawmhbl;/olu uefUuGufvkduf&ifvnf; b,folrS axmufcHawmhrSm r[kwfbl;/ tzGJU0if vlBuD;awG pkHpkHvifvif ajymwmudk olem;axmifcsifw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh tJ'dnu AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m olrsm;ajymwmudkom em;axmifaew,f/ bmrS 0ifrajymbl;/ ocifEkqkdwJhvluvnf; b,fvkd vlpm;vJrqkdEkdifbl;/ olUudk vlqef;vkdU yJac:&rvm;/ *GpmvkdUyJ ac:&rvm;/ ZGwfw&Gwform;vkdUyJ ac:&rvm;/ b,fvkd ac:&rSef;awmif rodbl;/ olUtqkdukd tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUxJrSm wa,mufxJ axmufcHrJhvl&Sdw,f/ tJ'dvkd vlMudKufeJaewJhtwGuf olU pdwf"mwf usrqif;oGm;bl;/ olUtqkdudk vufcHatmif enf;trsKd;rsKd;eUJ pdwfvefrmefyg ZGwftwif;ajymaewmyJ/ n 11em&Davmuf&SdwJhtcgusawmh tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0if vlBuD;awGvJ tawmf yifyrf;vmMuukefNyd/ tJ'gaMumifh Mum;jzwfwJhtaeeJU tzGJU0ifvlBuD;wOD;u tpkd;&tzGJUu EIwfxGuf&ef qkdwJh tydkif;eJU tmPmzDqef&efqkdwJhtydkif;udk jzKwfypfNyD; wESpftwGif; vGwfvyfa&;ay;ygr,fqkdwJh NAdwdoQ tpk;d&tzGJUUu 1947 ckESpf? Zefe0g&dv 31&ufaeUrwkdifrD aMujim&ef qkdwJh tydkif;udk bJ qkH;jzwfcsufcs&ef tMuHay;w,f/ 'DtMuH[m bmrS wefbkd;r&Sdbl;qkdNyd; ocifEku y,fypfvkdufw,f/ 'dtykdif;avmufom qkH;jzwfcsufcsr,fqdk&if bmrS rqkH;jzwfwmuydkaumif;OD;r,f qkdNyd; ocifEku oa&mfawmfawmf ajymvkdufao;w,f/ oef;acgifausmfavmuf a&mufvmwJhtwGuf aemufnrS qufNyD; pOf;pm;bkdU AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u tvkyftrIaqmif tpnf;ta0;udk

a&TUqkdif;ypfvkdufw,f/ aemufwaeUrSm Akdkvfatmiffqef;[m zqyv XmecsKyfudk a&mufvmNyD; ocifEkeJUawGUw,f/ ocifEkqkdwJh twdkif;vkyf&rSmbJ/ rvkyf&if vGwfvyfa&;jyóem[m jrKyfoGm;vdrfhr,f/ 'gayrJhtmPmzDqefwJhtcg usaemfwkdU vlawG tMurf;rzufbkdU tawmfxdef;ay;&r,f/ tMurf;zufvkduf&ifawmh vGwfvyfa7;wkdufyGJvnf; ysufoGm;rSmbJ/ vGwfvyfa&;eJUvnf; a0;oGm;rSmbJ vkdU ocifEkudkajymw,f/ nzufrSm tvkkyftrIaqmiftpnf;ta0; pwJhtcg ocifEkeJU OD;ausmfNidrf; wkdUbmrS ajymp&m rvkdbl;/ vGwfvyfa&;[m ta&;BuD;qkH;jyóemjzpfw,f/ tJ'Dawmh 'Djyóemudk OD;pm;ay;Nyd;aqmif&Guf&r,f/ 'DvkdOD;pm;ay;NyD; raqmif&Guf&if vGwfvyfa&;udk usaemfwkdUrsufajcjywfoGm;vdrfhr,f/ 'dvGwfvyfa&;ukd OD;pm;ay;Nyd; aqmif&Gufr,fqkdjyef&ifvnf; wESpftwGif; vGwfvyfa&;ay;ygvdkU 1947 ck Zefe0g&Dv 31 &ufaeU rwkdifrD ausnmcdkif;&kHeJU rvkHavmufao;bl;/ rausnm&if usaemfwkdUu bmvkyfr,fqkdwmyg yg7r,f/ tJ'gryg7If usaemfwkdU&JU qkH;jzwfcsufudk NAdwdoQ tpdk;&wkdUu zkdfifwGJcsifvnf; wGJxm;vdrfhr,f/ pufuL pkwfxnhfwJh jcif;xJ qkwfypfNyd;xnfh&ifvnf;xnfvdrfhr,f/ tJ'gaMumifh NAdwdoQ tpkd;&wkdU u rausnm&if usaemwkdUbmvkyfr,fqkdwm xnfh&r,f/ rxnhfvkdUvnf; rjzpfbl;qkdwJh tcsufawGudk AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m tus,fcsJUNyd; wem&Davmufajymw,f/ uefUuGufrJhol wa,mufrS r&Sdbl;/ tJ'Dvkd ajym NyD;wJhaemuf tmPm zDqefw,fqkdwm rvkyf&if rjzpfvkdU omvkyf&rSm vG,fwJhudpör[kwfbl;/ tdE´d,rSm r[wÅr*ED´[m tEkenf;eJU tmPmzDqefbkdU olUvlawGudk nGefMum;w,f/ vlwcskKdUom em;axmifw,f/ wcsKdUem;raxmifbl;/ usaemfwkdUArmawG[m odyfpdwfqwfw,f/tEkenf;eJU b,favmuftxd tmPmzDqefEkdifrvJqkdwm apmifhMunhf&rSmyJ/ tdED´,rSm wcsKdUvlawG[m tMur;fzufvmwJhtcg r[wÅr*ED´[m tmPmzDqefa&;udk &kwfodr;fypfw,f/ usaemfwkdUvlawGvnf; usaemfwkdUpum;udk em;raxmifMubJ tMur;fzufvm&if tmPmzDqefa&;udk csufcsif;&yfypf&rSmbJ? tp&SdwJh owday;pum;awGudk vnf; AkdfvfcsKyfuajymoGm;w,f/ AkdvfcsKyfajymNyD;wJhaemuf tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU [m tqkdudk wnDwnGwfwnf; qkH;jzwfcsufcsvkdufNyd;jynfwGif;rSmvnf; ausnmw,f/ NAdwdoQtpkd;&udkvnf taMumif;Mum;w,f/] 1946 ck Ekd0ifbmvtukefavmufudk a&mufwJhtcg OD;ausmfNidrf;udk AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u ac:vkdufw,f/ Od;ausmfNidrf; jyefvmwJhtcg bdvyfudk vmNyd;aqG;aEG;MubdkUNAdwdoQtpkd;&uAkdvfcsKyfwkdUudk zdwfNyd; AkdvfcsKyfwkdUuvnf;

zdwfMum;vTmudk vufcHvkdufNydvkdU ocifEkudk taMumif;Mum;w,f/ zdwfMum;csufxJrSm ArmjynftwGu fvGwfvyfa&;udpöudk aqG;aEG;bkdU ygovm;vkdU ocifEku OD;ausmfNidr;fudkar;w,f/ rygbl;/ aqG;aEG;&atmif bdvyfudkvmygvkdUom zdwfwmyJvkdU OD;ausmfNidrf; uajzw,f/ 'dvkdomref zdwfMum;csufrsKd;udk 'dkUvufcHbkdU raumif;bll;/ 'DESpfarxJrSm tdEd´,udk NAdwdoQ0efMud; awG ygwJh tzJGUwckapvTwfcJhwkef;u 'DtzGJU bdvyfu rxGufcif ygvDrefrSm NAdwdoQtpkd;&u ausnmcsuf wckxkwfjyefcJh&w,f/ 'dxkwfjyefcsufxJrSm 'DtzGJU[m tdEd´,acgif;aqmifawGeJU vGwfvyfa&;udpö aqG;aEG;r,f/ vGwfvyfa&; &NyD;wJhtcg tdEd´,[m NAdwdoQ o[m,tzGJUxJrSm aevkdu aeEkdifw,f/ cGJxGufvkdu cGJxGufEkdifw,f qkdwmudkyg xnfhoGif;a usnmcJh&w,f/ tJ'dvkd ausnmcsufrskKd;om rygbJ omref zdwfMum;csufrsKd;omqkd&if NADwdoQtpkd;&&JU zdwfMum;csufudk 'dkUvufrcHoifhbl;vkdU ocifEku ajymw,f/ usaemfwkdU tpkd;&tzGJUu vufcHNyD;Nyd/ vufcHw,fqkdwmuvnf; bk&ifcHudk taMumif;Mum;NyD; oGm;NyD/ vkdU OD;ausmfNidr;fu &Sif;jyw,f/ 'Dvkdqkdawmh udpö[m awmfawmfNyD;aeNyd/ 'gayrJu rif;AkdvfcsKyfqDudk tckjyefoGm;NyD; igajymwJhtcsuf udk ajymjyygOD;/ olbmajymr,ffqkdwm ig Mum;csifw,fvkdUajymNyD; OD;ausmfNidr;dukdjyefvTwfvkdufw,f/ aemufESpfem&DavmufMumwJhtcg OD;ausmfNidrf;jyefvmNyD; 'DuaeUn tvkyftrIaqmiftpnf;ta0;ac:/ 'dudpöudk aqG;aEG;r,fvkdU AkdvfcsKyfajymvkdufwJh taMumif;&Sif;jyw,f/ tvkyftrIaqmiftpn;fta0;[m 'dwcgrSmawmh ocifEkwifjywmudk vufcHw,f/ 'gayrJh NAdwdoQ tpdk;&tzGJU&JU zdfwfMum;csufudk vufcHygw,fqkdwJhpum;jyefNyD; aeNyD/ tcktcsdefrS 'Dpum; udk wrsKd;jyefjyifae&if raumif;bl;vkdU 0kdif;ajymMuw,f/ 'Dudpöudk omrefudpövkd oabmxm;vkdUr&bl;/ ArmEkdifiH&JU*kPf / bdvyfukd aqG;aEG; &atmifoGm;MurJh zqyvudk,fpm;vS,f awG&JU 8kPf awGudk usaemfwkdUtrsm;BuD;iJh&r,f/ ArmEkdifiHu acgif;aqmifawG[m NAdwdoQtpkd;& uvmMutkH;vkdU ac:vkduf&if bmrSef;nmrSef;rod xoGm;MuwmyJ qkdwmrsKd;urÇmrsufpdxJrSm ray:apcsifbl/ NAdwdoQ 0efMuD;tzGJU[m tdEd´,udk rvmcif ta&;MuD;wJh ausnmcsufw&yfudk ygvDrefrSm xkwfay;Ekdif&if zqyv acgif;aqmifawG bdvyftoGm;rSmvnf; ygvDrefu xkwfay;Ekdif&r,f/ rxkwfay;&if zqyv acgif;aqmifawG roGm;&bl;/ cifAsm;wkdUoGm;csifw,f qkd&if 'DvkdoGm;wmudk usaemf oabmrwlbl;qkdwmudk rSwfwrf;wifxm;yg/ vkdU ocifEku ajymw,f/ tvkyftrIaqmif vlBuD;awGuvnf; zddwfMum;csufudk vufcHwJhtaMumif;

bk&ifcHudkpum;jyefNyD;Nyd/ tcktcsdefrS pum;jyif&if raumif;bl;qkdwmbJ xyfajymMuw,f/ tJ'dtcg ocifEku tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu oabmwl&if bk&ifcHudk oloGm;awGUr,f/ vkdUajymw,f/ tm;vkH;u oabmwlwJhtwGuf OD;ausmfNidrf;udk ac:NyD; ocifEk[m bk&ifcHeJUawGUw,f/ bk&ifcH qm[l;bwf&efpfh[m oabmxm; tvGefjrifhjrwfol jzpfw,f ocifEkajymaewmudk axmufxm;nSmwmwJhpdwfeJU em;axmifaew,f/ ocifEkajymNyD;wJhtcg bk&ifcHu bdvyftpkd;&udk csufcsif;taMumif;Mum;ay;r,fvkdU pum;jyefw,f/ 1946 ckESpf 'dZifbmv 20 &ufaeU a&mufwJhtcg NAdwdoQ o[m,tzGJUeUJ tifydkif,m twGif;rSm raevkdaom EkdifiHrsm;tm; aeatmif qGJxm;&ef uREkfyfwkdUrSm qE´r&Sdyg/ rrmjynfaemifa&;udk ArmEkdifiHol EkdfifiHom;rsm;uom qkH;jzwfEkdif&rnf/ tcktcg tkyfcsKyfa&;onf bk&ifcH. trIaqmiftzGJU0ifrsm;jzpfMuaom jrefrmtrsKd;om;rsm; vufwGif;rSm a&mufaeygNyD/ vGwfvyfa&;yef;wkdifokdU csDwufonfhtcg vQifvQifjrefjref csDwuf &rnfjzpfaomfvnf;ArmEkdifiHolEkdifiHom; rsm;. tusK;dpD;yGm;tvkdUiSm pnf;urf;wus csDwufEkdifMubkdU txll;;ta&;MuD;ygonf/ tp&SdojwJh ausnmcsufwckudk 0efMuD;csKyf tufwvdu ygvDrefrSm ausnmay;ygw,f/ 'Dausnmcsuf[m txl;vkHavmufaewJHtwGu fzqyv acgif;aqmifrsm; ? bdvyfoGm;&eftqkdudk tvkyftrIatmiftzGJU u qkH;jzwfay;vkdufygw,f / 'gayrJh 'Dudpö[m rNyD;ao;bl;/ zqyvacgif;aqmifawG NADwdoQ tpdk;&eJU awGUwJhtcg bmawG aqG;aEG;;&r,fqkdwm ud kpOf;pm;bkdUtwGuf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u tvkyftrIaqmif tpnf;ta0; wck ac:ay;w,f/ tJ'dtpnf;ta0;rSm ocifEku wjcm;tcsufawGudk rvkdcsifbl;/ wcsufbJvkdcsifw,f vkdU ajymw,f/ AkdfvfcsKyfatmifqef;u bmvJvkdUar;w,f/ ocifEk vdkcsifwJhtcsufwcsufqkdwm bmvJ qkdudk odzkdUtwGuf 'dae&mrSm eJeJ avmuf &Sif;;jybkdUvkdygvdrfhr,f/ NADwdoQ tpkd;&wkdUu tdEd´, ud apvTwfvkdufwJh NAdwdoQ 0efBud;rsm;tzGJUeJU tdEd´, acgif;aqmifrsm;[m vGwfvyfa&;udpöudk aqG;aEG;NyD;wJhtcg tdEd´,rSm taxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJMuD;wck usif;yay;bkdU ta&;wMuD;vkdvmw,f/ tJ'Da&G;aumufyGJrSmtEkdif&wJH tzGJU[m tdEd´,wEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m tpkd;& tzGJUudk zGJUNyd; tJ'dtpdk;&udk NAdwdoQtpkd;&wkdUu tmPmvTJay;r,f/NyD;awmhrS tJ'Dtpkd;&u OD;aqmifNyD; tdEd´,EkdifiHopf&JU tajccH tkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf;Oay'opfudk a&;qGJ7r,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 1946 ckESpfEkd0ifbm

vtwGif;rSm taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJBuD;udk pwifusif;ycJhw,f/ tdEd´,[m tvGefBuD;wJhEkdifHiHMuD;jzpfwJhtwGu fEkd0ifbmvtwGif;rSm pwif usif;ycJhwJh taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJMud;[m 'dZifbmxJ a&mufrS NyD;oGm;w,f/ tJ'dtaxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJBuD;udk tdEd´,rSm usi;fywJhtcg NAdwdoQtpdk;&wkdkU jyXmef;xm;cJhwJh 1935 ckESpf tdEd´,EkdifiHawmf tpkd;&tkyfcsKyfa&;Oya't&usif;ycJhw,f/ NAdwdoQtpkd;&eJU zqyv udkf,fpm;vS,f awG vGwfvyfa&;eJUywfoufNyd; oabmwlnDcsuf&&if ArmEkdifiHrSmvnf; tvm;wl taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJMuD;udk usif;yay;bkdUvkdvdrhfr,/ tJ'Da&G;aumufyGJudk usif;ywJhtcg tdEd´,rSmvdkyJ NAdwdoQwkdU ArmEkdifiHtwGu fjyXmef;xm;wJh 1935 ckESpf ArmEkdifiH awmf tpkd; tkyfcskYKyfa&; Oya't& usif;yay;p&m tvm;tvmawG trsm;MuD; &Sdw,f/ ocifEku 'dOya't& taxG axG a&G;aumufyGJ usif;ywmudk rBudKkufbl;/ olrSm vkHavmufwJh taMumi;fawG &Sdygw,f/ 'dtaMumif;awG[m bmawGvJqkdawmh eJeJavmufMunfh&atmif/ 'd1935 ckESpf ArmEkdifiHawm ftpk;d& tkyfcsKyfa&; Oya'udk 91XmeOya'tjzpfeJU ArmawG todrsm;w,f/ 'DOya't& ArmawGvufxJudk 91XmetkyfcsKyf&wJhtmPm awGtyfxm;w,fvkdUqkdmxm;aomfvnf; wu,fhtmPm[m bk&ifcH&JUvufxJrSm &Sdw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'DOya'[m wkdif;jynfeJU trsKd;om; twGu tbmrS tuskKd;r&SD/ &mxl;iwfaewJh apmufiwfawGtwGufom tuskKd;&SdwJhOya' tjzpfeJU vli,fa&m vlBuD;yg wEkdifiHvkH; 0kdif;Nyd; ysuf7,f jyKaewJh Oya' jzpfw,f/ tJ'dOya't& taxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJMuD;ukd vkyfr,ffqkd&if &rJhvGwfvyfa&;udk jynfolvlxku okdUavmokdUavm awG;awm oHo, jzpfvmEkdifp&m taMumif;&Sdw,fvkdU ocifEku ,lqw,f/ aemufNyd;awmhvnf; olUtoufeJYxyfwlxyfrQ jrwfekd;vSwJ hvkH;0vGwfvyfa&;udk olwoufvkH; &IHUcs uJh&Jh ysuf&,fjyKcJhwJh Oya'MuD;eJUtwl Armorkdif;rSm wGJNyD;rSwf wrf;wifxm;&rSmvudk ocifEk tifrwefpufqkwfw,f/ aemufxyfNyD;awmhvJ ocifEkrSm taMumif;MuD;waMumif;&Sdao;w,f/ 1935 ckESpf Oya't& t7G,fa&mufolwkdif;rSm rJay;EkdifcGifhr&Sdbl;/ t&G,fa&mufNyd; ypfpnf; b,favmuf&SdrS tcGefb,favmufay;rS pojzifh rJqef'&Sif wOD;twGuf t&nftcsif;awG uefUowfxm;w,f/ 'DvkduefUowfxm;wmudk ocifEk rBudKufbl;/ t&G,fa&mufolwkdif; rJay;EkdifcGifh&Sdwmudk ocifEk BudKufw,f/ t&G,fa&mufolwkdif;udk rJay;EkdifwJH a&G;aumufyGJrSm tEkdif&wJh tzJGUrS wkdif;jynfudk ukd,fpm;jyKwJh tzGJUjzpfEkdifw,f vkdU ocifEku ,lqw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh1/ 1935 ckESpf jrefrmEkdifiHawmftpkd;& tkyfcsKyfa&;Oya't&

a&G;aumufxm;wJhomref Oya'jyKvTwfawmf tvkdr&Sd/ 2/ vGwfvyfawmhr,fh EkdifiHwkdif;rSm usif;yavh/ usif;yNrJ jzpfwJht&G,f a&mufolwkdif;u a&G;aumufwifajrmufwJh wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf ukdom tvkd&Sdw,f/ 3/ tJ'dwdkif;jynfjyK vTwfawmfudk a&G;aumufekdifbkdUtwGuf Oya'topfw&yfudk NAdwdoQtpkd;& wkdUu jyXmef;ay;&r,fvdkU ocifEk u tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUudk tqkd wifoGif;w,f/ tdE´d,rSm 1935 ckESpf tdE´d,EkdifiHawmftpkd;& tkyfcsKyfa&;Oya't& a&G;aumufyGJvkyf&w,f/ ArmEkdifiHtwGufvnf; 'Dtwkdif;vkyfay;rSmbJ/ ocifEkawmif;qkdwJhtwdkif; rjzpfEkdifbl;vkdU wcsKdU tvkyftrIaqmifawGu taMumif;jyw,f/ ocifEkujzpfEdkifw,fvdkU ajymw,f/ tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU u oabmwl&if 'Dudwfpudk bk&ifcHeJU oloGm;aqG;aEG;r,fvkdU ajymw,f tvkyftrIaqmif tzGJU oabmwlwJh twGuf olUvufpGJawmf Od;ausmfNidr;fudk ac:NyD; bk&ifcHeJUawGUw,f/ tJ'dtcsdefrSm qm8Dvbwfvdwfo0dwf qkdwJh Oya' uRrf;usifol wOD; bdvyfua&mufaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh bk&ifcHu ocifEkwkdUudk 'Dyk*f*kdvfeJU qkHay;w,f/ 'DyK8f8Kdvfu tdE´d,rSm 1935 ckESpf Oya't& taxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJusif;yay;cJhw,f/ ArmjynfrSmvnf; 'Dtwkdif;usif;yay;&rSmbJvkdU ajzw,f/ 'Dtajzudk ocifEk rBudKufbl;/ wkdif;jynfjyKvTwf awmf usi;fya&;udwfp[m ArmjynftwGufodyfta7;MuD;w,f / tJ'dta&;BuD;wJhtcsuf udk r&&if zqyv udk,fpm;vS,fawGu aqG;aEG;yGJudk zsufNyD; jyefvmcJh&r,fvkdU ocifeku tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUudk ajymjyw,f/ ocifEk[m olUoli,fcsif; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk odyftm;udk;w,f/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JU t&Sdeft0geJUom awmif;&&if NAdwdoQtpkd;&qDu bmrqkd &EKdif&r,f/ r&&ifvJ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JU t&Sdeft0geJU ArmjynfrSm pkdufxm;wJh NADwdoQtmPmudk tkwfjrpfuaeNyD; ukdifvIyfypfEkdif&r,f vkdU ocifEku rrSdwfrokH ,kHMunfaew,f/ tJ'D ,kHMunfrIaMumifh ocifEk[m NAdwdoQeJU ta&;qkdwJh ae&mrSm tckvdk cyfwif;wif; cyfrmrm ta&;qkdwmjzpfw,f/ ocifEk&JU tqkdukd qkd&S,fvpfygwDu wndwnGwfwnf;axmufcHw,f/ bdvyfaqG;aEG;yGJud 0efMuD;awGom tzdwfcH&w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh qkd&S,fvpfygwD OufuX ofcifjr[m jynfxJa&;0efMuD; &mxl;u xGufr,f/ olae&mukd ocifEkudk cefUyg/ olUtpm; bdvyfaqG;aEG;yGJudk ocifEkwufNyd; wkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf &atmif awmif;qkdygvkdU ajym&if; qkd&S,fvpfygwD&JUudk,fpm; ocifEk&JU tqkdudk axmufcHw,f/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; uawmh wu,fvkdU bdvyfaqG;aEG;yGJysufoGm;&if qkH;jzwfcsuftwkdif; tmPm zDqef Ekdifatmif vlxk vIyf&Sm;rIawG

pn;f&kH;bkdUtwGuf ocifEkudk bdvyfaqG;aEG;yGJ rvkdufyJ ae&pfcJhapcsifw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u wkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf udk &atmifawmif;r,f/ r&&if aqG;aEG;yGJzsufNyd;jyefvmr,f vkdU uwday;w,f/ AkdvfcsKyfwkdU bdvyfu jyefrvmcif OD;ausmfNidr;fqDu ocifEk oHBudK;pmwapmif&w,f/ 'doHBudK;pmxJrSm wjcm;bmrS rygbl;/ vdrfarmfoD;qkdwJh pum;vkH;wvkH;wnf;ygw,f/ oHBudK;pmudk zwfNyD; ocifEk odyf0rf;omaew,f/ tu,fa&GUom oHyk&moD;vkdU oHBudK;xJrSmygvm&if ocifEk odyf0rf;enf;r,f/ bmjzpfvkdUvJqkdawmh Armjynfu rxGufcif OD;ausmfNidrf;u wkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf&&if vdrfarmfoD; vkdUoHBudK;&kdufvkdufr,f/r&&ifoHyk&moD;vkdU &kdufvkdufr,fqkdNyD; ocifEkudk uwday;oGm;wmaMumifh jzpfw,f/ tcef;18/ atmiffqef;tuffwvDpmcsKyft& wkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmftwGuf taxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJMuD;udk 1947 ckESpf {Nydv xJrSm usif;ybkdUaocsmw,f AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JU axmufcHcsuf&&if b,folrqkd ta&G;cH&rSmbJqkdwm aocsmaewJhtwGuf a&G;aumufyGJudk 0ifcsifwJh zqyvtzGJU0ifawG odyfrsm;aew,f/ Armjynfr twGuf trwfae&maygif; 182ae&m &SdwJhteuf 0ifcsifwJhvlaygif; 500 ausmfavmuf&Sdaew,f/ 'DvlawGxJu wcsKdUudk csKdcsKdomomawmif;yefvkdU&w,f/ wcsKdUusawmh ayawaw? ZGwfw&GwfvkyfaewJhtwGuf XmecsKyfacgif;aqmifawG[m tawmfaigufvGwfMu&w,f/ trwfavmif;pm&if;udk tacsmukdifNyd;wJhtcg tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU&JU twnfjyKcsuftwGuf tvkyftrIaqmifawGqDukdtrwfavmif;pm&if;ykdU7w,f/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m ocifEkemrnfrawGUbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh tvkyftrIaqmiftpnf;ta0;rvkyfcif ESpf&ufavmuftvkd zqyv XmecsKyfudk AkdvfcsKkyfatmifqef;a&mufvmw,f/ ocifEk/ trwfavmif;pm&if;xJrSm cifAsmhemrnf rawGUbl;/ [kwfw,f / AkdvfcsKyf/ cifAsm;a&G;aumufyGJr0ifbl;vm;/ r0ifbl;/ r[kwfwmbJAsm/ 0ifygAs/ r0ifcsifbl;/ wkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf em,uvkyfbkdU cifAsm;udk usaemf pdwful;xm;w,f/

'dvkdqkd&ifomawmifr0ifcsifao;w,f/ bmjzpfvkdUvJ/ 'dem,u wufvkyfae&if EkdifiHa&;u xGuf&awmhrSm r[kwfbl;/ 'Dpum;udk Mum;wJhtcg AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; [m tawmfpdwfqdk;w,f/ 'DocifEkqkdwJhvl[m EkdifiHa&;vkyfazmfudkifbufawGeJUtwlwlekdifiHa&;vkyfzkdUudk b,fawmhrS pdwfrul;bl;/ tcGihfaumif;&wmeJU EkdifiHa&;u xGufajy;bkdUbJ pdwful;aew,fvkdU awG;rdNyd; pdwfqkd;ykHay:w,f/ 'grSr[kwf&ifvnf; oluawmh tifrwef arwÅmxm;Nyd; ay;w,f/ 'DocifEk[m olUapwemudk rwKefUjyefbl;vdkU awG;rdNyd; *&kPma'gaomjzpfwmrsK;dvJjzpfEkdifw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh olUpum;xJrSm a'gooHawG ygvmNyd; us,fus,favmifavmifjzpfvmw,f/ ocifEkvJ olEkdifiHa&; rvkyfcsifygbl;qkdwm od&ufom;eJU olUukd bmvkdU EdkifiHa&;orm; twif;vkyfckdif;ae&wmvJ/ qkdNyD; pdwfqkd;vmw,f/ olUpum;awGxJrSmvnf; a'gooHawG ygvmw,f/ olwkdUESpfa,muf tcsDtcs ajymaeMuwm tawmfqlnHaewmbJ/ XmecsKyftvkyform;awGeJU {nhfonfawG[m 'DESpfa,mufbmrsm;jzpfovJqkdNyD; ajy;vmMuao;w,f/ 'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk olwkdUaMumufw,f/ tMumBuD;&yfNyD;em;raxmif&Jbl;/ em&D0ufavmufMumwJhtcg AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m xkdif;ae&mu AsKH;ueJxxGufoGm;w,f/ ocifEkuawmh AkdvfcsKyfeJU tmacsmufatmif jiif;ckH&wmaMumifh armaewmeJU olUpm;yGJrSmxkdif awGUcsifwJh{nhfonfawGudk aemufrS vmawGUMubkdU csdef;NyD; tarmajzaew,f/ tawmfuav;MumwJhtcg AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u w,fvDzkef;eJU pum;ajymcsifw,fvkdU XmecsKyfu vlwa,muf vmajymwmeJU w,fvDzkef;&Sd&mudk ocifEkxoGm;w,f/ [,fvkd? AdkvfcsKyfvm;/ cifAsm;a&G;aumufyGJ0ifygAs/ r0ifbl;/ The Country is doomed vkdUa'goeJU tus,fBuD;atmfNyD; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m w,fvDzkef;udk aqmifhcsypfvkdufw,f/ The Country is doomed qkdwm[m wkkdif;jynfBuD;ysufpD;awmhrSmbJ vkdU wkduf&kduf t"dyfyg,f &w,f/ wkdif;jynftwGuf aqmif&GufoifhwJhvlawG[m tckvkdom acgif;a&SmifaeMur,fqkd&if wkdif;jynfBuD;ysufpD;awmhrSmbJ vkdU olqkdcsifwmbJ/ a'goodyfjzpfaewJhtwGuf olajymcsifaewmudk tukefrajymyJ tckvkd wkdwkdawmif;awmif; ajymvkdufykHay:w,f/ wkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfqkdwm omref Oya'jyK vTwfawmfeJU rwlbl;/ ZGwfvkyfawmhrJhEkdifiHopf twGuf tajccH Oya' BuD;udk a&;;qGJ&rJh

Oya'jyKvTwfawmfjzpfw,f/ 'Dvkd Oya'jyKvTwfawmfrsKd;ukd woufrSmwcg MuHKbkdU tifrwefcufw,f/ tJ'D wkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf [m *kPftm;jzifh tif rwef BuD;rm;aewJhtwGuf 'DvTwfawmf em,u&mxl;&JU *kPf[m vJ tifrwe BuD;rm;vSygayw,f/ 'DtcsufawGudk ocifEk rodvkdU r[kwfbl;/ oDygw,f tJ'D*kPfudkocifEk rvkdcsifvkdUvJ r[kwfygbl;/ vkdcsifygw,f/ aemufNyd;awmhvnf; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u ocifEkud em,u &mxl;ay;wm[m ocifEk&JU t&nftcsif;udkMunfhNyd;ay;wmr[kwfbl;/ wkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfrSm em,u vkyfbkdU ocifEkxuf trsm;BuD; ydkNyD; awmfwJhvlawG trsm;BuD;&Sdygw,f/ 'dvkd&SdaewJhtxJu ocifekudk a&G;NyD;ay;wm[m wjcm;aMumifhr[kwfbl;/ cyf&Sif;&Sif;ajym&&if cspfvkdUay;wmbJ/ 'gudkvJ ocifEk odygw,f/ 'gayrJh 'Dem,u &mxl;udk ocifEkvufcHvkduf&if EkdifiHa&;avmuBuD;xJrSm oHo7m&SnfawmhrSmbJqdkwmudk ocifEk awG;rdNyd; wpdrfhpdrfhaMumufaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'Dem,u &mxl;udk b,fenf;eJUrQ vufrcHbl;vkdU ocifEk ,wdjywfqkH;jzwfxm;w,f/ a&G;aumufyGJusif;ywJhtcg ArmjynfrrSm trwfae&m 182ae&m &SdwJhteuf zqyvu 171 ae&m&w,f/ uGefjrLepfawGu 7 ae&m&w,f/usef woD;yk*f*vawGu usefae&mawG&w,f/ wkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfudk 1947 ckESp fZGEfv 9&ufaeUrSm zGifhr,f/ tJ'dawmh wkdif;jyK jynfjyK vTwfawmf a&;qGJ&rJh tajccH tkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'eJUywfoufNyD; BudKwifwkdifyifEkdifzkdU twGuf arvtv,f avmufrSM zqyv trwfaygif;pkH tpnf;ta0;w&yfudk AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u zdwfac:xm;w,f/ tJ'Dtpnf;ta0;[m trwfaygif;pkHtpnf;ta0; jzpfaywJh ocifEkukdvJ 'kwd, OufuX tjzpf zdwfac:xm;w,f/ ocifEk w&ufrS rwufbl;/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJU trwfawG MunfhvkyfMuvdrhfr,f qkdNyD; olU[mol XmecsKyfrSmaew,f/ tnmudk jyefcsifwJh olUwaumufzmav;wjyifjyifeJU oljyef&rJh&ufudk vufcsKd;NyD;a7wGufaewJh qDonf tnmom;zkd;aqmifvkd ocifEk[mvJ 'Dvkd XmecsKyfrSmae&if; olUekdifiHa&;u xGuf&r,fh &ufudk vufcsKd;NyD;a&wGufaew,f/ 'gyar,hf udwfp wck ay:vmvkdU 'Dtpnf;ta0;&JU vkyfief;awGxJ rSm rygcsifaywJh ocifEk 0ifNyd; ygvkduf&ao;w,f/ yg&ykHu 'Dvkd/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m tajccHtkyfcsKyfa&; Oya'xJrSm bmoma&;ygvmrSmudk rltm;jzifhrBudKufbl;/ wcsKdUtrwfawGu bmoma&;udk wenf;enf;jzifh xnhfay;apcsifw,f/ wcsKdUusawmh Ak"f'bmomudk EkdifiHawmfbmomtjzpf xnhfay;apcsifw,f/tJ'Dvkd &SdaeaywJh 'DudwfprSm AkdvfcsKyfatmifqe;f&JU pdwf"mwf[m tifrwef jyif;jyif;xefxefMuD;

qefUusifaewJhtwGuf b,ftrwfurS trwfaygif;pkHnDvmcHrSm 'Dudwfpudk rajym&JMubl;/ 'gayrJh trwfaygif;pHknDvmcH usif;ywJh aeU&uftwGif;rSm &[ef;awmftcsKdUeJU Ak'f"bmomacgif;aqmiftcsKdU tajccH tkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'xJrSm Ak'f"omoemudk ekdifiHawmfbmom tjzpf xnfhay;bkdU owif;pmxJrSm awmif;qkdvmw,f/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; [m tJ'dtrwfaygif;pkH nDvmcH&JU aeUwaeUrSm pum;ajymaewkef; owif;pmawGxJu awmif;qkdcsuffawGeJU ywfoufNyd; ]acG;a[mifwkdif; xMunhfraeEkdifbl; } vkdU vTwfueJajymvkdufrdw,f/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqe;fuawmh owif;pmawGudk ajymwmygbJ/ 'gayrJh owif;pmawGu AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m &[ef;awmfawGudk ykyfcwfovkd vSnhfNyD;a&;MuwJhtwGuf Ak'f"bmomavmurSm tawmfuav; pdwfrcsrf;romjzpfoGm;w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh pdwfyloGm;wJh bk&ifcH qm[l;bwf&efpfhu ocifEkudk csufcsif;ac:vkdufw,f/ awGUvQifawGUcsif; qm[l;bwf&efpfhu trwfaygif;pkHnDvmcHrSm AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; ajymvkdufwJh pum;aMumifh &[ef;awmfawGeJU Ak'f"bmom0ifawG tawmf pdwfrcsrf;rom jzpfaew,fvkdU usaemf owif;Mum;&w,f/ cifAsm;vJ 'Dowif;udk Mum;NyD;a&maygh vkdU ocifEkdukd ajymvkdufw,f/ usaemf rMum;&ao;bl;vkdU ocifEkuajzw,f/ (ocifEk[m owif;pmawGud ktifrwef zwfcJw,f/) &[ef;awGeJU Ak'f"bmom0if awmfawmfrsm;rsm; [m tawmf pdwfrcsrf;rom jzpffaew,fvkdU ussaemf tpD&ifcHpm zwf&w,f/ tJ'dawmh 'Dudwfpudk cifAsm;0ifOD;rSyJ/ tckvdk vspfvsL&Ixm;vkdU rjzpfbl;/ vkdU ajymNyD; qm[l;bwf&efpfhu ocifEkudk pmyGJckHay:u tkdif,mvefEkdifiH&JU tajccH tkyfcsKyfa&; Oya'pmtkyf ay;vkdufw,f/ tJ'dOya'&JU wae&mrSm bmoma&;u@udk awGU&w,f/ tJ'd face=WinKalaw u@atmufrSm uufvopf *kdPf;[m tkdif,mvef wGif trsm;qkH;vufcHaom*dkPf;jzpfw,f/ y&kdwufpwifh *kdPf;0ifrsm;vnf; tkdif,mvefrSm &SdMuw,fvkdU t"dyfyg,f ygwJh pmykd'fawGud ocifEkawGU&w,f/ tJ'dawmh qm[l;bwf&efpfhu qufNyD; tajccHtkyfcsKyfa&; Oya'xJrSm bmoma&;vkH;0rygbl;qkd&iffamh &[ef;awmfawGeJU Ak'f"bmom0ifawG 7JU pdwfxJ tawmfxdckdufvdrfhr,f/ tkdif,mveftajccH tkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'xJrSm vkd ArmEkdifiHrSm Ak'f"bmom [m vltrsm;qkH;udk;uG,fwJh bmomjzpfw,f/ wjcm;bmomawGvJ &Sdw,f qkdwmavmuf awmh xnhfay;oifhw,f/ trwfawGxJuawmh b,folrS AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk ajym&JrSm r[kwfbl; ajym&ifvJh AkdvfcsKyfatmiffqef; u em;axmifrSm

r[kwfbl;/AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk ocifEk ajymrS &rSmbJvkdU qm[l;bwf&efpfhu pkd;&drfaewhJpdwfawGeJU ocifEkudk ajymjyw,f/ ocifEkvJ tkdif,mvef tajccHtkyfcsKyfa&;Oya' pmtkyfudk ,lNyd; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tdrfwef;oGm;w,f/jrefrmEkdifiHawmf tajccHtkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'xJrSm bmoma&;u@ygvmwmawGUawmh zqyv trwfawG[m tawmf thHtm;oihfaeMuw,f/ (1) zqyv trwfaygif;pkH nDvmcH Nyd;oGm;wJhtcg NrdwfjrdKUu OD;cifqkdwJhtrwf[m olUt&yfudk cPjyefw,f/ olpD;oGm;wJh oabmF[m vrf;rSm epfjrKyfoGm;w,f/ oabmFxJygoGm;wJh vlwa,mufrS r&Sifbl; / tm;vkH; a7epfNyD;aoqkH;oGm;w,f/ 'Dowif;udk Mum;Mum;csif; rsm;rMumcif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; XmecsKyfudk a&mufvmw,f/ atmufajcrSwfpk (1) zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya' yk'fr 21 (1)Ak'f"bmomomoemawmfonf EkdifiHawmf\EkdifiHom;trsm;qkH;ukd;uG,f&mjzpfaom *kPfxl;0daooESihf jynfhpkHonfh bmomBuD; jzpfonf[k jynfaxmifpk EkdifiHawmfu todtrSwfjyKonf/ (2) EkdifiHawmfonf tpfpvmrfbmomomoem/ c&pf,mef bmomomoem? [dE´LbmomomoemESihf ewfudk;uG,faom bmomwkdUudk þtajccHOya'tmPmwnfaomaeUü EkdifiHawmfwGif&SdMuaom udk;uG,f&m bmomtcsKdU[k todtrSwfjyKonf? bdwfu trwfwa,muf a&epfqkH;oGm;NyD/ olUae&mrSm Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufyGJvkyf&r,f/ tJ'da&G;aumufyGJrSm cifAsm;0ifyg/ AkdvfcsKyfa&/ pOf;pm;bkdU tcsdefenf;enf;avmufay;ygtkH;/ pOf;pm;raeygeJUAsm 0ifyg/ 'kdUArmtpnf;t&kH;xJ0ifbdkU udwfpwkef;uvnf; AkdvfcsKyftwif;avmwmeJU ig0ifvkduf&w,f/ pOf;pm;bkdU tcsdefenf;enf;rS r&vkdufbl;/ 'DwBudrfawmh taotcsmpOf;pm;apcsifw,f/ tcsdefenf;enf;av; ay;ygvkdU ajymaewJhtwGuf AkdvfcsKyfvnf; aemufxyfrajymawmhbl;/ jyefoGm;w,f/ ocifek a&G;aumufyGJudwfpukd trsKd;rsKd;pOf;pm;aew,f/ a&G;aumufyGJ0ifbkdUqkdw mpOf;pm;vkdUr&bl;/ nwnusawmh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m ocifEkeJU vmawGUjyefw,f/ Mum;a&G;aumufyGJtwGuf pm&if;oGif;bkdU aemufqkH;&uf[m reufjzefbJ? cifAsm;pOf;pm;vkdUr&ao;bl;vm;/

AkdfvfcsKyfatmifqef;qkdwm omrn yk*f8Kdvfr[kwf/ ArmwEkdifiHvkH;twGuf vGwfvyfa&;udk,lay;EkdifwJh &SmrS&Sm;wJ tmZmenfyk*f*kdvfjzpfw,f/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk MunfhwJhtcg ocifek[m tJ'dvkdyJ Munfh&OD;r,f/ wufuodkvfausmif;om;b0u wnf;u twlwlvkyfudkifvmMuwJh vl&if;yJqkdwJhtMunfhrsKd;eJU csnhfyJMunhfNyD; AkdvfcsKyfudk rqufqHoifhbl;/ aemufNyD;awmhvJ AkdvfcsKyf[m tJ'DtcsdefrSm ocifEk&JU acgif;aqmifjzpfaeNyD/ acgif;aqmifvkyfolu a&G;aumufyGJ0ifygvkdUajymaewm[m trdefUay;aewmbJ/ 'DtrdefUudk 'Davmuf cg;cg;oD;oD; jiif;qefaew maumif;rvm;/ tp&SdwJh pdwful;awG[m ocifEk&JU OD;aESmufxJrSm wckNyd;wck ay:aewJhtwGuf ocifEk[m olUpdwfxJrSm &SdwJhtwkdif; ajz&rSmudk odyftm;emaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JU ar;cGef;udk &kwfw&uf rajzao;yJ awGNyD; pOf;pm;aew,f/ ESpfrdepfavmufMumawmhrS a&G;aumufyGJ0ifr,f/ 'gayrJh vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;vdkU 6v Mum&if igEkdifiHa&;uxGufr,fvkdU ocifEkajzvkdufw,f/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m tawmf auseyfoGm;w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;wJhaemuf 6v qdkwJhtcsdef[m trsm;BuD;vkdygao;w,f/vkdUajymNyd; jyefoGm;w,f/ aemufwaeUusawmh a&G;aumufyGJ avQmufvTmrSm ocifEk vufrSwfxkd;NyD; NrdwfjrdKUudk av,mOfysHeJU udk,fpm;vS,fwa,muf uref;uwef; vTwfvkduf&w,f/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JU t&Sdeft0gaMumifh ocifek[m NydKifbufr&Sd ta&G;cH&w,f/ 'gayrJh [kdwkef;u tcsufwcsufudk b,folrS pOf;pm;rd[efrwlbl;/ a&G;aumufyGJ Oya't& trwfavmif; ocifEk [m Nrdwfu w&m;olBuD;wOD;&JUa&SUrSm a&G;aumufyGJ avQmufvTmudk vufrSwfxkd;&r,f/ a&G;aumufyJG avQmufvTmudk ocifEku &efukefrSm vufrSwfxdk;NyD; olUudk,fpm;vnfu bdwfrSm avQmufvTmoGm;oGif;wm[m a&G;aumufyGJ Oya'eJU qefUusifaumif; qefUusifaevdrfhr,f/ tuf,I ocifEk[m NrdwfNrdKUudk udk,fwkdif roGm;aywJh &efukefu w&m;olBuD;wOD;a&SUrSm a&G;aumufyGJavQmufvTmudk vufrSwfxdk;ygw,f qkd&ifvnf; a&G;aumufyGJt& 'Dvkd vufrSwfxdk;Ekdifovm;qkdwm pOf;pm;p&m&Sdw,f/ a&G;aumufyGJ avQmufvTm udk uref;uwef; ykdU&wJhtwGuf &efukefu w&m;olBuD;wOD;&JU a&SUrSm vufrSwfxkd;jzpfcsif xkd;jzpfr,f/ 'dvkd w&m;olBuD;&JUa&SWrSm vufrSwfxkd;bkdUudk arhaeaumif;arhaeEkdifw,f/ ocifEk trwfjzpfwJhtcsdefrSm wkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfudk zGifhvkdU ESpf&uf

okH;&ufavmuf &oGm;NyD/ tJ'dtcsdef twGif; ocifjru vTwfawmf&JU em,utjzpfaqmif&Guf&w,f/ ocifEk trwfjzpfwJhtcg ocifjru em,u tjzpfu EIwfxGufNyD; tpkd;&tzGJUxJrSm 0efMuD; wOD;jzpfvmw,f/ ocifEkudk wkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf&JU em,u tjzpf wifajrSmufvkdufMuw,f/ yxraeUrSm ocifEk[m em,utjzpfeJU wkdif;jynfjYyKvTwfawmf&JU pifjrifhay:rSmxkdif&if; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;aMumifh ig[m ukdEku ocifEkjzpfcJh&w,f/ AkdvfcsKyfatmiffqef;aMumifhbJ pma&'q&mvkyfae&mu EkdifiHa&;xJjyef0if&NyD; ig[m EkdifiHa7;orm;jzpfvm&jyefw,f/ tckvJ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;aMumifhbJ wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfem,u jzpfNyd; 'dpifjrihfay:a&mufaejyefNyD/'DAkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;aMumifh aemufxyfNyd; igbmrsm; jzpf&tkH;rvJ rodbl;vkdU olow0gawG&JU jzpfcsifwmvJ rjzpf&yg/ rjzpfcsifwmvJ jzpf&wmawGudkawG;&if; ocifEk[m wa,mufwnf; jyKH;aew,f/tJ'dtcdsefu tu,fa&GUrsm; trwf wOd;OD; [m ocifekudk vSr;fNunhfrd&if ocifEk[m rm,mawGrsm;NyD; tckawmhpifjrifhay:rSm ZdrfawGUaeNyd xifyg&JU / jyKH;pdpdMuD;vkyfaew,f vkdU xifaumif;xifoGm;edkifp&m taMumif;&Sdw,f/ 1947 ck ZGefv 16&ufudk a&mufwJhtcg ArmEkdifiHawmfudk vkH;0vGwfvyfNyd; tcsKyftcsmtmPmykdifwJh EkdifiHtjzpf aMunmbkdU AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m wkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfrSm tqkdwifoGif;w,f/ 'Dtqkdudk trwfawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u axmufcHwJhtwGuf tJ'DaeUrSm qkH;jzwfcsuf rcsjzpfbl;/ tcsdefaphwJhtcg vTwfawmfudk aemufwaeUtxd a&TUqkdif;vkduf&w,f/ nbufusawmh rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD;eJU taz:wa,muf ocifEk&Sd&m zqyv XmecsKyfudk vmw,f /tJ'dtaz:udkawmh ocifEkaumif;aumif; rrSwfrdawmhbl;/ u&ifeD udk,fpm;vS,fapm0@vkdUxifw,f/ tu,fa&GU jynfaxmifpkxJu cGJxGufvkdwJhtcg cGJxGufykdifcGihfudk r7&if &Sr;fawG[m AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; wifoGif;wJh tqkdudk raxmufcHEkdifbl;vkdU rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;Bud;u ocifEkudkajymjyw,f/ tJ'dtwkdif;raxmufcHvkdU&Sd&if vkH;0vGwfvyfNyd; tcsKyftjcmtmPmykdif wJh EkdifiHtjzpfeJU ausnmwJhtcg jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHxJrSm &Sr;fjynfrygbJ ausnm&r,f/ 1947 Zefe0g&DvtwGif;u NAdwdoQ 0efBuD;csKyf tufwvDeJU AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkdUoabmwl vufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;MuwJhpmcsKyft& ArmjynfreJU aygif;r,f/ raygif;bl;qkdwJh qkH;jzwfykdifcGifh[m awmifwef;om;awG&JU vufxJrSm &Sdaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh ocifEk[m

rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;MuD;xHu Mum;7wJh pum;awGudk AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;qD csufcsif; ydkUvkdufw,f/ AkdvfcsKyffatmifqef;eJU olU0efMuD;awG[m &Sr;fudk,fpm;vS,fawGeJU awGUNyD; aqG;aEG;w,f/ tJ'D aqG;aEG;yGJudk u&ifeDukd,fpm;vS,fawGvnf;wufw,f/ 1/ &Srf;jynfeJU u&ifeDjynf[m NAdwdoQ tpkd;&u ArmEkdifiHudk tkyfpkd;puwnf;u oD;jcm;e,ferdwf&SdcJhwJh jynfe,fawGjzpfwmuwa=Mumif;2/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH awmfxJrSm &Sr;fjynfeJU u&ifeDjynfrsm;vnf; yg0ifMuapcsifwmuwaMumif; 3/ wkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf rSm AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; wifoGif;xm;wJhtqkdudk w&ufESpf&uftwGif; twnfjyKNyD; NAdwdoQtpkd;&wkdUudk taMumif;Mum;&awmhrSm jzpfwmuwaMumif; wdkUaMumifh tpkd;&tzJGUuvJ &Sr;feJu&ifeD udk,fpm;vS,fawG awmif;qkdMuwJhtwkdif; cGJxGufykdifcGifhudk oabmwlvkdufw,f/ &Sr;feJUu&ifeD udk,fpm;vS,fawGu vnf; vGwfvyfwJhaeUu pvkdU q,fESpftwGif; cGJxGufykdifcGifhudk tokH;rjyKbkdU oabmwlMuw,f/ AkdvfcsKyfatmiffqef;&JU tqkdudk wkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfu twnfjyKNyD;wJhaemuf wkdif;jynfjyK vTwfawmf[m vGwfvyfNyD; tcsKyftjcmtmPmykdifwJh jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmftwGuf tajccH tkyfcsKyfa&; Oya'udk a&;;qGJ&awmhr,f/ 'DOya'ud wkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf wckvkH;xkdifNyd; a&;qGJvkdU rjzpfEkdifbl;/ tJ'g aMumifh vkdtyfwJh Oya' a&;qGJa&;aumfrwDawGudk wkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmfu zGJUpnf;ay;Nyd; ZGefvtv,f avmufrSm vTwfawmfudk &uftuefUtowfr&Sd a&TUqkdif;vkdufw,f/ ZGefvukefavmufudk a&mufwJhtcg NAdwdoQtpkd;&&JU zdwfMum;csuft& ocifEk[m olUvufpGJawm OD;ausmfNidrf;udk ac:NyD;bdvyfudk vkdufoGm;&w,f/ qkd&S,fvpfygwDu xnfhvkdufwJhtwGuf OD;ukdudkBuD;t p&SdwJh qkd&S,fvpfukd,fpm;vS,ftcsKdUvnf;ygvmMuw,f / bdvyfudk a&mufNyd; aemufwaeUusawmh ocifEkeJU OD;ausmfNidrf;wkdU[m ArmEkdifiHqkdif&m 0efNuD; avmhvpfpwkd0Jvf? 'kwd,0efMud; tmom[if'gqifwkdUeJU awGU&w,f/ &kH;crf;xJudk 0ifrdwmeJU wjydKifeuf ukvm;xkdifawG[m &kH;crf; &SdoifhwJh twkdif; &Sdaewmr[kwfbl;/ wrsK;dwzkHpDpOfxm;w,fvkdU ocifEk[m AsKH;ueJ awG;vkdufrdw,f/ ukvm;xkdif wvkH;xJudk oyfoyfxm;Nyd; wjcm;ukvm;xkdifokH;vkH;u tJ'Dukvm;xkdifeJU rsufESmcsif;qkdifxm;w,f/ wvkHwnf;csxm;wJh ukvm;xkdif[m 0efMuD;avmh0pfpwkd0Jvf xkdifbkdUtwGufvkdU,lqNyd; ocifEk[m wjcm;ukvm;xkdif okH;vkH;bufqDukd xkdifbkdUavQmufoGm;w,f/rpwm tmom[if'gqif u xdyfqkH;u ukvm;xkdifrSmxkdifbkdU ocifEkudk ajymw,f/ ocifEk[m ukvm;xkdifrsm

xkdifrdwJhtcg oljywif;aygufu tvif;a&mifbufudk rsufESmrlaewmduk owdxm;vkdufrdw,f/ 0efMuD;? 'kwd,0efMuD; eJU OD;ausmfNidr;fwkdUuawmh tvif;a&mifudk ausmckdif;xkdifaeMuwm awGU&w,f/ocifEk[m b,fvkdvlpm;vJqkdwm tuJcwfcsifvkdUrsm; 'Dvkd pDpOfxm;wmvm;vkdU ocifEk AsLH;ueJ tawG;rdjyefw,f/0efMuD; avmhvpfpwkd0J[m tvGefodrfarGUw,f/ pum;vJ tvGefeJw,f/ rpwm tmom[if'gqifuvJ odyfazmfa&Gw,f/ xkdifrdvkdUrMumcif rpwm tmom[if'gqifu ArmEkdifiH[m NAdwdoQ "eo[m, tzGJUxJrSm aebkdU pajymw,f/ 'Dvkdaejcif;tm;jzifh ArmEdkifiHeJU *&dwfNAdwdefEkdifiH wkdU[m ESpfOD;ESpfzuf tusK;d&SdapEdkifwJh taMumif;udkvnf; ajymw,f/ 'kdrDeD,H tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdwm[m vkH;0vGwfvyfNyD; tcsKyftjcm tmPm&SdwJh tkyfcsKyfa&;ygbJ/ tJ'gaMumifh ArmEkdifiH[m NADwdoQ o[m,tzJGUxJrSm 'kdrDeD,Htjzpfaejcif;tm;jzifh NAdwdoQtpdk;&&JU MoZmcHr[kwfygbl;/ tp&SdwJhtcsufawGudk awmfawmfMumMum &Sif;jyw,f/ ocifEk[m vGwfvyfa&;twGuf NAdwdoQawGudk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmwkdufvmayr,fh NAdwdoQawGudk tifrwef txifBuD; tifrwef jrwfEdk;ol wOD;jzpfw,f/ NAdwdoQvlrsK;dawG&JU face=WinKalaw pm&dwfwr@dKifudkvnf; ocifEk odyfMudKufw,f/ArmawGukdtkyfcsKyfwJhae&mrSm NAdwdoQawG[m Oya't& tkyfcsKyfwmudkvJ olodyfoabmusw,f/ NAdwdoQvlrsKd;udk 'DavmuftxifBuD;wJh ocifEk[m rpwm tmom[if'gqif&JUpum;awGudk Mum;wJhtcg pdwfxJrSm trsm;BuD;xdckdufw,f/ 'gayrJh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;trSL;&SdwJh zqyv acgif;aqmifwcsKdUrSm 'kdrDeD,H tkyfcsKyfa&;udk vufrcHEkdifwm taMumif;MuD;ESpfaMumif;&Sdaew,f/ 'DtaMumif;awGu 'Dvkd 'kdrDeD,H EkdifiHwEkdifiHrSm tcsKyftjcmtmPm&SdwmtrSefbJ/ 'gayr,fh tJ'D'kdrDeD,HEkdifiH[m NAdwdoQbk&ifudk &Sifbk&iftjzpfeJU todtrSwfjyK&w,f/ tJ'g[m ArmawG&JU tifrwef wuf
tJ'dvkd atmfNyD; tjyif;txef pnf;&kH;r,fqdk&if AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd wcJeuf axmufcHMuwJh jynfolawmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m ,drf;,dkifNyD; uGefjrLepfawGbufudk ygoGm;EkdifwJh tef'&,f &Sdw,f/ tJ'gaMumifhvnf; 'dkrDeD,HtkyfcsKyfa&;udk tJ'D zqyv acgif;aqmifawG u vufrcHcsifbl;/ tckajymcJhwJh taMumif; ESpfaMumif;aMumifh zqyv[m 'kdrDeD,HtkyfcsKyfa&;udk vufrcHbJ ArmEkdifiHudk vkH;0vGwfvyfNyD; tcsKyftjcmtmPmykdifwJh EkdifiH tjzpfeJU aMunmcJh&wJhtaMumif; ocifek[m avmh0pfwkd0JvfeJU rpwmtmom[if'gqifwkdUudk &Sif;jyw,f/ NAdwdoQ acgif;aqmifawG[m tvGefjrihfjrwfNyD; oabmxm;MuD;olawGjzpfw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh NAdwdoQ "eo[m, tzGJUxJu ArmEkdifiH cGJxGufwmudk trSefpifppf olwkdUrvkdvm;ayr,fh taESmuft,Suf ray;bl;/ ArmekdifiHolEkdifiHom;awGvkdvm;wJhtwkdif; jrefrmEkdifiHukd vkH;0 vGwfvyfNyD; tcsKyftjcmtmPm ykdifwJh EkdifiHwEkdifiH acsmacsmarGUarGU pn;furf;wus jzpfajrmufvma&;twGuf olwkdU tpGrf;ukef0kdif;NyD; ulnDw,f/ ArmjynftwGuf vkH;0vGwfvyfa&;tqkdudk ygvDrefrSmwifwJhtcg twkduftcHorm;awGjzpfwJh uGefqm;aA;wpf trwfawGu jyif;jyif;xefxef ruefUuGufatmif ocifEkwkdUu uGefqmaA;wpfacgif; aqmifawGwcsKdUeJU awGUbkdU avbmtpkd;7acgif;aqmifawGu tBuHay;w,f/ ocifEkwkdU oabmwlwJhtcg uGefqmaA;wpfacgif;aqmifawGjzpfwJh avmhaqmvfpfbm&D rpwm bwfwvm tp&SdwJh yk*dKvfawGeJU ocifekwkdU awGU&atmif avbmtpkd;7 pDpOfay;w,f/ avmhvpfpwkd0Jvf rpwm tmom[ef'gqifwkdUeJU awGUNyD; 0efMuD;csKyftufwvDeJU awGUwJhtcg wjcm;udwfp awG aqG;aEG;Nyd;wJhaemuf 0efMuD;csKyftufwvDu AkdvfcskKyfatmifqef;udk trIaqmiftzGJU&JU 'kwd,em,u vkdU rac:7awmhbl;/ 0efMuD;csKyfvkdU ac:bkdU rMumrD bk&ifrudk taMumif;Mum;r,f vkdU ocifEkudk ajymjyw,f/ ocifEk[m bdvyf&JU tat;'Pfukd rcHEkdifbl; / bdvyfrSm wBudrfzsm;w,f/Zlvkdifvv,favmuf &efukef udk jyefa&mufwJhtcg rSmvJ xyfzsm;aeao;w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh Zlvkdifv 18 &ufaeU nbufrSm AkdvfcsKyf atmifqef;[m ocifEktdrfudk a&mufvmw,f/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU&JU 'kwd,em,u tjzpfuae 0efMuD;csKyftjzpfokdUajymif;bkdUtwGuf NAdwdoQtpkd;& wkdUu pDpOfaewJhtaMumif; 0efMuD;csKyftufwvD rSmvkdufwJhtwkdif; ocifEku AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk ajymjyw,f/ wem&DavmufMumwJhtcg AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;xjyefoGm;w,f/ Ak'f"w&m;awmft& ajym&&if olwkdUESpfa,muf &JUa&puf[m 'db0rSm

'DrQbJygw,f/ aemufwaeUreuf 11em&Davmuf&SdwJhtcg AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJU 0efBuD;wcsKdU usqkH;oGm;wJhtaMumif;udk jrefrmhtvif;OD;wifu w,fvDzkef; eJU qufNyD;ajymwm ocifEk Mum;vkduf&w,f/ ocifEkvnf; twGif;0ef&kH;udk csufcsif;vkdufoGm;w,f/ aq;&kHMuD;udk tavmif;awG ,loGm;NyDajymwmeJU aq;&kHMuD;udk ocifekvkdufjyefw,f/ AkdvfcsKyftavmif;udk MunfhNyD; raeUnubJ pum;ajymaeMuao;wmudk ajy;jrifNyD; ocifEk[m &IdufMuD;wiifikdaew,f/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;usqkH;oGm;wm[m tifrwefjrefvGef;vSwmudkbJ xyfcgwvJvJ pOf;pm;aewJh twGuf tJ'dtcsdeftxd ocifEk[m bmvkyf&rSef;rodao;bl;/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; r&Sdawmhbl;/ wkdif;jynfudk b,fol tkyfxdef;rvJ/ vGwfvyfa&;&cgeD; bmrsm;jzpfvmOD;rvJ qkdwmudk tJ'Dtcsdeftxd ocifEk[m bmwckrS rawG;Ekdifao;bl;/ ocifEk tdrfjyefa&mufwJhtcg aeUvnwcsufwD;avmuf&SdaeNyD/ tJ'dtcsdefu ocifEk [m avmif;0pfvrf;/ jynfholU&Jabm0if;xJu wJwvkH;rSmaew,f/ zqyv tvkyftrIaqmif awG olUwJem;u jynfolU&JabmfXmecsKyf&kH;cef;xJrSm apmihfaeMuw,f qkdwmeJU tJ'D &kH;cef;udk ocifek vkdufoGm;w,f/ ocifEka7mufwmeJUwjyKDifeuf ocifwifu AkdvfcsKyfae&mrSm OD;apmudkcefUvkduf&if wEkdifiHvkH;'kufc a&mufawmhr,f/ tJ'dawmh AkdvfcsKyf&JU ae&mudk ocifEk wufvkyfyg/'DvkdvkyfEkdifatmif bk&ifcHeJU csufcsif;oGm;awGUyg/ vkdU ajymw,kf/ EkdifiHa&;vkyfbkdUqkd&if wDudkqm;eJU wkdUvkdufovkd aemufwGefUavh&SdwJhocifEk[m 'DwBudrfrSmawmh aemufrwGefUbl;/ vkyfr,f/ bk&ifcHeJUvnf; oGm;awGUr,f vkdU aESmifhaeS;jcif;r&Sdajzw,f/ 'gayrJh olUOD;aESmufxJrSm oHrIdeJU &kdufxm;ovkd nmOfqkd;uav;uawmh raysmufao;bl;/ tJ'gaMumifh olvkyfr,f/ bk&ifcHeJUcsufcsif;oGm;awGUr,f/ vkdUajymNyd;wJhaemuf vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;vkdU ajcmufvMum&if okUudk EkdifiHa&;u xGufcGifhjyK&r,fvkdU ocifek qufajymjyefw,f/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;vkdU ajcmufvMum&if cifAsm;&JU oabmtwkdif; EkdifiHa&;u xGufcsifxGufyg? vkdU tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu 0kdif;Nyd;ajymMuw,/ tJ'Dvkdqkd&if vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; ajcmufvMum&if EkdifiHa&;u xGufcGifhjyKr,fqkdwm qkH;jzwfcsufcsxm;ygvkdU ocifEku awmif;qkdwJhtwGuf ajcmufvMum&if bmjzpfr,fqkdwm rodEkdif&SmwJh tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUutJ'dtwkdif;qkH;jzwfcsuf csxm;Mu&w,f/ tpnf;ta0;NyD;vkdU tcef;0udk xGufvmwJhtcg bk&ifcHu w,fvDzkef;eJU pum;ajymcsifwJhtaMumif;ocifEk tdrfu vlwa,mufu ajymw,f/ ocifEk oGm;NyD;emaxmifwJhtcg bk7ifcH qm[l;bwfu olUqDukd cPvmbkdUac:w,f/ bk&ifcHeJU awGUwJhtcg ocifEku bmrS rajym&ao;cif 0efMuD;csKyfvkyfNyD;

tpkd;&zGJUbkdU bk&ifcHuajymw,f/ olaqmif&Guf&rJh udwfp wck tcuftcJr&SdbHJ acsmacsmarmarm NyD;pD;oGm;avNyDqkdNyD; ocifek 0rf;omw,f/ tJ'daemuf usqkH;oGm;wJh acgif;aqmifBuD;awG&JU ZeD;awGtwGuf u&kPmaMu;tjzpfeJU aiGwodef;pD xkwfay;bkdUvn;f bk7ifcHqm[l;bwfu ocifEkudk wkdufwGef;vkdufw,f/tcef; 19 vlwcsKdUrSm vlBuD;us,fjzpfbkdU t&nftcsif;awG arG;uwnf;u ygvmw,f/ wcsKdUu vlMuD;us,f jzpfatmif BudK;pm;,l&w,f/ wckKKdUawmh xkdifae&if; BuD;us,frIudk twif;xkd;ay;wm vufcH Mu&w,fvkdU &SdwfpyD;,m; a&;om;cJhbl;w,f/ ocifek[m tckajymcJhwJh vlokH;pm;xJu wwd,tpm;xJrSm ygw,f/ ol [m 0efMud;csKyfjzpfbkdU t&nftcsif;awG arG;uwnf;u ygvmolvnf; r[kwf / 'Dt&nftcsif;awGeJU jynhfpHkatmif MuDK;pm;cJholvnf; r[kwf/ ywf0ef;usif tajctaet& 0efBuD;csKyfjzpfvm&oljzpfw,f/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; wkdUusqkH;wJhaeUwkef;u tu,fI ocifjruaomfvnfaumif;/ 'd;'kwfOD;bcsKdaomfvnf;aumif; rusqkH; bJ usef&pfr,fqkd&if ocifEk 0efMud;csKyf rjzpfEkdif/ tu,fa&GU tvkyftrIaqmiftzJGUxJu trIaqmif wOD; OD; cifrifrIaMumif ocifekudk 0efMuD;csKyfvkyfbkdU pm&if;oGif;r,f qkd&if 'Dtqkdudk ocifEk uefUuGufNyD; ocifjrusef&pf&if ocifjrudkaomfvnf;aumif;/ OD;bcsKdusef&pf&if OD;bcsKdudkaomfvnf;aumif;/ 0efMuD;csKyfvkyfatmif oludk,fwkdif tqkdwifoGif;rSmbJ/ tckvdk ywf0ef;usiff tajctaet& 0efMuD;csKyf jzpfvm&ol jzpfwJhtwGuf ArmawGajymaeustwkdif; ajym&r,fqkd&if ocifEk[m pkdifaumfvkdU jcKHay: a&mufvm&oljzpfw,f/ pkdifaumfvkdU jcHKay:a&mufvm&wJh 0efMuD;csKyfocifEk[m 0efMuD;csKyfjzpfNyd;vkdU 3 4&ufavmuf MumwJhtcg olU&kH;cef;xJrsm wa,mufxJ pOf;pm;aerdw,f/ wcsKdUorwawG/ 0efMuD;csKyfawG[m orwawG ? 0efMuD;csKyfawG rjzpfcif tkyfcsKyfa&;rSm wae&m&m 0ifNyD; aqmif&GufbkdU tcGifhtvrf;awG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; &cJhbl;w,f/ ukd,fwkdif0ifNyD; aqmif&GufcGifhr&onfhwkdifatmif avhvmbkdU tcsdefawG trsm;Mud;&cJhbl;w,f/ tJ'gtjyif olwkdUwufudkuf&wJh tkyfcsKyfa&;,Ew&m;uvnf; tay:u cvkyfESdyfvkduf&if vkdcsifwJhae&mawG rSeforQrSm rD;xyGifhwJh ,Ew&m; rsK;dawG jzpfaew,f/ olUtajctaeuawmh 'dvkd r[kwfbl;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;rSm eJeJuav;rQ pdwfr0ifpm;wJhtwGuf tkyfcsKyfa&;&JUb,fae&mrSmrS ukd,fwkdif0ifNyD; raqmif&GufcJhbl;wJhtjyif 'DtkyfcsKyfa&;udk wcgrSvnf; ravhvmcJhbl;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;taMumif;udk vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm; em;rvnf7wJhtxJrSm olwufudkif&rJh

tkyfcsKyfa&;,Ew&m;MuD;uvnf; tysufMuD;jzpfaew,f/ 'kwd,urfbm ppfMud;twGif;u *syefawG zsufqD;ypfvkdufvkdU tawmfMuD;ysufpD;ae&wJhtxJrSm ppfMuD;Nyd;wJhtcg vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyJGtwGuf EkdifiHa&;orm;awGu tkyfcsKyfa&; ,Ew&m;xJ 0ifNyD;xyfrH zsufqD;ypfvkdufMujyefwJhtwGuf aemufxyf tawmfysufoGm;jyefw,f/ tkyfcsKyfa&; ,Ew&m;u tckvkd ysufae&wJhtxJ vufeufawGuvnf; wEkdifiHvkH;rSm wif;Murf;jynhfaew,f/ jynfwGif;rSm pkHprf;MunfhwJhtcg *syefawGudk wkduf&if;&vkdufwJh vufeufawG/ jrSKyfypfcJhwJh ae&mawGu wl;vkdU&vmwJh vufeufawG/ *syefawGudk csbkdUtwGuf r[mrdwfwyfu ay;wJhvufeufawGudk pkaygif;vkdufr,fqkd&if olykefavmif;awG&JUvufxJrSm &SdwJh vufeufOD;a&[m t*FvdyfawG Armjynfudk tkyfcsKyfoGm;wJh ESpfaygif;w&m eD;yg;twGif; jynfolvlxk w&yfvkH;&JU vufxJrSm &SdwJh vufeufpkpkaygif;xuf tqaygif;waomif;ausmfavmuf &dSaewm awGU&w,f/ tJ'dawmh OD;Ek0efMuD;csKyfwufvkyfaewmudk OyrmeJU ajym&&if a&wkdifuD? "mwfqDwkdifuDeJU aemufbD;wvkH; a&SUbD;wvkH;aygufaewJh armfawmfum;tpkyfMuD;udk armfawmfum;armif;wwfbkdUa0;pG? armfawmfum;udk awmif cyfvSrf;vSrf;u wBudrfESpfBudrfbJ jrifbl;wJhawmom; wa,muf[m tifrwef Murf;ayhqkdwJh vrf;Murf;BuD; ay:rSmwufarmif;ovkdjzpfaew,f/ tJ'dtajctaetjyif t'dtcsdefwkef;u OD;EkpOf;pm;rdwJh tcsufwcsuf&Sdygao;w,f/ tJ'gudkvJ 'dae&mrSm azmjfyjcifw,f/ ocifek&JU ESvkH;[m Od;aESmufxufMuD;aew,f/ tJ'Dvkd MuD;aewJhtwGuf olrsm;wumawGrSm tao;tzJGjzpfaewJh udwfpawG tawmfrsm;rsm;[m olUtwGuf pdwfESvkH; tawmfjyif;jyif;xefxef xdckdufwJh udwfpawGjzpfcsifjzpfaewwfw,f/ tJ'dvkdjzpfwJhtcg ocifEk[m wckckajymbkdU wckckvkyfbkdU qkH;jzwfwm[m tifrwef jrefw,f/ tJ'dvkd qkH;jzwfNyD;&ifqkH;jzwfwJhtwkdif; ajymwmbJ/ vkyfwmbJ/ tJ'dvkd ajymqkdvkyfukdifNyD; wJhaemuf olUOD;aESmufu at;at;aq;aq;pOf;pm;EkdifvkdU olrSm;rSef;odwJhtcgus &if ol[m tifrwefaemifw&mw,f/ 'Dvkdaemifw&w,fqkdayrJh cPygbJ/ olUpdwfudk xdckdufvm&if aemufxyfNyD; 'DtrSm;rsKd;ukd vkyfjrJvkyfwmbJ/ olb,fvkd aemifw&w,f/ 'gayrJholpdwfxdckdufvm&if 'DtrSm;awGudk olb,fvkdxyfNyD;vkyfw,f /qkdwmoabmaygufatmif yef;waemfrSm olausmif;q&mvkyfpOfu jzpfysufcJhwJh tjzpftysufuav; udk 'Dae&mrSm eJeJavmufjyefajymcsifw,f/ ol[m 8 wef; ?9 wef;/ 10 wef;?rSm t*Fvdyfpmoifw,f/ ausmif;om;awGudk aumif;aumif;oifEkdifatmif ol[m

tdrfrSm jyifqifrIawG trsm;BuD; MudK;pm;NyD; vkyfoGm;w,f/ twef;xJudkvJ tcsdefrSefrSefa&mufw,f/ oifwJhtcgrSmvJ tifrwefMuDK;pm;NyD; oifw,f/ ol&JU tJ'Dvkd MudK;yrf;rIawGud kwkefUjyefaomtm;jzifh ausmif;om;awG[m oloifwmudk *&kpkdufNyD; em;axmifMuvdrfhr,fvkdU oltrsm;MuD; arQmfvifhxm;w,f/ tJ'Dvkd trsm;MuD; arQmfvifhxm;wJhtwGuf ausmif;om;wa,muf[m oloifaewmudk aumif;aumif;em;raxmifbl;qkd&if pum;ajymaer,fqkd&if wOD;eJUwOD; rsufpdrSdwfvkduf/? acgif;NidrfhvkdufeJU aemufajymifaer,fqkd&if olUpdwfudk trsm;MuD; xdckdufw,f/ tJ'dvkdxdckdufvm&if wjcm;q&mawG onf;cHovkd olonf;rcHEkdifbl;/ tJ'dvkd &Iyfwkwfwkwf vkyfwJh ausmif;om;udk ac:NyD; xkd;wmyJ/ xkd;vkdU0awmhrS oltBuD;tus,f aemifw&w,f/ aemifw&wJhtcgusawmhvnf; xkd;xm;wJhausmif;om;udk ac:NyD;trsKd;rsK;dacsmhwJhtxd tdajE r&atmif aemifw&wmbJ/'gayrJh 'Dvkdaemifw&wm[m Mum&SnfrcHygbl;/ aemufwMudrf olUpdwfudk xdckdufatmifvkyfwmeJU ac:NyD;xkd;jyefwmbJ/ tJ'gawG[m rsm;vmawmh olUpdwfudk xdrf;bkdUtwGuf tpDtpOf wck udk olvkyfw,f/ ausmif;oGm;wJhtcg pdyfykwD;wuHk;udk tay:tusFDtdyfxJrSm xnfhoGm;w,f? twef;xJudk 0ifvkdufwmeJh wNyKdifeuf olUtdyfudk vufEIdufNyD; pdwfykwD;udk udkifxm;w,f? olUpdwfudk xdckdufwmawG awGU&&if tJ'DpdwfykwD;u olUudkol onf;cHatmif pdwfxdrf;xm;atmif owday;bdkUjzpfw,f? 'Dvkdvkyfwm[m wBudrfESpfBudrfrSmawmh atmifjrifyg&JU 'gayrJh rsm;vm&if ykwD;udk vufvTwfNyD; xdk;NrJxkd;wmyJ? 0efBuD;csKyfjzpfwJh tcsdefusawmh ocifEk[m w&m;awmf&JU MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIudk tawmfrsm;rsm;BuD;cHae&NyD; jzpfwJhtwGuf a&S;tcgwHk;uvdk pdwfvkdufrmefyg udk,fxdvufa&muf usL;vGefrIrsKd;awG olUrSm r&dSoavmuf aysmufuG,fukefMuygNyD/ 'gayrJh olUESvHk;om;udk xdckdufvm&if tvsifpvdk qHk;jzwfNyD; 'DqHk;jzwfcsuftwkdif; ajymavhvkyfavh&dSwJh 0goemqdk;uawmh &dSNrJ&dSaeao;w,f? tJ'gaMumifh 0efBuD;csKyf jzpfvmwJhtcg ocifEk[m 'DvkdpOf;pm;w,f? ausmif;q&mtjzpfeJU vlomrmeftjzpfeJU olrSm;oGm;&if wbufom;[m odyfrcH&bl;? tcsKyftjcmukd udkifxm;wJh 0efBuD;csKyf taeeJU rSm;oGm;&if wEkdifiHvHk; ab;awGUatmif cH&vdrfhr,f? tJ'Dvkd tBudrfBudrfpOf;pm; rdwJhtwGuf olodyfpdwfr0ifpm;wJh 0efBuD;csKyftvkyfudk vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; ajcmufv xufydkvkyf&rSm ocifEkpdrfhNyD; aMumufvmw,f? tJ'Dvkd aMumufvmwmaMumifh iguwday;NyD;NyD? 'Duwdtwkdif;awmh vkyfay;&rSmayghuGmvkdU olUudkoltm;ay;NyD; awmvrf;c&D;wckrSm arSmifBuD;xJ

avQmufae&wJh c&D;onfwOD;[m aea&mifjcnfudk tmomjyif;jyif; arQmfvifhjcif;rsKd;eJU arQmfvifhawmifhwaeovkd ocifEk[mvnf; vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; ajcmufvajrmufrJhaeUudk arQmfvifhawmifhwaew,f? ocifEk[m tawG;orm;/ tai;orm;/ ta&;orm;/ tJ'gaMumifh ol0efBuD;csKyfjzpfvm&wJhtcsdef[m omreftcsdefomqdk&if ocifEk[m tawmfMumMum awG;ae/ ai;ae/ a&;aetHk;rSmyJ? 'gayrJh ol0efBuD;csKyfjzpfvmwJhtcsdef[m omreftcsdefr[kwfbl;? wEdkifiHvHk;u wcJeufaxmufcHtm;ay;wmudk cH,lae&wJh trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifBuD;usqHk;oGm;wJhtcsdef/ NAdwdoQppfAdkvfwcsKdUeJh OD;apmwkdU vlpkaygif;NyD; NAdwdoQ ppfwyfxJu b&if;*ef; pufaoewf (200)udk ckd;xkwfwJhtcsdef/ zqyvu xkwfy,fxm;wJh uGefjrLepfwGif vufxJrSm ppftwGif;u *syef awmfvSefa&;twGuf &xm;wJhaoewfawG trsm;MuD;&dSaeao;wJhtcsdef? tJ'DvdktcsdefrsKd;rSm ocifEk[mawG;ai;a&;aevdkU rjzpfEdkif/ 'DaoewfawGudk jyef&atmif ocifEk[m wenf;enf;eJU tpGrf;ukef BudK;pm;&r,f? tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;uqdk&if OD;apm&JU&efu uGefjrLepfawG&JU&efxuf ydkrdkeD;uyfaewJhtwGuf ocifEk[m OD;apmqDu aoewfawGudk jyef&atmif t&ifqHk; OD;pm;ay;NyD; aqmif&Guf&w,f? &JtzGJUeJU jynfolU&JabmfawG tpGrf;aumif;wJhtwGuf pufaoewf tawmfrsm;rsm;udk jyef&w,f? jzpfcgp 0efMuD;vlpGrf;aumif;vdkUawmhr[kwfygbl;? tu,fa&GUom zqyvacgif;aqmifawGxJu 0efBuD;csKyfrjzpfyJ OD;apmjzpfvmr,fqdk&if 'DaoewfESpf&m[m wcgxJ tpaysmufoGm;NyD; 'DpufaoewfawG[m jynfolvlxktwGuf tifrwefBuD;us,fwJh tef'&,fawGjzpfvmEkdifw,f? tJ'Dtef'&m,fqdk;BuD;u jynfolvlxkudk tcsdefrSD u,fq,fvkdufwJhtwGuf bk&ifcHqm[l;bwf&efpfhudk jynfolvlvkBuD; w&yfvHk;u aus;Zl;wifvkdU rqHk;atmif jzpfcJh&w,f? OD;apm&JU &efudk tawmfuav;ESdrfeif;NyD;wJhtcg uGefjrLepfawG&JUjyoemudk 0efNuD;csKyf ocifEkb,fvkdajz&Sif;rvJ? 'Djyoemudk ajz&Sif;bkdUtwGuf ocifEk[m uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmif ocif oef;xGef;eJU awGUw,f? ocifoef;xGef;a&? jynfolvlxkawG? vlwef;aph aeEkdfifwJh vlUavmuBuD;udk xlaxmifbdkUqdkwm cifAsm;vnf; odwJhtwdkif;yJ vG,fwJhudwfpr[kwfbl;vdkU ocifEku pum;pvkduf w,f? [kwfuJh rvG,fbl;vkdU ocifoef;xGef;u oabmwlw,f? vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;wmeJh 'DvlUavmuMuD;[m olUtvkdvdkay:vmrSm r[kwfbl;vdkU ocifEku pum;xyfqufwJhtcg ocifoef;xGef;uvJ [kwfw,fvkdU ajymw,f?

'DvlUavmuBuD;udk wnfaqmufay;r,fvdkU atmf[pfcJhwm usaemfwa,muf xJvnf;r[kwfbl;? cifAsm;wa,mufxJvnf; r[kwfbl;? wkdif;jynfeJUtrsKd;udk cspfjrwfEkd;wJh EkdifiHa&; acgif;aqmifrSeforQ atmf cJhMuwmyJ? tJ'Dawmh usaemfwkdUtm;vHk; wnfaqmuf ay;r,fvkdU uwday;xm;wJh 'DvlUavmuBuD;udk wnfaqmufwJhtcgrSm cifAsm;wkdUyg 0kdif;NyD;ulnDMuyg? usaemfav;av;pm;pm; awmif;yefygw,fvdkU ocifEku arwm&yfw,f? ocifoef;xGef;u ulyghr,fvdkUjyefajzw,f? tJ'Dvkdqkd&if yxrajcvSrf;tjzpfeJU cifAsm;eJU usaemf ESpfa,mufwGJNyD; vlowf0g'udk wdkufzsufwJh w&m;awGvnfa[m&atmif/ 'D0g'ukdtcsdefrSD usaemffwkdUrwdkufzsuf&if EkdifiHa&;orm;tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSefowfaeMuwmeJU wEkdifiHvHk; aoG;acsmif;pD;oGm;vdrfhr,fvdkU ocifEku tqdkjyKwJhtcg 'Dtqkdudk ocifoef;xGef;u vufcHw,f? zqyvxJu uGefjrLepfygwDudk xkwfypfvkdufNyD;wJhaemuf zqyvtzGJU0ifawGeJU uGefjrLepftzGJU0ifawG[m wOD;eJUwOD; &efolawGvkd apmifaeMu&mu ocifoef;xGef;eJU ocifEkwkdUvm&if BudKqdkMubkdU? {nfhcHMubdkU w&m;yGJawGvkyfay;MubdkU zqyvtzGJU0ifawGeJU uGefjrLepfawG awGUqHkaqG;aEG;Mu&w,f? ocifoef;xGef;eJU ocifEkwkdU wufa&mufvmMuwJhtcgrSmvJ ESpfbufpvHk; yl;aygif;NyD; aomif;aomif;zszs BudKqdkMuw,f? {nfhcHMuw,f? ESpfOD; ESpfzGJUpvHk;&JU pDpOfcsuft& w&m;yGJ awGqdk&ifvJ y&dowf[m ae&mwkdif;rSm jynfhvQHoGm;w,f? zqyveJhuGefjrLepftzJGU&JU nDnGwfa&;udk vdkcsifwJh qef'awG ESpfzGJUpvHk;rSmyJ awmfawmf jyif;jyif;xefxef&dSaeykHay:w,f? ocifoef;xGef;eJU ocifEkwdkU a&mufMuwJh ae&mwkdif;rSmyJ 'DESpfzGJUpvHk;u nDnGwfa&;aBuG;aMumfoHawG wcJeuf [pfatmfMuwmawGudkvnf; Mum;&w,f? nDnGwfa&;ydkpwmawGudkvnf; BudKqkdyGJawG/ {nfhcHyGJawG/ w&m;yGJawGrSm ocifEk[m wjcm;tcsufawGxuf tcsufwcsufudk txl;*&kpdkufNyD; tNrJa[mavh&dSw,f? tJ'Dtcsuf uawmh wjcm;r[kwfygbl;? EkdifiHa&;rSm vufeufudk tm;rudk;ygeJU? jynfolvlxk&JU tqHk; tjzwfudkom tm;udk;ygqdkwJh tcsufyJ jzpfw,f? ESpfaygif;ESpfaxmifavmuf &Snfvsm; cJhwJh Armhorkdif;udk jyefMunfh&if Armacgif;aqmifawG[m tmPm&bdkUudwfprSm jynfolvlxkudk tm;rudk;yJ/ vufeufudk tm;udk;cJhwJhtwGuf tazuom;udkowf/ om;utazudkowf/ nDu tpfudkudkowf/ tpfukdunDudk owfMu&if; ArmawGuRefjzpfcJh&yHkudkvnf; ocifEktus,f w0ifh&Sif;jyavh&dSw,f? 'Dvkdc&D;vSnfh&if; armfawmfum;xJrSmtcGifh&&if armfawmfum;xJrSm/

wnf;tdrfawG rSm tcGifh&&if wnf;tdrfawGrSm ocifEku ocifoef;xGef;udk wjcm;tcsufawGxuf txl; *&kpkdufNyD; ajymwJhtcsufwcsuf&dSao;w,f? tJ'Dtcsufuawmh wjcm;r[kwfygbl;? rMumaomwaeUrSm jynfolvlxk[m uGefjrLepfygwDudk tmPmtyfp&mtaMumif;awG trsm;BuD; &dSaew,fqdkwJh tcsufyJjzpfw,f? 'Dtcsufudk axmufcHwJhtaeeJU uGefjrLepfygwDxJrSm jynfolvlxkudk pnf;&Hk;wwfwJh vlawmfvlaumif;awG trsm;MuD; &dSaew,fqkdwmudk ocifEk[m &Hzef&Hcg axmufjyw,f? aemufNyD;awmh jynfolvlxk[m pdwfajymif;vG,fw,f? 'DuaeU'DtzGJUudk axmufcHaeaywJh aemufwaeUus&if wjcm;tzGJUbufudk ajymif;oGm;w,f wJhoabm jynfolvlxkrSm&dSwmudk ocifEk&Hzef&Hcg axmufjyw,f? 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHawGrSm EkdifiHa&;tzGJUawG[m wvSnfhpDvkdvkdtmPm&aeMuwmudkvnf; ocifEkaxmufjywJhtcg axmufjyw,f? zqyv&JU t&dSeft0g[m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JU t&dSeft0gygyJ? tJ'D AkdvfcsKyf atmifqef;[m r&dSawmhwJhtwGuf zqyv vufxJu tmPmudk vufeufeJUwdkufNyD; odrf;p&mrvdk? cifAsm;wkdU uGefjrLepfawG onf;cHNyD; apmifhEdkifr,fqkd&if 'DtmPm[m cifAsm; wkdUudk tMumBuD; a&SmifuGif;ajy;aevdkU r&Edkifygbl;qdkwmawGudk ocifEk[m ocifoef;xGef; udk rMumcP tcGifh&wkdif; ajymavh&dSw,f? ocifEk&JUpdwfxJrSmawmh 'Dyl;wJGvSnfhvnfyGJawG/ yGJwGJw&m;yGJawG[m yxrajcvSrf;yJ? 'kwd,ajcvSrf;tjzpfeJU zqyvtrwf q,fa,mufavmufudk trwftjzpfu EIwfxGufay;MubdkU arwm&yfcHr,f? tJ'DvpfvyfwJh ae&mwGifrSm ocifoef;xGef;eJU uGefjrLepfawGudk ta&G;cH&atmif oltpGrf;ukefulnDr,f? ta&G;cH&NyD;wJhaemuf ocifoef;xGef;udk vTwfawmfxJrSm twkduftcH acgif;aqmiftjzpf a&G;aumufwifajrSmufr,f? vTwfawmfxJrSm wzGJUeJU wzGJU EIwfeJU&efjzpf&wm[m ppfwvif;ay:rSm wOD;eJUwOD; vufeufudkifNyD; wkdufMu&wmxuf t&om&dSw,fqkdwmudk uGefjrLepfawG udk,fwkdif cHpm;MuapcsifwJh apwemawG ocifEkrSm&dSaew,f? ocifEk&JU qef't&qkd&if tJ'D 'kwd,ajcvSrf;udk csufcsif;vSrf;vkduf csifw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dvkdcsufcsif; vSrf;vkduf&if olUapwemudk uGefjrLepfawGu txifvGJNyD; vuf&dS&xm;wJh em;vnfrIuav;awmif ysufoGm;rSmvm;qdkwmudk ocifEk trsm;BuD; csdefqaew,f? tJ'gaMumifh 'D'kwd,ajcvSrf;udk acwfwqkdif;iHhxm;NyD; ocifEk[m tcsdefaumif; udk apmifhaew,f? tckvkdtcsdefaumif;udkapmifhae&if; avxJrSm ocifEkwnfaqmufxm;wJh trsKd;om; pnf;vHk;nD nGwfa&; wkduftdrfBuD;udk NzKdcGJypfcJh tjzpftysufwck[m

1947ckESpf pufwifbm vtwGif; ydkvefrSm ay:aygufvmw,f? tJ'Dtjzpftysuf[m wjcm;r[kwfygbl;? uGefrif azmif nDvmcHyJjzpfw,f? tJ'DnDvmcHrSm &yf&Sif; uGefjrLepfygwD&JU oabmw&m; yg&*lwOD; jzpfwJh tif'&D; Zm'ifaemhqdkol[m vuf0J vrf;pOfopfvkdU trnfwyfxm;wJh vrf;pOfw&yfudk wifoGif;w,f? 'Dvuf0Jvrf;pOfopf&JUt"du&nf&G,fcsufuawmh tm&S wkdufwGif;u vGwfvyfa&;&cgpeJU vGwfvyfa&; rMumcif&awmhr,fh EdkifiHawGrSm vuf0J*dkPf;om;awG/ txl;vrf;pOfopfudk tJ'Dtcsdeftxd eJeJuav;rS teHU r&ao;wJh ocifEk[m ocifoef;xGef;wkdUeJU em;vnfrI&bdkUtwGuf pdwful;awG trsKd;rsKd; xkwfwkef;&dSao;w,f? oltpGr;f&Sd oI BudK;pm;wkef;&dSao;w,f? 1947ckESpf atmufwkdbmvxJrSm bdvyftpdk;&&JU zdwfac:csuft& bdvyfudkroGm;cif &orQ tcsdefuav; twGif;rSmawmif vGwfvyfa&; tcrf;tem; pDpOfrIaumfrwDvlMuD;awGudk oHk;av;Budrfavmuf zdwfac:NyD; A[dkaumfrwD tzGJUxJrSma&m/ qyfaumfrwDtzGJUxJrSma&m uGefjrLepfukd,fpm;vS,fawGudk xnfhoGif;bkdU ocifEk[m a&iwfovkd wwGwfwGwfeJU rSmaew,f? ocifoef;xGef;udkvnf;zdwfac:NyD; A[dkaumfrwDeJU qyfaumfrwD tzGJUawGxJrSm uGefjrLepfudk,fpm;vS,fawGudk xnfhay;&if jiif;y,frypfvkdufyJ vufcHatmif ocifEk[m ocifoef;xGef;udk tBudrfBudrf wkdufwGef;w,f? atmufwkdbm(17)&ufaeUusawmh ArmEdkifiH,m,Dtpdk;&&JU 0efMuD;csKyf ocifEkeJU NAdwdoQtpdk;&&JU0efBuD;csKyf tufwvDwkdU[m vef'efNrdKUrSm pmcsKyfwckudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;Muw,f? tJ'DpmcsKyf[m orkdif;rSm Ek-tufwvDpmcsKyfvdkU trnfwGifvmw,f? 'DpmcsKyfrSm tykd'faygif; (15)ydk'fygw,f? 'gayrJh ta&;MuD;qHk;tydk'fuawmh ArmEkdifiHudk vHk;0vGwfvyfa&GU tcsKyftjcmtmPmykdifaom EkdifiHwEdkifiHtjzpfeJU todtrSwfjyKygw,fqkdwJh tydk'fyJjzpfw,f? 'D Ek-tufwvDpmcsKyft& jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmfudk vHk;0 vGwfvyfNyD; tcsKyftjcmtmPmykdifwJh EkdifiHawmftjzpf 1948ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (4)&ufaeU reuf (4)em&D/ rdepf(20)tcsdefrSm ausnmbkdU wkdif;jynfjyKvTwfawmf taqmuftOD;&JU cef;raqmifxJrSm pDpOfxm;Muw,f? tJ'Dtcrf;tem;udk wkdif;jynfjy K vTwfawmftrwfawGtjyif jynfwGif;eJU jynfyu {nfhonfawmfawGvnf; wufa&mufMuw,f/? tcrf;tem;pbdkU apmifhae&if; b,fuGefjrLepf acgif;aqmifawGwufMurvJqkdwm odcsifwmaMumifh txl;{nfhonfawmftkyfxJrSm ocifEk[m vnfwqefUqefUeJUavQmuf&Smaew,f? ocifoef;xGef;udk jrif&awmhrS ocifEk[m tifrwef 0rf;omoGm;w,f?

'gayrJh ocifoef;xGef;wkdUeJU ywfoufNyD; ocifEk&JU 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omrI[m Mum&SnfrcHygbl;? 1947ckESpf pufwifbmvtwGif; ydkvefrSm usif;ycJhwJh uGefrifazmifnDvmcHrSm Zm'ifaemh pwifNyD; &dIUypfcJhwJhrD;[m rMumaom waeUrSm ArmEdkifiHwEkdifiHvHk;udk avmifpmeJU jymykHjzpfatmif avmifypfvkdufbdkU t&Sdeftawmf&aeNyD? vGwfvyfa&; ausnmNyD;vdkU rsm;rMumcif tdef'd,EkdifiHumvuwfwm;NrdKUrSm usif;yrJh uGefrifazmifnDvmcHudk wufa&mufbkdU Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD[m zdwfpm&w,f? ocifoef;xGef;eJU *kd&S,fwdkU wufBuw,f? *kd&S,fqdkol[m ukvm;tazeJU ukvm;tarwkdUu arG;ay;vkdufwJhtwGufom ukvm;vkdUac:&w,f? trSefpifppfrSmawmh ArmjynfrSmayguf/ Arma&aomuf/ ArmawGxJrSmBuD;/ Armausmif;om;awGrSm aevmwJhtwGuf ArmwOD; jzpfaeygNyD? olUudk Armvkd (&Jabmfbwif)vkdUac:w,f? ol[m Armvkdaumif;aumif;ajymwwf/ a&;wwf/ zwfwwfw,f? pum;ajym&if ukvm;oHwcsufrS rygbl;? Armwa,mufvkd yDyDooBuD;ajymEkdifw,f? pdwfaepdwfxm;tm;jzifhqkd&if ol[m awmfawmfaumif;wJh vlaumif;wa,mufyJ tJ'gaMuifh uGefjrLepfygwDxJrSm olUudkvlcspfvlcifaygw,f? ocifEk[m ocifoef;xGef;eJU&if;ESD;ovkd tuRrf;w0if&dSovdk/ &JabmfbwifeJU r&if;ESD;ygbl;? tuRrf;w0ifr&dSbl;? av;ig;q,fBudrfqkdovdk awGUqHkaqG;aEG;zl;&HkavmufygyJ? tJ'Dvkd aqG;aEG;cJh&wmawGudk rDSNyD; &Jabmfbwif[m xufjrufwJUae&mrSm ocifoef;xGef;xuf omw,fvkdU ocifEkrSwfom;xm;cJhzl;w,f? ppftwGif;u ocifEk[m axmifxJrSm tcsKyfcHaewkef; tJ'D*kd&S,feJU ukvm;EdkifiHa&; orm; (4)OD;/ (5)OD;avmuf ref;'av;axmifxJudk a&mufvmw,fvkdU ocifEkowif;Mum;&w,f? aemuf(2)&ufavmuf Muawmh tJ'DEkdifiHa&;orm;awG[m axmifrSL;BuD;&JU trdefUudk zDqefwmaMumifh axmifrSL;BuD;&JU trdefUt& axmiftrIxrf;awGu 0kdif;NyD;&kdufMuwm tawmfemw,f? wcsKdUvnf;xdyfayguf/ acgif;uGJ jzpfukefw,f? *kd&S,fuawmh vufwacsmif; usKd;oGm;w,fvdkU ocifEk owif;&jyefw,f? tJ'DaxmifrSL;MuD;qkdwm vlqdk;/ awmfawmf qdk;wJhtaumif/ olUtrdefUeJU olUwynfhawGu 0kdif;0kdif;NyD;&kdufMu ESdyfpufMuvkdU tBuD;tus,f 'Pf&m&olawG/ aoaMu&olawG renf;ygbl;? tJ'DaxmifrSL;MuD;u tck &kduf&&HkeJU raMueyfbl;? olUtrdefUudk zDqefwJhtwGuf aemufxyf tjypf'Pfay;bkdU olUtxufu axmifykdifBuD;qDrSm tpD&ifcH wmaMumifh axmifykdifBuD;u *kd&S,fwkdU vlwpkudk Budrf'Pftcsuf(20)pDay;/ wkdufwv ydwfxm;NyD; tJ'D&uftwGif; aumfa&ukdom

wkdufbkdUtrdefUcsvkdufjyefw,fqdkwm ocifEkxyfNyD; Mum;&jyefw,f? tJ'gaMumifh 'DtrdefUukd uefUuGuf&atmif t*Fvdyfaxmifydkif BuD; 'Aif;ykdUaxmifxJudk0iftvm ocifEk[m 'Aif;ykdUa&SUrSm oGm;&yfw,f? *kd&S,fwkdU vlwpkudk tjypf'Pfay;bkdU cifAsm;wkdU csrSwfxm;wJh trdefU[m rw&m;bl;? y,fzsufay;ygvkdU EkdifiHa&;orm;awGudk rESdyfpufygeJUvdkU av;ig;q,fcGef;avmufyJ ajym&ao;w,f? 'Aif;ykdU[m igha&SUrSm &yfraeeJU xGufoGm;vdkU ocifEkudk a'goeJUaigufNyD; a&SUqufxGufoGm;w,f? ocifEk udk axmiftrIxrf;awGu qGJypfvkdufwmaBumifh ocifEkvJ qufrajym&awmhbl;? yg;pyfa[mif;avmif;BuD;eJU usef&pfcJhw,f? tJ'D*kd&S,fac: &JabmfbwifeJU ocifoef;xGef;wkdU[m tzdwfcH&wJhtwGuf 1947ckESpf azaz:0g&DvtwGif; uvuwfwm;rSmusif;ywJh uGefrifazmiftpnf;ta0;udk wufuw,f? 'Dtpnf;ta0;udk tdef'd,/ &k&Sm;/ Oa&myeJU NAdwdoQ "eo[m, EkdifiHawGu uGefjrLepf xdyfoD;awGvJ wufMuw,f? ydkvefuGefrifazmifnDvmcHrSm twnfjyKcJhwJh Zm'ifaemh&JU vuf0Jvrf;pOfudk aqG;aEG;MuNyD; xyfrHtwnfjyKMujyefw,f? tJ'D umvuwfwm;nDvmcHrSm ArmEkdifiHtaMumif; zqyv tpdk;&taMumif;/ 'Dtpdk;&&JU0efMuD;csKyftaMumif;awGudk wjcm; udk,fpm;vS,fawGajymwm ocifEktwGuf odyfta&;rMuD;bl;? olUpdwfudkvnf; 'Davmuf rxdckdufbl;? vlwef;aphae&mwJh vlUavmuBuD;udk wnfaqmufwJhtcg ocifEkeJUvufwGJNyD; wnfaqmufygr,fvdkU uwdjyKxm;wJh ocifoef;xGef;ajymwmawGMuawmh ocifEktwGuf odyfta&;BuD;w,f? ocifEk&JUpdwfudk odyfxdckdufw,f? uGefjrLepfawG[m zqyvudk wkduf&if/ 'DvkdajymNyD; wkdufvdrfr,fvdkU ocifEk tapmBuD;uwnf;u BudKwifjrifxm;wJh twkdif; ocifoef; xGef;u EktufwvDpmcsKyf[m wefbdk;r&dSwJhpmcsKyf? 'DpmcsKyfu aygufzGm;vmwJh ArmhvGwfvyf a&;qdkwm vnf; vGwfvyfa&;tppfr[kwf/ twkBuD;vdkU ysuf&,fjyKvm? 'DrQruao;bl;? t*Fvdyf/ tar&duefe,f cJsUorm;awGeJU olwkdUarG;xm;wJh zqyvacG;awGu wcsufcswdkif; olwkdU&JU axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom ygwD0ifawG wodef;ausmf avmuf&dSwJh wkdufyGJ0ifNyD;om; olwkdU&JU vuf&Hk;orm;awG[m ESpfcsufpD jyefcsEdkifw,fvdkU tBuD;tus,f 0g
'DrdefUcGef;awmfBuD;udk owif;pmxJrSm zwfvdkuf&wJhtcg 0guRwf&if oleJU vufxufyghr,fvkdU uwdjyKxm;wJh olU&nf;pm;[m olUtdrfa&SUvm wjcm;a,mufsm; wa,mufudk ,lawmhr,fvdkUausnm/ olUi,fBudK;i,femawGudkyg toHukef[pfNyD; uavmfwkyfxmudk cHvkduf&ovdk jzpfoGm;w,f? tJ'Dtcg ocifEkvnf; tifrwefpdwfxdckdufoGm;w,fxifyg&JU/ oleJU 0kdif;NyD;xkdifaeBuwJh EkdifiHa&;orm;awGudkvJ tm;remEkdif/ 0efBuD;csKyfqdkwJh olxrf;&Gufxm;&wJh &mxl;BuD;udkawmif riJhuGufEkdif&SmawmhyJ oli,frlawGjyefvmNyD; pwmvif[m ArmawGudk cspfw,fqdkwm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; -D; NzJaewm avmufawmifr&dSbl;? 'Drat-dk; &yf&Sif;awGu awGUu&m trdefUawGay;wkdif; 'dkUuGefjrLepfawGu t[kwfBuD; xifNyD; em;axmifaewm thHMoyg&JUuGmvdkU olUyg;pyfu ajymrdajym&mawGudk a'goeJUa&&Gwf ypfvkdufw,f? tcef;(20) ocifoef;xGef;eJU*kd&S,fwdkU ArmEkdifiHukd jyefa&mufvmwJhtcg olwkdU(2)OD;u acgif;aqmifNyD; olwkdU&JUtodkif;t0kdif;awG[m wjcm;tcsufawGxuf EktufwvDpmcsKyft& ArmjynftwGuf zqyv ,lay;cJhwJh vGwfvyfa&;[m vGwfvyfa&; tppfr[kwfbl;qdkwJh tcsufudk ydkNyD; jyif;jyif;xefxef [pfatmfaºuG;aNumfMuw,f? 'Dvkdatmfwm[m wjcm; twGufr[kwfbl;? &yf&Sif;awG ajrSmufay;vkdU rMumcif olwkdU p&awmhr,fhvufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;[m rSefuefaomawmfvSefa&;ygvdkU tumtuG,f ay;bdkU twGufyJjzpfw,f? aemuf&uf tenf;i,fMumwJhtcg jynfxJa&;0efBuD; OD;ausmfNidrf;[m 0efMuD;csKyfocifEkudk vmawGUw,f? 0efMuD;csKyf/ uRefawmftifrwef vsKdU0SufwJh pmwrf;wapmif,lvmw,f? tJ'Dpmwrf;[m b,folU qDu&wmvJ/ b,fvkdvkyfNyD; &wmvJqdkwmawGawmh uRefawmfhudkrar;eJUaemf? uRefawmfvJ rodbl;? aeygtHk;? rifh[mu bmpmwrf;vJuG? *dk&S,fu olwkdU ay:vpfjAL&kdrSm wifNyD;aqG;aEG;wJh pmwrf;/ 'Dpmwrf;&JU t"du&nf&G,f csufu awmh vufeufudkifNyD; awmfvSefa&;vkyfbdkUyJ? 'Dpmwrf;udk rif;b,fvkdvkyfNyD;&vmwmvJ? 'gudk 0efBuD;csKyf rodcsifygeJU? 0efBuD;csKyfar;&if uRefawmfajz&r,f? jiif;vkdUrjzpfbl;? tJ'Dvkd ajzvdkuf&if/ uGefjrLepfawGqDu vQLdU0SufwJhowif;awGudk uRefawmfwdkUaemufxyf &bdkUcufoGm;vdrfhr,f? tHrm/ rif;uighudkawmif r,Hkawmhbl;vm;?

uRefawmfwkdU vlwa,muf uGefjrLepf ay:vpfjAL&dkxJrSm oGif;xm;w,f? olUqDu 'D pmwrf; udk&wm? atmf-'Dvl[m b,folvJqdkwmtxdawmh rar;ygeJUawmh 0efBuD;csKyf/ u|efawmfawmif;yef ygw,f? OD;ausmfNidrf;[m ocifEkudk olUvufxJupmwrf; vSrf;ay;vkdufw,f? ocifEk zwfMunfhwJhtcg jrefrmEdkifiHawmf. vuf&dSEkdifiHa&;tajctaeESifh uREfkyfwdkU vkyfief;pOfqdkwJh acgif;pOfudkawGU&w,f? 'DudwfprSm uRefawmfwdkU jywfjywfom;om;vkyfrS jzpfvdrfhr,f 0efBuD;csKyf/ csDwHkcswHkvkyfaevdkU rjzpfbl;? 'DuGefjrLepfawG olykefxrSm {uefyJ? rif;b,fvkd jywfjywfom;om;vkyfbkdU pdwful;xm;ovJ ausmfNidrf;? uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifawG tckvdk&efukefrSmpkaewkH; olwkdUudk jAKef;ueJzrf;NyD; axmif xJxnfh vdkufcsifw,f? 'Dvkdvkyfvdkuf&if olwkdU&JU awmfvSefa&;qdkwm[m rp&ao;cif OD;usKd;oGm;Ekdifp&m taMumif;&dSw,f? 'Dudwfp[m ta&;BuD;w,f? igpOf;pm;yg&apOD;uGm? uRefawmfu uRefawmfhpdwful;udk wifjywmyg? tqHk;tjzwfuawmh 0efBuD;csKyf ay;&rSmyJ? OD;ausmfNidrf;qdkwJhvl[m &efjzpf&if vufraES;csifbl;? olut&ifOD;atmif cscsifoljzpf w,f? om"uwckudkajym&OD;r,f? 'Dom"uudk zwf&&if OD;ausmf+idrf;[m b,fvdk vlpm;qdkwm oabmaygufEdkifw,f? 'kwd,urmppfBuD; twGif;u r[mrdwfwyfawG ref;wav;u qkwfcGm aewJhtcsdefrSm OD;ausmfNidrf;eJU &Jabmfwpk[m ref;wav;em;u uykdifqkdwJh &Gmuav;rSm pwJcsNyD; ajratmufawmfvSefa&;vkyfaeMuw,f? waeUusawmh oleJU &Jabmf (2)OD;[m rEWav;udk vrf;avQmufvmaewkef; olwkdUa&SUu rvSrf;rurf; ae&mwckrSm armfawmfum;wpif;xkd;pkdufw,f? tJ'Darmfawmfum;xJu r[mrdwfppfom;wOD;[m awmfrDaoewfudk olwkdUbufcsdefNyD;xGufvmw,f? 'Dppfom;tem;udk a&mufvmwmeJUwòydifeuf OD;ausmfNidrf;[m 'Dppfom;udk twif;0ifzufvdkufNyD; ypf/ ypf/ ypf vkdU olU&JabmfawGudk vSrf;ajymw,f? olU&JabmfawG[m bmvkyfr,fqkdwm OD;ausmfNidrf;vdk pOf;pm;rxm;wJh twGuf wrdepfavmuf bmvkyf&rSef;rod jzpfaew,f? aemufawmhrS wdkif;csif; udkoef;az qdkwJh &Jabmfu ppfom;udk ajcmufvHk;jyL;eJU twif;0if ypfwJhtwGuf olwdkU (3)OD;pvHk; toufab;u oDoDuav; vGwfajrmufoGm;cJh&onf? ausmfNidrf;a&/ uGefjrLepfawG olykefxawmhr,fqdkwm qzyv tvkyftrIaqmifudk igwifjycsifw,f?

wifjybdkUaumif;ygw,f? tJ'Dtpnf;ta0;rSm rif;&JU tpDtpOfawGudk rif;wifjywmayghuGm b,ftpDtpOfawGudk ajymwmvJ 0efMuD;csKyf? uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifawGudk olwkdU&JU XmecsKyfrSm twif;wufzrf;NyD;/ axmifxJoGif; xm;bdkU tpDtpOfayghuGm? [m/ 'gwifjyvdkU b,fjzpfrvJ? tm&Svli,feJU jynfolU&JabmftzGJUawGxJrSm uGefjrLepfawG trsm;MuD;&dSaew,f? tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUxJrSm olwkdUudk,fpm;vS,fuwqifh 'DtpDtpOfudk olwdkUodr,f? olwkdU odNyD;&if olwdkUowif;ydkUvkdU oef;xGef;eJU *kd&S,fwdkU csufcsif; odoGm;rSmyJ? [kwfw,f/ odoGm;rSmyJ? 'DtpDtpOfudk wifrjyeJUuGm? uGefjrLepfawGtwGuf pdwfrat;&wJhtxJ zqyvxJu qkd&S,fvpfawGtwGuf pdwfylp&m wck ocifEk&JU acgif;ay: wufa&mufvmjyefao;w,f? wufvmyHku 'Dvdk/ waeUrSm v,f,meJU opfawm a&;Xme 0efMuD;ocifwif[m om,m0wDudk c&D;xGufrJhtaMumif; 0efBuD;csKyf ocifEkudk tpD&ifcHw,f? ocifwif oGm;&rJha'o[m eJeJMurf;wJhtwGuf olUudk,f&HawmfwyfxJu Adkvfwa,mufeJU &Jabmfq,f a,mufavmuf ocifwifudk apmifha&SmufzdkU ocifEkxnfhay;vkdufw,f? Adkvfvkyfoludkvnf; 0efMuD;udk aumif;aumif;apmifh aemf? rif;ayghqvdkU 0efMuD;udk wckckjzpf&if rif;udkig jyif;jyif;xefxef t&;,lr,fvdkU ocifEk[m wdwdususrSmvdkufw,f? c&D;u jyefvmwJhtcg tJ'D Adkvfuav;u uRefawmf wjcm; b,fae&mrSroGm;bl;? 0efMuD;tem;rSm tNrJuyfaew,f? 0efMuD;tdrfomoGm;&ifawmif uRefawmf vdkufoGm; NyD; tjyifbufu apmifhaeygw,fvdkU ocifEkudk tpD&ifcHw,f? aemuf (3)&ufavmufMumwJhtcg ocifEk&JU rdwfaqGwOD;qDudk rdef;rwOD;&JU "gwfyHkESifh pmwapmif a&mufvmw,f? tJ'Drdef;r[m vif&dSr,m;/ 0efMuD;ocifwif[m 'Drdef;rudk AdkvfwJay:ac:NyD; rk'def;usifhvdkufygw,fvdkU pmxJrSm a&;xm;w,f? ocifwifudk ocifEkodvmwmBumNyD;? ocifwifrSm rdef;rawGeJU &lyf&lyfayGayGvkyfwwfwJh 0goemrsKd;awmh b,fenf;eJUrSr&dSbl; qdkwm ocifEkaumif;aumif;odw,f? ocifwifeJU &if;ESD;olwkdif;vnf; 'DtaMumif;udk aumif;aumif;odygw,f? 'gayrJhwkdifpm &vmwJhtcg pHkprf;wmaumif;w,fqdkwJhoabmeJU olxnfhay;vkdufwJh udk,f&Hawmfu Adkvfuav;udk ocifEkpHkprf;Munfhw,f? ol[m 0efBuD;csKyfeJU twlwl wcef;xJrSm tdyfwJhtwGuf olrodyJ 0efMuD;tdyfcef;xJudk b,folrS rvmEkdifbl;? aemufNyD;awmhvnf; ol[m 0efBuD;oGm;&mudk tMrJwrf; uyfvkdufaewJhtwGuf 0efBuD;[m olrodyJ 'DudwfprsKd;b,fenf;eJUrS rvkyfEkdifbl;vdkU ajzw,f?

tJ'gaMumifh ocifEkvJ 'Dudwfpudk ysufvHk;wcktaeeJU oabmxm;NyD; arhypfvdkufw,f? aemuf(3)&ufavmufMumwJhtcg tJ'Drdef;r&JU "gwfyHkeJUwuG ocifwifAdkvfwJay:rSm rk'def;usifhoGm;w,fqdkwJhowif;awG[m owif;pmawGxJrSm ygvmw,f? ocifEkvnf; 'Dowif;udk qufvufpHkprf;MunfhwJhtcg 'Dvkd od&w,f? om,m0wDrSm ocifwifeJU roifhjrwfwJh jynfolU&Jabmf AdkvfwOD;&dSw,f? tJ'D Adkvfu 'Dowif;udk wrifoufouf vkyfBuHNyD; 0efBuD;csKyfeJU owif;pmwkdufqDudk ydkUvdkufwmjzpfw,f? trSeftwkdif;qdk&if 'DtrI[m odyfrMuD;us,fygbl;? 'gayrJh owif;pmwkdufawG uvJ vufcHatmif jynfolvlxkuvJ aMueyfoGm;atmifqkdNyD; ocifEk[m w&m;vTwfawmf csKyf&JU w&m;0efBuD;csKyfeJU tjcm;yk*dKvf (2)OD;ygwJh pHkprf;a&;tzGJUudk zGJUay;vkdufw,f? 'DtrI[m vDq,frI jzpfw,fvkdU pHkprf;a&;tzGJUu tpD&ifcHw,f? tJ'DtpD&ifcHpmxGufvmNyD;wJhtcg wcsKdUowif;pmawGu NidrfoGm;Muw,f? owif;pm(2)apmif (3)apmifuawmh rsufpdrdSwfNyD; ZGwftwif;qufNyD; pGyfpGJaeMuao;wmyJ? 'Dowif;pmawGudk zwfNyD; um,uH&Sif ocifwifeJU olU&Jabmf qkd&S,fvpfawG[m b,favmufpdwfqdk;r,fqkdwmawmh rajymwwfbl;? qdk&S,fvpf r[kwfwJh 0efMuD;csKyf ocifEkawmif tawmfrcHr&yfEkdif jzpfaew,f? rwfv(12)&ufaeUudka&mufwJhtcg Armjynf tvnfvmwJh Armjynfqkdif&m NAdwdoQ 0efMuD;csKyfa[mif; avmhvpfpwdk;0Judk òrdUawmfcrf;rrSm *kPfjyK{nfhcHw,f? {nfhcHyGJNyD;wJhtcg Aef"kvyef;NcHbufqDu vlxktoHawGeJU toHcsJUpufawGukd Mum;wmaMumifh avmhvpfpwdk;0JeJU ocifEkwkdU[m òrdUawmfcef;raqmif&JU 0&efwmay:uaeNyD; AEKvyef;NcHxJu xGufvmMuwJh vlxkudk MunfhaeMuw,f? olwkdU[pfatmfvmMuwJh aºuG;aMumfoHawG[m owif;pmwkdufawGudk &IHUcswJh aºuG;aMumfoHawG jzpfwJhtwGuf 0efMuD; ocifwifeJU ywfoufNyD; qdk&S,fvpfawG qef'jyMuw,fqdkwm ocifEkcsufcsif;awG;rdw,f? t&rf;uma&m a&;ae wJh owif;pmawGudk 'Dvkdqef'jywm[m w&m;aom qef'jyjcif;yJvkdUvnf; ocifEk,lqwJh twGuf 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfaew,f? jynfolvlxku owif;pmawGudk bmaMumifh tckvkd qef'jy&w,fqdkwmudkvnf; ocifEk[m avmhvpfpwkd0Judk 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;ompGmeJU &Sif;jyaew,f? ocifek tdrfjyefa&mufNyD;vkdU (15)rdepfavmuftMum jynfxJa&; 0efMuD;OD;ausmfNidrf; a&mufvmw,f? OD;ausmfNidrf;u bmrSrajym&ao;cif/ a[hausmfNidrf;a&/ acG;rom; owif;pmawGudk vlxkuqef'kjyukefMuNyD?

owif;pmawGu bma&;a&;/ iHkUcHwmrsKd;awmh igvnf; rMudKufbl;? wcgwcg 'Dvkdqef'jyMuwmrsKd;udk igMudKufw,fvkdU ocifEku 0rf;om tm;&eJU OD;ausmfNidrf;udk ajymjyw,f? uRefawmf tjyckdif;vkdufwm 0efBuD;csKyf? atmfqef'jy,Hkwif ruao;bl;? owif;pmwkdufawGxJudk 0ifNyD; pufawGudkyg &dkufcsKd;ypfbdkU uRefawmfrSmvkdufw,f? 0efMuD;csKyf[m olUjynfxJa&;0efMuD; tpD&ifcHaewmudk r,HkMunfEkdifwJh rsufESmeJ@ wrdepf avmuf tHhtm;oifhNyD; pdkufMunfhaew,f? bm-uG? owif;pmwkdufawGxJudk 0ifNyD;? pufawGudk &dkufcsKd;bdkUyg? uRefawmfrSmvkdufw,f? rif;[m apmufoHk;ruswJh taumifyJuGm/ jynfxJa&;0efNuD;vkyfaeNyD; 'Dvkdcdkif;&o vm;? qef'jy&Hkqdk&if awmfa&maygh? bmudwfp pufawGudk &dkufcsKd;cdkif;&wmvJ? 'dkU[m 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHuG tmPmydkifawGeJU olwkdU&JU vufyg;apawG vkyfcsif&m vkyfaewmudk b,fol rS ta&;r,l&JyJ vufydkufMunfhae&wJh tmPm&SifEkdifiHr[kwfbl;? rif;ykvdyfrif;BuD;udk tckcsufcsif;ac:vkduf/ Oya'udkcsKd;azmufwJh taumifrSeforQ igta&;,lr,fvdkU 0ef}uD;csKyf[m olUjynfxJa&;0efBuD;udk a'goeJU typfwifaew,f? 0efMuD; csKyf[m tifrwef a'goxGufaewJhtwGuf rif;[m w&m;cHyJ? tJ'gaMumifh rif;[m a&S;OD;pGm &mxl;u xGufuGmvdkU awmif jynfxJa&;0efMuD;udk 0efMuD;csKyfu ajymawmhr,fqJqJ jzpfoGm;vdkufao;w,f? wpHkwckudk ajy;NyD; owd&vkdufwJhtwGuf 'gudk rajymyJ 0efBuD;csKyf[m olUpdwfudk csKyfxm;vdkufw,f? olowd&w,f qdkwmuawmh wjcm;r[kwfygbl;? olykef xawmhqJqJ jzpfaewJh uGefjrLepfawG&JU tE&m,fygyJ? pufawGudk &kdufcsKd;wJhtxJrSm Oya'jyK vTwfawmftrwfawG/ ygvDreftwGif;0efawG/ tvkyform;acgif;aqmifawG/ v,form;acgif;aqmifawGygw,f? 0efBuD;csKyf&JU trdefUt& ykvdyfuzrf;qD;bdkU vkdufwJhtcg 'DvlawG[m cPa&Smifwdrf; aeMuao;w,f? olwkdU&JUacgif;aqmifawGu tzrf;cHbdkU trdefUay;awmhrS tzrf;cHMuw,fvdkU Mum;&w,f? 'gayrJh olwdkU&JUtrI[m tmrcHay;EkdifwJh trIjzpfjzpfaewJhtwGuf 'Dacgif;aqmifawGudk tmrcHeJU vTwfay;vdufkw,f? aemuf(3)&ufavmufMumwJhtcg AEKvyef;NcHxJrSm vlxktpnf;ta0;w&yf usif;yNyD; ocifEk rdefUcGef; ay;w,f? 'DrdefUcGef;xJrSm pufawG &dkufcsKd;olawGudk

Oya't& ta&;,l aeNyDqdkwm ocifEk ausnmw,f? aemufNyD;awmh owif;pmawG[m&aewJh vGwfvyfpGm a&;om;cGifhudk w&m;ojzifh oHk;pGJMubdkU ocifEku a&S;OD;pGm arwm&yfcHw,f? tu,fa&GU ol'Dvkd arwm&yfwmudk *&krpdkufyJ vGwfvyfpGma&;om;cGifhudk tvGJoHk;pm;vkyfvm&if ol[m owif;pmawGudkvnf; raMumufbl;? owif;pmawG&JU bkd;atudkvnf; raMumufbl;? Oya't& ta&;,l&vdrfhr,fvdkU 0efMuD;csKyfu owif;pm awGudk Budrf;armif;vdkufw,f? ocifEk ajymoGm;wJhpum;xJrSm owif;pm bdk;atqdkwm b,folUudkrS &nf&G,fNyD; ajymwmr[kwfygbl;? Oyrm-vlwa,mufudkvnf; raMumufbl;? tJ'Dvlxuf ydkNyD;BuD;wJhvludkvnf; raMumufbl;vkdU t&yfoHk;pum;eJUajymcsif&if rif;udkvnf; raMumufbl;? tJ'D vlxuf ydkrdkMuD;wJh vludkvnf;raMumufbl;vkdU ArmawGajymaeMuygyJ? tJ'gaMumifh owif;pmudkvnf; raMumufbl;? owif;pm bkd;atudkvnf; raMumufbl;vkdU ajymwJhtcg owif;pmxuf ydkNyD; wefckd;MuD;wmawGudkvnf; raMumufbl;vkdU 0efBuD;csKyfu qdkvdkwmygyJ? 'gayrJh ocif udk,fawmfrIdif;[m owif;pmawG&JU bdk;atjzpfw,f? tJ'gaMumifh owif;pmbdk;atudk raMumufbl;vdkU qkdwm[m 0efBuD;csKyfu ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;udk apmfum;vkdufwmyJvkdU owif;pm awGu pmvHk;rJBuD;awGeJ ocifEkudk 0dkif;NyD;wG,fMujyefw,f? tJ'Daemuf ocifudk,fawmf rIdif;udk acgif;aqmifwifNyD; owif;pmq&mawGxJu cyfpGmpGm owif;pmq&m av;ig;OD;[m t&yfwumvSJYNyD; 0efMuD;csKyfudk &IHUcsyGJawG vkyfMuao;w,f? ocifEk[m wufuodkvf ausmif;om;b0wkef;u ausmif;tkyfNuD;qavmhudk 'DvkdyJ rw&m;pGyfpGJcJhbl;ol qkdawmh 'Dowif;pm q&mawG vkyfwmudk pdwfrqdk;Ekdifygbl;? ol[m0Ëfv,fwmyJvkdU olUudk,fol jyefajymNyD; NyHK;pdpdBuD; vkyfaew,f? owif;pmq&mawGeJU wbufrSm&efjzpfaewkef; ocifEk[m uGefjrLepfudwfpudk qufudkifbdkU twGuf zqyv tvkyftrIaqmif tpnf;ta0;udkac:NyD; uGefjrLepfawG olykef xawmhrJhtaMumif; ocifEku &Sif;jyw,f? tckvdk&Sif;jyNyD;wJhtcg tvkyftrIaqmif cyfrsm;rsm;u Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf uGefjrLepfawGeJU aqG;aEG;MubdkU tMuHay;Muw,f? 'DvkdtMuHay;wJhtxJrSm wcsKdUuawmh aoG;xGufoH,dkrI awGudk a&SmifcsifvdkU apwem&dk;&kd;eJU tMuHay;wmygyJ? 'gayrJh uGefjrLepfawGbufudk cyf,dkif,kdifjzpfaeMuwJh olawGuawmh uGefjrLepfawG[m awmfvSefa&;twGuf tpDtpOfvkyfEkdifatmif tpkd;&vufudk qGJxm;wJh taeeJU tBuH ay;wmjzpfw,f? 'Dtcsufudk 0efMuD;csKyf aumif;aumif;odygw,f? 'gayrJh ocifEk[m tawG;orm;/ tai;orm; qdkawmh &efoleJU&ifqkdif&wJhtcg OD;ausmfNidrf;vdk rjywfom;bl;? &efolu

av;ig;csufxdk;wmudk cH&NyD;rS jyefxdk;csifoljzpfw,f? tJ'gaMumifh uGefjrLepfawGeJU aqG;aEG;bkdU qdkwJhtBuHudk olvufcHvkdufw,f? aqG;aEG;bdkUtwGuf tpDtpOfawGvkyf&atmif ocifEk[m ucsifjynfe,f OuX qrm;'l;0g; qif0g;aemifudk uGefjrLepfawGqD vTwfvkdufw,f? uGefjrLepfawG[m olwkd&JUXmecsKyfudk ydwfxm;w,f? qrm;'l;0g;udk t0ifrcHbl;? ocifEkvnf; tawmfpdwfwdkvmNyD;? 'gayrJh 'DudwfP[m cav;upm;wJh udwfp r[kwfbl;? wEkdifiHvHk;&JU aoa&;&Sifa&;udwfpMuD;jzpfw,f? onf;cH? rif;pdwfvdkufrmefyg oGm;rvkyfvdkufeJUvkdU olUudk,folqHk;rNyD; 'kwd,0efBuD;csKyf AkdvfvufsmeJU qrm;'l;0g; wdkUudk uGefjrLepfawGqD xyfNyD; vTwfvdkufjyefw,f? tJ'DtBudrfrSmvnf; uGefjrLepfawG[m olwkdU &JU XmecsKyfudk ydwfxm;w,f? tpdk;& udk,fpm;vnfawGudk t0ifrcHbl;? tJ'DvkdeJ@ rwfv (27)&ufaeUudk a&mufvmygw,f rwfv(27)&ufaeU[m zufqpf *syefudk pNyD; awmfvSefMuwJh awmfvSefa&;aeUjzpfw,f? tJ'DaeUrSm ocifEk[m tmZmenfukef; vlxktpnf;ta0;rSm rdefUcGef;ajymw,f? ocifoef;xGef;u AEKvyef;NcH vlxktpnf;ta0;rSm rdefUcGef;ajymw,f/ ocifEku aoG;xGufoH,dkjzpfrJhvrf;pOfudk rvkdufMuygeJU? Nidrf;csrf; a&;vrf;pOfudk vdkufMuyg? uGefjrLepfawG/ qkd&S,fvpfawG face=WinKalaw jynfol@&JabmfawG tp&dSwJhEkdifiHa&; orm;awG nDnGwfEkdifMu&if 0efMuD;csKyf&mxl;ua&m zqyvOuX&mxl;uyg olxGufay;NyD; trsm;vufcHEkdifolwOD;udk wifajrmufay;yghr,f vdUajymw,f? ocifoef;xGef;uawmh zqyvtpdk;&udk vufeufeJUjzKwfcs&r,f? Ag;u&macsmufBuD;xJrSm zqyv tavmif; aumifawG[m awmifvkdyHkoGm;apr,fvkdU ajymw,f? ocifoef;xGef;u tJ'Dvkd wcJeuf [pfatmfvdkufwJh toHBuD;[m ol&JUwjcm; Ncdrf;ajcmufoHawGudk vTrf;rkd;xGufvmum wEkdifiHvHk; ,lusKH;r& Mum;cJh&onf? uGefjrLepfawG[m tJ'Davmuftxd uJvmwJhtcg zqyv tpdk;&[m uGefjrLepf awGeJU aqG;aEG;&atmifqufNyD; BudK;pm;bdkUqkdwm rjzpfEdkifawmhbl;? tJ'gaMumifh uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmif awGudkzrf;bdkU 0efBuD;csKyfocifEk[m trdefUcsay;vkduf&w,f? &JeJU jynfaxmifpk&JtzGJU0ifawG/ uGefjrLepf XmecsKyfudk wufNyD;zrf;wJhtcg acgif;aqmifawG wa,mufrSr&dSawmhbl;? tJ'DawmhrS usm;udkowfowfvGwfpm;bkdU awmif;yef&wmurS atmifjrifEkdifp&m taMumif;&dSao;w,f? &yf&Sif; tyif; oGif;vdkufwmudk cHae&wJh uGefjrLepf awGudk Nidrf;csrf;a&;vrf; vdkufatmifajymbdkU qdkwmuawmh b,fenf;eJUrS atmifjrifEkdifp&m taMumif;r&dSEdkifbl;? 'gudkodvsufom;eJU igjywfjywfom;om;

rvkyfvkdufrdwmrSm;wmbJ? jywfjywfom;om; vkyfbdkU ausmfNidrf;ajymwkef;uom igoabmwlvdkuf&if 'DvkdjzpfrSmr[kwfbl;vkdU olUudk,foltjypfwifNyD; ocifEkaemifw&aew,f? tcef;(21) tukodkvf0ifrd&if wcgwnf;eJU b,fawmhrS rNyD;bl;qdkwJh t*Fvdyfpum;yHk wck&dSw,f? jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmfrSm 1948ckESpfeJU 1949ckESpftwGif; tukokdvf0ifyHk[m tJ'Dt*Fvdyfpum;yHktwkdif; jzpfaewmygyJ? b,fvdkjzpfw,fqkdwm MunfhMu&atmif? 1948ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (4)&ufae@rSm jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH[m vGwfvyfwJhEkdifiH jzpfvmw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm rl*sm[pfawGeJU tvHeDuGefjrLepfawG[m olykefxvdkU tawmf t&dSef&aeNyD? vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;vdkU (76)&ufyJ&dSao;w,f? 1948ckESpf rwfv(29)&ufaeUusawmh ocifoef;xGef; acgif;aqmifwJh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD olykefxw,f? tJ'Dowif;udk Mum;vdkuf&wmeJU wNyKdifeuf 1948ckESpf Zlvdkifv (4)&ufaeUrSm EkdifiHa&;avmuxJu olxGufoGm;&awmhrSmyJvdkU oltMuD;tus,f arQmfvifhvmcJhwJh arQmfvifhcsufawmifMuD;[m rsufpdwcyf/ vQyfwysuf/ vufwjzpftwGif; NydKusaysmufuG,foGm;wmudk ocifEk[m olUpdwfxJrSm jrifvkduf&w,f? tJ'Dvkdjrifvkduf&wmeJU a&SUqifhaemufqifhqkdovdk tpdk;& bufawmfom;awGeJU olykefawG[m aoG;oH&J&JeJU wOD;udkwOD; ypfcwfowfjzwfaeMuwmawGudk ocifEk[m olUpdwfxJrSm ajy;jrifvkdufjyefNyD; tawmfwkefvIyfoGm;w,f? b,fhES,fh uGm? rif;vkyfrSmaMumufygw,fvdkU qdkaecgrS rif;&kd;&kd;awmifr[kwfbl;? aoewfudkif xGuf&rJh rif;vkyfae&jyefNyD;? ighuHawGu b,fvkdtusKd;ay;aewmvJ? ckaetcg jrwfpGmbk&m;om oufawmfxif&Sm;&dSaer,fqkd&if wynfhawmfudk 'Db0rsKd;a&mufatmif b,fuH awGu/ tusKd;ay;aewmygvJ bk&m;udkavQmufNunfhcsifw,fvdkU ocifEk[m wa,mufwnf;NiD;aew,f? watmifhavmufMumawmhrS igua&Smifom;yJuGm? uGefjrLepfawG/ qkd&S,fvpfawG/ jynfolU&JabmfawG/ nDnGwf atmifMudK;pm;Muyg? 0efMuD;csKyf&mxl;uaum zqyv OufuXtjzpfuaum xGufay;ygr,fhvdkU awmfvSefa&; aeUwkef;u vlxka&SUrSm vlod&SifMum; igausnmcJhom;yJ? tJ'Dvkd iga&SmifvQufom;eJU 'DuGefjrLepfawGu twif;0ifwdk;wmawmh igrwwfEdkifbl;? olwkdUcsovdk 'kdUuvnf;jyefcs&rSmyJvkdU pdwfESpfvHk;'Hk;'kH;csvkdufNyD; vdktyfwJh tpDtpOfawG vkyf&atmif ta&;ay:0efNuD;rsm; tpnf;ta0; ac:vdkufw,f?

0efMuD;awG tvmudk apmifhae&if; ocifEk[m bk&m;cef;pmtkyfpifu ZmwfNuD;q,fbGJU usrf;pmtkyfudk ,lvkdufNyD; ra[mo" Zmwfawmfudk zwfaew,f? bk&m;rjzpfcif a*gwr jrwfpGmbk&m;[m b0aygif;rsm;pGm bk&m;tavmif;awGjzpfcJhzl;w,f? tJ'Dtavmif;awmf awGxJrSm ra[mo"vnf;ygw,f? ra[mo"[m ynm&dSMuD;wOD;jzpfw,f? bk&m;avmif;awGxJrSm wcsKdUu jzpfcgpqdkawmh yg&rDEkMuw,f? ra[mo"jzpfvmwJhtcg bk&m;avmif;jzpfcJhwJh b0aygif;[m ra&twGuf Ekdifatmif rsm;aeNyDjzpfwJhtwGuf ra[mo"&JU yg&rD[m tawmfMuD; &ifhusufaeNyD? tJ'Dvkd yg&rD &ifhusufaewJh bk&m;tavmif;awmf[m olwbufom;ukd tvum;oufoufb,frSm ESdyfpufowfjzwfcsifrvJ? 'gayrJh olU&Sifbk&if olUwdkif;jynfeJU trsKd;udk umuG,fbkdU twGuf qkd&ifawmh vufraES;bl;? &efoludkESdyfpufp&m &dS&ifvnf; ESdyfpufwmyJ? &efolbufu &Sifbk&if&JUtMuHay; uif;0Vfyk@m;udk ezl;eJU Murf;eJUudkifaqmifhNyD; ta0;NuD;vGifhoGm;atmif udkifaygufypfvkdufzl;w,f r[kwfvm;? &efol&JU tifrwefuD;rm;wJh wyfawG[m olU&Sifbk&ifeJU aejynfawmfudk 0kdif;xm;wJhtcg tEkuif;0VfqkdwJh face=WinKalaw yk@m;wOD;udk olvQKddtjzpfeJU &efolawGwyfxJ xnfhxm;w,f? aemufNyD;awmhrS 'D tEkuif;0Vf face=WinKalaw yk@m;m ra[mo"&JU oGefoifxm;csuft& rdausmif;aygwJh usKH;udkjzwfNyD; NrdKU&dk;udk azmufbkdU &efolUppfom;awGudkvdrfac:vmw,f? rdausmif;udkufowfvdkU &efolUppfom;awG tawmfao Muw,f? rdausmif;ab;u vGwfxGufvmwJh &efol wyfom; awGudkawmh toifhNcKHcdkapmifhaewJholUwyfom;awGu 0kdif;NyD;owf&w,f? tifrwefNuD;rm;wJh &efolwyfMuD;[maemufqHk;rSm wyfvefNyD; upifhuvsm; xGufajy;&wJh txd ra[mo"[m enf;y&d,m,ftrsKd;rsKd;udk oHk;cJhw,f? &efol&Sifbk&if[m vuf&Hk;tm;udk;eJU wkdufvdkUr&wJhtcg olUorD;awmfeJU xdrf;jrm;yghr,f? olUEkdifiHudk vmygvkdU ra[mo"&JU &Sifbk&ifukdvdrfNyD;ac:w,f? roGm;bdkU&Sifbk&ifudk ra[mo" tjyif;txefwm;w,f? &Sifbk&if[m &efol&Sifbk&if&JU orD;awmfudk odyfvdkcsifaewJhtwGuf wm;vdkUr&bl;? tJ'gaMumifh ol&JUvuf&Hk;&nf/ ESvHk;&nfudk tokH;jyKNyD; ra[mo"[m &efol&Sifbk&if&J orD;awmfudk olU&Sifbk&iftwGuf r&&atmif ckd;ay;cJhzl;w,f? tJ'Dvdk orD;awmfudk ckd;ay;NyD;aemuf olUvufxJrSmrdaewJh &efol&Sifbk&ifudk ra[mo" owfypfcsif&if owfypfEkdifw,f? 'gayrJh rowfbl;? toufcsrf;omay;vkdufw,f? tJ'D&efol&Sifbk&ifu ra[mo"udk okcrdef oihfvkdvuf&Hk;&nf/ ESvHk;&nfeJU jynfhpHkwJhyk*dKvf[m 'DZrL'dyfwuRef;vHk;udk

odrf;,lEkdifw,f? b,fjzpfvkdU odrf;r,lwmvJvdkU ar;w,f? tJ'Dtcg t&Sifrif;MuD; tusEfkyf[m rif;tjzpfudk tvdk&dS&if t&Sifrif;NuD; ajymovkd odrf;,lEdkifygw,f? tuREkfyf[m 'Drif;pnf;pdrfudk tvdk&dSvkdUr[kwf/ udk,fh&Sifbk&if/ udk,hfwkdif;jynfeJU udk,fhtrsKd;udk ab;'kufc ra&muf&atmifom wkdufae&jcif;jzpfygw,f? rdrdaumif;pm;vkdaomaMumifh olwyg;udk owfykwfnSif;qJNyD; pnf;pdrfOwfpm odrf;,ljcif;rsKd;udk bk&m;/ yapPu Ak'f"/ &[Empaom olawmfaumif;wkdUcsD;rGrf;awmfrrl? tuREfkyf[m olawmfaumif;wkdU csD;rGrf;wJh tavhtusifhudkom tvdk&dSw,f? olawmfaumif;wkd U pufqkyf&GH&Sm wJh tvkyfrsKd;udk tvdkr&dSvkdU ra[mo"jyefajzw,f? w&m;awmf[m rsufESmrvdkufbl;? ig[mvk&m;avmif;jzpfw,f? aemufNyD;awmh igowfvdkufwJh olawG[m &efolawGyJqkdNyD; ra[mo" xkacsvdkUr&bl;? bk&m;avmif;u owfwmyJjzpfjzpf/ vlomrefu owfwmyJ jzpfjzpf i&JMuD;wmyJ? &efoludkyJjzpfjzpf/ rdwfaqGudkyJjzpfjzpf/ wjcm;yk*dKvfwOD;udkyJjzpfjzpf/ owfrd&if i&JMuD;wmyJ? udk,fu oGm;wkduf&if; owfwmyJjzpfjzpf/ &efoluvmwkdufvdkU udk,fhudk,fudk umuG,f&if;owfwmyJjzpfjzpf owfrd&if i&JMuD;wmyJ? tJ'gudk odvQufom;eJU i&JtuscHNyD; ukd,fhwdkif;jynf eJUtrsKd;udk ra[mo"u,fq,fcJhwm?ocifEkodyfoabmusw,f? ol&Sifbk&ifjzpfbdkUtwGuf olUudk,fusKd; pD;yGm;jzpfbkdUtwGuf 'Dvkd owf&jzwf&wJh bk&m;tp&dSaom/ olawmfaumif;rsm; pufqkyfwJh tvkyfrsKd;udk tavmif;awmfra[mo"[m b,fawmhrS rvkyfbl;qdkwJh tcsufudkyJ ocifEk odyfoabmusw,f? tJ'gaMumifh wkdif;jynfeJUtrsKd;udk umuG,fbkdU twGufom 'Dvkdowf&jzwf&wJh tvkyfawGudk igvkyfr,f? 0efMuD;csKyfqdkwJh igh&mxl; wnfNrJa&;twGufom qkd&ifawmh bk&m;tp&dSaom olawmfaumif;awG pufqkyfwJh 'Dvkdowfjzwf ESdyfpuf&wJh tvkyfrsKd;awGudk ig[m b,fenf;eJUrS rvkyfygbl;vkdU av;eufpGm t"dXmefNyD; 0efMuD; tpnf;ta0;tcef;xJudk 0efMuD;csKyf ocifEk 0ifvmw,f? uGefjrLepfawG[m olwdkUtm;aumif;&m a'oawGjzpfwJh yJcl;/ awmifil/ ysOf;rem;eJUjrpf0uRef;ay: a'owcsKdYrSm tpGrf;ukef aomif;usef;ypfMuwmyJ? olwkdU[m &JXmewcsKdUudk 0ifpD;NyD; vufeufawGvkw,f? NrKUduav;awGeJU &GmawGtawmfrsm;rsm;udk 0ifpD;Muw,f? qefpufawG/ qef*kda'gifawGrSm&dSwJh tpdk;&qefawGudk 0ifvkMuw,f? rD;&xm;vrf;awG/ wHwm;awGudk csKd;azmufzsufqD;ypfMuw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u olwkdU&JU tiftm;[m wkdufyGJ0ifbl;wJh vufeufudkifawG waomif;ausmfavmuf &dSr,f? uGefjrLepfjynfolUppf0efxrf;vkdU ac:wJh 'kwf"g;0g;cReftp&dSwJh awGU&mvufeufudkifawG&JU tiftm;uawmh ESpfaomif;ausmfausmfavmuf

&dSvdrfhr,fvdkU cefUrSef;&w,f? 'DvufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;udk &ifqdkifbkdUtwGuf tpdk;&rSm bmrSjyifqifrIr&dSao;ygbl;? tJ'gaMumifh tpdk;&[m a0;wJh&efoludk vpfvsL&Ixm;&NyD; eD;&m&efoludkom ig;yGuf&m ig;pmcsaeovdk/ [kda&TUwdkuf/ 'Da&TWwkduf vkdufeJUwkdufae&wmyJ? tJ'Dvkdjzpfuwwfqef; wkdufaewkef; arvxJudk a&mufvmwJhtcg jynfolU&JabmfawGu uGefjrLepfaomif;usef;olawGeJU tpdk;&pyfMum;rSm aphpyf ay;csifw,fvkdU tqkdjyKvmw,f? 'DvkdtqdkjyKvmwJh jynfolU&JabmfawGxJrSm pdwf"mwfydkrdkjyif;xefwJhvlpku t*FvefeJU tar&duefudk ArmEdkifawmftpdk;&u ppfausnmzkdUtMuHay;w,f? 0efMuD;csKyf ocifEk[m jynfolU&JabmfawGeJU &efrjzpfcsifbl;? tJ'Dawmh 'DtMuHrjzpfEkdidwJhtaMumif;udk pdwf&Snf&Snf&Sif;jyw,f? tJ'Dtcg tJ'DjynfolU&JabmfawGu 'Dvkdqkd&if 0efMuD;csKyf/ pwdppfausnmay;ygvdkU xyfrH tMuHay;jyefw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfuvnf; 'D 'kwd,tMuHudk Mum;&jyefwJhtcg ESpfrdepfavmuf pum;rajymEdkifbl;? idkifwkdifwkdif MuD;jzpfaew,f? 'DtMuHeJU ywfoufNyD; ocifEkeJU jynfolU&Jabmf acgif;aqmifwcsKdU[m tawmfuav; tMudwfte,f aqG;aEG;vkduf&ao;w,f? aemufqHk;rSm qkdAD,uf ,leD,Hvkd EkdifiHrsKd;awmif t*FvdyfeJU tar&duefudk wu,fvnf; ppfrausnm&Jbl;? pwdvJ rausnm&Jbl;vkdU ocifEku &Sif;jyawmhrS 'Dudwfp[m NyD;oGm;w,f? tJ'Daemuf uGefjrLepfawG/ qkd&S,fvpfawG/ jynfolU&JabmfawG yg0ifEdkifwJh vuf0JnDnGwfa&;udk wnfaqmufbkdU vuf0JnDnGwfa&; vrf;pOfwckudk a&;qGJcsifw,fvdkU jynfolU&JabmfawGu awmif;qdkwJhtwGuf qkd&S,fvpf acgif;aqmifwcsKdU/ jynfolU&Jabmfacgif;aqmifwcsKdU/bkwvifOD;odef;azeJU oludk,fwkdif nD!Gwfa&; vrf;pOfwckudka&;qGJNyD; 1948ckESpf arv (25)&ufaeU atmifqef;tm;upm;uGif; vlxk tpnf;ta0;MuD;rSm ausnmvkdufw,f? ocifEkwkdUu nDnGwfa&;&bkdUtwGuf/ tifrwef tifrwefNuD;us,fvSwJh arQmfvifhcsufMuD;eJ 'Dvuf0J nDnGwfa&;vrf;pOfukd ausnmvkdufaywJh ukda&TuGefjrLepfawGuawmh NzKHawmifrNzKHbl;? 'gayrJh 'Dvuf0J nDnGwfa&;vrf;pOfxJrSmygwJhtcsuf(5)csufteuf/ aemufqHk;tcsufaMumifh taemufEdkifiHwcsKdUrSm txl;ojzifh t*FvefrSm owif;pmwcsKdUeJU yk*dKvfwcsKdU[m 'Dvuf0J nDnGwfa&;vrf;pOfudk tawmfuav; pdwf0ifpm;vmwm awGU&w,f? tJ'DaemufqHk;tcsufqdkwmuawmh wjcm;r[kwfygbl;? uGefjrLepf/ qkd&S,fvpf/ jynfolU&JabmfeJU rmpfh0g'ukd ouf0if,HkMunfaewJh EkdifiHa&;orm;awG yg0ifwJhtzGJUwckudk rmhpf0g' pnfyifjyefUyGm;a&;twGuf zGJUpnf;ay;rnfvkdU

az:jyxm;wJhtcsufyJ jzpfygw,f? 'Dtcsufudk taMumif;jyKNyD; t*FvefeJU tar&duefawG&JU owif;pmwcsKdUrSm ArmEkdifiH[m uGefjrLepfEkdifi Hjzpf oGm;&SmNyDvkdU az:jya&;om;Nuw,f? t*FvefrSmqkd&if EkdifiHjcm;0efMuD; rpwmbDAif[m bdvyf&dS ArmoHtrwfudk csufcsif;qifhac:NyD; 'Dvuf0JnDnGwfa&;vrf;pOftaMumif;tm; &Sif;jyckdif;w,f? NAdwdoQ ygvDrefxJrSmvnf; tu,fa&GU ArmEkdifiH[m uGefjrLepfEkdifiHjzpfoGm;&if tJ'DEdkifiHtay:rSm NAdwdoQtpdk;&&JU oabmxm;udk ajymif;vJ&vdrfhr,fvkdU cyfcyfwif;wif; cyfrmrm ausnmcJhw,f? ArmawGtvkd&dSwJhtwkdif; vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;&atmif apwemaumif;eJU 0dkif;NyD; ulnDMuwJh Armh rdwfaqGawGxJrSm rpwmbDAif[m a&SUqHk;wef;uygw,fqdkwm ocifEk aumif;aumif;odw,f? tJ'Daus;Zl; udk olwwfEdkifoavmuf jyefqyfr,fqdkwJh &nf&G,fcsufeJU Armaq;q&m0efwOD;udk vTwfNyD; rpwmbDAif &JU vdyfacgif;a&m*gudk ukoay;yg&apvkdUawmif ocifEk rpwmbDAifeJU bdvyfrSm awGUpOfu tqkdjyKcJhzl;w,f? rpwmbDAifuvJ oabmwlw,f? 'gayrJh Armvdyfacgif; q&mawGukwJhenf;[m odyf Murf;w,f? vdyfacgif;udk pdefygwJhaq;awGeJU vl;NyD;jzwfwmyJ? oGm;rvkyfeJU bDAifvdkMuD;us,fwJh yk*dKvfMuD; wa,muf rawmfwq udk;,kd;um;,m;jzpfoGm;&if cifAsm;omrubl; ArmwEkdifiHvHk; ur?mhtv,frSm emrnfysufaeygOD;r,fvkdU rdwfaqGawGu tjyif;txef0dkif;NyD;uefUuGufMuwmeJU ocifEkvJ rpwmbDAifqD vdyfacgif;uk q&mwOD;ykdUzkdU tNuHudk vufavQmhypfcJh&zl;w,f? rpwmbDAifeJU ocifEkwkdU[m 'Dvkd&if;ESD; aewJhtwGuf rpwmbDAif[m vuf0JnDnGwfa&; vrf;pOfeJU ywfoufNyD; bmaMumifh 'Dvkd ta&; ,lw,fqkdwm ocifEkcsufcsif;oabm aygufygw,f? tJ'gaMumifh rpwmbDAif NAdwdoQygvDrefxJrSm ajymMum;csufawGudk Mum;&NyD;wJhtcg ocifEk[m rpwmbDAifudk txifrvGJyJ oltdrfaxmifuspwHk;u olawGUcJh&wJh tjzpftysufuav;wckudk jyefowd&NyD; NyHK; aew,f? 'Dtjzpftysufuav;u 'Dvkdyg? waeUrSm wvom;avmuf&dSao;wJh olUom;OD;uav;[m aumuf&ovdk tjyif;txefzsm;w,f? a&S;OD;pGm q7m0efeJUukw,f? ukaewkef; a&m*gwdk;vmwJhtwGuf rdwfaqGawG tMuHay;wJh Armaq;q&mawGeJUukjyefw,f? 'gvnf;r&bl;? wvom;uav;[m wufwuf NyD;aorvdk jzpfaew,f? tJ'Dtcg rdwfaqGwOD;u Armq&mtopfwOD;udk ac:bdkU tMuHay;w,f?'Dq&m[m pe'gv? ArmEdkifiHrSm vGwfvyfa&; r&cifwkef;u pEf'gvwkdU bk&m;uRefwkdUqdkwJh tkyfpkuav;awG &dSw,f? 'DtkyfpkawG[m NrdKUxJrSm tjcm;olawGeJU twlwla&mNyD; rae&bl;? NrdKUpGef&GmpGefrSm

aeNu&w,f? pef'gvawG[m rsm;aomtm;jzifh ok?efawG&JU teD;tem;rSmaeNyD; vlaoaumifawGudk ajrjrKyfwJhtvkyf/ rD;oj*dKvf?wJhtvkyfawGudk vkyf&w,f? jrefrmvkd pef'gvqkdwm [def'lvdk csef'gvrS qif;oufvmwJh pum; jzpfyHkay:w,f? 'Dpum;ESpfrsKd;pvHk;&JU t"dyfyg,f[m tawmfeD;pyfw,f? bk&m;uRefawGuawmh a&S;bk&ifawG vSL'gef;ypfcJhwJhbk&m;ykxkd;awG teD;tem;rSm aeNyD;/ ywf0ef;usifrSm trIdufvJS/ jrufEIwftp&dSwJh tvkyfawGudk vkyf&w,f? 'Dbk&m;uRefawG[m bk&m;ykxdk;awGrSm qufuyfMuwJh qGrf;awmfrsm;udk ,lykdifcGifh/ pm;ydkifcGifh &dSw,f? ArmEdkifiHrSm bk&ifpepfNuD;pkd;pOfu &Sifbk&ifawG bk&m;ykxkd;wnfNyD;wJhtcg/ tJ'D bk&m;ykxdk;awGrSm a0,sm0pP aqmif&GufbdkU vlwcsKdUudk &Sifbk&ifawGu trdefUawmf jyefwrf;zwfNyD; vSLypfcJhw,f? tckacwf bk&m;uRefawG[m tJ'Dvkd tvSLcHvkduf&wJhvlawGu qif;ouf aygufyGm;vmol awG jzpfw,fvdkU ,lqMuw,f? wcsKd t,loD;wJhArmawG[m 'Dpef'gveJU bk&m;uRefawG olwkdU&JUtdrfxJudk 0ifvmwmrMudKufbl;? tJ'gaMumifh ocifEk[m pef'gvq&mukd ac:bkdUtwGuf olUZeD;udk wkdifyifNunfhw,f? pef'gvawG tdrfxJ 0ifwmudk tazrMudKufbl;vkdU rjr&Duajzw,f/ tckaersm; ighom;aooGm;&if 'Dq&meJUrukvdkuf&vdkU ighom;ao&wmyJqdkwJh tpGJtvrf;MuD;[m igoGm;&mudkvkdufNyD; xrif;vHk;wapajcmufovdk ajcmufaerSmyJ? igvnf; tJ'DpdwfaMumifh woufvHk;pdwfcsrf;omawmhrSm r[kwfbl;? tJ'Dawmh b,foloabmwlwl/ rwlwl ighom;toufcsrf;ombdk twGuf 'Dpef'gvq&mudk igac:&rSmyJvkdU ocifEku jyefajymw,f? tJ'Dtcg uav;aeraumif;wmudk owif;ar;&atmifvmwJh trsKd;orD;wOD;u 'Dpef'gvq&mudkom &SifoGm; ac:vdkuf&if &SifwkdUtdrfudk b,folrS vmrSm r[kwfawmhbl;vkdU 0ifNyD;ajymw,f? olUom;aorSmpdk;NyD; tifrwefAsmrsm;aewJh ocifEk[m pdwfaygufaygufeJU b,folrSrvmcsifae/ olUom;awmh taorcHEdkifbl ; vdkU a'goeJU jyefaigufNyD; vlwa,mufudk pef'gv q&m tac:vTwfvdkufw,f? 'Dtjzpfysuf[m ocifEk&JU OD;aESmufxJrSm oHrPdeJUpGJxm;ovkd jzpfaew,f? tJ'gaMumifh aemif (15)ESpfavmuftMum ArmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&wJhtcg vGwfvyfa&;aMunmwJhaeUrSm jynfaxmifpk jrefrm EdkifiHawmftwGif; pef'gv/ bk&m;uRef/ tp&dSojzifh vltcsif;csif; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm; r&dSap&? 'DvGwfvyfwJhaeUu tpjyKNyD; jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftwGif; rDSwif;aexkdifMuwJh jynfaxmifpkol jynfaxmifpkom;rSeforQ[m tm;vHk; nDwlnDrQl jzpf&rnfvkdU t"dyg,fygwJh pmykd'fudk EkdifiHawmforw&JU jyefwrf;xJrSm 0efMuD;csKyf ocifEk xnfhay;vkdufw,f?

om;OD;uav;&JUa&m*g[m tifrwef uRrf;aeygNyD? tJ'gaMumifh pef'gvq&mvJ rwwfEkdifygbl;? q&ma&mufNyD; rMumcif toufxGufoGm;w,f? tJ'DvkdyJ? uGefjrLepfawGrSm tjyiftyu/ ya,m*awG tawmf 0ifaeMuNyD;jzpfwJhtwGuf vuf0JnDnGwfa&;vrf;pOfvJ bmrS rwwfEkdif&Smygbl;? uGefjrLepfawG nDnGwfa&;pnf;0kdif; xJudk 0ifrvmwJhtjyif ZGefv (16)&ufaeUusawmh yJcl;rSm pcef;csxm;wJh Armhwyfr awmf wyf&if;w&if;vHk; awmckdNyD; uGefjrLepfawGeJU aygif;oGm;Muw,f? ZlvkdifvxJrSm tpdk;&wzGJvHk; ESpfMudrf/ oHk;Mudrfavmuf EIwfxGufNyD;/ topfjyefzGJUpnf;cJhzl;w,f? tjzpfrSefrodwJh jynfaxmifpkom;awGeJU EkdifiHjcm;om;awGu tpkd;&tzGJUxJrSm y#dyu?awG jzpfukefMuNyD? 'gaMumifh tpdk;&tzGJU[m cPcPEIwfxGufNyD; cPcPjyefzGJU&wmyJvkdU ,lqMuw,f? trSefpifppfawmh tJ'Dtcsdefu tpdk;&tzGJUxJrSm y#dyu?rIawGr&dSygbl;? 'Dvkdqkd&if tpdk;&tzGJU[m bmhaMumifh EIwfxGufvdkuf/ topfjyefzGJUvkdufeJUtpdk;&xGufwef;/ zGJUwef;upm;aeMuwmvJ? tpdk;&tzGJUxJrSm 0efMuD;wcsKdU&dSw,f? 'D 0efMuD;awG[m &wemoHk;yg;xuf aA'ifq&mudkydkNyD; udk;uG,fqnf;uyfMuw,f? 'ku?eJU &ifqkdifawGU&&if &wemoHk;yg;udk &dSckd;ylaZmfbkdU owdr&&SmyJ aA'ifq&mawGqD wef;NyD;oGm;Muw,f? tJ'Dvkd oGm;NyD; aA'ifq&mawGudk ajymvdkufwm tukefvHk; avQmufvkyfMuwmyJ? tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u tJ'D0efMuD;awGudk aA'if q&mawGu EIwfxGufvkdufMutHk;vkdU Mo0g'ay;wmaMumifh tpdk;&tzGJUEIwfxGufvkdufNyD; olwkdU u aumif;w,fvdUkMo0g'ay;wJhtcsdefrSm tpdk;& jyefzGJUMuwmygyJ? aemuf we*FaEG (2)ywfavmufMuwJhtcg aeUwaeUrSm jynfxJa&;0efMuD; OD;ausmfNidrf;[m 0efMuD; csKyf ocifEkudk vmawGUw,f? tajctaeuawmh tawmfta&;MuD;aeNyD 0efJMuD;csKyf? b,fvdk ta&;MuD;wmvJuG? Akdvfae0if;udkjzpfjzpf/ AdkvfaZ,sudkjzpfjzpf/ 0efMuD;csKyfMudKuf&mvludk umuG,fa&;0efMuD; cefU ay;zdkUawmif;qkdaeNyD? b,foluawmif;qkdwmvJ? olwkdUESpfOD;pvHk;uyJ? &efoleJUtMudwfte,f wkdufae&wkef; ppfAdkvfawGu 'Dvkdtusyfudkifwm aumif;ovm;? 'DudwfprSm 0efMuD;csKyfocifEk[m tifrwefpdwfqkd;NyD; tckvdkyJ ajzvdrfhr,fqdkwm qdk&S,fvpf acgif;aqmifawG MudKwifodaeMuw,f? 'gayrJh 'DudwfprSm 0efMuD;csKyf[m Adkvfae0if;udkjzpfjzpf/ AkdvfaZ,sudkjzpfjzpf umuG,fa&; 0efMuD;tjzpfeJU cefU&r,f? 0efMuD;csKyf[m rcefUyJ jiif;y,fvkduf&if

aMumufp&mtef'&,f wckck{uefjzpfawmhr,fqkdwmvJ 'Dqkd&S,fvpfacgif;aqmifawG MudKwifNyD;odaeNu w,f? 'DrQruao;bl;? ocifEkqkdwJh vl[m wcgwcgus&if tifrwef tudkif&cufw,f? olUudk tudkifrSm; oGm;&if pdwfvkdufrmefyg awGUu&mawGudk wZGwfxkd; vkyfwwfw,fqdkwmvJ qdk&S,fvpfacgif;aqmifawG MudKwifNyD; odaeMuw,f? tJ'gaMumifh wjcm;acgif;aqmifawG b,folrS vkdufrvmMuyJ OD;ausmfNidrf; wa,mufxJudk a&G;NyD; vTwfvkdufMuwmjzpfw,f? OD;ausmfNidrf;[m ocifEkeJU i,faygif;MuD;az:qkdawmh ocifEktaMumif;udk aumif;aumif;odw,f? b,ftajcrSm b,fae&mukdif&r,fqkdwmvJ aumif;aumif; odaew,f? b,favmuf odw,fqdkwm oabmaygufatmif om"uav; wckudk ajymjy&tHk;r,f? 1936ckESpf wufuodkvfoydwfudkvSefNyD;wJhaemuf jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om; nDvmcHwck udk usif;ybdkU pDpOfMuw,f? tJ'DnDvmcHrSm udkEku obmywdvkyf&r,f? obmywd[m nDvmcHrprDS armfvjrKdif uRef;udk cPjyefaeyg? nDvmcHaeUusawmhrS &efukefudk jyefvmyg? nDvmcHudk,fpm;vS,fawG[m obmywdudk oabFmqdyfrSm vmMudK/ NrKUdwywfvSnfhNyD;rS nDvmcHudkwufygvdkU ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif awGu wkdufwGef;wmeJU udkEk[m obmywdrdefUcGef;udka&;/ tJ'DrdefUcGef;udk b,folrS rjyif&bl;vdkU aoaocsmcsmrSmNyD; armfvNrKdifuRef;udk jyefoGm;w,f? 'DrdefUcGef;udk yHkrESdyfcif wufuodkvf or* tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu zwfMunfhwJhtcg rxnfhoifhwJh pmydk'fwydk'fudk awGUMu&w,f? 'gayrJh olUrdefUcGef;udk b,folrSrjyif&bl;vdkU aoaocsmcsmrSmoGm;wJhtwGuf 'Dpmydk'fudkjzKwfypf&rSm tvkyf trIaqmiftzGJUtwGuf tawmfcufaew,f? tJ'gaMumifh ocifEkudk udkifwwfwJh udkausmfNidrf;udk ocifEkeJU armfvNrdKifuRef;rSm awGUbkdU vTwfvkdufMuw,f? udkausmfNidrf;u udkomvSudk ac:vmw,f? olwkdUESpfOD;[m reuf(8)em&Davmuf armfvNrKdifuRef;udk a&mufvmMuw,f? bmudwfp vdkufvm MuwmvJvkdU udkEkuar;wJtcg oabmywd rdefUcGef;taMumif;udk udkausmfNidrf;[m wvHk;wyg'rS xnfh rajymbl;? ysif;vdkUtvnfvdkufvmwmvdkU ajzw,f? udkausmfNidrf;/ udkomvS udkEkwkdU[m waeUvHk;xkdifNyD; a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfawGudk a&mufwwf&m&m avQmufajymaeMuwmyJ? udkausmfNidrf;uawmh olU0go em twkdif;&,fp&mawGudk wcgwcg Mum;nSyfNyD; ajymw,f? nae(3)em&Davmuf&dSawmh wjcm;pum;awGudk ajymae&mu udkausmfNidrf;[m trSwfwrJh ajymvkdufovdkvkdeJU obmywdrdefUcGef;&JU tJ'Dpmykd'fudk xnfhzdkU vkdao;ovm;vkdU

udkEkudkar;vkdufw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm olU0rf;udk ysm;&nfeJUtdaeatmif te,fcHxm;&NyD; jzpfwJhtwGuf olUrdefUcGef;udk b,folrS rjyif&bl;vdkU rSmxm;cJhwmudk udkEkarhaeNyD? tJ'gaMumifh igh ar;raeygeJUuGm/ rif;wkdUMudKufovkd jyifygvkdU ajzvkdufw,f? aemufem&D0ufavmufMumwJhtcg naepm pm;MuNyD; nae(5)em&DxGufwJh oabFmeJU udkausmfNidrf;/ ukdomvSwkdU &efukefjyefoGm;Muw,f? ocifEkudk tJ'Dvkd udkifwwfwJhtwGuf ocifEkqD OD;ausmfNidrf;udk vTwfvdkufMuwmygyJ? tJ'gaMumifh &efoleJU tMudwf te,fwkdufae&wkef; ppfAkdvfawGu 'Dvkdtusyfudkifwm aumif;ovm;vkdU ocifEku a'goeJU ajymwJhtcg OD;ausmfNidrf;[m bmrSjyefrajymbJ Murf;jyifudk pdkufMunfhNyD; Nidrfaew,f? wrdepfavmufMumawmhrS 'Dvdk tMuyfudkifwm[mraumif;bl;? 'gudk b,folrS rjiif;Ekdifygbl; 0efMuD;csKyf? 'gayrJh tMuyfudkifwJhvlawGu udkifaeMuNyD? 'Djy?emudk b,fvdkajz&Sif;rvJ? uRefawmfhtaeeJUuawmh 0efMuD;csKyf pOf;pm;Ekdifatmif tajctaeudk wifjywmygyJ? 0efMuD;csKyf MudKufovdk ajz&Sif;ygvdkU OD;ausmfNidrf;u qufajym w,f? 'Dvkdtusyfudkifwmudk ig&JUtlawG/ toJawG/ &dk;wGif;csOfqDawGxJuyg igrkef;w,f? igb,folU udkrS rcefUbl;? olwkdUvkyfcsifwm vkyfMuygap? 0efMuD;csKyf[m uRefawmfwkdU&JUacgif;aqmifyg? tJ'Dawmh 0efMuD;csKyfMudKufwJhtwkdif;vkyfyg? igb,folUudkrS rcefUbl;uGm? olwkdUvkyfcsifwmvkyfMuygap? 'dkUrSmvnf; ajcrJhvufrJhr[kwfyJ? rif;wkdU qkd&S,fvpfawGuvnf; qdk&S,fvpfygwDudk pepfwuszGJUpnf;NyD; vlxkudkpnf;&kH;/ iguvnf; ighudk axmufcHwJh vlxkudkppnf;&kH;r,f? 'Dvlxk&J axmufcHrIeJU 'dkUuvnf; jyefcs&rSmyJ? 'Dvkdqkd&if 0efMuD;csKyf olwkdUudk cPavmuf rawGUEkdifbl;vm;/ igrawGUbl;? tJ'DtcsdefrSm rsuf&nfawG[m OD;ausmifNidrf;&JU rsufvHk;tdrfxJu wawGawGpD;usvmwmudk ocifEk awGU&w,f? tdrf0rS "jra&mufaeNyD;? tJ'gawmif b,fvkdtajctaejzpfaeNyDqdkwm rodao;yJ 'D"jrawGudk ypf&atmif aoewf0,fbdkU ta&;ydkif&Hk;rSm ig vkdifpifavQmufr,fqkdwJh pum;rsKd;awGudk ajymaewJhvlvdk/ 0efMuD; csKyfqdkwJh EGm;MuD;uvJ olUNcH0udka&mufaewJh ppfAkdvfawGudkwkdufzkdU vlxkudkpnf;&Hk;r,fqdkwJh pum; awGudk ajymwkef;&dSao;w,fvdkU awG;rdwJhtwGuf u&kPma'gojzpfNyD; ikdwmvm;? 'grSr[kwf&ifvnf; *rl;&I;xkd;jzpfaewJh [mNuD;udk b&dwftkyfcsifvkdUidkwmvm;? b,folrS trSefrajymEdkifbl;? trSefudk OD;ausmfjidrf;eJU olUudk,fapmifhewf awGom

aoaocsmcsmodrSmyJ? ocifEk[m olUvl,HkawmfjzpfvkdUvnf; OD;ausmfNidrf;udk cspfw,f? 'ghtjyif tJ'DtcsdefrSm OD;ausmfNidrf; udk olcspfp&mtaMumif;awGvnf; trsm;MuD;&dSao;w,f? tJ'DtaMumif;awGudk 'Dae&mrS eJeJavmuf az:jycsifw,f? uGefjrLepf olykefxwJh tcsdefupNyD; EkdifiHa&;avmuxJrSma&m tkyfcsKyfa&; ,ef'&m;xJrSmyg ocifEk[m vlawG&JU oabmudk pHkprf;bkdU tcGifhtvrf;awG trsm;MuD;&dSw,f? wcsKdUvlawG[m cyfa0;a0;u tuJcwfwJhtcg odyfow?d&dSovkdyJ? teD;uyfMunfhwJhtcgusawmh [efawmif rvkyfEkdifavmufatmifudk ow?daMumif/ ol&Jabmenf;wmudkawGU&w,f? wcsKdUusawmh tpdk;&eJU olykef b,f[muomrvJ/ omwJhbufudk ajcpHkypf0ifr,fqdkwJh cGwkyf/ om,mpD;/ tacsmiform; pdwfawG arG;/ vufwbufu tpdk;&bufudkxm;/ ajcmufwbufuolykefudk vSrf;ay;NyD; &efoleJUwdwfwdwfykef; tquftoG,f vkyfaeMuwmudk awGU&w,f? wcsKdUusawmh vuf&dSwdkufyGJ[m vlxku tmPmqif;oufwJh pepfudk ,HkMunfjrwfEkd;wJh vlawGuwbuf/ aoewfajymif;0u tmPmqif;oufwmudk ,HkMunfjrwfEdk;wJh vlawGu wzuf/ wkdufaeMuwJh wkdufyGJjzpfw,fqdkwJh tifrwefjrifvG,fEkdifwJh tcsufuav;udk tmayguf atmifajymjywmawmif/ em;rvnfcsifa,mifaqmifaeMuw,f? trSefpifppfqdk&if 'DvlawG[m csufqdkecGufu rD;awmufaewJhvlawGyg? b,fol[mbmqkdwm olwdkUaumif;aumif;odygw,f? tdyfcsifa,mifaqmifaewJhvludk tEdI;&cufw,fqkdwmudk rodcsifa,mifaqmifaewJhvlawG jzpfaevdk U olwkdUudk t&Sif;jy&cufaewmygyJ? olwkdU'Dvkd rodcsifa,mifaqmifaewm taMumif;&dSygw,f? 'DwkdufyGJ[m b,fvkd wkdufyGJyJqkdwm olwdkUtodnmPfxJrSm &Sif;aeNyD? olwkdU&JU tlawGtonf;awGxJu 'Drdkua&pDudk vdkvm;aeayrJh olwkdUtaeeJUuawmh 'Drdkua&pDudk rul&Jbl;? toufaiGUaiGUuav;om&dSawmhwJh 'Drkdua&pD[m ta&;edrfhoGm;NyD? uGefjrLepfawGwufvm&if b,fhES,fhvkyfrvJ 'Drkdua&pDbufawmfom;awGeJU twlwl vlxk&Hk;awmfwuf/ um;pifwif/ &ifcGJrSmudk rcH&Jygbl;cifAsm;? tJ'gaMumifh xrif;a&ylvm vQmvTJqkdwJh pum;vkd 'DwkdufyGJxJrSm olwkdUryg&atmif 'DwkdufyGJ[m zqyvqkdwJh uRJeJY uGefjrLepfqdkwJh uRJESpfaumif cwfaeMuwJh uRJcwfyGJyg? jynfolvlxkuawmh 'DuRJESpfaumifpyfMum;rS teif;txdt&ScHae&wJh ajrZmyifjzpfygw,fvdkU aMuG;aMumfNyD; uRJESpfaumif cwfyGJudk a0;&mu a&Smif&Sm;aeMuw,f? OD;ausmfNidrf;[m tckajymcJhwJhvlpm;awGxJrSm ryg? ol[mow?dodyf&dSw,f/

om,mpD;awG tacsmiform;awG/ cGwkyfawGvkyfaewJh tvkyfudk olrvkyfbl;? &efoludk jywfjywfom;om; ppfausnmNyD; csaewmyJ? tJ'gaMumifh &efol[m olUudkodyfrkef;w,f? 0efMuD;csKyfocifEkudk rkef;wmxufawmif olUudkydkNyD; rkef;vdrfhr,fxifw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u olUudkom &efolzrf;rdoGm;&if vlxk&Hk;awmfudkawmif wifaerSm r[kwfygbl;? csufcsif;um;pifwif/ &ifcGJ/ tltoJudkxkwfNyD; tpdrf;vkduf 0g;pm;ypfMuvdrfhr,fxifw,f? 'DvkdvkyfMur,fqdkwmudk OD;ausmfNidrf;aumif;aumif;odygw,f? 'gayrJh 'gudkeJeJuav;rS olapmuf*&krpdkuf bl;? olUtpDtpOftwkdif; olqufoGm;aewmyJ? tJ'gtjyif vuf&dSwkdufyGJ[m jynfolvlxku tmPm qif;oufwJhpepfeJU aoewfajymif;0u tmPmqif;oifwJhpepf wbufeJUwbuf wkdufaeMuwJh wkdufyGJjzpfw,fqdkwJh tcsufudkol[m rrdSwfrokef rwHkrvIyf ,Hkunfoljzpfw,f? tlxJ/ toJxJ/ &kd;wGif;csOfqDxJuyg ouf0if,HkMunfoljzpfw,f? tJ'DtcsufawGaMumifh 0efMuD;csKyfocifEk[m olUjynfxJa&;0efMuD; OD;ausmfNidrf;udk Munfh
t&dktaoay;wJh taeeJU tm;vHk;rwfwyf&yfw,f? uHraumif;csifawmh tJ'Dvkd rwfwyf&yfwJhtcg 0efMuD;csKyf[m ppfAdkvfwa,muf&JUcg;rSm ajcmufvHk;jyL; xkd;vmwmudk zsyfceJ jrifvkduf &w,f? 'DppfAdkvf[m 0efMuD;csKyfudk csdef;ajcmuf&atmif ajcmufvHk;jyL;udk wrifoufoufxkd;vmwmawmh[kwfr,f rxifygbl;? 'gayrJh pdwftifrwefqwfwJh 0efMuD;csKyfuawmh 'g[molUudk csdef;ajcmufzkdUtwGuf oufoufxkd;vmwmyJvkd@ ,lqNyD; pdwfawGaxmif;ceJ jzpfoGm;w,f? 'gayrJh olUpdwfudk csKyfwnf;xm;vkdufNyD; tif;-ajymygtHk;/ bmvJvkdU Adkvfae0if;eJU AdkvfaZ,swkdUudk ar;w,f? olwkdUESpfOD;ubmrSrajzbl;? udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfeJU olwkdUac:vmwJh OD;odef;azu 0efMuD;csKyf Adkvfae0if;udkjzpfjzpf/ AdkvfaZ,sudkjzpfjzpf 0efMuD;csKyfM udKuf &mvludk umuG,fa&;0efMuD;cefUygvkdU ajymw,f? 'Davmufqkd&ifrqdk;ygbl;? 0efMuD;csKyf[m OD;ausmfNidrf;udk uwday;xm;wJhtwkdif; Adkvfae0if;udk cefUvkdufrSmyJ? 'gayrJh 0efMuD;csKyfMudKuf&mvludk umuG,fa&;0efMuD; cefUygvkdU ajym&HkeJUrNyD;bl;? 0efMuD;csKyfpOf;pm;bkdU oHk;&uftcsdefay;r,f qkdwmudk bkwvif OD;odef;azu qufNyD; ajymvdkufw,f? tJ'Dtcg 0efMuD;csKyf ocifEk[m OD;ausmfNidrf;udkay;xm;wJh uwdukdvnf; owdr&awmhbl;? tpdk;&tzGJU bmjzpfr,fqkdwmvJ rpOf;pm;Ekdifawmhbl;? wkdif;jynfudk b,fvkd xdckdufr,fqkdwmvJ rawG;awmEkdifawmhbl;/ bkwvifOD;odef;azeJU ppfAdkvfwpk[m olUukd &mZoHay;w,f vkdU ,lqvkdufwJhtwGuf wtHk;aEG;aEG;jzpfaewJh a'go[m tkyfrEkdif? xdrf;r&jzpfNyD; odef;az/ rif;ajymwJhtqkdudk pOf;pm;bkdU (3)&ufrajymeJU oHk;rdepfawmif igtcsdefr,lbl;? igpOf;pm;NyD;NyD b,folUudkrS rcefUbl;? rif;wkdUrauseyf&if [kdppfAdkvf&JUcg;rSm ajcmufvHk;jyL;xkd;xm;wm igawGU&w,f? tJ'geJU ighudk ypfowfoGm;MuvkdUajymNyD; tm;vHk;udk jyefvTwfvkdufw,f? olUtcef;xJudk jyefa&mufwJhtcg ocifEk[m tawmfMuD; a'goxGufaewkef; &dSao;w,f? tJ'gaMumifh olUtcef;xJrSm acgufwkefUacgufjyef avQmufae wHk; (15)rdepfavmufMumwJhtcg w,fvDzkef;jrnfoH Mum;&wJhtwGuf 0efNuD;csKyf[m w,fvDzkef;udk aumufNyD; em;axmifvdkufw,f? b,folvJ? udkNuD;Ekvm;? uRefawmf Adkvfvufsmyg? bmvJ? AdkvfaZ,su udkMuD;EkeJU cPawGUyg&apwJh? igrawGUcsifbl;? tckvdk wkdif;jynfrSm odyfta&;MuD;aewJhtcg uRefawmfawmif;yefyg&ap?

AdkvfaZ,sudk cPavmuf awGUcGifjyKapcsifygw,f?olUrSm ta&;MuD;wJh udwfpwck ajymp&m&dSaew,f? vTwfvdkuf/ vTwfvdkufqkdNyD; ocifEk[m w,fvDzkef;ukdcsvdkufw,f? 0efMuD;csKyf[m tdrfatmufxyf avScg;&if;em;rSm ukvm;xkdif(2)vHk; csxm;cdkif;NyD; tJ'DrSmyJ AdkvfaZ,seJU awGUw,f? bmvJ? udkMuD;Ek/ uRefawmfhudkumuG,fa&;0efMuD; cefUyg? rif;wkdUudk igtukefvHk; ajymNyD;NyD/ b,folUudkrS igrcefUbl;? udkMuD;Ek/ uRefawmf--AdkvfaZ,sa&/ igpum;rajymcsifbl;? ighpdwfawG aemufusdusdjzpfaew,f? rif;jyefawmhvdkU ajymNyD; ocifEk[m tdyfay:wufoGm;w,f? olUtcef;xJudk jyefa&mufwJhtcg 0efMuD;csKyf[m OD;ausmfNidrf;udk w,fvDzkef;qufw,f? ausmfNidrf;a&/ AdkvfaZ,stckyJ/ igeJUvmawGUoGm;w,f? bmudwfpvmwmvJ? olUudkumuG,fa&;0efMuD;cefUbdkU vmajymw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfu bmajymvkdufovJ? b,folUrS rcefUbl;vkdU ajymvkdufw,f? atmifNyD? ausmfNidrf;a&/ bmatmifwmvJ? 0efNuD;csKyfrodbl;? aemufrS uRefawmfvm&Sif;jyr,fqkdNyD; w,fvDzkef;csvkdufw,f? tJ'Daemuf OD;ausmfNidrf;[m Akdvfae0if;udk csufcsif;ac:vkdufw,f? Adkvfae0if; a&mufvmwJhtcg (Adkvfae0if; AdkvfaZ,sqdkwJhvl[m cifAsm;udk todray;yJ 0efNuD;csKyfqDudk olwa,mufwnf; oGm;NyD; olUudk umuG,fa&;0efMuD;cefUbkdU ajymaeNyD? 0efMuD;csKyfu tckyJuRefawmfudk w,fvDzkef;eJU taMumif;Mum;w,fvdkU) OD;ausmfNidrf;u ajymjyw,f? 'Dpum;udk Mum;&wmeJU wNyKdifeufAdkvfae0if; odyfpdwfqkd;NyD; AdkvfaZ,sudk ac:vdkufw,f? AdkvfaZ,svnf; rjiif;Edkifygbl;? 0efMuD;csKyfqDudk oGm;w,f qkdwm0efcH&w,f? tJ'gudk taMumif;jyKNyD; Adkvfae0if;eJU AdkvfaZ,swkdUyl;aygif;vkdUr&awmhbl;? uGJoGm;Nuw,f? nbufa&mufwJhtcg wyf&if;(3) XmecsKyfrSm wyf&if;rSL; Akdvf&JxGwf/ 'kwyf&if;rSL;AdkvfcspfNrdKifwkdU NuD;rSL;NyD; AkdvfawGtpnf;ta0;vkyfMuw,f? tpdk;&rSm &efukefNrdKUudk apmifhbkdUtwGuf 'Dwyf&if; (3)wwyf yJ&dSw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu 'Dwyfudk r*Fvm'HkrSmxm;w,f? 'Dwyf&JU wyf&if;rSL; Adkvf&JxGwf[m

AkdfvfaZ,sbuf udk ygaew,f? olu tpdk;&udk ykefuefcsifw,f? 'kwyf&if;rSL;AdkvfcspfNrdKifuawmh EkdifiHa&;orm;r[kwfbl;? tpdk;&ay:rSm opfpm&dSwJhppfom;jzpfw,f? tJ'gaMumifh ppfwyfu olykefxwmudk AdkvfcspfNrdKifu rMudKufbl;? tawmfuav; aqG;aEG;NyD;wJhtcg olykefrxwmudkNudKufwJh AkdfvftMuyfwyfom;awG[m udk,fhaoewf udk,f,NlyD; 'kwd,wyf&if;rSL; AdkvfcspfjrKdifeJU wyfpcef;rSmae&pf? 'DvkdESpfpkcGJwJh tcsdefupNyD;(36)em&DtwGif; wOD;udkwOD; rwdkufckdufpwrf;? (36)em&Dausmf&ifawmh 'Dtkyfpk[m rdrdwdkU&JU txuftrdefUtwdkif; wkduf&rSmyJvkdU ESpfbuf oabmwlMuw,f? tJ'DoabmwlnDcsuftwkdif; wyf&if;(3)[m ESpfpk cGJxGuf oGm;w,f? tu,fa&GU 'DvdkESpfpkruGJyJ 'kwyf&if;rSL; AdkvfcspfNrdKifyg olykefbufudkygoGm;&if tajctae[m odyftonf;xdyfp&maumif;r,f? tJ'Dwyf&if;(3)[m &efukefNrdKUxJudk0if/ 0efMuD;csKyfeJU 0efMuD;awGudkzrf;/ olwkdUukd,folwkdU tpkd;&tjzpfeJU ausnmvdkufr,fqkd&if/ olUudkapmifhbkdU jynfaxmifpk ppf&JwyfpkwpkeJU csif;ppfom; wyfpdwfwpdwfom&dSwJh 0efMuD;csKyf ocifEk/ bmrS r[kwfwmuav;eJUvJ pdwfvkdufrmefyg rMumcPvkyfwwfwJh ocifEk[m bmrSjyefvkyfEkdifrSm r[kwfbl;? Muufcsif;xJxnfhxm;wJh Muuf[m bmrS cHrvkyfEkdif&SmyJ acgufqGJqkdif&Sif tMuifqGJxGufoGm;wmudkcH&NyD; vnfpif;ay;vkduf&wJh MuufzMuD;vdk jzpfaerSmyJ? tJ'DtcsdefrSm jynfaxmifpk&JU aemifa&;[m tawmfuav; arSmifaeNyDqdkwmudk odyfNyD;awmif tuJcyfzkdU rvdkygbl;/ cyfvG,fvG,feJU jrifEkdfifygw,f? jynfwGif;rSm xwJholykefawGuvnf; xukefMuNyD; aemufvmrJh olykefavmif;awGuvnf; olykefxwrf; upm;MubkdU t&Sdef,laeMuw,f? umuG,fa&;0efMuD; &mxl;awmif;wJhtpnf;ta0; ysufoGm;NyD; wyf&if;(3)awmckdoGm;cJh tjzpftysufuav;&JUaemufqufwGJwckudk 'Dae&mrSmeJeJavmufaz:jycsifw,f? 'DvkdjzpfysufNyD; rsm;rMumcif OD;ausmf+idrf;[m 0efMuD;csKyfeJU vmawGUw,f? wyf&if;(3)awmckdwJhtxJ/ odef;azygroGm;bl;/ 'Daumif &efukefNrdKUxJrSm &dSw,f? [kwfvm;? &dSygw,f? uRefawmfzrf;bkdU pDpOfNyD;NyD? b,fawmhzrf;rSmvJ? 'DaeUyJ? wyf&if;(3)awmckdbdkU ajrSmufay;wJhtxJrSm olygw,f? 'Dvkdqkd&if zrf;&rSmaygh? 'g[m tifrwefMuD;us,fwJh udwfpyJ?

'DuaeU uRefawmfhtdrfudk cPvmtHk;vkdU u|efawmfolUudk ac:xm;w,f? olvm&if tdrf0if;xJudk r0ifayapeJU? wcgwnf; zrf;oGm;vkdU &JawGudk trdefUay;xm;w,f? odyfNyD; tMuHykdifwmyJ? bkwvif OD;odef;az tzrf;cH&NyD; tawmfuav; NumwJhtcg 0efNuD;csKyf[m axmifxJu ola&;vdkufwJh pmwapmifudk zwf&w,f? tJ'Dpm[m 0efNuD;csKyfqDudk olwkduf&kdufa&;vkdufwmvm;? OD;ausmfNidrf;qDudk a&;NyD; OD;ausmfNidrf;u 0efMuD;csKyfudk jywmvm;qkdwmawmh pHkprf;vkdUr&bl;? tJ'DpmxJrSm olUudk vTwfyg? rvTwf&if oltpmiwfcHr,fvkdU a&;xm;wm 0efMuD;csKyf zwf&w,f? ausmfNidrf;a& 'Daumif tpmtiwfcHrSmawmh r[kwfygbl;? 'gayrJh 'Davmuf zrf;xm;&&if awmfavmufNyD xifw,f? vTwfvdkufygawmhuGm? tjyifbufxGufvm&if vkduf&IyfaetHk;r,f? tjyifbufrSm NidrfNidrfraeyJ vkduf&Iyfae&ifawmh rifhoabmyJ? 0efMuD;csKyf uRefawmfvkyfwm[m tifrwefeJygao;w,f? ol[mtmPm&&if uRefawmf roufombl;? *syefawG 0ifvmpu ubkdif&GmrSm uRefawmfwkdUajratmufawmfvSefa&;vkyfaewkef;u waeUrSm ola&csKd;&atmiftoGm; olU'dkif,m,Dukd u|efawmfwdwfwdwfckd;zwfw,f? tJ'DtxJrSmuRefawmfhudk owfypf&r,fvkdU ola&;xm;wm uRefawmfzwfvdkuf&w,f? igref;'av;axmifu vGwfvmcgwkef;u ubkdifrSm 'Dudwfpudk rif;ajymjywm igrSwfrdyg ao; w,f? 'gayrJh 'Dwcgawmh igawmif;yefyg&apuGm? vTwfvkdufyg? ocifEk[m OD;odef;aztay:rSm awmfoHa,mZOf &Sdaew,f? wufuodkvfrSm udktHk;u udkatmifqef; / udkoef;az/ udkausmfNidrf;wkdUeJU udkEkudk rdwfqufNyD; rMumcifyJ udkodef;azeJU udkEkwkdU ESpfa,muf[m wjcm;vlawGxuf ykdNyD; cifoGm;Muw,f? tJ'Dvkd cifoGm;wm taMumif;&dSygw,f? udkodef;az[m wbuf om;&JUab;udk yd?av;eJU wtm;xkwmxuf ematmifajymwwfw,f? 'DvkdematmifajymcsifwJhtcg wcsKdUu tifrwefxdckdufapEdkifwJh pum;vHk;awGudk tm;udk;NyD; ajymwwfw,f? wcsKdUu xdckdufapEkdifwJh av,lavodrf;udk tm;udk;NyD; ajymwwfw,f? wcsKdUu xdckdufapEdkifwJh rsufESmxm;udk tm;udk;NyD; ajymwwfw,f? udkodef;azuawmh pum;vHk;a&m/ av,lavodrf;a&m rsufESmxm;a&m oHk;ckpvHk;udk tykdtvkdr&dS wdwdusus oHk;wwfw,f? tJ'DvkdoHk;wwfwJhtwGuf olwG,fwmudkcH&&if cH&wJholawG[m tawmfrcsdrqefU cH&w,f? olwG,fwmudkcH&wJhvlawG[m rsm;aomtm;jzifh jrefrmpmayXmeu

usLwmawG/ uxduawGjzpfw,f? ukdEk[m tJ'Dvkd ajymwmawGudk odyfoabmuswJhtwGuf udkodef;az pum;ajymawmhr,fqkd&if tNrJwef;vkdvdk vkdufvdkufNyD; em;axmifavh&dSw,f? tJ'Dvkdvdkuf&if;u cifrifoGm;MuNyD; udkEkjrdKUxJudkxGufwkdif; udkodef;az rygwJhtcg r&dSoavmuf jzpfvmw,f? aemiftcg olwkdESpfOD; ausmif;uxGufawmhvnf; 'D;'kwf owif;pmwkdufrSm twlwl tvkyf0ifvkyfMuw,f? tckvkd wpwp &ifhoefvmcJhwJh oHa,mZOfaMumifh OD;odef;aztay:rSm *&kPmoufNyD; axmifxJu xkwfay;bkdU OD;ausmfNidrf;udk ocifEkuajymvkdufwmygyJ? tjyifbufrSm OD;odef;az vuf&IyfaerSm pdk;wJhtwGuf zrf;xm;csifw,fvkdU OD;ausmfNidrf;u taMumif;jyw,f? 'gayrJh OD;ausmfNidrf;&JU 0rf;xJrSmawmh OD;odef;azudk zrf;xm;csifwJh tjcm; taMumif; waMumif;&dSvdrfhtHk;r,fxifw,f? Adkvfae0if;udk umuG,fa&; 0efMuD;cefUbkdUtwGuf olaoaocsmcsm uvzefxkd;xm;wJh zJxkwf[m OD;odef;az0ifNyD; zsufvkdufwJhtwGuf ysufoGm;cJh&w,f? tJ'gaMumifh pdwfemNyD;awmh zrf;xm;csifwm rsm;vmvdkUvJ awG;r,fqkd&if awG;Ekdifp&m taMumif;&dSw,f? 'gayrJh 0efMuD;csKyf&JU arwm&yfcHcsuft& jynfxJa&;0efMuD; OD;ausmfNidrf;[m OD;odef;azudk vTwfay;vkdufygw,f? wyf&if;(3)&Jwjcrf;[m tckvdkolykefxNyD; rMumcifrSmyJ o&ufNrdKUrSm pcef;csxm;wJh wyf&if;(1)[m olykefxbkdUtwGuf vIyfvIyf&G&G jzpfvmjyefw,f? olwkdUpdwfxJrSm ocifEktpdk;&[m ab;Muyf&ifMuyfjzpfaeNyD;? &efukefudk olwdkUqif;NyD; odrf;vkduf&if tvG,fuav;eJU &awmhrSmyJvkdU wG,fNuw,f xifyg&JU? vIyfvIyf&G&GjzpfNyD;vkdU rMumrD olykefxNyDqdkwm ausnmNyD; &efukefbufudk qif;vmwmyJ? olwkdU&JUpdwfxJrSm b,fvmuf aocsmaeovJqkd&if &efukefudkodrf;NyD; vkvdkU,ufvkdU&orQawGudk o,fbkdUtwGuf t&yfolt&yfom;awG tawmfrsm;rsm;udkawmif armfawmfum;MuD;i,fawGeJU ac:vmMuw,f? olwkdU'DvkdxifwmvJ odyfawmhrrSm;vSbl;? tJ'Dtcsdefu olwkdUudkckcHbkdUtwGuf &efukefrSm tpkd;&wu,ftm;udk;&rJhwyfqkdvdkU bmwyfrS r&dSbl;? tm;udk;&rJh wyf&if;(4)eJUwyf&if;(3)wjcrf;udk tajctae tifrwefqdk;aewJh ykodrfrtlyifeJU zsmyHkbufqDudk ydkUxm;&w,f? tJ'gaMumifh [kduwyfcGJ/ 'Duwyfpkqkdovkd &EkdiforQ wyfawGudk &&mae&mawGu uref;uwef; vkdufqGJ&w,f? t&yfolt&yfom;awGxJu olykefawGudk wkdufcsifwJholawGudk &EdkiforQ uref;uwef; vTwfay;cJh&w,f? ArmhwyfrawmfrSm&dSwJh wkdufav,OfysHuav;(2)pif;/ (3)pif;udkvnf; tukefxkwfNyD; oHk;&wmyJ?

olykefawG[m om,m0wDajrmufbufu u|ef;uav;qkdwJh t&yfudk a&muftvmrSm Armhavwyfu wkdufav,OfawGeJUoGm;NyD; wkd;rdMuw,f? wkdufav,OfawGu puftajrmufeJU tukefoGefNyD; ypfcsvdkufwm olykefwyfwwyfvHk; ysufoavmufjzpfoGm;w,f? wkdufyGJNyD;wJhtcg tpkd;&u pHkprf; Munfhw,f? olykefwyf[m av,OfysHtoHawGudk tcsdefrDMum;&w,f? tumtuG,f,lr,fqkd&if jzpfoavmufjzpfEdkifw,f? 'gayrJh &efukefNrKdU[m olykefawGvufxJusoGm;NyD; av,OfysHawG[m olwkdUudk NudK&atmif vmMuwmvkdU ,lqNyD; t&dSefrysufyJ &efukefqDudk rSefrSefcsDwufvmMuw,f? tJ'gaMumifh 'DavmufemoGm;w,fvkdU pkHprf;od&dS&w,f? 'Dae&mrSm AdkvfpdefrSef&JU taMumif;udk eJeJavmufajym&tHk;r,f? AdkvfpdefrSef[m om,m0wDom;/ tJ'Dawmh ol[mom,m0wDudkjyef/ &orQtiftm;udkpk/ om,m0wDajrmufydkif;u oifhawmfwJhae&m wae&mrSm o&ufNrdKUu qif;vmwJh olykefwyfudk csKHckdwkdufcsifaew,f? olUtpDtpOftwkdif; vkyfy&apvkdU OD;ausmfNidrf;rSwqifh 0efMuD;csKyfqDrSm cGifhawmif;w,f? (1) om,m0wDudk oGm;wJhtcg vlav;ig;OD;avmufudkom olac:oGm;Edkifw,f? (2) tJ'Dav;ig;OD;udkawmifrS tpdk;&u aoewfudk,fpD ray;vkdufEdkifbl;? (3) 'gawGxufta&;MuD;wm&dSao;w,f? ol[m om,m0wDudkoGm;&if 0g;eufacsmif; qdkwJh t&yfudkjzwfoGm;&r,f? tJ'D0g;eufacsmif;vrf;&JU [kdbuf'Dbuf awmawGxJrSm wyf&if;(3)uzJhNyD; awmckdoGm;wJh ppfom;awGykef;aew,f? tJ'Dvrf;u jzwftoGm;rSm oludkrdvdkuf&if olroufombl;? ol[m xif&Sm;wJh acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfaewJhtwGuf olUudkvlodrsm;NyD; rdoGm;bkdU tef'&,f[m tifrwefMuD; aew,f? tJ'DtcsufawGudk axmufjyNyD; 0efMuD;csKyfu olcGifhawmif;wmudk y,fvkdufw,f? ray;bl;? aemuf(3)em&D avmufMumwJhtcg OD;ausmfNidrf;[m 0efMuD;csKyfqDudk a&mufvmNyD; AdkvfpdefrSefu om,m0wDudk tifrwefoGm;csifaew,f? cGifhay;ygvkdU awmif;yefjyefw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfuvnf; t&iftaMumif;awG uRefawmftouf&Sifaewkef; uRefawmfhNrKdUjzpfwJh om,m0wD[m &efol vufxJusoGm;wm uRefawmfrMunfh&ufygbl;? tJ'Dawmh uRefawmfaocsifaoygap? uRefawmfhudkoGm;cGifhjyKyg 0efMuD;csKyfvdkU eD&J&JjzpfNyD;/ rsufa&awG0JaewJh rsufvHk;awGeJU 0efMuD;csKyfqDrSm tMudrfMudfrfcGifhawmif;aew,f? usvmawmh qufNyD;wm;&rSm 0efMuD;csKyfvnf; tm;emvmw,fxifyg&JU? uJAkdvfpdefrSefa& wm;r&&if oGm;Muayawmh? 'gayrJh tppt&m&m owdxm;ygvkdU ajymNyD; cGifhjyKvkdufw,f? AdkvfpdefrSefvJ 0rf;omtm;&eJ 0efMuD;csKyfudk uefawmhNyD; olUpaw&Sif0uf*Gef;um;ay: ajy;wufoGm;w,f? olUtjyif &Jabmfuav;(5)OD;

avmufygvmw,fxifw,f? 0efMuD;csKyf vSrf;MunfhvkdufwJhtcg &Jabmfuav;wOD; vufxJrSmom b&if;*ef;wvufudk jrifvkduf&w,f? AkdvfpdefrSef[m &orQvlawGpkNyD; om,m0wDajrmufydkif;ae&mrSm olykefwyfawG a&mufrvmcif rdepfykdif;avmuftvdk opfom;wHwm;wckudk udk,fwkdif"gwfqDavmif;/ udk,fwkdifrD;&IdU zsufqD;EdkifcJhw,f? olykefawG wHwm;xdyfudk a&mufvmwJhtcg olUrSm ygoGm;wJh b&if;*ef;eJU olykefawG z&kdz&JjzpfoGm;atmif tawmfarTUypfvkdufEdkifcJhw,f? waeUrSmawmholykefawGykef;aewJh ae&mudk jybkdUtwGuf wkdufav,OfysHwpif;xJrSm AkdvfpdefrSefygoGm;w,f? olykefawGu jyefypfwJh usnfqHwqH olUudkrSefNyD; tedwfpa&mufoGm;&Smw,f? 'DvkdtmZmenfwOD; tJ'DvkdtcsdeftcgrsKd;rSm tedwfpa&mufoGm;wm[m jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmftwGuf MuD;us,fwJh epfemcsufwck jzpfw,f? wyf&if;(3)u cGJxGufvmwJh olykefawG[m 0g;eufacsmif;awmxJrSm ykef;ae&mu o&ufNrdKUu qif;vmwJholykefwyfudk ul&atmif xGufvmwJhtcg tpkd;&wyfeJU wdk;rdjyefNyD; txdtcdkuftustqHk;awG tawmfrsm;vdkufao;w,f? 'DwyfawG[m &efukefudk csDrwufekdif&SmawmhyJ o&ufNrdKUu qif;oufvmwJhwyfu o&ufNrdKU udkjyefNyD; odrf;vkdufw,f? wyf&if;(3)u cGJxGufvmwJhwyfu jynfNrdKUudkoGm;NyD; odrf;vkdufw,f? 'D(2)wyfpvHk;[m uGefjrLepf MoZmcHawG jzpfMuwJhtwkdif; uGefjrLepfawGbufudk 0ifoGm;Muw,f? tJ'DtjzpftysufawGeJU ra&S;raESmif;rSmyJ jynfolU&JabmfawGeJU zufqpf *syefawmfvSefa&;orm;a[mif;awGudkpkNyD; zGJUxm;wJh jynfaxmifpkppf&JzGJUtawmfrsm;rsm;[m tpdk;&aiGwdkufawGu aiG(12)odef;eD;yg;avmufudk vk,lNyD;awmckdoGm;Mujyefw,f? 'DavmufeJU rNyD;ao;ygbl;? wyfawGawmckdwm jrif&NyD; jynfolU&Jabmf tzGJUxJrSm Akdvfzdk;uGef;eJU Akdvfva&mifwkdUacgif;aqmifwJh jynfolU&JabmfawG[m tawmfvIyfvIyf&G&G jzpfvmMuw,f? olU&Jabmftif tm;[m ajcmufaomif;ausmfavmuf&dSwJhtxJu Akdvfzkd;uGef;eJU Adkvfva&mifwkdU&JU jynfolU&JabmfawG[m ajcmufq,fhig;&mckdifEIef;avmuf &dSvdrfhr,fvdkU cefUrSef;&w,f? tJ'D jynfolU&JabmfawG[m olwkdU&JU wyfOD;xkyfrSm tjzLpudk ywfxm;wJhtwGuf olwkdUudk &JabmfjzLvkdU ac:Muw,f? 'D&JabmfjzLawG[m uGefjrLepfawGbufudk ,dkifaeMuw,f? usefwJh jynfolU &JabmfawGudk AkdvfrSL;atmif AdkvfpdefrSefwkdUu acgif;aqmifw,f? tJ'D jynfolU&JabmfawG&JU wyfOD;xkyfrSm t0gpudk ywfxm;wJhtwGuf olwkdUudk &Jabmf0gvkdU ac:w,f? &Jabmf0gawGuawmh tpdk;&udkaxmufcHw,f? 1948ckESpf? Zlvkdifv

(29)&ufaeUudk a&mufwJhtcg &JabmfjzLawG vufeufudkifNyD; awmckdoGm;Mujyefw,f? &JabmfjzLawGawmckdvkdU rMumcif AdkvfausmfaZm[m 0efMuD;csKyfudk ta&;wMuD;vmawGUNyD; tckvdktpDpOf&ifcHw,f? oHvQifeJY oHk;cGMum;xJrSm awmckdaeMuwJh &JabmfjzLawG/ oHvQifudk pD;bkdU oHvQifta&SUbufu ajru'kwfawGxJrSm vlpk&if; ykef;aeMuw,f? vlpHkwmeJU wNydKifeuf oHvQifudk pD;/ &JXmeu vufeufawGudk odrf;/ aiGwkdufu tpdk;&aiGawGudk azmuf,lbkdU olwkdUrSm &nf&G,fcsuf&dSw,f? olwkdU&JU tiftm;aumif;&if wbufurf;udkul;NyD; &efukefudkodrf;bkdU tpDtpOfvnf;&dSw,f? tJ'Dawmh 'D&JabmfjzLawG oHvQifudk rodrf;cif olwkdUykef;aewJh ajru'kwfawGxJudk ar,koabFmay:u tajrSmufeJUypfcsifw,fvkdU AkdvfausmfaZmu 0efMuD;csKyfudk tpD&ifcHw,f? AdkvfausmfaZma&/ 'D&JabmfjzLawG[m rdkufawmhrdkufwmyJ? 'gayrJh tajrSmufeJUypfowf&wJhtxdvkyfwmawmh raumif;bl;? 0efMuD;csKyfcifAsm;/ olwkdUoHvQifudk pD;awmhr,f? oHvQifrSm uRefawmfwdkU&JU wyf wwyfrS r&dSbl;? oHvQifykvdyfuvnf; &JabmfjzLawGvmvm/ b,folvmvm/ taocHrwkdufbl;? &JXmeudk wHcg;zGifh ay;NyD; vufeufcsr,fqdkwm uRefawmfwdkU owif;twdtus &xm;NyD;NyD? oHvQifudkpD;wm atmifjrif&if olwkdU&efukefbufudk ul;vmrSmyJ? 'gjzifh'Dvkdvkyf? ajru'kwfawG ay:udk tajrmufqHawG rusapeJU/ olwkdUtay:udk ausmfypf? tajrmufoHawGudkMum;&&if/ 'D&JabmfjzLawG oHvQifNrdKUxJudk 0ifawmhrSm r[kwfbl;? xGufajy;MurSmyJ? 'DvkdausmfypfvkdU &rvm;? &ygw,f? b,fvkdypfrvJ? ajru'kwfawgudk jrifEkdifwJhae&mrSm uRefawmfwkdU av,OfysHwpif; ysHaer,f? tJ'D av,OfysHu 0dkif,mvufeJU ar,kppfoabFmudk tcsufay;vdrfhr,f? tJ'Dvkdtcsufay;wJhtcg ajru'kwfawGudk ausmfNyD; ypfatmif tcsufay;bdkU rSmvkdufr,f? tJ'gaumif;w,f? 'Dtwkdif;vkyf? tcef;(22) tukodkvf 0ifrd&ifwcgwnf; b,fawmhrS rNyD;bl;qkdwJh pum;yHktwkdif; tukodkvf0ifaewJh jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHrSm tckajymcJhwJh uGefjrLepfawG/ ppfwyfawG/ ppf&JwyfawG/ &JabmfawG/ &JabmfjzLawG/ olykefx&kHavmufeJU rNyD;ao;ygbl;? aemufxyfvmp&mawG &dSaeygao;w,f? tJ'gawGudk qufajymvkdufMuOD;pkdU?

&JabmfjzLawG awmckdoGm;wJh tcsdefrSm ocifEktpdk;&tzGJ@[m wGef;vkduf&HkeJU NydKusoGm;awmhrJh tdrftdk tdrfaqG;MuD;vkd jzpfaeNyD;? tJ'Dtajctaeudk jrif&NyD;/ autif,ltrsKd;om;tzGJUeJU olUMoZmcHtzGJawG[m tawmfvIyfvIyf&G&Gjzpfvmw,f? 'DvkdvIyfvIyf&G&Gjzpfvmwm[m taMumif;&dSygw,f? tJ'DtaMumif;udk eJeJavmuf&Sif;jyzkdU vkdygvdrfhr,f? Oa&mywkdufrSm t*FvefeJU *smrefwkdU 'kwd,urmppfyGJMuD; pwifjzpfyGm;wJh tcsdeftxd ArmEdkifiHrSm u&if-Arm jy?em[m wcgrSray:cJhygbl;? Arm[m ADZtm;jzifh vlpGmjzpfayrJh u&ifu ADZtm;jzifh vlat;qdkawmh olwkdUESpfOD; y#dyujzpfp&mtaMumif; bmrSr&dSbl;? u&ifawG[m b,fvkdvlat;awGvJqdkwmod&atmif 'kwd,urmppfMuD; rjzpfcifu ArmEdkifiH&JU &mZ0wfrIpm&if;udk jyefNyD;Munfhapcsifw,f? rk'def;rI/ 'kwf&dkufrI/ 'g;xkd;rI/ 'g;ckwfrI/ vlowfrI/ cg;ykdufEIdufrI/ vk,ufrI/ 'jrwdkufrIqdkwJh &mZm0wfrIawGrSmqkd&if w&m;cHawG[m vlpGm ArmawG omrsm;w,f? vlat;u&ifawGudk w&m;cHtjzpfawGeJU awGU&wm r&dSoavmufygyJ? u&ifvlat;awGrSm &Hk;/ *gwfwdkUudk vmcsifwJh qef'r&dSwJhtwGuf olwyg;u olwkdUudk ukd,fxdvufa&mufusL;vGefwJhtcg vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;oGm;wJhtcgrsKd;awGrSmawmif awmf&Hkwef&Hkqdk&if &Hk;wkdY *gwfwkdUudk trIa&mufrcHbl;? olwkdU tcsif;csif; zHk;zdypfvkdufMuwmyJ? 'kwd,urmppfMuD; rjzpfrDu ArmEdkifiHrSm u&if-Army#dyuawG rjzpfcJhbl;qkdwJh tcsufudkomazmfjy&&if u&if-Armaygif;oif;qufqHa&;&JU w0ufudkom azmfjyovkdjzpfaer,f? trSefpifppfudk tJ'Dtcgwkef;u u&if-ArmawGom wOD;tdrfay:wOD;wufNyD; aexkdifpm;aomufEkdifwJhtxd cspfcif&if;ESD;rI &dScJhzl;w,f? u&ifeJU ArmawG[m b,fvkd&if;ESD;w,fqkdwmudk pmzwfolawG oabmaygufatmif ocifEk i,fpOfu udk,fawGU om"u wckESpfckavmuf 'Dae&mrSmazmfjycsifw,f? ocifEk[m i,fpOfwkef;u 0g;c,frausmif;rSm oli,fwef;upNyD; u&ifav;awGeJU twlwlaevmcJhw,f? bdef;&Hkvrf;u odef;armif/ oHjzL&Gmu omat;/ pdefckd/ rykpdefwdkU[m olUoli,fcsif;awGyJ? oHjzLpkqkdwm[m 0g;c,freJU wrdkifavmufyJa0;w,f? ausmif;ydwf&ufawGrSm armifEk[m wjcm; oli,fcsif;awGeJUtwl iSufypf&atmif/ upm;&atmif oHjzLpkudk oGm;avh&dSw,f? tJ'DrSm waeukefwaecrf;ae/ oli,fcsif;awGtdrfrSm pm;aomufNyD;rS jyefvmcJhMuw,f? we*FaEGaeUqkd&if armifEk[m olItdrfeJI udkufwpf&mavmufa0;wJh pmjzLausmif;udk u&ifc&pf,mef oli,fcsif;awGeJU&Hzef&Hcg vdkufoGm;NyD; 0wfwwfavh&dSw,f? oludk,fwkdifuawmh

bmrSem;rvnfygbl;? olUoli,fcsif;awG vkyfovdk vkdufvkyf&wm?qkdovdk vkdufqdk&wmawGaMumifh olodyfaysmfw,f? 0wfwufNyD;wJhtcg &Hzef&Hcg oMum;vHk;xkyfuav;awG&Hzef&Hcg a,&Iocif&JU yHkawmfav;awG a0ay;wmudk ,lNyD; jyefvmcJhMuwmyJ? 'DrQom ruao;ygbl;? 0g;c,fru usKHrai;bufudk/ {&m0wD oabFmpD;oGm;&if ESpfem&DavmufoGm;&wJhae&mrSm/ &Srf;pk&Gm&dSw,f? tJ'D&GmeJUwzufurf;/ 'g;vG,fckwfae&mrSm armif'D;qdkwJh&Gm&dSw,f? tJ'D&Srf;pkeJUarmif'D;&GmawG&JU teD;tem;w0dkufrSm armifEkrdbrsm;&JUv,fuav;awG eJeJyg;yg;avmuf&dSw,f? tJ'gaMumifh face=WinKalaw armifEk&J@rdbawGm v,fuxGufwJhpyg;awGudk todrf;&vG,f atmifqkdwJhtaeeJU &Srf;pk&GmrSm pyg;*dka'gifwck aqmufxm;w,f? ausmif;ydwf&ufawGrSmqkd&if armifEkwkdU[m &Srf;pk&Gmudk &Hzef&HcgoGm;vnfavh&dSw,f? tJ'D&GmurS tJ'D&GmurS armif'D;udk tvnfoGm;Muw,f? armif'D[mu&if&Gm? tJ'D&GmrSm armifEk&JUv,fawGudk vkyfwJh u&ifpm&if;iSm;awGvnf; &dSw,f? u&iftodrdwfaqGawGvnf;&dSw,f? armifEkwkdUoGm;wJhtcg/ aqGrsKd;awGqDudk tvnfoGm;ovdkyJ [dktdrfwufpm; 'Dtdrfwufpm;eJU avQmufpm;MuwmbJ? wnrSm u&ifrdwfaqGwOD;[m a&Tz&kHoD;/ ig;ajcmufeJUbJOa&mcsufNyD; auR;vdkufwJh[if;[m t&om&dSvGef;vkdU ESpfaygif;ig;q,fausmfvmwmawmif OD;Ek[m 'D[if;udkrarhbl;/ wcgwcgowd&ao;w,f? u&ifrdwfaqGawG[m tvnfvmwkef; auR;arG;&kH wif ruao;bl;? jyefwJhtcgrSmvJ iSufaysmckdif/ ig;&HUajcmuf/ Al;oD;/ z&kHoD;/ rHkUqef; tp&dSwmawGudk/ avSxJrSm wyHkMuD;xnfhay;vdkufwmbJ? 'gayrJh u&ifawG[m ADZtm;jzifh odyfat;wJhvlrsKd;jzpfwJhtwdkif; 0g;c,frudkvmwJhtcg jyefNyD;jyKpkcsifvdkU armifEkwkdUu tdrfudkzdwfwm b,fawmhrSrvmbl;? olwkdU0,fp&m/ csrf;p&m vkyfp&mudkifp&mawG NyD;&if/ wdwfwdwfuav; armifEkwdkUudk todray;bJ jyefoGm;MuwmbJ? olwkdUuom NyKpkcsifw,f/ ay;urf;csifw,f? olwkdUaMumifh wzufom;rSm tvkyfrsm;rSm taESmuft,SufjzpfrSmudk olwkdUodyfa&Smifw,f? aemufwMudrfolwkdU&Gmudk tvnfoGm;awmhrS olwkdUNudKufwwfwJh vufaqmifypfpnf;awGudk armifEkwdkU ,loGm;NyD;olwkdUudkay;&w,f? 'Dvkdu&if-Armcspf=unfa&; om"uawG[m 'kwd, urmppfMuD; rjzpfrDSu wEdkifiHvHk;rSm tESHUtjym; &dSaew,fqkdwm b,folrS rjiif;Edkifbl;? tckvkdaumif;aewJh u&if-ArmcspfMunfa&;[m b,fhES,faMumifh ysufoGm;&wmvJ? 'DtaMumif;udk tck&Sif;jyygawmhr,f? 1942ckESpf t*Fvdyftpdk;&uvnf; ArmEdkifiHuqkwfcGmp *syefppfwyfuvnf;

ArmwEdkifiHvHk;udk rodrf;&ao;cif pyful;rwful;tcsdeftwGif; ArmwEdkifiHvHk;rSm ArmwcsKdU[m ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfawGudk zGJUpnf;Muw,f? 'DwyfawGudk bDtkdifatvdkUac:w,f? ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;rSm 'D (bDtdkifat)awG[m jynfolvkxkqDu aoewf/ aiG/ armfawmfum;/ vuf0wfvufpm; tp&dSwJh tzdk;wefypfpnf;awGudk avQmufodrf;Muw,f? ajrmif;jr c&kdiftwGif;u bDtkdifatawG[m u&ifawGqDu aoewfawGudk odrf;&atmifvmwJhtcg u&ifawGu olwkdUaoewfudk ray;Mubl; tJ'Dtcsdef[m rif;rJhwkdif;jynfjzpfaewJhtcsdef tJ'Dawmh u&ifawG[m 'D bDtkdifattzGJUawGudk olwkdU&JU aoewfb,ftyfrvJ? tJ'DrtyfwJhtcg wcsKdUae&mawGrSm bDtkdifateJY u&ifawGwdkufyGJjzpfMuw,f? wkdufyGJawG[m ajrmif;jrc&dkifu ykodrfc&kdifudkul; ykodrfc&dkifu rtlyifc&kdifudkul;NyD; u&if-Arm&dSwJh ae&mawGudk jyefUxGufoGm;w,f? tJ'DtcsdefupNyD; u&ifeJUArmwkdufvdkufMuwm u&iftm;aumif;wJh ae&mawGrSm ArmawGuem? Armtm;aumif;wJhae&mawGrSm u&ifawGuemMuNyD; u&ifeJUArmESpfaygif;rsm;pGm wnfaqmufvmcJhMuwJh u&ifArmcspfMunfa&; AdrmefMuD;[m NydKusvkeD;eD; txd ysufpD;oGm;cJhMu&w,f? tckvdkA&rf;AwmawG jzpfaewJhtcsdefwkef;u ocifEk[m ref'av;axmifxJrSm &dSaeao;w,f? 'Dowif;awGeJU ywfoufNyD; bmqdkbmrS rMum;&bl;? ref;'av;axmifu vGwfNyD;wJhaemuf udkausmfNidrf;/ udkomcif/ ukdodef;az/ tp&dSwJh ajratmufawmfvSefa&;orm;awGeJUawGUNyD;/ ppfudkif;eJUref;'av;rSm ocifEk[m tawmfMumMum vkdufaeao;w,f? &efukefudk ocifEkjyefa&mufcJhwJhtcsdefrSm u&if-Arm y#dyuawG[m tawmfav; ajcvGefvufvGef jzpfukefNyD/ a'gufwmAarmf acgif;aqmifwJh tkyfcsKyfa&; aumfrwDudk zGJUNyD;wJhtcg aumfrwDtaeeJU zdwfMum;vdkufwJhtwGuf u&ifacgif;aqmifMuD; a'gufwmpHpDzkd; tp&dSwJh u&ifacgif;aqmifwcsKdU &efukefudk a&mufvmMuw,f? a'gufwmAarmf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;? ocifjr? ocifoef;xGef;? ocifEk tp&dSwJh Arm acgif;aqmifawG[m tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU0ifawGtjzpfeJUa&m? EkdifiHa&;orm;awGtjzpfeJUa&m u&ifacgif;aqmif awGudk c&D;OD;MudKjyKMuw,f? {nfhcHauR;arG;Muw,f? tMudrftawmfrsm;rsm; aqG;aEG;Muw,f? tJ'Daemuf u&if-Armjy?emudk qufvufajz&Sif;wJhtaeeJU ocifEkacgif;aqmifwJh tzGJU0ifwpk[m jrpf0uRef;ay:&dS u&if-Arma'oawGudkoGm;NyD; u&ifArmcspfMunfa&;w&m;awGudk a[mMuw,f? ppfMuD;rNyD;cif wvavmuftvdkrSmawmif u&if-Arm cspfMunfa&; w&m;awGa[m&atmif ocifEkeJU [oFmw OD;jrwkdU[m jrpf0uRef;ay:u u&if-Arm a'oawGudk

a&mufcJhMuao;w,f? u&ifeJArm jyefcsMu&if OoQpfoD;ESpfvHk;udk udkifNyD;xkovkd ESpfzufpvHk; emMutHk;awmhrSmbJ? &dSpkrJhpk tkd;tdrfav;awGvnf; avmifpmeJUjymyHk jzpfukefMutHk;awmhrSmbJ? uGJ&SusKd;yJh aoausysufpD;MuwJht xJ bmrStjypfr&dSwJh rdef;reJU uav;awGvnf; wyHkwacgif;MuD; ygukefMutHk;awmhrSmbJqdkwJh pOf;pm;rIawG[m oloGm;av&mudk vdkufNyD; xrif;vHk;wapajcmufovkdjzpfaewJhtwGuf 0efMuD;csKyf jzpfvmNyD;wJhaemuf 'Du&if-Arm jy?emudk ocifEkypfrxm;bl;? wwfEkdifoavmuf ajz&Sif;w,f? apmbOD;MuD;? ref;*sdrf;xGef;atmif? q&momudk tp&dSwJh u&ifacgif;aqmifawGeJU ocifEk[m tMudrfMudrf awGUqHkaqG;aEG; w,f? tJ'D u&ifacgif;aqmifawGudk zdwfac:NyD; jrpf0uRef;ay:&dS u&if-Arma'oawGudk c&D;xGufMuw,f? a&mufwJhae&mwkdif;rSm u&if-Arm temqdk;MuD;udk aysmufygapqkdwJh apwemeJU cspfMunfa&;w&m;awG a[m Muw,f? cspfMunfa&;udk tm;ay;rJh aygif;oif;qufqHa&;awGudk MudK;pm;NyD;vkyf
uGefjrLepfawG &efukefxJ 0ifvm&if cHrypfMueJU? vufeufcsvkdufMuvdkU trdefUay;xm;NyD;NyD qkdwmawmif ocifEkodae&NyD? tJ'Dvdktm;udk;&mrJh jzpfaewJhtcsdefrsKd;rSm ocifEk[m ref;*sdrf;xGef;atmif&JU pum;udk Mum;vkduf&wJhtcg 0rf;omvHk;qdkUoGm;w,f? 0efMuD;csKyfocifEk[m u&if-Armjy?emudk ajz&Sif;zkdUtwGuf w&m;yGJrsm;? aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;eJUom &yfrxm;yJ u&ifjynfe,fzJGUpnf;ay;zkdUtwGuf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'&JU yk'fr (199)eJU/ yk'fr (200)t& aumfolave,fedrdwf owfrSwfa&; aumfr&SiftzGJUwckudk {NyDv (6)&ufaeUrSm zGJUpnf;ay;vkdufw,f? atmufwkdbmv(20)&ufaeUusawmh w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf&JU w&m;0efMuD;csKyf a'gufwmbOD; acgif;aqmifNyD; vlrsKd;pkudk,fpm;vS,frsm; rQrQww yg0ifwJh jynfe,fpHkprf;a&; aumfr&SiftzGJUwckudk 0efMuD;csKyf ocifEk zGJUay;jyefw,f? 'DtzGJU&J yxrtpnf;ta0;rSm rGef-u&if-&ckdif-vlrsKd;pkwkdU&JU w&m;aom qef'rsm;udk jynfh0apEdkifwJh enf;aumif;vrf;aumif;rsm;udk aESmifhaES;MuefUMumjcif;r&dSyJ 'Daumfr&SiftzGJUu &SmazGay;MuygvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfocifEk udk,fwkdif aumfr&Siftpnf;ta0;udk wufa&mufNyD; wkdufwGef;cJhw,f? tJ'Dvkd wkdufwGef;wJh tcgwkef;u rGef? u&if? &ckdifawGudk jynfaxmifpktwGif; jynfe,f ay;zkdU 0efMuD;csKyf&JU pdwfxJrSm qHk;jzwfxm;NyD;ygNyD? aumfolave,fedrdwf owfrSwfa&;aumfr&SifeJU jynfe,fpHkprf;a&; tzGJUawGudk zGJUpnf;ay;vdkufayrJh trSeftwkdif;ajym&&if ocifEk&JUpdwfxJrSmawmh tJ'DtzGJUawG[m u&if? Armjy?emudk ajz&Sif;Ekdifvdrfhr,f vkdU odyfr,HkMunfvSbl;? 'Dvkdr,HkMunfp&mtaMumif;awG olUrSm&dSaew,f? 'DtaMumif;awGudk 'Dae&mrSm eJeJavmufazmfjycsifw,f? (1) 1947 ckESpf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkdU rusqHk;cifuwnf;u autif,l u&iftrsKd;om; tzGJU[m u&ifrsKd;om;umuG,fa&;tzGJU qdkwJhtrnfeJU u&ifvufeufudkifwyfawGudk avQmufzGJUw,f? tJ'DtzGJU&JU twkdaumufuawmh autif'Dtkd jzpfw,f? jynfolU&JabmfeJU uGefjrLepfawGuvnf; udk,fykdifwyfawG zGJUxm;Muw,fqdkawmh autif,luvnf; autif'DtkdudkzGJUrSmbJ? ocifEktpdk;&[m tifrwef tm;eJaewJhtwGuf 'DwyfawGudk zsufvJrypfEdkif/ olwkdU&JU vufeufawGudkvnf; rodrf;Ekdif jzpfaew,f? tJ'Dtajctae[m rMumcifaom aeUrSm u&if-Arm t"du&kPf;awG jzpfay:vmzkdUtwGuf tMuD;qHk;taMumif;MuD;jzpfw,f? (2) autif,l u&iftrsKd;om;tzGJU[m (u) u&ifjynfe,fudk vkdcsifw,f? (c) tJ'Du&ifjynfe,frSm jynfaxmifpkxJu cGJxGufvdku cGJxGufEkdifcGifh&dS&r,fvdkU

autif,luawmif;qkdw,f? (*) u&ifjynfe,fxJrSm yJcl;wdkif;/ weoFm&Dwkdif;/ {&m0wDwkdif;xJu ArmEkdifiH&JU w0ufavmuf eD;eD;avmuf&dSwJh e,fajrawGudk xnfhay;&r,fvkdU awmif;qkdw,f? autif,l&JUvkdvm;csuf (3)ckxJu (u)udk ocifEktpdk;&tzGJUu vkdufavsmEdkifw,f? (c)udk vHk;0rvdkufavsmEdkifbl;? (*)udkawmh aumfolave,fedrdwftzGJUaumfr&SiftzGJUu axmufcHrJha'oudkom u&ifjynfe,fxJ xnfhay;zkdU tpdk;&tzGJUu qHk;jzwfw,f? tckvkd autif,leJU ocifEktpkd;&wkdU&JU oabmuGJvGJcsuf[m rMumaomaeUrSm u&if-Arm t"du&kPf;awGjzpfay:vmzkdUtwGuf wwd,taMumif;jzpfw,f? tckajymcJhwJh taMumif;MuD; (3)aMumif;u 0kdif;NyD; wGef;ay;MuwJhtwGuf 1948ckESpf ZlvkdifveJU Mo*kwfvxJrSm jynfaxmifpkppf&Jwyfu u&ifawGtawmfrsm;rsm; vufeufawG,lNyD; autif'Dtdk tzGJUxJ0ifoGm;Muw,f? zmyGefeJUu,m;rSm&dSMuwJh autif'DtkdawG[m tpkd;&wyfawGudk twif;0ifwdkufMuw,f? oxHkeJU armfvjrdKifqdkwJh c&kdif&Hk;pkduf&m jrdKUMuD; (2)jrdKUudk autif'DtdkawG[m cPavmuf odrf;xm;EkdifcJhMuw,f? uGefjrLepf?jynfolU&Jabmftp&dSwJh olykefawGaMumifh tvkdvdkurS tawmfqdk;ae&wJh jynfwGif; tajctae[m tJ'DtcsdefupNyD; tpkd;&tzGJU touf&IrSm;avmufatmif ykdNyD; qkd;0g;vmjyefw,f? 'Dvkdqkd&if 'DolykefawGudk &ifqkdifzkdUtwGuf vufeufudkifwyfawG jrefjrefaxmifygvm;? tpdk;&bmvkyfaeovJvkdU ar;p&m&dSw,f? tpdk;&vufeufudkifwyfawGu (60)&mckdifEIef;avmuf[m vufeufawG,l olykefawGeJU aygif;NyD; tpdk;&udk ykefuefaewJh tcsdefrsKd;rSm tpdk;&[m wyftopfzGJUzkdUudwfpudk tawmfav;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;&r,f? vG,fvG,fvkyfvkdufvkdU rjzpfbl;? vufeufudkifawGudkzGJUzkdU tpdk;&qHk;jzwfjyef&ifvnf; vufeufb,fu&rvJ EkdifiHwckvHk;[m ysufoavmuf jzpfaeNyD;? tJ'Dvkd EdkifiH&JU tpkd;&udk aoewfawGay;&if olwkdU&JUaoewfawG[m wGif;eufMuD; xJ a&avmif;csovkdaerSmbJvkdU aoewfay;&rJhEkdifiHawG[m awG;aeMurSm "rwmygbJ? tJ'gaMumifh aoewf&bkdU qdkwmrvG,fbl;? tJ'Dvkd tajctaersKd;rSm ocifEkvJ bmrSrwufEkdifbl;? apmbOD;MuD;tp&dSwJh u&ifacgif;aqmifawGukd rMumcPzdwfNyD; vuf&Hk;tm;udk; vkyfvmwmawG rjzpfygapeJU? i,fom;awGudk wyfEdkifoavmuf xdrf;ay;ygvkdUom awmif;yefae&wmbJ? 1948ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvukefavmufqDudk a&mufwJhtcg tajctae[m

ykdqdk;vmw,f? tJ'gaMumifh 'DZifbmv(4)&ufaeUusawmh 0efMuD;csKyf ocifEk[m e,faygif;pHku&wJhowif;t& jynfaxmifpkwpkvHk;[m &ifrat;bG,f&m tifrwefqdk;wJhtajctaeudk a&mufaeygNyDvkdU ausnmcJh&w,f? tJ'Daemuf Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf aemufqHk;ajcvSrf;taeESifh apmbOD;MuD;wkdUvlpkudk zdwfNyD; tMurf;rzufMuzkdU autif'Dtkd acgif;aqmifawGudk oludk,fwkdif arwm&yfcHcsifw,fvkdUocifEkuajymw,f? 'Dvkd'DvkdbJ 0efMuD;csKyfocifEk[m tif;pdefrSm&dSwJh autif'DtkdXmecsKyfudk oGm;NyD; autif'Dtkd acgif;aqmifawGeJUawGUr,f qkdwmudk rdwfaqGawGodwJhtcg oGm;zkdUrawmfbl;vkdU tm;vHk;u0dkif;NyD; uefUuGufw,f? tJ'DxJrSm 0efMuD;csKyfuawmf a':jr&Du tjyif;xefqHk; uefUuGufw,f? 'gayrJh b,fol uefuGufvkdUrS r&bl;? csdef;wJhaeUusawmh 0efMuD;csKyfudkac:&atmif apmbOD;MuD;eJU taz:wa,muf a&mufvmw,f? 0efMuD;csKyf[m apmbOD;MuD;udk,fwkdif armif;vmwJh armfawmfum;eJU tif;pdefudk vkdufoGm;w,f? oleJUtwl AdkvfMuD;pkd;jrifhqdkwJh olUukd,f&HawmfwOD;ukdom ac:oGm;w,f? oloGm;wJhae&mwkdif;udk vkdufaeMu tifrwefopfpm&dSwJh csif;ppfom;av;awGudk ac:roGm;bl;? oleJUtwlvdkufvmwJh AdkfvfMuD;pdk;jrifhudkvnf; bmvufeufrS ,lrvm&bl;vkdU wif;wif;MuyfMuyf trdefUay;xm;w,f? apmbOD;MuD;&JU a,mufcrMuD; OD;ZHtdrfrSm 0efMuD;csKyfocifEkudk tkef;EkdUMumZHacgufqGJeJU {nfhcHw,f? pm;aomufNyD;wJhtcg autif'Dtkd acgif;aqmifawGudkom ocifEkawGU&w,f? autif'Dtdk acgif;aqmifawG[m 0efMuD;csKyf ocifEkudk av;av;pm;pm;qufqHyg&JU? 'gayrJhtMurf;rzufMuygeJU? u&if-Armjy?emudk u&if-Armacgif;aqmifawG[m rdom;pkawGvkd twlwlxdkifNyD; tEkenf;eJU ajz&Sif;Mu&atmifvkdU ocifEku arwm&yfcHwJhtcg olwkdUrsufESmxm;awG[m aysmhaysmhajymif;ajymif; r&dSbl;qkdwmudk ocifEk tuJcwfrdvdkufw,f? bmoHrsm;Mum;&rvJqkdNyD; 0efMuD;csKyftdfrfrSm wxdwfxdwf wvefUvefU? vnfwqefUqefUeJU apmifharQmfaeMuwJh rdwfaqGawGeJU 0efMuD;csKyfuawmf a':jr&DwkdU[m 0efMuD;csKyf jyefa&mufvmawmhrS oufjyif;csEkdifMuawmhw,f? aemufwaeUusawmh ykodfrfrSm u&ifeJUArmawG apmifaeMuNyD/ t"du&kPf;jzpfp&mtaMumif;&dSw,f qdkwJhowif;udk &wmeJU ocifEk[m a&wyfu u&ifppfAdkvfapm*sufqdkol OD;pD;wJh ppfoabFmav;eJU ykodrfudk uwkdufu&kdufvkdufoGm;&w,f/ ykodrfrsm ocifEk[mArm-u&if acgif;aqmifawGeJUawGUNyD; ESpfbufpvkH;udk tMurf;rzufbkdU arwm&yfNyD; &efukefudkjyefvmw,f/

'gayr,fh ocifEk&JU arwm&yfcHcsufaMumifh jzpfay:vmwJhaysmhaysmif;rI[m MumMum rcHygbl;/ 1949 Zefe0g&DvukefavmufqDusawmh autJef'Dtkd awG[mukef;bufua&wyfAkdvfapm*sufOD;pD;wJh ppfoabmFu a&bufuESpfzufnSyfNyD; ykodrfudkpD;zkdY MudK;pm;MuwmygbJ? tJ'Dtcsdefu rtlyifeJU ykodrfrSm u&if-Arm tajctae[m tifrwef qkd;0g;aewJhtwGuf tpdk;&[m wyf&if;(4)udk tJ'DESpfae&m w0ufpDcGJxm;&w,f? AdkvftMuyfwyfom;awG[m tawmfowfwdajymifajrmufMuygw,f? a&bufeJUukef;bufESpfzufnSyfNyD; wkdufckdufwmawmif tnHhrcHbl;? &dSorQtiftm;eJU jyefcswm autif'Dtkdvnf; aemufqkwfay;&w,f? apm*suf&JU ppfoabFmvnf; wae&mukdxGufajy;wm avwyfu wkdufav,mOfysHwpif;eJU oGm;wdk;rdw,f? tJ'DrSm wkdufav,mOfysHu puftajrmufeJUypfwJhtwGuf ppfoabFmvnf;tawmfysufpD;w,f? a&wyfom;awGvnf; tawmfaoausysufpD; 'Pf&m&Muw,f? Adkvfapm*sufeJU oHk;av;a,mufom oabFmay:u ckefcsxGufajy;EdkifvkdU toufab;u oDoDav;vGwfoGm;Muw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ekvnf; wkdufyGJtNyD;rSm wzufeJUwzuf tvGeftuRH rjzpf&atmifqkdNyD; ykodrfudk csufcsif; vkdufoGm;w,f? u&ifArmacgif;aqmifawGeJU awGUNyD; cspfMunfa&;w&m;awGa[mw,f? wkdufyGJaMumifh tdk;rJhtdrfrJhjzpf&wJh u&if-Arm'kufconfawGudk aiGeJUypfpnf;axmufyHhw,f? ArmawG zsufypfvkdUysufpD;oGm;wJh u&ifacgif;aqmifMuD; a'gufwmpHpDzkd;&J oif;csKdif;udk jyefwnfaqmufzdkU aiGtvHktavmuf olUom;wa,muf&JU vufxJtyfcJhw,f? u&ifawG zsufvdkUysufpD;oGm;wJh jrwfpGmbk&m; &kyfyGm;awmfwqludkvnf; jyefvnfwnfaqmufzkdU aiGtvHktavmuf oufqkdif&m &yfuGufacgif;aqmifawG &JU vufxJtyfvkdufw,f? ocifEk ykodrfujyefcgeD;usawmh rdwfaqGwa,muf okwfoD;okwfjymeJUoabFmay:wufvmw,f? 0efMuD;csKyf 'DoabFmrSm u&ifppfom;awGygovm; uRefawmfrodbl; taetxkdiftoGm;tvmowd&dSygAsm bmjzpfvkdUvJ t&ifwywfwkef;u 'Dudk cifAsm;pD;vmwJh ppfoabFmuav;rSm apm*suf[m a&wyfAdkvfbJ/ waeUu 'Daumif olykefxawmhrS [dktacgufwkef;u 0efMuD;csKyfudk olbmjzpfvkdU rzrf;wmvJqkdwm uRefawmfpOf;pm;rdw,f? 0efMuD;csKyf ocifEkvnf; bmrS jyefrajymygbl;/ NyHK;aew,f? 1949ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv tv,favmufudk a&mufvmwJhtcg

tifrwefpdwfrcsrf;omp&maumif;wJh owif;w&yfukd tpdk;&tzGJU0ifawGMum;&w,f? 'Dowif;[mwjcm;r[kwf/ tif;pdefXmecsKyfu autif'Dtkd awG[m tif;pdef? MudKUukef;? orkdif;rSm wm0efusaewJh tpdk;& trIxrf; t&mxrf; wcsKdUqDu vufeufawG vkdufodrf;aew,fqdkwJhowif;bJjzpfygw,f? 'DvkdvufeufawG odrf;wJhae&m[m &efukefNrdKUeJU (7)rdkif twGif;rSm&dSw,f? tJ'gaMumifh vufydkufMunfhraeEdkifawmhwJhtwGuf tpdk;&tzGJU[m tJ'Dt&yfawGudk vufeufudkif trIxrf;? t&mxrf;wcsKdUvTwfNyD; autif'DtkdawG vufeuf rodrf;atmif twm;ckdif;vkdufw,f tckvdkwm;&if;u 1949ckESpfZefe0g&D (31)&ufaeUusawmh tpdk;& vufeufudkiftzGJU awGeJU autif'DtkdawG y#dyujzpfvmMuNyD; tif;pdefu autif'DtkdawG[m tif;pdefNrdKUudk odrf;vdkufMuw,f? tif;pdefaxmifMuD;xJu ESpfaxmifavmuf&dSwJh tusOf;om;awGudkvnf; vTwfypfvkdufMuw,f? tpdk;&aiGwkdufxJu &dSorQaiGawGudkvnf; xkwf,loGm;Muw,f? tif;pdef[m &efukefNrdKU&JU tayguf0rSm &dSaewJhtwGuf tpkd;&tzGJUeJU &efukefNrdKUom;awG[m b,favmuf ajcrudkifrD vufrudkifrd rsufvHk;jyL; rsufqHjyL; jzpfaeMur,fqdkwm pHkvifwdusatmif pma&;NyD; azmfrjyEkdifygbl;? pmzwfolawG udk,fh[mudk,fomawG;MunfhMuayawmh? tJ'Dtcsdefu pNyD; autif,l u&iftrsKd;om;tzGJU acgif;aqmifwJh autif,lykefuefrIMuD; ay:aygufvmwmygbJ? tckvkdjzpfae&wJhtxJ u&if-Armtajctaeudk qkd;oxufqdk;atmifvkyfay;rJh tjzpftysufwck xyfNyD; jzpfvkdufjyefao;w,f? jzpfyHku 'Dvkdautif,l olykefrxcif av;ig;&ufavmuf tvkdrSm rtlyifc&kdiftwGif; &efukefNrdKUeJU rdkifav;ig;q,favmufa0;wJh Arm&Gmav;w&Gmudk autif'DtkdawGu pD;vkdufw,f? &Gmol&Gmom;awGqDu ypfpnf;Owfpmudk vk,lNyD;wJhaemuf aeUpOfaeUwkdif; &Gmol&Gmom;awGxJu 4-5-6a,mufudk xkwfxkwfNyD; &Gmv,frSm autif'DtkdawTu owfjyw,f? oHk;av;&uf MumwJhtcgrSm ukefwifwGJMuD; wcsKdUudk qGJNyD; ykodrfu &efukef jyefvmaewJh oabFmwpif;[m &Gmem;udk a&mufvmw,f? tJ'DoabFm[m ykodrfudk ukefypfpnf;awGydkUNyD; jyefvmwmjzpfwJhtwGuf tJ'DoabFmay:rSm vufeufudkifwcsKdUygvmw,f? Arm&Gmom;awG[m tJ'DoabFmudk jrifwJhtcg olwkdUudk u,fzkdUvSrf;ac:w,f? ykvdyfawG&GmxJ0ifvmwJhtcg &GmxJrSm autif'DtkdawGr&dSawmhbl;? tJ'gaMumifh ykvdyfawG[m &Gmol&Gmom;awGudk oabFmeJUwGJay:rSmwifNyD; &efukefudk ac:vmw,f?

&efukefMuawmhowif;axmufawGeJUawGUNyD; aemufwaeUreufxGufwJh owif;pmawGxJrSm [kwfwmxufawmifydkNyD; a&;vkdufMuao;w,f? owif;pmawGxJrSm ygvmwJhtjzpftysufudkMunfhNyD;(1) u&ifawGu ArmawGudk owfw,fvdkU r,lqMuygeJU ,lq&ifrSm;vdrfhr,f? (2) Arm&Gmom;awGudk owfwJhtxJrSm vHk;0rygwJh u&ifvlaumif;awG trsm;MuD; &dSygw,f? tJ'gaMumifhtJ'DvkdowfwJhvlowfyGJ[mvlqdk;awGu vlaumif;awGudk owfwJhvlowfyGJvkdUom ArmawGu ,lqMuapcsifw,f? 'Dvkd ,lqrSomvQif rSefvdrfhr,f? (3) u&ifwcsKdUudk face=WinKalaw ArmwcsKd@u owfMu&ifvnf; tJ'DowfyGJxJrSm vHk;0rygwJh Armaumif;awG trsm;MuD;&dSygw,f? tJ'gaMumifh tJ'Dvkd owfwJhvlowfyGJ[m vlqdk;awGu vlaumif;awGudk owfwJhvlowfyGJvkdUom u&ifawGu ,lqMuapcsifw,f? 'Dvkd,lqrSomvQif rSefvdrfhr,f? (4) tpdk;&taeeJUawmh Arm&,f/ u&if&,fqkdNyD; rcGJjcm;bl;? ausmom;&ifom;rcGJjcm;bJ vlqdk;rSeforQudk tpGrf;&dSoa&GU Oya't& ta&;,lygr,fqkdwm av;eufpGm uwdjyKygw,f? (5) jynfwGif;rSm tifrwefqdk;aewJh tajctaeqdk;MuD;udk ydkNyD;qdk;rvmatmif jynfolvlxk w&yf vHk;u tpdk;&udk 0kdif;ulnDMuygqkdwJh tcsuf(5)csufygwJh arwm&yfcHcsufwckudk 0efMuD;csKyf ocifEkausnmcJhw,f? tJ'Dvkd ausnmvkdufcgrS wufaewJh pddwfawG[musroGm;bJ Armvlxku ydkyD; cufxefvmw,f? 0efMuD;csKyf ocifEkudkvnf; trsm;MuD;a'gojzpfw,f? u&ifvufxJ wGHaw;udk tyfvkdufwm 'Daumifaygh? ykodrfrSm u&ifawGu ArmawGudkcsawmh olbmrSrajymbl;? ArmawGu jyefcsr,fvkyfawmh oluAsmu,m vkdufoGm;NyD; ArmawG&JU vufudkqGJxm;w,f? [kwfwmaygh? u&ifawG ykodrfudk pD;awmhr,fqdkwm olod&ufom;eJU/ pHzdk;oifqkdwJhu&ifudk {&m0wD txl;wkdif;rif;MuD; cefUNyD; olykodrfudk vTwfvkdufwmbJr[kwfvm;? tckvnf;vkyfjyefNyD? u&ifawGowfw,fqkdwm xif&Sm;aevQufom;eJUawmif 'g[m u&ifr[kwfbl;? vlqdk;awGygvdkU vlxkudk olwywf&kdufjyefw,f? 'Daumif[m Armtppfr[kwfbl;? u&ifujym;/ olUar;&kd;MuD;awGudk Munfhygvm;qdkwJh a'gooHawG[m &efukefNrdKU Arm&yfuGufawGxJu wcJeuf xGufvmw,f? tJ'DtxJ rD;avmif&mavyifh qkdwJhpum;vdk eHr,fMuD;owif;pmwapmifu (u&ifEk)udkzrf;? orwqDukdac:oGm;/ orwa&SUudka&mufawmhrS 0efMuD;csKyf&mxl;u EIwfxGufygNyDqdkwJh EIwfxGufpmrSm vufrSwftxdk;ckdif; tp&dSwJh aqmif;yg;rsKd;awmif azmfjyvkdufao;w,f?

(u&ifEk)[m omreftm;jzifh pdwfodyfqwfayrJh tJ'DtcgrSmawmh pdwfrqwfbl;? vlxkqkdwmrSm wm0efrJh vkyfcsifajymcsifwJh oabm&dSw,f? tJ'DxJ owif;pmawGaMumifh olwkdU&JUpdwf"gwfawG wufMuGaeMujyefw,fqdkawmh omreftcgrSmxufydN+yD; 'Dvlxk[m wm0efrJhpum;awGudk ajymMuvdrfhr,f? wm0efrJhtvkyfawGudk vkyfMuvdrfhr,f? olwkdUrodMuvdkU 'DvkdajymMuwmygbJ? tpdk;&u bmajymajym? rajymajym autif'DtkdawGuawmh wGHaw;udkpD;r,f? pD;r,feJU? wuJuJjzpfaeNyD. tJ'Dtcsdefu tpdk;&rSm wyfvJr&dSbl;? vufeufvJr&dSbl;? wyf&dS&if udk,fhwyfudkcsxm;rSmaygh? autif'Dtkdudk b,fcsxm;rvJ? wyfr&dS&if aeayap/ aoewfaum&dS&JUvm;vdkU ar;jyef&ifvJ r&dSbl;vkdUbJ ajz&rSmbJ/ vufeuf&dS&if oifhawmfrJh vufa&G;pOf vl(100)avmufpk tJ'DvlawGudk aoewfypfoif vufeufwyfqifNyD; wGHaw;rSm csxm;rSmaygh? wGHaw;vkd aomhcsufae&mrsKd;rSm autif'Dtdkudk b,fcsxm;&JyghrvJ? tckawmh tJ'gawG bmrS rjzpfEdkifwJhtwGuf pD;awmhr,f wuJuJjzpfae wJh autif'DtkdawGudk tJ'DrSmaumif;aumif;aeMu? vlxkudkapmifha&SmufMuvkdU aumif;atmifajymNyD; acsmfvJ a&mxkdif vkyfvkduf&wmbJ? ykodrfrSm &dSaewJh u&iftm;vHk;[m autif,leJU autif'DtkdawGudk axmufcHwmr[kwfbl;? apmpHzdk;oifuvnf; autif,ludk raxmufcHbl;? tJ'gaMumifh autif,leJU autif'DtkdawGudk raxmufcH wJhu&ifawG[m tpdk;&udk raxmufcHEkdifonfhwkdifatmif autif,l? autif'DtkdawGeJU aygif;roGm;atmif xdef;ay;bkdUtwGuf apmpHzdk;oifudk txl;wdkif;rif;MuD;tjzpfeJU ykodrfvTwfvdkufwmygbJ? ykodrfrSm ArmawGu jyefcsr,fvkyfwJhtcg u&ifEk[m ykodrfudk uAsmu,m vkdufoGm;w,fqkdwmrSefw,f? tJ'Dvkd vdkufoGm;wm autif'DtkdawGudk jyefrcsEkdifatmif armawG&JU vufudkqGJxm;bkdUr[kwfbl;? tJ'DtcsdefrSm autif'DtkdawGr&dSMuawmhbl;? ykodrfuxGufoGm;MuNyD/ tJ'Dawmh tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u ArmawG jyefcsr,fqdk&if wkdufyGJrSm vHk;0rygwJh ykodrfNrdKUu u&ifawGudkbJ jyefcsukefMurSmbJ? tJ'DvkdcswmrsKd;awmh u&ifEkrMudKufbl;? 'DvkdcswmrsKd;qdk&if/ u&ifucscs/ Armucscs/ u&ifEkrMudKufbl;? tjypfrJhwJhArmawGudk owfaewJh u&ifqdk;awGudkbJjzpfjzpf tjypfrJhwJh u&ifawGudk owfaewJh Armqdk;awGudkyJjzpfjzpf jyefcswmrsKd;udkawmh u&ifEkqGJrxm;csifygbl;? aemufNyD;awmh u&ifEk[m ykodrfudk uAsmu,m vkdufoGm;NyD; ArmawG&JU vufudkqGJrxm;&if ykodrfrSmawmh u&ifawG tawmfemrSmbJ?

bmjzpfvkdUvJqkdawmh ArmawGuvlrsm;pkjzpfaewmudk;? wyfuvnf; Armwyfudk;? 'gayrJh 'DrD;[m ykodrfrSmyJ Nidrf;oGm;rSm r[kwfbl;? wEdkifiHvHk;udk jyefUawmhr,f? tJ'DvkdjyefUoGm;&if ArmvleJpkjzpfNyD; u&ifvlrsm;pkjzpfaewJhae&mawGrSm ArmawGemMuvdrfhr,f? u&ifawG vleJpkjzpfNyD; ArmawG vlrsm;pkjzpfaewJhae&mawGrSm u&ifawGemMuvdrfhr,f? 'DvleJpk ArmawGeJU u&ifawGudk b,foltumtuG,fay;rvJ? Armwkdif; u&ifudk cscsifwm r[kwfbl;? u&ifwkdif; Armudk cscsifwm r[kwfbl;? 'DvdktjypfrJhwJh u&ifeJU ArmawGudk o,foltumtuG,fay;rvJ? tpdk;&qdkwm wEkdifiHvHk;jzefUNyD; vlaumif;awGudk tumtuG,fay;bdkU aeaeomom &efukefNrdJKUxJrSm olwkdU[molwkdU toufrSefrSef &IaeEdkifbkdUtwGufawmif tawmf MudK;pm;ae&&Smw,f? tJ'gaMumifh u&ifEk ykodrfudk uAsmu,mvkdufoGm;NyD; Nidrf;csrf;a&;w&m;a[m&wm[m wjcm;aMumifh r[kwfygbl;? u&if-Arm rD;udk ravmifatmif rwm;jrpfEkdifonfhwkdifatmif 'DrD;[m jyefUxGufroGm;atmif wm;jzpfEkdiforQ wmjrpfay;zkdU twGufaMumifhbJjzpfw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSmwkef;u tJ'DtaMumif;awGudk vlxk[m aumif;aumif;rodMuao;bl;? tJ'DtxJ autif'Dtkd ESdyfpufxm;wmudk cHcJh&wJh rtlyife,fu &Gmom;awG&JU 'kufcawGudk owif;pmawGxJrSm zwf&jyefw,fqdkawmh t&rf;tHkMuGNyD; u&ifEkudk uavmfqJaeMuwmjzpfw,f? tJ'Dowif;awG owif;pmxJygvmNyD; w&ufESpf&uftMum n(11)em&DavmuftcsdefrSm w,fvDzkef;oHMum;wJhtwGuf ocifEkxNyD;em;axmifw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfvm;cifAsm? [kwfw,f? tvHk u&if&yfuGufxJu cav;? rdef;r? a,muFsm;? pkpkaygif;u&ifw&mausmfavmufudk ArmawGzrf;oGm;NyD; rpf&SifrD;&xm;blwm&kHem;u c&pf,mef0wfjyKausmif;xJrSm avSmifxm;Muw,f? rMumcif "gwfqDavmif;NyD; 0wfausmif;MuD;udk rD;wif&Idawmhr,f? 0efMuD;csKyf&JU arwm&yfcHcsufudk a&'D,dkuMum;NyD; tckjzpfaewJh jy?em[m u&ifArmjy?emr[kwfbl;? vlqdk;eJUvlaumif;jy?emqdkwm aumif;aumif;MuD; oabmaygufygw,f? tJ'gaMumifh 0efMuD;csKyfudk uRefawmftckvkd ta&;wMuD; w,fvDzHk; qufygw,f? aus;Zl;wifygw,f? uRefawmftck csufjcif; ta&;,lygr,f? tJ'DvleJU w,fvDzHk; ajymNyD;NyD;csif; 0efMuD;csKyfocifEk[m AdkvfatmifMuD;udk w,fvDzHk;qufw,f? olMum;&orQ tukefajymjyNyD; tckcsufcsif; tpGrf;ukefta&;,lbkdU

trdefUay;w,f? aemufwaeU a&mufwJhtcg Adkvfae0if;eJU &efukef&Jrif;MuD;wkdUudk ac:NyD; 0efMuD;csKyf[m tvHk u&if&yfuGufudk oGm;w,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm ppfOD;pD;csKyf prpf'Gef;[m cGifh,loGm;wJhtwGuf olUae&mrSm Adkvfae0if;u acwfw ppfOD;pD;csKyf wufvkyfvkdU w&ufESpf&ufavmufbJ &dSao;w,f? 0efMuD;csKyfa&mufwJhtcsdefrSm tvHk u&if&yfuGuf udk &efukef&JawGapmifhaeMuNyD/ 0efMuDk;csKyf[m u&if-Arm jy?emudk ajz&Sif;bkdUtwGuf u&ifacgif;aqmifwcsKdUeJU awGIqHkaqG;aEG;Mu&if; face=WinKalaw wcsKd@acgif;aqmifawGeJU txl;cifrif&if;ESD;vmw,f? ocifEk[m olwkdUudk rarhbl;? tJ'gaMumifh tvHk u&if&yfuGufudk a&mufa&mufcsif; 'Dacgif;aqmifawG b,frSmvJvkdU pHkprf;w,f? ref;*sdrf;xGef;atmif[m tJ'Dtcsdefu tif;pdef autif,lXmecsKyfrSm &dSaew,fxifw,f rawGUcJh&bl;? q&momxkdudkom awGU&w,f? q&momxkdeJUtwl u&iftdrf wtdrfpDudk avQmufoGm;NyD; 0efMuD;csKyf[m u&ifawGudk tm;ay;pum;ajymw,f? tJ'Dvkd ajymaewkef; em&D0ufavmufMumwJhtcg Armwa,muf[m tjcm;Armwa,mufudk MuufwaumifeJUtwl qGJac:vmNyD; 'Daumif u&iftdrfwtdrfu 'DMuufudk vkvmwm uRefawmfawGUwmeJU 'DudkqGJac:vmw,fvdkU 0efMuD;csKyfudkwkdifw,f? Adkvfae0if;vnf; a'gojzpfjzpfeJU Muufolckd;udk qHk;rvdkuf wm tawmfemw,f? pum;ajymNyD;wJhaemuf &efukef &Jrif;MuD;bufudkvSnfhNyD; 'D&yfuGufrSm Arm&JawGudk csrxm;csifbl;? &Jrif;MuD;&JU &JawGudk uRefawmf,Hkygw,f? 'gayrJh tajctaet& vrf;rawmfu w&kwfujym;awGudk txl;ykvdyftjzpfcefUNyD; 'DrSmcsxm;csifw,f? 'Dudwfpudk 'DuaeUbJ jzpfajrmufatmif &Jrif;MuD; txl;*&kpkdufNyD; aqmif&Gufay;ygvkdU0efMuD;csKyfu trdefUay;w,f? aemufwyf em&D0ufavmufMumwJhtcg olrdwfaqG q&momxkdbufudk vSnfhNyD; q&momxkda& 'DrSm tajctae[m odyf pdwfrcs&ao;bl;? tJ'Dawmh q&momxkd uRefawmftdrfrSm vdkufaeyg? tajctae pdwfcs&awmhrS uRefawmfjyefydkUay;ygr,fvdkU ajymNyD; 0efMuD;csKyf[m q&momxkdeJUtwl tdrfjyefoGm;w,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf tdrfjyefa&mufvdkU rsm;rMumrD w&kwfujym; txl;ykvdyf tvHk u&if&yfuGufawGrSm csxm;NyD;ygNyDqdkwm &efukef&Jrif;MuD;u 0efMuD;csKyfudk tpD&ifcHw,f? autif,lolykefxwJhtcg qmOD;oGif? [oFwOD;jr tp&dSwJh yk*dKvfMuD;awGu

tpkd;&[m olykefxaewJh &JabmfjzLawGudk tvif;0ifvmbdkU ac:apcsifw,f? trSeftwdkif;ajym&&if 0efMuD;csKyf ocifEk[m 'DtMuHudk odyfrMudKufbl;? 'D&JabmfjzLawGu pGefUpGefUpm;pm; wkdufrSmvnf; r[kwfbl;? tvif;0ifvmNyD; tpdk;&udk tultnDtaxmuftyHhxuf taESmuft,Suf ydkay;vdrfhr,fvdkU ,lqw,f? 'gayrJh &efukefjrdKU0rSm uyfNyD;jzpfaewJh autif,lolykefawGudk vefYNyD; tJ'Dyk*dKvfMuD;awGu &JabmfjzLawGudk ac:apcsifw,f? ocifEkrSm &JabmfjzLawG&JU tultnDudk vdkcsifwJhqef'xuf 'Dyk*dKvfMuD;awG&JU tNidKtjiifudk a&Smif&Sm;vkdwJh qef'ykdNyD; MuD;aewJhtwGuf olwkdU&JUjzefajzrIudk vufcHvkdufw,f? oHvsif? ausmufwef;? oHk;cGe,fu &JabmfjzLawG tvif;0ifvmMuw,f? olwkdU[m &efukefjrdKUx Judk 0ifvmwJhtcg (u&ifom;pm;csifw,f)qdkwJh aMuG;aMumfoHawGudk atmfNyD;0ifvmMuw,f? 'Dowif;udk 0efMuD;csKyf Mum;&wJhtcg tif;-wkdufwJhtcgawmh b,favmufwdkufMur,f rodbl;? tckuwnf;u pNyD; taESmuft,Suf ay;aeMuNyDvkdU olU[molNiD;NyD; u&ifom;pm;r,fqdkwJh aMuG;aMumfoHudk raMuG;aMumfyg apeJU? jy?em[m ydk&Iyfvmvdrfhr,fvdkU 0efMuD;csKyfu csufcsif; wm;jrpfvkduf&w,f? tukodkvf0ifrd&if wcgwnf;eJU b,fawmhrS rNyD;bl;qdkwm odyfrSefwmbJ? tukokdvf 0iffaewJhEkdifiHrSm autif,lolykefx&kHeJUNyD;roGm;bl;? tJ'Dautif,lolykefavmuf eD;eD; ta&;MuD;wJh udwfpwckautif,l olykefxNyD;vdkU rMumcif uyfNyD; ay:vmao;w,f? ay:yHku'DvkdwaeUusawmh 0efMuD;rsm; tpnf;ta0;udk face=WinKalaw b@ma&;0efMuD;u tpD&ifcH pmwapmif wifoGif; w,f? tJ'DtpD&ifcHpmxJrSm olykef&efaMumifh1? ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm; trsm;MuD;ysufpD;ukefNyD? 2? tcGeftwkyfrsm;udkvnf; aumufvkdUr&bl;? 3? jynfwGif;ppfp&dwfuvnf; tqrwef wkd;wufvmw,f? tJ'gaMumifh tpdk;&&JUb@ma&;[m tifrwef Muyfwnf;usOf;ajrmif;wJh tajctaeudk a&mufaeNyD? 'Dtajctaeu ausmfvGefEdkif&eftwGuf 0efMuD;awG&JU vpmaiGudk (30)&mckdifEIef;/ XmtoD;oD;&dS t&mxrf;/ trIxrf;rsm;. vpmaiGudk (15)&mckdifEIef; jzwfoifhygw,fvkdU tMuHay;w,f? 'DtMuHudk 0efMuD;rsm; aqG;aEG;NyD; 'Dtwkdif;vkyfbkdU qHk;jzwfvkdufw,f? w&ufESpf&ufavmufMumwJhtcg t&mwrf; trIxrf;aygif;pHk tzGJUcsKyfu 0efMuD;csKyfrsm;&JU qHk;jzwfcsufudk vufrcHbl;? uefUuGufw,fvkdU aMunmw,f? tJ'gaMumifh 'Dudwfpudk aqG;aEG;&ef ta&;ay:0efMuD;rsm; tpnf;ta0;udk 0efMuD;csKyfcsufcsif; ac:,l&w,f? 0efMuD;rsm; aqG;aEG;MuNyD;wJhaemuf vuf&dS

face=WinKalaw b@ma&;tajctaet& vpmaiGudk rjzwf&if rjzpfawmhwJhtwGuf 'Dtwkdif;jzwfbdkUudkbJ xyfrHqHk;jzwfMuw,f? t&mxrf; trIxrf;aygif;pHk tzGJUcsKyf&JU OuXeJU trIaqmifwcsKdUudk zdwfNyD; oludk,fwkdif arwm&yfcHr,fvdkU 0efMuD;csKyfuajymwJhtcg wcsKdU0efMuD;awGu 0efMuD;csKyfarwm&yfcH&ifvnf; &rSmr[kwfbl;? 'DtzGJUxJrSm uGefjrLepfMoZmcHawG MuD;pdk;aew,f? tJ'Dawmh 'DvlawGudk 0efMuD;csKyf udk,fwkdifawGUzkdU rvdkygbl;? face=WinKalaw b@ma&;0efMuD;eJU jynfxJa&;0efMuD;udk vTwfay;vkduf&if awmfavmufygNyDvdkU 0kdif;ajymMuw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dudwfp[m ta&;MuD;wJhtwGuf trIaqmifawGudk oludk,fwkdif arwm&yfcHr,fvkdU ajymNyD; 0efMuD;csKyf[m trIaqmifwcsKdUudk zdwfac:vkdufw,f? 0efMuD;awGajymwJhtwkdif; rSefaewmygbJ? 0efMuD;csKyf arwm&yfvdkUr&bl;? tJ'gaMumifh 0efMuD;tpnf;ta0;udk ac:NyD; olarwm&yfcHwm ratmifjrifwJhtaMumif; 0efMuD;csKyfu &Sif;jyw,f? tJ'Dtcg 0efMuD;wcsKdUu qHk;jzwfcsuftwkdif; vpmjzwf&if olwkdU oydwfarSmuf vdrfhr,fvkdU Mum;&wJhtaMumif; tpD&ifcHMuw,f? 0efMuD;awGajymNyD;wJhtcg 0efMuD;csKyfu vuf&dS face=WinKalaw b@ma&;tajctaet& vpmaiGrjzwfvdkU b,fenf;eJUrS rjzpfawmhbl;? vpmaiGjzwfbdkUqdkwm[m tpdk;&twGuf ra&SmifvTJomwJh wm0ef0wfw&m;MuD;jzpfaeNyD? tJ'Dawmh jzwf&rSmbJ? tJ'Dvkd jzwfwJhtwGuf olwkdU oydwfarSmufMur,fqdk&if tpdk;&u &ifqdkif&rSmbJ? face=WinKalaw uJ-b@ma&;0efMuD; 0efMuD;rsm;tpnf;ta0;&JUqHk;jzwfcsuftwkdif; qufvkyfvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfu trdefUay;vkdufw,f? 0efMuD;awG jyefoGm;wJhtcg 0efMuD;csKyfrsm;tzGJU&JU twGif;0ef OD;0if;az[m 0efMuD;csKyfudk vmawGUw,f? OD;0if;az[m EIwftifrwefeJw,f? tvkyfodyfvkyfw,f/ tpdk;&tay:rSm txl;opfpm&dSw,f? tJ'gaMumifh 0efMuD;csKyf[m OD;0if;azudk odyf,Hkw,f? OD;0if;azvJ tifrwefpdk;&drfaewJh rsufESmxm;eJh 0efMuD;csKyf cifAsm; 'DvlawGuawmh oydwfarSmufr,fqdkwm aocsmaeNyD? tckvdk jynfwGif; tajctaersKd;rSm 'DavmufMuD;us,fwJh oydwfMuD;wvHk; aemufxyfay:vmvdkU aumif;yghrvm;vkdU 0efMuD;csKyfudkar;w,f? raumif;bl; udk0if;az raumif;wmawmh trSefbJvdkU 0ef}uD;csKyfuajzw,f? 'gayrJh tckvkd jynfwGif;tajctaersKd;eJU &ifqdkifae&wJh tcgrsKd;rSm 'Dvkd vpmaiGjzwfwJh tvkyfrsKd;udkawmh vkyf&rSmbJ? rvkyfvdkUrjzpfbl;? 'DvlawGrSm rsKd;cspfpdwfr&dSvdkU oydwfarSmwfr,fqdk&if arSmufayap? uRefawmf*&krpdkufbl;vkd@ 0ef}uD;csKyfu qufajymw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfa&m? 0efMuD;awGa&m/ twGif;0efawGa&m/ tifrwefpdk;&drfaewJh

t&mxrf; trIxrf;aygif;pHk oydwfMuD;[m azaz:0g&Dv (7)&ufae@rSm pwif ay:aygufvmNyD; tkyfcsKyfa&; wckvHk;udk udkifvIyfovkdjzpfoGm;w,f? av;? ig;&ufavmufMumwJhtcg uGefjrLepfMoZmcH wufuodkvfausmif;om;awG awmckdMujyefNyD; uGefjrLepfawGeJU aygif;vdkufMuw,f? azaz:0g&Dv (16)&ufaeUusawmh rD;&xm; or*f*oydwfarSmufjyefwJhtwGuf a&mifpHkolykefawGudk wkdufwJhae&mrSm tpdk;& tifrwef tm;udk;&wJh XmeMuD; wckvHk;[m z&kdz&J jzpfoGm;jyefw,f? aemuf rsm;rMumrD ppf&JeJU&JtzGJUawGxJrSm usefaeao;wJh u&ifawG tm;vHk;vdkvdkeJU u&ifajcvQif wyf&if;(3)wyfpvHk; autif'DtkdawGeJU aygif;oGm;Mujyefw,f? 'Da&mifpHkolykefawGudk wdkufzdkUqdkNyD; tpdk;&rSm &dSpkrJhpkuav;eJU zGJUay;vdkuf&wJh ppf0efxrf;wyfawG xJrSm wcsKdU[m face=WinKalaw zGJ@NyD;vkdU &ufydkif;avmufom &dSao;w,f? vufeufawG,lNyD; wyf&if;vkduf awmcdkoGm;Muw,f? wcsKdU ppf0efxrf;wyfawG[m tpdk;&tay:rSm tifrwef opfpm&dSw,fqdkwmawmif tJ'DwyfawGxJu tenf;tusOf; vufeufawG,lNyD; awmckdvkdufMuao;w,f? olykefawGtaMumif;udk ajymNyD;vkdU olykefawG&JU vufxJudkusoGm;wJh e,fajrawGtaMumif;udk eJeJavmufajym&tHk;r,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm Armjynfr&JU w0ufausmfausmfeJU tJ'Dw0uf ausmfausmfawGxJrSm&dSwJh tpdk;&&JU aiGwkdufawGtm;vHk;xJu tpdk;&aiGawG[m a&mifpHkolykefawG&JU vufxJrSma&mufukefMuNyD? &efukefudk Munfhvdkufjyef&ifvnf; ta&SUbufrSmqkd&if wdk;aMumifuav;? 'g;ydef? ouFef;uRef;? oHvsift xd olykefawG&JU ppfOD;awGa&mufukefMuNyD? awmifbufrSmqkd&if 'v? aysmfbG,fMuD;? caemifwkd txd olykefawG&JU ppfOD;awG a&mufukefMuNyD? taemufbufrSmqdk&ifvnf; at;&Gmtxd olykefawG&JU ppfOD;awG a&mufukefMuNyD? ajrmufbufrSm qkd&ifvnf; &efukefNrdKUeJ (7)rdkifavmufoma0;wJh tif;pdeftxd olykef&JU ppfOD;a&mufaeNyD? tpdk;& &kH;pkdufwJh &efukefNrdKUudkawmif tpdk;&[maumif;aumif; rtkyfcsKyfEkdifawmhygbl;? aeUcif;aMumifawmif NrdKUv,facgifMuD;rSm vk,ufrIawG? 'jrrIawG jzpfukefMuNyDvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfocifEk udk,fwkdif tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u ausnmcJh&zl;w,f? r[kwfbl;vm;/ tJ'D vk,ufrIawG 'jrrIawGxJrSmvnf; 'jrppfppfu oHk;yHkwyHkavmufom ygMuygw,f? usefESpfyHku olykefa&mifpHkawGygbJ? jynfwGif;tajctaeudk pOf;pm;&if; 0efMuD;csKyf[m tawmfMuD;ab;Muyf&ifMuyf

jzpfaew,f? a&S;tcgwkef;u 'Dab;Muyf&ifMuyf qkdwJh pum;udk olrsm;oHk;wmMum;&vdkU cyfvG,fvG,foHk;vkdufwmygbJ? 0efMuD;csKyf ocifEk[m 'Dpum;vHk;udk aumif;aumif;oabmaygufyHk ray:ygbl;? tckrSbJ wu,foabm aygufykHay:w,f? vuf&dSjynfwGif;a&; tajctaeawGudk pOf;pm;Munfhwkdif; 0efMuD;csKyf[m wu,fhudkab;awG? &ifawGMuyfvmw,f? MuyfwmrS rajymeJUawmh? toufawmifaumif;aumif; r&IEdkifbl;? tJ'gaMumifh 'Dvkd ab;Muyf&ifMuyf jzpfvm&if olvkyfaeMutwkdif; bk&m;cef;xJ oGm;MyD; yk&dwf&GwfbdkU olxvdkufw,f? 'gayrJh odyfpdwfnpfaevdkU xifyg&JU olUajcaxmufawG[m olUudk aumif;aumif; xdef;rxm;Edkifbl;? ,kdifwD;,kdifwkdif jzpfaewmaMumifh ocifEk[m ukvm;xkdifay: jyefxdkifcsvdkuf&w,f? watmifhavmufMumwJhtcg wjcm;vlawG[m tckvdk tajctaersKd;udk &ifqdkif&r,fqkd&if 'l;axmufcsvnf; axmufr,f? xGufajy;csifvnf; ajy;r,f? ol[m 'l;vJraxmufbl;/ xGufvnf;rajy;bl;vkdU OD;Ek[mjAKef;ueJ pOf;pm;rdwJhtwGuf tMuD;tus,fpdwfnpfae&mu vIdufvdIufvSJvSJ 0rf;omvmw,f? 'Dvkd 0rf;omwmaMumifhbJ xifyg&JU aysmhacGacGjzpfaewJh olajcaxmufawGrSm tm;opfawG jyef0ifvmNyD; OD;Ek[m bk&m;crf;qDudk xavQmufoGm;w,f? tcef; (23) tukodkvf0ifaewJh ArmEkdifiHrSm jynfwGif;tajctae[m 'Davmufqdk;&kHeJ@ rNyD;ao;ygbl;? 'gxufqdk;p&mawG&dSao;w,f? tJ'gawGudk tusOf;csKyfEkdiforQ csKyfNyD; qufazmfjyMuygOD;pdkU? autif,l olykefxNyD;wJhaemuf tpdk;&u zGJUpnf;ay;xm;wJh u&if ajcvQifwyf&if;(3)wyfpvHk; tpdk;&udk ykefuefMuw,fqdkwm vGefcJhwJh tcef;rSmwkef;u azmfjycJhNyD;NyD? tJ'Du&ifajcvsifwyf&if; (3)wyfxJu ArmEkdifiH tv,fydkif;rSm pcef;csxm;wJh u&ifajcvsif wyf&if;ESpfwyf[m jynf-&efukef vrf;r MuD;ay:uaeNyD; &efukefbufqDudk qif;vmw,f? 'Dowif;Mum;&wJhtcg olwkdU[m tif;pdefxJrSm&dSwJh autif'DtkdeJUaygif;NyD; &efukefudk odrf;zdkUMuH&G,faew,fvdkU tpdk;&u ,lqw,f? 'Dwyf&if;ESpfck&JU tiftm;[m rao;bl;? tJ'Dtcsdeftcgwkef;u qkd&if &efukefudkaumif;aumif; odrf;Edkifw,f? 'gayrJh olwkdUrSm tifrwefMuD;us,fwJh csKdU,Gif;csufMuD; &dSaew,f? tJ'g[m wjcm;r[kwfygbl;? om;orD;? r,m; tp&dSwJh rdom;pkawGudk olwkdUeJU twlwl ac:vmwJh csKdU,Gif;csufbJ jzpfw,f? 'DcsKdU,Gif;csufMuD;&dSaew,fqdkwm u&ifppfAdkvfawGaumif;aumif;odygw,f? 'gayrJh tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;ujzpfysufaewJh A&kwfA,uf tajctae t& 'Drdom;pkawGudk Armjynftv,fydkif;rSm

olwkdUb,fxm;ypfcJh&JyghrvJ? tJ'Dawmh t&JpGefUNyD; ac:vm &wmaygh? tJ'gaMumifh om,m0wDc&dkifxJudk olwkdU 0ifvmvdkU rMumcif toifhapmifhaewJh tpdk;&&JU ukef;wyfeJU avwyfu 0dkif;wdkufvdkufwJhtcg wdkufyGJwyGJxJeJUbJ u&ifajcvsifwyfawG[m z&kdz&JjzpfNyD; ysufus oGm;wmyJ? wdkufyGJNyD;wJhtcg &JabmfjzLawG[m xdyfqHk;uryg? wkdufyGJNyD;awmhrS u&ifppfom;awG pGefUypfcJhwJh vufeufawGudk vdkufaumufaew,f? uRefawmfwkdUb,fhES,fvkyf&rvJvdkU tpdk;&wyfu 0g,mvufeJU XmecsKyfudkvSrf;ar;w,f? olwkdUodrf;xm;orQ vufeufawGudk tyfzkdUajym? 'gayrJh ypf& cwf&wJhtxd rjzpfapeJUvdkU XmecsKyfu trdefUjyefay;vkduf&w,f? tif;pdefwkdufyGJrSm tif;pdefNrdKU0u taqmuftOD;awG ajrcHwkwfawGudk tumtuG,f,lNyD; autif'DtdkawGu tpdk;&wyfawGudk ypfw,f? tpdk;&wyfawGuvnf; ukdufESpf&mavmufa0;wJh ae&mu rD;&xm;ysufawG? taqmuftOD;awG? ajruwkwfawGudk tumtuG,f,lNyD; autif'DtkdawGudk ypf&w,f? tJ'DwdkufyGJrSm tawmfMumatmif b,fbufurS a&SUrwdk;Ekdifbl;? tif;pdefwdkufyGJ&JU tcsdefwcsdefrSmawmh tpkd;&eJU &efukefNrdKUolNrdKUom;awG rsufvHk;tawmfjyL;oGm;wJhtjzpftysufwckjzpfw,f? jzpfyHku'Dvkd 'kwd,urmppfMuD;twGif;u NAdwdoQoHcsyfum um;a[mif;wckudk autif'DtkdawGjyifNyD; olwkdU&JUXmecsKyfrSm 0Sufxm;w,f? waeUusawmh autif'DtkdtaocHwyfom;ESpfa,muf[m wa,mufu '&kdifbmvkyf wa,mufu pufaoewfudkudkifNyD; tif;pdef &efukefvrf;rMuD;ay:rSm twif;armif;vmwm tJ'DoHcsyfumum;[m tpkd;&e,fxJudk (3)rdkifavmuf0ifEkdifw,f? tprSmawmh tpdk;&wyfawG tawmfz&kdz&J jzpfoGm;ao;w,f? aemufawmh wyfawG0dkif;NyD; &SdorQ aoewfeJUypfvdkU oHcsyfum um;xJu vl (2)a,mufpvHk; aooGm;awmhrS oHcsyfum;[m xkd;&yfoGm;awmhw,f? tJ'Dtjzpftysufudk jrifNyD;wJhtcg autif'DtkdawGrSm 'DvkdoHcsyfumum;awG b,fESpfpD;avmuf&dSao;ovJ? waeUu wufvmwJhum;[m tprf;oabmrsKd;eJU wufvmwmvm;? 'Dvkd oHcsyfum um;rsKd;av;ig;pif;&dSao;&if tJ'Dum;awGu a&SUuwufNyD; tpdk;&wyfawGudk z&kdz&J jzpfatmifvkyf? tpdk;&wyfawGz&kdz&JjzpfukefMuNyD qkdawmhrS 'Dum;awGaemufu tvHk;t&if;eJU uyfvkdufvmwJh autif'DtkdwyfawGu &efukefNrdKUudk twif;wufodrf;zkdU tpDtpOfawGrsm; autif 'DtkdawGrSm &dSaeNyDvm; tp&dSwJh tcsufawGudk tpdk;&bufu ppfacgif;aqmifawG[m av;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;&w,f? tJ'gaMumifh wreufusawmh &efukefNrdKUvHkNcHKa&;twGuf tMuD;tuJ vkyfae&wJh

AdkvfausmfaZm[m pDrHudef;wckeJU 0efMuD;csKyfudk vmawGUw,f? 'DpDrHudef;t& avwyfrSm&dSorQ av,mOfysHawGeJU autif'Dtkd pcef;awGay:udk "gwfqDawGavmif;NyD; tJ'Dtay: rD;'kwfawG ypfcs&r,f? 'DvkdvkyfNyD; autif'DtkdawG&JU &efukefudkodrf;zkdU tpDtpOfudk zsuf&r,f? vuf&dStajctaeudk wckckawmh vkyf&w,f? awGa0aevdkU rjzpfawmhbl;? 'Dvkdvkyf&r,f qdk&if vnf; tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u tpdk;& usa&mufae&wJh tajctaet& 'Dwenf;bJ&dSawmhw,f? tjcm;enf;r&dSawmhbl;qkdwm 0efMuD;csKyfoabmaygufw,f? 'gayrJh (vkyfawmh)qkdwJhpum;ESpfvHk;udk olUyg;pyfurxGuf&Jbl;? csDwHkcswHk jzpfaew,f? 'DrD;[m autif'DtkdawG&JU pcef;awGudk avmifNyD; Nidrf;oGm;rSmr[kwfbl;? ab;u bmrSrqdkifwJh tdrfeJU vlawGudkygavQmufNyD; avmifrSmbJvkdU vlrsKd;a&;udwfpxJrSm bmoma&;udwfpudkyg a&maxG;NyD; 0efMuD;csKyf pOf;pm;aew,f? aemuf(5)rdepfavmuf MumawmhrS AdkvfausmfaZm&,f wjcm;wenf;udk pOf;pm;ygOD;? 'gudkawmh rvkyfygeJU? txl; arwm &yfcHygw,fvdkU ajymNyD; jyefvTwfvkdufw,f? AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZmvJ olUXmecsKyfudk jyefa&mufwJhtcg olUtz:awGeJU wkdifyifNyD; tpDtpOfopfw&yf csufcsif;vkyf&w,f? tJ'DtpDtpOfopft& NAdwdoQppfaumfr&Sif tzGJU0ifwcsKdU&JU tultnDeJU vufypfAHk;awGudk csufcsif;vkyfNyD; avwyf&JU tarmif;oif av,mOfysHav;awGay:u autif'Dtkd pcef;awG ay:ypfcs&w,f? olwkdU&JU vufypfAHk;awG[m raygufwmrsm;w,f? Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk aqG;aEG;&atmifvmpOfu apmbOD;MuD;[m 0efMuD;csKyftdrfrSm wnf;w,f? nbufrSm pum;xkdif ajymaeMu&if; 0efMuD;csKyf cifAsm; wkdU av,mOfysHawG AHk;vmMuJ&if uRefawmfwkdU &JabmfawG odyfaysmfw,f? tJ'DAHk;awGxJu vufypfAHk;awGudk &JabmfawG xkwf,lMuw,fvdkU apmbOD;MuD;u 0efMuD;csKyfocifEkudk ajymoGm;w,f? 'gayrJh tck ajym oGm;oavmufawmh odyfrqdk;vSygbl;? wcsKdUaygufwmawGaygufygw,f? 'DavmufeJU rNyD;ao;bl;? NAdwdoQ ppfwyfu pGefUypfoGm;wJh wifhum;ta[mif; awGudkvdkuf&Sm jyifp&m&dSwmawGudk csufcsif;jyifNyD; autif'Dtdk pcef;awG NzdKbkdUtwGuf toHk;jyK&w,f? yxrwifhum;udk autif'DtkdawGu befumwckxJuaeNyD; pufaoewfeJU ypfvdkufwm csdef;MudK;jywfoGm;wJhtwGuf a&SUvnf;rwdk; aemufvJrqkwfvnf; ikwfwkyfMuD; jzpfaew,f? tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u olykefawGeJU tpdk;& bufawmfom;awG[m 'kwd, urmppfMuD;twGif;u zufqpf*syefawGeJU r[mrdwfppfwyfawG&JU ppfypfpnf; ta[mif;awGeJU vufeufta[mif;awGudk awm MudKtHkMum; vrf;MudKvrf;Mum;rSm

vdkuf&SmawGU&if jyKjyifNyD; jzpfovkd toHk;jyKMuwmbJ? olykefeJUtpdk;&wkdU ESpfzufpvHk; b,fvkd toHk;jyKcJhMuw,fqkdwm pmzwfolrsm; oabmufaygufEdkifatmif om"uwckudk 'Dae&mrSm az:jycsifw,f? autif,l olykefxNyD; rsm;rMumcif olwkdU&JUolykefwyfawG[m [omFwudkodrf;zdkU csDwufvmMuw,f/ wyfom;aygif; ESpf&mavmufeJU [oFwudk odrf;NyD;wJhtcg vk,ufvkdU&orQ ypfpnf;awGudk o,fzkdU t&yfolt&yfom;aygif; oHk;&mavmufygw,f? autif'DtdkawGrSm oHcsyfum um;wpfpif;ygvmw,f? tJ'DoHcsyfum um;[m 'kwd,urmppfMuD;twGif;u r[mrdwfwyfawG puf ysufaevdkU vrf;ab;rSmpGefU ypfcJhwJhoHcsyfum um;jzpfw,f? 'DoHcsyfumum;udk autif'DtkdawGjyKjyifNyD; b&if;*ef; (2)vuf wyfxm;w,f? [oFwjrKdUxJrSm &J? jynfaxmifpkppf&JeJU ppf0efxrf;awG tenf;i,favmuf&dSw,f? vufeuf jynfhjynfhpHkpHkr&dSbl;? 'gayrJh olwkdUrSm ajcmufaygif'g tajrmufuav;wvHk;&dSw,f? 'Dtajrmufuav;[mvnf; r[mrdwfwyfawGvrf;ab;rSm pGefUypfcJhwJh tajrmufjzpfw,f? NrdKUxJu pufq&mwcsKdU 'Dtajrmufuav;udk olwkdU wufoa&GU jyKjyifxm;w,f? tJ'Dtajrmufuav;rSm usnfqHwqHbJ&dSw,f? tpdk;&bufawmfom;awG[m 'Dtajrmufuav;udk NrdKUjyifxkwf autif'Dtkd awGcsDwufvmwJh vrf;ay:rSm csxm;NyD; toifhapmifhaeMuw,f? tajrmufusnfqHuvJ wawmifhqdkrS wawmifhxJ&dSwJhtwGuf t&rf;rypf&Jbl;? autif'DtkdawG&JU oHcsyfumum;[m tem;udk uyfvmwJhtxd apmifhae&w,f? oHcsyfum um;[m olwkdUvkdcsifwJhae&mudk a&mufvmwmeJU wjydKifeuf wawmifhwnf;aom tajrmufqHudk ypfxkwfvkdufwm uHtm;avQmfpGm oHcsyfumum;udk wkduf&dkufrSefoGm;NyD; oHcsyfumum;ysufoGm;w,f? tJ'gudk jrif&NyD; autif'Dtdk wyfom;awGeJU olwdkU&JU taz:awG upifhuvsm; xGufajy;ukefMuw,f? aemufrsm;rMumcif [oFmwu t&m&Sd wcsKdU 0efMuD;csKyfqDudk vdkufvmNyD; vufeufudkif wyfom;awG trIxrf;t&mxrf;awGeJU NrdKUolNrdKUom;awGudk tm;ay;&atmif [oFmw udk vdkufvmzdkU zdwfw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfvnf; aAm"dyifysKdwyifudk yifhNyD;vdkufoGm;w,f? [oFwudk oGm;wJhtcg rtlyifeJU anmifwHk;Mum; xJu ESpfae&m oHk;ae&mrSm autif'DtdkawG&JU tm;aumif;wJhpcef;awG&dSw,fvdkU owif;&xm;wJhtwGuf cgwdkif;vkdufaeMu aoewfwif oabFmav;wpif;tjyif tif;av;qdkwJh tvwfpm;ppfoabFmwpif;udkyg ppf&Hk;u xnfhay;vkdufw,f? toGm;rSm

b,f&efoleJUrS rawGU&bl;? [oFwNrdKUudk a&mufwJhtcgrSm yifhoGm;wJh aAm"dyifudk bk&m;MuD; ausmif;wkdufxJrSm 0efMuD; csKyfudk,fwkdifpdkufw,f? oleJUtwl tNrJwrf;ygwJh y&dwfq&mawGu y&dwfawG &GwfMuw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfu tpdk;& bufawmfom;awGeJU NrdKUolNrdKUom;awGudk csD;usL;pum; tm;ay;pum;awG ajymMum;w,f? tJ'Daemuf t&m&dSawG[m 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ekudk wkdufyGJjzpfcJhwJhae&m ac:oGm;w,f? [oFwjrdKUutjyef anmifwHkNrdKUudktvGef yef;waemfjrpf0udka&mufwJhtcg autif'DtkdawG[m tumtuG,f,lNyD; OD;EkwdkUtzGJUudk pypfw,f? OD;EkwkdUtzGJUu jyefypfwJhtcg ywf0ef;usifwckvHk; odrfhodrfhwkefoGm;w,f? OD;Ekwkd@bufrSm tustqHk;r&dS aoewfwif oabFmuav;&JU a&wyfAdkvfwOD;om teJi,f 'Pf&m&w,fvdkU Mum;od&w,f? 1949ck azaz:0g&Dv tv,favmufudk a&mufwJhtcg ysOf;rem;e,frSm uGefjrLepfawGudk wkdufzkdUcsxm;wJh ucsifwyf&if;(1)xJu ucsifppfAdkvfaemfqdkif;[m ucsifppfom;wcsKdUudk acgif;aqmifNyD; tpdk;&udk ykefuefw,f? aemfqkdif;[m ykefuefaewJh u&ifwyf&if;(1)eJUaygif;NyD; Armjynfajrmufydkif;udk csDwufoGm;Muw,f? tJ'DolykefwyfawG[m txufArmjynfujrdKUawGudk wjrdKUNyD;wNrdKUodrf;w,f? tJ'Daemuf arNrdKUrSm tpdk;&xdef;odrf;xm;wJh u&ifppfAdkvfawGeJU &JabmfawGudk olwkdUwyfxJoGif;NyD; rwfv (13) &ufaeUrSm tJ'Dolykefwyf[m ref;'av;NrdKYudk odrf;vkdufMuw,f? NrdKUawG olykefvufxJuswkdif; 0efMuD;csKyf [m pdwfrcsrf;romjzpfw,fqkdwm txl;ajymaezdkU rvdkygbl;? 'gayrJh ref;'av;[m txuf Armjynf&J hjrdKUawmfvnf;jzpfw,f? Armjynf&JU 'kwd,tMuD;qHk;NrdKUvnf;jzpfw,fqkdawmh ref;'av;jrdKU olykefawGvufxJ usoGm;NyDqdkwJhowif;udkMum;&wJhtcg 0efMuD;csKyf[m ydkNyD;pdwfrcsrf;romjzpfoGm;w,f? tJ'gaMumifh ref;'av;udk tpdk;&u jyefodrf;EkdifwJhtajctae b,favmuf&dSovJqdkwmawGudk 0efMuD;csKyf tifrwefodcsifw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u 0efMuD;csKyfoGm;EdkifwJh teD;qHk;ae&m[m a&TbdkbJ? 'kwd,urmppfMuD; twGif;u t*Fvdyftpdk;&[m a&TbkdrSm av,mOfysHuGif;wck aqmufxm;w,f? tJ'Dav,OfysHuGif;[m roHk;wmMumvkdU uGif;xJrSm jrufawGawmiftawmfrsm;aeNyD? a&TbkdrSm pHkprf; MunfhwJhtcg ref;'av;txl;wdkif;rif;MuD; OD;0if;eJU ref;'av;u qkwfcGmvmwJh tpdk;&wyf tNuGif;tusefawG[m ppfudkif;NrdKUrSm acwfw ckdaeMuNyD; ref;'av;udk jyefodrf;zkdUtwGuf tm;pkae w,fqdkwJhowif;udk 0efMuD;csKyfMum;&w,f? tJ'gaMumifh 0efMuD;csKyf[ma&Tbdku rdkif(60)avmufa0;wJh ppfudkif;udk

olUvlawGeJYawGU&atmif vkdufoGm;w,f? 0efMuD;csKyf ppfudkif;udk a&mufwJhtcg NrdKUolNrdKUom;awG[m wxdwfxdwf wvefUvefUeJU usD;vefUpm;pm;jzpfaewmudk awGU&w,f? tJ'Dtcgwkef;u ysufaewJh ppfudkif; wHwm;MuD; ay:uaeNyD; &kdifz,feJUypf&if ppfudkif;NrdKUxJudk aumif;aumif; a&mufEkdifw,f? tJ'gaMumifh txl;wdkif;rif;MuD; OD;0if;eJU t&m&dSawGwkdifyifNyD; ppfudkif;NrdKU&JU ajrmufbuf ppfudkif;awmif&kd;ay:u bkef;MuD;ausmif;wausmif;rSm 0efMuD;csKyfudkxm;&w,f? 0efMuD;csKyf[m twkduftcdkuf udkem;rvnfwJhtwGuf ref;'av;udk jyefodrf;zkdUudwfprSm bmrStultnDray;Ekdifbl;? tJ'gaMumifh bkef;MuD;ausmif;eJU reD;ra0;rSm&dSwJh ykn&SifapwD&JU &ifjyifawmfay:rSm tcsdef&oa&GU y&dwfxdkif&GwfaewmbJ? txl;wkdif;rif;MuD; OD;0if;vnf; y&dwf&Gwfwm tifrwef 0goemygw,f? tJ'gaMumifh olaqmif&Gufp&mudwfpawGNyD;&if ykn&SifapwD&JU &ifjyifawmfay:rSm 0efMuD;csKyfu wa'gifh? oluwa'gifh tMumNuD;y&dwfxkdif&GwfMuwmbJ? ykn&SifapwD w0dkuf[m MunfEl;p&m aumif;vSwJhtwGuf 0efMuD;csKyfeJU OD;0if;wkdU[m bkef;MuD;ausmif;udkawmif rjyefawmhygbl;? tJ'D &ifjyifawmfay:rSmbJ tdyfvkdufMuwmbJ? oHk;av;&ufMumwJhtcg txufArmjynf&JU tajctaeudk t&m&dSawGeJU aqG;aEG;&atmif 0efMuD;csKyf[m ppfudkif;u a&Tbdkudk cPjyefvmw,f? a&TbdkrSm 0efMuD;csKyf[m &Sm;udk;qdkoleJUawGU&w,f? &Sm;udk;[m rHk&Gmc&dkif&J0efjzpfw,f? 'D&Sm;udk;[m tpdk;&tay:rSm opfpm&dSw,f? wm0eftvGefausyGefw,f? owfwdvnf; txl;&dSw,f? rHk&Gmc&kdif[m &JabmfjzLawG MuD;pdk;aewJh c&dkifjzpfw,f? &JabmfjzLawG[m olwkdU&JUMuD;rm;wJh tiftm;eJUzdNyD; wNrdKUpD vkdufodrf;r,fqdk&if rHk&Gmc&dkifxJuNrKdUawGtm;vHk; &JabmfjzLawG&JU vufxJusoGm;Ekdifp&m taMumif;&dSw,f? tJ'gaMumifh &Sm;udk;[m rHk&Gmc&dkifxJu &JtzGJUtm;vHk;udk rHk&GmNrdKU wGif; ajymif;NyD; rHk&GmNrdKUudk tckdiftvHk umuG,fxm;vkdufw,f? tJ'DvkdvkyfNyD;vdkU rMumcifrSmbJ &JabmfjzLawG[m olwkdU&JU ukd,fpm;vS,f (2)OD;? (3)OD;udk rHk&Gmc&kdif0efqD vTwfvkdufw,f? tJ'D &JabmfjzL udk,fpm;vS,fawGu rHk&Gmudk tyf&iftyf? rtyf&if rHk&GmNrdKU[m avmifpmeJUjymyHkjzpfoGm;r,fvdkU Ncdrf;ajcmufwJhtwGuf c&kdif0efu rHk&Gmudktyfcsifw,f? 'gayrJh tpdk;&trdefUr&dSbJ uRefawmfrtyfEdkifbl;vkdU c&kdif&J0ef&Sm;udk; uajymw,f? ocifEktpdk;& r&dSawmhbl;vdkU &JabmfjzLudk,fpm;vS,fawGu ajymwJhtcg tpdk;&&dSao;w,f? tpdk;&&JUtoHudk aeUwdkif; a&'D,dku uRefawmfMum;&w,fvkdU &Sm;udk;uajzw,f? &JabmfjzLawG[m ae&m tawmfcyfrsm;rsm;rSm tckvdk ajcmufvSefUNyD; NrdKUawG? &JXmeu aoewfawGeJU aiGwkdufawGudk odrf;oGm;wmygbJ? 'gayrJh rHk&GmrSm

&Sm;udk;udk ajcmufvdKUr&wJhtwGuf vufavQmhNyD; jyefoGm;Mu&w,f? tJ'gaMumifh 0efMuD;csKyf[m &Sm;udk;udk awGUwJhtcg odyf0rf;omw,f? t&m&dSawGeJU txufArmjynf&JU tajctaeudk aqG;aEG;NyD;wJhtcg 0efMuD;csKyf[m a&Tbkdu ppfudkif;NrdKU ykn&SifapwDudk jyefvmjyefw,f? txl;wkdif;rif;MuD; OD;0if;wkdUeJUtwl tJ'DrSmbJ ae&if; rwfvukefavmuf rSm OD;ausmfNidrf;qDu &efukefudk tjrefjyefvmygqdkwJh oHMudK;wapmif 0efMuD;csKyf&w,f? aemufwaeUrSm av,OfysHeJY jyefzkdUtwGuf ppfudkif;u a&Tbdkukd jyefvmw,f? vrf;u odyfpdwfrcs&wJhtwGuf Armhwyfrawmfu AdkvfrSL;Muifudk,fwkdif 0efMuD;csKyf&JUa&USu ydkif;avmh *spfum;xJrSm xkdifNyD; &dSpkrJhpk vufeufudkiftzGJYuav;eJY 0efNuD;csKyfudk face=WinKalaw vkdufykd@w,f? ppfudkif;NrdKUu rdkif(20)avmufxGufvmrdwJhtcg rsufpd&SifwJh AdkvfrSL;Muif[m &kdifz,fudkifxm;wJh vl(2)a,muf v,fuGif;xJrSm NAH;ueJtvsm; arSmifvkdufwmudk jrifvkduf&w,f? AdkvfrSL;MuifeJU olU&JabmfawG[m *spfum;udk&yf uysmu,mckefqif;NyD; tJ'D vl(2)a,mufaemufudk twif;vkdufw,f? olwkdUvnf; yxrawmh xajy;ygao;w,f? 'gayrJh AdkvfrSL;MuifwkdUqDu aoewfoH wcsufESpfcsufudk Mum;wJhtcg &yfNyD; trdcHw,f? tJ'DtjzpftysufaMumifh tJ'Dae&mrSm 0efMuD;csKyfeJUtzGJU[m tawmfMumoGm;w,f? a&SUudk c&D;quf xGufoifh rxGufoifhudkawmif aqG;aEG;&w,f? 'gayrJh &efukefu ta&;MuD;wJh oHMudK;pmaMumifh 0efMuD;csKyf[m qkdif;aevkdUrjzpfbl;? a&Tbkdudk qufxGufcJh&w,f? a&Tbkdav,mOfysHuGif;udk a&mufwJhtcg av,mOfysH r&dSawmhbl;? 0efMuD;csKyfudk rapmifhEkdifbl;qkdNyD; &efukefudk jyefoGm;w,f? 0efMuD;csKyfvnf;olUudk rapmifhaumif;vm;qdkNyD; yxrawmh tawmfpdwfqdk;ao;w,f? 'gayrJh 'Dvkd tcsdefrsKd;rSm b,fav,mOfysHapmifh&JyghrvJvdkU awG;rdawmhrSyJ pdwfajyoGm;awmhw,f? aemufwae@ a&Tbkdu 0efMuD;csKyf xGufvmwJhtcg av,mOfysHxJrSm oleJU olUtzGJUcsnf;yJ r[kwfbl;? qdk;aewJhtajctaeawGaMumifh a&TbkdrSm xm;vkdU rjzpfbl;? 0efMuD;csKyf,loGm;ygqdkNyD; c&kdif0ef xnfhay;vkdufwJh aiGwkdufu aiGaowfwmvnf;ygvmw,f? 0efMuD;csKyf &efukefudka&mufwJhtcg qkd&S,fvpfeJ &Jabmf0g0efMuD;awG tpdk;&tzGJUu EIwfxGufMuNyDqdkwJhowif; owif;pmawGxJrSm ygukefMuNyD? 0efMuD;csKyfa&mufNyD;vdkU wem&DavmufMumwJhtcg 0efMuD;a[mif;wOD; 0efMuD;csKyfeJUvmawGUw,f? uRefawmfwkdU qDukd vmvmNyD;? olwkdUwyf[m 0efMuD;awGarG;xm;wJh tdrfapmifhacG;awGr[kwfbl;? olwkdUtaocHNyD; 0efMuD;csKyfudk

apmifhray;Edkifawmhbl;? olykefawGeJU tpdk;&opfzGJUygvkdU cPcPajymaewmeJU uRefawmfwkdUvJ xGufypfvdkufwmbJ? 'Davmufta&;MuD;wJhudwfprsKd;rSm uRefawmfjyefvmatmifapmifhbkdU aumif;w,f? uRefawmfwkdU 'Dtcsufudk aoaocsmcsm av;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;Muygw,f? 'gayrJh 0efMuD;csKyf[m 'Dvkd EIwfxGufwmudkawmh b,fenf;eJUrS oabmwlrSm r[kwfbl;qdkNyD; 0efMuD;csKyf jyefrvmcif EIwfxGufypf vkdufMuwmygbJ? 'gayrJh olykefawGeJU tpdk;&opfzGJUwJhtcg 0efMuD;csKyfudkawmh 0efMuD;csKyftjzpfeJUbJ qufxm;&r,fvdkU uRefawmfwkdU wif;wif;rmrm ta&;qdkxm;w,f? u|efawmfwkdU[m tpdk;&tzGJUxGufNyD; zqyv taeeJU 0efMuD;csKyfudk axmufcHrSmbJ? axmufcHwm raxmufcHwmudk uRefawmfwkdU ajymaewmr[kwfbl;? 'DtcsdefrSm tckvkd xGufvdkufwm raumif;bl;/ tJ'gudk uRefawmfajymaewm? 0efMuD;csKyf uRefawmftaeeJU tpOf;pm;& tawmfMuyfygw,f? tpdk;&tzGJUxJu rxGufjyef&if vnf; 'DaumifawG &mxl;odyfrufw,fvkdU pGyfpGJMutHk;r,f? 'D0efMuD;a[mif;&JU &Sif;vif;csufudk rMum;&cifu 'DaumifawG apmufaMumufawG olykefawGEdkif awmhr,f xifwJhtwGuf tpdk;& tzGJUxJu okwfoD;okwfjym xGufajy;MuwmbJvkdU txifvGJNyD; 0efMuD;csKyf[m qkd&S,fvpfawGudk trsm;MuD; a'gojzpfaew,f/ olwa,mufwnf; usefcsif usefaeayap? zqyvxJuawmif qkd&S,fvpfawGudk wcgwnf; xkwfypfvkdufr,fvdkU 0efMuD;csKyf pdwful;xm;w,f? tJ'D 0efMuD;a[mif;&JU &Sif;jycsufudk Mum;NyD;awmhrSbJ? tif;-'DtaMumif;aMumifh xGuf&w,fqdk&ifawmh olwkdUrSm;w,fvdkU rqdkEdkifbl;vkdU olU[molajym&if; olUa'goawG ajyoGm;w,f? tJ'D 0efMuD;a[mif;jyefoGm;wJhtcg 0efMuD;csKyf ocifEku wa,mufwnf; xkdifae&if; tif;-zqyv xJu &JabmfjzLawG xGuf? &JtzGJUxJu &JawGxGuf? ppf&JawG xGuf? wyfrawmfxJu ppfom;awG xGuf? igeJUtwl b,folrsm;&dSao;ovJa[hvkdU pdwfnpfnpfeJU NiD;wGm;NyD; cgwdkif;vkyfaeMutwkdif; y&dwf&Gwf&atmif bk&m;cef;xJ0ifoGm;w,f? aemufwaeU reuf(8)em&Dusawmh OD;ausmfNidrf;eJU Adkvfae0if;wkdU 0efMuD;csKyfeJUvmawGUMuw,f? Adkvfae0if;u bmrajymbl;? OD;ausmfNidrf;u pNyD; tajctaet& uRefawmfwkdUwawG tpdk;&tzGJYxJu EIwfxGufvkdufMuw,fqkdwm 0efMuD;csKyfvJodNyD;ygNyD? uRefawmf t&SnfMuD;&Sif;jyzkdUrvkdawmhygbl;? 0efMuD;csKyftvdk&dS&if olykefacgif;aqmifawGudk ac:NyD; tpdk;&zGJUEkdifygw,fvkdU ajymw,f? face=WinKalaw olykefawGeJUawmh igb,fenf;eJUrS tpdk;&rzGJUEkdifbl;? jzpfcsif&mjzpfayapvkdU ajymNyD; AdkvfcsKyfae0if;udk 'kwd,0efMuD;csKyf?

w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfu w&m;0efMuD; a'gufwmat;armifudk 0efMuD;tjzpfcefUvkdufw,f? tJ'DESpfOD;eJU tpdk;&tzGJU xJrSm usefaeao;wJh 0efMuD;awG[m 0efMuD;vpfvyfwJh XmeawGudk a0NyD; udkifMu&w,f? tcef;(24) 0efMuD;opfawGudk cefUNyD;vdkU rsm;rMumcif EdkifiHjcm;a&;Xme 0efMuD; a'gufwmat;armifu 0efMuD; rsm; tpnf;ta0;rSm NAdwdoQoHtrwf? tdef'd,oHtrwf? ygupfpwefoHtrwf?oD[kdVfoHtrwfawGu 0ef}uD;csKyfeJU awGUcsifw,fvdkU ajymaew,f? olwkdUawGUwJhtcg jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk aiGacs;rJhtaMumif; ajymMuvdrfhr,fvdkU uRefawmf ckdifckdifvHkvHk Mum;xm;w,f? acs;rJhaiGu pumvifaygif(6)oef; (ArmaiG &Spfuka#cGJcefU) avmuf jzpfvdrfhr,fxifw,fvdkU a'gufwmat;armifu qufNyD;ajymw,f? tJ'D tcsdefwkef;u jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&[m tMuD;tus,fbdkifusaew,f? t&mxrf; trIxrf;awGudk vpmay;p&mawmif r&dSawmhbl;? 'g[m aemufwD; aemufawmuf ajymwmr[kwfbl;? wu,fajymaewm? tJ'DvkdtajctaersKd;rSm aiGacs;r,fqdkwJh toHudkMum;&awmh 0efMuD;csKyfeJU 0efMuD;awG odyf0rf;omMuwmaygh? tJ'gaMumifh 0rf;omtm;&eJU 0efMuD;csKyfu &uftMum}uD; qdkif;rxm;bJ 'DoHtrwfawGudk reufjzefac:cJhygvkdU a'gufwmat;armifudk ajymvdkufw,f? csdef;wJhtwkdif; NAdwdoQoHtrwf? tdef'd,oHtrwf? ygupfpwefoHtrwfeJU oD[kdVf oHtrwfwdkU a&mufvmMuw,f? 0ef MuD;csKyf ocifEkuvnf; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om c&D;OD;MudKjyKw,f? oHtrwfawGtm;vHk;&JU udk,fpm; NAdwdoQ trwfbkd;um;u pum;ajymw,f? olajymwJhtxJrSm NAdwdoQ "eo[m, tpdk;&awG&JUoabmwlnDcsuft& NAdwdoQtpdk;&u pwmvifaygif(6)oef; jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk acs;r,fqdkwm ygvmwJhtcg 0efMuD;csKyf[m 0rf;omNyD; jyKH;aew,f? NAdwdoQoHtrwf bdk;um;[m tckvdkajymNyD; 'gayrJh tJ'DvkdaiGacs;wm[m tcsufwcsufay:rSm wnfaew,f? tJ'Dwcsuf[m wjcm;r[kwfbl;? jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&[m autif,ltzGJUeJU aphpyf&r,fqkdwJh tcsufbJjzpfw,fqdkwmudk qufajymvdkufwJhtcg 0efMuD;csKyfocifEk&JU wudk,fvHk;0kef;ueJjzpfoGm;w,f? 'dkUvnf; Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf trsKd;pHk MudK;pm;aewmbJ? 'Dtaumifu wkdUtxJrSm q&mbmvmvkyfwmvJvkdU awG;NyD; 'DvkdtajctaersKd;rSm jzpfay:vmaeus olUapmufusifhtwkdif; wckckvkyfzdkU 0efMuD;csKyf csufcsif; qHk;jzwfcsuf csvkdufw,f? tJ'Daemuf oHtrwf bdk;um;[m aveJeJ &SnfaewJhtwGuf 0efMuD;csKyfu cifAsm;ajymwm rNyD;ao;bl;vm;vkdU cyfwif;wif;

vSrf;ar;vkdufw,f? oHtrwf bkd;um;[m olckbJ NyD;ygawmhr,fvkdU ajymNyD; pum;av;ig;cGef;avmufqufajymw,f? oHtrwf bkd;um;ajymNyD;wmeJU wjydKifeuf 0efMuD;csKyf[m oHtrwfawGudk bmqdkbmrS rajymbl;? olUEkdifiHjcm;a&;0efMuD; a'gufwmat;armifbufudk vSnfhNyD; 'DoHtrwfawGudk jyefMuawmhvdkU ArmvkdvSrf;ajymvkdufw,f? EkdifiHjcm;a&; a'gufwmat;armifvnf; Mum;Mum;jcif; bmvkyf&rSef; rodbl;? olU0efMuD;csKyfudk tHhtm;oifhNyD; Munfhaew,f? aemufawmhrS 0efMuD;csKyfu olUudk trdefUay;aew,fqdkwm owd&NyD; uJ-oHtrwfwkdU cifAsm;wkdU jyefMuawmhwJh 0efMuD;csKyfu tckbJ uRefawmfhudk trdefUay;w,fvdkU oHtrwfawGudk vSrf;ajymw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m rsm;rMumcifbJ olrSm;oGm;NyDqkdwm owd&w,f? 'DtrSm;[m olUpdwfudk tawmf xdckduf aew,f? bk&m;cef;xJrSmvnf; 'DtrSm;MuD;[m olUacgif;xJudk cece 0ifvmwJhtwGuf ol[m y&dwfawmif ajzmifhatmif r&GwfEkdifbl;? wcgwcg y&dwf&Gwfaewkef; b,fa&mufvkdU a&mufrSef;rod/ tpujyef&Gwf&w,f? xrif; pm;cef;xJrSmvJ 'DvdkygbJ? 'DtrSm;aMumifh xrif;ajzmifhatmif rpm;Ekdifbl;? wcgwcg xrif;pm;aewkef; olUyg;pyfu a,mifa,mifNyD; igvkyfvkduf&if 'Dvkdapmuf&rf;MuD;bJqkdwJh pum;awG xGufxGufvmw,f? a':jr&Dvnf; tprSmawmh bmrSrajymbl;? olU a,musFm;bmjzpfaeovJqdkwmudkom oltuJcyfaew,f? *a,mif*wrf;awG rsm;vmwJhtcg wcsdefrSmawmh udkudkEk/ &SifbmjzpfaeovJvdkU olUa,musFm;udk u&kPmeJU vSrf;ar;vkdufw,f? bmjzpfjzpf rifhtylr[kwfbl;vkdU ocifEku vSrf;aigufvkdufwJhtcg a':jr&DvJ pdwfaumufoGm;w,f xifyg&JU? xrif;pm;aewkef; wykdif;wpMuD;eJ pm;yGJu xoGm;w,f? aemufw&uf ESpf&ufavmufMumvkd@ pdwftaESmuft,SufjzpfwmawG tawmfuav; &Sif;oGm;wJhtcg 0efMuD;rsm; tpnf;ta0;udkac:NyD; [kdaeUujzpfysufcJhwJhtjzpfysufudk ajymjyw,f? olrSm;oGm;wJhtaMumif;udk vnf; 0efcHw,f? 0efMuD;csKyf&Sif;rjycifuwnf;u EkdifiHjcm;0efMuD;ajymjyvkdU 0efNuD;awGtawmfrsm;rsm;[m taMumif;pHkudkodaeMuNyD? 0efMuD;csKyfajymjywJhtcg 0efMuD;wcsKdUu NAdwdoQ tpdk;&uacs;r,fqkdwJhaiGudk&zkdU odyfta&;MuD;ygw,f? 'DaiGudk roHk;pGJcsif&ifawmif tomuav; odrf;xm; vdkufyg? NAdwdoQtpdk;&u jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk aiGacs;w,fqdkwJhowif;[m wcsKdU olykefawGudkwkduf&wJhae&mrSm vufeufaumif; wckjzpfEdkifw,f? tJ'gaMumifh yxraqG;aEG;yGJysufoGm;ayrJh pdwfrysufygeJU/ 'DaiGudk&atmifxyfMudK;pm;ygtHk;vkdU

0efMuD;csKyfukd 0dkif;MyD; wkdufwGef;Muw,f? 0efMuD;csKyf[m xyfNyD; MudK;pm;&rSm &Sufaew,fxifw,f? bmrSrajymbl;? acgif;iHkUNyD; ikwfwkwfMuD;xkdifaew,f? tJ'Dtcg EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efMuD; a'gufwmat;armifu tck csufcsif;awmif;vkdU raumif;bl;? tcGifhomwJhtcg olMudK;pm;Munfhyghr,fvkdU uwday;w,f? acs;aiGeJU ywfoufwJh aemufaqG;aEG;yGJrSmawmh 0efMuD;csKyfrygawmhbl;xifw,f? 1950jynfhESpf ZGefvxJrSm NAdwdoQtpdk;&qDu aESmif;MudK;rJhacs;aiG pwmvifaygif(6)oef;&w,f? aemufrMumcif &Srf;jynfe,f? u,m;jynfe,f? ucsifjynfe,f OufuXawG? csif;txl;0daoowkdif; 0efMuD; olwkdU&JU ygvDref twGif;0efawG? awmifwef;om; ygvDref trwfwcsKdU 0efMuD;csKyfeJUvmawGMuw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfudk awGUawGUjcif; tjcm;pum;awGrajymbJ 0efMuD;csKyfcifAsm; tajctaeuawmh tawmfqdk;aeNyD? uRefawmfwdkUtxif tpdk;&[m &efukefuawmif wjcm;ae&mwckckudk qkwfay;&r,fxifw,f? tu,fa&GU 0efMuD;csKyfrSm 'DvkdtpDtpOfawG&dS&if uRefawmfwkdUvJ tcsdefrSD odyg&ap? ArmjynfrrSm &efoludk wkdufvdkUrEdkif&if u,m;jynfxJudk a&TUNyD; &efoludkwkdufMuwmaygh? u,m;jynfrSmvnf; r[efao;&if &Srf;jynf &Srf;jynfrSmvnf; r[efao;&if ucsifjynf/ ucsifjynfrSmvnf; r[efjyefao;&if csif;awmifudk a&TUNyD; &efoludk wkdufMuwmaygh? 0efMuD;csKyfu uRefawmfwdkUudk aoewfom&Smay;yg? uRefawmfwkdU wkdufyghr,f? &efolqDrSmawmh uRefawmfwkdU b,fenf;eJU rS 'l;raxmufbl;? tpdk;&udk uRefawmfwkdUb,fawmhrS opfpmrazmufbl;qkdwm uRefawmfwkdU awmifwef;om;awG tm;vHk;&JU udk,fpm; uRefawmfuwdjyKygw,fvkdU &Srf;jynfe,f OufuX pyfcGefcsKdu 0efMuD; csKyfudk ajymw,f? 'Dtcsdef[m jynfaxmifpktwGufvnf; tarSmifrdkufqHk;tcsdef jzpfaew,f? 0efMuD;csKyf twGufvnf; tm;udk;&m trJhqHk;tcsdefjzpfaew,f? 'Dvkd tcsdefrsKd;rSm &Srf;jynfe,f OufuX pyfcGefcsKd&JU pum;awGudk Mum;&wJhtcg ocifEk[m trsm;MuD; tm;wufoGm;w,f? 'Dawmifwef;om;nDawmfaemifawG[m wu,fvkdwJhtcsdefrSm wu,ftm;udk;&wJh rdwfaqGaumif;awG ygbJvkdU awG;NyD;awmhvnf; 0efMuD;csKyf[m vIdufvIdufvSJvSJjzpfNyD; idkcsifovdkvkdjzpfvmw,f? tJ'gaMumifh rsuf&nfawG pD;usrvmatmif pdkUxGufp rsuf&nfaygufuav;awGudk cyfjrefjrefrsufawmifcwfNyD; xdef;odrf;&if;/ uRefawmftrsm;MuD;aus;Zl;wifw,f? uRefawmfhpdwfudk trsm;Mud; xdckdufw,fvkdUajymNyD; jAKef;ueJpum;qufrajymEkdifao;bJ 0efMuD;csKyf[m ESpfrdepfavmufNidrfaew,f? aemufNyD;awmhrS csKd ajymwmrSefw,f?

tajctaeuawmh wu,fudk qdk;aeNyD? tJ'Dtajctaet& &efukefNrdKUawmif &efolvufxJudk usr,fqdk&if usoGm;Ekdifw,f? nubJusaemfowif;&w,f? aemfqdkif;acgif;aqmifwJh ucsifwyfeJU u&ifwyf&if;(1)wkdU[m ref;'av;u xGufNyD; &efukefbufqDudk qif;vmMuNyD? vrf;wavQmufvHk; &efukeftxd olwkdUudk ckcHbdkUtwGuf uRefawmfwdkUrSm bmwyfrSr&dSao;bl;? &orQwyfawGudkpkNyD; jzpfwJhae&mu ckcHzkdU uRefawmfwkdU vlawG tjyif;txef pDpOf ae&w,fvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfu &Sif;jyw,f? 'Dvkdqkd&if tpdk;&[m &efukefu qkwfcGmoGm;zkdUtaMumif;rsm;&dSygovm;vkdUawmifwef;om; udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;u ar;wJhtcg &efukefuawmh uRefawmfwkdU b,fenf;eJUrS rqkwfbl;? bmbJjzpfjzpf cHcsrSmbJvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfu ajzw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfcifAsm; EkdifiHjcm;u vufeuftultnD r&Ekdifbl;vm;/ jynfaxmifpk&JU vuf&dS tajctaersKd;eJU qkd&if &EdkifbkdUcufw,f? 0efMuD;csKyf&JU rdwfaqGMuD;rpwmae&l;qDu vufeuftultnDeJeJyg;yg;&atmif awmif;MunfhbkdUaumif;w,f? rpwmae&l;qDu vufeuftultnD&wm bmrS r
yJcl;rSm olykefudk taocHNyD;wkdufcsifwJh t&yfol? t&yfom;awG trsm;MuD;&dSw,f? uRefawmfhqDudkvmNyD; aoewfay;ygvkdU awmif;aew,f? 0efMuD;csKyf ppfwyfrydkUay;Ekdif&if aoewfydkUay;yg? uRefawmfwkdU 'DvlawGeJUaygif;NyD; olykefudk cHcsyghr,f? u|efawmf MudK;pm;yghr,f? 'gayrJh aoewfawG a&mufvmvdrfhr,fqdkNyD; odyfvJarQmfraeMueJU?cifAsm;wkdUrSm &dSorQeJU cHEkdifatmifvnf; MudK;pm;MutHk;? 'Dvkdqkd&if &kdifz,fusnfqH ESpfaxmifavmuf ray;Edkifbl;vm; 0efMuD;csKyf? uRefawmf uwdray;yg&apeJU? MudK;pm;yghr,fqkdNyD; 0efMuD;csKyf &ifav;av;eJU w,fvDzkef;udk csvkdufw,f? aemuf w&ufESpf&ufavmuf &dSwJhtcg AdkvfausmfaZm 0efMuD;csKyfqDudk a&mufvmNyD; &efolawG yJcl;eJU (15)rdkifavmuftxd a&mufvmMuNyD? tJ'Du qkwfray;eJU? tjyif;txefcHcsqdkNyD; uRefawmf trdefUay;xm;w,fvkdU tpD&ifcHw,f? tpdk;uwyfawGrSm vufeufjynfhjynfhpHkpHk &dSMu&JUvm;? [dkuqGJ 'DuqGJeJU uref;uwrf; &&mqGJNyD; ay;vkduf&wmbJ 0efMuD;csKyf? tckuRefawmfvmwmuawmh ta&;MuD;wJh udwfpwckudk ajymbkdUbJ? bmudwfpvJ? 0efMuD;csKyf rSwfrdygvdrfhr,f? autif,l olykef rxcifwkef;u u,m;rSm uRefawmfwkdUydkUxm;wJh csif; wyfcGJwpfckudk autif'DtkdawGu tvpf0ifpD;w,f? 0efMuD;csKyfbJ AdkvfcsKyfMum'dk;udkvTwfNyD; tajymckdif;vdkU autif'DtkdawG[m vufeufawG tm;vHk;udkodrf;NyD; csif;ppfom;awGudk vTwfay;vdkufw,f? tJ'Dcsif; ppfwyfudk &efukef jyefac:NyD; uRefawmfwdkU vufeuftopf wyfay;w,f? wyfcGJ&JU csif;ppfAdkvf[m pdwf"gwfawGusqif;NyD; tJ'D yJcl; ppfrsufESmrSm ppfrwdkufawmhbl;? olUwyfudk ac:NyD; csif;awmifudk jyefawmhr,fvkyfaew,f? yJcl;ppfrsufESm[m wJwJav;&dSwJhtwGuf tJ'Dcsif;ppfwyf[m 'Dvkd vkyfoGm;&if NyKdusoGm;Ekdifp&m taMumif;&dSaew,f? 'DtpD&ifcHcsufMum;NyD;wmeJU wNydKifeuf 0efMuD;csKyfvnf; AdkvfausmfaZmeJU wkdifyifNyD; yJcl;ppfrsufESmudkvkdufoGm;bkdU pDpOfMuw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfu oleJUtwl olU&JU csif;ygvDreftwGif;0ef uufywdef ref;wHk;EIH;udk ac:oGm;w,f? AkdvfausmfaZmvnf; 0efMuD;csKyfeJU twl vkdufvmw,f? tJ'D tcsdefu yJcl;udkoGm;wJh armfawmfum;vrf;wavQmufrSm &JabmfjzLeJUuGefjrLepf ajratmufpcef;uav;awG &dSaewJhtwGuf 0efMuD;csKyfwkdU vlpk[m armfawmfum;eJUoGm;vkdU r&bl;? tJ'gaMumifh 'kwd,urmppf MuD;twGif;u aqmufxm;wJh yJcl;em;u av,OfysHuGif;a[mif;wckudk ppfwyfu

av,OfysHuav;wpif;eJUoGm; tJ'Dav,OfysHuGif;urS yJcl;udkjzwfNyD; yJcl;eJU (15)rdkifavmufa0;wJh a&SUwef;ppfrsufESmudk oGm;&w,f? tJ'Dudka&mufvkdU pdwf"gwfusqif;aewJh csif;ppfAdkvfudkawGUwJhtcg 0efMuD;csKyfu 'dkUjynfaxmifpk[m olykefawGaMumifh tcktcg tifrwef 'kufca&mufaew,f? 'D'kufcawGu vGwfbdkUtwGuf rif;wkdU csif;ppfom;awGudk trsm;MuD;tm;udk;aew,f? tJ'Dvkd tm;udk;aewJhtcgrSm rif;wkdUu jynfaxmifpkudk rumuG,fbJ csif;awmifudk jyefoGm;r,fqdk&if jynfaxmifpkvnf; 'kufc a&mufr,f? csif;ppfwyfawGvJ eHr,f ysufukefr,f? rif;wkdUcsif;ppfom;awG[m ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;rSm pGefUpGefUpm;pm;wdkufwJhtwGuf owfwd&dSw,f? opfpm&dSw,fvkdU eHr,faumif;awG &aew,fqkdwm rif;vnf;odwmbJ? 'DrSm ppfrwdkufbJ rif;csif;awmifudk jyefoGmr,fqdk&if csif;ppfom;awG&JU *kPfudk trsm;MuD; xdckdufvdrfhr,f? tp&dSojzifh 0efMuD;csKyfu p+yD;ajymw,f? tJ'Daemuf uyfywdef refwHk;EIH;uvnf; csif;ppfAdkvfudk tawmfMudK;pm;NyD; em;csw,f?? tJ'gaMumifh csif;ppfAdkvfu csif;awmifudk rjyefawmhygbl;? 'DrSmbJ opfpm&dS&dSeJU wkdufyghr,fvkdU uwday;w,f? 0efMuD;csKyf[m tifrwefauseyfNyD; 'Dcsif;ppfAdkvfeJU olUwyfcGJudk aiGig;axmifqk csvkdufw,f? 'DvkduGufNyD; qkcsvdkufwm rSm;oGm;rSef;udk aemifESpfaygif; tawmfMumrS 0efMuD;csKyf od&w,f? tJ'Dwkef;u 'DppfrsufESm&J@ tMuD;tuJjzpfol AdkvfcspfjrdKifeJUawGIwJhtcg tJ'DyJcl;ppfrsufESmwkef;u a*:&cg;wyfawG ArmwyfawGyg? toufpGefUwkduf&aywJh csif;wyf wwyfwnf;udkuGufNyD; qkcsoGm;wJhtwGuf uRefawmfwkdU pdwfaumufNyD; 0efMuD;csKyfudk yef;ueftusKd;tyJhawGeJU vbuf&nfwkdufvkdufrdw,f? uRefawmfwkdUrSm;oGm;ygw,f? oD;cHygvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfudk awmif;yefw,f? uavmfqJ&ifawmif 0efMuD;csKyf[m AdkvfcspfjrdKifudkawmh oD;cHrSmbJ? bmjzpfvkdUvJqkd&if r*Fvm'HkrSm wyf&if;(3)olykefxwkef;u 'DAdkvfcspfNrdKif[m tpdk;&eJU wkdif;jynfukd u,fvkdufzl;vdkUbJ? 'Dcsif;ppfAdkvfeJU pum;ajymNyD;wJhtcg a*:&cg; ppfAdkvfwa,mufu apwDikwfwkdwqludk vufnSKd;xdk;jyNyD; tJ'Dtay:u wufMunfh&if &efolawGudk aumif;aumif;jrif&w,f? 0efMuD;csKyfwufMunfhrvm; vkdUar;w,f? 0efMuD;csKyfu Munfhr,fvdkUqkdwmeJU tJ'DppfAdkvf[m (3)vufr armfwmwvHk; ypfoGif;vkdufw,f? NyD;awmhrS tckvkd &efolawG z&kdz&Jjzpfaewkef; cyfjrefjref wufMunfhygvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfudk ajymw,f? 0efMuD;csKyf[m 'grsKd;awGudk rMunfhcsifygbl;? 'gayrJh tckvkd pGefUpGefUpm;pm; wkdufaeMuwJh AdkvftMuyf wyfom;awG auseyfatmif olwkdU&JU tvkdudk vkdufwmygbJ?

&efolawG[m armfawmf um;vrf;rMuD;twkdif; rvmbJ v,fuGif;awGudk jzwfNyD; aemufzufuae tvpf0ifwkdufrJh tef'&m,f&dSaewJhtwGuf armfawmfum;vrf;udk ydwfxm;ykHrubl;? 'Darmfawmfum;vrf;&JU b,fnmESpfzufpvHk;udk awmifyHjzefNyD; tpdk;&&JU &dSpkrJhpkwyfuav;awGudk cyfusJusJ ae&mcsxm;&w,f? 'Dae&mawGudkoGm;zkdUqkdwm tifrwef tef'&m,fMuD;w,f? &efolu tcsdefra&G;aoewfeJU vSrf;ypfEdkifw,f? 'Dvdk tef'&,frsm;rSef; odaywJh AdkvftMuyf wyfom;awG[m tcuftcJawGMum;u olwkdUb,favmuf pGefUpGefUpm;pm;wkdufaeMuw,fqkdwm 0efMuD;csKyfjrifoGm;apcsifw,f? tJ'gaMumifh 0efMuD;csKyfvnf; tJ'Dae&mawGxJu olwkdUac:oGm;wJh ae&mawGudk olwkdU tvkdvdkufwJhtaeeJU oGm;Munfhvdkuf&ao;w,f? aemufxyf&uftenf;i,fMumwJhtcg ucsifolykefaemfqkdifwdkUeJI autif'DtkdawGeJU pdwfoabmuGJvGJMuovm;? 'grSr[kwf&ifvnf; olwkdUbufrSm txdtckduf tustqHk;awG rsm;wJhtwGufpdwf"mwfusoGm;ovm;? 'grSr[kwfjyef&ifvnf; cJ,rf;rD;ausmufawG ukefcrf;oGm;vkdUbJvm;? tjcm;taMumif;wckckaMumifhbJvm;? bmtaMumif;qkdwmudkawmh pHkprf;vkdU r&bl;? yJcl;udk {NyDv (26)&ufaeU &efukefukd arv(1)&ufaeUrSm odrf;r,fvkdU MuHK;0g;xm;wJh olykefaemfqkdif;eJU autif'DtkdawG awmifilukd jyefqkwfoGm;Muw,f? awmifwef;nDaemifawmfawGudk uwday;xm;wJhtwkdif; 0efMuD;csKyf ocifEk[m aoewf awmif;&atmif e,l;a'vDudkvdkufoGm;w,f? olvkdcsifwJh vufeufawGudkay;r,fvkdU 0efMuD;csKyf ae&l; uwday;vkdufwJhtwGuf 0efMuD;csKyf ocifEk[m 0rf;omNyD;jyefvmw,f? qif;[m; qkdol tdef'd,trsKd;om;wa,muf&JU ajymjycsuft&qkd&if tdef'd,tpkd;&u Armtpdk;&udk rMumao;cifubJ vufeufawGay;vkdufw,f? 'DvufeufawGtm;vHk; olykefawG&JU vufxJudk a&mufukefNyD? tckaemufxyfay;&ifvnf; ay;orQ olykefawGvufxJudk a&mufukeftHk;rSmbJ? tJ'gaMumifh Armtpdk;&udk vufeufray;oifhbl;vdkU twGif;0efawGu tpD&ifcHw,f? 'gayrJh bmbJjzpfjzpf OD;Ek 'kufca&mufaew,f? olawmif;wJhaoewfawGudkay;vdkufygqdkNyD; 0efMuD;csKyfae&l;u trdefUcsay;vkdufw,fvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfocifEkod&w,f? tdfef'd,u jyefa&mufvmNyD; rMumrD ppf&Hk;rSm tpnf;ta0;;wufaewkef; 0efNuD;csKyfocifEk[m twGif;0efcsKyf&Hk;u wqifh face=WinKalaw ydk@vkdufwJh rHk&Gmc&kdif&J0ef&Sm;udk;&JU pmwkdav;wapmifudk&w,f? tJ'Dtcsdefusawmh rHk&Gmc&kdif&JY tajctae[m &Sm;udk;eJU 0efMuD;csKyfwkdU a&TbdkrSmawGUwkef;u tajctaexuf

trsm;MuD; ydkqkd;aeNyD? tJ'D awGUwJh tcsdefwkef;u armfawmf um;vrf;wavQmufu &GmawG tawmfrsm;rsm;udk odrf;xm;vdkufwJhtwGuf face=WinKalaw rHk&GmeJ@a&Tbkd armfawmfum;vrf;[m jzwfxm;ovdk jzpfoGm;w,f? &Sm;udk;rSm 0g,mvufvnf;r&dSwJhtwGuf tJ'Dpmudk aq;ayghvdyftpDcHxJrSm xnfhvdyfNyD; vl,Hkwa,mufeJU a&Tbkdc&kdif0efqDudk ydkU&w,f? a&Tbkdc&dkif0efurS twGif;0efcsKyf&Hk;udk ydkUay;&w,f? pmudkzwfMunfUwJhtcg &JabmfjzLawG rHk&GmjrdKUudk zdpjyKvm+yD? wkdufyGJjzpfvdrfhr,fxifw,f? usnfqHESpfaxmif tjrefydkUay;vkdU tpD&ifcHxm;wm 0efMuD;csKyf zwf&w,f? ppf&Hk;rSm pHkprf;MunfhwJhtcg usnfqHESpfaxmifqkdwmawmh a0;a&m ESpf&mawmifydkUp&mr&dSbl;qkdwm 0ef}uD;csKyfod&w,f? 0efMuD;csKyf[m&Sm;udk;udkypfrxm;csifbl;? wenf;enf;eJU ulcsifw,f? b,fvkdul&rvJ 0efMuD;csKyf pOf;pm;vkdU r&bl;? tJ'gaMumifh 0ef}uD;csKyf[m a&TbdkudkvdkufoGm;bkdU qHk;jzwfvkdufw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm 0efMuD;csKyf[m tpdk;&ydkif 'ufudk;wm av,OfysHawGudk rpD;awmhbl;? 'ufudk;wmawGudk tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u NAdwdoQav,mOfysH armif;orm;awGarmif;w,f? 'DNAdwdoQykdif;avmhawG[m Oya' pum;odyfajymw,f? olwkdU[m ppfykdif;avmhawG r[kwfbl;? tJ'gaMumifh ppfom;awGeJU ppfvufeufawGygvmwJh av,OfysHawGudk rarmif;Ekdifbl;vkdU jiif;qefMuwJhtwGuf 'ufudkwm av,OfysHeJU ppfom;av;awGudk ydkUcsif&if ppfom;uav;awG[m ,leDazmif;awGudkcRwfNyD; t&yf0wf t&yfpm;awGudk 0wf&w,f? vufeufawGudk *HktdwfxJrSm 0SufNyD; ,lMu&w,f? wcsKdUydkif;avmhu 'Dvkdvkyfwmawmif vufrcHbl;? tpdk;&rSSm ppfwyf rsm;rsm;pm;pm;&dSwmr[kwfbl;? tajctaeqdk;vmwJh ae&mawGay:vmNyDqkd&if ig;yGuf&m ig;pmcsovdk 'D&dSpkrJhpk wyfuav;awGudk av,OfysHeJU okwfoD;okwfjym [kdydkU'DydkU ydkUae&w,f? 'DvkdydkUae&wJhtwGuf av,OfysHarmif;orm;awGu tckvdk jiif;qefvmwJhtcg jy?emopfwckeJU tpdk;&[m &ifqkdif&jyefw,f? tJ'gaMumifh tpdk;&[m tar&duef ydkif;avmhawGarmif;wJh a&ay:a&m ukef;ay:yg qif;vkdU&wJh uufwvif;em; av,OfysHawGudk txl;iSm;,l&w,f? olwkdUuawmh iSm;uwnf;u em;vnfxm;wJhtwGuf tcuftcJr&dSbl;? b,folpD;pD; tpdk;&u trdefUay;wJh ae&mudk armif;ydkUwmbJ? tJ'Duufwvif;em; av,OfysHawGudk rMumcPpD;&if; 0efNuD;csKyf[m uufywdef ba&mif;qkdwJh tar&duefykdif;avmheJU tawmfcifcifrifrif jzpfoGm;wJhtwGuf a&TbdkudkoGm;wJhtcg ykdif;avmhba&mif; armif;wJh av,OfysHudk pD;vmw,f? tJ'D av,OfysHxJrSm 0efMuD;csKyf&JUaemufudk tNrJvkdufaeMu csif;wyfpdwfwpdwftjyif ar*smuyfZmxef;qdkwJh csif;ppfAdkvf

wa,mufvnf;ygvmw,f? a&Tbkdav,OfysHuGif;udk qkdufNyD;wmeJU wjydKifeuf toifhapmifhaewJh c&kdif0efeJU c&kdif&J0efwdkUu tifrwef pdwfylNyD; 0efMuD;csKyf&,f 'DtcsdefrSm tmjzpfvkdU 'Dudkvm&wmvJ 'DrSmtajctaeu odyfqdk;aeNyDvdkU 0dkif;ajymMuw,f? &Sm;udk;&JU pmukd&w,f? olUudk tultnDay;p&m&efukefrSm bmrSr&dSbl;? tJ'gaMumifh 'DrSmbmrsm; &dSovJvkdU pHkprf;&atmif vmwmbJ? olUudk tultnDay;bkdU qdkwmawmh xm;ygtHk; 0efMuD;csKyf&,f? 0efMuD;csKyf&JU vHkNcKHa&;udkawmifrS uRefawmfwkdU 'DrSm ray;Ekdifawmhbl;? tJ'Dawmh 0efMuD;csKyfa&TbdkrSm tMumMuD;raeeJU tckcsufcsif; ab; uif;&mudk xGufoGm;bkdU uRefawmfwkdU awmif;yefygw,f? &Sm;udk;udk bmrStultnD ray;Ekdifawmhbl;vm;? eJeJ pOf;pm;MunfhygtHk;? olqDudk ykdUay;ygqdkNyD; av;ig;&ufavmufu &JcsKyf&Hk;u 0g,mvufpufwvHk; ydkUvkdufw,f? armfawmfum;vrf;udk &JabmfjzLawGjzwfvkdufwmeJY 'Dpufudk uRefawmfwkdU ydkUray;Ekdifawmhbl;? 'Dpuf[m 'DrSmbJ &dSao;w,f? [kwfNyD 'Dvkdqdk&if 'Dpufudk uRefawmf av,OfysHeJU oGm;ykdUay;r,f? 0efMuD;csKyfroGm;ygeJU trSeftwkdif;tpD&ifcH&&if rHk&Gm[mtcktcsdfefrSm olykefawG vufxJusoGm;Ekdifp&mtaMumif; &dSw,f? &Sm;udk;udk &JabmfjzLawG odyfNidK;w,f? tJ'Dawmh rHk&Gmudk zdwdkufMuvdrfhr,f? rHk&Gmay:rSm av,OfysH0JNyD; tajctaeudkavhvmr,f? aumif;&ifqif;r,f? raumif;rqif;bl;? &Sm;udk;qDudkydkUbkdU 0g,mvufpufudk tckcsufcsif; oGm;,lcsDAsm? tJ'DrSm csif;ppfAdkvf ar*smZmxef;u 0efMuD;csKyf roGm;ygeJU? face=WinKalaw a&Tbkd@rSm ae&pfyg? uRefawmf rHk&GmNrdKU ay:rSm 0JNyD;avhvmr,f? tajctaeaumif;&ifqif;NyD; 0g,mvufpufudkay;r,f? raumif;&ifpufudk uRefawmfjyef,lcJhr,fvkdU 0ifajymw,f? tm;vHk;u ar*smZmxef;oGm;bdkU qkdwmudk oabmwlw,f? 'gayrJh 0efMuD;csKyfa&TbdkrSm ae&pfbkdUqdkwmawmh oabmrwlbl;? a&TbdkrSm tajctaetifrwef qkd;aeygw,fvdkUajymNyD; tMudrfMudrfawmif;yefMuw,f? 0efMuD;csKyf[m 'DudwfptwGuf wckckvkyfrNyD;cif &efukefudk rjyefcsifao;bl;? tJ'gaMumifh &efukefudk rjyefbJ jrpfMuD;em;udkxGufoGm;w,f? 0efMuD;csKyfudk jrpfMuD;em;rSm xm;NyD; ar*smZmxef;u a&TbdkrSm 0g,mvufpufudk vm,l&w,f? rHk&GmNrdKUay:rSm av,OfysH av;ig;ywfavmuf0JvdkufwJhtcg &Sm;udk;eJU olU&JtzGJU0ifawG jynfaxmifpktvHudk udkifNyD; vrf;ay:xGufvmMuw,f? rHk&GmNrdKU[m csif;wGif;jrpf&JU vuf0Jbuf urf;ay:rSm&dSw,f? vusFmbufurf;udk

&JabmfjzLawGu odrf;xm;w,f? rHk&GmjrdKUbufu jrpfxJrSm avSawG azmifawG armawmfbkwfawG &dSwJhtwGuf uwfwvifem; av,mOfysH qdkufvdkU r&bl;? qdkufcsif&if &JabmfjzLawGodrf;xm;wJh urf;bufu jrpfxJrSm qdkuf&r,f? tJ'gaMumifh av,OfysHrqdkufcif &Sm;udk;wkdU vlpk[m jrpfwzufudk ul;NyD; &JabmfjzLawGudk twif;vkduf&Sif;ypf&w,f? uyfZmxef;[m jrpfMuD;em;rSm 0efMuD;csKyfeJU awGUwJhtcg &Sm;udk;wkdU 0g,mvufpuf&wJhtwGuf twkdif;rod 0rf;omwJhtaMumif; tpD&ifcHw,f? tJ'Daemuf rHk&GmrSmcsif;wyfcGJwcGJudk awGUcJh&wJhtaMumif; tJ'DwyfcGJ[m olykefawGvufxJ &efukefusoGm;NyDxifNyD; tifrwef pdwf"gwf usqif;aewJhtwGuf csif;awmifudk jyefawmhr,fqdkwJh &nf&G,fcsufeJU yckufuLu csDwufvm&if rHk&GmrSm aomifwifaewJh taMumif;/ jcifaxmif r&dSwJhtwGuf csif;ppfom;awG tifrwef'kufca&mufwJhtaMumif; ? bdeyfpD;p&mr&dSwJhtaMumif; tp&dSonfwkdUudkvnf; ar*smZmxef;u pHkaeatmif tpD&ifcHw,f? tJ'Daemuf 0efMuD;csKyf rHk&Gmudk oGm;Ekdif&if 'Dcsif;ppfom;awGa&m &Sm;udk;eJU olU&JawGa&m tifrwefpdwftm;wufyg vdrfhr,fvdk@ uyfZmxef;u tMuHay;w,f? 0efMuD;csKyf rHk&GmudkoGm;bdkU qHk;jzwfNyD; ykdif;avmhuyfywdefba&mif;udk av,mOfysH toifhvkyfxm;bkdU taMumif;Mum;w,f? tJ'Dtcg uyfywdefba&mif;u 0efMuD;csKyf[m a&Tbkd avmufbJoGm;r,fxifNyD; "gwfqDeJeJom xnfh,lvmw,f? tckawmhol[m a&TbkdrSm jrpfMuD;em;? jrpfMuD;em;u a&Tbdk? a&Tbkdu rHk&Gm? rHk&Gmu jrpfMuD;em;txd armif;&w,f? av,OfysHxJrSm "gwfqDeJeJ avmufbJ &dSawmhw,f? "gwfqD&Smay;ygvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfudk awmif;yefw,f? tem;rSm&dSwJh t&m&dSwOD;u av,OfysH "gwfqDudk &efukefu rydkUEdkifwmMumoGm;NyD? jrpfMuD;em;udk vmwJh av,OfysHawGudk &efukefrSmuwnf;u "gwfqDtvHktavmuf ,lcJhMu&w,fvkdUajymw,f? tJ'Dtcg uyfywdefba&mif;u "gwfqDr&Edkif&if a&eHqD&Smay;ygvkdU ajymw,f? av,mOfysHtwuftqif;rSm av,OfysHxJusefaeaowJh "gwfqDudk oHk;r,f? aumif;uifrSm armif;aewkef;awmh a&eHqDudkoHk;r,f? 'kwd, urmppftwGif;u MopaMw;vD;,m; ppfrsufESmrSm olydkif;avmhvkyf&w,f? wcgwav "gwfqDukefoGm;wJhtcgrSm ol'DvkdbJarmif;cJhw,fvkdU qufajymw,f? aemufrMumcif tpdk;&&JU 'ufudk;wm;awGudk armif;wJh NAdwdoQykdif;avmhwpfa,muf jrpfMuD;em;udk a&mufvmw,f? 0efMuD;csKyf pHkprf;MunfhwJhtcg tJ'Dydkif;avmhu vnf; av,OfysHudk a&eHqDeJU armif;w,fqdkwm wcgrS rMum;zl;bl;vkdU ajzw,f? 'gayrJh

uyfywdefba&mif;uawmh "gwfqDr&&if a&eHqD&SmcJhyg? olarmif;r,fvkdU ajymw,f uyfywdefba&mif;[m pum;tifrwefeJw,f? olUudkMunfh&wm tifrwef wnfNidrfw,f? tJ'gaMumifh 0efMuD;csKyf[m uyfywdefba&mif;udk tm;udk;,HkMunfpdwfcs&ol wa,mufvkdU ,lqxm;wJhtwGuf olawmif;wJh a&eHqDudk jrpfMuD;em;NrdKUxJrSm vkduf&Smay;bdkU tem;rSm&dSwJh t&m&dSwOD;udk taMumif;Mum;vdkufw,f? nae(4)em&Dusawmh 0efMuD;csKyf csdef;xm;wJhtwkdif; c&kdif0ef? &J0ef? jynfaxmifpk ppf&JAkdvfrSL;? tp&dSwJh t&m&dSawG a&mufvmMuw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfudk awGUvQifawGUcsif; &J0efu t&m&dSwOD; 0efMuD;csKyfu t&Smckdif;w,fqdkNyD; jrdKUxJrSm a&eHqDvkduf&Smaew,f? bmvkyfbdkUvJvkdUar;wJhtcg 0efMuD;csKyfu tusKd;taMumif;&Si;fjyw,f? tJ'Dtcg &J0efu olU&Hk;u pwkdcef;xJrSm ta&;taMumif;&dS&if oHk;bdkUqdkNyD; "gwfqD pkxm;wm&dSw,f? 0efMuD;csKyf MudKufoavmuf,lygvdkU ajymw,f? "gwfqDudwfpNyD;wJhtcg 0efMuD;csKyfu rHk&GmtwGuf vufeufeJU cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf vSLEdkifoabmuf vSLMuygvdkU tvSLcHwJhtcg &JeJU ppf&JtzGJUwkdUu wwfEdkifoavmufvSLMuwm b&if;*ef;wvuf vufypfAHk;wyfNyD;ypfwJh aoewfwvufeJU vufypfAHk;(10)vHk;/ 303usnfqHESpfaxmif 0efMuD;csKyf &oGm;w,f? 0efMuD;csKyfvnf; odyf0rf;omw,f? tJ'Daemuf 0efMuD;csKyfu rHk&Gmu csif;wyfcGJtwGuf jcifaxmifeJU zdeyfvdkcsifw,f? cifAsm;wdkU&JUwynfhawGudk NrdKUxJvTwf wtdrfpDwufNyD;&wJh jcifaxmifeJU zdeyfudk tvSLcHapcsifw,f? pkwfcsif pkwfaeayap ppfom;av;awG&JU 'kufcudk uRefawmf vufydkufMunfhraebl;? wwfEdkifoavmuf ulw,fqdkwm uRefawmfjycsifw,fvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfu ajymw,f? &J0efu rMumao;cifurS &JcsKyf&Hk;u ykdUvkdufwJh jcifaxmifeJU uif;AwfzdeyfawG olUrSm&dSaew,f? 0efMuD;csKyfvkdcsif&if olay;Edkifygw,f vkdUajymw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfu wyfcGJwcGJpm tvSLcHw,f? tJ'DudwfpawGNyD;wJhtcg c&kdif0efu uomNrdKUay:u t&m&dSawGtm;vHk; olwkdU&JU rdom;pkawGeJU xGufajy;vmMuwm tm;vHk; 'DrSma&mufaeMuw,fvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfudk tpD&ifcHw,f? 'Dt&m&dSawG bmjzpfvdkU xGufajy;vmMuwmvJvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfuar;w,f? uGefjrLepfolykefawG uomudk pD;zdkUwufvmMuNyD qdkwJh owif;&wmeJU olykefawGra&mufcif olwkdU xGufajy;vmMuwmygbJvkdU c&dkif0efu &Sif;jyw,f? tajctae[m odyfpdk;&drfp&m r&dSygbl;? uRefawmfhc&kdifeJU rqdkifayrJh reufubJ ppf&Jwyfpkwpkudk uRefawmf uomudk ydkUvkdufygw,fvdkU &J0efu0ifNyD; ajymw,f?

'Dt&m&dSawG[m bmbJjzpfjzpf olwkdU wm0ef&dSwJh ae&mrSmbJae&r,f? 'DvdkxGufajy;wm uRefawmfrMudKufbl;? tJ'Dawmh c&kdif0ef uomudkoGm;zkdU rD;&xm;wpif;udk tckcsufcsif;oGm;NyD; pDpOfyg? toifh jzpfwmeJUwjydKifeuf uRefawmf uomvdkufoGm;r,f? uomu xGufajy;vmwJh t&m&dSawGvnf; 'DrD;&xm;xJrSm vdkufvmayap? uomudka&mufwJhtcg eHr,fpm&if;ac:r,f? jyefvkdufrvmwJht&m&dSawGudk Oya't& jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,lr,f? 0efMuD;csKyfudk,fwkdif cktajctaerSm uomudkoGm;bdkU rawmfbl;vkdU c&dkif0efu awmif;yefw,f? reufu vTwfvdkufwJh ppf&JawGqDu tpD&ifcHpm&awmhrSbJ tajctaeudk MunfhNyD; 0efMuD; csKyfoGm;&if aumif;ygvdrfhr,fvkdU &J0efuvnf; 0ifawmif;yefjyefw,f? 'DuaeUbJoGm;r,f? cifAsm;wkdU tckbJoGm;NyD; pDpOfMuygvdkU 0efMuD;csKyfu trdefUay;vkdufw,f? n(10)em&DrSm rD;&xm;toifhjzpfw,f? rD;&xm;xGufwJhtcg uomu t&m&dSwa,mufbJ c&D;vGefaevkdU ygrvmbl;? useft&m&dSawGtm;vHk; 0efMuD;csKyfeJUtwl ygvmMuw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfvnf; pdwf&Iyf&IyfeJU olUtwGJxJrSm tomvSJae&if; tif;-aemufxyf b,favmufrsm; &IyfvmtHk;r,f rodbl;? tckbJ ighZmwfxkwf[m waxmifhwn ac: tma&bD,ef yHkjyifawGxuf ydkNyD;&Iyfcsifovdkvkd jzpfaeNyDvkdU awG;rdNyD;olU[mol jyHK;aew,f? rD;&xm;[m wnvHk;ckwf&w,f? reufrdk;vif;rS uomudka&mufw,f? uoma&mufvkdU aoaocsmcsm pHkprf;MunfhwJhtcg olykefawG[m jrdKUudk pD;zdkUa0;a&m jrdKUem;rSmawmifr&dSbl;? t&m&dS wcsKdU[m aiGwdkufxJu aiGawGudk vdkcsifwJhtwGuf olykefawGjrdKUudk pD;bkdUwufvmMuNyDqkdwJh owif;udk olwkdU udk,fwkdif vTifhvdkufwmbJ? tJ'DvkdvTifhNyd;awmhrs aiGwkdufxJu aiGawGudkxkwf olwkdUvJ,loavmuf,l wjcm;trIxrf; t&mxrf;awGudkvnf; eJeJyg;yg;pD a0ay;NyD; jrpfMuD;em;udk xGufajy;MuwmygbJ? 0efMuD;csKyfvnf; a'gojzpfjzpfeJU wm0ef&dSwJh t&m&dSawGudk uomaxmifxJrSm csKyfxm; vkdufao;ovm; rqkdEdkifbl;? jrpfMuD;em;udk jyefa&mufwJhtcg aemufwaeU rHk&Gmudkvmr,fvkdU &Sm;udk;qdudk 0efMud;csKykf 0g,mvuf owif;ydkUvkdufw,f? &Sm;udk;u olUqDu tm;vHk;&Sif;NyDqdkwJh 0g,mvuf owif;&rS xGufvmygvkdU 0g,mvufjyef&dkufw,f? 'D0g,mvufowif;[m 0efMuD;csKyfqD ra&mufcif 0efMuD;csKyf&JUav,OfysH[m rHk&Gmudk xGufoGm;NyD; 0efMuD;csKyf&JU av,OfysH jrpfxJudk qif;vmwJhtcg &Sm;udk;vl awGeJU &JabmfjzLawG cyfvSrf;vSrf;rSm

wbufeJUwbuf ypfaeMuwmudk av,OfysHxJuvlawG aumif;aumif;jrifaeMu&w,f? &Sm;udk;vnf; wkdufae&mu av,OfysHqDudk twif;ajy;vmw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfudk awGUawGUcsif; uRefawmfydkUvdkufwJh 0g,mvufowif; r&bl;vm;vdkU 0efMuD;csKyfudk armMuD;yrf;MuD;ar;w,f? bmowif;vJ r&bl;vdkU 0efMuD;csKyfu ajzw,f? 'DrSm &JabmfjzLawGudk wdkufxkwftHk;r,f? tm;vHk;&Sif;NyDqdkwJh owif;&rS vmygvdkU 0efMuD;csKyfqDudk uRefawmf owif;ydkUvkdufw,fqkdwm &Sm;udk;u qufajymw,f? r&bl;? 'gayrJh udwfpr&dSbl;vkdU 0efMuD;csKyfu ajzw,f? rHk&Gmbufudk ul;bdkU armfawmfbkwfxJ a&mufwJhtcg olUvufxJrSm udkifxm;wJh ajcmufvHk;jyL;eJUvufypfAHk;udkjyNyD; 'gawG &JabmfjzLawGqDu tckwkdufyGJrSm rdwmvdkU &Sm;udk;u tpD&ifcHw,f? aemifqkdif;acgif;aqmifwJh ucsifolykefawG[m awmifilu u,m;jynfxJudk 0ifoGm;Muw,f? Mo*kwfvxJudk a&mufwJhtcg &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;&JU NrdKUawmf &Srf;jynfe,f&Hk;pkduf&m NrdKUjzpfwJh awmifMuD;udk aemfqdkif;wyfawGu odrf;vdkufw,f? tJ'DawmifMuD;urS &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;&JUNrdKUawmfjzpfwJh vm;&Id;udk 'daemufqdkif; ucsifawG wufodrf;Mujyefw,f? olwkdU vm;&Id;udk odrf;pOfu &Srf;jynfe,f OufuX[m vm;&Id;rSm&dSaew,f? aemfqdkifwkdU odrf;NyD;wJhtcg &Srf;jynfe,f OufuX apmcGefcsKdudk &SmrawGUbl;? apmcGefcsKdaysmufaew,fvkdU 0efMuD;csKyf owif;&w,f? olrdwfaqG apmcGefcsKdukd olykefawG zrf;xm;wmvm; 'grSr[kwf&ifvnf; owfypfvkdufNyD;vm;vkdU trsKd;rsKd;awG;NyD; 0efMuD;csKyftrsm;MuD; pdwfylaew,f? tJ'gaMumifhvm;&Id;udk csufcsif;jyefodrf;yg? jynfe,fOufuXudkvnf; awGUatmif&SmygvdkU AdkvfcsKyfvZGefwefudk 0efMuD;csKyftrdefUay;vdkufw,f? AdkvfcsKyfvZGefwefvnf; &dSorQwyfawGudk pkaqmif;NyD; arNrdKUuvm;&Id;udk csufcsiff;vdkufoGm;w,f? aemfqkdif;[m AkdvfcsKyfvZGefwef&JUwyfawG csDwufvmNyD qkdwmM um;wmeJU vm;&Id;udkvufvTwfNyD; &Srf;jynfajrmufzufzsm;qDrSm&dSwJh erf;crf;NrdKUukd xGufoGm;w,f? AdkvfcsKyfvZGefwef&JY wyfawGvnf; aemfqdkif;aemufudk twif;vdkufw,f? aemfqdkif;[m erfhcrf;rSm tckdifrm wyfpGJNyD;om; jzpfaewJhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfvZGefwef&JU wyfawG[m erf;crf;eJU reD;ra0; wae&mrSm acwfw pcef;csNyD; erf;crf;udk odrf;bkdU tpDtpOfawG vkyfae&w,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm 0efMuD;csKyf[molUrdwfaqG apmcGefcsKdudk awGUbdkUtwGuf vm&Id;udk vdkufoGm;w,f? vm;&Id;av,OfysHuGif;xJrSm/ vlwa,mufrSrawGUbl;? qif;vdkUaumif;yghrvm;vdkU owday;w,f? tpdk;&wyfawG vmwJhtcg aemfqdkif;[m cHrwdkufbl; vm;&Id;xJu qkwfoGm;w,f? tJ'gaMumifh vm;&Id;udk tpkd;&wyfawGjyefodrf;NyD;NyDqkdwm igaoaocsmcsm odw,fvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfu

ajymw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dreuf uRefawmfwdkU 'Dudkra&mufcif aemfqkdif;wkdUu vm;&Id;udk jyefodrf;r,fqdk&if odrf;Edkifp&m taMumif;&dSw,fvkdU udk,f&Hawmfu ajzw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfvnf; bmrSrajymbJ cPavmufpOf;pm;aeNyD; wywfESpfywfavmuf 0JMunfhvdkufygtHk;uG,fvdkU trdefUay;vkdufw,f? udk,f&HawmfvJ ydkif;avmhudk taMumif;Mum;w,f? tJ'Dvkd wywfESpfywf0JaywJhvnf; bmrS taMumif;rxl;bl;? tJ'Dtcg 0efMuD;csKyfu qif;awmhqif; 'gayrJh pufawmh csufcsif; r&yfvkdufayapeJU? tajctaeqdk;&if tay:jyefwuf&r,f? &Jabmfav;awGvnf; aoewfawG toifhvkyfxm;ayapvkdU olUudk,f&Hawmfudk trdefUay;w,f? uGif;xJudk av,OfysH xdk;qif;vdkufwJhtcgrS av,OfysHuGif;bufqDudk tMudKvmolawG&JU armfawmfum;armif;vmwm cyfvSrf;vSrf;rSmawGU&w,f? AkdvfcsKyf vZGefwefvnf; olUwyfom;av;awGtwGuf taEG;xnfudk &Sm&atmif vm;&Id;udk jyefvmckdufjzpfaewmeJU 0efMuD;csKyf[m vZGefwefudk awGUawGUcsif; &Srf;jynfe,f OufuXtaMumif;udk ar;w,f? rdk;rdwfrSm a&mufaew,fvkdU tckdiftrmowif;&wmeJU csKd bmrSryleJU? uRefawmf'DrSm a&mufaeNyD? ,ckpm,lvmwJh AdkvfcsKyf vZGefwefeJU vm;&Id;udk tjrefjyefvdkufvmygvdkU pma&;vkdufw,f? apmcGefcsKdvnf; 0rf;omtm;&eJU vkdufvmw,f? 'gayrJh 0efMuD;csKyf[m vm;&Id;rSm Mum&SnfraeEdkifbl;? erfhcrf;udk aemfqdkifvufxJu jyefodrf;bdkUtwGuf erfhcrf; teD;pcef;csxm;wJh wyfom;uav;awGrSm umuD,leD;azmif; wxnfpDbJ&dSw,f? erfhcrf;&JU tat;'Pfudk rcHEdkifbl;? nbufrSm ydkqkd;w,f? rD;vIHjyef&ifvnf; &efolu aoewfeJUvSrf;vSrf;ypfwJhtwGuf txdtckdufawG&dSw,f? tJ'gaMumifh 0efMuD;csKyf[m ppfom;uav;aw G twGuf taEG;xnf&Sm&atmif &efukefudk csufcsif; jyef&w,f? tajctae[m b,favmufqdk;aeovJqdk&if qG,fwmESpf&mavmufeJU oufuvyfapmifESpf&mavmufudk ppf&kH;uvnf; ray;Ekdif/ &JcsKyf&kH;uvnf; ray;Ekdif/ aemufqHk;rSm rwwfEkdifawmhbl;? aq;&kHu vlrrmawGtwGuf NAdwdoQppfwyfu awmif;,lxm;vkdufwJh oufuvyfapmifjzLMuD;awGxJu apmifESpf&m,l&w,f? qG,fwmawG &Smr&wJhtwGuf NAdwdoQppfwyfu vlrrmawGtwGuf ay;ypfcJhwJh t0wfawGxJu aEG;rJht0wf av;ig;&mavmufudk ,l&w,f? tJ'gawGudk txkyfawGxkwfckdif;NyD; 0efNuD;csKyfudk,fwkdif vm;&Id;udk ,loGm;w,f? vm;&Id;u ppfom;uav;awG&dSwJh pcef;udk armfawmfum;eJU ydkUae&if tawmfMumr,f? tJ'gaMumifh 0efMuD;csKyf[m &Srf;jynfe,f OufuXudk av,OfysHay:wifNyD; tJ'Dpcef;ay:udk armif;oGm;w,f? pcef;ay:udk a&mufawmhrS txkyfawGudk av,OfysHay:u ypfcsckdif;vkdufw,f?

wyfrawmf? &J? ppf&Jacgif;aqmifawG[m 0efNuD;csKyf ae&l;qDu &vmwJhvufeufawGeJU wyfopfawGaxmifMuw,f? wyfom;a[mif;awG&JU vufeuftpkwftjywfawGudk topfawGeJU tpm;xkd;Muw,f? 1949ckESpf Ekdif0ifvmvxJudk a&mufwJhtcg tJ'DwyfawG[m tawmfuav; awmifhwif; vmMuwJhtwGuf olykefawG odrf;xm;wJh jrdKUMuD;NrdKUuav;awGudk wjrdKuNyD;wNrdKU jyefodrf;vmEkdifw,f? tckvkd tpdk;&u wajz;ajz;EkdifjyKvmwJh tcsdefwcsdefrSm 0efMuD;csKyf ocifEk[m tjzpftysufwckukd jAKef;ueJ ajy;NyD; owd&w,f? tJ'Dtjzpftysufu 'Dvkd 1949ckESpfxJrSm w&kwfuGefjrLepfawG atmifyGJcH&bkdU eD;wJhtcg pwmvif[m armfpudkjrdKUawmfudk w&kwf uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifawG zdwfNyD; rif;wdkUcsefau&dSwfudk ,efpDjrpf0Srf;txdbJwdkufMu? ,efpDjrpf0Srf;&JU awmifykdif;rSm csefau&dSwfaeayapvkdU Mo0g'ay;w,f? 'DMo0g'[m w&kwfawG&JU tusKd;pD;yGm;udk MunfhNyD;ay;wJh No0g'r[kwfbl;? &yf&Sif;awG&JU tusKd;pD;yGm;udk MunfhNyD;ay;wJh Mo0g'bJ? w&kwfuGefjrLepfawG[m w&kwfwEdkifiHvHk;udk odrf;Ekdif&if tifrwef tiftm; MuD;rm;NyD; &yf&Sif; uGefjrLepfawG&JU MoZmatmufu vGwfajrmufoGm;rSmudk rvkdvm;wJhtwGuf pwmvif[m tJ'DtMuHudk ay;vdkufwmygbJ? w&kwfuGefjrLepfawGuvnf; b,f&nf&G,fcsufeJU 'DMo0g'udk ay;w,fqdkwm aumif;aumif;odw,f? tJ'gaMumifh pwmvif&JU a&SUrSmawmh bmrSjyefrajymbl;? Nidrfaew,f? w&kwfjynfudk jyefa&mufwJhtcg tJ'D pwmvif&JU Mo0g'udk tdrfomxJ ypfcsvdkufNyD; csefau&Sdwfudk w&kwfjynfr wckvHk;u armif;xkwfypfvkdufw,f? ArmEdkifiHrSm uGefjrLepfawG olykefxbdkU Zm'ifaemhuwqifh ay;vkdufwJh Mo0g'[mvnf; ArmhtusKd;udk MunfhNyD;ay;wJhMo0g' r[kwfygbl;? 'kwd, urmppfMud;NyD;wJhtcg t*Fvdyf tar&duefuwbuf &k&Sm;uwbuf ppfat; tMuD;tus,fjzpfaeMuw,f? tdEd,u uGefu&uftpdk;&eJU ArmEkdifiHu zqyv tpdk;&wdkU[m vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;&if t*Fvdyf tar&duef tkyfpkxJudk ygMuvdrfhr,fvdkU pwmvifwkdUu ,lqMuw,f? tJ'D,lqcsuft& ArmEdkifiHeJU tdEd,EkdifiHrSm uGefjrLepfawG tpdk;&wufjzpfNyD; ArmeJU tdEd,wdkU[m &yf&Sif;tkyfpkxJudkygbdkUqkdwmu yxr&nf&G,fcsuf? tu,fa&GUyxr&nf&G,fcsuf ratmifjrif&if uGefjrLepf ykefuefrIaMumifh? t*Fvdyf? tar&duefawG&JUaemufvdkufawGvdkU? olwkdU,lqaeMuwJh zqyveJU uGefu&uf tpkd;&awGu r&IrvScsdeJU ae&r,fqdkwmu 'kwd,&nf&G,fcsuf tJ'D&nf&G,fcsufESpfckeJU pwmvif[m ArmeJU tdEd, uGefjrLepfawGudk olykefxbdkUMo0g'ay;vkdufwmygbJ?

tu,fa&GUom ArmuGefjrLepfawG[m w&kwfuGefjrLepfawGvkd Zm'if;aemhuwqifh ay;vkdufwJh pwmvif&JU Mo0g'udk tdrfomxJ vTifhypfvkdufr,fqkd&if jynfaxmifpk vnf; tckvkd r&IrvS epfemysufpD; &rSm r[kwfbl;? olwkdU&JUygwDudk pepfwuszGJUpnf;NyD; jynfolvlxkudk pepfwus pnf;&Hk;EkdifwJhtwGuf aemufwywf a&G;aumufyGJrSm zqyv vufxJu face=WinKalaw jynfhol@tmPmudk w&m;Oya't& {uefrvGJ odrf;ekdifrSmbJ? tckawmh pwmvif&JU Mo0g' emcHrdwJhtwGuf uGefjrLepftzGJUMuD;[m jydKusysufpD;&&SmavNyDvdkU pOf;pm;rdNyD; ocifEk[m tMuD;tus,f EkdifiHa&;oHa0*&aew,f? 'Dtcef;udkrydwfcif 'Dae&mrSmta&;MuD;wJh ar;cGef;wckudk ar;csifw,f? 1948ckESpf rwfvukefavmufupNyD; 1948ckESpf tqHk;avmuftxd jynfolpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfay:udk usa&mufcJhwJh ab;awG &efawG tef'&m,fawG[m odyfaMumufp&maumif;w,f? olwkdUaMumifh jynfaxmifpkysufusoGm;Edkifw,f? 'gayrJh rysufbl;/ tJ'gbmaMumifhvJ? rysufwm[m wjcm;aMumifhr[kwfbl;/ atmufygtaMumif;awGaMumifhygbJ? (1) wyfrawmf? &J? ppf&J? ppf0efxrf; tzGJUawGxJu tawmfrsm;rsm;[m opfpmazgufNyD; &efukefeJU aygif;oGm;MuayrJh opfpm&dSNyD; oufqkdif&m wyfawGxJrSm usef&pfwJholawG[m csD;usL;p&maumif;w,f? 0efMuD;csKyfeJU 0efMuD;awG pGefU&w,fqkdwmu wESpfrSm q,fav; ig;&uf? w&ufrSm oHk;av;em&Davmuf&dSawmh raygh? 'Dwyfom;awG pGefU&wmu wESpfrSm (365)&uf/ w&ufrSm (24)em&D? 0efMuD;csKyfeJU 0efMuD;awG ppfrsufESmawGudkvm&if tMumqHk; oHk;av;em&Davmuf aeawmhrSmaygh? tJ'DtcsdefawGwkef;u wkdufyGJawGursm; wyfom;awGu eJaewJhtwGuf wyfom;awG[m rsufESm &GmwnfaeMu&&Smw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfeJU 0efMuD;awGrSm t0wftpm; tifrwefeJygw,fqkd&ifawmif awmif&Snfykqkd;? ydk;tuseJU ydk;ykqdk;ESpfxnf? oHk;xnfavmufawmh &dSMutHk;rSmygbJ? 'Dwyfom;uav;awGrSmawmh 0wfaewJh ,leDazmif;wpHk pkwf&if aemufxyftopfwpHk tcsdefrSD&bdkU rvG,fbl;? csrf;wJhtcg apmifaEG;aEG;NcHK&bdkU rvG,fbl;? 'gayrJh bmbJjzpfjzpf aoewfajymif;0u tmPmqif;oufw,fqkdwmudk rrdSwfrokef ,HkMunfaeMuwJh tmPm&SifawGatmuf jynfaxmifpkol jynfaxmifpkom;awG a&mufroGm;&avatmif 'Dwyfom;awG[m opfpmrazgufbJ jynfaxmifpkudk umuG,fay;cJhMuw,f? (2) &Srf;? csif;? ucsif? u,m; tp&dSwJh awmifwef;om;awG&JU opfpm&dSrIeJU

udk,fa&mpdwfyg ulnDtm;ay;rIawG[mvnf; jynfaxmifpk NydKusroGm;atmif xdef;ay;wJhae&mrSm tifrwef ta&;yg t&ma&mufcJhw,f? (3) autif,lykefuefwmudk axmufcHwJh u&iftrsKd;om;awG[m ig;&mckdifEIef;xuf rykdygbl;vkdU tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u 0efMuD;csKyf ocifEk[m vlod&SifMum;ausnmcJhbl;w,f? autif,lykefuefrIudk axmufcHMuwJh u&ifvlOD;a&avmufawmhrrsm;bl;? 'gayrJh tpkd;&udkaxmufcHMuwJh u&ifawGvnf; &dSoavmuf &dSw,fqdkwm rSwfwrf;eJU ckdifckdifrmrmjyEkdifw,f? usefwJh u&ifawGuawmh tpkd;&udkvnf;rul/ autif,ludkvnf; raxmufcH/ vlat;awGjzpfMuwJhtwkdif; olwkdU[molwkdU cyfat;at;aeMuwmygbJ? (4) OD;AaqG? OD;ausmfNidrf;? ocifwifwkdU acgif;aqmifwJh qdk&S,fvpfawGeJU AdkvfrSL;atmif AkdvfpdefrSefwdkU acgif;aqmifwJh &Jabmf0gawG&JU MudK;yrf;csufawGvJ reJygbl;? olwkdU&JU tm;wufoa&m ulnDrIudk r&bJ 0efMuD;csKyfocifEk wOD;wnf; jynfaxmifpkNydKrusatmif b,fenf;eJU rS rxdef;Edkfifygbl;? (5) owif;pmawG[m wcgwcgrSmawmh tpkd;&udk rsufvHk;jyL;oGm;atmif taESmuft,Suf ay; w,f? 'gayrJh tm;vHk;NcHKMunfhvkduf&if olykefawGudk wkdufwJhae&mrSm tpkd;&[m owif;pmawGqDu tultnDtrsm;MuD;&w,f? (6) olykefe,fajrawGrSm jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;[m vlUrlvtcGifhta&;awG todrf;cH&NyD; iykvnf;aMumuf& ? i&SnfvJaMumuf&? ijyL;vJaMumuf&? iNyJvJaMumuf&eJU aoewfudkifxm;wJh olykefrSeforQtm;vHk;udk aMumufaeMu&w,f? jynfolvlxk&JU ypfpnf;awGqdkjyef&ifvnf; olwkdU rvdkcsifwmrSbJ usefawmhw,f? vdkcsifwmrSeforQtm;vHk; tvkcHMu&wmbJ? aemufNyD;awmhvnf; olykefawG[m Oya't& tkyfcsKyfwmr[kwfbJ xifovkd tkyfcsKyfaeMuwmjzpfwJhtwGuf tjypfbmrSr&dSbJeJUvnf; towfcHcsifcH&wmbJ? tcsKyftaESmif tzrf;tqD; cHcsifcH&wmbJ? tpdk;&e,fajrrSmqkd&if 'Dvdkr[kwfbl;? vufeufudkifNyD; olykefx&r,fqkdwmudkom rajymeJU usefwmawG tukefajymvkdU&w,f? tpkd;&udk pifjrifhay:ujzpfjzpf? pme,fZif;awGxJujzpfjzpf? MudKufovkd a0zefEdkifw,f? qEjyNyD;MudKufovkd &IwfcsEdkifw,f? jynfolvlxk[m Oya'udk rcsKd;azmufoa&GU orwudkvnf; aMumufp&mrvdk 0efMuD;csKyfwkdU 0efMuD;wkdUudkvnf; aMumufp&mrvdk? rw&m; ojzifh tzrf;tqD; tcsKyfaESmifcH&w,fxif&if w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyftxd t,lcHEdkifcGifh&dw,f? aoewf0g'&JU atmufrSm vlawG[m oif;xm;wJh EGm;awGyrm aeMu&NyD;/ Oya'0g'atmufrSmawmh jynfolvlxk[m *kPf&dSwJhodufcg&dSwJhvlawGvdk wifhwifhw,fw,f? x,fx,f0g0g aeEkdifMuyguvm; qdkwJhtcsufudk jynfolvlxk[m rsuf0g;xifxifjrifvmMuw,f? olykefawG&JU aoewf0g'eJU

tpdk;&&JU Oya'0g'wkdU&JU jcm;em;csufudk tckvkd jrifvmMuwJhtwGuf jynfolvlxk[m aoewf0g'udk rsufrkef;MudK;? apmufjrifuyfvmw,f? Oya'0g'udk wpxufwp wkd;NyD; cspfjrwfEdk;vmMuw,f? tJ'DjynfolvlxkxJu ajymEkdifqkdEdkif ajymwwfqkdwwf &dSwJhvlawG[m aoewf0g'udk trkef;MuD;rkef;aewJh olwkdU&JU rkef;pdwfawGeJU Oya'0g'udk tcspfMuD; cspfaeMuolwkdU&JU cspfpdwfawGu wkdufwGef;MuwJhtwGuf tjcm;b,folurS olwkdUudk rwkdufwGef;&bJ vbuf&nfMurf;0kdif;? vbuf&nfqkdif? &SifjyKem;o yZif;wuf? r*FvmaqmifawGrSmbJjzpfjzpf ukefukefajymvkdufr,f romtdrfrSmbJjzpfjzpf b,fae&mrSmbJjzpfjzpf tcGifhaumif;&wJh ae&mwkdif;rSm olwkdU&JU 0rf;xJrSm&dSwJh rkef;pdwfeJU cspfpdwfawGudk tukeftefxkwfMuwmbJ? tckvdk olwkdU&JU tefxkwfrIawG[m jynfaxmifpk jyKdusroGm;atmif xdef;wJhae&mrSm wenf;wvrf;tm;jzifh tultnD taxmuftyHh jzpfw,f? (7) tJ'DtcsdefawGrSmwkef;u 0efMuD;csKyfocifEkqDudk u&ifc&pf,mef oif;tkyfq&mawG &Hzef&HcgvmMuNyD; xm0&ocif[m 0efMuD;csKyfocifEkudk aumif;csD;ay;awmfrlygap tp&dSwJh qkrGefaumif;awGeJU qkawmif;ay;Muw,f?? qkawmif;NyD;wJhtcg wOD;eJU wOD;owfwmjzwfwmawG[m a,&Iocif&JU vrf;pOfr[kwfbl;? tJ'Dawmh a,&I ocifukd udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaeMuwJh c&pf,mef *dkPf;om;awG[m aoG;acsmif;pD;atmif vkyfay;aewJh vrf;pOfudk rvdkufMubkdU olwkdUvufatmufrSm&dSaeMuwJh c&pf,mefawGudk olwdkUtNrJwrf; qHk;raeygw,fvdkU 0efMuD;csKyfudk ajymw,f? tJ'DvkdbJ tpOfqHk;raeMuwJh q&mMuD;awG c&pf,mef bkef;MuD;awG[m olwkdU[meJU olwkdU wEdkifiHvHk;rSm trsm;MuD;&dSaeMurSmbJ qkdwmudk 0efMuD;csKyfocifEk[m rrdSwfrokef,Hkw,f? aemufNyD;awmh olykefawG awmckdaeMuwJh ae&mwdki;frSm Ak'f"bmombkef;MuD;awG&dSw,f? tJ'Dbkef;MuD;awGxJu tawmfrsm;rsm; olUtoufrowfbkdU? olUOpfpmrckd;bkdU-rvkbdkU? udk,fhvifudk,hfr,m;r[kwfolawGeJU roGm;vm-rvGefusL;bdkU? vdrfrajymbkdU/ t&ufraomufbkdU olykefawGudk qHk;rMurSmygbJ? tJ'Dbmoma&;qkdif&m olawmfaumif;awG&JU MudK;yrf;csufawG[mvnf; jynfaxmifpk NydKrusatmif xdef;ay;wJhae&mrSm tawmfxda&mufygw,f? tckazmfjycJhwJh yk*dKvfawG&JU MudK;yrf;csufawG[m jynfaxmifpkorkdif;rSmomru urmhorkdif;rSmyg tifrwef ajymifajrmufEdkifwJh MudK;yrf;csufawG jzpfMuwJhtwdkif; tJ'DMudK;yrf;csufawGudk aoaocsmcsm okawoe vkyfNyD; *&kwpdkuf rSwfwrf;wifxm;xkdufw,f? tckpmtkyfu us,fus,fjyefUjyefU a&;EkdifwJh jynfaxmifpkorkdif; r[kwf? orkdif;eJU pmvkduf&if tifrwef usOf;ajrmif;aewJh vlwa,muf&JU txkwfywfwd rQom

jzpfaewJhtwGuf txufygtcsufawGudk 'DpmtkyfxJrSm razmfjyEdkifwm pma&;ol 0rf;eJygw,f? 1950ckESpfxJudk 0ifvmwJhtcg tpdk;&tzGJU[m a&S;wkef;ueJU rwlawmhbl;? touf&I&wm eJeJacsmifvmNyD/ tJ'gaMumifh ZGefvtv,favmufrSm usif;ywJh 0efMuD;rsm; tpnf;ta0;rSm uJ rdwfaqGwdkU uRefawmfreufjzef omoemh&dyfomudkoGm;NyD; w&m;tm;xkwfvdkuftHk;r,f? ocFg&kyufcOmPf udk&wJhtxd tm;xkwfbkdU uRefawmft"dXmefjyKxm;w,f? tJ'gaMumifh 'DOmPfudk&NyD;rSbJ uRefawmfjyefvmawmhr,f? tJ'DtwGif; wEkdifiHvHk;rSm rD;[kef;[kef;awmufonfhwkdifatmif uRefawmfhudk vmrac:MueJU/ cifAsm;wkdUbJ 'DrD;udkEdkifatmif owfMuayawmhvkdU ajymNyD; 0efMuD;csKyfocifEk[m omoemh&dyfomudk ajymif;oGm;w,f? Zlvkdifv (20)&ufaeUavmufrSmrS olt"dXmefjyKxm;wJh ocFg&kyufcOmPfudk ocifEk&w,f? aA'ifpum;eJU ajym&&if tJ'Dtcsdefu jynfaxmifpk&JU vufay:u &m[kN*dKvfqif;oGm;NyD xifw,f? ocifEk w&m;tm;xkwfaewkef; jynfaxmifpkudk aemufxyfrD;wrD; avmifjyefNyDvkdU qdk&avmufatmif qdk;&Gm;wJhtjzpftysuf wckrSrjzpfysufcJhbl;? tcef; 25 1950ckESpftwGif; a&muf&dSvmawmh 0efMuD;csKyfocifEk[m olUeHr,fa&SUu (ocif) udkjzKwfvkdufNyD; OD;EkvkdU trnfajymif;vkdufw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m Ak'f"w&m;awmf&JUvTrf;rdk;rIudk touf(20)avmufupNyD; ,Hk,HkMunfMunf cH,lcJholjzpfwJhtavQmuf bmoma&;eJU ywfoufwJh olUt,ltq? olUoabmxm;awGudk 'Dae&mrSm eJeJavmufazmfjyoifhw,fxifw,f? Ak'f"w&m;awmft& wavmuvHk;rSm tMurf;tm;jzifh owfw0g (7)rsKd;&dSw,f? 'Dowfw0gawG[m (1) jA[m/ (2) ewf/ (3) vl/ (4) tol&um,f/ (5) Nydwfwm/ (6) wd&pmef/ (7) i&Jom;qdkwJh (7)rsKd;bJjzpfw,f? 'Dowfw0gawGxJu b,folrS rwnfNrJbl;? waeUus&ifaoMu&r,f? aowJhtcg olwkdU [m csKyfroGm;bl;? olwkdU&JU ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHawGtwdkif; owfw0g(7)rsKd;xJu wrsKd;rsKd;jyefjzpf& r,f? tMurf;tm;jzifhajym&&if ukodkvfawGudkvkyfcJhwJholawG[m vlawG? ewfawG? jA[mawG jyefjzpfMuw,f? tukodkvfeJU uGJ&jcif;qdkwJh qif;&JrIawGeJU tNrJawGUae&w,f? 'Dqif;&JrIawGu vGwfajrmufcsifw,fqdk&if b0opfawG jzpfatmifvkyfay;aewJh avmb? a'go? arm[ qdkwJh udavomawGudk tMuGif;r&dSatmif owfypfEkdif&r,f? 'DvkdowfypfEdkifwJhtwGuf udavomawG tMuGif;rJh

csKyfNidrf;aejcif;udk edAmefvdkU ac:w,f? 'Dvkd udavomawG csKyfNidrf;aewJh yk*dKvfudk t&[wfvdkY ac:w,f? t&[wfaowJhtcg aemufxyfb0opfrjzpfawmhbl;? b0opf rjzpf&wJhtwGuf tMudfrfMudrf tzefzef tkdjcif;? emjcif;? pdwfqif;&Jjzpfjcif;? aojcif;? cspfcifolrsm;ESifh uGJ&jcif;qkdwJh qif;&J awGu wcgwnf; vGwfajrmufoGm;w,f? 'Dvkd vGwfajrmufoGm;wmudk a0g[m&tm;jzifh edAmefpH0efw,fvdkU Ak'f"bmom0ifawGu ac:Muw,f? tckvdkvGwfajrmufoGm;apEkdifwJh w&m;udk jrwfpGmbk&m;awG yGifhawmfrlrSMum;&w,f? yGifhawmfrrlwJhtcg rMum;&bl;? bk&m;awGuvJ cPcP ryGifhMubl;? wcgwcg urmawGjzpfay:vmNyD; ukefqHk;omoGm;Mumw,f/ bk&m;wqlrS ryGifhbl;? wcsKdU urmawGusawmh wqlomyGifhw,f? b,furmrSmrS ig;qlxufydkryGifhbl;? bk&m;awGyGifhawmfrlMuwJh tcgawGrSmvnf; i&Jom;? wd&dpmef? Nydwm? tol&um,f qkdwJh tyg,f av;bHkom;awG[m w&m;awmfukd em;rvnfEdkifMubl;? vlewfjA[mawGom em;vnfEkdifMuw,f? vlewfjA[mawGrSmvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;udk ,HkMunfMuolawGom w&m;awmfudk emMur,f? w&m;awmftwkdif; usifhMuHMur,f? r,HkMunfMuwJh yk*dKvfawGusawmhemrSmvJr[kwfbl;? usifhrSmvJr[kwfbl;? tckaz:jycJhwJhtcsufawGaMumifh tkd? em? ao? uGJtp&dSwJh oHo&m0Vfqif;&JawGu vGwfajrmufapEkdifwJH w&m;awmfudk Mum;emcGifh&bkdUqkdwm rvG,fbl;? tJ'gaMumifh tckvdkMum;emcGifh&wJhtcg Ak'f"bmom0ifrSeforQ wjcm;bmudkrS vkyfbkdUrvkd? bk&m;qk? ypfapPuAk'f"qk?t*f*om0uqk? r[mom0uqk qkdwJh qkav;rsKd;xJu wrsKd;rsKd;udk yefqifolrsm;twGuf ocFg&kyufcOmPfudk a&S;OD;pGm &atmif tm;xkwf&r,f? 'D?Pfudk&NyD;NyDqkdawmhrS yg&rDq,fyg;udk rdrd wwfEkdifoavmuf jznfhusifh&r,f? yuwdom0uqkudk yefqifoluawmh 'Db0rSmbJ &[Emjzpf&if taumif;qHk;bJ? 'Dvkdtm;rxkwfEdkif&if 'Db0rSm teJqHk;tjzpfeJU r*f(4)r*f&dSwJh txJu atmufqHk;r*fjzpfwJh aomwmywfwdr*fudk &atmif tm;xkwf&r,f? 'Dvkdtm;xkwfwm[m tdk? em? ao? uGJ tp&dSwJh oHo&m0Vfqif;&JawGu vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf t"du tcsufMuD;jzpfaewmaMumifh Ak'f"bmom0ifrSeforQ[m ta&;rMuD;wmawGudk aemufa&TUxm;NyD; ta&;MuD;wJh t"dutcsufudk a&S;OD;pGm vkyfMu&r,f? tckvkd tcGifhaumif;MuD;udk &&dSwkef; t"du tcsufMuD;udkrvkyfrdbJ ayghayghqq aeoGm;Mu&if aemifb0rSm 'Dw&m;awmfawGeJU jyefawGUbdkUqdkwm rvG,fbl;? aemifb0rSm i&JeJU wd&dpmefbHkawGudk a&mufae&if w&m;awmfudk

em;rvnfEdkifawmhbl;? aemifb0rSmvlewfjA[mbJ jyefjzpfonfhwkdifatmif 'Db0wkef;ubk&m;udk ,HkMunfcJhol[m aemifb0rSmvnf; 'DvkdbJqufNyD; ,HkMunfvdrfhtHk;r,fvdkU b,folrS tmrrcHEkdifbl;? tJ'gaMumifh wckb0rSm tifrwef MuD;us,fwJh tcGifhaumif;MuD;udk &&dSwkef; Ak'f"bmom0ifwkdif;[m oHo&m0Vfqif;&JawGu vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf ckeuajymcJhwJhtwkdif; tpGrf;ukef tm;xkwfMu&r,f? 'gayrJh Ak'f"bmom0ifawGxJrSm tckajymovkd b,fESpfa,muftm;xkwfMuovJ? OD;Ek&JU cefUrSef;ajct&qkd&if Ak'f"bmom0ifwaxmifavmufrSmrS w&m;tm;xkwfol[m wa,mufavmufbJ&dSawm hr,f? w&m;tm;xkwfwmuawmh eJeJcufvkdU xm;vkdufygtHk;? w&m;udkem;vnfolawG Ak'f"bmom0ifawG xJrSm b,favmuf&dSrvJ? w&mrSm wa,mufavmufbJ &dSawmhr,fvdkU OD;EkcefUrSef;Munfhrdw,f? oHo&m 0Vfqif;&JawGu vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf jrwfpGmbk&m;a[mMum;xm;cJhwJh w&m;awmfrSm oDv? orm"d? ynmqkdNyD; tydkif;MuD; (3)ykdif;&dSw,f? oDvqkdwm udk,furaumif;wmudk rvkyfatmif EIwfuraumif;wmudk rajymatmif xdef;odrf;wJhtydkif;jzifw,f? orm"dqdkwmu tpOfxm0& jyefUvGifhaewJh pdwfawGudk tm&Hkwckwcktay:rSm wnfNidrfaeatmif xdef;odrf;wJh tydkif;jzpfw,f? ynmqkdwmu avmb?a'go? arm[m qkdwJh udavomawGudk tMuGif;rJh okwfoifypfEkdifwJh r*fnmPfzdknmPfawGudk&atmif urXmef;xkdifwJhtydkif;jzpfw,f? tJ'Dtydkif;(3)ydkif; &dSwJhtxJu orm"deJUynmydkif;[m em;vnfbdkUcufw,f? oDvydkif;uawmh em;vnfbkdUvG,fw,f? tJ'DoDvtydkif;rSm jrwfpGmbk&m;[m (5)yg;oDv? (8)yg;oDv? (9)yg;oDv? (10)yg;oDv tp&dS ojzifh oDvawGudk trsKd;rsKd;cGJjcm;NyD; a[mypfcJhw,f? tJ'DoDvawGxJrSm (5)yg;oDvqdkwm[m Ak'f"bmom0if wkdif; teJqHk; udk,fusifhw&m;tjzpfeJU apmifhxdef;&rJhoDvjzpfw,f? tJ'DoDvxJrSmygwJh udk,fusifh w&m;(5)rsKd;[m bmvJqdkwmudk aoaocsmcsm odwJhvlawG Ak'f"bmom0ifawGxJrSm b,favmuf&dSovJ? OD;Ek[m touf(15)ESpfeJU (30)Mum;xJrSm &dSwJhvli,fawGudk tawmfrsm;rsm; tMudrfrsm;rsm; ppfMunfhbl;w,f? ig;yg;oDv[m bmvJqkdwmudk ususee ajymjyEdkifwJh vli,fawG[m w&mrSm q,fa,mufavmufbJ&dSawmhr,f? Ak'f"bmom0ifawGxJrSm bk&m;? w&m;? oHCm &wemoHk;yg;udk xdjcif;ig;yg;eJU tcsKd;usus &dSckd;wwfwJh vlawG[m w&mrSm q,fa,mufavmufbJ&dSawmhr,f? tJ'DtcsufawGudkawGU&wJhtcg 'DAk'f"bmom0ifawG[m oHo&m0Vfqif;&Ju

vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf olwkdU&&dSaewJh tcGifhaumif;MuD;udk tvGJoHk;pm;vkyfaeMuNyDvkdU awG;rdNyD; OD;Ek[m &ifqkdUaew,f? tJ'gaMumifh-(1) Ak'f"bmom0ifawG[m bmoma&;rSm pdwf0ifpm;vmatmif (2)oHo&m0Vf qif;&JawGu vGwfajrmufapEdkifwJh Ak'f"w&m;awmfudk odEkdiforQod&dSvmMuatmif/ (3)'DvkdodMuNyD; oHo&m0Vfqif;&JawGu vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf w&m;tm;xkwfMuatmif 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m olwwfEkdifoa&GU vkyfay;oGm;w,f? 'Dvkdvkyfay;oGm;wJh bmoma&;vkyfief;awGxJu vkyfief;wcsKdUudk 'Dae&mrSm tusOf;csKyfavmufazmfjycsifw,f? (1) bkef;MuD;ausmif;awGrSm ygVdwufuodkvfawG xlaxmifay;w,f? (2) vlpmjyefyGJawGeJU bkef;JMuD;pmjyefyGJawGudk usif;yay;cJhw,f? vlpmjyefyGJawGxJu axmifusaewJh tusOf;om;awGtwGuf vkyfay;cJhwJh pmjyefyGJ[m txl;rSwfom;p&maumif;w,f? axmifxJu pmjyefyGJawGrSm atmifrSwf&wJh tusOf;om;awG[m avQmh&ufawG&w,f? jrefjrefvGwfcsifwJh tusOf;om;awG[m tJ'DpmjyefyGJawGrSm atmifrSwfawG&atmif txl;MudK;pm;Muw,f? bkef;MuD;pmjyefyGJawGxJu wdyd#ua& pmjyefyGJ[m txkl;rSwfom;p&maumif;w,f? 'DpmjyefyGJudk yxrtMudrfusif;yaewJhtcg tif;pdefw0kdufrSm autif'DtkdawGeJU tpdk;&wyfom;awG&JU wkdufyGJawG[m tawmfjyif;xefwkef;&dSao;w,f? wcgwcg ypfoHcwfoHwcsKdUudk pmar;yGJvkyfaewJh ae&mu Mum;&w,f? 'DwkdufyGJawGaMumifh 'DpmjyefyGJudk a&GUqkdif;ypfbdkU bmoma&;acgif;aqmifwcsKdUuawmif 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ekudk tMuHay; Mu&wJhtxd jzpfcJh&ao;w,f? tif;pdefwkdufyGJxufydkNyD; pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;wJh tcsufwcsufudk 'Dae&mrSm eJeJavmufazmfjycsifw,f? wdyd#ua&pmjyefyGJqkdwm okwfwH? 0denf;? tbd"rmqdkwJh yd#uwfoHk;yHkqkdwm reJbl;? pmtkyfaygif; (50)ausmfw,f? pmtkyfwtkyfrSm pmrsufESm(400)avmuf&dSw,f? tJ'gaMumifh pmjyefyGJudk tputqHk;xd wqufwnf; rusif;yEkdifbl;? Mum;rSmtem;ay;NyD; usif;y&w,f? ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; tm*HkeJU a&;ajz(2)ckpvHk;udk atmifwJh udk,fawmfwyg;[m yd#uwfoHk;yHkukefatmif av;ESpfajz&r,f? ref;'av;rSm ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; usif;ywJh pMumoD[ pmjyefyGJ[m 'Dwdyd#ua& pmjyefyGJavmufrcufbl;? tJ'gawmif tJ'DpmjyefyGJtwGuf pmusufMuwJh ukd,fawmfwcsKdU[m yifyef;vGef;wJhtwGuf ysHawmfrlMuw,f? 'Dwdyd#ua& pmjyefyGJudkom usif;y&if &[ef;awGydkNyD; ysHawmfrlMuvdrfhr,f? tJ'gaMumifh 'DpmjyefyGJudk rvkyfygeJU zsufypfygvdkU

&efukefu &[ef;wcsKdUu awmif;qdkMuw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfOD;EkwdkUvlpkuvnf; rzsufbl;vkdU jyefMum;wJhtcg pmjyefyGJrvkyfjzpfatmif pmjyefyGJudk oydwfwm;r,fvkdU tJ'D&[ef;awGu ausnmw,f? tJ'gaMumifh &JtzGJUudk tapmifhcsxm;NyD; tJ'D yxrpmjyefyGJudk usif;y&w,f? 'DpmjyefyGJ[m uefUuGufwJh &[ef;awG taMumif;jywJhtwkdfif; tifrwefcufwJh pmjyefyGJ ygbJ? tcktcsdeftxd pmjyefyGJtzGJUu pDpOfxm;wJhtwkdif; t&IH;r&dSbJ *kPfxl;eJUatmifwm OD;0dpdwfwom&mbd0Ho udk,fawmfwyg;bJ&dSao;w,f? wjcm;udk,fawmfawGuawmh wcgwcgwav tm*HkjyefwJhbufrSmusw,f? wcgwav a&;ajzwJh bufrSmusw,f? atmifjrifatmif tMudrfMudrf jyefNyD; ajz&w,f? 'gayrJh pmar;yGJtwGuf pmusuf&vGef;vdkU a&m*gpGJNyD; ysHvGefawmfrlwJh &[ef;wyg;rS r&dScJhzl;bl;? (3) 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m w&m;awmfudk q&meJUususee oifcJhzl;olr[kwf? vlynm&dSrsm;? &[ef;ynm&dSrsm;&JY a[majymcsufrsm;udk teJi,f Mum;emzl;w,f? a&;om;csufrsm;udk teJi,f avhvmzl;w,f? tJ'Daemuf olem;vnforQuav;eJU tcGifhaumif;&wkdif; y&dwfowfeJeJudkjzpfjzpf? rsm;rsm;udkjzpfjzpf w&m;a[mavh&dSw,f? jzefUcsDvkdolrsm;tm; olUa[m ajymcsufawGudk "r'ge tjzpf vSL'gef;avh&dSw,f? (4) yd#uwfoHk;yHkudk ygVdvkdu jrefrmvkd bmomjyefay;w,f? 'Dvkd jzefUcsDay;vkdfufwJh twGuf ygVdvkd rwwfwJh Ak'f"bmom0iftawmfrsm;rsm;[m yd?uwfoHk;yHkudk zwfEdkifvmMuw,f? (5) Ak'f"w&m;awmfawGeJU tifrwefa0;aewJh awmifwef;a'oawGrSm omoemjyKvkyfief;awGudk tm;ay;w,f? (6) Ak'f"omoem pnfyifjyefUyGm;a&;udk aqmif&GufEkdifbkdUtwGuf Ak'f"omoem tzGJUcsKyf wckudk zGJUpnf;ay;NyD; omoema&;udwfprsm;udk aqmif&GufEkdif&eftwGuf tpdk;&u axmufyHhaMu; ay;xm;w,f? (7) tpdk;&pmoifausmif;awGeJU wufuodkvfawGrSm Ak'f"w&m;awmfudk oifMum;ydkUcsapw,f? (8) ArmEdkifiHrSm yd#uwfoHk;yHkudk rif;wkef;rif; vufxufawmfwkef;u ausmufpmxGif;NyD; rSwfwrf;wif xm;ypfcJhw,f? aemufacwfawGusawmh yHkESdyfwdkuftrsKd;rsKd;u usrf;pmtkyfawG&kdufNyD; rSwfwrf;wifMuw,f? tJ'DrSwfwrf;wifwJhtcg ausmufpmxGif;olawG rSm;NyD;xGif;rdwJhtwGuf ausmufpmawGxJrSm trSm;t,Gif;awGygoGm;w,f? pmtkyf&kdufwJhtcgawGrSmvnf; pmpDorm;awG pmjyifq&mawG rSm;NyD;xnfhvdkufwJhtwGuf usrf;pmtkyfawGxJrSmvnf; trSm;t,Gif;awG

ygoGm;jyefw,f? 'DtrSm;t,Gif;awGudk tcsdefrD rjyifEkdif&if pmtrSm;aMumifh tusifhtrSm;awG jzpfay:vmEkdifp&m tef'&m,fawG&dSaew,f? tJ'gaMumifh &[ef;ynm&dS? vlynm&dSrsm;&JU Mo0g'ay;csuft& 'DtrSm;t,Gif;awGudk jyifbkdU 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m qXoHCm,emyGJawmfudkusif;yay;cJhw,f? (9) Ak'f"w&m;awmfrSm tusifh[m odyfta&;MuD;w,f? tusifhr&dSbJ w&m;awmf&JU trSefoabmawGudk rjrifEkdifbl;? tMurf;tm;jzifh tusifh[m (3)rsKd;&dSw,f? (u) udk,furaumif;wmrvkyfatmif EIwfu raumif;wm rajymatmif apmifhxdef;wJhtusifh/ (c) pdwfawG[mysHUvGifhjcif;r&dSbJ tm&kHwckcktay:rSm wnfNidrfaeatmif vkyf&wJhtusifh/ (*) avmb? a'go? arm[qdkwJh udavomawGudk tMuGif;r&dSatmif owf&wJhtusifhqdkwJh tusifhoHk;rsKd;bJjzpfw,f? 'DtusifhoHk;rsKd;udk usifhEkdifatmifqdkNyD; a&S;OD;pGm &efukefrSm omoem&dyfom trnfeJU urXmef;ausmif;wckzGifhay;w,f? urXmef;q&mawGu w&m;awmf[m tifrwef tHhMozdkUaumif;w,f? atmufqHk;r*fjzpfwJh aomwywfwdr*fudk&atmif w&m;tm;xkwfNyD;wmeJU wjydKifeuf w&m;tm;xkwfolawG&JU pdwfoabmxm;awG[m xl;xl;jcm;jcm; ajymif;oGm;w,fvkdU ajymMuw,f? OD;Ekvnf; prf;MunfhcsifwmeJU owf&rSmvnf; 0efrav;/ cdk;&wkduf&rSmvnf; 0efrav;/ umrrSm rSm;,Gif;pGmusifh&rSmvnf; 0efrav;/ vdrfajym&rSmvnf; 0efrav;/ t&ufaomuf&rSmvnf; 0efrav;/ tifrwefqkd;vGef;vkdU we,fvHk;u zdefUzdefUwkefatmif aMumuf&wJh olUoli,fcsif;wa,muf ukdomoemh&dyfomydkUvkdufw,f? w&m;tm;xkwfNyD;wJhtcg tHhMop&maumif;avmufatmif vlaumif;wa,mufjzpfoGm;w,f? tJ'Doli,fcsif;vnf; w&m;awmfudkESpfNcdKuf vGef;vkdU w&m;tm;xkwf&atmif olUrdef;rudk omoemh&dyfomac:vmvdkufao;w,f? 'Dtjzpftysufudk jrif&NyD;wJhtcg w&m;awmfrSm ,HkMunfrIawG tvGeftrif;jyif;xefvmwJhtwGuf 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m &efukefwifrubJ wEkdifiHvHk;rSm omoemh&dyfomawG jyefyGm;oGm;atmif aqmif&Gufay;cJhw,f? tpdk;&taeeJ omoema&;xJrSm 'Davmuf0ifNyD;ygaewmraumif;bl;vkdU 0efMuD;csKyf&JUrdwfaqGwcsKdUu 0efMuD;csKyfudk tMuHay;Muw,f? uRefawmfwkdU tpdk;&tzGJUu jynfolvkxk&JU tusKd;pD;yGm;udk aqmif&GufbkdUtwGuf jynfolvlxku a&G;aumufwifajrmufxm;wmbJ? jynfolvlxk&JUtusKd;pD;yGm;xJrSm bmoma&;rygbl;vkdU b,folajymEdkifovJ? ajym&iftJ'DvlrSm;vdrfhr,f? vlawG&JU vuf&dSb0[m tvGefqHk; tESpfw&m&Sdawmhraygh? aemifb0rSm b,fESpfESpf&dSr,fqdkwm b,folrS *Pef;eJU

a&wGufrajyEdkifbl;? tESpfw&mavmuf&dSwJh 'Db0aumif;pm;a&;twGuf tpdk;&tzGJU[m aqmif&GufEkdifw,fqkd&if ESpfta&twGuftm;jzifh tqHk;r&dSwJh aemifb0aumif;pm;a&;twGuf bmjzpfvkdU raqmif&GufEkdfif&rSmvJ? aqmif&GufEkdif&r,fvkdU ajymNyD; 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ek[m oloGm;aewJhvrf;ay:u eJeJuav;rS aemufwGefUroGm;bJ aoGzDroGm;bJ qufNyD;oGm;NrJwkdif;oGm;aewmbJ? ArmEdkifiHrSm (1) Ak'f"bmom0ifawG? (2) rlpvifbmom0ifawG/ (3) c&pf,mefbmom0ifawG/ (4) [dELbmom0ifawG? (5) ewfudk;uG,folawG &dSaew,f? 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ek[m Ak'f"bmom0ifawGtwGufom aqmif&Gufay;aewm r[kwfbl;? ol[m Ak'f"w&m;awmf&JU t&dyftm0goudk ckdvIHwkdif; tifrwef MuD;us,fwJh pdwfcsrf;omrIudk&w,f? wjcm;bmom0ifawGvnf; olwkdUtoD;oD; udk;uG,fMuwJh bmomawG&JU t&dyftm0goudk ckdvIHwkdif; olUvkdbJ tifrwef MuD;us,fwJh pdwfcsrf;omrIudk &MurSmbJ? tJ'DMuD;us,fwJh pdwfcsrf;omrIawGudk 'Dyk*dKvfawG[m olUvkdbJ&Muygap qkdwJh udk,fcsif;pmemrI 0efMuD;csKyfOD;EkrSm &dSaew,f? tJ'gaMumifh OD;Ek[m Ak'f" bmom0ifawGtwGuf aqmif&Gufay;ovdk wjcm;bmom0ifawGtwGuf w&m;ojzifh aqmif&Guf ay;w,f? Oyrm (1) bmoma&;twGuf axmufyHhaMu;udk ay;wJhtcg a&S;OD;pGm axmufyHhaMu; b,favmufay;r,f qkdwmudk owfrSwfvkdufNyD; oufqkdif&m bmoma&;tzGJUawGudk vlOD;a&tvkduf cGJa0ay;vkdufw,f? (2) 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m tdEd,eJU oD[kdu bk&m;"mwfawmfeJU &[Em "gwfawmfawGudk Ak'f" bmom0ifawG ylaZmfzdkUtwGuf ArmEdkifiHudk yifhvmw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m AufwDuefrSm ykyfudk *g&0jyKNyD; jyefvmwJhtcg ArmEdkifiHu uufovpfawG jrwfEdk;rJh c&pfawmf&JU yHkawmfum;rsm;? pmtkyfrsm;? ykyf&JU&kyfyHkcwfEdSyfxm;wJh wHqdyfrsm;udk AufwDuefu ,lvmNyD; c&pf,mefawGudk a0ay;w,f? (3) uufovpfacgif;aqmifrsm; tzGJUwzGJUudkzGJUNyD; ykyfudk *g&0jyK&atmif tpdk;&p&dwfeJU apvTwfcJhw,f? tvm;wl rGwfpviftzGJUwzGJUNyD; rufumrSm*g&0jyK&atmif tpk;d&p&dwfeJU apvTwfcJhw,f? (4) yd#uwfoHk;yHkudk ygVdvdku jrefrmvkdbmomjyefovdk? udk&efusrf;udkvnf; tma&Asbmomvkdu jrefrmvdk bmomjyefzkdUtwGuf 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Eku axmufyHhaMu;xkwfay;w,f? bmomjyefNyD;wJhtcg jrefrmbmomjyef[m rlv usrf;&if;eJU wlrwludk ppfaq;&ef csKdU,Gif;csufrsm;ukdjyKjyif&efeJUjyKjyifNyD;wJhtcgbmomjyefudk twnfjyK&eftwGuf

wEkdifiHvHk;u usrf;wwfynm&dSrsm;&JU nDvmcHw&yfudk tpdk;&u usif;yay;r,fvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfu rlqvifacgif;aqmifrsmudk *wday;xm;w,f? bdkifb,fvfudkawmh a'gufwm*syfqifwkdU vufxufuwnf;u jrefrmvkd bmomjyefNyD;aeNyD? tJ'gaMumifh y&kdwufpwifh *dkPf;aygif;pHknDvmcHwck &efukefrSm usif;ywJhtcg udk,fpm;vS,fawGudk bkdifb,fvf wtkyfuspD vSL'gef;w,f? (5) rlqvif? c&pf,mef? [dELtzGJUawGu bmoma&; udwfpwckckeJU ywfoufNyD; zdwfMum;wJhtcg 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m b,fawmhrSrjiif;bl;? AvDxJudkvJoGm;wmbJ? csmhcsfxJudkvnf; oGm;wmbJ? [dEL0wfausmif;xJudkvnf; oGm;wmbJ? nDvmcHawGwufygqkdvnf; wufvmbJ? rdefUcGef;ay;ygqdkvnf; ay;wmbJ/ o0PfvTmay;ygqkdvJ ay;wmbJ? (6) tpdk;&pmoifausmif;awGrSm Ak'f"w&m;awmfudk toifckdif;wJhtcg 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m rlqvifeJU c&pf,mefbmomawGudkvnf; toifckdif;bdkU arhraebl;? toifckdif;w,f? 'Dvkd toifckdif;vdkufwJh twGuf bmawG jzpfvmw,fqkdwm eJeJavmuf Munfh&atmif? ESpfuawmh 1954ckESpfeJUwlw,f? tJ'DESpfxJrSm MoZmMuD;rm;wJh &[ef;awmf tzGJUwzGJUu udk,fpm;vS,foHk;yg;[m aeUwaeUrSm 0efMuD;csKyfOD;EkeJU vmawGUMuw,f? 'umMuD;/ tpkd;& pmoifausmif;awGrSm rlqvifbmomeJU c&pf,mefbmomudk oifwm usKyfwkdU rMudKufbl;? uefUuGufw,f? 'DbmomawGoifwmudk csufcsif;&yfay;yg? OD;yZif;wkdUu bmjzpfvkdU rMudKufwmvJ 'DbmomawG[m rdpm'dXdbmomawG/ 'gaMumifh rMudKufbl;? rlqvifausmif;olausmif;om;awGudk rlqvifbmom oifay;w,f? c&pf,mefausmif;ol ausmif;om;awGudk c&mpf,mefbmom oifay;w,f? Ak'f"bmom0if ausmif;olausmif;om;awGudk 'DbmomawG oifay;wmrS r[kwfbJ? 'gayrJh tpdk;&ausmif;awGrSm 'DbmomawGudk roif&bl;? olwkdUoifcsif&if wjcm;rSm oGm;oifMuayap? 'Dvkd rw&m; uefUuGufwmrsKd;udk rvkyfcsifygeJU? rif;wkef;rif;MuD;[m Ak'f"bmom omoemudk tifrwef MunfndKwJh &Sifbk&ifMuD;bJ? tJ'D&Sifbk&ifMuD; vufxuf ref;'av; aejynfawmfrSm rlqvifbmomeJU c&pf,mefbmomawGudk tawmfaxmufyHhcJhwmbJ? rif;wkef;rif;MuD; vufxufwkef;u usKyfwkdUr&dSvkdU 'Dvkd axmufyHh&wm? usKyfwkdUom&Sd&if 'DvdkaxmufyHh&rSm r[kwfbl;?

tpdk;&pmoifausmif;awGudk Ak'f"bmom0ifawG&JU ydkufqHeJUcsnf;bJ xlaxmifxm;wm r[kwfbl;? rlqvifawGeJU c&pf,mefawG&JU ydkufqHawGvnf; ygw,f? tJ'Dawmh Ak'f"bmomw&m;awmfudk tpkd;&pmoifausmif;awGrSm oifEkdif&if rlqvifbmomeJU c&pf,mefbmomawGudkvnf; oifEkdif&rSmbJ? roif&bl;/ usKyfwkdU jyif;jyif;xefxefuefUuGufw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m olUpdwfudkol rxdef;Ekdifawmhbl;? tJ'gaMumifh uJ-OD;yZif;wkdU jyefMuawmh tpkd;&pmoifausmif;awGrSm rlqvifbmomeJY c&pf,mefbmomudk roif&&if b,fbmomudkrS roifawmhbl;vkd@ ajymNyD; &[ef;ukd,fpm;vS,f (3)OD;udk jyefvTwfvkdufw,f? trSefpifppfqkd&if 'Dudwfp[m MuD;us,fwJh udwfpr[kwfygbl;? tJ'Dtcsdefu wjcm;0efMuD; wOD;wOD;om OD;Ekae&mrSm &dSaer,fqdk&if ukd,fpm;vS,foHk;yg;&JU uefUuGufcsufudk b,fvdkrS jyefvnf acsyaerSm r[kwfbl;? tomem;axmifaerSbJ olwkdUajymvkdU 0awmhrS 'Dudwfpudk 0efMuD;rsm;eJU wkdifyifyg&aptHk;vdkU ajymNyD;jyefvTwfvkdufr,f? tJ'Daemuf OD;ausmfNidrf;? ocifomcif? Akdvfcifarmifuav; tp&dSwJh qdk&S,fvpfacgif;aqmifawGudk &[ef;udk,fpm;vS,fqDudk vTwfr,f? 'Dqkd&S,fvpfacgif;aqmifawGeJU 'D&[ef;udk,fpm;vS,fawG[m 'kwd,urmppfMuD;twGif;u twlwlvufwGJNyD; a&S;OD;pGmt*FvdyftJ'Daemuf *syefudk awmfvSefcJhMuzl;w,f? tJ'Dvkd twlwGJNyD; awmfvSefcJhNu&if;u olwkdU[m wOD;eJUwOD; tawmf cifrif&ifESD;vmMuw,f? wOD;tay:rSmvnf; wOD;u MoZm&dSoavmuf &dSvmMuw,f? trSefppfqdk&if 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m tJ'D&[ef;udk,fpm;vS,f oHk;yg;xJu wyg;udk tawmfrsufrkef;MudK;aewJhtwGuf rawGUcsifbl;vdkUawmif oHk;av;Mudrfjiif;y,fcJhzl;w,f? qdk&S,fvpfacgif;aqmifawGu tMudrfMudrfawmif;yefwJhtwGuf 'D&[ef;udk,fpm;vS,fawGudk tawGUcHvkdufwmjzpfw,f? 'Dqkd&S,fvpfudk,fpm;vS,fawGeJY 'D&[ef;udk,fpm;vS,fawG awGUqHkaqG;aEG;&&if tJ'D&[ef;udk,fpm;vS,fawGu olwkdU &JU uefUuGufcsufudk jyefvnf&kyfodrf;csifvnf; &kyfodrf;oGm;r,f? 'Dvkd r&kyfodrf;&ifvnf; 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Eka&m olwkdUyg vufcHEdkifwJh tpDtpOftckckudk vkyfay;Ekdifw,f? 'gayrJh 'g[m vlrsm;pku vleJpkudk oufouf tEkdifusifhwmbJ,lqNyD; tifrwef pdwfqdk;aewJh twGuf 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ek[m tJ'Djy?em tckajymcJhovdk rajz&Sif;csifbl;? 'DvkdudwfprsKd;rSm jzpfay:aeus olUnmOfqdk;twkdif; ajz&Sif;bkdU oH"dXmefcsxm;w,f? tJ'gaMumifh wevFmaeUwdkif;usif;yaeus 0efMuD;rsm; tpnf;ta0;rSm &[ef;udk,fpm;vS,f oHk;yg;vmwJhtaMumif; ajym&kHomajymjyw,f? 'Dudwfpudk

csraqG;aEG;bJ ynma&;0efMuD;bufvSnfhNyD; ausmif;awGrSm b,fbmoma&;rs face=WinKalaw rovifayapeJ@awmh? face=WinKalaw trdef@xkwfvkdufvkd@ 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Eku trdefUay;vkdufw,f? ynma&;0efMuD;[m qifjcifwHkw&m;&dSwJholqkdawmh 0efMuD;csKyfajymwJUtwkdif; csufcsif; trdefUrxkwfao;bJ cPavmuf qdkif;xm;w,f? aemufwywf 0efMuD;rsm; tpnf;ta0;usawmU [dkaeUu ajymwJh trdefUudk xkwfNyD;NyDvm;vkdU 0efMuD;csKyfu ynma&;0efMuD;udk vSrf;ar;w,f? uRefawmf xkwfvkdufyghr,fvkdU ynma&;0efMuD;uajzw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfvJ odyfpdwfqkd;NyD; uRefawmfckdif;wJhtvkyfudk 'DvkdqGJxm;wm rMudKufbl;? 'DuaeU&kH;udkjyefa&mufa&mufcsif; yxrqHk;tvkyftaeeJU 'DtrdefUudk xkwfay;vkdufyg? 'guRefawmfhtrdefUbJvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfu a'goeJUajymw,f? 'DtrdefUudkxkwfay;vkdufNyDqdk wJh owif;[m owif;pmawGxJrSmygvmwJhtcg vla&m&Sifyg wcgwnf; tHkMuGvmw,f? 0efMuD;csKyf[m 'DudwfpeJU ywfoufNyD; jynfolvlxkudk b,fvdkrS &Sif;rjybl;? olwkdjzKwfcsvdkuf&ifvJ &mxl;u jyKwfus&kHayghuGmvkdU ol[molajymNyD; 'Dudwfpudk ZGwfw&Gwf vspfvsL&Ixm;vkdufw,f? aemufav;ig;&ufMum&if arjrKdUu ppfwufuodkvfrSm 0efMuD;csKyf[m rdefUcGef;ajym&r,f? tJ'Dawmh arNrdKUudkrwufcif ref;'av;rSm &[ef;awmfawGudk avQmufxm;csifw,f? oifhawmfrJhae&mwckckrSm yifhxm;ygvkdU oufqdkif&mt&m&dSawGudk 0efMuD;csKyf nGefMum;vdkufw,f? trdefUxkwfvdkufwJhudwfpudk &Sif;vif;avQmufxm;rSmbJvkdU ,HkMunfNyD; yifhxm;wJhae&mudk &[ef;awmfawG tawmfrsm;rsm;MuGvmMuw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m a&mufvmwmeJU wjydKifeuf toifha&;,lvmwJh avQmufxm;csufudkzwfw,f? 'DavQmufxm;csufxJrSm ta&;MuD;qHk;tcsufuawmh wjcm;r[kwfbl;? ol[m &[ef;awmfawGudk tpOfxm0& ajcawmfOD;cdkuf&dScdk;aewJh olwa,mufyg? tJ'Dvkd vlrsKd;usawmh &[ef;awmfawG[m jcaoFha[mufoHeJY a[mufNyD; odyftEkdifusifhw,f? &[ef;awmfawGrSm 0denf;awmftwkdif; raebJ tusifhazmufjyefaewJh &[ef;qdk;awGusawmh tJ'DtEkdifusifhwJh &[ef;awG[m bmrS rajym&bl;? ol[m tEkdifusifhvm&if b,folubJ tEkdifusifhusifh iHkUrcHbl;? tJ'ga=umifh xkwfxm;wJh trdefUudk b,fenf;eJUrS jyefNyD; r&kwfodrf;Ekdifbl;qdkwJh tcsufbJjzpfw,f? arQmfvifhxm;wmuwrsKd; Mum;&wmuwrsKd;jzpfaewJhtwGuf &[ef;y&dwfowfwckvHk;[m vIyfvIyf&G&GjzpfoGm;w,f? avQmufNyD;wmeJU

wjydKifeuf tJ'DavQmufxm;csufpm&Gufudk olwkdUay;bkdU owif;axmufawGu awmif;w,f? nmPftajrmftjrif&dSwJh wdkif;rif;MuD;u twif;0ifwm;wJUtwGuf 0efMuD;csKyf[m avQmufxm;csufudk ay;rvdkUvkyfNyD;rS cPavmufqdkif;oGm;w,f? 'gayrJh bmudkpOf;pm;rdvkdU vnf;rqdkEdkifbl;? wdkif;rif;MuD;wm;aewJh txJu ,loGm;qdkNyD; owif;axmufawGudk avQmufxm;csuf pm&Gufay;vkdufw,f? wkdif;rif;MuD;uvnf; 'kwd,tMudrf twif;0ifwm;NyD; 0efMuD;csKyf 'DavQmufxm;csuf owif;pmawGxJrSm ygvm&if ref;'av;NrdKUudk uRefawmfxdef;vkdU&rSm r[kwfbl;vkdU tpD&ifcHw,f? tJ'gaMumifh OD;Ek[m avQmufxm;csuf ray;awmhbJ jyefodrf;xm;vkdufw,f? avQmufxm;csufpm&Gufudk r&aywJh bmawGudkavQmufw,fqdkwm owif;axmufawGMum;NyD;MuNyD? &[ef;awmfawGvnf; Mum;NyD;ukefMuNyD? tJ'gaMumifh avQmufxm;csufrSm bmawGjzpfw,f? bmawGavQmufxm;w,fqkdwJh owif;[m awmrD;yrm ref;'av;wjrdKUvHk;udk w&dSefxdk; jyefUxGufoGm;w,f? ref;'av;urS &efukef? &efukefurS wEkdifiHvHk; jyefUxGufoGm;NyD; avQmufxm;yGJrjzpfcifu OD;EkudkaxmufcHcJhwJh &[ef;&SifvlU raxmufcHonfhwkdifatmif Mum;aecJhwJh &[ef;&Sifvl y&dwfowf[m OD;Ekudk qefUusifvmMuw,f? OD;Ek[m arNrdKUppfwufuodkvfrSm rdefUcGef;ajymNyd; &efukefudk csufcsif; rjyefao;bl;? ref;'av;u {&m0wDjrpftwkdif; &efukefudk oabFmeJUpkefqif;vmw,f? we*FaEG wywfavmufMumw,f? olpD;vmwJh oabFm[m &efukefoabFmqdyfudk uyfNyD;wmeJU wNykdifeuf toifhapmifhaewJh twGif;0efwOD;u rlqvifacgif;aqmifawGawGUcsifwJhtaMumif;? jzpfEdkif&if tJ'DaeUrSmbJ awGUcsifwJhtaMumif; tpD&ifcHw,f? tJ'DtwGif;0efeJU oabFmqdyfrSmvmMudKaeMuwJh 0efMuD;awGqDu &[ef;tawmfrsm;rsm;eJU jynfolvlxk[m tawmftHkMuGaew,f? Ak'f"bmom0ifawGeJU rlqvifawG&JU t"du&kPf;[m tcsdefra&G;jzpfay:vmEdkifw,fqkdwJh taMumif;awGudk 0efMuD;csKyfOD;EkMum;&w,f? 0efMuD;wOD;uqkd&if trdefUxkwfol[m OD;EkjzpfaevdkUbJ tjcm;wOD;OD;omqdk&if t"du&kPf;wckckjzpfNyD;wm MumNyDvkdUawmif 0efMuD;csKyfudk ajymw,f? tJ'gaMumifh tJ'DaeUnrSmbJ rlqvif acgif;aqmifawGeJUawGUbkdU 0efMuD;csKyf tcsdef;ckdif;vkdufw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfeJU awGUwJhtcg tJ'Drlqvifacgif;aqmifawGu 0efMuD;csKyfa& uRefawmfwkdUawmh 0efMuD;csKyf &efukefjyefta&mufudkbJ wxdwfxdwfeJUarQmfae&wmbJvdkUtpcsDvkdufw,f? (bmjzpfvkdU wxdwfxdwf jzpfae&wmvJ

t"du&kPf;jzpfrSm uRefawmfwkdUodyfaMumufaew,f? rlqvifawG tawmfrsm;rsm;[m qef? qD? i&kwfoD;? MuufoGefawGudk 0,fNyD; tdrfxJrSm odrf;awmifxm;ukefMuNyD? cifAsm;wkdUeJU b,fvkdqkdifovJ? trdefUxkwfwJhol[m uRefawmfbJ? tJ'Dawmh tJ'DtrdefUxkwfwm rMudKufwJholawG uRefawmfhudk &ef&Sm&rSmbJ? cifAsm;wkdUeJU bmt"du&kPf;jzpfp&m&dSovJ? trdefUudk 0efMuD;csKyfxkwfw,fqkdwm rSefygw,f? 'gayrJh uRefawmfwkdUu awmif;qdkwJhtwGuf 0ef}uD;csKyfu 'DtrdefUudk xkwfay;&w,fvkdU t&yfxJrSm aumv[Vjzpfaew,f? tJ'gaMumifh bkef;MuD;awGeJUvlxk[m uRefawmfwkdUrlqvifawGudk odyfNyD; &efNidK;MuD;aew,f? 'g[mrcufygbl;? reufjzefcgus&if owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJvkyfNyD; 'DtrdefUeJU rlqvifeJU bmrSrqdkifbl;? uRefawmfhoabmeJU uRefawmf[m uRefawmfqHk;jzwfNyD; xkwfvkdufw,fqkdwm uRefawmf&Sif;jyr,f? rvkyfygeJU 0efMuD;csKyf&,f/ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJvnf; u,fEkdifrSmr[kwfawmhygbl;? aumv[VawGu tvGeftuRHawG jzpfukefNyD? 'DtxJ vkcsif&dkufcsifwJhvlawGu t"du&kPf; rjzpfjzpfatmif trsKd;rsKd; zefwD;ay;aew,f? 'DuaeU aeUvnfubJ uRefawmfwkdU&JUvrf;xJudk bkef;MuD;awGeJUvlwpk0ifvmNyD; 'D0ufom;pm; ratvdk;awG aumif;aumif;owdxm;? tm;vHk;romjzpfukefr,fvdkU tMumNuD;atmfus,f[pfus,f qJoGm;Muao;w,f? 'Dvkdqkd&if uRefawmfbmvkyfay;&rvJ 0efMuD;csKyfxkwfxm;wJhtrdefUudk jyef&kyfodrf;ay;yg? aemufNyD;awmh bkef;MuD;awGawmif;qdkwJhtwkdif; vkyfay;yg? pmoifausmif;awGrSm uRefawmfwkdU rlqvifawG bmoma&; roif&vkdU udwfpr&dSygbl;? uRefawmfwkdU[m uRefawmfwkdU tpDtpOfawG vkyf,lyghr,f? rlqvifacgif;aqmifawG jyefoGm;wJhtcg OD;Ek[m wa,mufxJxkdifNyD; pOf;pm;aew,f? bkef;MuD;awG tMurf;zufvm&if tpkd;&taeeJU vufydkufMunfhaeEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;? oifhawmfovkd ta&;,l&vdrfhr,f? ypfbkdUcwfbdkUvdkvm&if ypf&cwf&awmhr,fvkdU awG;rdNyD; t"du&kPf;jzpfrSmudk OD;EktawmfaMumufvmw,f? 'gayrJh 'DudwfprSm bkef;MuD;wcsKdU[m vleJpkawGudk oufouftEkdifusifhwmbJ qdkwJh tcsufukdawG;rdjyefNyD; avQmhay;bkdUqkdwmudk rpOf;pm;Ekdifatmif jzpfaew,f? tJ'gaMumifh bmrS rqHk;jzwfao;bJ t"du&kPf; rjzpfatmif txl;MudK;pm;zkdU oufqkdif&mt&m&dSawGudk nTefMum;NyD; OD;Ek[m y&dwf&Gwf&atmif bk&m;crf;xJ0ifoGm;w,f?

tJ'DnrSm wnvHk; OD;Ekaumif;aumif;tdyfvkdU r&bl;? 'kwd,urmppfrjzpfcifu a&TzDa&;wJh pmtkyfwtkyfaMumifh Ak'f"bmom-rlqvif t"du&kPf;jzpfcJhwmudk OD;Ekrarhao;bl;? olUrsufpdatmufrSm rlqvifwOD;u bkef;MuD;wyg;udk 'g;eJUckwfwm oljyefowd&w,f? tJ'Dwkef;u ESpfzufpvHk;rSm taotaysmuftawmfrsm;w,fqdkwmudkvnf; olrSwfrdaew,f? tcktcg t"du&kPf;jzpf&if a&TzDt"du&kPf;xufydkqdk;r,fqkdwmudkvnf; OD;EkawG;rdw,f? NrdKU0efrif;apmifrrS axmifus&w,fqdkwJhpum;vkd 0efMuD;csKyf apmifrcgrS rlqvifawGaoG;xGufoH,kd jzpf&w,fqkdwJhpum;[m O'gef;wGifNyD; usef&pfrSmudkvnf; OD;Ektrsm;BuD; pdk;&drfaew,f? tJ'gaMumifh trdefUudk jyef&kyfodrf;r,f? &[ef;ukd,fpm;vS,fawGawmif;qdkcsufudk vufcHr,fvdkU OD;Ek[m a&'D,kdu ausnmNyD; tnHhcHvdkuf&w,f? (7) oltifrwef pdwf0ifpm;aewJh Ak'f"bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmom vkyfwJhtcgrSmawmif tjcm; bmom0ifawGudk 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m rarhbl;? vTwfawmfxJrSm olUudkaxmufcHwJh trwfOD;a&[m oHk;yHkESpfyHkausmfaew,f? twkduftcHtrwfawGxJrSmawmif vlrsm;pk[m Ak'f"bmomukd EkdifiHawmfbmom vkyfwJh Oya'Murf;udk axmufcHr,f? tJ'Dawmh 'DAk'f"bmomudk EkdifiHawmfbmomvkyfwJh Oya'Murf;[m vG,fvG,fav;eJU Oya'jzpfvmEdkifw,f? 'gayrJh vleJpk&JU qef'udk tpOfav;pm;vdkwJh OD;Ek[m 'DOya'udk vG,fvG,frvkyfvkdufbl;? a&S;OD;pGm pHkprf;a&;tzGJUwckudk zGJUpnf;ay;w,f? tJ'DtzGJU[m wEdkifiHvHk;udk vSnfhNyD; bmomtoD;oD;u acgif;aqmifawG&JU oabmxm;udk pHkprf;&w,f tJ'Dvkd vSnfhNyD;pHkprf;wJhtcg ucsifjynfe,f&JUjrdKUawmf jrpfMuD;em;NrdKUrSmbJ c&pf,mef wcsKdUu tMurf;zufNyD; qef'jy wm udk pHkprf;a&;tzGJU0ifawGawGUcJh&w,f? wjcm;ae&mtm;vHk;rSm pHkprf;a&;[m at;at;csrf;csrf; NyD;oGm;w,f? 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek udk,fwkdifvnf; rlqvif? c&pf,mef? [dELacgif;aqmifawGeJU &efukefrSmawGUw,f? uefUuGufolrsm;u Ak'f"bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmomrvkyfygeJUvdkUom uefUuGufMuw,f? Ak'f"bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmomvkyfrJh Oya'Murf;xJrSm olwkdU&JUtcGifhta&;awGudk xdckdufepfemaprJh tcsufawG rygwJhtwGuf b,folurS Oya'Murf;udk ruefUuGufMubl;? Oya'Murf;xJrSm 'Dvkd xdckdufepfemapEkdifwJh tcsufawGudk xnfhvkdUr&bl;? zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'&JU yk'fr (21)yk'fri,f (3)rSm EkdifiHawmfonf bmoma&;qkdif&m udk;uG,frIudkaomfvnf;aumif;? ,HkMunfrIudkaomfvnf;aumif;? taMumif;jyK a&GU rnfolUudkrQ oufqkdif&m tcGifhta&; csKdUiJhapjcif;? cGJjcm;jcif;udk rjyK&vdkU twdtvif; azmfjyxm;w,f?

oltifrwefvkdcsifaewJh trsKd;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&; tkwfjrpfudk wnfaqmufwJhae&mrSm tckajymcJhwJh yk'fr (21) yk'fri,f (3)rSmazmfjyxm;wJh tajccH Oya'udkvnf; tkyfcsyfwcsyftjzpfeJU toHk;jyK&rSmjzpfwJhtwGuf 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ek[m 'DtajccHOya'udk b,fenf;eJUrS jyifypfrSmr[kwfbl;? Oya'Murf;xJrSm 'Dvkd xdckdufepfemapEdkifwJh tcsufawG ryg&kHomru ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; tpdk;&u xkwfay;rJh bmoma&;axmufyHhaMu;aiGudk vlOD;a&tvkduf cGJa0ay;&r,fvkdUawmif azmfjyxm;w,f? tJ'gaMumifh Oya'Murf;udk b,folurS ruefUuGufMuwmygbJ? tckvdk bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;eJU aqG;aEG;Mu&if; c&pf,mefacgif;aqmifwcsKdUu tajccH Oya' yk'fr (20)rSm rdrdwkdU ,HkMunf&mbmomudk vGwfvyfpGm,lqEkdifcGifh? vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,fEdkifcGifhawGudkom azmfjyxm;wmawG@&w,f? vGwfvyfpGma[majymEkdifcGifhudk azmfjyxm;wm rawGU&bl;? tJ'DvGwfvyfpGma[majymEkdifcGifhudkvnf; tajccHOya' yk'fr (20)xJrSm xnfhay;ygvdkU awmif;qdkMuw,f? tajccHOya' yk'fr 17(u)rSm rdrdwkdU ,HkMunfcsuf? xifjrifcsufwkdUudk EkdifiHom;rsm;onf vGyfvyfpGm xkwfazmfajymqkdEdkif&rnfhvkdU twdtvif;azmfjyxm;w,f? 'D[meJUbJ vHkavmufygNyD? 'gayrJh c&pf,mefacgif;aqmifrsm;u av;av;eufeuf awmif;qdkwJhtwGuf olwkdU&JU tvkdudk vkdufavsmwJhtaeeJU olwkdUvdkcsifwJhtwkdif; tajccHOya' yk'fr (20)rSm vGwfvyfpGma[majymcGifhudk xnfhay;r,fvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Eku uwd?yvkdufw,f? 'DvkduwdjyKvdkufwJhowif;[m owif;pmawGxJrSm ygvmwJhtcg &[ef;awmfawG tawmftHkMuGvmw,f? 'Dudk,fawmfawGu usif;yaeqJ vTwfawmfrSm tJ'Djyifqifcsufudk rwifoGif;&bl;? pHkprf;a&;aumfr&Sif wckudkcefUNyD; 'DjyifqifcsufwifoGif;oifh-roifhqdkwmudk pHk;prf;&r,fvkdUawmif;qkdw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ekuvnf; Ak'f"bmomudk EkdifiHawmfbmomvkyfwJh Oya'Murf;udk usif;yqJvTwfawmfrSm twnfjyKNyD; OD;Ekrzsufcsifbl;? tJ'gaMumifh 'Djyifqifcsufudk vTwfawmfrSm wifoGif;wJhtcg &[ef;awmfawG qef'jyMuw,f? udk,fawmfawG&JU tpDtpOfawGxJrSm trwfawG vTwfawmfrwufEkdifatmif oydwfwm;rJh tpDtpOfygaewJhtwGuf 'Djyifqifcsufudk wifoGif;wJhaeUrSm vTwfawmfESifh rdkif0ufavmuftwGif;udk &[ef;awmfawG rvmEdkifatmif tapmifhta&SmufawG txyfxyf csxm;&w,f? 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ekawmif tJ'DaeUu bkef;MuD;awG rodatmif vQKdU0SufNyD; vTwfawmfudk vm&w,f? jyifqifcsufudk twnfjyKNyD; oHk;&ufavmufMumwJhtcg ucsifjynfe,f

OufuXa[mif; 'l;0g;aZmfvGef;[m 0efMuD;csKyfeJUvmawGUw,f? Ak'f"bmomudk EkdifiHawmfbmom vkyfwkef;u raMueyfvdkU uRefawmfwkdU vTwfawmftjyifrSma&m twGif;rSma&m tjyif;txef uefUuGufcJhwm 0efMuD;csKyftodbJ? tckjyifqifcsufudk twnfjyKay;wJhtwGuf 'DraMueyfrIawG[m r&dSawmhbl;? 0rf;omygw,f 'l;0g;aZmfvGef;? rMumcif jrpfMuD;em;rSm c&pf,mef nDvmcH wckvkyfzkdU uRefawmfwkdU qHk;jzwfvkdufw,f? tJ'DnDvmcHrSm Ak'f"bmomudk EkdifiHawmfbmomvkyfwJhtwGuf c&pf,mefawGtzkdU aMumufp&mr&dSbl;? bmoma&;jyifqifcsuf[m uRefawmfwkdU c&pf,mefawGtwGuf tifrwefckdifvHkwJhtumtuG,f jzpfw,fqdkwJhtcsufawGudk uRefawmf&Sif;jyr,f? aemufNyD;awmh 'Djyifqifcsufudk uRefawmfwkdUc&pf,mefawG axmufcHwJhtaMumif; qHk;jzwfcsufcsr,f? aumif;ygw,f? tJ'Dbmoma&;nDvmcHudk 0efMuD;csKyfwufEkdifrvm;? wufEkdifygw,f? tJ'DnDvmcHwufzkdUtwGuf 0efMuD;csKyf jrpfMuD;em;udk a&mufvmwJhtcg a&S;OD;pGm wyfrif;AdkvfrSL;MuD; vGef;wif? c&dkif0efESifh c&kdif&J0efwkdU[m ucsifjynfe,ftajctaeudk &Sif;jyzkdUtwGuf 0efMuD;csKyfeJUawGUMuw,f? Ak'f"bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmomvkyfwJh tcgwkef;u ucsifc&pf,mefawG tpkd;&udk trsm;MuD;txifvGJaew,f? uRefawmfwkdU b,fvkdrS&Sif;jyvkdUr&bl;? bmoma&;jyifqifcsufudk twnfjyKyD;awmhrS olwkdUaMueyfMuw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfawGUr,fqkd&if ucsif c&pf,mefacgif;aqmifawGudk uRefawmfac:vmygr,f? ac:cJhyg? awGUcsifw,f? ucsifc&pf,mefacgif;aqmifawG a&mufvmwJhtcg Ak'f"bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmom vkyfwkef;u olwkdUrSm jyif;jyif;xefxefMuD; jzpfay:aewJh trsufa'goawG txifvGJrSm;rIawG oHo,pdwfawG[m uif;pif vGifhaysmufukefMuNyD; tifrwefaMueyfaewm MunfMunfvifvifjzpfaewmawGudk 0efMuD;csKyfawGU&w,f? tcef; (26) 1948 eJU 1949ckESpftwGif; olykef&efawG ywfywfvnf0dkif;aewJh Mum;xJu 0efMuD;csKyf[m olwwfEkdifoavmuf c&D;xGufaewmbJ? a&muf&mt&yfwkdif;rSm jynfolvlxkeJU awGUwJhtcg tpdk;&taeeJU bmawGudk vkyfay;EkdifovJ? bmawG tvdk&dSovJvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfuar;avh&dSw,f? 'Dvkdar;wJh tcgwdkfif;

wjcm;[mawGxuf rlvwef;ausmif;eJU q&m0efudk rysufruGufawmif;avh&dSw,f? tJ'Dvkdawmif;wkdif; 0efMuD;csKyf[m oleJUygvmwJhtwGif;0efudk 'Dawmif;qdkcsufawG rSwf,lcJh? &efukefa&muf&if oufqkdif&m0efMuD;XmeawGqDrSm awmif;ay;vkdufvdkU trdefUay;avh&dSw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu olykefawG &efaMumifh 0efMuD;csKyfrSm aomuawGodyfrsm;aew,f? tJ'gaMumifh ausmif;eJUq&m0efudk awmif;MuwJholawG[m twGif;0efudk trdefUay;xm;wJhtwdkif; &Muavovm;? r&Mubl;vm;qkdwmudk olrpHkprf;Ekdifbl;? &efukefudk jyefa&mufwmeJU tJ'gawGudkoltukefarhwmbJ? 1950-tpavmufrSm olykef&ef[m tawmfav; at;oGm;NyD? tJ'Dtcsdefola&mufwJhae&mawGrSm 'Drlvwef;ausmif;eJU q&m0efawGudkbJ xyfawmif;MuwmbJ? tJ'DtcgrSmawmh aomuawG eJeJat;oGm;NyDxifyg&JU? &efukefudk jyefa&mufa&mufcsif; ynma&;0efMuD;? olUtwGif;0efeJU nTefMum;a&;0efudk ac:NyD;? e,fawGrSm bmjzpfvkdU rlvwef;ausmif; rzGifhao;ovJvkdU ar;w,f? q&mawGr&dSvkdU rlvwef;ausmif; rzGifhEkdifbl;vkdU ynma&;Xmeuajzw,f? (aus;&Gmtxd wEdkifiHvHk;twGuf rlvwef;ausmif;q&mawG b,favmufvdkrvJ?) (waomif;ausmfvkdr,f?) ('Dq&mawGudkarG;xkwfay;bkdU q&mjzpfoifwef;ausmif;awG? b,favmufzGifhNyD;NyDvJ?) (&efukef? ref;'av;? rdwfxDvm? armfvNrdKif? ykodrfeJU ausmufjzLrSm zGifhNyD;ygNyD?) (q&mjzpfatmif b,fESpfESpf oif&ovJ?) (wESpf) (tJ'Dausmif;awGu wESpfudk rlvwef;ausmif;q&mawG b,favmuf&rvJ?) (waxmifausmfavmuf &p&m taMumif;&dSygw,f?) ('Dvdkqdk&if rlvwef;ausmif;q&m waomif;avmuf &bkdU (10)ESpfapmifh&rSmbJ odyfMumw,f? 'DtpDtpOfudk uRefawmfrMudKufbl;? q&mjzpfoifwef;ausmif;awG ESpfq oHk;qwkd;NyD; zGifhray;Ekdifbl;vm;? vkdoavmufaiGudk uRefawmfxkwfay;r,f?) ('Dausmif;awGrSm q&mvkyfbdkU vlr&dSbl;?) ('Dq&m waomif;ausmfudk jrefjrefvkdcsifw,f? wenf;r[kwf aemufwenf;eJU&atmif MudK;pm;ay;yg? uRefawmfuawmh cifAsm;wkdUvkd ynma&;yg&*l r[kwfbl;? 'Djy?emudk ajz&Sif;wJhae&mrSm uRefawmfhtaeeJUuawmh vkdwJhaiGeJU tmPmudk xkwfay;&kHbJ wwfEdkifr,f? cifAsm;wkdU MudK;pm;ygtHk;? vG,fvG,feJUavQmhray;vdkufygeJU)

([kwfuJh MuKd;pm;ygr,f) usef;rma&;0efMuD;? twGif;0efeJU nTefMum;a&;0efawGudk awGUwJhtcgrSmvnf; 0efMuD;csKyfu bmjzpfvkdU e,faq;&kHawGudk q&m0efawG rykdUao;ovJvkdU ar;w,f? q&m0efawGr&dSvdkU 'Dyk*dKvfawGuajzw,f? (wEdkifiHvHk;twGuf q&m0efawG b,favmufvdkrvJ) (tckavmavmq,ftwGuf q&m0ef oHk;&mavmufvkdr,f) (aq;aumvdyfu wESpfrSm q&m0efb,favmufxGufovJ) (av;q,favmufxGufw,f) (0efMuD;csKyf[moufjyif;csvkdufw,f) aq;aumvdyfu q&m0efawG xkwfay;EdkifwJhtxd apmifhraeEdkifbl;? tdEd,eJU ygupfpwefu q&m0efawGudk csufjcif;oGm;iSm;acs? q&m0efawGr&dSbJ aq;&kHawG[m a[mif;avmif;MuD;jzpfaewm usufoa&r&dSbl;? q&m0efawGudk tdEd,eJUygupfpwefu cyfjrefjrefiSm;NyD; e,fawGudk csufjcif;ydkUvkdufyg? ([kwfuJh) (aq;aumvdyftopfwck aemufxyf zGifhray;Ekdifbl;vm;) (oufqdkif&myk*dKvfawGeJU wkdifyifNyD; taMumif;jyefyghr,f) (q,fwef;atmifNyD;&if q&m0efjzpfatmif b,fESpfESpfoif&ovJ) (7-ESpf) (rsm;w,f? (5)ESpftxdavQmhcsvdkU r&bl;vm;) (oufqkd&myk*dKvfawGeJU wkdifyifNyD; taMumif;jyefyghr,f) aemuf&ufteJi,fMumwJhtcg ref;'av;rSm aq;aumvdyf wausmif;zGifhEkdifr,fvkdU oufqdkif&mwkdUu taMumif;jyefw,f? (7)ESpfu (5)ESpftxdavQmhcsbdkU udwfprSmawmh q&m0efMuD;awG jyif;jyif;xefxefuefUuGufMuw,f? q&m0eftwwfudk ig;ESpfxJoifvmwJh q&m0efwa,muf[m vlrrmawGudk trsm;MuD; owfypfvdrfhr,fvkdU tJ'Dq&m0efMuD;awGu taMumif;jyMuw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ekvnf; avQmhray;bl;? 'Dudwfpudk jyefNyD;pOf;pm;ygtHk;vkdY q&m0efMuD;awGudk arwm&yfcHw,f? 'kwd,tMudrfrSmawmh q&m0efMuD;awGu 0efMuD;csKyf&JUtvkdudkvdkufavQmwJhtaeeJU (8)wef;? (9)wef;? (10)wef;rSm olwkdUjyXmef;wJh aq;ynmawGudk tpdk;&uoifMum;ay;bkdU wm0ef,l&if (7)ESpfu (6)ESpftxd wESpfavQmhay;r,fvkdU tqkdjyKMuw,f? 'Dtqkdudk 0efMuD;csKyfvufcHvdkufw,f? tJ'Daemuf olwdkUajymwJhtwkdif; oifay;wJhtjyif pmoifausmif;awGrSm q&m0efavmif;uav;awGtwGuf pwkdifyifawG wkd;ay;vdkufw,f?

OD;Ek[m'DavmufeJU raMueyfao;bl;? aq;aumvdyfawGu atmifvmwJh trfbDbDtufpfq&m0efawG[m NrdKUawGrSmbJaeMurSmbJ? NrdKUawGrSm q&m0efawGaygvmNyD; olwkdUtwGuf tvkyfvkyfp&m r&dSawmhrS 'Dq&m0efawG[m &GmawGudkoGm;MurSm? tJ'DvdktajctaersKd;jzpfay:vmatmif ESpfaygif; (20)avmufapmifh&r,f? 'DavmufMumatmifOD;Ek rapmifhcsifbl;? aus;&GmawGu &Gmol&Gmom;awG[m odyfoem;p&maumif;w,f? wcsKdUuaeraumif;&if MuufowfNyD; ,ZfewfylaZmfMuw,f? wcsKdUu aA'ifar;NyD; ,MwmacsMuw,f? wcsKdUusawmh jrefrmaq;ynmudk ususee oifxm;wmr[kwfbJ aq;rD;wkd av;ig;vufeJU aq;q&mvkyfaewJh wwfa,mifum;awG vufwJhprf;wmudk cHaeMu&w,f? &GmxJrSm yvdyfa&m*g? 0rf;a&m*g?ausmufa&m*gqdkwJh a&m*gqdk;awGjzpf&if &GmxJudk bDvl;awG0ifw,fqkdNyD; awmxkwfMuw,f? awmxkwfw,fqdkwm wjcm;r[kwfbl;? bDvl;awGaMumufNyD; &GmxJuxGufajy;atmif oHykef;wdkU oHjym;wkdUudk qlqlnHnHwD;MuwmygbJ? tJ'D&Gmol&Gmom;awGudk olwkdU&JU vuf&dSb0u u,fwifay;bkdUtwGuf 'Daus;&GmawGudk jzpfEdkif&if trfbDbDtufpf q&m0efawG ydkUay;csifw,f? rjzpfEkdif&if q&m0efr&dSbl;qdkNyD; vufydkufMunfh raecsifbl;? acwfrDS usef;rma&; A[kokweJU vufawGUusef;rma&;ynm teJtusOf;&dSwJh yk*dKvfawGudk ydkUay;csifw,f? tJ'Dvkd yk*dKvfrsKd;awG&atmif v,fvdkvkyf&yghrvJ qdkwmudk pOf;pm;wJhtc g 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m &Sr;fjynfajrmufydkif; erfhcrf;NrdKUrSm aq;&kHwckzGifhxm;wJh tar&duef q&m0ef qD;*a&Uudk oGm;owd&w,f? olUrSm a,musFm;aq;rSL;awG? rdef;raq;rSL;awG trsm;MuD;&dSw,f? tJ'Daq;rSL;awG[m aq;&kHvmwJh twGif;vlem tjyif vlemawGudkvnf; aq;ukoay;w,f? &yfa0;rSm&dSwJh aus;&GmawGudkac:&ifvnf; vdkufukoay;w,f? olwkd[m ESmap;? acsmif;qdk;? tat;rd? iSufzsm;? 0rf;azm0rf;a,mif? 0rf;udkuf tp&dSwJh a&m*gtao;tzGJav;awGudk acwfrSDaq;awGeJU ukoay;Edkifw,f? tao;tzGJ tzktusdwfudk cGJpdwfay;Edkifw,f? tom;wGif;udk xdk;ay;Edkifw,f? udk,f0efawmif rdef;rawGudk rD;zGm;ay;Ekdifw,f? MuD;us,fwJh a&m*gqdk&if a'gufwmqD;*a&UeJU vufaxmuf q&m0efawGukobdkUtwGuf aq;&kHudk olwkdUac:vmw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m 'DtaMumif;awGudk Mum;&wmMumNyD? tifrwef oabmusaewJhtwGuf wkdifyif&atmif &efukefudk cPvmygvdkU 0efMuD;csKyfu a'gufwmqD;*a&Uudk rSmvdkufw,f? a'gufwmqD;*a&U a&mufvmwJhtcg 'Daq;rSL;rsKd;awGudk olvkdcsifw,f? aq;rSL;wa,mufjzpfatmif tMumqHk;b,favmuftxd oifay;&rvJvkdU OD;Ekuar;w,f?

tvGefqHk;ajcmufvtwGif; jzpfEkdifw,fvkdU a'gufwmqD;*a&Uuajzw,f? ynmt&nftcsif; teJqHk;b,favmufvkdrvJvdkU OD;Ekuqufar;wJhtcg odyfrvdkygbl;? a&;wwf&ifvHkavmufNyD? wcsKdUusawmh pmroifzl;bl;? nmPf&dSw,f? 'DvkdrsKd;awGusawmh pmrwwf&ifaeygap? jzpfatmifoifay;Ekdifw,fvkdU a'gufwmqD;*a&Uu ajzw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfvnf; 'DpDrHudef;udk oabmuswmaMumifh olUq&m0efawGeJU a'gufwmqD;*a&Uudk qHkay;vkdufw,f? olUq&m0efMuD;awGu a'gufwmqD;*a&U&JU pDrHudef;udk vufrcHbl;? vlrrmawGudk 'Daq;rSL;awG trsm;MuD;owfypfvdrfhr,fvdkU a&S;wHk;uvdkbJ ajzMuwmbJ? a'gufwmqD;*a&U&JU pDrHudef;udk y,fypfvkdufwJhtwGuf 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m pdwfraumif;bl;? 'gayrJh olem;rvnfwJhudwfprSm olUq&m0efMuD;awG oabmrwlbJ ol ZGwfw&Gwf rvkyf&Jbl;? tJ'gaMumifh uJ-a'gufwmwkdU bmrSvkyfray;bJ &Gmol&Gmom;awG&JU 'kufcudk vufydkufMunfhaewmawmh raumif;bl;? a'gufwmqD;*a&U&JU pDrHudef;udk cifAsm;wkdU rMudKuf&if cifAsm;wkdUMudKufwJh pDrHudef;udk wifyg? &Gmol&Gmom;awGudk usef;rma&;eJU ywfoufNyD; wenf;enf;eJU ulnDEkdifrJhvlawGudk cyfjrefjrefydkUay;csifw,fvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfajymvkdufw,f? jy?emwckay:vm&if 'Djy?emudk vufydkufMunfhaewm 0efMuD;csKyf rMudKufbl;? olUrSm b,fvkd0goem&dSw,fqkdwm xif&Sm;atmif om"uav;(2)ckudk 'Dae&mrSm eJeJavmufazmfjycsifw,f? ol oHk;cGrSm q&mvkyfaewkef;u aeUvnfpmpm;bdkU tdrfjyefvmwJhtcg vlwa,muf[m aps;&JU vlpnfum;wJh ae&mem;rSm xkdifNyD;ao;aygufaew,f? 'Dvl[m wkefwkef&D&DjzpfaewJhtwGuf olUudkMunfh&wm t&ufrl;aeovdkbJ? tJ'gaMumifh a[haumif bmvkyfaewmvJvkdU q&mEku vSrf;aigufvkdufNyD; uefbdkUtwGuf olUtem;udk uyfoGm;w,f? uRefawmfvlrrmyg? qD;csKdqD;vGefjzpfaeygw,f? qD;oGm;csif&if tckvdkbJ atmifhxm;vkdUr&bl;vkdU tJ'Dvlu jyefajzwJhtcgusawmhrS q&mEk[m 'DvlUudk odyfoem;oGm;w,f? olaigufrdwJhtwGuf awmif;yefNyD; aq;&kHudk oludk,fwkdifvkdufydkUw,f? aq;&kHrSm q&m0efawGeJU awGUNyD; 'Dvlrrmudk tpGrf;ukefukyg? aq;bdk;0g;c ukefusoa&GU olay;ygr,fvkdU q&mEku q&m0efudk ajymw,f? 'Dvludk ukvdkUr&awmhbl;? olUa&m8g[m odyfuRrf;aeNyD? rMumcifaorSmbJ tJ'gaMumifh olUudkvmac:MubdkU olUaqGrsKd;awGudkawmif uRefawmftaMumif;Mum;NyD;NyDvkdU q&m0efuajzw,f? q&mEk[m olUtdrfudkjyefvm&if; 'DvlrrmtaMumif;udk pOf;pm;vmw,f? 'Dvl[m

rMumcifaor,fqdkvnf; aoEkdifwmbJ? wudk,fvHk;rSm t&kd;eJUoa&bJusefawmhw,f? tom;awGuvnf; jzLzwfjzLa&mfjzpfNyD; vrf;awmifaumif;aumif; ravQmufEkdifawmhbl;vkdU pOf;pm;aewkef; taemufEkdifiHrSm qD;csKdqD;vGefa&m*gukzkdUtwGuf aq;ray:ao;bl;? qD;csKdqD;vGefjzpf&if Armaq;eJUbJ uk&rSmvkdU aumvdyfausmif;rSmwkef;u olYoli,fcsif;wa,mufajymwmudk olajy;NyD; owd&w,f? tJ'gaMumifh vlrrm&JU aqGrsKd;awG[m vlrrmudkjyefac:bkdU a&mufvmwJhtcg 'DvlrMumcifaorSmbJvkdU ajymNyD; q&m0efwm;wmawmifr&bl;? 'Dvlrrmudk Armaq;eJU ukMunfhyg&apvkdU aqGrsKd;awGudk arwm&yfcHNyD; vlrrmudk olUtdrfac:vmcJhw,f? tdrfudk a&mufwmeJU wjydKifeuf vlrrm[m aygifrkefUeJU oMum;pm;csifw,fvdkU awmif;w,f? oMum;eJU rwJhbl;vkdU q&mEkuajymw,f? 'Dvlrrm[m wjcm;bmudkrS rpm;yg&apeJU 'DaygifrkefUeJU oMum;udkbJpm;yg&ap? 'gudk rpm;&&ifolaoygvdrfhr,fqdkwmeJU q&mEk[m 'Dvlrrmudk aygifrkefUeJUoMum;csufcsif;auR;&w,f? trSeftwdkif; ajym&&if aps;em;rSm ao;aygufaewJhaeUwkef;u 'Dvlrrm[m aygifrkefUeJU oMum;udk pm;csifvGef;wJhtwGuf aq;&kHu wdwfwdwfckd;xGufvmwm q&mEkeJUawGUwJhtcg 'Dvl[m aps;xJrSm aygifrkefUeJUoMum;udk w0MuD; pm;NyD;aeNyD? q&mEk[m owif;pmawGxJrSm qD;csKdqD;vGeftwGuf aMumfjimxm;wJh jrefrmaq;awGudk 0,fNyD; 'DvlrrmudkauR;w,f? 'Daq;awGeJU roufomwJhtcg vufydkufMunfhraebl;? oHk;cGNrdKUxJrSm vkdufNyD; pHkprf;w,f? qD;csKdqD;vGeftwGuf aq;rD;wkd wckckudk&&if 'Daq;udk y&aq;qkdifrSmcsufcsif;azmfNyD; olUvlrrmudkwkdufw,f? vlrrmroufomyHkay:&if aemufaq;rD;wdkwckudk&SmNyD; t&ifuvdkbJwkdufjyefw,f? 'DvkdpHkprf;&if;aemufoHk;vMumwJhtcg aq;rD;wkdESpfckudk xl;xl;qef;qef;oGm;awGw,f? wcku oHk;cGNrdKUtkwfuH0 jrefrmausmif;q&mMuD; OD;bdkvdyfqDu&w,f? 'Daq;[m qD;csKdqD;vGefeJU wkduf&dkufqkdifwJhaq;r[kwfbl;? rsufpda&m*gtwGuf aq;jzpfw,f? omrefrsufpda&m*gudk rqdkxm;eJU wdrfudkawmifaysmufatmifwwfEdkifw,f? 'Daq;udk rsufpdtwGif;aq;vkdU ac:w,f? qD;a&m*gaMumifhvnf; rsufpda&m*gjzpfEkdifw,f? tJ'Dawmh rsufpda&m*gaysmufw,fqdk&if qD;a&m*gvnf; aysmufEdkif&r,fvdkUq&mMuD; OD;bkdvdyfu &Sif;jywmaMumifh q&mEk[m olUvlrrmudk tJ'DrsufpdtwGif; aq;auR;w,f? aemufoHk;&ufMumwJhtcg q&mEk&JUtaz OD;pHxGef;[m oHk;cGudk tvnfa&mufvmw,f? qD;csKdqD;vGef[m tykikwfNyD;jzpfwJha&m*gbJ? udk,fwGif;rSm tylpifatmifvkyfEkdif&if 'Da&m*gaysmufr,fqdkNyD;

tylpifapwJhaq;rD;wkdwck olUom;q&mEkudkay;w,f? 'Daq;rSm aq;tr,f (6)rsKd;&dSwJhtwGuf ajcmufyg;aq;vkdUac:w,f? q&mEk[m tJ'Daq;udkvJ csufcsif;azmfNyD; tJ'Daq;udk reuftdyf,mx rsufpdtwGif;aq;udk ntdyf,m0if olUvlrrmukdrSefrSefwdkufw,f? q,f&ufavmuf
vlMuD;&Sifatmif vkyfay;&r,fvdkU q&mEku qufNyD;ajymwJhtcg 'Dvkdqkd&ifoHvsifu bDtkdpDaq;&kHudk ydkUay;vdkufyg? [dkrSm q&m0efaumif;awG trsm;MuD;&dSw,fvkdU tMuHay;w,f? 'DtMuHudk q&mEkMudKufw,f? tJ'gaMumifh vlrrmudkydkUbkdUtwGuf armfawmfum;wpif;udk iSm;&atmif NrdUxJudk q&mEkxGufvmw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm oHk;cGeJU oHvsifajy;aewJh armfawmfum;awG oHvsifujyefvmNyD; um;odrf;wJhtcsdefjzpfaew,f? aemufNyD;awmhoHvsif[m rdkif (30)avmufa0;w,f? vrf;uvJcsKdifhawGjzpfNyD; odyfMurf;w,f? tJ'gaMumifh q&mEku b,fuum;udkrS iSm;vkdUr&bl;? aemufqHk;rSm q&mEk[m olUtdrfem;u bwfpfum;ykdif&Sif wa,mufqDudkoGm;NyD; 'Drdef;r[m tifrwef'kufca&mufaewJhtwGuf oem;bdkUaumif;ygw,fqkdwmukd trsKd;rsKd;&Sif;jyw,f? olUbwfpfum;[m tiSm;vkdufr,fqdk&if olawmif;oavmufay;ygr,fvkdUvJ uwday;w,f? 'Dum;ukdiSm;vkdU&wJhtcg q&mEkudk,fwkdif tJ'DtrsKd;orD;udk bwfpfum;ay:0kdif;wifay;w,f? rxkdifEkdifwJhtwGuf bwfpfum;&JU Murf;jyifay:rSm tomvSJxm;&w,f? bwfpfum;xGufcgeD;rSm q&mEk[m '&kdifbmtem;ukduyfNyD; vlrrmu jrefjrefarmif;ygqdk&if jrefjrefarmif;ay;yg? jrefjrefarmif;wmudk rcHEkdifbl;qdk&if aES;aES;armif;ay;ygvdkU txyfxyfrSmvdkufw,f? n(10)em&D avmuf&dSwJhtcg vlrrmtrsKd;orD;&JU a,musFm;[m q&mEktdrfudka&mufvmNyD; q&ma& cav;arG;NyD? uRefawmfrdef;rvnf; oufomoGm;NyD;vkdU taMumif;Mum;w,f? oHvsifaq;&kHq&m0efawG awmfawmf *&kpkduf&JUvm;vkdU q&mEkuar;wJhtcg uRefawmfwkdU aq;&kHudkawmif ra&mufcJhbl;? vrf;rSm bwfpfum;aqmifhwmeJU oHvsifNrKdUt0ifrSm cav;[m tarh0rf;xJu olUtvdkvdkxGufvmw,fvdkU tJ'Dvlu 0rf;omtm;&eJU q&mEku ajymjyw,f? jy?emwckckay:vm&if vufydkufMunfhraebJ tckvdk wckr[kwf wckckudk vkyfay;&rS auseyfavh&dSwJh 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m usef;rma&;0efMuD;eJU olUXmeu tMuD;tuJawGudk rMumcif jyefcsdef;NyD; aus;&Gmusef;rma&;jyoemudk aqG;aEG;Mujyefw,f? tJ'DaqG;aEG;yGJrSmawmh tawmftqifajyw,f? (1) olwkdUjyXmef;ay;wJh pm&if;xJrSmygwJh a&m*gawGudkomukor,f? wjcm;a&m*gawGudk rukoygbl;qdk&if? (2) 'Dyk*dKvfawG atmifvmwJhtcg a'gufwmvdkUrc:bJ aq;rSL; (Health Assistants) awGvdkUomac:r,fqdk7if? (3) aq;rSL;awGudk oifMum;wJhESpf[m teJqHk; ESpfESpfxm;r,fqdk&if? (4) 'Daq;rSL;awG&JU ynmt&nftcsif;[m teJqHk; (10)wef;atmif&r,fvkdU owfrSwfay;&if? aq;rSL;oifwef;zGifhay;bdkU olwkdU oabmwlr,fvkdU usef;rma&;XmetaMuD;tuJawGu tqdk?yMuw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m tqdk(1)

(2) (3)eJU (4)udkcsufcsif;vufcHw,f? ESpftydkif;tjcm;qdkwJh tqkd (3)usawmh? ESpfESpfrsm;w,f? wESpfcGJtxd avQmhay;bdkU usef;rma&;XmetMuD;tuJawGudk OD;Ekarwm&yfcHw,f? usef;rma&;Xme tMuD;tuJawGu avQmhay;w,fxifw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek aumif;aumif; rrSwfrdawmhygbl;? tJ'Daemuf 'Daq;rSL;awG[m ESpfaygif;tawmfMumvmvdkU usifhom;&vm&if vpmrysufbJ olwkdU aq;aumvdyf wufEdkifatmif pDpOfay;vkdufygvdkU 0efMuD;csKyfu XmetMuD;tuJawGudk xyfqifh arwm&yfcHvdkufjyefao;w,f? tdEd,eJU ygupfpwefu q&m0efawG &oGm;MuwJhtwGuf 0efMuD;csKyf c&D;xGufwJhtcg e,fuvlawG[m q&m0efudk rawmif;Muawmhygbl;? 'gayrJh rlvwef;ausmif;udk awmif;MuwmawGuawmh a&S;xufydkvmw,f? aeUwaeUrSm 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ek[m NrJKdUwNrKdU&JUAdkvfwJrSm wa,mufwnf;xkdifNyD; rlvwef;ausmif; q&mwaomif;ausmf&&dSa&; jy?emudk pOf;pm;aewkefjAKef;ueJ tMuHwck&wmeJU odyf0rf;omoGm;w,f? &efukefudk jyefa&mufwmeJU wNydifeuf 0efMuD;csKyf[m ynma&;0efMuD;eJU ynma&;Xmeu tMud;tuJawGudk csufcsif;ac:vkdufw,f? rlvwef;ausmif;q&m waomif;ausmf&&dSa&;twGuf uRefawmftMuHaumif;wckudk &NyD? [kwfuJh? aEG&moD ausmif;ydwf&uftwGif; NrdUwkdif;rSm rlvwef;q&mjzpf oifwef;awGudk zGifhay;? oifrJht&m&dS r&dSbl;vkdU rvkyfeJU? tJ'DNrKdUrSm&dSwJh ausmif;q&mawGudkbJjyefoHk;yg? 'Doifwef;awGudk (7)wef;atmifNyD;olawGrSom wuf&r,fvkdUvJ wif;rxm;ygeJU? (6)wef;atmifNyD;olawGvnf; wufygap? 'Doifwef;uxGufvmwJh rlvwef;q&mawG[m trSeftwdkif;ajym&&if q&mjzpfoifausmif;awGrSm wESpfoifNyD; xGufvmwJh rlvwef;q&mawGavmufawmh aumif;rSmr[kwfbl;? raumif;csifaeayap? rlvwef; ynmudkroif&bJ cav;awG[m vyf,m;vyf,m;eJU t&yfxJrSm acG;0ifpm;av;awGjzpfaewmudk uRefawmfrMunfhcsifbl;? olwkdUtwGufbmrSrvkyfbJ q&mr&dSbl;qdkNyD; vufydkufMunfhaewmrsKd;udk uRefawmf rvkyfcsifbl;? aEG&moD oifwef;u qif;&mMuwJh ta&;ay: rlvwef;q&mawG[m cav;awGudkteJqHk; uMuD; cacG;ta&;eJUtzwfudkawmh oifay;EkdifrSmbJ? wpfESpfoHk;av; ta&;eJUtzwfudkawmh oifay;EkdifrSmbJ? trsKd;om;oDcsif;qdkwmudkawmh oifay;EkdifrSmbJ? 'Davmufoifay;Ekdif&ifawmfNyD? (2)ESpftwGif; rlvwef;ausmif;q&mwaomif;ausmfudk uRefawmfvdkcsifw,f? ESpftawmfMumvmvkdU usifhom; tawmf&vmwJhtcg 'Dta&;ay:q&mawGudk

vpmrysufbJ rlvwef;q&mjzpfoifausmif;awGudk wufEkdifatmif pDpOfay;vkdufygvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ekuajymjyw,fynma&;XmetMuD;tuJawG[m 'DpDrHudef;udk tpGrf;ukef0dkif;NyD; taumiftxnfazmfay;Muw,f? (2)ESpftwGif; ta&;ay:rlvwef;q&mawG waomif;ausmf&NyD; NrdUrSma&m awmrSmyg rlvwef;ausmif;awG tm;&yg;& zGifhay;EkdifcJhw,f? usef;rma&;eJU ynma&;twGuf oltifrwef pdwf0ifpm;wJh pDrHudef;awG&dSao;w,f? a&S;OD;pGm usef;rma&; pDrHudef;udk ajymjyr,f? (90)&mckdifEIef;avmuf&dSwJh jynfaxmifpkom;awG[m odyfrGJaew,f? tJ'DvlawG[m xrif;pm;wJhtcg xrif;? iydwdkUp&m 'DoHk;rsKd;udkbJ pm;Edkifw,f? tJ'DtxJ olwkdUpm;wJh qef[m pufMudwfqefqdkawmh zGJrusefawmhbJ jzLpifaew,f? aeUpOfolwkdUpm;aewJh 'DtpmawG[m olwdkUtwGuf b,fenf;eJUrS tm[m&rjzpfEkdfifbl;? tm[m&rjzpfwJh tpmawG pm;aeMu&wJh jynfaxmifpkom;awG[m toufwkdw,f? olwkdU&JU cav;awGvnf; arG;prSmodyfNyD; taotaysmufrsm;r,f? tJ'gaMumifh olwkdU&JU usef;rma&;udk *&kpkdufcsif&if q&m0efawG usef;rma&;rSL;awGudk arG;xkwfay;ae&kHeJU rvHkavmufao;bl;? olwkdU[m tm[m&jzpfapEkdifwJhtpm;taomufawGudk pm;aomufEkdifatmifvnf; *&kpkdufay;&tHk;r,fqkdwm OD;Ekaumif;aumif;oabmaygufw,f? 'gayrJh olwkdU&JU pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeudk,fwkdifu tifrwefatmufwef;usaewJhtwGuf 'DpD;yGm;a&;ukd jrifhwifray;Ekdifrcsif; jynfolvlxkMuD; w&yfvHk;t[m&jzpfwJhtpmudk pm;&atmif OD;Ekb,fenf;eJUrS rwwfEkdifbl;? tJ'gaMumifh olwwfEkdifoavmufvkyfr,fqdkNyD; yxrajcvSrf;taeeJU jynfaxmifpkom;awG pufMudwfqefudk rpm;MueJU? pufMudwfqefxJrSm bmt[m&rS rygbl;? armif;axmif;qefudkpm;Mu? armif;axmif;qefxJrSm t[m&jzpfwJhzGJawGygw,fqdkwJh rdefUcGef;wckudk NrdUawmfcef;r vlxktpnf;ta0;wckrSm OD;Ekajymw,f? tJ'Daemuf pufMudwfqef[m pm;oludk b,fvkd Oyg'fjzpfEkdifw,f? armif;axmif;qef[m pm;oludk b,fvkdt[m&jzpfEdkifw,fqkdwJh tcsufawGudk usef;rma&;yg&*lawGu olawoevkyfNyD;a&;ay;&w,f? tJ'gawGudk pmtkyfpmwrf;awG&kdufNyD;? wEdkifiHvHk;OD;EkjzefUcsDay;w,f? olUudk b,forkdi;fq&mu ajymjyvkdufw,frodbl;? vlxktpnf;ta0;wckrSmqkd&if a&S;uArmawG[m armif;axmif;qefudk pm;wJhtwGuf tckacwf cg;csdaewJh ArmawGvkdr[kwfbl;? odyfxGm;MudKif;w,f? tckacwf tkyfcsyfawGxuf ESpfqavmuf ydkav;wJh tkyfcsyfMuD;awGudk rdkifaygif;rsm;pGmu rarmryrf;

wa,mufeJUwa,muf vufqifhurf; o,fvmNyD; bk&m;ykxkd;awGudk wnfEdkifMuw,fvkdUawmif 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek MuHK;0g;cJhzl;w,f? 'gayrJholb,fvkd wkdufwGef;vdkUrSr&ygbl;? pufMudwfqefudk ESpf&Snfvrsm;pm;vmMuwJh vlawGtwGuf armif;axmif;qefudk jyefpm;bkdUqkdwm rjzpfEkdifawmhbl;? armif;axmif;qef[m t[m&awmhjzpfwmrSefbJ? 'gayrJh zGJapmfeHw,f? b,folrSrpm;csifbl;? armif;axmif;qefudkpm;bdkU tMuD;tus,f wkdufwGef;cJhol OD;Ekudk,fwkdif armif;axmif;qefudk cPavmufbJpm;vkdU&w,f? Mum&nfusawmh xrif;yGJrSm zGJeHU&wkdif;? ysKdUysKdUwufvmNyD;? rpm;csifraomufcsif jzpfvmwmeJU armif;axmif;qefudk pGefUvkdufw,f? Mudwfqefudk jyefpm;&w,f? 'gayrJhOD;EkqdkwJhvluawmh 'Dudwfpudk vG,fvG,feJU avQmhray;csifbl;? aemufxyfNyD; 'DvkdpOf;pm;jyefw,f? ADwmrifxJrSmzGJygw,f? wjcm;t[m&jzpfwJh"mwfawGvJygw,f? tJ'Dawmh armif;axmif;qefudk jynfvlvlxk rpm;csifaeayap? olwkdUudk ADwmrifauR;r,f? ADwmrif[m t0ifrqdk;wJhtwGuf vlxkjiif;rSm r[kwfbl;? MudKufrSmbJ? pufwckaxmifNyD; ADwmrifawGudk oef;eJUcsDNyD; vkyfr,f? NyD;awmhrSm jynfolvlxkudk tvum;a0ay;r,fvkdU OD;qHk;jzwfvdkufw,f? tJ'DqHk;jzwfcsufudk taumiftxnfazmfbdkUtwGuf pD;yGm;a&;eJU vlrIa&;tzGJUudk wkdifyif&atmif ac:vkdufw,f? 'DtzGJUu twkdifyifcH t&m&dS rpwm zgeDb,f eJU wjcm;wOD;ESpfOD;udk pufwnfay;EdkifrJh vlawG&Sm&atmif t*FvefudkvTwfvdkufw,f? t'DvlawG&JU tultnDeJU aq;puf&kHwckudk (Burma Phamaceutical Industries) &efukefem;rSmaqmufw,f? 'Daq;puf&kHrSm wjcm;aq;awGudkvnf; vkyfr,f? tJ'Daq;awGu tjrwfxGufvm&if tvum;a0bkdU ADwmrif vkyfwJhtcg p&dwfoufomr,f? 'gayrJh pufwnfNyD;uwnf;u 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m ESpfMudrfwkdifwkdif ppfwyfu tmPmodrf;cH&NyD;? trsm;MuD; 'kufca&mufoGm;w,f? ADwmrifawGudk tvmum;a0ay;bkdUqkdwJh olUpDrHudef;udk taumiftxnfazmfbdkU qdkwmuawmh a0;a&m? 'DpDrHudef;ukd owdawmif r&&Smawmhygbl;? aq;puf&kHudk wnfaqmufbkdUqdkwJh udwfpeJUwqufwnf; trsKd;om;usef;rma&;eJU ywfoufNyD; OD;Ek[m 'Dvkd pOf;pm;rdjyefw,f? vlawGrSm t[m&&dS&kHeJU rvHkavmufao;bl;? usef;rma&;udkvdkcsifwJh vlrsKd;wrsKd;rSm aeUpOfrSefrSef udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;rIvnf; &dS&tHk;r,f? jynfaxmifpkom;awG[m rsm;aomtm;jzifh udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;rI&JU wefzkd;udk em;rvnfMubl;? udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;rI[m usef;rma&;udk taxmuftyHhjzpfapw,fqkdwm vufwqkyfpmavmuf&dSwJh jynfaxmifpkom;awGbJodw,f?

vlrsm;pktaeeJUuawmh 'Dtcsufudk pOf;pm;rdyHkawmif ray:ygbl;? tJ'gaMumifh udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;rIudk tm;ay;wJhtaeeJU 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m trsKd;om; usef;rma&;tzGJU (National Fitness Council) udkzGJUpnf;ay;NyD; wjynfaxmifpkvHk;aus;&GmawGtxd udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;rIawGrSm pdwf!Twfvmatmif vIHUaqmfay;zdkUeJU tm;upm;yGJawGudk wwfEdkiforQ vkyfay;MubkdU 0efMuD;csKyfu wm0eftyfESif;vkdufw,f? usef;rma&;pDrHudef;awGtaMumif;udk tajymNyD;vdkU ynma&;pDrHudef;taMumif;udk 'Dae&mrSm eJeJavmufazmfjycsifw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m i,fpOfawmifaus; cav;b0upNyD; pmzwfwmrSm 0goemrygvSbl;? tJ'gaMumifh ArmEkdifiHu acgif;aqmifawGrSmqkd&if OD;Ek[m A[kokw tvGefUtvGef acgif;yg;olwOD;jzpfw,f? tcsdef&dSwkef; A[kokwawGudk MudK;pm;yrf;pm; rpkaqmif;cJhrdwm touf(40)em;eD;awmhrS oltMuD;tus,faemifw& aew,f? vlwa,mufrSm awmifhwif;ckdifrmwJh udk,fvuft*Fg&dS&kHeJU rvHkavmufao;bl;? A[kokweJUjynfhpHkwJh OD;aESmuf&dSbkdUvnf; trsm;MuD;vkdw,fqdkwJhpum;udk 0efMuD;csKyfjzpfvmwJhtcsdefrSm wjzpfawmufawmufajymaewm rMumcPMum;&w,f? trSeftwkdif;ajym&&if tckvdk rMumcP ajymaewmawG[m wjcm;aMumifh r[kwfbl;? olUudk,foljyefMunfhNyD; odyftm;rvdktm;r& jzpfaewmaMumifhbJjzpfw,f? zkd;oHknqdkwJhpum;vHk;[m 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ek xGifvdkufwJhpum;ygbJ? 'Dpum;udk xGifvdkufwkef;u OD;Ek[m b,foludkrS r&nf&G,fygbl;? tcsdef&dSwkef;u A[kokwawG olrpkcJhrdwm pdwfememeJU olUudk,foloa&mfNyD; xGifvdkufwmygbJ? jynfaxmifpkol jynfaxmifpkpm;awG txl;ojzifh wufvlawG[m oljzpfcJh&ovkd rdk;vGefrS xGefcsqkdwmrsKd; rjzpf&atmif 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m wckckvkyfay;csifw,f? b,fvkdvkyf&yghrvJvkdU pOf;pm;MunfhwJhtcg avmuDrSm txGwftxdyfudk a&mufbdkUtwGuf Armh A[kokw[m rvHkavmufao;bl;? tifrwefatmufwef;usaew,fqdkwmudk v,fjyifrSm qifoGm;ovkd OD;Ek[m xifxif&Sm;&Sm;MuD; awGUae&w,f? tJ'gaMumifh urGmhA[kokwudk jynfaxmifpkom;awG avhvmpkaqmif;Ekdifatmif OD;Ek[m bmomjyefpmaytoif;udk xlaxmifay;vkdufw,f? tJ'Dtoif;u OD;Ek&JU OD;aESmufudk vkdcsifvkdUawmh r[kwfygbl;? 0efMuD;csKyftaeeJU olay;EkdifwJh tcGifhta&;awGudk vkdcsifwmaMumifh OD;Ekudk toif;&JUOuXtjzpf a&G;aumufwifajrmufvdkufMuw,f? 'Dtoif;[m urmhpmayawGxJu aumif;Ekd;&m&mudk a&G;cs,fNyD; bmomjyefw,f?

tJ'DaemufpmtkyfawG&kdufNyD; ausmif;awG? pmMunfhwkdufawGudk tcrJha0ay;w,f? tJ'Dtoif;&JU vkyfief;awGxJrSm jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;udk OD;Ek tjrwfedk;qHk;bJ? 'Dusrf;rSm twGJ(14)wJG&dSr,f? yHkESdyf&wm tifrwefcufwJhtwGuf yxrwwGJESpfwGJudk taemufEkdifiHawGrSm yHkESdyf&w,f? yxr[m taemufEkdifiHu a&mufvmwkef;u OD;EkeJU bmomjyefpmaytoif;&JU aumifpD0ifvlMuD;awG udk,fwkdif oabFmqdyfudkqif;NyD; wcrf;wem;MudKqkdw,f? qdyfurf;ay:udk csNyD;wJhtcg toif;wkdufudk usrf;pmtkyfawG csufcsif; ,lrvmao;bl;? armfawmfum;awGay:rSm ususee vSvSyywnfcif;NyD;rSm &efukefwNrdUvHk;oludk,fwkdif vSnfhjyvkdufao;w,f? bmomjyefpmaytoif;eJU ywfoufwJhyGJwyGJrSm OD;Eku 'Dusrf;MuD;[m jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHrSmausmufawmifMuD;yrmwnfNyD; usef&pfvdrfhr,fvkdUawmif vIdufvIdufvJSvJS MuHK;0g;cJhzl;w,f? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH&JUynma&;eJU ywfoufvkdUawmh ynma&;pDrHudef; topfwckudk a&;qGJay;csifwJh qef' 0efMuD;csKyfOD;EkrSm jyif;jyif;jyjy &dSaew,f? tJ'gaMumifh oludk,fwkdifacgif;aqmifwJh ynma&;pDrHudef; tzGJUwckudk zGJUpnf;ay;w,f? 'DtzGJUxJrSm ArmEdkif&JU xdyfoD;ynmyg&*lawGygw,f? OD;Ekudk,fwkdifuawmh apwemom&dSwmygyJ? 'Dudwfpudk olaumif;aumif;em;rvnf&Smygbl;? tzGJU&JUem,uwufvkyfwmygbJ? ynma&;pepfudk cPcPjyif&wm raumif;bl;? wkdif;jynfepfemw,f? tJ'Dawmh tzGJU[m pDrHudef;ukd tvsifpvdk ra&;qGJygeJU? yxrtqifhtaeeJU pDrHudef;eJUywfoufwJh ar;cGef;awGudk xkwfNyD; ausnmvkdufyg? ynma&;rSm pdwf0ifpm;wJhvlawG[m 'Dar;cGef;awGudk avhvmNyD;avmufwJhtcsdefrSm 'kwd,tqifhtaeeJU tzGJU0ifawG[m ESpfpkcGJNyD; wpku atmufArmjynf? aemufwpku txufArmjynfudk c&D;xGufyg? a&mufwJhae&mawGrSm tMuHay;csifwJhvlawGeJU awGUqHkNyD; aqG;aEG;yg? tJ'Dvkd aqG;aEG;NyD;wJhtcg wwd, tqifhtaeeJU t*Fvef? tar&duef? &S&Sm;? w&kwf? tdEf, oifhawmfwJh ynma&;yg&*lawGudk zdwfac:NyD;? 4if;wkdUqDu tMuH^mPfawmif;yg? 4if;wkdUeJUaqG;aEG;yg? 'Dvkd tMuHnmPfawGudk jynfhjynfhpkHpkH&NyDawmhrSm pwkwtqifhrSm pDrHudef;tzGJUu a&;qGJaewkef; wyfrawmfu tmPmodrf;vkdufwJhtwGuf tzGJU0ifawG a&SUqufNyD; tvkyfrvkyfEkdifMuawmhbl;? OD;Ek[m 'DpDrHudef;tay:rSmawmh pdwfrukefao;ygbl;? tcGifh&tHk;r,fqkd&if NyD;wJhtxda&;qGJyHkESdyfNyD; wkdif;jynfudk wifjycsifao;w,f? tJ'DvkdwifjyNyD; ynma&;rSm pdwf0ifpm;olawGeJU wMudrfavmufxyfNyD; aqG;aEG;csifao;w,f? jyifp&m? ?zwfp&m? jznfhp&mawG tm;vHk; vkyfNyD;vdkU trsm;&JU

oabmwlnDcsufudk &NyD;wJhtcg tJ'Dynma&;pDrHudef;udk OD;Ek[m oludk,fwkdif acgif;aqmifNyD; wwfEdkifoavmuf taumiftxnfazmfay;csifao;w,f? ynma&;eJU usef;rma&;rSm yef;wkdifudk a&mufatmif jzwfvrf;uoGm;wJh tpDtpOfawG[m tawmfuav; xajrmufatmifjrifwmudkawGU&wJhtwGuf 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m tawmftm;wufw,f? tJ'gaMumifh jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;rSmvnf; 'Dvkd jzwfvrf;uoGm;&&if odyfaumif;rSmbJvkdU OD;Ekpdwful;rdjyefw,f? 'kwd,urmppfMuD;twGif;upNyD; jrefrmEkdifiHxJrSm wHwm;awG? vrf;awG? wmwrHawG? ausmif;taqmuftOD;awG tawmfysufpD;ukefMuw,f? vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;wJhaemuf olykefa&mifpHkawG ay:vmjyefwJhtwGuf tpkd;&[m 'DysufpD;aewmawGudk jyefrMunfhEkdifbl;? 1950ckESpfavmufupNyD; olykef&ef[m tawmfat;oGm;jyefawmhvnf; tpdk;&rSm aiGr&dSwJhtwGuf 'DysufpD;aewmawGudk jyefvnfxlaxmif ray;Ekdifbl;? vTwfawmftrwfawG[m olwkdU&JU oufqkdif&m rJqef'e,fajrawGrSm jyefvnf xlaxmifa&;twGuf tpkd;&qDu tultnDawmif;Muw,f? wcsKdUu vTwfawmfxJrSm awmif;w,f? wcsKdUu 0efMuD;csKyfawGqDudk wkduf&kdufoGm;NyD; awmif;w,f? aiGr&&Smygbl;? tpkd;&rSm aiGr&dSbl;qkdwJh tajzawGudkom ESpfpOf&oGm;cJhMuw,f? tJ'geJU wESpfusawmh 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Eku jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; pDrHudef;wck vkyfay;vkdufw,f? 'DpDrHudef;uawmh OD;aESmuft&IyfcH odyfpOf;pm;NyD;a&;qGJ&wJh pDrHudef;rsKd;r[kwfygbl;? udk,fhudk,fudk u,fwJholawGudk xm0&ocifu u,fr,fqkdwJh pDrHudef;rsKd;ygbJ? 'DpDrHudef;t& rdrdwdkUa'orSm jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;twGuf aiGtm;? yudwfpnf;tm;? vltm; pdkufxkwfay;rJhvlawGudk tpkd;&uvJ wwfEkdifoavmuf aiGtultnD? tif*sifeD,mtultnD tp&dSonfwkdUudk xkwfay;r,fvkdU ausnmvkdufw,f? a'owkdif;rSm aiGtm;? ypfpnf;tm;? vltm; pkdufxkwfay;wJhvlawG trsm;MuD; ay:xGufvmw,f? Oyrm-wHwm;wckudk tpdk;&uaqmufay;&&if aiGwaxmifukefr,fqkdygpdkU? t&yfolt&yfom;awGu opfvSLw,f? tvkyf0kdif;vkyfay;w,fqkdawmh tJ'DwHwm;udk (250)avmufeJU tNyD;aqmufEdkifw,f? tJ'D(250)xJrSm tpkd;u (100)xnfhw,f? t&yfolt&yfom;awGu (150)pkaygif;NyD;xnfhMuw,f? tJ'Denf;eJU jynfvnfxlaxmifvkdufwm wEkdifiHvHk;rSm wmwrHaygif; rsm;pGmzkdUNyD;oGm;w,f? wHwm;awG trsm;MuD;aumif;oGm;w,f? vrf;awGtrsm;MuD;jyifNyD;oGm;w,f? a&wGif;a&uefawGtrsm;MuD;wl;NyD; oGm;w,f? rlvwef;ausmif;awG? pmMunfhcef;awG trsm;MuD;

aqmufNyD;oGm;w,f? pmtkyfMuD;twkdif;om vkyfaeMur,fqkd&if tJ'DwESpftwGif; NyD;oGm;wJhvkyfief;awGudk ig;ESpfavmufvkyf&r,f? ukefusrJhaiGuvnf; tckukefuswmxuf av;ig;qavmufwkd;NyD; ukefvmr,f? 1953ckESpf bwf*sufvTwfawmfxJrSm b?ma&;0efMuD;[m 'DpDrHudef;&JU atmifjrifrIudk rSwfwrf;wifwJhtaeeJU 'DpDrHudef;twGuf tpkd;&u 195253ckESpftwGif; aiGodef;aygif; w&mhwq,f xkwfay;cJhw,f? jynfolvlxkxHrS &&dSwJhaiGtm;eJU ypfpnf;tm;udk aygif;vkduf&if odef;ESpf&mbdk;avmuf &dSvdrfhr,fvdkU ausnmcJhw,f? tcef;(27) 1952ckESpf tmZmenfaeUrSm 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m rdefUcGef;wckajymw,f? 'DrdefUcGef;xJrSm wjcm;tcsufawGtjyif tcsufwcsuf ygvmw,f? tJ'Dtcsufudk 'Dae&mrSm eJeJavmufajymjyyg&ap? ArmEdkifiHrSm v,fawGtrsm;MuD;&Sdw,f? 'Dv,fawGaMumifh ArmEdkifiH[m urBmay:rSm qeftrsm;qHk;wifykdUa&mif;cswJhEdkifiH jzpfaew,f? 'Dv,fawGtjyif tzdk;wefuRef;opfawGxGufwJh opfawmawGvnf; trsm;MuD;&dSw,f? owfwkwGif;rsKd;pHk&dSw,f? ywfwjrm;wGif;awG&dSw,f? a&eHwGif;awG&dSw,f? jynfaxmifpkom;awG vlcsrf;om;awGjzpfatmif tbufbufu ulnDaxmufyHhEkdifwJh {&m0wDjrpfMuD;uvnf; jynfaxmifpkudk ta&SUeJUtaemufESpfjcrf;cGJNyD;? ajrmufbufu awmifbufudk pD;qif;aew,f? rdk;av0ovnf; txl;aumif;w,f? vlOD;a&usawmh tifrwef eJw,f? tJ'gaMumifh uRefawmfjynfaxmifpkxJrSm jynfwGif;ppfrjzpf&bJ pdwfcsrf;csrf;omomeJU tvkyfvkyfcGifh&r,fqdk&if jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkfifiH[m rdom;pkwkdif;udk tdrfwaqmif? armfawmfum;wpif;? vpOf0ifaiG (800)u (1000)&atmifvkyfay;EkdifwJhtxd csrf;omwJhEkdifiH jzpfw,fqkdwJhtcsufudk rdefUcGef;xJrSm OD;EkxnfhajymoGm;w,f? cyfaemufaemuf owif;pmq&mwcsKdU[m olwkdU&JUowif;awGxJrSm 'DrdefUcGef;udk az:jywJhtcg rdom;pkwkdif;udk tdrfwtdrf? armfawmfum;wpif;? vpOf0ifaiG (800)u (1000)txd ay;r,fvkdU OD;Ekuwday;NyD tp&dSwJh &Dp&macgif;pOfMuD;awGudk wyfay;vkdufMuw,f? aemifig;ESpfavmufMumwJhtcg 'DtcsufudkwyfNyD; ajym&r,fqdk&if OD;Ek[m 'Dtwkdif;ajymr,frxifbl;? tJ'Dig;ESpftwGif; OD;Ek[m jynfolydkifvkyfief;awGtay:rSm tMuD;tus,fpdwfysufaewJhtwGuf 'Dtcsufudk xyfajym&r,fqkd&if 'Dvkdajymvdrfhr,fxifw,f? EkdifiHuawmh tifrwefcsrf;omwJh

EdkifiHygbJ? rdom;pkwkdif;udk tdrfwaqmif? armfawmfum;wpif;? vpOf0ifaiG (1000)&atmif vkyfay;EkdifwJhtxd csrf;om;wJhEkdifiHjzpfw,fqkdwmudk b,folrS rjiif;Ekdifygbl;? 'gayrJh rdom;pkwkdif; tdrfwaqmif? armfawmfum;wpif;? vpOf0ifaiG (1000)&bdkUtwGuf jynfwGif;ppf r&dS&kHeJU rvHkavmufao;bl;? jynfaxmifpkom;awG tvkyfMudK;pm;vkyf&kHeJUvnf; rvHkavmufao;bl;? (1) jynfaxmifpk&JU pD;yGm;a&;pepfuvnf; rSef&tHk;r,f? (2) 'DpepfrSefudk taumiftxnfazmfwJh ae&mrSm txl;vdktyfwJh refae*smac: tvkyfem;vnfwJh tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;? wufueD&Sef;ac: pufrIuRrf;usifolrsm;vnf; vHkvHkavmufavmuf &dS&tHk;r,f? (3) orw? 0efMuD;csKyf? 0efMuD;awG? twGif;0efawG? XmetMuD;tuJawGupNyD; awmifolv,form;rsm;? tvkyform;rsm;? aps;olaps;om;rsm; tygt0if jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;uvnf; udk,fusifhw&m;eJU jynfhpHkolawG jzpfMu&tHk;r,fqkdwJh tcsuf(3)csufudk OD;EkxyfNyD; jznfhp&m taMumif;&Sdw,f? OD;Ek[m 'Dtcsuf(3)csufudk bmaMumifh xyfjznfhcsifovJqdkwm 'Dae&mrSm eJeJavmuf azmfjycsifw,f? vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;wJhaemuf OD;Ektpdk;&tzGJU[m vkyfief;tawmfrsm;rsm;udk jynfolydkifvkyfcJhw,f? tckvkd jynfolykdifvkyfwJhtcgawGwkef;u jynfolydkifvkyfief;awGeJU qufpyfaewJh jy?emawGudk OD;Ek[mav;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;rdyHkray:bl;? 'Dvdkjynfolydkif vkyfNyD;wJhaemuf jynfolydkifvkyfief;awGeJU ywfoufNyD; tkyfcsKyfrInHhzsif;yHkawG? trsKd;rsKd;tzHktzHk jcpm;rIawG? qHk;&IH;epfemrIawGudk 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek awGUvm&w,f? OD;EkawGUcJhwJh tjzpftysufawGxJu EkdifiHawmf aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzGJUeJU ywfoufwJh tjzpftysufwckudk tusOf;csKyfNyD; azmfjycsifw,f? EkdifiHawmf aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzJGU[m jynfolydkifvkyfief;awGxJrSm tMuD;qHk;jzpfw,f? waeUrSm (p)oHk;vHk;tzGJU (Bureau For Special Investigation) utrIaqmifMuD;awG 0efMuD;csKyfeJUawGUNyD; owif;ckdifckdifvHkvHk&wmeJU vGefcJhwJhaeUwkef;u (p)oHk;vHk;tzGJUu qefwifoabFmwpif;udk qif;ppfw,f? aumufyJoD;ESHtzGJUu qefa[mif;awGqdkNyD; a&mif;vdkufwJh qefawGtm;vHk;[m qefaumif;awGjzpfaewmudk awGU&w,f? olwkdU&&dSwJh owif;t& aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzGJU[m qefaumif;awGudk qefa[mif;awGNyD; vdrfvdrfa&mif;aewm MumNyD;vdkU tJ'D (p)oHk;vHk;trIaqmifvlMuD;awGu tpD&ifcHw,f? aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzGJUu qefa[mif;ta&twGufeJ&if olwkdU[molwkdU a&mif;w,f? a&mif;rJhqefa[mif;ta&twGufrsm;&if

olwkdU&JU0efMuD;uwqifh 0efMuD;rsm;tzGJUrSm qefa[mif;a&mif;cGifh awmif;w,f? tJ'gaMumifh 0efMuD;csKyf[m rMumao;cifu 0efMuD;rsm;tzGJUu qefa[mif;awGa&mif;cGifh ay;vdkufwmudk csufcsif; owd&w,f? ta[mif;awGqkdNyD; vdrfa&mif;wJhqefawGudk oabFmay:rSm zrf;rdwJhtaMumif;ajymNyDawmh (p)oHk;vHk;trIaqmifvlMuD;awGu aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&; tzGJUrSm ESpfpOfESpfwdkif;qefa[mif; b,favmufusefw,fqkdwm pm&if;r&dSbl;? 'Dvdkpm&if;r&dSwm[m oufqkdif&mt&m&dSawG nHhzsif;vkdUvnf; jzpfEdkfiw,f? 'Dvkdpm&if;r&dSrS qefaumif;awGudk qefa[mif;awGqdkNyD; vdrfa&mi;f&wmvG,fwJhtwGuf txuft&m&dSMuD;awGu 'Dvkd pm&if;r&dSwmudk vspfvQL&Ixm;wmaMumifhvnf; jzpfEdkifw,f? tJ'Dawmh vufusefqefa[mif;pm&if;udk &atmifawmif;ygvkdU tJ'D (p)oHk;vHk;trIaqmifawGu 0efMuD;csKyfudk tMuHay;w,f? tJ'DtMuHay;csuft& 0efMuD;csKyfu oufqdkif&m0efMuD;csKyfudk vufusefqefa[mif; pm&if;wifjybdkU trdefUay;w,f? 0efMuD;uvnf; tJ'Dpm&if;wifjybkdU aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzGJUudk trdefUay;w,f? wESpfMumwJhtxd tJ'Dpm&if;udk aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzGJUu wifrjyEdkifbl;? Mumvmawmh 0efMuD;csKyfvnf; oD;rcHEkdifawmhbl;? tJ'gaMumifh (p)oHk;vHk;tzGJUu trIaqmifvlMuD;wcsKdUudk ac:vkdufw,f? 0efMuD;csKyf[m jcpm;rIawGudk wkdufjzwfbkdUtwGuf 'DtzGJUudk oludk,fwkdifwkduf&kduf tkyfcsKyfNyD; b,f0efMuD;ukdrS raMumufeJU? 'D0efMuD;awG[m jcaumifawG jzpfEkdfif&if ta&;,l? 0efMuD;csKyfudk,fwkdif jcaumifMuD;jzpfae&ifvnf; bmrSraMumufeJU? csufcsif;ta&;,lvdkU (p)oHk;vHk;tzGUJudk 0efMuD;csKyfu wdwdususrSmxm;w,f? jcpm;wmudk ta&;,lwJhtcg jywfjywfom;om; ta&;,lapcsifwJh oabmeJU (p)oHk;vHk;tzGJU[m ta0;rSmcsnf;bJ jcaumifawGudk vkduf&SmaewJhtwGuf tem;uyfaewJh jcaumifawGudk rsufpd&Sef;aewwfw,f? olaewJh 0if'grD,m0if;rSm jcaumifawG &dScsif&dSaer,f? tJ'gaMumifh 0if'grD,mudkvnf; rsufajcrjywf Munfhaeyg? jcaumifawGudkawGU&if vufraES;eJU? csufcsif;ta&;,lygvkdU 0efMuD;csKyf[m olU(p)oHk;vHk;tzGJUudk rSmxm;w,f? (p)oHk;vHk;trIaqmifvlMuD;awGeJU awGUwJhtcg wESpfMumwJhwkdifatmif aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzGJUu vufusef qefa[mif;pm&if;udk ray;EdkifwJhtaMumif;udk ajymjyw,f? tJ'Daemuf olrapmifhEdkifawmhbl;? (p)oHk;vHk;tzGJUxJu oifhawmfrJht&m&dSawGudk tzGJUwckzGJUay;NyD; wEdkifiHvHk;rSm vufusefqefa[mif;b,favmuf&dSw,fqkdwm pm&if;,lyg&apvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfu wm0efay;&w,f? (p)oHk;vHk;tzGJU&JU MudKyrf;csufaMumifh pm&if;&wJhtcg

'Dqefa[mif;awGudk csefrxm;eJUawmh&wJhaps;eJU tm;vHk;a&mif;ypfvkdufvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfu 0efMuD;csKyfrsm;tpnf;ta0;wckrSm trdefUcsay;vkdufw,f? 0efMuD;csKyf[m olU (p)oHk;vHk;tzGJUeJU aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;udwfpudk qufvufaqG;aEG;&if(1) aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&; tzGJU[m qefaumif;awGudkom qefa[mif;awGqkdNyD; vdrfxkwfaewm r[kwfbl;? *HkeDtdwf taumif;awGudkvnf; ta[mif;awGqkdNyD; vdrfxkwfaew,f? rMumcifubJ owif;tckdiftrm&vdkU oGm;zrf;vkduf&ao;w,fqkdwmudk Mum;&w,f? (2) tJ'Daemuf aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzGJUu e,fawGrSm pyg;0,fwJh t&m&dSawG[m pyg;ukd0,fNyD;NyD;jcif; aiGvufiif;racsbl;? vufrSwfawG xkwfay;w,f? pyg;a&mif;wJh awmifolv,form;awG[m w&mwefvufrSwfudk udk;q,fhig;usyfeJU 'Dt&m&dSawG arG;xm;wJh wynfhawGqDrSm jyefa&mif;&w,fqkdwmvnf; Mum;&w,f? (3) tJ'Daemuf tpdk;&ay;xm;wJhyHkpHtwkdif; qefpufawGu qefawGudkMudwfay;ovm;? rMudwfay; bl;vm;qkdwmudk ppfaq;zkdUtwGuf aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzGJUu qefpufawGrSm tapmifhcsxm;wJh t&m&dSawG[m qefpufydkif&SifawGqDu vmbfpm;NyD; yHkpHudkufwJhqefawGudk ykHpHudkufw,fvkdUvufrSwfxkd; ay;aeMuw,fqkdwmudkvnf; Mum;&w,f? (EkdifiHjcm;EkdifiHwcsKdU[m qefawGudk 0,fNyD;rS oabFmwifwJhtcg qeftawmfrsm;rsm;udk vufrcHEkdifbl;qkdNyD; y,fcsypfw,f? 'Dowif;udk Mum;&wJhtcg olUt&m&dSawG aiGpm;NyD; rw&m; vkyfaeMuwmudk rodwJh 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m tawmfpdwfqdk;w,f? (p)oHk;vHk;u tpD&ifcHwmudk Mum;&awmhrS? EkdifiHjcm;rSm Armhqefemrnfysufaewm 'gaMumifhudk;vkdU 0efMuD;csKyfoabmaygufw,f?) (4) tJ'Daemuf aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzGJU&JU tawmf&ufpufwJh t&m&dSwcsKdU[m pyg;udk wu,f r0,fbJ aiGudktvGJoHk;pm; vkyfvkdufNyD; b,f*dka'gifawGrSm pyg;b,favmuf oGif;NyD;NyDvkdU vdrfxm;wJh tpD&ifcHpmawG XmecsKyfudkydkUw,f? aemufNyD;awmhrS olykefawG0ifNyD;&IdUoGm;w,fvkdU vdrfxm;wJhtpD&ifcHpmawG ydkUMujyefw,f? (5) tJ'Daemuf tifrwef ta&;MuD;wJhtcsufwcsufudk 0efMuD;csKyf[m aemufxyfod&jyefw,f?aumuf yJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzGJU[m ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; usyfaiG (2)uka#zdk;avmuf *HkeDtdwfawGudk tdEd,u0,f&w,f? *HkeDtdwfaps;[m twuftus&Sdw,f? pD;yGm;a&;avmurSm "rwmjzpfaewJhtwkdif; 0,folvkdcsifwJhtcg aps;wufNyD; 0,folrvdkcsifwJhtcg aps;uswmbJ?

aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzGJU[m *HkeDtdwfawGudk aps;uswkef; b,fawmhrS r0,fbl;? qefawGudk EkdifiHjcm;wifydkUcgeD;rS tNrJwrf; *ref;*wef; 0,favh&dSw,f? tJ'DtcgrSm *HkeDtdwfa&mif;ol awmif;orQay;NyD; 0,f&wmbJ? 'Dvdkjzpf&wm[m em;rvnfvkdUr[kwfbl;? *HkeDtdwfa&mif;orm;awGeJU aumufyJoD;ESHa&mif;0,fa&;tzGJUu txuft&m&dSMuD;awG em;vnfrI,lNyD; vkyfaewmvdkU (p)oHk;vHk;u tckdiftvHk owif;&w,f? 'gayrJh 'DudwfprSm tdEd,u *HkeDtdwfa&mif;orm;awGvnf; ygaewJhtwGuf trIay:atmif (p)oHk;vHk;u rpHkprf;Edkifbl;? *HkeDtdwfudk tckvdk0,faewJhpepfudkom jyifay;ygvdkU (p)oHk;vHk;u 0efMuD;csKyfudk tpD&ifcHw,f? 0efMuD;csKyf[m 'DtpD&ifcHcsufawGudkvnf; Mum;&w,f? wjcm;jynfolydkifvkyfief;aweJU ywfoufNyD;awmhvnf; tvm;wl tpD&ifcHcsufawGudk Mum;&w,f? tJ'gawGudk Mum;&wJhtcg vTwfawmfu a&GUaumufwifajrmufxm;wJh pm&if;ppftzGJUxJu twkduftcH trwfwcsKdU[m vTwfawmfusif;ywJh tcgwkdif;vdkvdk jynfolydkifvkyfief;awGrSm tkyfcsKyfa&; nhHzsif;w,f? jcpm;awGaygw,f? pm&if;tif;ususee r&dSbl;? vGefcJhwJhESpfawGu pm&if;awGudk ckxufxdrydwfEdkfifao;bl;vkdU ajymcJhwmawGudk 0efMuD;csKyfajy;NyD;owd&w,f? vTwfawmfxJrSm Mum;&wkef;u twkduftcHtrwfawG[m tpdk;&tzGJUudk wrifoufouf ykwfcwfaewmvkdU 0efMuD;csKyf ,lqcJhw,f? tckrS twkduftcH trwfawGajymwm eJawmifeJao;w,fqkdwmudk oludk,fwkdif awGUae&w,f? 0efMuD;csKyf[m tprSawmh (p)oHk;vHk;&JUtultnDeJU jynfolykdifvkyfief;awGu tjypfxif&Sm;wJh t&m&dSawGudk jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,lcJhw,f? 'gayrJh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awGudk jynfolykdifvkyfxm;oa&GU tckajymcJhwJh tkyfcsKyfa&;nHhzsif;rI? jcpm;rI? qHk;&IH;epfemrIawG[m &dSaerSmbJ? 'Dpepfudk tjrpfuaeNyD; ajymif;vJypfvkdufrS 'D[mawG yaysmufukefrSmbJqdkwmudk OD;Ek wajz;ajz;oabmaygufvmw,f? bmtaMumif;awGaMumifh 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ek[m jynfolykdifpepfay:rSm pdwfawGajymif;oGm;w,fqkdwmudk 'Dae&mrSm eJeJavmuf azmfjycsifw,f? (1) pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;awGudk jynfolydkifvkyfwJhtcg 'Dvkyfief;awG[m 0efMuD;csKyfrsm;tzGJU&JU vufatmufudk a&mufvmw,f? 0efMuD;rsm;tzGJU[m 'Dvkyfief;awGtwGuf tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif tzGJUjzpfw,f? 'DtcsKyftjcmtmPmykdif tzGJUxJrSm&dSwJh 0efMuD;csKyfeJU 0efMuD;awG[m EkdifiHa&;orm;awG? EkdifiHa&;orm;qdkwm tmPm&bkdUtwGuf woufvHk;

avhusifhvmolawGjzpfw,f? pD;yGm;a&;orm;awGvdk tjrwf&bdkUtwGuf woufvHk; woufvHk;avhusifhvmolawG r[kwfbl;? tJ'gaMumifh tjrwf&bdkUqdkwJh udwfpawGudk rsm;aom;tm;jzifh olwkdU aumif;aumif;em;rvnfMubl;? olwkdU em;rvnfwJhtwGuf qefaumif;awGudk qefa[mif;awGqdkNyD; vdrfxkwfwJhudwfprSm pD;yGm;a&;orm;awGeJU t&m&dSqkd;awG aygif;NyD; wywf&kdufwmudk olwkdU cHvkdufMu&vmaygh? 'DEkdifiHa&;orm;awG[m pD;yGm;a&;rSm bmrSem;rvnfwJh (vlt)awGjzpfaewmaMumifh jynfolykdifvkyfief;awGtwGuf aiG (odkUr[kwf) oabmwlnDcsuf (okdUr[kwf) tmPmawmif;wJh rSwfwrf;awGudk oufqkdif&m 0efMuD;XmeawGu 0efMuD;rsm;tzGJUudk ydkUvkdufwJhtcg 0efMuD;csKyfudk,fwdkifuvnf; 'DrSwfwrf;xJrSmygwJh tcsufawGeJU ywfoufNyD; b,fvkdrS ra0zefEdkifbl;? 0efMuD;awGuvnf; bmajym&rSef; rodMum;bl;? tJ'gaMumifh 0efMuD;csKyfu oabmwlMuovm;vkdU 0efMuD;awGudkar;? 0efMuD;awGu oabmwlygw,fvkdU ajzMumNyD;? 'DrSwfwrf;awG wifydkUvkdufwJhXmeawG[m olwkdUvdkcsifwJhaiG? oabmwlnDcsuf? tmPmawGudk &&oGm;MuwmbJ? tJ'Denf;eJU jynfolydkifvkyfief;awG&JU tcsKyftjcmtmPmykdif tzGJUqdkwJh 0efMuD;rsm;tzGJU[m wu,fh tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkiftzGJU r[kwfawmhbJ olwkdUzefqif;xm;wJh ow0gawGu jyefNyD;toHk;?yaewJh a&mfbmwHqdyfwHk;MuD; jzpfrSef;rod jzpfaew,f? tJ'gaMumifh jynfolydkifvkyfief;awGrSm tkyfcsKyfa&; nhHzsif;w,fqkdwm atmufqifhawGrSm pwmr[kwfbl;? 0efMuD;rsm;tzGJUqkdwJh txufqHk;tqifhrSm paew,fqdkwm 0efMuD;csKyf oabmaygufvmw,f? (2) jynfolykdifvkyfief;awGudk wkduf&kduftkyfcsKyfaeMuwJh twGif;0efawGeJU XmetMuD;tuJawGuvnf; tkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf woufvHk; avhusifhvmolawG jzpfwmaMumifh pD;yGm;a&;rSm olwkdU[m olwdkU&JUq&mjzpfwJh 0efMuD;awGxuf ydkrxl;ygbl;? aemufNyd;awmhvnf; olwkdU[m vpmaiGtjzpfeJU (1600)EIef;&w,f? 'ghxuf rwkd;awmhbl;? yk*vdu ykdifpD;yGm;a&; avmurSmvkd bdk;eyf(pf)wkdU? txl;qkwdkU? tdrfwdkU? armfawmfum;wdkU {nfhcHp&dwfwkdU qdkwmawGudkvnf; r&bl;? tJ'gaMumifh 'Dt&m&dSawG[m jynfolydkifvkyfief;awGrSm pdwfr0ifpm;&kHomru vmbfwdkU? wefpkd;vufaqmifwkdUeJU pD;yGm;a&;orm;awGu qG,fvmwJhtcg vG,fvG,feJU ygoGm;Muw,f? 0efMud;csKyfOD;Eku olwkdUudk ypfrxm;MuygeJU? rsufpda'gufaxmufNyD;MunfhaeMuygvdkU (p)oHk;vHk;tzGJUudk olrMumcPwzGzGeJUrSmae&wm[m wjcm;aMumifhr[kwfbJ oludk,fwkdifvnf;

tJ'Dvkd ygoGm;rSmpdk;vkdUbJxifyg&JU? 3/ 'Dvkdqkd&if 0efMuD;tzGJU&JU tkyfcsKyfrI vkH;0vGwfuif;NyD; tcsKyftjcmtmPmykdifwJh jynfolykdif vkyfief;tzJGUawGudk zGJUay;NyD;awmhrS 'DtzGJUawGrSm pD;yGm;a&; aumif;aumif; em;vnfwJh pD;yGm;a&:orm; awGudk ttkyfcsKyfckdif;ygvm;/ bmjzpfvkdU'DvkdrvkyfovJvkdU ar;p&m &Sdw,f tajzuawmh wdkwkdygbJ? EkdifiHa&;orm;awG&JU rsufpdxJrSm pD;yGm;a&;orm;awGudk acgif;ykHjzwf tjrwfMuD;pm;awGvkdUbJjrifaew,f tJ'gtjyif jrefrmEkdifiHrSm jrefrmawG[m wcgrS tcGifhta&; r&cJhbl;wJhtwGuf rif;wkef;rif;MuD; vufxufupNyD; OD;EkwkdUtmPm &aewJhtcsdeftxd vuf&Sd jynfolydkif vkyfief;awG&JU av;ykHwykHavmuf&SdwJh pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsKd;awGudkbJ &dk;&kd;om;om;eJU atmifatmifjrifjrif tkyfcsKyfcJhbl;wJh jrefrm trIaqmifawG ? jrefrm refae*smawg ? jrefrm 'g&kdufwmawG? teJtusOf;avmufjzpfjzpf? ay:cJhzl;w,fqkdwm b,folrSvnf; rMum;zl;bl;/ jrifvJrjrifzl;bll;/ 'Dvkdray:cJhzl;wJhtwGufvuf&Sd pD;yGm;a&;orm;awGxJu EkdifiHa&;orm;awG pdwftcsqkH; t,kHMunfqkH; vlawGudk qGJxkwfNyD; 'Djynfolykdifvkyfief;awG ud kxkd;tyfonfhwkdifatmif 'DpD;yGm;a&;orm;awG[m jynfolydkifvkyfief;awGudk teJqkH; q,fESpfavmuf prf;w0g;0g;eJU tkyfcsKyfae&tkH;rSmbJ? jynfolykdifvkyfief;awGudk urmh pHcsdefrSD vkyfief;awGjzpfvmatmif tkyfcsKyfbkdUqkdwm[mtmPmykdifawGudk vmbfxkd;NyD;oGif;ukefvkdifpif&atmif ,l&NyD;wJhtcg vkdifpifa&mif;pm;&wJh vkyfief;awGavmufrvG,fbl;/ tmPmykdifawGudk vmbfxkd;NyD; qefaumif;awGudk qefa[mif;awGtjzpf vdrfxkwf&wJhvkyfief;avmufrvG,fbl;/ 'DvkdrvG,fwJhtwGuf 'dpD;yGm;a&;orm;awG[m pvQif pjcif; jynfolykdifvkyfief;awGudk b,fenf;eJUrQ pepfwus tkyfcsKyfwwfMutkH;rSm rvG,fbl;/ aemufNyD;awmhvnf olpdwftcsqkH;? t,kHMunfqkH;qkdwJh pD;yG;ma&;orm;wcsKdUudk jynfolykdifvkyfief;wcskKdUrSm 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m wm0efay;tyfcJhzl;w,f/ 'DvlawxJu oltifrwef txifMuD;wJh vlwcsKdU[m azmufvGJazmufjyef vkyfoGm;wmudk olukd,fwkdifawGUae&wJhtwGuf 'DpD;yGm;a&;orm;awGudk aemufxyf pd;yGm;a&; wm0eftyfESif;bkdUqkdwm OD;EktwGuf odyfrvG,fawmhbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh jynfolydkif vkyfief;awGukd pD;yGm;a&;orm;awG&JU vufxJ 0uGufNyD;tyf&r,fqkdwmudk vuf&Sdtajctaet& vkyfbkdUrajymeJU OD;Ek pOf;pm;vkdUawmif rjzpfbl;/ tckajymcJhwJh tcsuf 3csufaMumifhvnf; OD;Ek[m jynfolykdifpepfudk tjrpfuaeNyD;awmhvnf; ajymif;ypfcsifw,f/ b,fvkdajymif;ypf&r,fqkdwm

udkvnf rpOf;pm;wwfatmif jzpfaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'kwd,tMudrf tmPmodr;fcH&wJhaeUtxd oleJU olU0efMuD;awG jynfolykdif vkyfcJhwJh jynfolykdifvkyfief;awGudk olUpdwfwkdif;us ajymif;vJray;ekdifbJ tkyfcsKyfykHtkyfcsKyfenf;udk [kdae&m eJeJ 'Dae&m eJeJ jyif vla[mif;wcsKdUudk xkwfNyD; vlopfwcsKdUudkcefU wkd;oifhwJhae&m rSm tmPmwkd;ay;&kHavmufeJUom OD;Ekwif;wdrfoGm;cJh&&Smw,f/ tckazmfjycJhwJh tawGUtMuKHawGxJu 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m olUtwGuf tifrwef wefbkd;&SdwJ oifcef;pmawGudk trsm;MuD;&&SdcJhw,f/ 'Doifcef;pmawGudk twkdcsKyfNyD;ajym&&if 'Dvkdajym&r,f/ 1/ EkdifiHa&;orm;awG pd;yGm;a&;avmurSm 0ifrpGufeJU? 0ifpGuf&if pD;yGm;ysufvdrfhr,f? 2/ pD;yGm;a&;orm;awGuvnf; EkdifiHa&;avmurSm 0ifrpGufeJU? 0ifpGuf&if EkdifiHysufvdrfhr,f/ 3/ EkdifiHa&;orm;awGuEkdifiHa&;tmPmeJU? pD;yGm;a&;orm;awGukd tpGrf;ukeful/ 4/ pm;0wfaea&;? ynma&;? usef;rma&;? tp&SDwJh vlrIa&; tqifhtwef;awGudk EkdifiHa&;orm;awGu jrihfwif ay;Ekdifatmif pD;yGm;a&;orm;awGu EkdifiHa&;orm;awGudk tpGrf;ukefpD;yGm;&Smay;/ tcef; 28 taemufEKdifiHom;awGu OD;EkeJUawGUwJhtcg ArmEkdifiHrSm 'Drkdua&pd tjrpfwG,fEkdifyghrvm;vkdU ar;avh&SdMuw,f/ 'Dvkdar;wJhtcgwkdif; bmjzpfvkdU rwG,f&rSmvJ? wG,fr,fvkdU OD;Eku tNrJwrf;ajzw,f/ o&ufaphu o&ufyifjzpfNyD; o&ufoD;oD;vmatmif vkyf&wJh udwfp uav;rsKd;rSmawmif csufcsif; ratmifjrifbl;/ ESpftawmfMumMum apmihf&w,f/ 'drkdua&pD tjrpfwG,fatmif vkyf&wJh udwfp[m o&ufoD;oD;vmatmif vkyf&wJh udwfpxuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm rEIdif;,SOfomatmif ykdcufw,f/ 'Dudwfp[m tckcsufcsif;atmifjrifEkdifwJhudwfpr[kwfbl;/ taemufbufu EkdifiHawGrSmbJjzpfjzpf ta&SUbufu EkdifiHawGrSmbJ jzpfjzpf? 'drkdua&pD[m a&S;wkef;uvnf;? cyfvG,fvG,f cyfjrefjref tjrpfrwG,fcJhbl;/ tckvnf; cyfvG,fvG,f? cyfjrefjref tjrpfrwG,fbl;/ aemifukdvnf; cyfvG,fvG,f cyfjrefjref tjrpfwG,frSm r[kwfbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh 'drkdua&pDudk tjrpfwG,fvmatmif vkyfay;csifwJhvlawG[m ? ZGJaumif;aumif;eJU pdwf&Snf&Snf xm;NyD; vkyf&rSmbJ?

'Drkdua&pD tjrpfwG,fatmif vkyf&wJhtvkyfrSm t"dutydkif;MuD; ESpfykdif;&Sdw,f/ wyfkdi; 'drkdua&pdtef'&m,f jzpfvmEkdifwJh yk*kdvfawGudk tjrifrSef&vmatmif vkyfay;&wJhtykdif;jzpfw,f/ wjcm;wykdif;uawmh jynfolvlxkMuD;w&yfvkH;[m 'Drkdua&pD udk toufay;NyD;umuG,fwJh ppfom;aumif;awG jzpfatmif vkyfay;&wJhtykdif;jzpfw,f/ tef'&m,f jzpfvmEkdifwJhyk*kdvfawGqkdwm b,folawGvJ/ 'Drkdua&pD tjrpfwG,fatmif vkyfay;ae&wJh EkdifiH awGrSm tMur;ftm;jzifh tef'&m,f okH;rsKd;okH;pm; jzpfay:vmEkdifp&m taMumif;&Sdw,f/ tJ'DokH;pm;udk tckvdk azmfjycsifw,f/ 1/ wcsKdUEkdifiHa&;orm;awG[m tpwkef;uawmh a&G;aumufyGJeJU tmPm&vmolawGygbJ?'gayrJU wjznf;jznf; Mumvmawmh olwkdU&UJ ukd,fusihfw&m; ysufjym;rIaMumifhbJjzpfjzpf? olwkdU&JU nHhzsif;rIaMumifhbJjzpfjzpf? ESpfckpvkH;aMumifhbJjzpfjzpf? jynolvlxku olwkdUtay:rSm tMunfndKysufvmMuw,f/ a&G;aumufyGJ vkyf&if olwkdU {uef &IH;awmhrSmbJqkdwmudk odwhJtcg 'dtmPm& EdkifiHa7;orm;awG[m taMumif;trsdK;rsKd; jyNyD; a&G;aumufyGJudk a&TUqkdif;ypfwwfMuw,f/ tu,fa&GU 'Dvkd a&TUqkdif;ypfvkdUr&awmhwJh a&G;aumufyGJ vkyf&awmhr,f qkdjyef&ifvnf; olwkdU tEkdif&atmif npfywfwJhenf;rsKd;pkHudkokH;wwfw,f? tJ'D npfywfwJhenf;awGuvnf; olwkdUudk ru,fEkdifawmhbJ a&G;aumufyGJrSm olwkdU &IH;oGm;&if jynfolvlxk&JU ttqkH;tjzwfudk 'DEkdifiHa&;orm;awG vufrcHbl;/ vufeufukdifwyfawGudk tvGJokH;pm;vkyfNyD; 'DvlawG[m tmPmodr;fwwfw,f/ tJ'DEkdifiHa&;orm;awG[m yxr tef'&m,fjzpfw,f/ 2/ wcsKdUEkdifiHa&;orm;awG&Sdw,f/ olwkdUrSm t&nftcsif;vnf;r&Sd? ukd,fusifhw&m;vnf;r&SdwJhtwGuf jynfolvlxk MunfnKdrIudk b,ftcgurS olwkdUr&cJhMubl;/ aemifvnf; &bkdU taMumif;r&Sdbl;/ tJ'DekdifiHa&;orm;awG[m 'Drkdua&pDukd ykwfcwfr,f/ 'Drkdua&pD t&usif;yay;&wJh a&G;aumufyGJpepfudk olwkdU &IHUcsr,f/ aemufNyd;awmhrS olwkdUaxmufcHrJh EkdifiHjcm;tpdk;&awGqDu olwkdUtmPmodr;fzkdU tultnDawmif;NyD;olykefxr,f/ tJ'DEkdifiHa&;orm;awG[m 'kwd, tef'&m,f jzpfw,f/ 3? wcsKdU ppfAkdvfawG[m avmuDom;awGjzpfwJhtwkdif; EkdifiHa&;orm;awGudk wjznf;jznf; tm;usvmNyD; tmPmvdkcsifMujyefw,f/ olwkdU&JUvufxJrSm vufeuftjynfhtpkH&SdwmaMumifh 'DppfAkdvfawGtwGuf tmPmodr;f&wm[m a&G;aumufyGJrSm vlxkqDu tmPUmodr;f&wmxuf ykdNyd; vG,faew,f/ 'g[m wwd,tef'&m,f jzpfw,f/

vGwfvyfNyD;cgp 'Drkdua&pDtjrpf rwG,fao;wJh EkdifiHrsdK;awGrSm vlxka&m acgif;aqmifawGyg? 'Drkdua&pd&JU wefbkd;udk aoaocsmcsm oabmraygufao;bl;/ 'Drkdua&pDr&Sd&if jynfolvlxk[m b,favmuf 'kufca&mufr,ffqkdwm ukdvnf; olwkdU aumif; aumif; rawG;Ekdifao;bl;/ vufeufeJU tmPmvkwJh pepfqkd; [m tjrpfwG,fvm&if EkdifiH[m b,favmufepfemr,fqkdwmudkvnf; olwkdU arQmfrMunhfwwfao;bl;/ EkdifiHjcm;rSm wynhfcH&wm[m vlU*kPfodufcg udk b,favmufxdckdufw,f /rsKd;cspfpdwfwkdU ? ZmwdaoG;Zmwdrmef wkdU[m b,favmuf jrifhjrwfw,fqkdwmudk vnf; olwdkU rpOf;pm;wwfao;bl;/ ppfwyfqkdwm[m EkdifiHa&;xJrSm ryg&ao;bl;qdkwJ hxkH;wr;fpOfvmuvJ tJ'DEkdifiHawGrSm rckdifjrJao;bl;/ tJ'gaMumifh vGwfvyfNyd;cgp 'Drkdua&pd tjrpfrwG,fao;wJhEkdifiHrSm 'dtef'&m,fawG[m wu,ftxift&Sm;&Sdaew,f/ 'Drkdua&pD tjrpfwG,fatmif vkyfay;&rJhvkyfief;awGxJrSm tykdif;MuD; 2ykdif; &SdwJHtxJu 'Drkdua&pd&JU tef'&,fawGjzpfvmEkdifwJh yk*kdvfawGudk tjrifrSefatmifvkyfay;&r,f qkdwJh yxrtykdif;[m jynfolvlxkudk 'Drkdua&pD wnfwefU ckdifNrJa&;twGuf toufay;NyD; wkdufMurJh ppfom;aumif;awGjzpfatmif vkyfay; &rJh 'kwd,tykdif;xuf ydkcufw,f/ 'gayr,hf cufw,fqkdNyd; vufykdufMunfhaevkdU rjzpfbl;/ 'Dtef'&m,fawG[m 'Drkdua&pDudk zsufqD;ypfEkdifwJhtwGuf 'Drkdua&pD bufawmfom;awG[m uRrf;uRr;fusifusif vdrfvdrfrmrm owfwd&Sd&SD ZGJaumif;aumif;eJU 'Djyoemukd ajz&Sif;ay;&r,f/ 'Dvkd ajz&Sif;wJhae&mrSm wjcm;vkdtyfwJh udwfpawGudk vkyfay;wJhtjyif tef'&m,f jzpfvmEkdifp&m taMumif;awG&SdaewJh yk*kdvfawGudk 'Drkdua&pD tjrpfwG,fNyd;om; EkdifiHawGeJU tmPm&SifEkdifiHawGudk tpkd;&p&dwfeJU ykdUay;&r,f/ 'Dyk*kdvfawG[m tJ'DEkdifiHrSmwjcm;tcsufawGtjyif 1? tpkd;&u wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;udk b,fvkdtkyfcskKyfw,f/ 2? wkdif;oljynfom;awGrSm vlUrlvtcGifhta&; b,favmuf&Sdw,f/ 3? 'dtcGifhta&;awGudk xdckdufvm&if jynfolvlxk[m bmawGvkyfw,f/] 4/ jynfolvlxk&JU pm;0wfaea&;tqifhtwef;[m b,favmufxdjrifhw,f/ b,favmuftxd edrhfw,f/ 5? jynfolvlxk[m ukd,fa&mpdwfyg b,favmuftxd csr;fomw,fqkdwJh tcsufawGudk avhvmMu&r,f/ aemufNyD;awmhvnf; 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHawGrSm EkdifiHa&;orm;awG[m tmPm&vmwJhtcgrSmvnf; odyfNyD;pGmus,fus,f rvkyf&Jbl;/ olwkdUudk

twkduftcH tzGJU ? owif;pm? vTwfawmf? Oya'qkdwmawGu xdef;ay;xm;w,f/ tmPmvufvTwfNyD; &mxl;ujyKwfusoGm;wJhtcgrSmvnf; 'kufc a&mufroGm;bl;/ tm;ukd;&mrJh jzpfraebl;/ tmPmvufudkifxm;olawG&JU ESdyfpufwmudk rcH&bl;/ olwdkUrSm owif;pm/ vTwfawmf? Oya' tp&SdwJh tm;udk;p&mawG&Sdaew,f/ tmPm&SifEkdifiHawGrSm EkdifiHa&;orm;awG[m tmPm&wJhtcg odyfpGmus,fpGmus,f vkyfw,f/ npfywfw,f/ ukd,fusihfw&m;awG odyfysufw,f/ tpu ukef;aumufp&mawmifr&SdwJh tmPm&SifMuD; tmPUm&Sifav;awG[m aeUcsif;ncsif; olaX;MuD;awG olaX;uav;awGjzpfukefw,f/ olwdkUudk xdef;ausmif; ay;rJU twdkuftcH tzGJUvnf; r&Sdbl;/ owif;pmvnf; r&Sdbl;/ vTwfawmfvnf; r&Sdbl;/ Oya'vnf; r&Sdbl;/ 'Drkdua&pD EkdifiHawGeJU tmPm&SifEkdifiHawGudk a&mufwJhtcg tckajymcJhwJhtcsufawG[m b,favmuftxdrSefw,f? rrSefbl;qkdwmudkvnf; 'Dyk*kdvfawG[m txl;ta&;ay;NyD; avhvmcJhMu&r,f/ 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek 'kwd,tMudrftmPmtodr;frcH&rDu NAdwdoQaumifpD&JU em,u ArmEkdifiHudk tvnfvmzl;w,f/ tJ'Dem,uu EkdifiHa&;orm;wcsKdUudk bdvyfzdwfcsifw,fvkdU ajymwJhtwGuf OD;Ek[m bdvyfoGm;rJhtzGJUxJrSm 'Drkdua&pDaxmufcHwJh EkdifiHa&;orm;awGa&muefUuGufaewJh EkdifiHa&;orm;awGyg xnfhay;vkdufw,f/ tJ'dtzGJU ArmEkdifiH udk jyefa&mufvmwJhtcg wacgufwnf;eJUbJ tusKd;&Sdw,fqkdwmudk OD;Ek awGUcJh&bl;w,f/ wcgwkef;u AkdvfcsKyfae0if;tpkd;& [m armfpudk udk uGefjrLepf0g' toJpGJ ,kHMunfaewJh wufuodkvf u xduwOD; vTwfvkdufzl;w,f/ tJ'Duxdu[m armfpudkrSm 3ESpfavmufMumw,f? Armjynfudk jyefvmwJHtcg bdvyfu vSJUjyefw,f/ tJ'DrSm olUwynfha[mif;wOD;eJU awGUwJhtcgArmuGefjrLepfawGudk tpGJjzKwfcsif&if bmrSrvkyfeJU? armfpudkudkom vTwfvkdufayawmhvkdU tJ'DtxJu olUwynhfa[mif;udk 0rf;xJu vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ jzpfvmwJh toHMuD;eJU ajymoGm;cJhw,f/ 'drkdua&pDtwGuf toufay;NyD; umuG,fr,fh ppfom;aumif;awGjzpfvmatmif jynfolvlxkudk vkyfay;bkdUqkdwJh 'kwd,tykdif;udk taumiftxnfazmfwJhtcg EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftrsdK;rsKd;[m olwkdU MudKuf&m enf;trsKd;rsKd;udk okH;MurSmygbJ/ 'DudwfpeJU ywfoufNyD; 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m b,fvkd vkyfcJhw,fqkdwm udk 'Dae&mrSm tusOd;csKyfavmuf azmfjyyg&ap/ 1948 ckESpf? 1949 ckESpfawGwkef;uolykefa7mifpkHawGaMumifh

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH[m jydKusysufpD;&awmhrJh tajctaexd pkdufa&mufcJh&w,fqdkwmudk pmzwfolwkdU aumif;aumif;rSwfrdMuygvdrfhr,f/ tJ'dvkd tifrwef qkd;0g;aewJhtcsdefrSm0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m tcsuf7csufygwJh 'Drkdua&pDoabmw&m;duk yifyrf;&rSef;rodbJ rem;raeeJU ZJGaumif;aumif;eJU a[m avh&Sdw,f/ 'dtcsuf 7csuf[m atmufygtwkdif;jzpfw,f/ 1? EkdifiHwEkdifiH[m vlwpkuom ykdifwJh ypfpnf; r[kwfbl;/ EkdifiHolEkdifiHom;wkdif;tm;vkH; pkaygif;NyD;ydkifwJh tm;vkH;ykdifypfpnf;jzpfw,f/ 2/ 'DvkdykdifwmaMumifh EkdifiHolEkdifiHom;vlrsm;pku MunfMunfjzLjzL a&G;aumufwifajrmufjcif;udk cH&wJh yk*dkvf (okdUr[kwf) tzGJUuomvQif 'Dwkdif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfEkdifcGifh&Sdw,f/ 3? tkyfcsKyfwJhtcg xifovkd t&r;ftkyfcsKyfvkdUr&bl;/ jynfolvlxku MunfMunfjzLjzL a&G;aumufwifajrmufxm;wJh trwfawGu a&;qGJNyD;twnfjyKjyXmef;xm;wJh Oya't&om tkyfcsKyf&r,f? 4? jynfolvlxk[m *kPfodufcg &SdwJhvlawGvkdaeEkdifatmif vGwfvyfpGm a[majymcGifh? udk;uG,fcGifh? pD;yGm;&SmcGifh? zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;udk Oya't& wdkufzsufykdifcGifh tp&SdwJh jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH;&JU arG;&myg rlv tcGihfta&;rsm;udk ckdifckdifvkHvkH tmrcHxm;wJh Oya'awG&Sd&r,f/ 5/ t&G,fa&mufolwkdif; rJay;ykdifcGifh&SD&r,f/ 6/ jynfolvlxk trsm;pk&JUaxmufcHrIukdr&wJh tpkd;&tzGJU[m tvkdtavsmuf &mxl;uEIwfxGufay;&r,f/ 7/ tckajymcJhwJh t"dutcsufawGudk vufcHEkdifwJh oabmw&m;[m w&m;rQwjcif; ? vGwfvyfjcif;/ nDrQjcif; qkdwJhavmuygvw&m;awGudk tajccHxm;wJh oabmw&m;jzpfw,f/ 'Doabmw&m;udk 'Drkdua&pD vkdUac:w,f/ 'Drkdua&pD r&SdwJh EkdifiHawGrSm vljzpf&wm[m a*G;oif;cHxm;&wJh EGm;jzpfwmeJUtwlwlygbJ? tJ'gaMumifh 'Drkdua&pDudk zsufqD;olrSeforQ udk rkcs cHcs&r,f/ jynfolvlxk&JU toJxJudk pGJNyD;0ifoGm;atmif 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m 'D7csufudk enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJU a[m ajymNyD; xyfcgwvJvJ &dkufoGif;ay;cJhw,f/ OD;Ek[m tckvkd a[majym&kHeJU rauseyfao;bl; / 'D7csufukd pm&Gufpmwr;f awG &kdufNyD;a0w,f/ 'D7csuftay:rSDxm;wJh jyZmwfwyk'fudk olukd,fwkdifa&;NyD; wEkdifiHvkH;udk a0w,f/ zwfpmtkyftjzpfeJU ausmif;awGrSm toifckdif;w,f/ tJ'DjyZmwfudk &kyf&Sif&kdufNyD; vSnf;aeavSatmif; jrif;aZmif;rusef jynfaxmifpkom;rSeforQudk tcrJhjyw,f/ 'Dtcsuf 7 csufudk ulnDjzefUcsDay;wJhtaeeJU Armhowif;pmwkdufwkdufu

OD;Eka&;wJh jyZmwfudk umwGef;tjzpfeJU a&;qGJNyD; owif;pmxJrSmvnf; xnfhay;w,f/ umwGef;pmtkyftjzpfeJUvnf; jzefUcsDay;w,f? 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m ausmif;awGrSm jyZmwftjzpfeJU oifay;wJhtjyif 'D 7 csufudk wjcm;enf;rsKd;pkHeJU oifay;zdkUvnf; pdwfuk;rdygao;w,f/ aemufNyD;awmhvnf; 'D 7 csufudk aqG;aEG;rJh aqG;aEG;yGJawG wEkdifiHvkH;rSm vkyfay;zkdU? 'D 7 csufudk rSDNyD;a &;xm;wJh uAsmjydKifyGJ awG? yef;csDjyyGJawG? umwGef;jydKifyGJawG wekdifiHvkH;rSm vkyfay;bkdU pdwful;rdygao;w,f/ 'gayrJh pdwful;awGudk taumiftxnfazmfay;r,fh tzGJUtpnf;r&SdwmaMumifh OD;Ek[m 0r;feJpGmeJUbJ tJ'Dtcgwkef;uvufavQmhay;cJh&w,f/ 'Dtcsuf 7 csufudk jynfolvlxk&JU toJxJrSm pGJoGm;atmif vkyfay;Ekdif&if jynfolvlxk[m 'Drkdua&pd tay:rSm jyif;jyif;jyjy ,kHMunfvmvdrfhr,f/ 'Dvkd ,kHMunfvmwJh jynfolvlxk[m 'Drkdua&pDudk zsufvkdzsufqD; vkyfwJhvlawG ay:vm&if vufykdufMunfhaerSmr[kwfbl; olwkdUwwfEkdifwJhenf;eJU wckckawmhvkyfrSmbJ/ tEken;feJU vkyfEkdif&if tekenf;eJU vkyfr,f/ tMurf;enf;eJU vkyfEkdif&if tMurf;enf;eJU vkyfr,f / 'Dtwkdif;rSefw,fqkdwmudk 1948 eJU 1949 ckESpfawGwkef;u 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ekukd,fwkdif xifxif&Sm;&Sm;awGUcJh&w,f/ tJ'DESpfawGwkef;u olykefa&mifpkHawG&JU 0kdif;ESufwJh 'Pfudk ocifEktpkd;& rcHEkdifygbll;vkdU jynfwGif;a&m jynfyrSmyg vlyk*kdvf tcsKdU edrdwf zwfcJhMuw,f r[kwfbl;vm;/ ArmEkdifiH[m a&mifpkHolykefawG&JU vufwGif;udk oufqif;rSmygbJvkdU 'DvlawG a[mudef;trsKd;rsKd; xkwfcJhMuzl;ao;w,fr[kwfvm;/ tJ'dvkd edrdwftrsKd;rsKd; zwfwJhMum;xJu a[mudef;awG xkwfaewJhMum;xJu ocifEktpkd;&axmifwufvmatmif vkyfay;vkdufwJh taMumif;awGxJrSm jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiH[m a*smufxJusroGm;bJ vGwfajrmufvmatmif vkyfay;wJh taMumif; awGxJrSm 'Drkdua&pD udk jrwfEkd;MuwJh jynfolvlxk&JU wwfEkdifwJhbufu 0kdif;0ef;ulnDrI awG[m &mckdifEIH; tawmfrsm;rsm; ygw,f/ 'DtjzpftysufawGudk ukd,fwkdifjrifawGU&NyD; 'Drkdua&pD&JU wefckd;eJU tiftm;tay:rSm OD;Ek &JU ,kHMunfrIawG[m a&S;uxuf tqaygif;rsm;pGmykdjyif;vmw,f/ 'dvkd jyif;xefvmwmaMumifh 1954 ckESpfavmufu ppfwufuodkvf zGifhyGJrSm OD;Ek 'DvkdausnmcJhzl;w,f/ rmcfpf0g'orm;awG u ubmMuD;rSm aemufqkH;wkdufyGJ[m "e&SifeJU ypfpnf;rJU vlwef;pm;awG&JU wkdufyGJjzpf&r,f/ tJ'DwkdufyGJrSm ypfpnf;rJh vlwef;pm awGu Ekdif&r,fvkdU a[mudef;awG xkwfMuw,f/ 'g[m rrSefbl;/ 'DubmMuD;rSm

aemufqkH;wkdufyGJ[m 'Drkdua&pDukd cspfjrwfEkd;wJh jynfolvlxkeJU 'DvkdcspfjrwfEkd;wJh jynfolvlxkudk a*G;oif;xmwJh EGm; awGvkd jzpfatmif zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fxm;wJh tmPm&Sif awG wkdufMuwJh wkdufyGJbJ jzpf&r,f/ tJ"daemufqkH;wkdufyGJrSm 'drkdua&pDudk cspfjrwfEkd;wJh jynfolvlxku {uefrvGJ atmifyGJcH&r,fvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Eku twdtvif; tjyif;txef MuKH;0g;cJhbl;w,f/ 'DrQavmuf wefckd;&Sdw,fvdkU ol,kHMunfaewJh 'Drkdua&pD[m jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHrSm tjrpfwG,fatmif vkyfzkdU OD;Ek[m ESpfMudrfwkdifwkdif MudK;pm;cJhzl;w,f/ yxrtMudrf[m 1950 jynhfESpfavmufrSm pw,fxifw,f/ 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ek[m tJ'D yxrtMudrf MudK;yrf;csuftaeeJU 'Drkdua&pD oabmw&m; jzefUcsDa&; toif; udk xlaxmifay;cJhw,f/ 'Dtoif;[m &HykHaiGtwGuf jynfolvlxkqDu tvSL cHw,f/ 0efMuD;csKyf oabmtwkdif; okH;EkdifwJh &HykHaiGxJu tenf;tusOf; xkwf,lNyD;awmh vnf; OD;Ek[m 'Dtoif;udk axmufyHhw,f/ 'gayrJh 'Dtoif;rSm tcsdefjynfhtvkyfvkyfEkdifwJH tvkyform;awG r&SdwJHtwGuf 0efMuD;csKyfeJU 'Drkdua&pDrSm jyif;jyif;xefxef pdwf0ifpm;olwpk tm;vyfcGifh&wJhtcgrsdK;rSm bJ 'dtoif;rSm vIyf&Sm;rI&Sdawmfhw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 0efMuD;csKyfarQmfrSef;xm;wJhtwkdif; 'Drkdua&pD tjrpfwG,fa&;twGuf wGifwGifus,fus,f tvkyfrvkyfEkdifcJhbl;/ 1958ckESpxJrSm OD;Ek[m yxrtMudrftmPm todrf;cH&wJhtcg 'Dtoif;vnf; ysufusoGm;cJh&w,f/ 'Dvkdtoif;rsKd;OD;Ek[m 'kwd,tMudrf xlaxmif&atmif b,fvkdMudK;pm;cJh&w,fqkdwm aemuftcef;wcka&mufrSbJ qufajymygawmhr,f/ tcef; (29) OD;Ek[m 0efMuD;csKyftjzpfeJU EkdifiHawmfrsm;rsm;udk tvnfoGm;cJhzl;w,f? tJ'DEkdifiHawGxJu wcsKdUEkdifiHawGrSm OD;Ek[m b,folawGeJU awGUcJhw,f? b,frdefUcGef;awGajymcJhw,f? bmawGaqG;aEG;cJhw,f? bmawGvkyfcJhw,fqkdwmudk eJeJpDavmuf tusOf;csKyfNyD; 'Dtcef;rSm az:jycsifw,f? tdEd,jynf udkEkwufuodkvfausmif;om;b0wkef;u face=WinKalaw yef pfae&l;m &efuefudk tvnfvmzl;w,f? tJ'Dwkef;u udkEk[m face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l;tem;udk csOf;uyfcGifhr&bl;? cyfvSrf;vSrf;u jrifvkduf&zl;wmygbJ? face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l;m awmfawmfynmwwfw,f? awmfawmfacsmw,f?

awmfawmfowfwd&dSw,f? awmfawmf udk,fusifhw&m;aumif;w,f? wkdif;jynfeJU trsKd;twGuf pGefUpm;w,f? jynfolvlxk&JU NunfnKdrIudk awmfawmfcHcJh&w,fqkdwJh *kPfowif;awG[m ArmEkdifiHudk face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l;ra&mufcifuwnf;u MudKNyD;a&mufaew,f? 1947 ckESpftwGif; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; usqHk;NyD; ocifEk0efMuD;csKyf jzpfvmw,f? tJ'Daemufrsm;rNumrD ocifEk? OD;AaqG? OD;wifxGwfwkdU tdEd,udkoGm;Nuw,f? tJ'DtcgrSm ocifEk[m face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l;udk yxrqHk;tMudrf awGU&w,f? ynmwwfwJh? owfwd&dSwJh? udk,fusifhw&m;aumif;wJh wkdif;jynfeJUtrsKd;twGufpGefUpm;wJh yk*dKvfawGudk cspfcifav;pm; NunfnkdwwfwJh 0goem? ocifEkrSm&dSwJhtwkdif;? ocifEk[m face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l;udk tJ'DyxrtacgufrSm uwnf;u txl; cspfcifav;pm; NunfndkoGm;w,f? tckvkd cspfcifav;pm; NunfndkoGm;wJhtwGuf ocifEk[m teJqHk; wESpfwMudrfavmuf e,l;a'vDudk tvnfoGm;w,f? EkdifiHwum qufqHa&; tpOftvmt& EkdifiHwEkdifiH&JU orwjzpfap? 0efMuD;csKyfjzpfap? 0efMuD;wOD;OD;jzpfap? wjcm;EdkifiHudkoGm;csif&if tJ'DEdkifiHjcm;tpdk;&JU cGifhjycsufudkawmif;qkdNyD; cGifhjyKwJhaeUrSm oGm;&w,f? tdEd,udk tvnfoGm;wJh tcgrSmawmh 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ek[m tJ'Dvkd rvkyfbl;? ol[me,l;a'vDudk b,faeUb,fvrf;u vmr,fqkdwm 0efMuD;csKyf ae&l;qDudk pma&;NyD;oGm;vkdufwmbJ? 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m e,l;a'vDudka&mufwJhtcg yxrtMudrfrSmbJ orwtdrfawmfrSm wnf;&w,f? aemuftMudrfawGusawmh OD;Ekudk face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l;m olUtdrfrSmbJxm;w,f? r[wfwr*ED Armjynfudk tvnfvmpOfu OD;Ek[m q,fwef;ausmif;om;bJ&dSao;w,f? tJ'gaNumifh r[wfwr*EDudkvnf; face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l;vkdbJ udkEk[m tJ'Dtcgwkef;u cyfa0;a0;u vSrf;jrifvkduf&zl;w,f? 0efMuD;csKyftjzpfeJU tdENd,udk yxrqHk;tacguf oGm;awmhrSbJ? face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l;udk awGUNyD;wJhaemuf OD;Ek[m r[wfwr*EDudk e,l;a'vDu olaewJh bm;vm; (Birla House) tdrfrSm teD;uyfNyD; tav;jycGifh &w,f? OD;EkawGUwJh tcsdef[m reuf(9)em&Davmuf&dSNyD; tJ'DtcsdefrSm r[wfwr*ED[m bm;vm;tdrf0if;twGif;u uGufvyfwckrSm yufvufukvm;xkdifay:xkdifNyD; aeylpm vIHaew,f? OD;EkwkdUeJU awGUwJhtcg bdvyfrSm 0wfvHkynmoifaepOfu Arm0wfvHkausmif;om; wOD;eJUawGUcJhzl;wJhtaNumif; 'Dausmif;om;[m tvGefowfwd&dSwJhtaNumif;? NumNyDjzpfwJhtaNumif;? tJ'D Armausmif;om;&JU emrnfudk

arhaeNyDjzpfwJhtaNumif;awGudk r[wfwr*EDuajymjyw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm r[wfwr*ED[m 0g;eJU,ufxm;wJh carmufuav;wvHk;udk aqmif;xm;w,f? tJ'Dcarmufudk EkdtmumvDqdkwJh&Gmu &Gmom;awGuvufaqmifay;wmvdkU r[wfwr*EDuajymw,f? EdktmumvDqdkwJh&GmrSm [dEL-rGwfpvif t"du&kPf; jzpfw,f? vlawGtawmfaow,f? r[wfwr*EDudk,fwkdif tJ'D&GmrSm oGm;NyD;aeawmhrS t"du&kPf;u NyD;oGm;w,f? OD;EkuvJ tJ'Dvkd carmufwvHk; vSLyg&apvkdUajymwJhtcg r[wfwr*EDu oabmwlw,f? tJ'DaNumifh OD;Ek[m Armjynfudk jyefa&mufa&mufjcif; t&yf&yfu carmufrsKd;pHkukd erlemtjzpfrSm Nunfhw,f? &Srf;jynfu ydkUvkdufwJh &Srf;carmufukd odyfMudKufwmeJU tJ'Dcarmufudk OD;Eka&G;vkdufw,f? aemuf(2)&ufavmufNum;wJhtcg tJ'D carmufudk,lNyD; r[wfwr*EDudk olUudk,fpm;vSLzkdU OD;Ek[m twkdifyifcHt&m&dS OD;tkef;udk vTwfvdkufw,f? OD;tkef;pD;oGm;wJh av,mOfysH[m e,l;a'vDudk qkdufcgeD;rSm vlrormwOD;&JU vufcsufeJU usqHk;oGm;&&SmNyDqkdwJh aNuuGJ0rf;eJzG,f 0g,mvufpf owif;w&yfudk OD;tkef;Num;&w,f? r[wfwr*ED uG,fvGeftedpa&mufNyD;aemufwaeUrSm? 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ek[m AE
1962 ckESpf? rwfvxJrSm ppfwyfu tmPmodrf;NyD; 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m tcsKyfcH&vdkU q,fhav;ig;&ufbJ &dSOD;r,f? *ED
1956 ckESpf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ vkyfcgeD;rSm ukefaps;EIef;awG odyfwufaew,f? 'DvkdwufaewmaNumifh a&G;aumufyGJrSm zqyv&JU tiftm;[m trsm;MuD;avsmhoGm;Edkifw,f? ukefawGudk trsm;MuD;oGif;EkdifrS ukefaps;EIef;usr,fqdkwmudk zqyv acgif;aqmifawGodyg&JU? 'gayrJh oGif;p&m EkdifiHjcm;aiGr&dSbl;? 'gaNumifh OD;Ek[m 0efMuD;wOD;ESpfOD;udk face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l;qDvTwfNyD; aiGacs;vkduf&ao;w,f? OD;Eku tultnDawmif;wJhtcg face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l;m jiif;w,fr&dSygbl;? olwwfEdkiforQ ulnDcJhygw,f? 1952 ckESpftwGif; tdEd,uydkUvdkufwJh owif;w&yf[m Arm owif;pmawGxJrSm ygvmw,f? tJ'Dowif;t& Armjynfu em*awG[m tdEd,jynfxJ0ifNyD; tdEd,em* (90)ausmf&JU acgif;udkawGudk jzwf,loGm;Nuw,f? tJ'Dowif;udk zwfNyD;NyD;csif; 'Dacgif;jzwfwJhudwfp[m tdEd,-ArmcspfNunfa&;udkrsm; xdckdufvmtHk;rvm; awG;rdwJhtwGuf OD;Ek[m tawmfpdk;&drfoGm;w,f? aemufwvNumvkdU tdEd,tpdk;& qDuvnf; bmrSrNum;&? tdENd,ygvDrefxJrSmvnf; b,folurS ruefUuGuf tdEd, owif;pmawGuvnf; b,fvkdrS rqlwJhtcg usawmhrS OD;Ekpdwfat;oGm;w,f? oufqdkif&m wm0efcHawGqDu OD;Ek pHkprf;NunfhwJhtcg 'Dvkdod&w,f? Armjynfbufu awmifwef;awGrSm em*vlpkawG trsKd;trsKd;&dSw,f tJ'DvlpkawGxJrSm aqmfavmfqkdwJhvlpk[m odyfqkd;w,f? 'kwd, urmppfMuD;twGif;u olwkdU[mvufeufrsKd;pHkudk&xm;w,f? tJ'gaNumifh em*awmifwef;udk tkyfcsKyf&wJh tmPmydkifawG[m olwkdUudk xdef;vkdUr&bl;? 'Dem*vlpk[m tdEd,jynfwGif;udkom0ifNyD; acgif;jzwfwmr[kwfbl;? ArmjynfwGif;u em*tcsif;csif;udkvnf; acgif;jzwfaeNuw,f? 'Daqmfavmfem*awGudk tcsdefrSD ESdrfESif;rypfEkdif&if olwkdU[m tdEd,xJudk rNumcP 0if0ifNyD;? acgif;awGjzwfaetHk;rSmbJvkdUawG;rdwJhtwGuf 'Daqmfavmfjyoemudk jynfwGif;Nidrf0yfydjym;a&; jyoemtjzpfeJU omru tdENd,ArmcspfNunfa&;udk waeUaomtcg xdckdufvmEdkifwJh jyoemtjzpfeJU 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ekjrifvmw,f? tJ'gaNumifh tajctaeudk udk,fwkdifpHkprf;csifwJhtwGuf OD;Ek[m em*awmifwef;udkwufoGm;w,f? tJ'DrSm em*acgif;aqmifawGeJUawGUtcg wjcm;udwfpawGudk ar;jref;NyD;wJhaemuf bmvdkcsifNuovJvkdU OD;Ekuar;w,f? aqmfavmfem*awG odyfESdyfpufaew,f? olwkdUudk ESdrfay;ygvdkU em*acgif;aqmifawGu wnDwnGwfwnf; awmif;qkdNuw,f? &efukefudkjyefa&mufwJhtcg aqmfavmfawGudk ESrfESif;bdkUtwGuf OD;Ek[m vufeufudkifwyfawGudk&Sm&w,f? jynfrrSmvnf; Nidrf0yfydjym;a&; tajctae[m

pdwfrcs&ao;wJhtwGuf wyfawGudk b,fae&murS EIwfvkdUrjzpfbl;? tJ'Dawmh rwwfEkdifbl;? &efukefN KrdUudk apmifhbdkUtwGuf csxm;wJh jynfaxmifpk ppf&JxyfxJu? wyfcGJwcGJudk xkwf,lNyD; em*awmifwef;udk ydkUvkdufw,f? em*awG[m olwkdU&JU e,fajrudk tifrwef uRrf;usifw,f? wkduf&nfckduf&nfvnf;&dSw,f? owfwdvnf; aumif;w,f? tJ'gaNumifh ppf&Jwyf[m olwkdUe,fajrxJudk a&mufwmeJU wNydKifeuf aqmfavmfem*awG[m NcHKckdNyD; wkdufNuwmbJ yxr wkdufyGJrSm ppf&Jbufu wa,mufusoGm;NyD; aemufqkwfay;&w,f? aemufwMudrfjyefwufwJhtcg usqHk;oGm;wJh ppf&Jwyfom;rSm udk,fom&dSw,f? acgif;r&dSawmhbl;? em*awGjzwf,loGm;NuNyD? olwkdUudk awmxJrSm vdkufwkdufae&if b,fenf;eJUrS rEdkifEkdifbl;qdkwmodwJhtwGuf ppf&JawG[m aqmfavmfawG&JU &GmudkoGm;NyD; cyfvSrf;vSrf;u (3)vufrpdefajymif;eJU &GmxJudk ypfoGif;&w,f? pdefajymif;AHk;wvHk;us&kHeJU vlawGvJ trsm;MuD;aow,f? olwkdU&JUwJawGvnf; ysufw,f? olwkdUarG;xm;wJh 0ufawGeJUEGm;awGvJ taotaysmufrsm;w,f? pdefajymif;&JU AHk;oHuvJ odyfus,fw,fqkdamwh aqmfavmf&Gmol&Gmom;awG[m tifrwefaNumufvmNyD; awmxJrSm ykef;atmif;aeNuwJh aqmfavmfawGudk vufeufcsbkdU 0dkif;wkdufwGef;Nuw,f? aqmifavmfawGvufeufcswJhtcg olwkdU[mom;pOfajr;quf toufxufqHk; tpdk;& trdefUudk emcHyghr,fvdkU ausnm&w,f? tJ'Daemuf usm;pG,f? aoewfusnfqH? 'g;ajrmif tp&dSwJh vufeufawG pdrfxm;wJh a&awGudk oHyHk;awGxJu cyfaomuf&w,f? tJ'Dvkd ausnmNyD; tJ'Da&udk aomufNyD;&if em*awG[m tpkd;&udk opfpmrazguf&Jawmhbl;? 'Dopfpma&wkdufyGJudk usif;yNyD;wJhtcg aqmfavmfawG ESdyfpufwmudk cHxm;&wJh em*vlrsKd;pkawG[m aqmfavmf&GmawGxJudk0ifNyD; pdefajymif;AHk;oHaNumifh aoaeNuwJh aqmfavmfawG&JU acgif;awGukd jzwf,lNuw,f? tJ'Daemuf olwkdU&GmawGrSm ylaZmfyoyGJawGusif;yNyD; aqmfavmfawGowfwmudk cHcJh&wJholwkdUaoG;csif;om;csif;awG udk,fpm; aqmfavmfawGtay:rSm olwkdU[m *vJhpm;acsNyD;ygNyDvkdU tJ'D em*&Gmom;awGu ausnm&w,f? 1953 ckESpf rwfvukefavmufrSm em*awmifwef;udk tvnfvmbdkU OD;Ek[m face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l;udk zdwfvdkufw,f? face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l;&JU tMuHay;csuft& OD;Ek[m rPdylNrKdUawmf? tifzm;udkt&ifoGm;w,f? tJ'DurS face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l; orD; rpfpftif'&m*EDeJUtwl tdEd, em(awmifwef;awGqDudk tvnfoGm;Nuw,f? OD;EkawGU&wJh tdEd,em*awG[m Armem*awGeJU rwlbl;? tawmftqifhtwef;jrifhw,f? olwkdUtxJrSm

t*FvdyfpmwwfolawG tawmfrsm;rsm;&Sdw,f? em*a,muFsm;awG[m abmif;bDeJU ukwftusfDawGudk 0wfxm;w,f? trsKd;orD;awGuvnf; olwkdU&JU t0wftpm;awGudk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk? vHkvHkNcHKNcHK 0wfxm;Nuw,f? Armem*awGuawmh 'Dvkdr[kwfbl;? em*a,mufsm;awG[m olwkdU&JU wefqmudk zHk;wJhtaeeJU vufw0g;avmuf&dSwJh ydwfpudk a&SUeJUaemuf csnfxm;vkdufwmbJ? eJeJyg;yg;wwfEkdifwJh vlawGusawmh olwkdU&JU wefpmudkzHk;zkdUtwGuf ywfxm;wJh ydwfptjyif armif;tao;uav;wvHk;udk cg;uMudK;rSmcsnfNyD; olwkdU&JU wefpmay:rSm zHk;xm;w,f? rcsrf;wJhtcg tJ'Darmif;eJU ydwfpuvGJNyD; olwkdUwudk,fvHk;rSm bmrS 0wfrxm;bl;? csrf;wJhtcgapmifNcHKxm;w,f? trsKd;orD;awGqkd&ifvnf; olwkdU&JU 'l;qpfavmufom&dSwJh xrdefuav;udk cg;rSmywfxm;w,f? rcsrf;wJhtcg tJ'Dxrdefuav;uvGJNyD; olwdkU wudk,fvkH;rSm bmrS 0wfrxm;bl;? csrf;wJhtcg apmifjcKHxm;w,f? OD;Ekem* awmifwef;a'oudk ra&mufwm tESpf 20avmuf&SdoGm;NyD? tcktcgqkd&if awmh Armem8awG trsm;MuD;wkd;wufp&m taNumif;&Sdw,f? em*a,muFsm;awG[m t&yftarmif;tifrwefawmifhwif;w,f? 6ay orm;awGrsm;w,f? em* rdef;rawGuawmh ykw,f? tifrwef awmfihawmifhwif;wif; &Sdw,f? tifzm;rSm wntdyfNyD; yefepf ae&l;? rpfpf tif'd&m *EDeJU Od;EkwkdU[m Armjynfbufu qifuvkdif cED;t7yfudk vmNuw,f? Armem*awGqDudk oGm;bkdUtwGuf um;vrf;r&Sdbl;? jrif;eJUoGm;7w,f? tJ'gaNumifh yefepfae&l;wkdU ra&mufrSD we*FaEGwywfavmufMudKNyD; qifuvkdif cED;udk em*acgif;aqmifawGudk ac:xm;w,f? txl;ojzifh aqmfavmfem*acgif;aqmifawGudkaygh? 'Dem*acgif;aqmifawG[m olwkdU&JUr,m;awG? om;orD;awG udk ac:vmNuw,f? em*awG pka0;wJhae&mudk yef'pfae&l;eJU OD;EkwkdU a&mufvmwJhtcg qifuvkdifcED; c&dkif0efu aqmfavmftMuD;tuJudk ac:vkdufw,f? tJ'D tMuD;tuJ[m em* OD;xkwfwvkH;eJU em*vSHacsmif;ukdifNyd; vltkyfxJu xGufvmw,f? tJ'dtMuD;tuJ[m yef'pfae&l;a&SUa&mufvmwJhtcg tdEd,jynf xJudk 0ifNyD; em*awGudk acgif;jzwf&wm 0r;feJygw,f? tJ'dtjypfu csrf;omay;yg? aemifudk 'grsKd;rvkyfawmhygbl;vkdU? t7m&SdawG oifxm;wJhtwkdif; ajymNyD; yef'pfae&l;udk OD;xkyfeJUvSHqufovkdufw,f? yef'pfMuD; [m em*OD;xkyfudk aqmif;NyD; em8vSHudk udkifxm;wm odyfNunfhaumif;w,f? tJ'dyGJrSmbJvm; naeuyGJrSmbJvm; b,fyGJrSmvJqkdwm rajymekdifawmhbl;? tawmfrsufESmylp&m tjzpftysufwck jzpfoGm;cJh7ao;w,f? jzpfyGm;ykHu 'Dvkd? aqmfavmftMuD;tuJrSm orD; ESpfa,mufygvmw,f? tMuD;tuJ&JU ord;awG jzpfaevkdUvm; rqkdEkdifbl;? 'dtrsKd;orD; ESpfOd;[m wjcm;em*trsKd;orD;awG eJU

rwlbl;? wjcm;em*trsKd;orD;awG Nunfh7wm oefUoefUjyefUjyefU r&Sdbl;? tom;rJw,f? &kyf&nfNurf;w,f? aqmfavmftMuD;tuJ&JU orD;ESpfOD;uawmh oefUjyefUw,f? tom;jzLw,f? &kyf&nfav;awG oem;urm;&Sdw,f? olwkdU[m qifuvkdif cEDW;udk a&mufwm 7&ufavmuf&SdNyDqkdawmh tJ'DNrdKUolNrdKUom;awG ususee0wfxm;wmNunfhNyD; 'l;qpfavmufom&SdwJh vkHjcnfwkduav; awG olwkdU0wfxm;&wmudk &SufvmNuw,f xifw,f? txl;ojzifh olwkdU&JU om;jrwfawGudk tzkH;tuG,fr&SdbJ az:xm;wmudk &SufNuw,fxifw,f? tJ'gaNumifh olwkdU&JU vkHcsnfudk cg;rSm r0wfawmhbJ olwkdU&JU om;jrwfudk zkH;Nyd;0wf xm;Nuw,f? 'Dvkd0wfxm;wmudk olwkdUtazjrifoGm;wJhtcg pdwfqkd;w,f? olwkdU&JU ,Ofaus;rI xkH;pHt& om;jrwfudk zkH;Nyd; vkHcsnf0wfwm[m &kdif;&musw,fxifyg&JU? txl;ojzifh yef'pfae&l;eJU OD;ekwkdUvkd vlMuD;vlaumif; awGa&SUrSm tawmf&dkif;ovkdjzpfaew,f xifyg&JU? tJ'gaNumifh tazvkyfol[m olwkdU,Ofaus;rItwkdif; xrdefudk cg;rSm jyef0wfbkdU olUorD;awGudk aigufvkdufw,f? orD;awG[m &SufaewhJ twGuf tazay;aewJhtajzudk em;raxmifbJ olwkdU&JU rsufESmudk wjcm;zuf vSnfhaeNuw,f? tazNuD;vnf; a'gojzpfjzpfeJU ord; 2a,muf&JU vkHcsnfawGukd oludk,fwkdfify&dowf tvnfrSm twif;qGJcRwfvkdufw,f? tJ'dtcgusawmh orD;awGvnf; rjiif;omawmhygbl;? olwkdU xkH;pHtwkdif; cg;rSm jyef0wfvkdufNuw,f? naebufusawmh {nfhonfawmfawG jzpfwJh yef'pfae&l;? rpf tef'&m*ED eJU OD;EkwkdU[m em*awGeJU wGJubkdU t7m&SdawGu uyGJ wck pDpOfxm;w,f? jynfreJU tawmfMuD;a0;wJhae&mawGu awmifwef;om;awG&JUb0[m tawmfqif;&Jw,f? olwkdUrSm aysmfp7m yg;p&mqkdvkdU wjcm;bmrS r&Sd&Smbl;? acgif&nfaomufwm &pfwpfwpf jzpfvmwJhtcg 0kdif;NyD;qkdwm uwmavmufbJ&SDw,f? tJ'gaNumifh acgif&nfaomufwmeJU qkdwmuwm [m olwdkU&JU ,Ofaus;rIrSm tawmfta&;MuD;wJh uef' jzpfw,f? em*awGusawmh acgif&nfaomufwmeJU qkdwmuwm [m wjcm;awmifwef;om;awGxuf ydkta&;MuD;ykH7w,f? bmjzpfvkdU ta&;MuD;vJqkdwmudk oabmaygufatmif&Sif;jyyg&ap? em*awG[m &Gmuav;awG zGJUaeNuw,f? &GmxJrSm a,mufusm;uav;awGeJU rdef;uav;awG t7G,fa&mufvmwmeJU wjydKifeuf olwkdU&JU rdbawGeJU twlraeNuawmhbl;? &GmtpGefrSm aqmufxm;wJU wJMuD;wwJ &Sdw,f? tJ'D wJMuD;xJrSm 'Da,mufusm; uav;awGeJU rdef;uav; awG twl tdyfNuw,f? rtdyfcif apmapmykdif;rSm olwkdU[m acgif&nfaomufNuNyD; qkdNuuNuw,f? olwkdU[m tckvkd wJMuD;wwJxJrSm pktdyfNu7if; wOD;eJU wOD; tprf;oabmrsKd;

aygif;oif;Ekdfifw,f? em*awGtwGuf om;orD;&bkdU[m ta&;MuD;qkH;udwfp jzpfwJhtwGuf tprf;oabmrsKd;eJU aygif;oif;&if; oifhawmfwJhtcsdeftwGif; rdef;uav;rSm y#doaE rwnf&if rlvtwGJudk jzKwfNyD; rdwfzuftopf&SmEkdifw,f? udk,f0ef&Sd&if olwkdU [m vifr,m;tjzpf tdrfaxmifjyKNuw,f? tdrfaxmifjyKNyD;wJhtcg vifeJUr,m;[m udk,fhtdrfrSm ukd,fjyeftdyf&w,f? 'dwJrSm rtdyf7awmhbl;? arG;zGm;wJhae&mrSm trTmyl;qkd&if olwkdU rMudKufNubl;? tJ'gaNumifh trTmyl;qkd&if arG;puwnf;u wenf;enf;eJU aoatmifvkyfypfwmbJ? em8awG[m tysKfvlysKd b0xJu tckvkd acgif&nfaomufNyD; qkdu vmNuw,f qkdawmh acgif&nf aomufwmeJU qkdNuuNuwmudk olwkdU ,Ofaus;rI&JU tpdwftydkif;MuD;wcktjzpf olwdkUrSwfxm;Nuw,f? olwkdUu {nfhonfawmfawGeJUtwl acgif&nfaomufNyD; qkducsifw,fvkdU awmif;qkdwJhtwGuf t7m&SdawGu uyGJudk pDpOfay;&w,f? acgif&nfusawmh {nhfonfawmfawG&JU usef;rma&;udk xdckdufw,fvkdU t&m&SdawGu &Sif;jyxm;wJhtwGuf em*awG[m olwkdU[mbJ olwkdU aomufNuw,f? {nfhonfawmfawG aomufbkdU rawmif;qkdbl;? uwJhtcg yef'pfae&l;eJU OD;EkwkdU[m em*acgif;aqmifawG&JU pDpOfay;rIt& em*trsKd;orD;awG&JUvufudk udkifNu&w,f? tJ'dvkd udkifNyD;rS olwkdU ckefovkd? aygufovkd? qkdovkd? ckefaygufatmf[pfNyd; qkdNu&w,f? yef'pfae&l;[m em*awmifwef;udk vmvnf7wm tawmf pdwfcsrf;omw,fvkdU olUorD; tif'D&m *ED qDu Num;&zl;w,f? yef'pfae&l;eJU OD;ekwkdU[m 'drkdua&pD oabmw&m;eJU wnfhrwfpGmNum;aea&;0g'wkdUrSm woabmwnf; bJ? aemufNyd; Nidr;fcsrf;om,mpGm ,SOfwGJaexkdifa&; rlMuD; 5 rlqkd&ifvnf; olwkdU 2OD;[m a&;csxm;wJh pmawGrSma&m 'DpmawGeJUtwl uyfNyD;aeNuwJh rlawG&JU apwemawGrSmyg? vkH;0 oabmwlaeNujyefwJhtwGuf tdEd,eJU ArmjynftNum;rSm Armem*awG tdEd,xJ0ifNyD; acgif;jzwfNuwJh jyoemuvGJ&if wjcm;Mud;MuD;us,fus,f jyoemawG ay:cJhzl;w,f qkdwm wcgrS rNum;zll;bl;? wcgrSmawmh udwfp wck ay:vmbl;w,f? 'dudwfp[m tao;tzGJyg? jyoemvkdUawmif ac:vkdUr&bl;? 'gayrJh tu,fa&GUom tdEd,eJU ArmESpfEkdifiHpyfNum;rSm em;vnfrIwkdU cspfNunfrIwkdU r&dS&if 'Dudwfpuav;[m jyoemMuD;w7yfjzpfvmEkdfifw,f? jzpfykHu'DvkdtdENd,EkdifiHom;ukefonfwcsKdUudk? (p) oHk;vHk; (Bureau for Special Investigation) tzGJUuzrf;NyD; tmrcHray;bJ xm;vdkufw,f?

NumNyDjzpfwJhtwGuf trIuawmh bmrIvJqdkwm 'Dae&mrSm raz:jyEdkifawmhygbl;? EkdifiHjcm;aiGckd;wJh trIbJvm;? oGif;ukefvdkifpifr&dSbJ ukefawGckd;oGif;vmwJhtrIbJvm; 'grSr[kwf&ifvnf; wjcm;trIwckckbJvm;qkdwm rrSwfrdawmhygbl;? ArmEdkifiHrSm ArmukefonfawGeJU EdkifiHjcm;ukefonfawG aygif;NyD;vkyfwwfwJh enf;wrsKd;&dSw,f? ArmawGudk 85&mckdifEIef;avmuf oGif;ukefvdkifpif xkwfay;w,fqdkawmh ukefonfr[kwfwJh ArmawGuvnf; oGif;ukefvkdifpif&atmif avQmufNuwmbJ? tJ'D ArmawGqDurS EdkifiHjcm;om;awGu oGif;ukefvdkifpifawGudk wqifh0,f,lNuw,f? 'DvkdifpifawGeJUrSmvkdU ukefawGa&mufvmwJhtcg ukefawG[m vkdifpifxJrSm ay:jyxm;wJhukefawGr[kwfbl;? tzkd;rwefwJh anmif&GufawG opfOopfzkawGjzpfaew,f? tJ'Denf;eJU EkdifiHjcm;ukefonfawG[m EkdifiHjcm;aiGawGudk ckd;xkwfwwfw,f? tJ'Dawmh (p)oHk;vHk;u tdEd,ukefonfawGudk vdkufzrf;wm[m 'DtrIrsKd;twGufbJvm; aumif;aumif;rrSwfrdawmhygbl;? waeUusawmh tdEd, oHtrwf[m 0efMuD;csKyfOD;EkeJUawGUcGifhawmif;w,f? OD;Ek[m (p)oHk;vHk;tzGJU &UJ tMuD;tuJjzpfaew,fqdkawmh 'DtrIeJUywfoufNyD; tdEd,oHtrwf[m OD;EkeJU awGUcsifwm obm0usyg w,f? 0efMuD;csKyfOD;EkeJU awGUwJhtcg tdEd,oHtrwfudk tuJcwfNunfh&wm tifrwef pdwfxdckdufaeyHk& w,f? tJ'gaNumifh xkdifrdwmeJU wNydKifeuf (p)oHk;vHk;tzGJU[m tdENd,ukefonfawGudk rw&m;zrf;xm;w,f? tdEd,ukefonfawGrSm tjypfr&dSygbl;vdkU tpcsDNyD; olU0rf;xJ&dSwmawGudk tukeftHxkwfwmbJ? OD;Ek[m (p)oHk;vkH;tzGJU&JU tMuD;tuJqkdwmuawmh [kwfygw,f? 'gayrJh (p)oHk;vHk;uzrf;orQtrIudk OD;Ekrodbl;? odbkdUvnf;rvkdbl;? OD;EkatmufrSm (p)oHk;vHk;aumfrwDtzGJUwck&dSw,f? 'DtzGJUxJrSm yifpif&t&m&dSMuD;awGeJU a&SUaeawGygw,f? 'DtzGJUrSm 0efMuD;csKyf&JU twGif;0efu em,uvkyfw,f? (p)oHk;vHk;t&m&dSawGu em,uudkta&;,lp&m&dSwJh trIawGwifjyw,f? 0efMuD;awG? twGif;0efawG? XmetMuD;tuJawG? w&m;olMuD;awGvkd yk*dkvfrsKd;udk ta&;,lp&m&dSwJhtcgrsKd;rSmom tzGJU&UJ em,u[m 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ekudk trIwifjyw,f? tJ'gaNumifh oHtrwfwifjywJhtrIeJU ywfoufNyD; olpHkprf;NunfhygtHk;r,fvkdU? OD;Ek[m tdEd,oHtrwfudkajzvkdufw,f? OD;Ek[m (p)oHk;vHk;aumfrwDeJUawGUwJhtcg zrf;xm;wJh tdEd,ukefonfawGrSm tjypf&dSw,f? oufaotaxmuftxm;vHkavmufw,fvdkU wnDwnGwfwnf; (p)oHk;vHk;aumfrwDvlMuD;awGu tpD&ifcHw,f? 'gayrJh oHtrwfudk,fwkdif

tckvkdta&;wMuD;wkdifxm;wJhtrIrsKd;rSm OD;Ek[m olUt&m&dSawGajymwkdif; ZGwfw&Gwf t&rf;rvkyfcsifbl;? ol ,Hk,HkNunfNunfcefUxm;wJh t&m&dSawG wif;wif;usyfusyf ta&;,lxm;wJhtrIudk tdEd,oHtrwfajymwkdif; ZGwfw&Guf t&rf;jzpfwmudkvnf; OD;Ekrvkyfcsifbl;? tJ'Dawmh OD;Eku aumfrwDtzGJUudk 'DvkdtMuHay;w,f? tdEd,oHtrwfudk ac:vkdufr,f? olMudKufwJh0wfvHkwa,mufudkvnf; ac:vmayap? (p)oHk;vHk;aumfrwD&JU em,ueJU aumfrwD&JUudk,fpm;vS,f wOD;ESpfOD;vnf;vmNu? aemufNyD;awmh tpkd;&a&SUaecsKyfudkvnf; zdwfxm;r,f? 'DoHk;zGJUqHk;wJhtcg 'DtrIeJU ywfoufNyD; tjyeftvSefajymNu? tckvdkajymNuNyD; (p)oHk;vHk;em,u tdENd,oHtrwfeJU tpdk;&a&SUaecsKyfMuD;wkdU wnDwnGwfwnf; vufcHEdkifwJh tajzwckudk&Sm tJ'Dtajztwkdif; trIudkqHk;jzwfay;csifw,fvkdU OD;Ekuajymjyw,f? aumfrwDvlMuD;awGu oabmwlw,f? tJ'gaNumifh tckajymcJhwJhtwkdif; yk*dkvftoD;oD;udk oleJUvmawGUbdkU 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek csdef;vkdufw,f? uHtm;avQmfpGm oHk;OD;pvHk;vufcHEkdfifwJh tajzudk &SmawGUoGm;wJhtwGuf 'DtrI[m OD;Ekpdwfr&Iyf&bJ at;at;aq;aq;NyD;oGm;cJhw,f? tdEd,jynf pefcsDe,frSm oD&d"rmaomurif;MuD;[m (Asoka) ausmufapwDwqlwnfNyD; t&Sifom&dykwfw&meJU t&Sifr[marm*f*vefwkdU&JU "mwfawmfawGudk XmyemcJhw,f? NAdwdoQ tpdk;&vufxufrSm 'D"mwfawmfawG bdvyf,loGm;NyD; jywkdufwckxJrSm xm;w,f? tdENd, vGwfvyfa&;&wJhtcg tdEd,jynfudk 'D"mwfawmfawGjyefyifhvmw,f? 'DpmwfawmfawG[m tifrwef tbdk;wefwJhtwGuf "mwfawmfawGoDwif;oHk;zkdU pefcsDu rlv ausmufapwDeJU reD;ra0; awmifukef;uav;wckay:rSm taqmuftOD;wckudk tckdiftcefU aqmufNuw,f? aqmufNyD;wJhtcg 0efMuD;csKyfae&l; udk,fwkdif taqmuftOD;&JU Xmyem wkdufwnf;rSm XmyemzdkU tdEd,r[m aAm"dtoif;u pDpOfxm;w,f? tJ'DyGJudk 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ekvnf; wufapcsifw,fvdkU 0efMuDk;csKyfae&l;u zdwfwJhtwGuf OD;Ek[m a&S;OD;pGm e,l;a'vDudkoGm;w,f? e,l;a'vDurS face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l;eJU OD;EkwdkU[m NrKdUwNrKdUudk av,mOfysHeJU oGm;Nuw,f? tJ'DNrdKUu pefcsDudka&mufatmif rdkif (40)avmufarmfawmfum;eJUoGm;&w,f? av,mOfysHuGif;u xGufwJhtcg face=WinKalaw y@pfae&l;udk MudKqdkbkdU tifrwef MuD;rm;wJh vlxkwef;MuD;[m armfawmfum;vrf;udk 0J,m ESpfzufnSyfxm;wm awGU&w,f? tJ'Dvlxkwef;MuD;xJrSm ausmif;olausmif;om;awG tzkd;MuD;? tr,fMuD;awG vlvwfwef;pm;awGu pNyD; vlrsKd;pHkygw,f?

OD;Ek[m tdED, rSm ae&m tawmfrsm;rsm;udk yefepfMuD;eJUvkdufzl;w,f tJ'dae&mwkdif;rSm ajcmufuyfuyfjzpfaewmudk wcgrS rawGU&bl; ? vltkyfMuD;awG apmihfaewmdukcsnf;yJ awGU&w,f? awGU&wJh vltkyfMuD;uvnf; 0wfauswef;austm;emyg;emeJU vmNuwJhvlxkrsKd;r[kwfbl;? olUukd tifrwefawGUcsifNuwJUvltkyfMuD;jzpfw,f? tJ'gaNumifh olUtem;udk a&mufvm&if olwdkU tifrwefvdkcsifwJU ypfpnf;udk pdwfvdkufrmefyg 0kdif;NyD;vkNuovkd i,foHygatmif atmfwJholuatmf olUqDudk twif;wkd;wJUoluwkd;tJ'dvkdwkd;&if; wa,mufeJU wa,muf wkd;rd? wGef;rd? wkdfurD eif;rdNyD; t&rf;jzpfaeNuwm toifhapmifhaewJh ykvdyfeJU uGefu&uf&JU wm0efcHyk*dkvfawGu tawmfNumwJhwkdifatmif 'DvlxkMuD;udk xdef;vdkUr&ekdifbl;? wcgrSmawmh Am&mPoD uav ,mOfysHuGif;rSm xifw,f? vlxkMud;u toifhcsxm;wJh yk*dkvfawGudk wGef;Nyd; olUqDudk twif;tkHNyD;vmvkdufNuwm oleJU OD;EkwkdU[m 'DvltkyfMud;xJrSm nSyfNyD; ygoGm;ao;w,f? tJ'dtcg yefepfae&l;vnf; NidrfraeEkdifawmhbl;? toHudk atmfNyd; vlawGukd twif;wkd;ypf&w,f? olatmf[pfoH Num;awmhrS vlxkMuD;[m olwdkU[m olwkdUxdef;NyD; t&Sdef7yfoGm;w,f? 'dvkd&yfoGm;wmeJU wNydKifeuf OD;Ekudk tjyifbuf csufcsif;ac:oGm;bkdU yef'pfMuD; olvlawGudk atmfajymvkdfufw,f? tJ'dtrdefUt& uGefu&ufwm0efcHawG[m vlawGudk twif;wGef;NyD; Od;Ekudk twif; qGJac:oGm;awmhrS OD;ek[m vlxktjyifbudukd a&mufoGm;w,f? OD;Ekvnf; ola&mufwJhae&muae yef'pfMuD;udk vSr;fNunhfawmh yef'pfMuD;u olUvufxJu 'kwfwdkuav;eJUtwif;wkd;vkduf vlxk[m aemufa&mufoGm;vkduf jzpfaewmudk awGU7w,f? tckvkd yefepfMud;eJU vlxk wa,mufwjyefpd jzpfaewmudk Nunhf&wm[m ArmawG wGwf xkd;wrf; upm;wmudk Nunfh&wmeJU odyfwlw,f? vlxkudk tifrwef cspfjrwfEkd;ovkd vlxkuvnf; oludkU cspfwJhtwGuf yefepfMuD; olvkxkeJU tckvdk vkyfae&wmudk tifrwefMuD; auseyf tifrwefMuD;aysmfaew,f xifw,f? wcgrSmvnf; yefepf ae&l;[m tdEd,wae&mrSm oHrPd puf&kHMuD;wnaewm oGm;Munfh&atmifvkdU ac:wmeJU OD;EkvkdufoGm;w,f/ yefepfae&l;eJU OD;EkwkdU av,mOf ay:u qif;wmeJU wjydKifeufwnf; tJ'dt&yfu ykvdyft&m&Sdu yefepfae&l;udk tpD&ifcHw,f/ olU tpD&ifcHcsuft& av,mOfuGif; tjyifbufrSm vlxkESpfpk apmihfaew,f/ wpku yefepfae&l;udk MudKqkdbkdUjzpfw,f? aemufwpkuawmh yefepfae&l;udk qefUusifbuf qef'jyvkdU uGefjrLepfawGu wa,mufukd wusyfpD ay;NyD; ac:vmwm jzpfw,f/ uGefjrLepfawG ac:vmwJh vlxk&JU vufxJrSm tvHjzLuav;awGudkifxm;w,fqkdwmu yefepfMuD;eJU

OD;EkwkdUod&w,f/ yefepfMuD;wdkUpD;vmwJh *spfum;[m MudKqkdwJhvlxkudk t7ifawGU&w,f/ tJ'Dvlxk[m yefepfMuD; oGm;wJhae&mwumwkdif;u vlxkawGtwkdif; wcJeuf atmf[pfNyD; yef;ukef;awG eJU ypf&if; yefepfMuD;udk c&D;OD; MudKqkd jyKMuygw,f/ uGefjrLepfawG ac:vmwJh vlxkbufudk a7mufvmwJhtcg bmawGrsm; vkyfMuOd;rvJvkdU OD;Ek apmihfMudKMunfhw,f/ uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmif av;ig;OD;u yefepf ae&l;udk qefUusifwJU aMuG;aMumfoHawg atmf[pfNyD; qkdMuw,f/ vlxku vkdufrqkd,kHomrubl;/ olwkdU ta&SUudk yefepfae&l;a&mufvmwmeJU wòydifeuf vuftkyfcsDNyD; [E´Lbmomvkd uefawmygw,fvkdUqkdMuw,f? yefepfae&l;[m OD;EkbufudkvSnfhNyD; 'DvlawG[m uGefjrLepfawGu wa,mufwusyfay;NyD;ac:vmwJh vlawGvdkUajymvkdufwJHtcg OD;Eku olodygw,f/ yefepfMuD;vdkU jyefajzvkdufw,f? vlxkeJU yefepfMuD;[m b,favmuf &if;ESD;w,fw,fqdkwm tuJcwfEdkifatmif om"uwckudk 'Dae&mrSm az:jyvkduf&tHk;r,f? [E´LwuUodkvfrSm OD;EkrdefUcGef;ajymNyD;wJhtcg bk&ifcHu yefepfMuD;eJU OD;Ekudk npmpm;yGJwckeJU{nfhcHw,f? aemufqHk;yef;uefudk {nfhonfawGa&SUrSmcsNyD;wmeJU wNydKifeuf pm;yGJxdk;orm;awG[m olwkdUtcsif;csif; MudKwifpDpOfxm;wJhtwkdif; yefepfMuD;&JUaemufrSm wdwfwdwfuav; pDwef;NyD; &yfMuw,f? toifhapmifhaewJh "mwfyHkq&mu yefepfMuD;eJU olUaemufu wef;pDNyD; &yfaeMuwJh pm;yGJxkd;orm;awGudk "mwfyHk&kdufvkdufw,f? yefepfMuD;[m pm;yGJxkd;awG&JU tMuHydkifykHudk csD;usL;wJhtaeeJU NyHK;aew,f? wjcm;0efMuD;csKyf wOD;OD;omqkd&if pm;yGJxkd;awG[m 'DtpDtpOfrsKd;udk wu,fvkyfzkdUrajymeJU pOf;awmif pOf;pm;&JrSm r[kwfbl;? xrf;aqmifae&wJh wm0efuvnf; tifrwefMuD;? wkdif;jynfeJU vlxktwGuf aomuawGuvnf; tifrwefrsm;jym;? toufuvnf; ri,fvSawmhwJhtwGuf yefepfMuD;[m tifrwefyifyrf;aew,f? oleJU pum;xkdifajymae&if; ol[m tvkyfyifyrf;vGef;vdkU qkdzmay:rSm tdyfaysmf aysmfoGm;wmudk OD;Ek rMumcPawGUcJhzl;w,f? wcgrSm yefepfae&l;&,f OD;Ek&,f ArmEkdifiHjcm;a&;twGif;0ef bm&ifwef&,f xkdifNyD; pum;ajymaeMuw,f? OD;Eku ckdif;vkdU w&kwf-Arm e,fjcm;pmtkyfudk bm&ifwefu &Sif;jyae&if; yefepfae&l;[m tdyfaysmfoGm;w,f? 'Dvdkjrif&wm[m yxrtMudrfjzpfaewJhtwGuf bm&ifwef[m bmvkyf&rSef;rodjzpfaew,f? tJ'gaMumifh 'DrSmajymwmawmfNyD/ rif;oGm;csifoGm;awmh tdEd´,EkdifiHjcm;a&;twGif;0efeJU awGUwJhtcg tJ'D w&kwf-ArmpmcsKyf

taMumif;udk pHkpHkvifvifajymjyvkdufygvdkU OD;Eku bm&ifwefudk wkd;wkd;av;ajymjyvkduf&wf,? taemufEdkifiHutdEd´,tpdk;&tzGJU&JU acgif;aqmifawGqkd&if ESpfvwcg/ oHk;vwcg qkdovkd yifv,furf;ajcrSm tem;,lwmwkdU awmifay:pcef;rSm avn‡if;cHwmwdkU/ &GufoabFmeJU yifv,fxJrSm tyrf;ajzwmwkdUudk vkyfvkyfay;&w,f? yefepfMuD;rSm 'grsKd;awGr&dSbl;? olU&JUtyrf;ajzaq;[m olcspfwJhvlxkbJ? wcJeuftHkMuGaewJhvlxkvkd MuufaysmufiSufaysmuf aysmufuG,fukefMuw,f? pefcsDudkoGm;bdkUtwGuf e,l;a'vDu xGufvmwkef;u tifrwefyifyrf;aewJhtwGuf yefepfMuD;[m av,mOfysHay:rSm tomrSdef;NyD; vkdufvm&w,f? OD;Ekvnf; yefepfMuD; em;csifem;ygapawmhvdkU pOf;pm;NyD; av,mOfysHay:rSm olUudk bmpum;rSrajymbl;? tJ'Dvkd yifyrf;aewJh yefepfMuD;[m av,mOfysHuGif;0rSm toifhapmifhaewJh vlxkudk jrif&wJhtcg/ olyifyrf;aewmawGaysmufukefw,f? olUrsufESmudkMunfh&wmtawmf MunfMunfvifvifjzpfvmw,f? trkd;ûzwfxm;wJh *spfum;ay:rSm t&m&dSwa,mufu '&kdifbm&JU ab;rSmxdkifw,f? yefepfae&l;eJU OD;EkwkdUu *spfum;ay:rSm txl;vkyfxm;wJh oHwef;udkudkifNyD; rwfwyfvdkufMuw,f? *spfum;[m olwkdUtem;udk a&mufwmeJUwNydKifeuf vlxk[molwkdU toifhaqmifxm;wJh yef;uHk;awG yef;yGifhawGeJU yefepfudk 0dkif;aygufMuwmbJ? yefepfuvnf; tJ'D yef;uHk;awG/ yef;awGudk rdoavmufvdkufzrf;NyD; vlxkudkjyefaygufw,f? wae&mrSmawmh ausmif;olrav; aygufvdkufwJh yef;uHk;[m yefepfMuD;&JU rsufvHk;udkrSefoGm;w,f? yefepfMuD;[m *spfum;udk csufcsif;t&yfckdif; tJ'Dyef;ukH;eJUaygufwJhausmif;olrav;bufudkvnfh yef;uHk;rSefoGm;wJh olUrsufpdudkvufwzufeJU tomtkyfxm;NyD; (athcf'yfpwl;[J) vdkU [dE´LvdkvSrf;aigufvkdufw,f? 'g[m xHk;pHvm;vdkU Armvkd t"dyÜm,f&w,f? olUvlxkuvnf; olwkdU&JUacgif;aqmiftaMumif; aumif;aumif;odaew,fqkdawmh olaigufwkdif; aMumufroGm;bl;? 'gxkH;pHbJvkdU olUudk jyefatmfajymNyD; awmufxyfyef;ukH;awG yef;awGeJU 0kdif;aygufMu&if; w0g;0g;eJU aysmfaeMuw,f? yefepfvnf; aemufxyfbmrS rajymawmhbl;? olUrsufvHk;udk vufwzufeJU umNyD; armfawmfum;udk quftarmif;ckdif;vdkufw,f? "gwfawmfawGudk ,m,DpHausmif;awmfu awmifylpmay:rSm&dSwJh "gwfawmfwdkufudk ajymif;a&TUwJhtcg tcrf;tem;eJU a&TUw,f? tcrf;tem; tpDtpOfxJrSm yefepfae&l;eJU OD;EkwkdU[m "gwfawmfaemufu uyfvkdufoGm;&kHbJ? bmrS vkyfp&mrvdkbl;? awmifay:u "gwfawmfwkdufudk a&mufwJhtcgrSmom

yefepfMuD;"gwfawmfMuKwfudk yifhvmwJhvl&JU vufxJu,lNyD; XmyemwkdufxJrSm xm;&r,f? 'gayrJh OD;Ek[m r[maAm"dtoif;&JU vlMuD;awGudk awmif;yefNyD; "gwfawmfMuKwfudk olUacgif;ay:rSmyifhoGm;w,f? ygvmwJh vlxkMuD;udkxdef;bdkUtwGuf ykvdyfawGvnf;&dSw,f? wjcm;vlawGvnf; trsm;MuD;&dSw,f? 'gayrJh ydkNyD; pdwfcs&atmifqkdwJh &nf&G,fcsufeJUbJ xifyg&JU? yefepfMuD;[m aemufuygvmwJh vlxkbufudkrsufESmrlNyD; awmifylpmay:rSm aygufxm;wJh ajrMuD;wufvmwmr[kwfbl;? olUyg;pyfu atmfajymvkduf olUvufxJu 'kwfwkduav;udk axmifjyvkdufeJU olUvlxkudk xdef;NyD; wufvkdufvmw,f? OD;Ek[m "gwfawmfudk olUacgif;ay:rSmyifhNyD; awmifylpmay:udkwufvm&if; olpdwful;awG[m ESpfaygif; ESpfaxmifausmfavmufu taomuacwfudk ûAef;ueJa&mufoGm;w,f? &Sifbk&iftaomu[m 'DpefcsDrSm ausmufapwDwnfNyD; t&Sifom&dykwÅ&meJU t&Sifr[marm*vmefwkdU&JU "gwfawmfawGudk udk,fwkdifXmyem oGm;cJhw,f? tckvnf; 'DpefcsDrSm pHausmif;awmfwck wnfaqmufNyD; 'D"gwfawmfawGudkbJ yefepfMuD;udk,fwdkif Xmyem&awmhr,f? tdEd,EkdifiHawmftvHrSm taomuwHqdyfudkbJ yefepfMuD; jyefoHk;w,f? tdEd´,jynfolvlxkMuD; w&yfvHk;[m taomu0ifpm;wmjzpfrSmbJ? yefepfMuD;[m taomujzpfwkef;u igvnf;oleJUcspfcifwJh rdwfaqGwOD;OD;awmhjzpfrSmbJ? b,folrsm; jzpfygvdrhfrvJ? twdwfb0awGudk jyefNyD;jrifEdkifwJh ykaAed0goEkwd tbdOmOfudkom ig&r,fqkd&if tJ'Dwkef;u ig[mbmvJqkd&if igjyefMunfhEkdifrSmbJvdkUawG;&if; ywf0ef;usifawGudk owdarhNyD; OD;Ek[m wa,mufxJ pdwful;,Ofaew,f? "gwfawmfawGudk XmyemNyD;vkdU jyeftvm yefepfMuD;rSm b,fbmomrS r&dSbl;vkdU Mum;zl;w,f? tJ'grSef&JUvm;vdkU OD;Eku yefepfMuD;udk ar;w,f? 'gayrJh ol[m Ak'f"bmombufudkawmh udkif;nTwfaew,f? (I am inclined towards Buddhism) vdkU yefepfMuD;u ajzMum;wJhtcg yefepfMuD;[m taomu 0ifpm;wmjzpfrSmbJqkdwJh OD;Ek&JU ,HkMunfrIawG[m a&S;uxufydkNyD; cdkifrmvmMuw,f? 1962 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvtwGif; Am&mPoD [E´LwuúodkvfrSm (r*Fvm) eJU (arwm) (Mangala and Metta) rdefUcGef;ESpfckudk OD;Ekajym&w,f? yefepfMuD;u tJ'DrdefUcGef;yGJrSm em,uvkyf&w,f? yefepfMuD;eJU OD;EkwkdU[m Am&mPoDNrdKUxJu Am&mPoD r[m&mZm&JUtdrfrSm wnf;&w,f? 'kwd,trdefUcGef;udk ajymNyD;wJh naeydkif;rSm r[m&mZmu yefepfMuD;eJU OD;EkwkdUudk vufbuf&nfyGJeJU {nfhcHw,f? {nfhonfawGjyefoGm;vkdU olwkdUESpfa,mufwnf;&dSwJhtcg OD;Eku yefepfMuD;udk

'DvkdpNyD; ajymvkdufw,f? yefepfMuD;cifAsm; uRefawmfhudk ratmfbl;qdk&if cifAsm;udk uRefawm f pum;wcGef; avmufajym csifw,f? bmjzpfvkdUatmf&rSmvJ ajymyg? aeUwkdif; reuftdyf,mxwMudrf ntdyf,m0ifwMudrf Ak"f'Ho&PH *pmrd "rHo&PH *pmrd/ oHCHo&PH *pmrdvkdU qkdvkdU qkdcsifw,f? qkdEdkifyghrvm;? qdkEkdifygw,fvkdUqkdNyD; Ak'Ho&PH *pmrd "rHo&PH *pmrd oHCHo&PH *pmrdvkdU OD;Ekudk yefepfMuD;u acgufqkdjyw,f? tdEd´,udk aemufwacguf tvnfvm&if tdyf,macgif;&if;rSm xm;NyD; yefepfMuD;udk udk;uG,fbkdUtwGuf nmPfawmfao;ao; ausmufqif;wk (odkUr[kwf) aMu;qif;wkwql yifhvmr,fvkdU pdwful;NyD; OD;Ek&efukefudk jyefvmw,f? aemufwvausmfausmf avmufMumwJhtcg rwfv(2)&ufaeUrSm 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ek[m tmPmodrf;cH&w,f? axmifwaxmifxJrSm tcsKyfcHae&&if; waeUusawmh axmift&m&dSwOD; OD;EkqDudkvmNyD; yefepfae&l; tedpa&mufoGm;NyDvkdU Mum;w,f? om;trdom;tz jzpfjzpf nDtudkarmifESrjzpfjzpf vifeJUr,m; jzpfjzpf oli,fcsif;rdwfaqGjzpfjzpf wOD;eJUwOD; cspfcifMuwJholawG[m waeUaomtcg uGJMu&rSm "rwmbJ &SifuGJaomfvnf;aumif;? aouGJaomfvnf;aumif; uGJ&r,fvkdU pOf;pm;7if; cspfcifaygif;oif; qufqHjcif;um; auGuGif;aemufqHk;&dSacs\ qkdwJh oHa0* oHaygufuav;udk tusOf;om; OD;Ek[m tMudrfaygif;rsm;pGm wa,mufwnf; &Gwfqkdaew,f? w&kwfjynf (u) w&kwf uGefjrLepfawG[m 1949ckESpftwGif;rSm w&kwfjynfrMud; wckvkH;udk odr;f,lEkdifcJhw,f/ tJ'dtcsdefupNyD; w&kwfjynfeJU tar&duef jynfaxmifpkwkdU&JU y#dyufc [m waeUwjcm; ykdrjdkyif;xefvmwJht wGuf 'DEkdifiHMuD; ESpfEkdifiH[m ppfjzpfawmhrvm; qkdNyD; wubmvkH; &ifwrreJU apmihfMunfhaeMu&w,f/ OD;Ek[m ubmolubmom; wOD;jzpfwJhtwGuf tckajymovkd apmifhMunfhaewJholawG&JU xJrSm wOD; tjzpfeJU {uefrkcs ygrSmygbJ/ 'gayrJU wjcm;ubmolubmom;tawmfrsm;rsm;xuf ykdNyd; &ifwrr jzpfp7m taMumif; wck OD;EkrSm&Sdaew,f/ 'DtaMumif;udk 'Dae&mrSm enf;enf;avmufajymyg&ap? OD;Ek[m 'kwd,ubmppfMuD;twGif;u 1940 jynhfESp f'DZifbmvxJrSm apwemaumif;tzGJU0if ( Goodwill mission ) wOD;tjzpfeJU w&kwfjynf

uGefrif; cRefuif;? csefwl;NrdKU 3ckudk a&mufoGm;cJhbl;w,f/ tJ'Dwkef;u zufqpf *syefawGu AkH;awGeJUMuJ tajrmufawGeJUypfxm;vkdU w&kwfawG &p&mr&Sdatmif aoaMuaeMuwmawGudk txl;ojzifh ca;vawG twkH;t&kH;eJU aoaeMuwmudk "mwfykHawGxJrSm jrifcJh&w,f/ aemufNyD;awmh ppfxJrSm rdbawG aoqkH;oGm;wJhtwGuf rdbrJhuav;awGudk w&kwftpkd;&u apmihfa&Smufxm;&w,f/ tJ'dcav;awG&JU ausmif;awG ? EkdUxdef;a*[m awG udkvnf; OD;Eka&mufcJh&w,f/ tJ'd"mwfykHawGeJU tJ'dcav;awGudkawGUwJhtcgrSm vlawGawmxJrSmrikdrdatmif OD;EK awmfawmfxdef;cJh&w,f/ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm Mumvmayr,fhvnf; w&kwfjynfrSm OD;EkjrifcJh7wmawG aysmufroGm;bl;/ olUESvkH;om;xJrSm cyfeuf euf xGif;xm;ovkd jzpfNyD; w&kwfcav;awGay:rSm OD;Ek&JU oHa,mZOf[m ckdifrmaew,f/ tJ'D oHa,mZOfaMumifh w&kwfjynfeJU tar&duef jynfaxmifpk wkdU ppfrsm;jzpf&if tar&duef AkH;qH? tajrmuffqHawGatmufrSm tjypfrJU w&kwfuav;awG [m odef;eJU oef;eJU csnfNyD; twkH;t&kH; aoMu&tkH;r,fqkdwJh oem;pdwfawG[m OD;Ekudk xrif;vkH; waq ajcmufovkd vkdufajcmufaew,f/ 'dEkdifiHMuD;ESpfck ppfrjzpfatmif olvkd yrTm;wa,muf[m bmwwfEkdifrSmvJ/ 'gayrJH rwwfEkdifbl;qkdNyD; 'Dudwfpudk olvufykduf Munfhraejcifbl;/ OD;aESmufxuf ESvkH;om;u ykdMuD;aewJh OD;Ek[m olU0goemt& wckck vkyfcsifaew,f/ bmrS rvkyfEkdifbl;qkd&ifawmif tcGifhaumif;&wJhtcg w&kwfacgif;aqmifawGeJU tar&duef acgif;aqmifawGudk acgif;aqmifMuD;rsm;cifAsm/ &efolrjzpfMuygeJU rdwfaqG jzpfMuyg? qkdwmuav;avmuf udkawmh teJqkH;tjzpfeJU olajymcsifaew,f/ tJ'DvkdajymbkdU tcGifhaumif; &Smaewkef; 1954ckESpf rSm w&kwf 0efMuD;csKyf acsmiftifvkdif &efukefudk tvnfa&mufvmw,f/ ol&JU zdwfMum;csuft& OD;Ek[m 1954 ckESpf tukefavmufrSm yDuif;udk tvnfvmbkdU oabmwlvkdufNyD; oltifrwefajymcsifaewJh w&kwftar&duef cspfMunfa&;taMumif; udk w&kwfjynfrSm olajym&awmhr,fvkdU awG;&if; OD;Ek 0rf;tomMuD;omaew,f/ (c ) w&kwfjynfc&D;xGufcged; usif;ywJh 0efMuD;rsm;tpnf;ta0;wckrSm 0efMuD;csKyfacsmiftifvkdif; eJU awGUwJhtcg w&kwf -Arm e,ferdwf owfrSwfbkdU udwfpudk aqG;aEG;cJhygvkdU 0efMuD;awGu 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ekudk 0kdi;fNyD;rSmMuw,f/ 'kwd, 0efMuD;csKyf OD;ausmfNidr;fuqkd&if taemufEkdifiHom;awG a&;xm;wJh pmtkyf okH;av;tkyf ,lvmNyD; tJ'dpmtkyfawG xJu w&kwf -Arm e,fjcm;eJU qkdifwJh pmykd'f awG zwfjyw,f/ OD;ausmfNidrf;&JU tqkdt&qkd&if 'Dpmykd'fawGudk udk;um;NyD;

jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHxJu e,fajrwckav;udkrS ray;bJ ArmawG ykdifcJhwJh e,fajr qkdNyD; w&kwfjynfxJu &Spfaqmif yUm; qkdwJh e,fajrudk &atmif 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m awmif;vmcJhapcsifw,f/ 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m 'Drludk oabmrusbl;/ w&kwf-Arm e,fjcm;owfrSwfa&;udwfprSm Armtpkd;&u pmtkyfawG pm&Gufpmwrf;awG pmcsKyfawGudk ukd;umvdrfhr,f/ 0efMuD;csKyfcsKtifvkdif; Armjynf tvnfvmwkef;u autrfwDeJU uGefjrLepftpkd;&wkdU xkwfa0cJhwJh w&kwfjynf ajrykHxJrSm jrpfMuD;em;jrdKU&JU ajrmufbuf u e,fajrawg rSeforQ ygaew,fvkdU OD;Eku ajymwJhtcg w&kwf - Arm pmcsKyfwckt& 'Dvkdjzpf&wmvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfcsKtifvkdif;u ajymzl;w,f/ 'DpmcsKyfrSm Arm&Sifbk&ifawGvufxufu w&kwf tpkd;& eJU Armtpkd;&wkdUcsKyfcJhwJh pmcsKyfjzpfw,f/ tJ'DpmcsKyfxJrSm tckajymcJhwJh jrpfMuD;em; jrdKUajrmufbuf u w&kwfykdif e,fajrawGudk w&kwf tmPmykdifawG oGm;EkdifbkdUtwGuf w&kwf oabmFawG[m {&m0wD jrpfwavQmuf Aef;armfjrdKUtxd qefwufcGifh&Sdw,fvkdU azmfjyxm;w,f/ 'gayrJh 'gawGudk pkd;&drfp&m r&Sdygbl;/ w&kwf -Arm e,ferdwf owfrSwfwJhtcg w&m;ojzifh jzpfatmi fvkyfay;ygr,fvkdU w&kwf0efMuD;csKyfcsKtifvkdif;u ajymoGm;zl;w,f/ tJ'Dawmh Armtpkd;&u pmtkyfawG pm&Gufpmwr;fawGpmcsKyfta[mif;awGudk ukd;um;vkduf&if w&kwftpkd;&uvnf; olwkdUrSm &SdwJhpmcsKyfawG / pmt&Gufpmwr;fawG pmcsKyfta[mif;awGudk ukd;um; vmvdrhfr,f/ 'Dvkdqkd&if w&kwf -Arm e,fjcm; owfrSwfa&;udwfp[m odyfMumoGm;vdrfhr,f/ w&kwfawGtwGuf MumvkdU udwfp r&Sdbl;/ olwkdUapmifhEkdifw,f/ ArmawGu rapmifhEkdifbl;/ tJ'Dawmh olUoabmt&qkd&if w&kwf Arm e,fjcm;owfrSwfa&; aqG;aEG;wJhtcg 'DpmtkyfawG pm&Gufpmwrf;awG pmcsKyfa[mif;awGudk rudk;um;csifbl;/ olUtxifudk ajym&&if w&kwfuGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifawG[m zqyvacgif;aqmifawGudk ,kHMunfvmwmeJUtrQ w&kwf-Arm e,fjcm;owfrSwfa&;udwfp[m vG,fulvmr,f/ tJ"dawmh w&kwf -Arm e,fjcm;owfrSwfa&; udwfp udk odyfravmeJU? 'gayrJh w&kwf tpkd;&udk ajymoihfoavmuf ajymxm;wmuawmh rvGefygbl;/ ajymEkdifygw,f/ tJ'DvkdajymNyD; wjcm;wbuf w&kwf-Arm cspfMunfa&;udk tpGr;fukef wnfaqmufay;&r,f/ w&kwf - Arm cspfMunfa&;wkd;wufvmwmeJUtrQ w&kwf uGefjrLep acgif;aqmifawG[m zqyv acgif;aqmifawGudk ,HkMunfvmr,f/ tJ'dvkd ,kHMunf vmwJhwaeUrSm 'Dw&kwf -Arm e,fjcm;owfrSwfa&;udwfp[m &mckdifEIef; 80 ausmfNyD;aeNyDvkdU

ol,kHMunfwJhtaMumif; 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ek u &Sif;jyw,f/ 0efMuD;csKyf&JU enf;y7d,m,fudk OD;ausmfNidrf;eJUwuG 0efMuD;rsm;tzGJUu vufcHygw,f/ (*) 1954 ckESpf 'DZifbm vtpykdif;avmufrSm 0efMuD;cssKyfOD;Ek[m w&kwfjynfukd tvnfoGm;w,f/ OD;EkwkdU&UJ av,mOfysH[m yDuif; av,mOfysHuGif;udk qkdufwmeJU wjyKdifeuf oHtrwf OD;vSarmif[m okd; arT; acgif;pGyfwvkH;udkudkifNyd; av,mOfysHay:wufvmw,f/ av,mOfysHuGif;xJrSm odyfat;aew,f/ acgif;aygif; yg;yg;av;eJU qif;vkdUrjzpfbl;qkdNyD; 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ekudk oHtrwfu okd;arT;acgif;pGyfay;w,f/ tcrf;tem;eJU ususee MudKaewJhae&mrSm 'Dacgif;pGyfMuD; pGyfNyD; rqif;csifbl;/ at;csifat;yap/ olUacgif;aygif;udk bJ aygif;NyD; qif;r,fvkdU OD;Eku ajzw,f/ OD;Ek[m av,mOfysHtjyifbudk ajcwvSrf;vSr;frdwmeJU wjydKifeuf wudk,fvkH;awmifhwufovkd jzpfoGm;w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh av,mOfysHuGif;rSm ajymbkdU pDpOfxm;wJh rdefUcGef;udkawmif rajymEdkifbl;/ vmMudKaewJh yk*kdvfawGeJU cyfjrefjref EIwfqufNyD; tyl"mwfvTwfxm;wJh um;xJudk cyfjrefjref0ifvkduf&w,f/ {nhfa*[m rSmwem&Davmufem;Nyd;wJhtcg OuXMuD; armfpDwkef;eJU awGU&w,f/ OuXMuD; armf tawGUcHrJh tdrfukd0ifrdwmeJU OuXMuD;armf? 'kOuXMuD; vla&SmufcsDeJU 'kwd, orwwkdU pDwef;Nyd;apmifhaeMuwm awGU&wf/ OD;EkwkdUvlpk[m tm;vkH;eJU vufqGJ EIwfqufMuNyD; {nhfcef;xJudk oGm;Muw,f/ {nhfcef;xJrSm pm;yGJckHt&SnfMuD; &Sdw,f/ tJ'Dpm;yGJckH&JU wbufrSm OuXMuD;armf? 'kOuX vla&SmufcsDeJU 'korwwkdU xkdifNyD; OD;EkwkdUvlpku tJ'dyk*kdvfawGeJU pm;yGJckHwzufrSm rsufeSmcsif;qkdifxkdif&w,f/ OD;Ek[m olrSwfrdoavmuf OuXMuD;armfeJU yDuif;rSm 3MudrfawGUbl;w,f/ awGU&wJHtMudrfwdkif;rSm OuXMuD;armf[m ajymcJhwJhtwkdif; OD;EkwkdUvlpkudk c&D;OD;MudKjyKNyD; {nhfcef;xJrSm tckvkd aqG;aEG;MuwmbJ/ OuXMuD;armfeJU awGUwJhtcgwkdif; OD;EkrsufpdxJrSm wjcm;[m awGxuf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; ay:vGifaewm wck&Sdw,f/ tJ'gu wjcm;r[kwfbl;/ wzufom;udk tifrwefMuifemwJh pdwf"mwfawG wzGm;zGm; ay:aeewJh OuXMuD;armf&JU rsufESmxm;bJjzpfw,f/ pum;pjrD ajymNyD;MuvkdU OD;EkwkdU vlpk jyef cgeD;wJhtcg OuXMuD;armfu w&kwfjynfudk OD;EkwkdUvmwJhtcg b,fae&mudkbJ oGm;csifoGm;csif ajymomajymyg? tm;vkH;a&mufatmif ykdUay;ygr,f/ w&kwftpkd;&[m vkyfief;aygif;w&mausmfudk pNyD; taumiftxnffazmfaeNyd?tJ'gawG NyD;oGm;&if w&kwfjynf[m Armjynfudk

trsm;MuD;ulnDEkdifvdrfhr,fvkdU MuifMuifememajymygw,f/ OuXMuD; armfqDu tjyef 0efMuD;csKy fcsKtifvkdif; &JU tdrfrSm npmpm;&w,f/ yDuif;rSm tdrfaumif; tdrfMuD;tdrfus,faw Gtrsm;MuD; &Sdw,f/ 'gayrJh0efMuD;csKyfcsKtif;vkdif;[m tifrwef csKd;NcHNyD; w&kwf {u&mZf bk&if &JU eef;awmf0if;MuD;twGif;u tdrfuav;wvkH;rSm aew,f/ w&kwf{u&mZf vufxufwkef;uqkd &if tJ'dtdrfuav;rSm &Sifbk&if&JU pm;awmfuJ 'grS r[kwf&if tJ'D pm;awmfuJeJU tqihftwef;wlwJh yk*kdvfrsKd; aeoGm;ykHay:w,f/ taemufEkdifiHowif;pmq&m wOD;u 0if'grD,m0if;twGif;u 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek&JU tdrf[m aumifqm*sife&,f qkdwJh oHrSL;av; aewJhtdrfxuf trsm;MuD;nHhzsif;w,f vkdU ysuf&,f jyKcH&wmudk OD;Ek[m trsm;MuD; *kPf,lcJhbl;w,f/ 0efMuD;csKy fcsKtifvkdif;&UJ tdrfudk jrif&awmhrS olNcdK;NcHw,fqdkwm 0e0efMuD;csKyfcsKtifvkdif; tdyfaeoavmufbJ &Sdao;w,fqkdwm olod&w,f/ 0efMuD;csKyfcsKtifvkdif;&JU ZeD;[m tJ'dtcsdefwkef;u taMuma&m*g jzpfaew,f? tJ'gaMumifhOD;Ek wkdUeJUtwl npmrpm;Ekdifbl;/ olUtcef;xJu csdcsdeJUeJ eJU xGufvmNyD; OD;EkeJU a':jr&Dudk EIwfquf&kHbJ qufEkdifw,f/ (C ) w&kwfjynfudk OD;Eka&mufwJhtcsdefrSm w&kwfjynfolvlxkMuD; w&yfvkH;[m tar&dueftpkd;&udk txl;pdwfemaeMuw,f/ tar&duef tpdk;&udk tJ'dvkd pdwfememeJU txl;tkH
olajymr,fvkdU oH"dXmefcsxm;w,f/ tJ'Dawmh jzpfcsif&m jzpfyap? b,fenf;eJUrqkd olajym&r,f qkdwmukd bJ olpOf;pm;aew,f/ wkdifyifae&if rajymygeJUvkdU 0dkif;zsufaerSm awG;rdwmeJU 'DrdefUcGef;udk ajymr,fqkdwm olU0efMuD;tzGJUukdvnf; bmrS rajymbl;/ yDuif;rSm&SdwJh oHtrwfudkvnf; oltodray;bl;/ w&kwfjynfudk oleJU ygvmwJh udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUudkvnf; olrwkdifyifbl;/ tcGifhaumif;&wmeJU 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m 'Dw&kwf tar&duef cspfMunfa&; rdefUcGef;awmMuD;udk ajymcsvkdufwmygbJ/ 'DrdefUcGef;rSm pmykd'f 10 ydk'f avmufyg&Sdvdrfhr,f/ yxr 5 ykd'f avmufrSm ArmEkdifiH[m EkdifiHi,fav;jzpfaewmawmh trSefbJ/ 'gayrJh b,fEkdifiHMud;awG&J U vufudkifwkwfrS tjzpfrcHbl;? ArmEkdifiH[m rdwfaqG tjzpfeJU aygif;oif;aeEkdifwJh EdkifiHawGtay:rSm b,fenf;eJUrS opfpm razgufbl;/ ArmEkdifiH[m Nidr;fcsrf;a&;udk wjcm;tcsufawGxuf ykdNyD; tvkd&Sdw,f/ tp&SdwJHtaMumif;awGudk xnhfajymoGm;w,f/ OD;Ek rdefUcGef;ajymwJhtcg Armvkdajymw,f/ Armvkdwykd'fajymNyd;oGm;&if w&kwf pum;jyefu w&kwfvkd bmomjyef&w,f/ tJ'dvkd bmomjyefNyD;wmeJU wNydKifeuf xrif;pm;yGJ wufa&mufvmwJh y&dowf awG[m oabmuswJhtaeeJU vufckyfawG wajzmif;ajzmif; 0kdif; wD;Muwm qlnHoGm;wmbJ/ usef 5 ykd'f avmufrSmawmh OD;Ek[m w&kwf - tar&duef cspfMunfa&; taMumif;udk xnhfajymoG;mw,f/ tJ'DvkdajymwJhae&mrSm tar&duef awG[m 'dubmMuD;udk tckxuf ykdNyd; aumif;vmatmif vkyfay;EkdifwJh vlpGr;faumif;awGjzpfw,f/ ubmMuD;udk emZDeJU zufqpfawG&JU ab;tef'&m,fuae vGwfajrmufatmif u,fwifay;cJhwJh tmZmenf awGjzpfw,f/ 'kwd, ubmppfMuD;twGif;u 'Dtar&duef tmZmenf awG[m toufaygif;rsm;pGm tqkH;cH? aoG;ajr tuscHNyd; pGefUpm;cJh&w,f/ ppfMuD; NyD;Nyefawmhvnf; EkdifiHawmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m olwkdU &EkdiforQ twif;,ufNyd ; ,laeMuwJhtxJrSm tar&duef awGuawmh 'Dvkd rvkyfbl;/ 'kufc a&mufaeMu&SmwJh ubmol ubmom; oef;aygif;axmifaygif;rsm;pGmwefwJh vlokH;ypfpnf;awG eJU pufu&d,mawG tajrmuftjrm; vSL'gef;cJhw,f tp&Sdojzifh tar&duef awGudk &uf&ufa&ma&m csD;usL; ajymqkdoGm;w,f/ w&kwftaMumif;udk ajymwJhtcg w&kwf awG[m owfwd ajymifajrmufwJhvlawGjzpfw,f/ wbufom;tay:rSm tifrwef axmufxm;pmemwwfolawGjzpfw,f w&kwf uGefjrLepfygwDqkd&if w&kwf jynfolvlxkMuD;w&yfvkH;twguf udk,fusKd;rzufbJ &Gyf&GyfcRHcRH aqmif&Gufay;cJhwJhtwGuf w&kwf jynfolvlxkMuD;&JU tajctae[m

a&S;wkef;ueJU rwlawmhbl;/ pm;0wfaea&;bufrSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm;MuD; wkd;wuf vmwJhtaMumif;awGudk xnhfajymoGm;w,f/ tJ'Dvkd ajymNyD;wJhaemuf [kdufj'dK*sif eJU tEkjrLAkH;awGaMumifh 'DubmMud;rSm wckbJjzpfEkdifw,f/ 'DAkH;eJU tMuJcH&wJh EkdifiHawG[m avmifpmeJU jymykHawG jzpfukefMurSmbJ/ 'DavmifpmeJU jymykHawGxJu AkH;MuJwJHh t*Fvdyf? tar&duef awGudk rkef;wJh pdwf"gwfawG ay:xGufvmr,f? avmifpmeJUjymykHudk rSD&rS MuD;yGm;avh&SdwJh uGefjrLepf 0g'vJ ay:xGufvmr,f? tJ'gaMumifh ubmppfMud; aemufxyf rjzpf&avatmif oufqkdif&mEkdifiHMuD;awGu[m ta&SUawmiftm&S wkdufom; wOD;&JU arwm &yfcHcsufudk av;pm;MubkdU 'DuaeUn tckvdk tcGifhaumif; &wkef; txl;awmif;yefygw,f tar&duefjynfaxmifpkeJU w&kwf jynfolU orw EkdifiH[m wOD; tay: wOD; txifvGJrI r&SdbJ ubmh Nidrf;csrf;a&; wkd;wufa&;twGuf twlwuG vufwJGNyD; aqmif&GufMubkdU usaem farwm &yfcHygw,f tp&SdwJh tcsuffawGud kxnfhajymoGm;w,f/ OD;Ek&JU rdefUcGef;[m tckajymcJhwJh w&kwf tar&duef cspfMunfa&; tydkif;udk a&mufvmwJhtcg npm xrif;pm;yGJ wufa&mufMuwJh w&kwf {nhfonfawmfawG&JU wkefUjyefrI[m yxrtydkif;wkef;uvkd r[kwfawmhbkl;/ OD;Ek&JU rdefUcGef;udk wykd'fpD w&kwfvkdbmomjyefNyD;wkdif; vufckyfoHvnf; rMum;&awmhbl;/ bmoHrSvnf; rMum;&bl;/ xrif;pm;cef;Mud;w ckvkH;wdwfqdwfoGm;vkdufwm tyfuswmawmif Mum;&vkrwwf jzpfaew,f/ (i ) tJ'dtcsdefu yDuif;rSm NAdwdoQ oH&kH;&Sdw,f/ 'gayrJh oHtrwf r&Sdbl;/ oHtrwf tpm ; aumifpdvmvkdU ac:wJh 'kwd,oHtrwf 'grS r[kwf&if vnf; yxrtwGif;0efu tJ'D oH&Hk;udk tkyfcsKyfae,f/ w&kwf - tar&duef cspfMunfa&; rdefUcGe;fudk Od;ekajymw,fqkdwm tJ'd 'kwd, oHtrwf (okdU ) yxrtwGif;0efu olUEkdifiHjcm;a&;&kH;udk 0g,mvufeJU tpD&ifcHw,f xifw,f/ aemufESpf&ufavmufMumwJhtcg NAdwdoQ EkdifiHjcm;a&;0efMuD; qm tefaxmfeD tD'ifqDu 0g,mvuf arwm &yfcHcsuf wck Od;Ek qDa&mufvmw,f/ tJ'd arwm &yfcHcsufxJrSm tzrf;cH ae&wJh tar&duef avol&J 6 OD;udk vTwfay;atmif w&kwf tpkd;&qDrSm OD;Eku toem;cHay;zkdU qmtefaxmfeD tD'if u arwm &yfxm;w,f/ 'D arwm &yfcHcsufudk zwfNyD;wmeJU wjydKifeuf 0efMuD;csKyf csKtifvkdif;qDudk oGm;NyD; oltoem;cHr,fvkdU Od;Eku ajymw,f/ oleJUygvmwJh vlpk xJrSm w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfu w&m;0efMud; OD;jrifhodef;

wOD;bJ OD;Ekud kaxmufcHw,f/ tckvkd tajctaersKd;rSm OD;Ek[m tar&duef avm,mOfarmif;orm;awGudk ,fpm; toem;cHzkdUraumif;bl;/ w&kwf tpkd;& txifvGJvdrfhr,fvkdU usefvlwpk u 0kdif;zsufw,f/ 'gayrJh OD;Ekudk zsuf vkdUr&bl;/ 'kufc a&mufaewJholudk ulwmbJ? w&kwf awG 'kufca&muf&ifvnf; 'DvkdbJ olulrSmbJqkdNyD; OD;Ek[m 0efMuD;csKyfacsmifud koGm;awGUw,f/ OD;Eku toem;cHwJhtcg pdwfoabmxm; tifrwefMuD;wJh 0efMuD;csKyfacsmiftifvkdifu vTwfay;yghr,f/ rvTwfcif OD;Ekudk a&S;Od;pGm taMumif;Mum;ygr,fvkdUuwdjyKvkdufw,f/ OD;Ek wkdU &efukefjyefa&mufNyD; rMumcifrSmbJ w&kwf oHtrwf[m 0efMuD;csKyf OD;EkeJU awGUcGifhawmif;w,f/ OD;EkwkdU tvkyfrsm;aewJhtwGuf aemuf 3 &ufMumrS awGUEkdifw,f/ awGUwJhtcg w&kwfoHtrwfu av,mOfarmif;orm;awGudk vTwfzkdU w&kwf tpkd;& u qkH;jzwfNyD;NyDqkdwmudk taMumif; Mum;w,f OD;Ek vn;f EkdifiHjcm;a&; &kH;uwqifh tar7duef oH&kH;udk csufcsif;taMumif;Mum;ckdif;vkdufw,f/ aemufwaeUrSm tar&duef av,mOfarmif;orm;awGudk w&kwftpkd;& u vTwfypfvkdufw,f/ ( p) tJ'd yxrtacgufwkef;u tcGifhaumif;&wmeJU wjyKdifeuf 0efMuD;cskKyfOD;Ek[m w&kwf - Arm e,fjcm;owfrSwfa&;udk aqG;aEG;&atmif 0efMuD;csKyfacsmifudk taMumif;Mum;w,f/ 0efMuD;csKyf acsmifu 'djyoemudk olwdkUtpkd;& eJeJuav;rS ravhvm&ao;yg? avhvmNyD;wmeJU wNydKifeuf aqG;aEG;yghr,f/ w&kwf ajrykHawGudk MunfhNyD; pkd;&drfraeygeJU/ w&kwftpkd;&[m Armtpkd;&udk b,fenf;eJUrQ rw&m; rvkyfygbl;vkdUajymwmaMumifh w&kwfeJU Arm tpkd;oHwreftzGJUawG[m oifhawmfaom tcsdefwcsdefrSm rdwfaqG&if;csmawGvkd &if;&if;ESD;ESD; awGUqkHNyD; 'Dw&kwf Arm e,fjcm;owfrSwfa&; jyoemudk jyD;jywfoGm;atmif ajz&Sif;ay;bkdU vkdtyfw,f qkdwJU tydk'fwykd'fudk 1954ckESpf 'DZifbm 12 &ufaeU xkwfjyefwJh 0efMuD;csKyfESpfOD;&JU yl;wGJ ausnmcsuf xJrSm xnfhoGif;wmavmufeJUbJ auseyfNyD;OD;Ek[m Armjynfudk jyefcJhw,f/ w&kwf-Arm cspfMunfa&;[m ESpfEkdifiH&JU wkd;wufa&;? pnfyifom,ma&;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf tifrwef tbkd;wefwJU aq;aumif;MuD;wvufjzpfw,fqkdwmudk rrSdwfrokef ,HkMunfaewJhtwGuf w&kwfjynf u jyefvmuwnf;u OD;Ek[m w&kwf-Arm cspfMunfa&; Adrmefudk txl;*&kpkdufNyd;wnfaqmufay;aew,f/ olU&JU w&kwf -Arm cspfMunfa&;pDrHudef;t& w&kwfjynfu cpsfMunfa&;t zGJUaWGeJU ,Ofaus;rI tzGJUawGudk zdwf,f/ w&kwfjynfudkvnf; Armjynfu cspfMunfa&; tzGJUawGeJU ,Ofaus;rI tzGJU awGudk apvTwfcJhw,f/ 1955 ckESpftwGif;rSmbJ

w&kwf,Ofaus;rI 'kwd,0efMuD;csKyf csdefcsifwl acgif;aqmifwJh w&kwf ,Ofaus;rI tzGJU w&kwf v,f,m pkdufyskKd;a&;t zGJU w&kwf Ak'f"bmom tzGJU w&kwfjynfolU orwEkdifiH Nidrf;csrf;a&; aumfrwD&JU OuúX ukdrkd;MudK; acgif;aqmifwJh Nidr;fcsrf;a&;tzGJUawG? Armjynfudk tvnfvmMuw,f/ Armjynfuvnf; 0efMuD;OD;0if;acgif;aqmifwJh ,Ofaus;rItzGJU? AdkvfcsKyfMuD; ae0if; acgif;aqmifwJh ppfrpf&Sif tzGJU ? w&m;0efMuD;csKyf OD;odef;armif acgif;aqmifwJh Ak'f"bmomtzJGUawGw&kwfjynfudk tvnfoGm;cJhMuw,f/ Ak'f"bmom tzGJUjyefvmwJhtcg yDuif;jrdKUawmfu jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU pG,fawmfudk yifhvmcJhMuw,f/ w&kwf tzGJUawG Armjynfudk vmwJhtcg 0wfauswef;ausoabmrsKd;eJU r[kwfyJ aqGrsKd;&if;csmawGudk apmihfa&Smuf jyKpkovkd OD;Ekukd,fwkdifvnf; &if;&if;ESD; ESD; apmifha&SmufjyKpkw,f/ Arm{nhfcHa&; tzGJU0ifawGudkvnf; txl;*&kpkdufMubkdU OD;EkrSmxm;w,f/ Armjynudk txl;vmwJh tzGJU0ifawGudkomru Armjynfudk jzwfNyD; wjcm;EkdifiHjcm;udk oGm;MuwJhtzGJU0ifawG? wOD;csif; {nfhonfawGudkvnf; OD;Ek[m olUtdrfudk zdwfw,f/ aqGrsKd;&if;jcmawGvkd &if;&if;ESD;ES;d jyKpk apmifha&Smufw,f? waeUrSm OD;Ek&JU zdwfMum;csuft& 'korw r'rf qGef,ufqif[m ArmEkdifiHudk tvnfvmw,f/ Od;Ekudk vufaqmif ay;bkdUtwGuftifrwef tzkd;wefwJU opfyifuav;wyifudk ,lvmw,f/ tJ'dopfyifav;[m touf 60 ausmfaeNyD? yef;tkd;uav;xJrSm xnfhpkdufxm;vkdU&w,f/ r'rfqGef,ufqif[m w&kwf- ArmcspfMunfa&;udk OD;Ek b,fvkd wnfaqmufaew,f qkdwm w&kwfjynfudk jyefvmMuwJh tzGJU0ifawGqDu Mum;zl;aew,f xifyg&JU? OD;Ekud kr'rfqGef,ufqifu tJ'Dopfyifuav;udk ay;wJhtcg0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek w&kwf-ArmcspfMunfa&;udk txl;apmihfa&Smufovkd 'Dopfyifuav;udkvnf; txl;apmifha&Smufyg vkdU ajymNyD; ay;w,f/ ( w&kwf - ArmtaMumif;udk cPavmufjzwfvkdufNyD; tpDtpOftwkdif; jzpfatmif ArmeJU wjcm;EkdifiHawG&JU qufqHa&; taMumif;udk qufajymMuOD;pkdU) ajrmufESifh awmifAD,uferf w&kwfjynfu Armjynfudk tjyef ajrmufAD,uferf&JU jrdKUawmf [EGdKifukd OD;Ek cP0ifw,f/ tJ'Dtcsdef[m 1948ckESpfu pNyD; AD,uferf[m jyifopfwkdUeJU 8 ESpfwkdifwkdif jzpfcJh&wJh ppfyGJNyD; cgptcsdefjzpfw,f/ tJ'd &SpfESpf ppfyGJtwGif; 1948 ckESp fxJrSm Armjynf[m vGwfvyfa&; &cJhw,f/ 'gayrJh vGwfvyfa&;

&puwn;fu jzpfcJh&wJh jynfwGif;ppfyGJaMumifh ArmwEkdifiHvkH; ysufvkrwwf jzpfcJh&NyD; Armtpkd;&[mvnf; olawmif;pm;tpkd;&b0udk a&mufoGm;cJh&w,f/ 'Dvkd a&mufae&ayr,hf wkdif;&if;om;eJU e,fcsJUorm;awG ppfjzpfwJhtcg 'Dolawmif;pm; tpkd;&[m tNidrfaevkdU r&bl;/ olUolawmif;pm; cGufxJu &SdpkrJUpkav;udk zJhNyD; olwwfEkdifoavmuf AD,uferfawGudk ulnDcJhw,f/ 'DvkdulnDwmudkd jyifopftpkd;& aumif;aumif; odw,f/ Armtpkd;&&JU jynfxJa&;0efMuD; OD;ausmfNidrf;[m tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u bdvyfutjyef jyifopfudk tvnf0ifwJhtcg jyifopfEkdifiHjcm;a&;0efMuD;udk 0ifNyD; EIwfqufzdkU cGifhawmif;cJhzl;w,f/ awGUcGifhrjyKbl;/ OD;EkwkdUtzGJU0ifawG[m armfawmfum; ay:u qif;NyD; {nfha*[m xJudk 0ifrdwmeJU wjydKifeuf {nhfa*[m &JU wHcg;wck aemufrSm tomykef;aewJh orw [kdcsDrif;[m jAKef;ueJxGufNyD; bmrSrajymbJ OD;Ekudk zufNyD; yg;udk erf;vkdufw,f/ OD;Ek[m [kdcsDrif;&JU "gwfykHukd awGUzl;aevkdUom olUudk zufNyd;erf;ol[m orwMuD; [kdcsDrif;bJvkdU odwm/ "gwfykHudkom rjrifbl;&if odrSmr[kwfbl;/ tJ'daeU u orwMuD; [kdcsDrif;[m umuDabmif;bDeJU umuD &SyftusFDudk 0wfxm;w,f/ tJ'D &SyftusDFeJU abmif;bD[m ususee rD;ylwkdufxm;wJh topfcsyfcRwf &SyftusDeJU abmif;bD jzpfw,f/ orwMuD; [kdcsDrif;&JU vrf;avQmufykH? aeykHxkdifykH? wbufom; udk MunfhykH&IykH? wbufom;eJU qufqHykH? pum;ajymykH qkdykHawGudk OD;Ek aoaocsmcsm tuJjzwfw,f/ [efvkyfwmawG wckrS rawGU&bl;/ ol[m orwjzpfw,fqkdwmudk awmif vkH;0 owdr&ovkd jzpfaew,f/ OD;Ek orwMuD; [kdcsDrif;&JU &kd;om;ykH ESdrfhcsykH avmuD yumoeawGrSm pdwfr0ifpm;ykH? [efrvkyfwwfykHawGudk MunhfNyd; orwMuD; [kdcsDrif;udk wpdrfhpdrfh MunfnKdaew,f/ Od;Ek[m tifrwef A[kokw eJw,f/ orwMuD;[kdcsDrif;[m vlysKdMud;qkdwmudk tJ'Dwkef;u rodbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh orwMuD; om;orD; b,fESpfa,muf&SdovJvkdU orwMuD;[kdcsDrif;udk ar;w,d/ orwMud;[kdcsDrif;[m OD;Ekudk jyKH;NyD;Munfh&if; trsm;Mud;bJvkdU ajzw,f/ OD;Ek[m tawmf tw,f/ tJ'dtcsdeftxd [kdcsDrif;&JU tajz t"dyg,fudk em;rvnfao;bl;/ tJ'gaMumifh b,fESpfa,muf&SdovJvkdU OD;Eku xyfar;w,f/ tJ'dtcg orwMuD; [kdcsDrif;u AD,uferfwEkdifiHvkH;u wkdif;oljynfom; tm;vkH;[m olUom;orD;awGcsnf;bJvkdU ajzNyD; &,faew,f/ OD;EkwkdUudkxm;wJh {nhfa*[m qkdwm jyifopfawGvufxufwkef;u jyifopf bk&ifcHaewJh tdrfeJUwlw,f/ ppfyGJNyD;cgpqkdawmh tJ'DtdrfrSm b,folrS

raeao;bl;/ OD;EkwkdUvmawmhrS tdrfudk uysmu,meJU vSJcg xm;&wmeJUwlw,f/ Od;EkwkdU[m [EGdKifrSm wnbJwnf;w,f/ aemufwaeU reufavqdyfudk rqif;cif OD;Ek[m aemufaz;oGm;csifw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh tdrfomtzkH;udk zGifhvkdufwJhtcg tdrfomxJrSm yk&GufqdwftkHMuD; udk awGU&w,f/ tJ'd tay:rSm aemufaz;oGm;csvkduf&if 'Dyk&GufqdwfawG aoukefrSmbJ? tJ'Dawmh OD;Ek oGm;csvkdU rjzpfbl;/ aemufaz;uvnf; tifrwefoGm;csifaeNyD/ tJ'Dawmh rwwfEkdifbl;/ csD;urkwfab;em;rSm rdef;rawG pD;oGm;wJh qD;urkwfwck&Sdw,f/ tJ'dtay:rSmbJ OD;Ek aemufaz; oGm;csvkduf&w,f/ NyD;wJhtcg OD;Ek [m a&cGufeJU a&avmif;csvkduf&w,f/ a&aygufuvnf;ao;NyD; ydwfaewJhtwGuf csd;awG[m atmufudk usroGm;bl;/ tJ'D qD;urkwfay:rSm a&awGeJU aygavmaygaew,f/ OD;Ek[m av,mOfuGif;om qif;vmcJh&w,f/ qD;urkwfxJrSm aemufaz;oGm;cJh&wmudk bJ cPcP owd&aew,f/ 'D Arm0efMuD;csKyf[m odyfa&SmfwJhvlbJ? csD;urkwfrSef; qD;urkwfrSef;awmif cGJjcm;Nyd; rodbl;/qD;urkwfay:rSm csD;awG ,kdcsoGm;w,fvkdUajymNyd; tJ'D{nhfa*[m apmifhwJhvlawG[m w0g;0g;eJU &,faeMuawmhrSmbJqkdwJh pdwful;[m &efukefjyefa&mufvkdU tawmfMumonfhwkdifatmif OD;Ek&JU OD;aESmufrSm cP cP ay:aew,f/ orwMuD; [kdcsDrif; tedwfp a&mufwJh aeUwkef;u OD;Ek[m bdvyfrSm &Sdaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh bdvyfrSm &SdwJh ajrmuf AD,uferfudk,fpm;vS,ftdrfudkoGm;Nyd; vGrf;olUyef;acGvnf; ykdUw,f/ {nhfonfpmtkyfxJrSmvnf; vufrSwfxdk;w,f/ 0efMuD;csKyf zefbrfa'gif qDudk vnf; 0r;feJaMumif; pmwapmifa&;vkdufw,f/ 1956 ckESpftwGif;rSm 0efMuD;csKyf&mxl;u OD;Ek EIwfxGufoGm;NyD;wJhtcg awmifAD,uferf&JU orw Zifu zdwfwJhtwGuf OD;Ek[m qkdif*kHudk tvnfoGm;w,f/ &efukefurxGufcif orwZiftaMumif; odolawGu orwZif tifrwef vrf;avQmufjrefw,f vkdU OD;Ekudk owday;vkdufw,f/OD;Ekuvnf; vrf;avQmuftifrwefjrefw,fqkdawmh tawmfygbJ/ olwkdUESpfa,muf vrf;avQmufaeMuwJhtcg aemufu vlawG tawmfajy;NyD;v kdufMu&w,f/ orwZifeJU olU0efMuD;awG[m Oa&mywkdufom;awG&JU t0wftpm;udk 0wfMuw,f/ OD;EkwkdUvlpk[m ArmtrsKd;om; t0wftpm;awGudk 0wfNxm;wm awGU&wJhtcg orwMuD;Zif[m tawmf oabmusw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh olU0efMuD;awG[m OD;EkwkdU awmifAD,uferfrSm &Sdaewkef; AD,uferf trsKd;om;0wfpkH0wf7r,fvkdU nGefMum;vkdufw,f/ olvnf;0wfw,f/

Armtpkd;&u awmifAD,uferfudk todtrSwfjyKapcsifwJh qef' orwZifrSm&Sdaew,f/ 'gayrJh AD,uferf[m awmiffESifhajrmuf ESpfykdif;uGJaewJhtwGuf Armtpkd;&rSm 'DudwfpeJU ywfoufNyd; tcuftcJ&Sdaew,f/ todtrSwfjyK&if awmifESihfajrmuf ESpfykdif;pvkH;ukd jyK? rjyK&ifvnf; b,foludkrS todtrSwfrjyKeJU/ wydkif;udkom jyKNyD; tjcm;wykdif;ukd rjyK&if ArmjynfeJU y#dyu jzpfvmp&mtaMumif;&Sdw,f/ orwZif&JU nDeJU tJ'DnD&JU ZeD; r'rfEl;ukdvnf; awGUcJh&w,f/ r'rfEl;[m tawmfvSwJh trsKd;orD; wOD;jzpfw,f/ orwZifeJU olnDwkdU tmPm tvkcH&NyD; tmPmvkolawGu 0wfausmif;xJrSm owfypfvkdufMuw,fqkdwJh owif;[m OD;Ek&JU pdwfudk trsm;Mud; xdckdufoGm;w,f/ bHka*gnDvmcH w&kwfEdkifiHu ArmEdkifudkjyefa&mufvmNyD; rMumcif OD;Ek[m tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH bHka*gNrdKUrSm usif;yrJh udkvHbdk ig;EdkifiH nDvmcHwuf&atmif tif'dkeD;&Sm;udk oGm;&w,f/ nDvmcHudk 1954 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (28) eJU (29) &ufaeUawGrSm usif;yw,f/ OD;Ektjyif 0efMuD;csKyf qyfpx&dktmrpf*sKd*sKd (Sastro Admidjojo) 0efMuD;csKyfae&l;/ 0efMuD;csKyf qm*RefaumfwDvm0gvm 0efMuD;csKyf rmruftvDwdkU wufa&mufMuw,f/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;tpdk;&&Jh udk,fpm; 0efMuD; csKyf qyfpxtmypf*sKd*sKdu tmz&dueJU tm&SEdkifiHaygif;pHk nDvmcHwckudk 1955 ckESpf {NyDvxJrSm usif;yzdkU tqdk oGif;w,f/ urmrSm e,fcsJUorm;awG MuD;pdk;aepOfu tmz&duef acgif;aqmifawGeJU tm&S acgif;aqmifawG awGUqHkMuzdkUqdkwm xm;ygtHk;/ tmz&duef acgif;aqmifawGtcsif;csif; tm&S acgif;aqmifawG tcsif;csif; awGUqHkbdkUqdkwmawmif rjzpfEdkifbl;/ tJ'gaMumifhtmz&duefeJU tm&Sacgif;aqmifawGtcsif;csif; awGUqHkEdkifatmifzefwDay;rJh nDvmcH tqdfk udk udk,fpm;vS,ftm;vHk;u oabmwl vufcHMuw,f/ 'gayrJh b,fEdkifiHawGudk zdwfrvJqdkwJh jyoemudk aqG; aEG;MuwJhtcg tcuftcJ eJeJay:vmw,f/ 0efMuD;csKyf qyfpx&dktmrpf*sKd*sKdu tpöa&;vfEdkifiHudk rzdwfcsifbl;/ tJ'Dtcg tpöa&;vfEdkifiH[m tm&SwdkufxJu EdkifiHwEdkifiHbJ/ olUudkbmjzpfvdkU rzdwfbJxm;&rSm vJvdkU OD;Eku ar; w,f/ tpöa&;vfudkomzdwfvdkuf&if tif'dkeD;&Sm;rSm olykefxukefvdrfhr,f/ tJ'gaMumifh tpöa&;vfudk zdwfbdkU rwdkufwGef;bdkU OD;Ekudk uRefawmf awmif;yefwmvdkU 0efMuD;csKyf qyfpx&dktmrpf*sKd*sKdu ajymwJhtwGuf OD;Ekvnf; tpöa&;vfudpöudk

qufrajymawmhygbl;/ tpöa&;vfudk rzdwfxm;bdkU tqdkom twnfjzpfoGm;w,f/ tJ'Daemuf ygupöwef0efMuD;csKyf rmruftvDu w&kwfjynfolU orwEdkifiHudk rzdwfxm;bdkU tqdkoGif;w,f/ w&kwfjynfolU orwEdkifiHudk rzdwfbJxm;&if tmz&dueJU tm&SEdkifiHrsm;nDvmcHudk wm0efcHzdwfac:rJh udkvHbdkig;EdkifiHtzGJUu ArmEdkifiH EIwfxGufr,fvdkU OD;Eku 'Hk;wdMuD; ausnmvdkufwJwtwGuf 0efMuD;csKyfrmruftvD[m olUtqdkudk jyefvnf&kwfodrf;oGm;w,f/ bdka*gNrdU[m tvGefaevdkUxdkifvdkUaumif;wJhNrKdUbJ/ tJ'DNrKdUrSm urmausmf yefO,mOfw ck&Sdw,f/ tJ'DO,mOfrSm wjcm;tyifawGxuf yef;yifwyifudk OD;EkydkNyD; pdwf0ifpm;w,f/ tJ'Dtyifu yef;yGifhawG[m olwdkU e*dktwdkif;qdk&if yGifhaeMuw,f/ 'gayrJh tJ'Dyef;yGifhawGxJu 0wfqHawGudk ,ifaumif - ydk;aumift p&SdwJh taumifuav;awG 0ifpm;&if 'Dyef;yGifhawG[m yGifhae&mu tvdkvdk ydwfoGm;w,f/ OD;Ek[m O,smOfrSL; &JU cGihfjyKcsuft& ydwfaewJh yef;yGifh tawmfrsm;rsm;udk NzJNyD; txJrSmrdaewJh ,ifaumif-ydk;aumif uav; awGudk trsm;MuD; v$wfypfcJhw,f/ bef'Gef;nDvmcH 1955 ck {NyDvxJrSm bef'Gef;nDvmcHudk usif;yw,f/ tmz&dueJU tm&Swdkufu tpdk;&tzGJU acgif;aqmifawG tawmfawmfrsm;rsm; wufMuw,f/ udk,fpm;vS,fawG rsm;oavmuf t,ltqawGu vnf; trsKd;rsKd; jzpfaewJh twGuf nDvmcHNyD;wJhtcg tm;vHk;oabmwl vufcHEdkifwJh ausnmcsufudk xkwfjyefEdkifatmif udk,fpm;vS,fawG tawmfMudK;pm;,l&w,f/ nDvmcHrSm ajymMuwJh pum;awG aqG;aEG;csufawG xkwfjyefcsufawG[m trSeftwdkif;ajym&&if pdwf0ifpm;p&m raumif;vSygbl;/ 'gayrJh nDvmcH wufMu&if; acgif;aqmifawG[m wOD;eJUwOD; &if;ESD;oGm;Muw,f/ rdwfaqG &if; csm jzpfoGm;Muw,f/ tckvdk tcsif;csif; aygif;oif;cGifh&wm[m nDvmcHxufydkNyD; pdwf0ifpm;p&m aumif; w,f/ wefbdk;vnf; rsm;MuD;&Sdw,fvdkU OD;Ek ,HkMunfw,f/ rdwfzGJUwJhae&mrSm 0efMuD;csKyf csLtifvdkif[m tawmf twl,lp&m aumif;w,f/ olUtzGJUxJrSm xrif;csuf aumif;aumif;awG ygvmw,f/ t*Fvdyfvdk aumif;aumif;ajymEdkifwJh w&kwfpum;jyefvnf; ygw,f/tm&yfvdk aumif;aumif;ajymEdkifwJh w&kwfpum;jyefvnf;ygw,f/ nDvmcH&uftwGif; olU{nfha*[mrSm aeUvnfpmpm;yGJ/ npmpm;yGJ aeUwdkif;&Sdw,f/ wnrSm xrif;pm;zdwfvdkU 0efMuD;csKyf csK&Jh {nfha*[m udk OD;Ek oGm;&w,f/ OD;Ek a&mufwJhtcsdefrSm wjcm;{nfhonfawmfawG tawmfpHkaeNyD;/ 0efMuD;csKudk

rawGU&bl;/ 0efMuD;csKyfcsL[m xrif; pm;yGJwcku zdwfvdkU cPoGm;aeygw,f/ tckbJ jyefvmygvdrfhr,f vdkU/ olUvufaxmufawGu OD;Ekudk jymjymovJajymNyD; awmif;yefMuw,f/ pHkprf;MunfhwJhtcg 0efMuD;csKyfcsK[m olUtdrfrSmvnf; aeUwdkif; nwdkif; xrif;pm; yGJawG&Sdw,f/ wjcm;u zdwf&ifvnf; wckrS rjiif;bl;/ pwdavmufawmh oGm;NyD; rsufESmjy vkdufao; wmbJ qdkwm OD;Ek od&w,f/ orwqdkumEdkvnf; tawmfaz:a&Gygw,f/ olrdwfaqGawGeJU olwdkif; oljynfom;awGu olUudk orwqdkumEdkvdkU ac:wmxuf bGefugEdkvdkU ac:wmudk olydkNyD; ESpfoufw,f/ qdkAD,uf,leD,HeJUArmEdkifiH (u) 1955 ck atmufwkdbmvxJrSm OD;Ek[m qdkAD,uf,leD,Hudk tvnfoGm;w,f? oloGm;wJhtcg Armowif;pmq&mawGvnf; ygoGm;w,f? armfpudkudka&mufwJhaeUrSmyJ rpOf;rpm; ZGwfw&GwfvkyfwwfwJh OD;Ek&JU nmOfqdk;aMumifh 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m 0efMuD;csKyftjzpfeJU rvkyfoifhwJh udpöwckudk oGm;NyD;vkyfrdw,f? vkyfrdyHku 'DvkdOD;Ek[m &efukef rxGufcif tpöa&;0efMuD;csKyf &Sm&D;,ufqDu pmwapmif&w,f? tJ'DpmeJUtwlygvmwJh olUpmudk,loGm;NyD; armfpudkrSm 0efMuD;csKyfblvf*,feifeJU awGUwJhtcg tJ'Dpmudkay;yg? tJ'Dvdkay;NyD;wJhaemuf qkdAD,uf,leD,HrSm&dSaewJh *sL;vlrsKd;awG tpöa&;EkdifiHudk vmcGifh&atmif OD;Eku arwåm&yfay;ygvdkU 0efMuD;csKyf&Sm;&D;,ufu olUpmxJrSm azmfjyxm;w,f? &efukefrSm qdk&S,fvpfnDvmcH vkyfwkef;u &Sm;&D;,uf[m tpöa&;EkdifiH&JU EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efMuD;tjzpfeJU nDvmcHudkwufw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u OD;Ek[m &Sm;&D;,ufudk odvkdufzl;w,f? OD;Ek[m &Sm;&D;,uf&JU pmxJrSmygwJhudpöudk EkdifiHjcm;a&;&kH;eJUwkdifyif&if 0kdif;zsufr,fqkdwm aumif;aumif;odw,f? oluvnf; tJ'Dtvkyfudk odyfvkyfcsifaew,f? tJ'gaMumifh 'DpmxJrSmygwJhtaMumif;awGudk b,folUrSrajymyJ pmudkodrf;xm;vdkufw,f? armfpudkNrdKUudk a&mufwJhtcg OD;Ek[m blvf*,feif/ rmvifawmh/ rDudk,ef/ um*ifEdkApfqdkwJh qkdAD,ufacgif;aqmifawGudk avqdyfrSmawGUNyD; tpDtpOft& 'D &yf&Sif;acgif;aqmifawGudk u&ifrvif eef;awmfxJrSm awGU&w,f? oleJUtwl oHtrwfOD;tHk;/ bdvyfu wrifoufoufac:,lxm;wJh oHtrwfOD;Muif/ OD;oefUwdkUvnf;ygw,f? wa,mufudkwa,muf EIwfqufNyD;wJhtcg OD;Ek[m ol,lvmwJh 0efMuD;csKyf&Sm;&D;,uf&JUpmukd 0efMuD;csKyf blvf*,feif&JUvufxJxnfhvdkufw,f? tJ'Daemuf qdkAD,uf,leD,HxJu

oGm;csifwJh*sL;awGudk tpöa&; oGm;cGifhjyKygvkdU OD;Eku blvf*,feifudk arwåm&yfw,f? blvf*,feifwdkUvlpkeJU OD;EkwdkUvlpk[m pum;rajymEdkifyJ rdepf0ufavmufOD;Ekudk pdkufMunfhaeMuw,f? tHtm;oifhwm ajyoavmuf&dSawmhrS um*ifEdkifApfu 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m bmjzpfvkdU 'Dpmudk,lvm&ovJ? armfpudkrSm tpöa&;oH&kH;&dSw,f? tpöa&;0efMuD;csKyf[m qkdAD,uf,leD,HxJu *sL;awGtaMumif;udkajymcsif&if olwkdU&JUoH&kH;uwqifh ajymEkdifom;bJ? bmjzpfvkdU 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ekuwqifh 'Dvkdajym&wmvJvkdU rauseyfwJhavoHeJU OD;Ekudkajymw,f? OD;Eku 0efMuD;csKyf&Sm;&D;,uf[m olUrdwfaqGjzpfw,f? rdwfaqGwa,mufu tultnDawmif;wJhtcg olUrSmulnD&rJh 0wå&m;&dSw,f? tJ'D0wå&m;t& ulnDwmbJ? tcuftcJr&dS&if *sL;awG tpöa&;oGm;ygapvdkU OD;Eku xyfajymw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfblvf*,feifu bmrSrajymbl;? cyfat;at;xkdifaewmbJ? um*ifEdkApfu 0efMuD;csKyf&Sm;&D;,uf[m olUoH&kH;u wqifhajymygapvkdU ajzjyefw,f? tJ'gaMumifh qkdAD,uf,leD,HxJu *sL;awG&JUudpö[m 'Dae&mrSmyJ jywfoGm;w,f? olaqmif&Gufwm ratmifjrifbl;? 'gayrJh aumif;wJhudpöwckudk olaqmif&Gufvkduf&ayNyDqkdNyD; OD;Ek0rf;omaew,f? tckvkdyJ OD;Ek[m olUEdkifiHjcm;a&;&kH;udkrwdkifyifbJ 0efMuD;csKyf&Sm;&D;,ufvkd ulnDcJhwmwck &dSao;vm;qdkwmawmh pHkprf;vkdUr&bl;? waeUrSm 0efMuD;csKyf&Sm;&D;,uf[m OD;EkqDudk pmwapmifa&;w,f? tJ'DpmxJrSm tpöa&;EkdifiHudk tdE´d,utodtrSwfjyKatmif 0efMuD;csKyfae&l;udk OD;Ekajymay;ygvkdU arwåm &yfxm;w,f? tpöa&;udkrkef;vdkUawmh r[kwfbl;? 'gayrJh tdE´d,rSmpOf;pm;p&m jyóemawG&dSaew,f? tJ'DjyóemawGaMumifh tdE´d,[m tpöa&;udk todtrSwfrjyKEkdifbl;qkdwm OD;Ekaumif;aumif;odygw,f? 'gayrJh 0efMuD;csKyf&Sm;&D;,ufu arwåm&yfwJh udpö[m aumif;wJhudpöyJ? 'Dvkdaumif;wJhudpöudk olrjiif;oifhbl;vkdU qHk;jzwfNyD; OD;Ek[m 0efMuD;csKyfae&l;udk oGm;awGUw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dudpö[m olxifwJhtwkdif;yJ ratmifjrifygbl;? tckvdkyJolpdwfxJrSm aumif;w,fxifNyD; oGm;ajymvkdufrdvdkU rsufESmylp&mwck jzpfcJh&wmudkvnf; 'Dae&mrSm eJeJavmufajym&tHk;r,f? OD;EkrSm bpfa&Smhy&kdAkdU(pf) (West) eJY bpfa&Smhy&kdAdkU(pf) (Provost) qdkwJh tifrwef&if;ESD;wJh rdwfaqGESpfOD;&dSw,f? bpfa&Smhy&kdAdkU(pf)u csmhcsfatmfh(zf)tif*vef&JU bkef;awmfMuD;jzpfw,f? bpfa&Smhy&kdAdkU(pf)u uufovpfcsmhcsf&JU bkef;awmfMuD;jzpfw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSmwkef;u 'Dc&pf,ef *dkPf;MuD;ESpf*kdPf;[m tcktcgrSmvdk roifhjrwfMuao;bl;/

waeUusawmh bpfa&Smhy&kdAdkU(pf)[m 0efMuD;csKyfOD;EkqDudkvmNyD; olU0wfausmif;xJrSmvkyfrJh tcef;tem;wckudk wufzkdUzdwfw,f? OD;Eku wufr,fvkdUajymw,f? tJ'DaemufqufNyD; olvmwJhtcg olUrdwfaqG bpfa&Smhy&kdAdkU(pf)udkvnf; ac:cJhr,fvdkUajymw,f? bpfa&Smhy&kdAdkU(pf)[m bmrSrajymEdkifyJ wrdepfavmufrsufvHk;MuD;jyL;NyD; OD;EkudkMunfhaew,f? tJ'DawmhrS olajymvkdufwmrSm;oGm;NyD;qdkwm OD;Ekowd&wJhtwGuf bpfa&Smhy&kdAdkU(pf)udk rac:cJhbl;? olwa,mufxJvmcJhr,fvkdU OD;Ekucsufcsif; jyifajym&w,f? tJ'Dpum;udkMum;&awmhrS bpfa&Smhy&kdAdkU(pf)udk ykefuefNyD;xGufoGm;Muw,f? 'DolykefawGudk uufovpfcsmhcsfxJ t0ifcHvdkUrjzpfbl;vdkU bpfa&Smhy&kdAdkU(pf)u &Sif;jyw,f? olrSm;oGm;w,f? ol0rf;enf;ygw,fvkdU OD;Ek[m bpfa&Smhy&kdAdkU(pf)udk tMudrfMudrf awmif;yefvkdufygw,f? OD;EkwkdUvlpk u&ifrvifeef;awmfxJu xGufvmwJhtcg oHtrwfOD;MuifeJY OD;tHk;wkdUu olwkdUudkom 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ekuwdkifyif&if 'Dpmray;ygeJUvkdUqdkNyD; olwkdU0kdif;uefUuGufrSmyJvkdU OD;Ekudk 0dkif;ajymMuw,f? cifAsm;wkdUudkwkdifyif&if zsufr,fqkdwmodvkdU rwkdifyifwmyJvkdU olU[molpdwfxJuajymNyD; OD;EkNyHK;pdpdvkyfaew,f/ aemufwaeUusawmh ygwDtwGif;a&;rSL; u&l;&Sufu OD;EkwkdUudk aeUvnfpm auR;w,f? tJ'DaeUvnfpmpm;yGJrSm 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ekudk c&D;OD;MudKjyKwJh rdefUcGef;wdkuav; u&l;&Sufuajymw,f? OD;Ekuvnf; rdefUcGef;jyefajymw,f? olUrdefYcGef;xJrSm Armjynf vGwfvyfa&;&cgpwkef;u EdkifiHjcm;wcku ajrSmufay;vkdU Armjynfu uGefjrLepfawG olykefxMuw,f? tJ'Daemuf uGefjrLepfawGudk twk,lNyD; wjcm;EkdifiHa&; tzGJUawGuvnf; olykefxMujyefw,f? olykefxpwkef;u olykefawG&JUtiftm;[m tifrwefaumif;wJhtwGuf Armjynfudk q,fyHkudk;yHkavmuf[m olykefawGvufatmuf a&mufoGm;w,f? ArmEdkifiH[m ysufygNyD? emvHrxlEkdifawmhbl;vkdU wurÇmvHk;u ,lqcJhw,f? tJ'D tajctaersKd;uaeNyD; olacgif;aqmifwJh Armtpdk;&[m olykefawGudk jyefcsvdkufwm tcktcgqkd&if olykefawGvufatmufue,fajrawGudk jyefodrf;NyD;NyD? uGef;jrLepfolykefawGeJU wjcm;olykefawG[m tckqdk&if tpdk;&wyfawGa&SUrSm ajy;aeMu&NyD? olykefawG&JU ausm&kd;[m tcktcgrSmqdk&if usKd;aeNyD? tpdk;&wyfawG[m olwkdUudkae&mwumwkdif;rSm vdkufvHokwfoifaeMuNyD tp&dSwJhpum;awGudk OD;EkxnfhajymoGm;w,f? aeUvnfpmpm;NyD;vkdU {nfha*[mudkjyefa&mufwJhtcg twGif;0efOD;oefUeJU AkdvfrSL;csKyfatmifMuD;wkdU OD;EkeJUawGUMuw,f?

]]aeUvnfpmpm;yGJrSm 0efMuD;csKyf pum;ajymae&if; u&l;&Suf&JUrsufESmudk 0efMuD;csKyf tuJcwfrd&JUvm;}} ]]bmjzpfvkdU 'Dvkdar;wmvJ/ OD;oefU? uRefawmfajymaewJh wcsdefvHk;rSm u&l;&SufudkMunfhNyD; ajymaewmbJ}} ]]0efMuD;csKyfpum;ajymaewkef; u&l;&Suf tawmfrsufESmysufaew,f? 0efMuD;csKyfjrifrSmaygh/}} ]]rsufESmysufaewmudk uRefawmfrjrifbl;? olNidrfNyD;em;axmifaewmudkyJ uRefawmfjrif&w,f/}} ]][kwfw,f udkMuD;Ek? uRefawmfvJ u&l;&SufrsufESmysufaewmudk OD;oefUvkdyJawGU&w,f? udkMuD; ajymaewmudk u&l;&SufMudKufyHkray:bl;/}} ]]AkdvfatmifMuD;a&/ u&l;&Suf rMudKufvnf; rwwfEkdifbl;uGm? 'D&yf&Sif;awG&JU ya,m*aMumifh 'dkUEkdifiHwckvHk;[m avmifpmeJUjymyHk jzpfcJh&w,f? tJ'gaMumifh tckvkd tcGifhaumif;&wJhtcg 'gavmufawmhajym&rSmbJ? &yf&Sif;awGajrSmufay;wmaMumifh ArmuGefjrLepfawG olykefxw,fvkdU igwkwfNyD;rwG,fvkdufwJhtwGuf 'D&yf&Sif;awGu ighudkawmif aus;Zl;wif&tHk;r,f/}} aemufwaeUnaerSm armfpudkNrdKUawmf0efu jrdKUawmfcef;rrSm OD;Ekudk {nfhcHp&m&dSw,f? tJ'D{nfhcHyGJrSm jrdKUawmf0efu c&D;OD;MudKjyKwJh rdefUcGef;ajymNyD;&if OD;Eku jyefajym&r,f? tJ'gaMumifh OD;Ek[m rdefUcGef;wckudka&;w,f? tJ'DrdefUcGef;xJrSm vGefcJhwJhaeUwkef;u u&l;&SufudkajymcJhwJh tcsufawGudk xyfcsJUNyD; OD;Eka&;xm;w,f? tJ'Dawmh jrdKUawmf0ef&JU rdefUcGef;udk MudKay;xm;vkdU OD;Ekuvnf; olUrdefUcGef;udk MudKNyD; ay;vkdufwmvm;? 'DvkdrS r[kwf&ifvnf; OD;Ek[m rdefUcGef;wcka&;NyD; olUoabmeJUol MudKay;vkdufwmvm;qdkwm pHkprf;vkdUr&awmhbl;? aemufaeU( ) em&Davmuf&dSwJhtcg &efukefu OD;EkwkdUeJUtwl vkdufvmwJh &yf&Sif; oHtrwf &DSbkd;&if;[m OD;EkrdefUcGef;udk ,lvmNyD; twGif;0efOD;oefUeJUawGUw,f? em&D0ufavmufMumawmh OD;oefU[m 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek&JU rdefUcGef;udkudkifNyD; OD;EkeJU vmawGUw,f? &DSbkd;&if;u OD;Ek[m armfpudkrSm &yf&Sif;-Arm cspfMunfa&;udkvnf; tawmfvkyfNyD;aeygNyD? tJ'Dawmh vGefcJhwJhaeUawGwkef;u u&l;&Suf&JU aeUvnfpm;yGJrSm ajymcJhwJhtcsufawGudkjrdKUawmf0ef&JU{nfhcHyGJrSm xyfajymzkdU raumif;awmhygbl;? tcuftcJr&dS&if tJ'DtcsufawGudk 0efMuD;csKyfrdefUcGef;xJu jzKwfay;ygvdkU awmif;yefaew,fvdkU OD;oefYu tpDt&ifcHw,f? OD;Ek[m 'Dudpöudk t&SnfMuD; pOf;pm;raeawmhygbl;? OD;oefU MudKufovkdjzKwfvkdY OD;Eku trdefYay;vkdufw,f? OD;EkwkdY[m armfpudkrSm&dSaewkef; waeUrSmawmh vDeifeJU pwmvifwkdU&JU

&kyftavmif;udk aq;&nfpdrfNyD;jyxm;wJh jywkdufudkoGm;Muw,f? pwmvif[m ArmjynfwGif;rSm 0if&Iyfxm;wJhtwGuf OD;Ek[m pwmvifudktifrwef pdwfemaeayrJh pwmvif&JU &kyftavmif;udkawGU&wJhtcg OD;EkpdwfawG tawmfajymif;oGm;w,f? touf&SifpOfwkef;u vlawGudktawmfMuD; ESdyfpufnSif;qJ owfjzwfcJhwJh pwmvif[m aowJhtcgrSm b,fenf;eJUrS aumif;&mrGef&mbHkudk a&mufrSr[kwfbl;? t0Dpdi&JudkusNyD; tJ'Di&JrSm tcktcgqkd&if tjyif;txef qif;&J'ku©awG cHae&awmhrSmbJvkdU pOf;pm;rdNyD; pwmvifudk OD;Ek[m trsm;MuD;oem;aew,f? aowJholawGudk Ak'¨bmom0ifawG[m olwkdUjyKxm;wJh 'geukodkvf/ oDvukodkvf/ bm0emukodkvfawG trQa0avh&dSw,f? tJ'Dvkda0wJhtcg aoolawGu a&mufav&mt&yfu (om"k)ac:Ekdif&if i&JusaeolawGvnf; i&JuvGwfEkdifw,f? ewfjynfa&mufaewJh ewfawGqdk&ifvnf; pnf;pdrfcsrf;omawGwkd;w,fvkdU Ak'¨bmom0ifawG,HkMunfMuw,f? tJ'D,HkMunfcsuft& pwmvif&JUtavmif;udkMunfhae&if; (pwmvif? uRefawmfjyKcJhwJh 'geukokdvf/ oDvukokdvf/ bm0emukodkvfawGudk uRefawmf trQa0ygw,f? trQ-trQ-trQ) vdkYqdkNyD; 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Eku pwmvifudk trQa0vkdufw,f? armfpudkNrdKUu rkdifESpfq,favmufa0;wJh xif;&I;awmxJrSm pwmvif tyef;ajzzdkU tdrfwvHk;aqmufxm;w,f? tJ'DtdrfrSm OD;Ekw&uftyef;ajz&w,f? aemufaeUeHeuf tm&kHwufwJh tcsdefusawmh olaeUpOfjyKvkyfavh&dSwJhtwkdif; bk&m;&dSckd;/ y&dwf&Gwf/ qGrf;awmfuyfNyD;wJhtcg pwmvif[m aumif;&mrGef&mudk a&mufygapvkdUvnf; OD;Ek arwåmydkUw,f? olvkyfcJhorQ 'geukodkvf/ oDvukodkvf/ bm0emukodkvfawGudkvnf; pwmviftwGuf &nfpl;NyD; wMudrftrQxyfa0w,f? tpDtpOfwkdif; qdkAD,uf,leD,HrSm vnfywfMu&if; waeUusawmh yifv,furf;ajcu jrdKUwNrdKUudk OD;EkwkdU a&mufvmw,f? a&mufwJhnrSmyJ u&l;&Suf[m olUtdrfrSm OD;EkwkdUudk npmauR;w,f? tJ'Dnpmpm;yGJrSm u&l;&Suf&JUZeD;eJU orD;wkdUudk awGU&w,f? rDudk,Hudkvnf; awGU&w,f? &efukefudkjyefrJhaeUusawmh armifpudk av,mOfysHuGif;udkvmNyD; EIwfqufMuwJh &yf&Sif;acgif;aqmifawGxJrSm um*ifEdkApfvnf; ygvmw,f? tm;vHk;udk vufqGJ EIwfqufMuwJhtcg OD;Ek[m um*ifEdkApfudk vufESpfzufeJU tm;&yg;&zufNyD; &JabmfMuD; um*ifEdkApf/ cifAsm;udk uRefawmfcspfw,fvkdU OD;Eku ajymvkdufw,f? (Comrade Kaganovich! I love you.) tJ'D 1955 ckESpf 'DZifbmvxJrSm u&l;&SufeJU blvf*,feifwkdU

ArmjynfudktvnfvmMuw,f? OD;EkwdkU vlpk[m qkdAD,uf,leD,HrSm olwkdUudk MudKqdk{nfhcHMuovkdyJ u&l;&SufeJU blvf*,feifwkdUudk aomif;aomif;zszs {nfhcHMudKqdkvkdufMuw,f? 0efMuD;csKyfblvf*,feif[m taetxdkiftajymtqkdrSm tifrwef cefUjim;w,f? tifrwefvnf; ,Ofaus;odrfarGUw,f? tJ'gaMumifh OD;Ek[m blvf*,feifudk trsm;MuD;MunfndKw,f? u&l;&Sufuawmh ajymwJhqdkwJhae&mrSm [efrvkyfwwfbl;? olU0rf;xJrSm&dSwmudk bGif;bGif;MuD; zGifhcswwfw,f? olajymorQawGudk OD;EkvufcHw,fvdkU rqdkvkdbl;? 'gayrJh bGif;bGif;ajymwmudk OD;Ek trsm;MuD;oabmusw,f? olwkdUeJU&if;ESD;vmwJhtcg 'D&yf&Sif;acgif;aqmif ESpfOD;[m pwmvifeJUrwlbl;? Armjynftay:rSm apwemaumif;&dSw,fqkdwJh ,HkMunfrIawG[m OD;Ek&JUpdwfxJrSm wzGm;zGm;ay:vmw,f? orwu &yf&Sif;acgif;aqmifawGudk wnfcif;auR;arG;wJh npmpm;yGJrSm u&l;&Suf[m tpmraMuwJh a&m*gaMumifh bmrSrpm;Ekdifbl;? OD;Eku Armq&m0efwa,muf ac:ay;r,fvkdU ajymwJhtcg u&l;&Sufu olUrSm q&m0efygvmw,fvkdUajymw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dq&m0efawGudk oltm;rudk;bl;? usef;rma&;aumif;csifwJh vlawG[m q&m0efay;wJh aq;awGudk cPcPaomufaezkdU rvkdbl;? (1) acgif;udkat;at;xm;/ (2) ajcaxmufudkaEG;aEG;xm;/ (3) 0rf;udkqmaeatmifvkyfxm;/ (1. Keep your head cool. 2. Keep your feet warm. 3. Keep your stomach hungry.) vkdU u&l;&Sufu OD;Ekudkajymjyw,f? u&l;&SufeJU blvf*,feifwkdU vmMuwmaMumifh ArmjynftwGuf aumif;wmawG trsm;MuD; &dSygw,f? rjiif;Edkifygbl;? 'Daumif;wmawGxJrSm aumif;wmwckudk 'Dae&mrSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm;azmfjyvkdygw,f? ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&wJh tcsdefupNyD; (7)ESpfvHk;vHk; ArmuGefjrLepfawGeJU uGefjrLepfawG&JU wynfhawGu Armjynf&JU vGwfvyfa&;[m vGwfvyfa&;tppfr[kwfbl;? vGwfvyfa&;twkMuD;vkdU rsufpdrdSwfNyD; watmfwnf;atmfaeMuwmbJ? olwkdUawG vufeufudkifNyD; olykefx&wm[m wjcm;aMumifhr[kwfbl;? 'DvGwfvyfa&;twkMuD;udk vGwfvyfa&;tppf jzpfvmatmif ajymif;zkdUtwGufaMumifhbJ jzpfw,fvdkUawmif 'DuGefjrLepfawGeJU olwkdU&JU wynfhawG[m a
blvf*,feifwkdU vmvkdufwmaMumifh ArmjynftwGuf ay:aygufvmwJh taumif;wckjzpfw,fqkdwm azmfjyvkdygw,f? u&l;&SufeJU blvf*,feifwdkUjyefoGm;NyD; av;vavmufMumwJhtcgrSm rDudk,efArmjynfudktvnfvmw,f? rDudk,ef[m u&l;&SufeJU tvGefcspfcif&if;ESD;oljzpfw,f? yifv,furf;ajcu NrdKUwNrdKUrSm u&l;&Sufu OD;EkwkdUudk npmauR;wkef;u rDudk,ef[m u&l;&SufeJY qufqHwJhtcg tifrwef&if;&if;ESD;ESD;qufqHwmudk OD;Ekaumif;aumif; owdxm;rdw,f? olUrdom;pkeJY OD;EkwkdYudkomzdwfwJh &if;&if;ESD;ESD; npmpm;yGJrSm b,f0efMuD;wOD;wa,mufudkrS rzdwfbJ rDukd,efwOD;xJudkom zdwfwmudkvnf; OD;Ekaumif;aumif; rSwfxm;rdw,f? rDudk,ef[m tifrwefcspfp&m aumif;wJhvlwa,mufjzpfw,f? oleJUawGUbl;wJh vlwkdif;[m em&D0ufavmuf pum;ajymNyD;&if oleJY cifcifrifrifjzpfoGm;rSmbJ? OD;Ek[m rDudk,efeJU qdkAD,uf,leD,HrSuwnf;u cifcifrifrif &if;&if;ESD;ESD; jzpfvmwJhtwGuf OD;EktdrfrSm npmpm;NyD;vdkU olwnf;aewJh tdrfawmfudk rDudk,efjyefwJhtcg OD;Ekudk,fwkdif vkdufykdUw,f? orwtdrfudk a&mufvkdU armfawmfum;ay:u qif;MuwJhtcg rDudk,efu tdyfcsifNyD;vm; 0efMuD;csKyf? pum;eJeJavmufajym&atmifvkdU awmif;yefwmeJU OD;Ek[m orw tdrfawmfxJudk rDudk,efeJUtwl 0ifvkdufoGm;w,f? orw tdrfawmf&JUt0 avScg;MuD;ESpfckMum;rSm ukvm;xkdifawG&dSw,f? tJ'Dukvm;xkdifawGay:rSmxkdifNyD; rDudk,efeJUOD;EkwkdU pum;ajymMuw,f? pum;jyefuawmh OD;EkwkdU qkdAD,uf,leD,HrSm&dSwkef;ua&m blvf*,feifwkdU Armjynftvnfvmwkef;ua&m pum;jyefvkyfcJh &yf&Sif;pum;jyefav;yg? pum;ajymaeMu&if; OD;Eku pwmvif[m b,fvkdvlpm;vJvkdU ar;wmeJU rDudk,efu pwmvif[m odyfaMumufp&m aumif;wJhvlbJ? pwmvif[m aemufxyfoHk;vavmuf touf&Snf aetHk;r,fqdk&if u&l;&SufeJUol[m pwmvifowfypfwmudk cH&rSmbJvkdUajzw,f? cifAsm;wkdUESpfa,mufudk pwmvifu bmjzpfvkdUowfrSmvkdU ar;wJhtcg oluawmh u&l;&Suf&JU rdwfaqG&if;jzpfaevkdUygbJ? 'gayrJh u&l;&Sufuawmh pwmvifudk *&krpdkufbl;? tJ'Dvkd *&krpdkufwJhtwGuf u&l;&Sufudk pwmvifu owfrSmbJ? 'kwd, urÇmppfMuD;twGif;rSm ppfrsufESmwcku u&l;&Suf[m pwmvifqDudk w,fvDzkef;qufvkdufw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu pwmvif&JU tcef;xJrSm wjcm;vlawGtjyif rmvifaumvnf;&dSaew,f? rmvifaumhu w,fvDzkef;ae&mudk oGm;NyD;ajymwJhtcg u&l;&Sufu rif;eJUigrajymcsifbl;? pwmvifeJU ajymcsifw,fvkdUajymvkdufw,f? rmvifaumhu pwmvifudk

'Dtwdkif;taMumif;Mum;wJhtcg pwmvifu olrajymbl;? u&l;&Sufajymp&m&dS&ifrmvifaumhudkyJ ajymyapvkdU aigufvTwfvkdufw,f? rmvifaumhu w,fvDzkef;qD jyefoGm;NyD; pwmvifu &l;&SufeJY rajymbl;? ajymp&m&dS&if olYudkyJajymvkdU pum;jyefwJhtcg pwmvifudkyJ igajymr,f? rif;udkrajymbl;qkdNyD; u&l;&Suf[m w,fvDzkef;udk csypfvkdufw,f? pwmvifudk u&l;&Sufwa,mufyJ 'Dvkdvkyf&Jw,f? b,folrS rvkyf&Jbl;? tJ'grsKd;udk pwmvifrMudKufbl;vkdU rDudk,efu OD;Ekudkajymjyw,f? bm&D;,m;vnf; b,fvkdvlpm;rsKd;vJvkdU OD;Ekuar;wJhtcg olvnf; tifrwefqdk;wJh vlwa,mufbJ? rmvifaumhudka&m olUtwGuf tEÅ&m,fjzpfrJh vlawGtm;vHk;udkyg tukefzrf;owfNyD; oltmPmodrf;zkdU pDpOfaewkef; olUudkvufOD;atmif t&ifzrf;owfvkduf&w,fvkdU rDudk,efuajzw,f? olUudk b,fvdkjzKwfcs&w,fqkdwm rajymjyEkdifbl;vm;vkdUar;wJhtcg rDudk,efu ajymEkdifygw,fvkdUajzNyD; bm&D;,m;udk b,fvkdjzKwfcs&w,fqkdwm ajymjyw,f? olajymjycsuf&JU twdkcsKyfuawmh 'Dvkd? bm&D;,m;udk jzKwfcszkdUtwGuf acgif;aqmifNyD; pDpOfwJhvluawmh u&l;&SufbJ? u&l;&Suf[m a&S;OD;pGm rm&S,f blvf*,feif/ rm&S,fZl;aumhwkdYeJU wkdifyifw,f? tu,fí bm&D;,m;&JU ppfykvdyfawGudk pDpOfNyD;wJhtcg u&l;&Sufudk,fwkdif 0efMuD;csKyf rmvifaumhqDudkoGm;NyD; oludk,fwkdifuawmh bm&D;,m;udk vlqdk;vkdUxifw,f? rmvifaumhuaum b,fvkdxifovJvkdU ar;w,f? rmvifaumhu olvJbm&D;,m;udk vlqdk;vkdUxifw,fvkdU jyefajzwJhtcgusawmhrS u&l;&Sufu 'Dvkdqkd&if rmvifaumhudk olUtpDtpOfajymjyr,f qkdNyD; avQmufajymw,f? tJ'DtpDtpOft& aemufaeUusif;yrJh y&DpD'D,ef tpnf;ta0;rSm bm&D;,m;tay: pGJcsufawG wifNyD;zrf;&r,f? bm&D;,m;&JUvlawGu ckcH&if olwkdUu ta&;,lzdkU ppfwyfeJU pDpOfNyD;NyDvkdU &Sif;jyw,f? tJ'Daemuf rmvifaumh[m olwdkUzufudkygrvm;vkdU u&l;&Sufuar;w,f? rmvifaumhu ygr,fvkdUajzw,f? aemufaeUtpnf;ta0;pwmeJUwNydKufeuf u&l;&Sufu cifAsm;tay:rSm pGJcsufwifp&mawG&dSw,fvkdU bm&D;,m;udkajymvkdufw,f? bm&D;,m;u wifEdkifygw,f? wjcm;ta&;MuD;wJh udpöawG NyD;wJhtcg wifwmayghvdkU jyefajzNyD; pm;yGJcHkay:wifxm;wJh olUvufqGJom;a&tdwfudk zGifhrvkdUvkyfvkdufw,f? bm&D;,m;[m om;a&tdwfxJu ypöwkdaoewfudk xkwfvdrfhr,fvkdU u&l;&Sufu xifw,f? tJ'gaMumifh u&l;&Suf[m tJ'DvufqGJom;a&tdwfudk olUvufeJYwtm; ykwfypfvkdufwm vufqGJom;a&tdwf[m pm;yGJckHay:u vGifhNyD;

Murf;jyifay: usoGm;w,f? tJ'Daemuf u&l;&Sufu a[haumif/ rwfwyf&yfvkdY aigufvdkufwJhtcg bm&D;,m;vnf; vefUNyD; rwfwyf&yfvkdufw,f? olUwukd,fvHk; qwfqwfwkefaewmudk y&DpD'D,ef tpnf;ta0;wufolwkdif; jrifae&w,f? u&l;&Suf[m bm&D;,m;&JUaemufudkoGm;NyD; olUvufESpfzufeJU bm&D;,m;&JU vufESpfzufudk wkyfxm;vkdufw,f? tJ'Daemuf tcef;xJu tcsufay;vkdufwmeJU wNydKufeuf toifhapmifhaewJh ppfom;awG tpnf;ta0;cef;rxJ 0ifvmNyD; bm&D;,m;udk ac:xkwfoGm;Muw,f? 1956ckESpfusawmh OD;Ek[m 0efMuD;csKyf&mxl;u xGufNyD; zqyv jyefvnfzGJUpnf;a&;udk udkifaew,f? tJ'DESpfxJrSm rm&S,fZl;aumh &efukefudkvmw,f? waeYusawmh rm&S,fZl;aumh[m OD;EkeJY awGU&atmif zqyvXmecsKyfudk tvnfvmw,f? olwkdUESpfa,mufpum;ajymaeMuwkef; rm&S,fZl;aumhu OD;Ekudkar;cGef;wckar;w,f? ]]OD;Ek/ wwd,urÇmppfMuD; jzpfEkdifr,fvkdU cifAsm;xifvm;}} ]]rxifbl;}} ]]bmjzpfvkdUvJ}} ]]wwd, urÇmppfMuD;jzpf&if yxreJU 'kwd,urÇmppfyGJMuD;wkef;uvdk ppfyGJMuD;NyD;wJhtcg ppfEkdifoleJY ppf&IH;olawG usefawmhrSm r[kwfbl;? tEkjrLAHk;awGaMumifh wurÇmvHk;avmifpmeJU jymyHkom usefawmhr,f? 'Dvkdb0rsKd; a&mufrSmawmh ppfjzpfcsifolawG aMumufMuvdrfhr,f xifw,f? rm&S,fZl;aumh uaum b,fvkdxifovJ}} ]]uRefawmfuawmh OD;Ekvkdrxifbl;}} ]]bmjzpfvkdUvJ}} ]]'DurÇmrSm ppfyGJawG pjzpfMuwkef;u 'g;awG/ vSHawGudk oHk;NyD; jzpfcJhMuw,f? tJ'Daemuf av;eJUjrm;awGudk oHk;vmMuw,f? tJ'Daemuf AHk;MuJav,mOfysHeJU AHk;awGudk oHk;vmMuw,f? vufeufawG[m wacwfxufwacwf ydkNyD;aMumufp&m aumif;vmw,f? 'gayrJh vlawGuawmh raMumufMubl;? 'DvufeufawGudk oHk;NyD; ppfjzpfMuwmbJ? tPkjrLAHk;awG[m t&ifvufeufawGeJU pm&if ydkNyD;aMumufp&maumif;vmw,fqkdwmudk b,folrS rjiif;Ekdifbl;? 'gayrJh ppfjzpfcsifwJh vlawGMuawmh raMumufbl;? 'DvufeufawGudkoHk;NyD; ppfjzpfMutHk;rSmbJ? tJ'gaMumifh ppfjzpfvm&if toifhjzpfaeatmif uRefawmfwkdUawmh uRefawmfwkdUwyfawGudk tPkjrLvufeuf tpGrf;ukef wyfay;xm;wmbJ/}} ]]pwmvif[m cifAsm;udk rMudKufzl;vkdU Mum;zl;w,f? [kwfovm;}} ]][kwfw,f}}

]]ol rMudKufwJhvlawGqkd&if pwmvif[m axmifcscsifcs? rcs&if qkdufab;&D;,m;udkykdU? 'grSr[kwf&ifvnf; owfypfw,fvkdUMum;bl;w,f? cifAsm;udkawmh pwmvif[m bmjzpfvkdU 'DvkdrESdyfpufovJ}} ]]uRefawmfh ppfwyfudkaMumufvdkY pwmvif[m 'DvkdrvkyfwmbJ}} 1960-twGif; taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJMuD; NyD;cgp tcsdefavmufrSm u&l;&Suf[m tdE´d,udktvnfvm&if; Armjynfudk a&mufvmao;w,f? OD;EkeJYawGUwJhtcg uvuwåm;rSm 0efMuD;csKyfae&l;eJU olawGUp&m&dSao;w,f? OD;EkvJ uvuwåm;udk vmygvkdU u&l;&SufuzdwfwmeJU aemufqHk;awGU&wmbJ? 1962 ckESpfxJrSm OD;[m tmPmtodrf;cH&NyD; tcsKyfcef;xJrSm av;ESpfcGJausmfausmf aecJh&w,f/ 1964 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvxJudk a&mufvmwJhtcg olUvkdyJ tcsKyfcef;xJudk a&mufaewJh 0efMuD;a[mif; wcsKdUajymjyvkdU u&l;&Suf[m 0efMuD;csKyf&mxl;u jyKwfusoGm;w,fvkdU OD;Ekod&w,f/ OD;Ek[m u&l;&Sufudpöudk aoaocsmcsmavhvmNyD;wJhtcg u&l;&Suf[m 0efMuD;csKyf&mxl;u tjzKwfcH&wmr[kwfbl;? olU[mol EIwfxGufoGm;wm jzpf&r,fvkdU wxpfcsqHk;jzwfvkdufw,f? OD;Eku 'DvkdqHk;jzwfwm[m bmtaMumif;awGaMumifhvJ? 'DtaMumif;awGudk wckpDajymjyyghr,f/ (1) u&l;&SufudkjzKwfzkdUrvG,fbl;? u&l;&Suf[m owådodyf&dSw,f? olYowådaMumifh ol[matmufqHk;wef;u aeNyD; txGyftxdyfudk a&mufvmw,fvkdY qdk&if rrSm;Edkifbl;? ol[mb,fvkd owÅd&dScJhw,fqdkwJh o"uawGxJu xif&Sm;wJh o"uwcsKdUudk 'Dae&mrSm azmfjycsifw,f? 1953 ckESpfxJrSm bm;&D;,m;vkd tifrwef aMumufp&maumif;wJh vlwa,mufudk u&l;&Suf acgif;aqmifNyD; jzKwfcscJhw,f? 1957 ckESpfxJrSm y&DpD'D,efu olUudkjzKwfcswJhtcg olaMumufNyD; xGufray;bl;? A[dkaumfrwDudkac:NyD; olUudkjzKwfcswJh y&DpD'D,ef tzGJU0ifawGudk oljzKwfcsypfvkdufw,f? y&DpD'D,ef&JU qHk;jzwfcsufudk tckvdkcHwkduf&Jwm qdkAD,uf,leD,H&JU ordkif;wckvHk;rSm u&l;&SufwOD;wnf;yJ &dSao;w,f? pwmvifvdk tmPm&Sifawmif rm&S,fZl;aumhudk ta&;r,l&Jbl;? u&l;&Suf[m rm&S,fZl;aumhudk umuG,fa&;0efMuD; &mxl;ua&m y&DpD'D,ef tzGJUuyg jzKwfypfvkdufw,f? (2) u&l;&Sufudk jzKwfcswJhvlawGudk urÇmu0kdif;NyD; pGyfpGJcJhMuwJh rDudk,ef[m u&l;&Suf&JU t&if;qHk; oli,fcsif;bJ? rmvifaumheJY bm;&D;,m;[m pwmvif vufoyfarG;xm;wJh wynfhawGjzpfovkd b&ufZnuf/ udkpDcsif/

aygha*:eDqdkwJh vloHk;a,mufuvnf; u&l;&Suf vufoyfarG;xm;wJh wynfhawGjzpfw,f? 'gayrJh q&maombmaom ra&Smifygbl;/ tmPmqkd&if vkMurSmyJvkdU wzufuajymcsif&if ajymEdkifw,f? tJ'Dvkdajymr,fqkd&if OD;Ek[m b&ufZnuf/ udkpDcsif/ aygha*:eDwkdUudk wcgrSrawGUbl;wJhtwGuf rumuG,fEdkifbl;? rDudk,efudkawmh OD;Ek[m tjyif;txef umuG,fvdrfhr,f? OD;Ek&JUpdwfxJrSm rDudk,ef[m wjcm;[mawGudk vkyfcsifvkyfr,f u&l;&SufudkjzKwfcswJh tvkyfudkawmh b,fenf;eJUrS rvkyfbl;vkdU OD;Eku wxpfcs,HkMunfaew,f? vlawGxJrSm oli,fcsif;t&if;awGtay: opömazmufwJhvlqdk;awG&dSovkd oli,fcsif; t&if;awGtay: b,fawmhrSopörazmufwJh vlaumif;awGvnf;&dSw,f? rDudk,ef[m tJ'Dvlaumif;awGxJrSm wa,muftygt0ifjzpfw,fvkdU OD;Ek[m rrdSwfroHk ,HkMunfaew,f? (3) u&l;&Suf[m wkdif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfwJhzufrSm awmfcsifrSawmfr,f? ygwDudkpnf;&kH;wJhae&mrSmawmh ESpfa,mufr&dSatmif awmfw,f? pwmvif[m ygwD&JUyxrtwGif;a&;rSL; vkdUomqkdw,f? ygwD&JUacgif;aqmifMuD;i,fawGeJU b,fawmhrS awGUavhr&dSbl;? nzufqdk&if wnvHk;t&ufaomufNyD; aeYzufrSm waeYvHk; tdyfaeoljzpfw,f? u&l;&Sufu 'Dvkdr[kwfbl;? ygwDxJrSm ta&;yg t&ma&mufwJh acgif;aqmifawGeJUtukefawGUw,f? aqG;aEG;w,f? 'Dacgif;aqmifawGrSm taMumif;MuD;i,f&dS&if vufydkufMunfhraebl;? txl;ulw,f? pwmvifudkawGUwJhtcg blvf*ifeifwkdU aAmf&kd&kdavmhwkdU qkdwJhacgif;aqmifawGawmif zdwfzdwfwkefatmif aMumuf&w,f? u&l;&Sufu 'Dvkdr[kwfbl;? ukvor*¾xJrSm olUzdeyfcRwfNyD;pm;yGJcHkudk acgufwJhtxd &rf;um;EdkifwJh vlpm;rsKd;jzpfayw,f? &yf&Sif;tvkyform;awGeJY awGUawGU/ v,form;awGeJYawGUawGU/ vrf;ay:uvlwa,mufeJY awGUawGU tifrwefazmfazmfa&Ga&G qufqHEkdifw,f? oluvnf; t&Tef;awGajymw,f? olUudk jyefajym&ifvnf; ol&,faew,f? Armjynfvmwkef;u &yf&Sif;oH&kH;u vlawGtm;vHk; olUudkavqdyfrSm qif;MudKaeMuw,f? tJ'DvlawGxJrSm atmufqHk;tvkyform;awGtxd ygw,f? tJ'DvlawG[m u&l;&SufeJUawGUwJhtcg tMumMuD; uGJuGmaeMuwJh aqGrsKd;awGjyefawGUMuovkd wOD;eJUwOD; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om &if;&if;ESD;ESD; qufqHaeMuwmudk avqdyfrSm&dSwJh ArmawGtm;vHk; awGUMu&wmbJ? OD;EkwdkU armfpudkrSm&dSwkef; &yf&Sif; &kyf&Sifum;wum;udk MunfhcJh&w,f? tJ'Dum;xJrSm pwmvif[m O,sOfwckxJ

aq;wHMuD;udkufNyD; vrf;avQmufvmwmudk awGUwmeJU wNydKifeuf tvkyform;wa,muf[m vefUNyD;xGufajy;w,f? pwmvif&JUwynfhawGu 'Dvl&JUaemufudkvdkufNyD; pwmvifudk aMumufp&mr&dSygbl;vkdU wrifoufouf 0g'jzefUay;&w,fqkdwm tifrwef xif&Sm;aew,f? (4) u&l;&Suf[m tckajymovkd pnf;&kH;a&;eJUqufqHa&; tifrwefaumif;wJhtwGuf A[dkaumfrwDwzGJUvHk;[m olUtdyfxJrSmxnfhxm;ovdk jzpfaew,f? A[dkaumfrwDxJrSm wu,fomwkduf&&if rDukd,ef/ b&ufZnuf/ ukdpDcsif/ aygha*:eDwkdU vGifhoGm;r,f? u&l;&SufvGifhoGm;rSm r[kwfbl;? u&l;&SuftwGuf 'DvlawGudk wkduf&wm[m bm;&D;,m;/ blvf*ifeif/ rdkvkdawmh/ Zl;aumh wkdUudkjzKwfcs&wmavmuf rcufygbl;? (20)Mudrfajrmuf uGefjrLepf uGef*&ufnDvmcHrSm pwmvifudk &Iwfcs&wmavmuf (Destalinization) armfqdkvD,efqkdwJh jywdkufxJu pwmvif&JU aq;pdrfxm;wJh tavmif;udk xkwfNyD; rxifr&Sm; tjcm;ae&mwckrSm oGm;jrKyfypf&wmavmuf rcufygbl;? (5) blvf*ifeif/ rdkvdkawmh/ rmvifaumh/ um*ifEdkApfwkdU y&DpD'D,efu jyKwfoGm;wJhtcg b,fa&mufoGm;MuvJ/ rm&S,fZl;aumhawmf tifrwef rxifr&Sm;ae&w,f? u&l;&Sufuawmh 'Dvkdr[kwfbl;? tyef;ajzcsifwJhtcg armpudkeJU rdkifESpfq,favmufa0;wJh pwmvif tyef;ajzavh&dSwJh &dyfomrSm tyef;ajzw,f? armfpudkudkjyefvmwJhtcg tdrfaumif;wckrSm ae&w,f? armfawmfum;&w,f? armif;wJhvl&w,f? olUvHk;NcHKa&;udkapmifhavQmufzdkU oufawmfapmifh&w,f? 'gawGxufydkNyD; xl;jcm;wJhtcsufwcsuf&dSao;w,f? tar&duef w,fvDAD;&Sif;wck[m armfpudkrSm u&l;&Sufudk "mwfyHk&kdufcGifh&w,f? qdkAD,uf,leD,HxJrSm &mxl;tjzKwfcH&wJh acgif;aqmifwa,muf[m 'Dvkdt&kdufcH&zkdUa0;pG? EkdifiHjcm;om;awGeJU awGU&kHawGU&zkdUawmif cufw,f? (6) tmPm&SifEkdifiHawGrSm tmPm&SifawG[m b,fawmhrS tvkdtavQmuf &mxl;udk pGefUvGwf&kd;xHk;pH r&dS/ aowJhtcg 'grSr[kwf&ifvnf; qefUusifzuf *dkPf;om;awGu twif;jzKwfypfwJh tcgrSom &mxl;udkpGefUvTwfMuwJh tpOftvm&dSaewJh twGuf u&l;&Suf[m usef;rma&;aMumifh &mxl;utvkdtavsmuf EIwfxGufoGm;w,fvkdU uGefjrLepfygwDu w&m;0if ausnmwmudk wurÇmvHk;rSm ,HkMunfvufcHolawG tifrwef enf;w,f? rdkuf&l;&Jpdwf"mwf (Adventurism)

rav;eufwJhpDrHudef;rsm; (Hare-brained Schemes)? yk*¾dKvfwOD;xJudkom 0dkif;NyD; MunfnKdatmifvkyfwJh pHepfudk xlaxmifay;jcif; (Cultiveation of Personality Cult) qdkwJh &Syf&Sif; owif;pmawGxJrSm ygvmwJh pum;vHk;awGudkom rdrdwkdU MudKufovdk t"dyÜm,fjyefNyD; u&l;&Suf txkwfcH&NyDvkdU ,HkMunfolawG wurÇmvHk;rSm waeYwjcm; aygrsm;vmMuw,f? u&l;&Sufudk wu,fxkwfypf0Hhw,fqkd&if olUudk xkwfypfvkdufw,f qdkwmudkvnf; ygwDu ausnm0Hh&r,f? u&l;&Suf[m usef;rma&;aMumifh olUtvkdvdk EIwfxGufoGm;w,fvkdU ausnmaep&mtaMumif; bmrSr&dSbl;? tJ'gaMumifh OD;EktaeeJYuawmh ygwD&JUausnmcsufudk vufcHw,f? (7) u&l;&Suf[m &mxl;u xGufoGm;ayrJh w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwDay:rSmxm;&dSwJh &yf&Sif;uGefjrLepfygwD&JU oabmxm;/ "e&SifawGeJU Nidrf;csrf;om,mpGm twlwuG yl;wGJaexkdifa&; (Peaceful coexistence with capitalism) qdkwJh u&l;&Suf&JU t"du vrf;pOfawG[m ajymif;roGm;bl;? b&ufZnufwdkUvlpk[m qufvufNyD; usifhoHk;Muw,f? u&l;&Suf[m txkwfcH&wmr[kwfbl;? olUtvkdtavQmuf xGufoGm;wmjzpf&r,fvkdU OD;EkqHk;jzwfwJhtcg 'Dtcsuf[mvnf; OD;Ektxl;pOf;pm;wJh tcsufjzpfw,f/ (8) tmPm&SifawG[m aowJhtcg 'DvkdrSr[kwf&ifvnf; twkduftcHawGu jzKwfcsypfwJh tcgrSom &mxl;udk pGefUvTwfwJhpHepfrSm tifrwefMuD;us,fwJh tEÅ&m,fawG&dSaew,f? bm&D;,m;udk vG,fvG,feJY jzKwfypfEkdifwmrsKd; tcgcyfodrf; jzpfcsifrSjzpfr,f? wcgwcgrSm aoG;acsmif;pD;&wJh tmPmvkyGJawG jzpfay:vmEdkifw,f qkdwmudk u&l;&SufeJY olYvlpk[m aumif;aumif; oabmaygufw,f? tJ'gaMumifh 'DtEÅ&m,fudk ausmfvTm;EkdifzkdUtwGuf olwdkU[m pHepfopfwckudk &SmawGUNyD;NyD? tJ'DpHepfopft& ygwD yxrtwGif;a&;rSL;0efMuD;csKyf? orwtp&dSwJh ta&;yg t&ma&mufwJh vlawG[m aemifudk &moufyefrjzpf&awmhbl;? olwkdU[m olwkdU&JU&mxl;awGu u&l;&Sufvkd EIwfxGufay;NyD; atmufuvlawGudk wvSnfhpD tay:wifay;Muvdrfhr,f? tay:uvlawGu b,fvdkEIwfxGuf&r,f? atmufuvlawGu b,fvkdwuf&r,fqkdwm awGudk &yf&Sif;uGefjrLepfygwDu wdwdusus qHk;jzwfxm;NyD;NyD? tJ'D qHk;jzwfcsuftwkdif; aemifudk &mxl;tajymif;tvJawG qkdAD,uf,leD,HrSm jzpfvdrfhr,fvkdU OD;Ek,lqw,f? bJvf*&dwfnDvmcH

1961 ckESpftwGif; bJvf*&dwfNrdKUawmfrSm b,ftkyfpkrS rygwJhEkdifiHrsm; nDvmcHwckudk usif;yw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu qdkAD,uf,leD,HeJU tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwkdU&JUpyfMum;rSm wif;rmrI[m tifrwef jyif;xefaew,f? tJ'gaMumifh wif;rmrIavQmhoGm;atmif txl;MudK;pm;MuzdkU bJvf*&dwfnDvmcHu tJ'DESpfEdkifiHpvHk;udk arwåm&yfw,f? nDvmcHNyD;wJhtcg 0efMuD;csKyfae&l;eJU orw eu&l;rm;wkdUu 'DarwÇm&yfcHcsufudk udk,fwkdif,lNyD; armfpudkudk oGm;Muw,f? orwqdkumEkdeJU tjcm;wa,muf0g&Sifwefudk oGm;Muw,f? tpDtpOfawG xJrSmygwJhudpöawGudk aqG;aEG;NyD;wJhtcg nDvmcHu xkwfjyef&rJh xkwfjyefcsuftMurf;udk a&;qGJNyD; wifjyMuzkdUtwGuf a&;qGJa&;tzGJUwckudk nDvmcHu cefUay;vdkufw,f? tJ'DtzGUJxJrSm 0efMuDcsKyf OD;Ek&JU udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfeJU c&pf&Sem;rDEGefygw,f? xkwfjyefcsuf tMurf;udk a&;qGJNyD;wJhtcg bm&ifwefeJU OD;oefUwdkU[m OD;EkeJUawGUMuw,f? xkwfjyefcsuf tMurf;xJrSm tpöa&;vfeJUywfoufNyD; a&;xm;wm wzufapmif;eif;jzpfaew,f? tpöa&;vf-Arm cspfMunfa&;t& 'DxkwfjyefcsuftMurf;udk axmufcHzdkU roifhbl;xifw,f? xkwfjyefcsuftMurf;udk a&;qGJa&;aumfrDwDrSm c&pf&Sem;rDEGef wifjywJhpmMurf;[m tawmfuav; rQrQww&dSygw,f? 'gayrJh tm&yftkyfpku 'Dpmwrf;udk y,fypfvkdufw,f? c&pf&Sem;rDEGefvJ olUpmwrf;udkvufcHatmif tawmf MudK;pm;&Smygw,f? 'gayrJh tm&yftkyfpku vlrsm;aewJhtwGuf ratmifjrifbl;? tJ'Dawmh xkwfjyefcsuftMurf;udk nDvmcHrSmwifjywJhtcg tpöa&;vfeJY ywfoufwJh tykd'fudkjzKwfNyD; tJ'gtpm; c&pf&Sem;rDEGef&JU pmwrf;udk vufcHatmifajym&if aumif;vdrfhr,f xifw,fvkdU OD;Ekudk bm&ifwefeJU OD;oefUwkdUu tMuHay;w,f? xkwfjyefcsufudk nDvmcHrSm wifoGif;NyD;wJhaemuf udk,fpm;vS,ftawmfrsm;rsm;u axmufcHNyD;wJhtcg 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Eku ArmEkdifiH[m tpöa&;vfEdkifiHeJU rdwfawGjzpfaewJhtwGuf xkwfjyefcsufxJrSm tpöa&;EkdifiHeJU yofoufNyD;a&;xm;wJhtydk'fudk ArmEkdifiHu axmufcHzkdY cufygvdrfhr,f? olUtaeeJY ajym&&if tpöa&;vfEdkifiHudk omru oludk,fwkdif rdwfaqGMuD;wOD;tjzpfeJU vufcHxm;wJh orwemqmeJU rdwfaqGEdkifiHjzpfwJh tD*spfEkdifiHudk olwkdU&JUuG,f&mrSm tjcm;yk*¾dKvfwOD;OD;ujzpfap/ vlwpkujzpfap ykwfcwfr,fqkd&if b,fenf;eJUrS iHkUcHrSm r[kwfygbl;? tpGrf;ukefumuG,frSmyJ/ tJ'gaMumifh 'Dxkwfjyefcsufudk ArmEdkifiHuvnf; vufcHEkdifatmif tpöa&;vfeJUywfoufNyD; a&;xm;wJh pmykd'ftpm; a&;qGJa&; aumfrDwD tpnf;ta0;rSm c&pf&Sem;rDEGefwifjywJh pmMurf;udk xnfhay;apcsifw,fvdkU

OD;Eku ajymjyw,f? OD;Ekukd oD[dk&f 0efMuD;csKyf rpöufbm'g em,ueJU eDaygvfudk,fpm;vS,fwkdUu axmufcHw,f? tJ'Dtcg nDvmcHu c&pf&Sem;rDEGef&JU pmMurf;udk Munfhcsifw,fvkdU awmif;qdkw,f? c&pf&Sem;rDEGef&JU pmMurf;udkzwfNyD;wJhtcg nDvmcHu wnDwnGwfwnf; vufcHvkdufMuw,f? tJ'DnDvmcHtNyD;rSm orwemqmeJU armf&dkudk&Sifbk&if [mpef&SmwkdUu zdwfwJhtwGuf 1961 ckESpfukefcgeD;avmufrSm OD;Ek[m tD*spfeJU armf&kdudkEkdifiHwkdUudk tvnfoGm;cJhw,f? orwemqm tedpöa&mufwJhtcsdefrSm OD;Ek[m &mxl;vufrJhjzpfNyD; AkdvfcsKyfae0if;udk jzKwfcszkdUtwGuf vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;udk acgif;aqmifaew,f? tmPmvuf&dSomqkd&if OD;Ek[m olUrdwfaqGMuD;&JU psmyeyGJudk {uefwufa&mufrSmbJ? tcef;(30) (u) OD;Ek[m b,fvkd vifrsKd;vJ? b,fvkd tazrsKd;vJ? OD;Ek&JU rdom;pk[m b,fvdkrdom;pkvJ? OD;Ek&JU tw¬KyÜwådxJrSm 'DtaMumif;awGudk rajymvkdU b,fjzpfrvJ? ajym&rSmaygh? rjr&DeJU tdrfaxmifuswJhtcsdefwkef;u ukdEk[m oHk;cGtrsKd;om;ausmif;rSm q&mvkyfaew,f? tJ'gaMumifh tdrfaxmifus NyD;NyD;jcif; udkEk[m rjr&Dudk oHk;cGac:vmw,f? oHk;cGa&mufvkdU wvavmufawmif r&dSao;cif waeUreufrSm udkEk[m olUrdef;r rjr&D xrif;csufaewJh rD;zdkcef;xJudk ol0ifaeustwkdif;0if/ rjr&Dtem;rSm olxkdifaeus twkdif;xdkif? olwkdUESpfOD;[m wOD;udkwOD; usDp,faeustwkdif; &efpvkduf/ aemufajymifvkduf/ &,fvkdufarmvkdufeJU aysmfwNyHK;NyHK; armfrqHk;Ekdifatmif jzpfaeMuwkef; udkEk[m bmjzpfrSef;rodbl;? a'goaxmif;ueJ xGufvmw,f? tJ'gaMumifh yg;pyfu (oGm;)vkdU aigufvkdufNyD; rjr&D&JU ykcHk;udk wGef;ypfvkdufw,f? tJ'Daemuf udkEk[m &SL;&SL;&Sm;&Sm;eJU tcef;jyifzufudk xGufoGm;w,f? udkEk[m rD;zdkcef;xJuxGufvmwm tdrfa&SUudkra&mufcif pdwfajyoGm;NyD;? tJ'gaMumifh rD;zdkxJudkjyef0ifvmwJhtcg rjr&Dudk rD;zdkxJrSm rawGU&awmhbl;? tJ'DawmhrS trsm;MuD; vefUoGm;NyD; tdrfaemufavScg;uqif;? rjr&Dwa,muf 'DzufavQmufvmwmrsm; awGUrdovm;vdkU tdrfeD;em;csif;awGudkavQmufar;&if; udkEk[m tMuD;tus,f jymavmifcwfaew,f? b,folUudkrSar;vkdUr&wJhtcg tdrfem;u ausmif;om;wynfh uav;wa,mufudkac:NyD; pdk;&drfwMuD; jzpfaewJh udkEk[m

rjr&Dudk ajcOD;wnfh&mavQmuf&Smaew,f? wem&DavmufMumvkdU rawGU&awmhrS tdrfjyefvmwJhtcg rjr&D[m olUypönf;awGudk xkyfykd;aewmawGU&w,f? udkEkvnf; 0rf;omtm;&eJU (a[;) rjr&DvkdUac:NyD; rjr&D&JUvufudk oGm;udkifvkdufw,f? rjr&D[m bmrSjyefrajymbl;? olUvufudkifxm;wJh udkEk&JUvufudk cgypfvkdufw,f? rjr&D ighudkpdwfqdk;oGm;ovm;vdkU udkEku ,k,k,,ar;w,f? rjr&DbmrSjyefrajymbl;? igatmfrdwm rSm;oGm;ygw,fuGm? igtrsm;MuD;awmif;yefygw,f? pdwfrqdk;ygeJUuG,fvkdU udkEkuqufajymw,f? tJ'Dtcg rjr&D[m oluawmh udkEkudkcspfwJhtwGuf armifbGm;rdbawGudk ypfNyD; udkEkaemufudk vdkufcJhw,f? tckawmh udkEk[m olUtay:rSm rMuifembl;? olUykcHk;udkwGef;NyD; atmfaiguf&ufavjcif;vkdY awG;rdw,fxifyg&JU? pum;rajymEkdifbl;? rsuf&nfawGusvmw,f? igrSm;oGm;ygw,fuGm? onf;cHygvdkU udkEkxyfNyD; awmif;yefwJhtcg usryef;waemfudk jyefr,fvdkU rjr&Du ajzw,f? udkEkvnf; jAKef;ueJqdkawmh bmrSrajymEkdifbJ rjr&Dudk tHhtm;oifhNyD; Munfhaew,f? tawmfuav;MumawmhrS rjr&D pdwfajyoGm;atmif &,fp&marmp&mawGudk avQmufajymw,f? rjr&Duawmh r&,fbl;? rsufESmxm;cyfwif;wif;eJU xdkifaewmbJ? tJ'gaMumifh rjr&Duvnf;uG,f? tnmom; qDonfzdk;aqmif usaewmbJ? qDonfzkd;aqmifqdkwJh taumif[m olrMudKufwm wckwckeJY awGU&&if xpfceJqkd tnmjyefawmhr,fqkdNyD; olUwaumufzmuav;udk ajy;qGJvkdufwmbJ? rif;uvnf; 'D qDonfzdk;aqmifvdk xpfceJqkd yef;waemfjyefzdkU txkyfjyifwm raumif;bl;uGmvkdU udkEku &,fNyD;qufajymw,f? 'DysufvHk;udkvnf; rjr&Dur&,fbl;? yef;waemfudk oljyefr,fqdkwJh taersKd;eJU cyfwif;wif; xkdifaewmbJ? tJ'gaMumifh udkEk[m rsufESmNyHK;pdpdeJU rjr&D&JUvnfyif;udk tomzufNyD; uJ-a&Tjra&/ rif; 'Davmufjyefcsif&if yef;waemfudkigvkdufydkUr,f? 'gayrJhrif;[m yGJxJu rdef;rvkdawmh rvkyf&bl;aemf? yGJxJrSm vifr,m;ESpfa,muf&efjzpfMuw,f? tJ'Dawmh rdef;ru &IdufMuD;wiifidk,dkNyD; olUrdbawGqDudkjyefr,f? c&D;p&dwfay;vdkU vifqDrSmawmif;w,f? vifu aiGig;usyfxkyfay;vkdufw,f? tJ'Dtcg rdef;ru 'Dig;usyfwnf;eJY ravmufbl;? 'g[mtoGm;p&dwfyJ ½Sdao;w,f? tjyefpm;&dwf ig;usyfxyfay;tHk;vkdUawmif;w,f? rif;vnf; yef;waemfa&mufNyD; ighudkatmufarhwmeJU 'Dudkjyefvmcsif&if ukdudkEka&/ usrudk vmac:ygvkdU pmra&;vkdufeJUq&m/ udk,fuawmh vmac:rSm r[kwfbl;vdkU ysufvHk; xkwfvkdufjyefw,f? rjr&Dvnf; 'DysufvHk;udkMum;&awmhrS pdwfawG

tawmfajyoGm;w,f xifyg&JU? udkEkudk NyHK;NyD;Munfhaew,f? watmifhavmufMumawmhrS 'Dbdef;pm;[m odyfcRJwmyJvkdU olUvifawmfarmifudk jyefNyD; avSmifvkdufw,f? olwkdUESpfa,muf xrif;csuf&atmif rD;zdkcef;xJudk vufwGJNyD; jyef0ifoGm;wJhtcg aps;xJu0,fxm;wJh bJom;[m wjcrf;r&dSawmhbl;? aMumifpm;ypfvkdU ukefoGm;NyD/ 'Dvkd 0l;0l;0g;0g;eJU xxjzpfwJh nmOfqdk;udk OD;EkrMudKufbl;? [if;tdk;wckxJudk rpifwa&G;om;avmuf usoGm;&if 'D[if;tdk;[m pm;vkdUrjzpfawmhbl;? oGefypfvkduf&ovkd 'DOmOfqdk;0ifNyD; aESmufvkduf&if OD;Ek&JU aumif;oavmuf aumif;wmuav;awG[m oHk;r&atmifjzpfjzpf oGm;w,fqkdwm aoaocsmcsm oabmaygufaewJh OD;Ek[m 'DnmOfqdk;udk b,frSmcspfEkdifyghrvJ? 'gayrJh 'DnmOfqkd;uawmh OD;Ekudk cspfw,fxifw,f? OD;Ek[m 'DnmOfqdk;udk b,fvkdpGefUypfvkdUrS r&bl;? a&Tyef;aigufawmufeJU a*GavQmuf&dkufaewJh tcsdefupNyD; touf(60)ausmf/ (70)wGif;udk OD;Ek a&mufvmwJhtxd 'DnmOfqdk;[m olUaemufwaumufaumufvkdufaewmbJ? a':jr&D[m 'DnmOfqdk;eJUawGUp av;ig;Mudrfavmuf wkef;uawmh tawmfMuD; vefUoGm;aumif; vefUoGm;ygvdrfhr,f? 'gayrJh tawmfuav; Mumvmawmh &dk;oGm;w,fxifyg&JU? w,f rNzHKawmhbl;? OD;Eku 'DvkdatmfvkdufNyD;qkd&if aemufrMumcif OD;Ekbmvkyfawmhr,fqkdwm olodaeNyD;? tJ'gaMumifh apmifacgif;NrD;jcHKNyD; tdyf,may:rSm vSJtdyfaevdkufw,f? aemufig;rddepfavmuf MumwJhtcg OD;EkvmNyD;acsmh&wmbJ? wcgcgusawmh a':jr&D[m 'Dvkd tatmfcH&wJhtcg OD;Eku acsmhaeustwkdif; vmracsmh&if xrif;pm;cef;xJudk xrif;pm;&atmif rvmyJ olUtcef;xJrSm vJStdyfaevdkufw,f? tJ'Dtcg OD;Ek[m racsmhyJaevdkU&rvm;? OD;Ek vmacsmhNyD; xrif;pm;cef;xJudk twif;vufqGJac:oGm;wJhtcg a':jr&D[m onf;ajcawG MudKufNyD; NyHK;pdNyHK;pdeJU xrif;pm;cef;xJ vkdufoGm;w,f? wcgwcgusjyefawmh a':jr&D[m olUtdyfcef;wHcg;udk txJuaeNyD; rif;wHk;xdk;xm;w,f? OD;Eku tjyifzufu aeNyD; tifrwef acsmhwJhtcg zGifhay;w,f? tJ'Daemuf OD;Eku xrif;pm;oGm;&atmif ac:&if yxrwcg/ ESpfcg [efvkyfNyD; jiif;ygao;w,f? OD;Eku olUvufudkqGJNyD; ac:oGm;wJhtcg rvdkufcsifovkdvdk/ bmvkdvkdvkyfNyD; NyHK;pdpdeJU vkufoGm;w,f? tatmfrif;om;eJU tacsmhcH a'0DwkdU[m tckvkdrMumcP ESpfyg;oGm;aewmudk jrif&wJh orD;vwf oef;oef;Ek[m tawmfrsufpdaemufvmw,f xifw,f? waeUusawmh xrif;pm;cef;xJudk wa,mufuvufqGJ/ wa,mufu NyHK;pdpdeJU 0ifvmwJh rif;om;eJU rif;orD;udkMunfhNyD; azazwkdU ararwdkU[m uav;awGvdkyJ? 'DvkdwusufusufeJU

cPcPjzpfaewm bmaumif;ovJ? ckeu atmfvdkufwkef;u rsm;jzifh tdrfrsm; jydKusoGm;rvm;awmif atmufarh&w,f? NyD;awmhvnf; bmrSr[kwfbl;? 'gbJ? aemufudk 'DvkdrjzpfMuygeJY qkdwmtxd orD;vwfu tazeJUtarudk Mo0g' ay;cJh&bl;w,f? waeUrSm acgif;&if;u udkEkaewJh tdrfuav;udk a':jr&DeJY orD;MuD;pef;pef;wdkU pum;vmajymaeMuw,f/ om;trd? om;tzoHk;a,muf ajymaeMuwJhtxJrSm wa,mufudkwa,muf aemufajymifaewmawGvnf;ygw,f? awmifa&muf ajrmufa&mufawGvnf; ygw,f? olwkdUoHk;a,muf&JU rsufESmxm;awGudk Munfh&wm tawmfaysmfaeMuyHk ay:w,f? wem&DavmufMuawmh OD;Ek[m jAKef;ueJ &SL;&SL;&Sm;&Sm; jzpfoGm;NyD; oGm;uGmvkdU rjr&Dudk aigufvkdufyga&m? om;trdESpfa,mufpvHk; q,fpuúefUavmuf OD;Ekudk tHhtm;oifhMunfhaeNyD; a':jr&D[m pdwfqdk;qdk;eJU olUtdrfzufudk jyefoGm;w,f? azazatmfvkdufrSjzifh t&rf;MuD;yJ? arharhpdwfudk tawmfudkxdckdufoGm;w,f? vkdufacsmhvkdufygtHk;vdkU orD;MuD;pef;pef;Eku olUtazudk wkdufwGef;w,f? OD;Ek[m xkdif&murxyJ NidrfNyD;awmh olUa&SU wnfhwnfhudk pdkufMunfhaew,f? olUtazudk ajymvkdUr&wmeJU pef;pef;vnf; olUtaraemufudk vdkufoGm;w,f? (2)rdepf (3)rdepfavmufMumwJhtcg pef;pef;[m olUtartcef;xJu OD;Ekudk jymjymovJ vSrf;ac:w,f? OD;Ek ujymu,m vkdufoGm;wJhtcg a':jr&D[m olUtdyf,may:rSm tr,fav;? tr,fav;eJU atmfaewmudk awGU&w,f? a':jr&D[m aoG;tm;avQmholqdkawmh olUaoG;tm;[m 'D*&Dw&m ausmfausmfavmuf&dSrS aeEdkifw,f? w&mhwq,f avmuftxd wufvm&ifawmif acgif;udkufvkdU raeEkdifbl;? aoG;tm;usaq;udk csufcsif;aomuf&w,f? olUudkaoG;tm; wkdif;ay;aeus orD;vwf oef;oef;u aoG;tm;wkdif;MunfhwJhtcg aoG;tm; (140)&dSaew,f? tJ'gaMumifh aoG;tm;usaq;eJU pdwfNidrfaq;udk csufcsif;wkduf&w,f? orD;vwfoef;oef;Ek[m rsuf&nf0kdif;aewJh rsufvHk;awGeJY MunfhNyD; tJ'Dvkdom MuyfMuyfatmf? araraooGm;vdrfhr,fvkdU olUtazudktjypfwifw,f? OD;Ek[m tdyf,mab;rSmxkdifNyD; a':jr&D&JU vufarmif;udk ,k,k,,ESyfay;ae&if; rjr&Duvnf;uGm? igatmfwmawG[m r&kd;ao;bl;vm;? igatmfrd&if ig;rdepfavmufonf;cHyg? igvmNyD; awmif;yefyghr,fvdkU igajymxm;wmyJuG,f? tckvkdjzpf&wm[m igpdwfraumif;ygbl;uGmvkdU OD;Eku a':jr&Dudk ESpfodrfhaew,f? OD;Ek[m olUrdef;r&JU vufarmif;tkd;udk qufESdyfay;ae&if; olUorD;vwf oef;oef;Ekzufudk vSnfhNyD; orD;a&/ arharhudk tdkAmvfwif;wcGuf aysmfcJhyguG,fvkdU ckdkif;vkdufw,f? tdkAmvfwif; a&mufvmwJhtcg oludkifNyD;

aomufEkdifygw,fvkdU a':jr&Dajymwmr&awmhbl;? tdyf&if;aomufwJh c&m;uav;xJudk OD;Ekudk,fwkdifxnfh/ at;atmifZGef;eJU udk,fwkdifarTNyD; a':jr&Dudk udk,fwkdif wkdufay;aew,f/ aemufig;rdepfavmuf MumwJhtcg a':jr&D&JU vufarmif;tdk;udk tomESdyfay;ae&if; tvum;yguGm? olwkdYtarudk atmfw,fqkdNyD; igomeHr,fysufaewm? atmfwkdif; igt&IH;ay;&wmcsnf;yJ? awmif;yef&wmeJU igacsmh&wmcsnf;yJ/ igatmfwmudk eifwkdUtar wu,fpdwfqdk;r,f xifovm;? ar;MunfhMuprf;? eifwkdUtar rSefrSefajymr,fqdk&if pdwfrqdk;bl;vdkY ajym&rSmbJ? bmjzpfvkdUvJqkdawmh iguatmfNyD;wkdif; olu tacsmhcH&w,fqkdawmh tatmfcH&wkdif; 'D[mrMuD;u ZdrfawGUaew,f? [kwfovm;? r[kwfzl;vm; qkdwmar;MunfhMuprf;vkdU OD;Eku a':jr&Dudk Munfq,faew,f? azazaemf/ 'gbJ? 'DwcgaoG;tm;wufvm&if orD; wkdif;ray;awmhbl;vdkU olUtazudk pdwfwkdwdkeJU orD;vwf oef;oef;u jyefajymw,f? [kwfom;yJ azazvkdU orD;MuD;pef;pef;Ekuvnf; olUtarzufu 0ifNyD; umuG,fvkdufjyefw,f? a':jr&Duawmh bmrSrajymbl;? NyHK;aew,f/ OD;EkeJY a':jr&DwdkY[m 'Dvdk wusufusufjzpf&wm aiGa&;aMu;a&;rSm oabmcsif; rwdkifqdkifvdkY jzpf&wmvm;/ r[kwfygbl;/ olwdkYESpfOD; tdrfaxmifusvmwm tESpfav;q,f ausmfvmNyD/ tJ'D tESpfav;q,f twGif; aiG&SdwJhtcgawGeJYvnf; awGYcJh&zl;w,f/ r½SdwJhtcgawGeJYvnf; awGYcJh&zl;w,f/ ½SdwJhtcgawGrSm olwdkYESpfOD;[m pdwfwloabmwl vSLMuw,f/ oHk;Muw,f/ r&SdwJhtcg olwdkYESpfOD; 'DvdkaeMuwmbJ/ rylygbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh aiGa&;aMu;a&;eJY ywfoufNyD; OD;EkeJY a':jr&DwdkY[m wcgrS wusufusuf rjzpfcJh&zl;bl;/ 'Dvdkqdk&if EdkifiHa&;rSm olwdkYESpfOD; oabmuGJvGJrIawG &SdaevdkYvm;/ 'Dvdkvnf; r[kwfygbl;/ a':jr&D[m EdkifiHa&;rSm pdwfr0ifpm;wJhtwGuf oabmuGJvGJp&m taMumif; wcgrS ray:cJhzl;ygbl;/ tJ'Dvdkqdkjyef&if ukdEk[m rjr&Dudk ESpfESpfumum rcspfvdkYvm;/ cspfwmaygh/ cspfwmrS odyfcspfwmyJ/ 'Dae&mrSm tcspf om"uuav;wckudk azmfjy&tHk;r,f/ tdrfaxmifuspwkef;u udkEkeJY rjr&DwdkY[m ESpfa,mufwnf;xdkifNyD; pum;awG ajymaeMuwkef; udkEku rjr&D&JU ezl;udk ZwfueJ wtm;udkufvdkufw,f/ rjr&D[m ½kwfw&ufqdkawmh vefYoGm;w,f/ emvJ odyfemwJhtwGuf atmfvdkufwm i,foHawGyg,lwmyJ/ bmjzpfvdkY udkufwmvJvdkY rjr&Du ar;wJhtcg udkEku cspfvdkY-vdkY jyefajzw,f/ udkufwm[m b,favmufjyif;ovJ qdk&if rjr&D&JU ezl;rSm oHk;av;&ufavmuf

udkEk&JU oGm;&mBuD;awG xifaew,f/ ezl;u t&mawG[m bmjzpfwmvJvdkY rdwfaqGawGu ar;wJhtcg acsmfvJvdkY ezl;xdoGm;w,fqdkNyD; rjr&Du vSdrfhxm;&w,f/ udkEk[m rjr&Dudk cspfovm;? rcspfbl;vm;qdkwJh udpörSm oHo, &SdzdkYrvdkygbl;/ udkEku cspfovdk udkEkudkjyefNyD; cspfwJh rdef;r[m wavmuvHk;rSm rjr&D wa,mufwnf; &Sdw,fr[kwfvm;/ tJ'Dawmh udkEk[m rjr&DudkrS rcspf&if b,folYudk cspf&tHk;rvJ/ atmfwJhaigufwJh tcdkuftwefY uav;rSmom olwdkYESpfOD;udk Munfh&wm pdwfnpfp&m aumif;w,f/ usefwJhtcsdefawGrSmqdk&if olwdkYESpfOD; qufqHwm[m vifeJYr,m; qufqHwmvdkvnf; r[kwfbl;/ tifrwefcspfwJh oli,fcsif;ESpfa,muf qufqHovdk wa,mufeJYwa,muf pvdkuf? aemufvdkuf? ajymifvdkufeJY vkyfaeMuwmawGudk Munhf&wm aysmfp&mBuD;bJ/ 'DrQom ruao;ygbl;/ xrif;pm;MuwJhtcg [if;aumif;awG ygvm&if aumif;ayhqdkwJh [if;zwfawGudk udkEk[m rjr&Dyef;uefxJ t&ifqHk; cyfxnfhw,f/ rjr&D[m bJ tonf;tjrpf? Muuftonf;tjrpfudk odyfBudKufw,f/ tJ'gawG ygvmwJh aeYawGrSmqdk&if 'Dtonf;tjrpfawGudk b,fom;? b,forD;rS rpm;&bl;/ rjr&Dyef;uefxJ olYudkudkEku t&ifqHk; cyfxnfhvdkufwmbJ/ rjr&Duvnf; tJ'D tonf;tjrpfawGudk olY udkudkEk pm;apcsifwJhtwGuf udkEk&JU yef;uefxJ jyefxnfhay;vdkufw,f/ udkEkuvnf; rjr&D pm;apcsifwJhtwGuf rjr&D&JU yef;uefxJudkyJ jyefxnfhay;jyefw,f/ tJ'Dvdk tjyeftvSef xnfhay;aewJhtcg ab;uMunfhaewJh om;orD;awG[m rsufpdaemufvmw,f xifyg&JU/ azazwdkY? ararwdkY jrefjrefpm;csif pm;ypfMuaemf/ tvpfokwfzdkY tem;rSm pGefawGapmifhaeMuw,fvdkY 0dkif;NyD;aemufMuw,f/ tdrfaxmifusp &efukefrSmaeMuwkef;u udkEk[m tjyifxGufNyD; tdrfjyefzdkY tcsdefuswJhtcg olYtdwfxJrSm ydkufqH&Sd&if odrfBuD;aps; [if;&Guf[if;oD;wef;rSm a&mif;aewJh Muufom;okyfqdkifudk tNrJwrf;oGm;w,f/ roGm;yJaevdkY rjzpfbl;/ tJ'DqdkifrSm rjr&D tifrwefBudKufwJh Muuftonf;tjrpfokyfudk 0,fNyD;rS tdrfjyefavh&Sdw,f/ tJ'DrQvnf; ruao;ygbl;/ rjr&D aexdkifraumif;wJhtcg udkEk b,fvdkjyKpkw,fqdkwm tjyifvlawG jrifapcsifw,f/ aq;wdkuf½Hkrubl;/ y&dwfvJ tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm &Gwfay;w,f/ aexdkifraumif;&if orm;uk wckwnf;eJY rvHkavmufbl;/ bk&m;ukvnf; vdkw,fqdkwm udkEk trsm;BuD; ,Hkw,f/ 'Dvdk y&dwf&Gwfay;½HkeJY tm;r&ao;bl;/ olcspfwJh rjr&Dudk udk,fzd&ifzd MuifMuifemem jyKpkay;vdkufao;w,f/ tJ'Dvdk jyKpkay;aewmawGudk Munfh&wm

odyftm;usp&mBuD;ygbJ/ tJ'Dvdkqdk&if tESpfav;q,fausmftwGif; tBudrfaygif; ESpf&mxufreJ atmfaigufcJh&wJh taMumif;awG[m b,favmuf BuD;us,fwJhtaMumif;awGvJ/ rSwfrdorQxJu enf;enf;avmuf jyefajym&tHk;r,f/ tdrfaxmifuspwkef;u udkEk[m reufuwnf;u xGufoGm;wm aeYvnf(2)em&DavmufrS jyefvmw,f/ tJ'Dtcsdefxd rjr&D[m aeYvnfpm rpm;&ao;bl;/ udkEkudk apmifhaew,f/ udkEku tcsdefeJYpm;yg/ olYudk rapmifheJY/ tqmvGefoGm;&if a&m*gjzpfwwfw,fvdkY rjr&Dudk ajymw,f/ 'gayrJh aemufwBudrfrSmvnf; rjr&D[m 'DvdkyJ apmifhaew,f/ wwd,tBudrfusawmh udkEk xaigufwmygbJ/ udkEk[m pm½Gufpmwrf;awGudk rjr&DqDrSm tyfxm;avh½Sdw,f/ olvdkcsifvdkY jyefawmif;wJhtcg wcsdKUpm&GufawG[m aysmufaew,f/ pdwfaumif;aewJh tcgawmh ta&;BuD;wJh pm&GufjzpfayrJh aysmufoGm;wJhtwGuf udkEk bmrSrjzpfbl;/ 'gayrJh pdwftcefYroifhwJhtcg ta&;rBuD;wJh pm&Gufuav;udk awmif;r&wmeJYvnf; xaigufypfvdkufwmbJ/ wcgwcg vlwcsdKU udkEkqDudk vmwwfw,f/ tJ'DvlawGu udkEkudk udpöwckck ajymwJhtcg udkEk[m odyfoabmusoGm;w,f/ tJ'DvlawG jyefoGm;wJhtcg 'Dvlawg ajymoGm;wm odyfaumif;wJh taMumif; udkEku rjr&Dudk 0rf;om;tm;& azmufonfcsw,f/ tJ'Dtcg rjr&Du udkudkEk 'DvlawGudk odwm b,favmufMumNyDvJvdkY ar;w,f/ rMum;ao;ygbl;/ tckrS odwmyJvdkY udkEkuajzw,f/ tckrS odwmyJvdkY udkEkuajzw,f/ tJ'Dtcg rjr&Du udkudkEk[m wzufom;udk odyf,HkvG,fw,f/ csifhcsdefNyD;rS ,HkygvdkY r,m;taeeJY owday;&if olYudk ,HkvG,fw,fvdkY ajym&rvm;qdkNyD; udkEku xaigufwmbJ/ udkEk[m wa,mufa,mufu tifrwefpGrf;w,f qdkNyD; aq;enf;wck ay;vm&if tJ'Daq;udk csufcsif;azmfwmyJ/ tJ'Daemuf oludk,fwdkifvnf; pm;Munfhw,f/ olrsm;udkvnf; tpm;cdkif;w,f/ tprSawmh rjr&D[m bmrSrajymbl;/ MunfhaewmyJ/ waeYrSm udkEkazmfxm;wJh aq;wckudk rdwfaqG trsdK;orD;wa,mufu EdIufpm;vdkufw,f/ 'Daq;[m wcgpm;&if a&G;aphavmuf pm;&w,f/ 'gudkrodwJhtwGuf tJ'D trsdK;orD;[m uGrf;oD;wjcrf;pmavmuf pm;vdkufrdw,f/ rMumcif wudk,fvHk; ylvmNyD; tawmfzsm;oGm;w,f/ tJ'Dtcg rjr&Du udkudkEk[m aq;taMumif;udkvJ em;vnfwmr[kwfbl;/ tJ'Dawmh aq;awGazmfNyD; vlawGudk avQmufauR;ae&if vlawGudk avQmufowfaeovdk jzpfvdrfhr,fvdkY udkEkudk owday;w,f/ ol apwemaumif;eJY vkyfwJhtvkyfudk vlawGavQmufowfwJh tvkyfvdkY ajym&rvm;qdkNyD; udkEk[m xaigufwmbJ/

udkEkrSm rdwfaqGwa,muf&Sdw,f/ 'DrdwfaqG[m ur®Xmef; rMumcP xdkifwmudk oludk,fwdkif awGUbl;wJhtwGuf udkEk[m tJ'Dvludk vlaumif;wa,muf tjzpfeJY odyf,Hkaew,f/ tJ'Dvl[m t&ufcGufykef;ckwfaew,f qdkwJhowif;udk rdwfaqGwa,mufqDu rjr&D Mum;vmw,f/ rjr&Dvnf; owday;wJh taeeJY udkEkudk 'Dowif; ajymjyvdkufw,f/ ol,HkaewJhvludk 'Dvdk ajym&rvm;qdkNyD; udkEku xaigufwmbJ/ tESpfav;q,fausmftwGuf tBudrfaygif; ESpf&mavmuf OD;EkeJY a':jr&DwdkY wusufusuf jzpfcJhMu&wJhtxJrSm tckajymcJhwmrsdK;awG[m w&mhudk;q,fausmfavmuf ygvdrfhr,fxifw,f/ tdrfaxmifuspwkef;u rjr&D[m tckvdk tatmftaiguf cH&wJhtcg ol[mb,fvdk vlpm;rsdK;rsm; ,lxm;rdygvdrfhrvJvdkY olYukd,fol tjypfwifwJh taeeJY awG;rdaumif; awG;rdygvdrfhr,f/ [m-'Dvdk r[kwfao;bl;/ awG;rddaumif; awG;rdr,fqdkwJh pum;[m ayghawmhawmh jzpfaew,f/ rjr&D[m {uefrkcs awG;&r,f/ 'gayrJh wESpfavmuf Mumvmawmh rjr&D[m udkEktaMumif;udk aumif;aumif;odoGm;NyD/ ArmawG ajymaeus pum;twdkif; ajym&&if udkEk yg;pyf[vdkufwmeJY zif0rSm csD;b,fESpfwHk; &Sdw,fqdkwmtxd rjr&D odaeNyD/ tJ'Dvdk odvmwJh twGuf olwdkYvifr,m; b0[m te,fxdkifvmwJhtcg rjr&DuvJ racbl;/ rMumcP udkEkpma&;aewJh ae&mudk rjr&Dvmavh½Sdw,f/ tJ'DvdkvmNyD; udkEkxdkifaewJh ukvm;xdkif vufwef;ay:rSm wifyg;vTJxdkifw,f/ olYvufwzufudk udkEk&JU ykcHk;ay:rSm wifvdkufNyD; a[harmifEk - rif;ra&;wwfwm½Sd&if ighudkajymaemf/ iga&;ay;r,fvdkY olYudkudkEkudk Munfp,fvdkufw,f/ udkEku [kwfuJh? uRefawmfajymyghr,fvdkY jyefajymvdkufwJhtcg rjr&D[m olY[mol oabmawGusNyD; &,fvdkufwm wcgwcg tlwufaew,f/ wcgwcgusawmhvnf; udkEk pm;yGJcHkem;u yufvufukvm;xdkifrSm xdkifNyD; udkEk pma&;aewmudk vSrf;vSrf; pum;ajymaew,f/ udkEkuvnf; wcgwcg rjr&D ajymovdk jyefajymw,f/ wcgwcgusawmhvnf; pma&;p&mawG rsm;aewJhtwGuf tem;u yufvufukvm;xdkifay:rSm tdyfaetHk;uGm/ ig pma&;vdkuftHk;r,fvdkY udkEkuajym&if rjr&D[m ukvm;xdkifay:rSm tdyfaewmyJ/ wcgwcgusawmh udkEku 'Dvdk awmif;yefvdkYr&bl;/ olysif;vdkY pum;ajym&atmif vmwmqdkNyD; pum;awG avQmufajymaewmyJ/ wcgrSmawmh rjr&Dudk pdwfqdk;atmif pvdkuf&if rjr&D xGufoGm;rSmyJvdkY wGufNyD; ig;pdrf;onfrqdkwm odyfpum;rsm;w,f/ tpu rif; ig;pdrf;onfrrSef;od&if

igr,lygbl;uGmvdkY udkEkuajymvdkufw,f/ tJ'Dtcg rjr&Du udka&TEka& 'D ig;pdrf;onfru r,l&if &Sifhudk b,frdef;rursm; ,ltHk;rSmvJvdkY jyefwG,fvdkufw,f/ udkEk[m 'Dvdk twGufcH&wmudk odyfpdwfqdk;w,f/ ][kwfwmqdk emvdkcHcuf trsufxGuf} qdkwmrsdK;yJ xifyg&JU/ tJ'gaMumifh rjr&Dudk rsufvHk;jyL;MunfhNyD; acG;r? iguawmh Munfpm;wm/ olu t[kwfjyefwG,fw,fvdkY uRJNrD;wdkwdkeJY a[mufvdkufw,f/ rjr&D[m olwG,fvdkufwJhtwGuf olYvifawmfarmif ab;atmifhoGm;wmudk odyfoabmusw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh rjr&D[m ukvm;xdkifay:rSm &,fNyD; xvmw,f/ udkEktem;udk a&mufwJhtcg vufnSdK;eJY udkEk&JUyg;udk xdk;NyD; udka&TEk ½Sifh[mu w&m;&JUvm;/ udk,fuolrsm;udk wG,f&wkef;uawmh [J[J[J[JeJY rsufESmBuD;udk ½TifaewmyJ/ olrsm;u jyefwG,fwmudk cH&awmh ½I;½I;&Sm;&Sm;eJY rsufvHk;BuD;udk jyL;aewmyJvdkY ajymNyD;rS yufvufukvm;xdkifay:rSm jyeftdyfaew,f/ rjr&Dajymwm rSefaewJhtwGuf udkEkvnf; bmrS rajymawmhygbl;/ pmqufa&;aevdkufw,f/ udkEk[m rjr&DeJY tdrfaxmifuspESpfrSm wESpfvHk; twlwlae&w,f/ aemufwESpf yef;waemfausmif;rSm jyefNyD; tvkyfvkyfwJhtcg twlwlae&w,f/ udkEk Oya'wef;udk wufwJhtcg olwdkYESpfOD;[m wESpfvHk; twlwl rae&awmhbl;/ udkEk[m wuúodkvfu jyefvmwJh tcgavmufrSmom cPavmuf awGU&w,f/ wuúodkvfuxGufNyD; udkEk[m olYoli,fcsif; ESpfa,mufjzpfwJh udkvSaz? ukdxGef;tHkwdkYeJY twlwl trsdK;om;wuúodkvfwck xlaxmifzdkY BudK;pm;aewJhtcg taMumif;rnDnGwfwJhtwGuf udkEk[m rjr&Dudk olYqDrSm ac:rxm;Edkifbl;/ wcsdefrSmawmh udkEk[m rjr&DqDudk cPjyefvmw,f/ &efukefudk jyefcgeD;wJhtcg rjr&Du olvnf; vdkufcsifw,fvdkY ajymw,f/ ]]aemufawmhac:ygr,fuG,f/}} ]]tckbmjzpfvdkY rac:EdkifwmvJ¿/}} trsdK;om;wuúodkvfrSm tvkyfvkyfwm wv (40d)bJ&w,f/ tJ'D (40d)xJu ausmufajrmif;u tdrfcef;uav; wckudk wv(10d)eJY iSm;&w,f/ usefwJh (30d)udk udkvSaz&,f? udkxGef;tHk&,f? ig&,f avmufatmif oHk;&w,f/ tvkyf[m NrdKUrausmif;rSm vkyf&w,f/ 'dkYrSm c&D;p&dwfr&SdvdkY aeYwdkif; toGm;tjyef (8)rdkifavmuf ukef;aMumif; avQmuf&w,f/ aiG (30d)eJYqdkawmh 'dkY[m aeYwdkif;xrif;rpm;Edkifbl;/ vrf;ab; ukvm;qdkifu b,mausmfeJY tmvl;okyfudk 0,fpm;ae&w,f/ wcgwcg xrif;udk tifrwefpm;csifrS wcgESpfcgavmuf 0,fpm;w,f/ tJ'Dawmh 'Dqif;&J'Pfudk rjr&D cHEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;/

]]usrvnf; b,mausmfokyfudk pm;Edkifygw,f/}} ]]rjzpfygbl;uGm/}} ]]jzpfygw,f/ usrvdkufcJhr,f/ tdrfaxmifjyKw,fqdkwm twlwlaecsifvdkY jyKwmyJ/ tckvdk wjcm;pD raecsifbl;/}} olwdkYESpfOD; &efukefrSm aezdkYtwGuf rjr&D&JU rdbrsm;qDu aiGawmif;zdkYqdkwm ukdEku rltm;jzifh oabmrwlbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh taMumif;nDnGwfwmeJY wNydKifeuf csufcsif; vmac:r,fqdkNyD; udkEk[m rjr&Dudk xm;ypfcJh&w,f/ b,mausmfokyf&JU 'Pfudk rjr&D rcHEdkifygbl;vdkY rjr&DeJY awGYwkef;u udkEk ajymcJhzl;w,f r[kwfvm;/ waeYr[kwf wvr[kwf tawmfMumvmawmh udkEkwdkYvnf; 'D b,mausmfokyf&JU 'Pfudk rcHEdkifawmhygbl;/ tJ'Dtcsdefusawmh olwdkY&JU ukodkvfuav;uvnf; eJeJemvHxvmw,f/ pm-e,f-Zif;awGxJrSm aqmif;yg; enf;enf;yg;yg; a&;&vdkY wvrSm 0ifaiG oHk;av;q,favmuf wdk;vmw,fxifw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh tdrfrSm xrif;csufpm;zdkY olwdkYoHk;OD; wdkifyifNyD; pufrD;zdkwvHk;? [if;csufzdkY oH',ftdk;wvHk;? xrif;csufzdkY owåKtdk;wvHk;? yJueJeJ? qefueJeJ? bJOueJeJ 0,fMuw,f/ tJ'D yxraeYrSmyJ udkvSaz[m xrif;csufNyD; bJOausmfzdkYtwGuf oH',ftdk;xJrSm qDowfaewkef; pufrD;zdku rD;xawmufwm ',ftdk;xJu qDudk wufavmufw,f/ rD;awmufawG[m w0kef;0kef;jzpfNyD; rD;zdkacsmifuav;&JU acgifrdk;udk avmifawmhr,f/ tJ'DawmhrS pufrD;zdkeJY ',ftdk;udk 'kwfwacsmif;eJY tdrftjyifzuf ujymu,m uavmfxkwfypfvdkuf&w,f/ aemufwaeYusawmh rjr&D vdkufvmzdkY udkEk rSmvdkufw,f/ rjr&D csufcsif;a&mufvmwmyJ/ 'gayrJh Mum&SnfraeEdkif&Smygbl;/ tjyif;txef zsm;wJhtwGuf aq;ukNyD; olYrdbawGqDudk jyefydkYvdkuf&w,f/ aemufrMumcif udkEk[m e*g;eDpmtkyftoif;udk axmifw,f/ tJ'Dtoif;u udkEk[m wv(80d)&w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh olYuwdtwdkif; ukdEk[m rjr&Dudk ac:vdkufw,f/ rjr&D[m udkEkeJY tdrfaxmifuswm tESpfav;q,f ausmfvmNyD/ tJ'D tESpfav;q,fausmftwGif; rjr&D[m 1936ck wuúodkvfoydwfrSm udkEk acgif;aqmifwmudkvnf; awGYcJh&zl;NyD/ tJ'Daemuf trsdK;om;wuúodkvfrSm udkEk tvkyf0ifvkyfaewmudkvnf; awGUcJh&zl;NyD/ tJ'Daemuf e*g;eDpmtkyftoif; axmifwmudkvnf; awGYcJh&zl;NyD/ tJ'Daemuf 'dkYArmtpnf;t½Hk;xJ 0ifNyd; ocifjzpfvmwmudkvnf; awGUcJh&zl;NyD/ tJ'Daemuf ocifEk axmif(2)ESpf usoGm;wmudkvnf; rjr&D awGUcJh&zl;NyD/

ocifEk[m zqyvrSm a&S;OD;pGm 'kwd,OuúX/ tJ'Daemuf OuúX vkyfcJhwmudkvnf; awGYcJh&zl;NyD/ 0efBuD;csKyf vkyfcJhwmudkvnf; awGUcJh&zl;NyD/ ESpfBudrfwdkif tmPmodrf; cHcJh&wmudkvnf; awGYcJh&zl;NyD/ 'kwd,tBudrf tmPmodrf;NyD;? av;ESpfausmf ig;ESpfeD;yg; tcsKyfcHcJh&wmudkvnf; awGUcJh&zl;NyD/ tJ'Daemuf tmPm&SifawGudk OD;Ek jyefwdkufaewmudkvnf; awGUcJh&zl;NyD/ tJ'D tESpfav;q,ftwGif;rSm tckajymcJhwJh tjzpftysuf rsdK;pHkudk awGUcJh&aywJh rjr&D[m udkEk bmawGvkyfaeovJ wcgrS rar;cJhbl;/ udkEk ac:&maemuf waumufaumufeJY vdkuf/ xrif;aumif; [if;aumif;awGudk olwwfoa&GU rSwfoa&GU olYvifawmfarmifudk oludk,fwdkif xrif;aumif; [if;aumif;csufNyD; b,favmufauR;csifw,f qdkwmudk oabmaygufEdkifatmif om"uuav;wckudk azmfjy&tHk;r,f/ &efukefrSm wckck vIyfvIyf&G&Gjzpfwkdif; a&S;OD;pGm; tzrf;cHMu&wJh ]]vlqdk;}}awGxJrSm ocifEk[m tNrJwef;ygw,f/ 'Dvdk tcsKyfcHae&wJh &uftawmtwGif; 'DvlawGqDudk tjyifzufu xrif;ydkYcsif&if ydkYEdkifw,f/ tJ'Dvdk tcsKyfcHae&wJh &ufawG tawmtwGif; rjr&D[m xrif;[if;awG ususee aumif;aumif;rGefrGef csufNyD; axmifxJrSm olYudkudkEk aumif;aumif;rGefrGef pm;&atmif oludk,fwkdif aeYwdkif;vmydkYw,f/ wcgrSmawmh olYrSm udk,f0ef&SdaeNyD tJ'gaMumifh xrif;vmrydkYeJYvdkY ocifEku wm;jrpfwm r&bl;/ vGwfvmwJhaeYtxd oludk,fwdkif aeYwdkif;vmydkYaewmyJ/ 'kwd,tBudrf tmPmodrf;cH&NyD; ig;ESpfeD;yg; tcsKyfcHae&mu vGwfajrmufvmwJhtcg olY 0goemtwdkif; rjr&D[m olYudkudkEk BudKufwwfwJh [if;rsdK;pHkudk pDrHNyD; auR;&Smygw,f/ 'gayrJh OD;Ek[m a&S;u wcgrSr&pzl; aoG;tm;wdk;a&m*gudk axmifxJu&vmNyD; rpm;csifraomufcsif jzpfaew,f/ xrif;[if;awGudk jrif&if tHcsifovdkvdkawmif jzpfaewmudk jrif&wJhtwGuf a':jr&D[m pdwfraumif;jzpfNyD; rsuf&nfuscJh&ao;w,f/ (*) (tcef; (u)NyD;awmh (*)udk wef;a&mufoGm;onf/ pmrausmfyg/ tcef;eHygwfom ausmfoGm;jcif; jzpfonf/) udkEk[m y&dwfudk rSefrSef&Gwfvm&if;u omoemjyKcsifwJh pdwfawG olYrSm wajz;ajz; jzpfay:vmw,f/ tJ'DpdwfawG ay:vmwJhtwGuf umr&m* pyf,Suf&rSmudkyif ½SufpjyKvmw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh tjA[®p&d, odu©myk'fudk woufvHk; apmifhxdef;awmhr,fqdkwJh tBuHtpnfawmif wcgwkef;u udkEkrSm

jzpfcJhzl;ao;w,f/ 'gayrJh 'Dvdk t"dXmef vkyfEdkifavmufatmif ol&JU yg&rD[m r&ifhoefao;wJhtwGuf t"dXmefvkyfbdkY udpöudk udkEk a&TUqdkif;cJh&w,fvdkY a&SUtcef; wcef;rSmwkef;u azmfjycJhwm pmzwfolrsm; rSwfrdygvdrfhr,f/ 1948ckESpf Zefe0g&DvxJrSm vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;wJhtcg 'Dyg&rD[m tawmfuav; &ifhoefvmNyD xifw,f/ Zlvdkifv tv,favmufudk a&mufwJhtcg tckvdk t"dXmef vkyfcsifwJhtaMumif; udkEku rjr&Dudk ajymjyw,f/ tJ'Dtcg rjr&Du udkudkEk&,f a,mufsm;u r,m;,lwm? rdef;ru vif,lwm 'DudpötwGufaMumifhyJ/ 'gayrJh udkudkEkrSm 'Dt"dXmef vkyfcsifwJhqE´ jyif;jyif;jyjy &Sdaew,fqdk&if vkyfyg/ usr yg&rDjznfhygr,fvdkY jyefajymw,f/ jrwfpGmbk&m; vufxufawmfwkef;u 0domcqdkwJh &mZN*dK[f aejynfawmfu olaX;wOD;[m waeYusawmh jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU w&m;awmfudk emaewkef; tem*grdr*fOmPfudk &NyD; tmem*grf jzpfoGm;w,f/ tem*grdr*fOmPfudk &wJh yk*¾dKvfawGrSm umr&m*pdwf[m tjrpfyg jyKwfxGufoGm;wJhtwGuf tem*grfawG[m b,frdef;reJYrS umr&m*pyf,SufvdkY rjzpfawmhbl;/ tJ'Dawmh 'DtdrfrSmaeNyD; nDrav;u tudkBuD;udk apmifha&Smufovdk rif;[m ighudk apmifha&Smufyg/ 'gayr,fh rif;[m i,fao;wJhtwGuf tdrfaxmifjyKcsifao;w,f qdk&ifvnf; rif;BudKuf&meJY tdrfaxmifjyKNyD; 'DtdrfrSmyJ aeEdkifygw,f/ 'DrSm raecsifbl;qdk&ifvnf; ighOpömypönf;awGudk,lNyD; rif;BudKuf&mudk oGm;Edkifygw,fvdkY 0domcolaX;BuD;u "r®'dEémudk ajymjyw,f/ tJ'gudk OD;Eku zwfxm;bl;w,f/ OD;Ek[m tem*grf r[kwfygbl;/ tem*grdr*fawmif r&ao;ygbl;/ 'gayrJh 0domcu "r®'dEémudk ajymwJhpum;awG[m olYpdwfxJrSm pGJaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh tjA[®p&d,mudk woufvHk; a&SmifMuOfygr,fvdkY t"dXmefjyKNyD;wJhtcg rjr&D igt"dXmef vkyfNyD;NyD/ tJ'Dawmh 'DtcsdefupNyD; rif;[m ighudk tpfudkBuD;vdkyJ oabmxm;awmh? iguvnf;rif;udk nDrav;vdkyJ oabmxm;awmhr,f/ rif;[m i,fao;wJhtwGuf aemuftdrfaxmifjyKcsif&if igcGifhjyKw,f/ aemuftdrfaxmifjyKNyD; 'DtdrfrSmyJ aevdkuaeEdkifw,f/ wjcm;udk oGm;csifw,fqdkvnf; oGm;Edkifw,fvdkY OD;Eku a':jr&Dudk ajymwJhtcg a':jr&D[m bmrSjyefrajymbl;/ rsuf&nfawGusaew,f/ tJ'DaeYrSmyJ OD;Ek[m acgif;&if;u tdrfuav;udk tdrfBuD;ay:u ajymif;qif;oGm;w,f/ OD;Ek[m 'Dvdk t"dXmefvkyfNyD; twlae&mu wjcm;udk ajymif;qif;oGm;wJh'Pfudk rjr&D rcHEdkifbl;/ 'Dvdkvkyfvdkufwm[m olYpdwfudk tawmfxdcdkufoGm;w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh wajz;ajz; rpm;Edkif raomufEdkif jzpfvmNyD;

oHk;vavmufMumwJhtcg vlxlay;rS tdyf,may:u xEdkifwJh tajctaeudk a&mufoGm;w,f/ wdwfwdwfqdwfqdwf em;at;yg;at;ae&mrSm a':jr&Dudk xm;&r,fvdkY q&m0efu tBuHay;wJhtwGuf 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m a':jr&Dudk wdwfqdwfwJh tdrfwtdrf ajymif;xm;&w,f/ tprSm a':jr&Dudk rdom;pk Munfh&Iapmifha&Smufaeus q&m0efu ukow,f/ uko&if; wjcm; tpm;taomufqdkwmawmh rajymeJYawmh aq;udkawmif raomufEdkifawmhbl;/ aq;aomufwdkif; tHxkwfypfaewJh tajctaeudk a&mufvmwJhtcg q&m0efvnf; vefYvmw,fxifw,f/ aq;&HkBuD;u yxrq&m0efBuD;udk oludk,fwdkif ac:vmw,f/ q&m0efESpfa,mufpvHk;u a':jr&D&JU a&m*gudk ESvHk;a&m*gvdkY trnfwyfNyD; tpGrf;ukef ukMuygw,f/ ukvdkY r&bl;/ olwdkYukae&if; ZGef;oH? yef;uefoHuav;awGudk Mum;wmawmif a':jr&D[m vefYNyD; wudk,fvHk; wkefaewJhtxd a&mufvmw,f/ waeYusawmh a':jr&D[m rsuf&nfawGusNyD; olaorSmyJ/ olYtdrfudk jyefajymif;ay;ygvdkY OD;Ekudk ajymw,f/ OD;Ekvnf; csufcsif; jyefajymif;ay;w,f/ tdrfjyefa&mufwJhtcg OD;Eku q&m0efawG&JU aq;awGudk jzwfvdkufawmh/ olukay;r,fvdkY a':jr&Dudk ajymw,f/ a':jr&Dvnf; bmrS rajymbl;/ OD;Ekudk rsufvHk;jyL;NyD; Munfhaew,f/ tJ'Dtcg OD;Eku q&m0efawG[m a':jr&Dudk tpGrf;ukef ukNyD;NyD/ 'Dvdkukae&if; oufomw,fr&Sdbl;/ a&m*g[m waeYwjcm; wdk;vmwm a':jr&Dudk,fwdkifu aoawmhrSmyJvdkY tm;avQmhwJh tajctaeudkawmif a&mufvmNyD/ 'Dvdk tajctaersdK;rSm a':jr&D[m &wemoHk;yg;udkom tm;udk;&awmhrSmyJ/ tJ'Dawmh orm;uku bk&m;ukudk ajymif;NyD; a':jr&Dukd ukyg&apvdkY OD;Eku arwåm&yfw,f/ a':jr&Dvnf; bmrSrajymbl;/ OD;Ekudkom pdkufMunfhaewmyJ/ tJ'Dtcg olwdkY tdrfaxmifusumpwkef;u vdIifbHk;&GmrSmaewJh oli,fcsif;wpfa,mufqDudk tvnfoGm; oabFmay:rSm rjr&D tjyif;zsm;NyD; wudk,fvHk; wkefaew,f/ tJ'Dwkef;u aq;qdkvdkY bmaq;rSrygbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh OD;Ek[m a&wcGufudk a&SUrSmxm; y&dwf&GwfNyD; tJ'Dy&dwfa&udk wdkufwm a':jr&D[m ,lypfvdkufovdk csufcsif;aysmufoGm;wm rSwfrdao;vm;vdkY OD;Ekuar;w,f/ a':jr&Du acgif;Nidrfhjyw,f/ tJ'Dawmh tckvJ bk&m;uk ukcsifw,fvdkY ajymwJhtcg a':jr&Du oabmwlwJhtaeeJY acgif;Nidrfhjyjyefw,f/ tJ'Doabm wlnDcsufudk &wmeJYwNydKifeuf vlrrmudk vmawmhMunfhyg? 'gayrJh bmaq;rS rwdkufygeJY? bmaq;rS rxdk;ygeJYvdkY q&m0efawGudk w,fvDzkef;eJY taMumif;Mum;cdkif;vdkufw,f/ tJ'Daemuf a':jr&Dudk y&dwfa& BudK;pm;NyD; wdkuf&w,f/ 'gayrJh olYk,HkMunfrIudk&atmif aq;wckckudkvnf; wdkuf&r,fvdkY OD;Ek pdwful;rdw,f/ aq;wckck wdkuf&r,fqdk&if b,fenf;eJYrS Oyg'frjzpfEdkifwJh

aq;udkwdkuf&r,f/ b,faq;udk wdkukf&yghrvJvdkY OD;EkqufNyD; pOf;pm;wJhtcg wuúodkvfrSm olavjzwfwkef;u olaomufcJhzl;wJh bdkifqla&;wuf ruf*eD;&Sm; (Bisurated Magnesia) aq;rIefYudk OD;Ek ajy;NyD; owd&w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'Daq;rIefYudk csufcsif;0,f/ olY bk&m;cef;xJ0if/ aq;Al;eJY a&wzefcGufudk a&SUrScsNyD; y&dwf&GwfwmyJ/ tJ'Daemuf aq;rIefYudk oludk,fwdkif a&aEG;eJYazsmf tHrxGufatmif a':jr&D&JU yg;pyfxJudk wpufpD oludk,fwdkif csay;w,f/ em&D0ufavmuf MumwJhtcg wjcm;vlrulyJ a':jr&D[m olY[mol xdkifEdkif xEdkifw,f/ tdyfcef;xJrSm eJeJvrf;avQmufEdkifw,f/ aemufwvavmuf MumwJhtcg tdrfxJu tdrfjyifxGufNyD; rdwfaqGawGqDudk tvnfoGm;Edkifw,f/ aemufESpf&ufavmuf MumwJhtcg xrif;twlwl pm;ae&if; rjr&Daq;ukc ighudk b,favmufay;rvJvdkY OD;Eku &,fNyD;ar;vdkufw,f/ b,favmufay;&rvJvdkY a':jr&Du jyefar;w,f/ igvdkcsifoavmuf ay;rvm;vdkY OD;Eku xyfar;jyefw,f/ ay;Edkifygw,fvdkY rjr&Du ajzw,f/ igrsm;rsm; rvdkcsifygbl;/ aemufudk igatmfwJhtcg pdwfraumifygbl;qdkwJh uwdudkyJ igvdkcsifw,f/ ay;rvm;vdkY OD;Eku ar;jyefw,f/ 'gawmh r&bl;q&mvdkY a':jr&Du jyefajzw,f/ (C) arxkefrSD0Jwmudk toufxufqHk; a&SmifMuOfyghr,fqdkwJh t"dXmefudk vkyfNyD;wJhaemuf jyóemuav; oHk;av;ckavmufudk OD;Ek &ifqkdif&ao;w,f/ Ak'¨w&m;awmft& arxkefrSD0Jjcif;udk a&SmifMuOfwJh yk*¾dKvfwOD;[m wu,frSD0Jwmudkomru arxkefeJY ywfoufwm rSeforQudk pdwfxJrSmawmif rBuHpnf rpOf;pm;&bl;/ arxkefrSD0Jwmudk arxkwfBuD;vdkY ac:w,f/ arxkefeJY ywfouforQ pOf;pm;wm? BuHpnfwm? pdwful;wm? rdef;rwOD;udk udkifwm? zufwm? erf;wmawGudk arxkefi,fvdkY ac:w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh EdkifiHjcm; trsdK;orD;wOD;OD;eJY awGUwJhtcg vufqGJEIwfquf&rvm;/ tvGef&if;ESD;wJh trsdK;orD;wOD;u &if;ESD;wJhtaeeJY olYyg;udkerf;&if olwdkY&JU xHk;wrf;pOfvmtwdkif; jyeferf;&rvm;/ EdkifiHjcm;awGudk {nfhonftjzpfeJY oGm;wJhtcg &Hzef&Hcg uyGJawGudk wuf&w,f/ trsdK;orD; wa,mufa,mufu OD;EkqDudk vmNyD; ucsifw,fqdk&if u&rvm;/ bmvkyf&rvJqdkwJh jyóemuav;awGudk OD;Ek[m tawmfMumMum rajzEdkifyJ jzpfaew,f/ ajcmufvavmufMumawmhrS EdkifiHjcm;om;awGeJY awGYwJhtcg olwdkY&JU xHk;wrf;pOfvmtwdkif; vufqGJEIwfquf&rSmyJ/ olwdkYrSm xHk;pH&Sdayr,fh yg;udk

erf;wJhtcgusawmh jyeferf;vdkY rjzpfbl;/ uyGJawGudk a&SmifEdkiforQa&Smif/ ra&SmifEdkifvdkY wuf&&if udk,fuawmh oGm;rac:eJY/ olwdkYu vmac:&if xHk;pHtwdkif; u? 'gayrJh uae&if; pD;jzef;ae&r,f/ tp&Sdojzifh OD;Ek[m olYudk,fol tqHk;tjzwfay;xm;&w,f/ (i) OD;EkeJY a':jr&DwdkYrSm pef;pef;? aomif;xdkuf? armifatmif? oef;oef;? csdKcsdK qdkNyD; tcktpOftwdkif; om;orD;ig;a,muf&Sdw,f/ pef;pef;[m om;r[kwfyJ orD;jzpfaewm OD;EkeJY a':jr&DwdkY tifrwef uHaumif;w,f/ 'D pef;pef;qdkwJh eHr,f[m rdbawGu olYudk ay;vdkufwJh eHr,fr[kwfbl;/ oli,fi,fwkef;u tifrwefMurf;wJh &kyf&Sifrif;orD; pef;pef;qdkwm &Sdw,f/ tJ'D &kyf&Sifrif;orD;Murf;&JU eHr,fudk olY[mol ,lNyD; rSnfhay;wJh eHr,fjzpfw,f/ pef;pef;[m (2)ESpforD; t&G,favmuf a&mufvmawmh udkEkeJY rjr&D[m rdwfaqGawG tdrfudk tvnfoGm;wJhtcg wcgESpfcgavmuf pef;pef;udkvnf; ac:oGm;w,f/ pef;pef;[m tdrfrSmqdk&if EGm;EdkYudkyJ aomufw,f/ olYtbu tvdkvdkufwJhtaeeJY pef;pef;udk olaomufaewJh aumfzDwdkuf&if cg;w,fqdkNyD; raomufbl;/ 'gayrJh rdwfaqGawGtdrfrSm udkEkeJY rjr&DwdkYtwGuf aumfzD,lvm&if ESpfyef;uefvHk; ola&SUudk qGJ,lNyD; ol tukefaomufypfw,f/ olYtazeJY tar b,fvdkajymvdkYrS r&bl;/ wBudrfrSmawmh rdwfaqGwa,muf&JU tdrfrSm rdwfaqG&JU orD;av;udk ykcufxJrSm vTJNyD; odyfaew,f/ pef;pef;[m olYtaray:u twif;qif;NyD; ykcufqDudk oGm;w,f/ ykcufvTJaewmudk t&yfcdkif;? tJ'DtxJu cav;udk twif;qGJcsNyD; ykcufxJrSm ol0iftdyfaew,f/ 'Dvdk &rf;um;wmawG rsm;vmawmh olYrdbawGu tdrfvnfoGm;&if olwdkYorD;udk ac:roGm;&Jawmhbl;/ wcgrSmawmh udkEk[m wuúodkvfor*¾ OuúXjzpfaewkef; wuúodkvfor*¾u BuD;rSL;usif;ywJh tm;upm;NydKifyGJrSm rjr&Dudk,fwdkif qkay;apcsifw,fvdkY tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJUu ajymwmeJY udkEk[m rjr&Dudk &efukefvdkufvmbdkY rSmvdkufw,f/ &efukefudk a&mufwJhtcg rjr&DeJY orD;pef;pef;wdkY[m rdwfaqG udkcefY? rapm&ifwdkYtdrfrSm wnf;cdkMuw,f/ udkcefYwdkYrSm pef;pef;eJY&G,fwl om;uav;wa,muf&Sdw,f/ rapm&if[m pef;pef;upm;bdkYqdkNyD; olYom;uav;&JU upm;p&mawGudk w0ufcGJay;w,f/ pef;pef; rauseyfbl;/ vlBuD;awGtem;rSm r&SdwJhtcg rapm&if&JU om;uav;qDu upm;p&mtm;vHk;udk vk,lNyD; upm;p&m ajcmufvHk;jyL;eJY &dkufvdkufwm xdyfrSm zl;a,mifoGm;w,f/

aemufwpfESpfusawmh pef;pef;[m oHk;ESpfausmfausmfavmuf &SdoGm;NyD/ olwdkY om;trd &efukefudk tvnfvmMuwJhtcg udkEku &kyf&SifMunfh&atmif oGm;w,f/ &kyf&Sif&HkxJrSm xdkifvdkY ESpfrdepfavmuf &SdwJhtcg pef;pef;u tjyifxGufcsifw,fvdkY ylqmw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh udkEk[m pef;pef;udkcsDNyD; &Hktjyifzufudk xGuf&w,f/ tjyifzufudk a&mufwJhtcg txJudk 0ifcsifw,fvdkY pef;pef; ylqmjyefw,f/ txJa&mufwJhtcg bdvyf&nf aomufcsifw,fvdkY ajymwmaMumifh bdvyf&nfwykvif; 0,fwdkuf&w,f/ wBudKufavmuf aomufNyD; raomufcsifbl;vdkY ajymw,f/ tJ'Daemuf ESpfrdepfavmuf MumwJhtcg tjyifxGufcsifw,fvdkY ylqmjyefw,f/ tjyifa&mufwJhtcg txJ0ifcsifjyefw,f/ txJrSmvnf; NidrfNidrfraebl;/ bdvyf&nf aomufcsifjyefw,f qdkwmeJY wykvif; 0,fwdkuf&jyefw,f/ wBudKufavmufaomufNyD; a&S;uvdkyJ raomufjyefbl;/ tjyifxGufcsifw,fvdkY ylqmjyefw,f/ &kyf&Sifuvnf; jyaeNyD/ cPcP 0ifvdkufxGufvdkuf vkyfaewJhtwGuf wjcm;y&dowfawGudk taESmuft,Suf jzpfaeNyD/ udkEka&m rjr&Dyg olwdkY&JU orD;qdk;udk trsm;BuD; 0dkif;NyD;acsmhMuygw,f/ r&bl;/ acsmh&if; tjyifxGufcsifw,fqdkNyD; atmf[pfidkwm w&HkvHk; qlnHaewmyJ/ udkEkvnf; pdwfr&Snfawmhbl;/ uJ vm[mqdkNyD; orD;udk a'goeJY tjyifudk xkwfoGm;w,f/ udkEk[m bmvkyfr,fqdkwm csufqdk&if em;cGufu rD;awmufaewJh rjr&D[m aumif;aumif;odw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh olYa,mufsm;aemufu olyg uyfvdkufvmw,f/ &Hk0udk a&mufwmeJY wNydKifeuf udkEk[m olYorD;wifyg;udk vuf0g;eJY wtm;vTJ&dkuf? rjr&Duvnf; udkEkvufudk twif;0ifqGJ? olYvufudk qGJ&rvm;vdkY udkEkvnf; rjr&Dudkaiguf? rjr&Duvnf; idkoHygBuD;eJY olYorD;udk r&dkufeJYvdkY twif;atmfaevdkufMuwm &kyf&Sif&Hk0rSm qlnHoGm;wmyJ/ aemufwESpfusawmh pef;pef;[m av;ESpfausmfausmf &SdoGm;NyD/ waeYrSm armfvNrdKifuRef;u rjr&D a&;vdkufwJh pmwapmifudk &efukefrSm udkEkzwf&w,f/ tJ'DpmxJrSm pef;pef;[m t&ifwkef;uxuf trsm;BuD; qdk;aeNyD/ waeYu qdk;vGef;vdkY pef;pef;udk rjr&Du BudrfvHk;eJY&dkufw,f/ pef;pef;u jyefqJw,f/ olYtarvufxJu BudrfvHk;udk twif;vk,lNyD; tarudk jyef&dkufw,fqdkwmawG ygvmw,f/ 'Dpmudk zwfNyD;awmh olYorD;pef;pef;[m qdk;awmhqdk;wmyJ 'gayrJh 'Dav;ESpfausmfausmf ig;ESpforD;av;u vufxJuBudrfvHk;udk twif;vkNyD; olYtarudk jyef&dkufw,fqdkwm jzpfEdkifyghrvm;vdkY udkEk oHo,jzpfaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh olYorD;[m 'gavmufrqdk;ygbl;uG,fvdkY udkEk pmjyefa&;vdkufw,f/

aemufwywfavmuf MumwJhtcg ukdudkEk&JU orD;[m b,favmufqdk;0g;aew,fqdkwm udk,fwdkifvmMunfhygvdkY rjr&D a&;vdkufwJhpmudk udkEk zwf&w,f/ aemufajcmufvavmuf &SdwJhtcg tm;vyfcGifh&wmeJY udkEk armfvNrdKifuRef;udk vdkufoGm;w,f/ &kyf&Sif&Hka&SUrSm olYtazu olYudk&dkufxm;wm pef;pef; rarhao;bl;/ tJ'gaMumifh olYorD;udk awGUawGUjcif; udkEku aumufcsDwJhtcg pef;pef; rvdkufbl;/ olYtazudk wGef;ypfvdkufw,f/ udkEku vmygtHk;orD;&,fvdkY ac:wJhtcgrSmvnf; rvmbl;vdkY jyefajzw,f/ 'Dvdkqdk&if azaz&efukefudk jyefawmhr,fvdkY udkEkuajymwJhtcg jyefawmhvdkY pef;pef;u jyefaigufw,f/ pef;pef;[m tJ'DtcsdefrSm armfvNrdKifuRef;tdrfem;u q&mawGausmif;rSm aew,f/ naeausmif;u jyefvmwJhtcg pef;pef;[m olYpmtkyf vG,ftdwfuav;udk tdrfxJrSmxm;NyD; tdrftjyifzufudk uysmu,m jyefxGufoGm;w,f/ udkEk[m olYorD;bmvkkyfrvJvdkY tdrfxJu tomMunfhaew,f/ pef;pef;eJY &G,fwl ausmif;oluav; ESpfa,muf[m a&cJaygufpDudk pm;&if; pef;pef;a&SUudk a&mufvmwmeJY wNydKifeuf tifrwef vufjrefwJh pef;pef;[m olYtem;uyfaewJh ausmif;oluav;&JU vufxJu a&cJaygufpDudk twif;vk,lvdkufw,f/ tJ'Dausmif;oluav;u olYa&cJaygufpDudk jyefvkwJhtcg pef;pef;[m tJ'Dausmif;olav;&JU em;udk twif;zufudkufxm;w,f/ udkEk qif;oGm;NyD; pef;pef;&JU yg;pyfudk wtm;nSpfvdkufawmhrS tudkufvTwfvdkufw,f/ tudkufcH&wJh ausmif;oluav;[m emvGef;vdkY atmfvdkufwm i,foHudkyg,lwmyJ/ tdrfxJ0ifvmwJhtcg wHcg;0rSm rjr&Du udkudkEk &SifhorD; odyfqdk;w,fqdkwm ,HkNyDvm;vdkY qD;ar;w,f/ udkEkvnf; orD;twGuf pdwf&IyfvGef;vdkY xifyg&JU/ rjr&Dar;wmudk jyefrajzEdkifbl;/ acgif;Nidrfhjyvdkufw,f/ OD;Ek 0efBuD;csKyfjzpfvmwJh tcsdefrSm pef;pef;[m (12)ESpfausmfausmfavmuf &SdaeNyD/ waeYrSm 0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ek[m a&mifpHkolykefawG taMumif;udk 0efBuD;wcsdKUeJY aqG;aEG;aewkef; tdrftay:xyfu udkudkEka& vmygOD;? udkudkEka& vmygOD;vdkY i,foHygatmif [pfatmfaewJhtoHudk OD;EkMum;vdkuf&w,f/ jAKef;ceJqdkawmh tdrfay:rSm olykefawG 0ifpD;aeNyDvdkY OD;EkawG;rdNyD; twif;ajy;wufoGm;w,f/ tay:a&mufwJhtcg rjr&D&JU vufudk pef;pef;u wtm;zufudkufxm;wm awGU&w,f/ OD;Eku pef;pef;&JU yg;pyfudk wtm;nSpfawmhrS vTwfvdkufw,f/ OD;Ek tem;rSr&Sd&if rjr&D[m orD;pef;pef;udk

&dkufzdkYrajymeJY? rsufESmxm;eJY rBudrf;&Jbl;/ 'gayr,fh t&G,fa&mufvmwJh tcgusawmh pef;pef;[m i,fi,fwkef;uvdk r[kwfawmhygbl;/ tawmf vdr®mvmygw,f/ touf 16ESpfausmfausmfavmuf jzpfvmwJhtcg OD;Ek[m olYorD;pef;pef;udk w&m;tm;xkwf&atmif omoemh&dyfomudk ydkYvdkufw,f/ w&m;tm;xkwfNyD;wJhtcg tazeJYtarudk txl; &dkaoudkif;&Idif;vmw,f/ olYtarudk jyefqJ? jyef&dkufwdkif; OD;Eku olYudk &dkufwJhtwGuf pef;pef;[m i,fi,fwkef;u olYtazay:rSm &efNidK;zGJUw,f/ olYtazac:vdkY b,fawmhrS r&bl;/ omoemh&dyfomu xGufvmwJhtcg 'Dvdk &efNidK;zGJUwmawG r&Sdawmhbl;/ tazhay:rSm trsm;BuD; cifcifrifrif jzpfvmwmudk OD;Ek awGU&w,f/ tarudkvnf; txl;jyKpkw,f/ pef;pef;[m tifrwef ukodkvfaumif;w,f/ tdrfaxmifuswJhtcg oabmaumif; pdwfxm;jrifhjrwf onf;cHwwfwJh oli,fwa,mufeJY tdrfaxmifusw,f/ a&S;aumvdyfESifh acwfwuúodkvf tu,fí uREkfyfonf aumvdyfausmif;ü av;ESpfcefUaecJU&bl;onf qdkygpdkU/ (uREkfyfqnf;yl;xm;cJUonfh A[kokwrsm;udk axmufxm;aomtm; jzifh) ,ckxufydkNyD; wwfaumif;rS wwfayvdrfhrnf/ (þtaMumif;udk armif&DESifh udk0ifharmfwdkUuvnf; xkwfazmf0efcHNyD;jzpf&m udk0ifharmfurl ol\ txuft&m&SdxHodkU wifydkU&rnfh ta&;BuD;aom pmrsKd;udk uREkfyftm;yif a&;cdkif;bl;ygonf/) okdUjzpfvQifaumvdyfausmif; aebl;jcif;tm;jzifh uREkfyftzdkU rnfodkUaom tusKd;aus;Zl;xl;xl;jcm;jcm; jzpfay:EdkifzG,f&m &Sdygoenf;/ &Sdonf? trsm;BuD;&Sdonf[k uREkfyfoabmaygufvmonf/ uREkfyf\vuf&SdcsKdUiJUcsufrSm aumvdyfausmif;\ ]av} (Atmosphere)udk av;ESpfavmuf r&SLcJU&jcif;yif jzpfavonf/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; oufwl&G,fwl bDatrsm;ESifh ,SOfvdkufvQif uREkfyfOD;acgif;vQLd;rdjcif; jzpf\/ igonf olwkdUuJUokdU aumvdyfü raecJU&í nHUonf[k udk,fh[mudk,f owd&aeaomaMumifh r[kwf? aumvdyf ]av} (ywf0ef;usif)ESifh rxdawGUcJU &onfh twGufaMumifh ajyajyjypfjypf [efyefrsKd; (Easy Manners) r&SdyJ ]cyfaxmifhaxmifh} jzpfae&jcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ aumvdyfausmif;ü av;ESpfaebl;aom vlwdkif;onf ajyajyjypfjypf

jzpfvmawmhonf[k qdkvdkjcif;um;r[kwf? okdUaomf rae&rDuxuf wkd;wufvmjcif;&Sdonfudk uREkfyfBudrfzefrsm;pGm avhvmawGU&Sd&onf/ þtaMumif;udkodvQif udk,fhudk,fudk jyKjyif,lEdkifonf r[kwfygavm[k ar;zG,f&m&Sd\/ rjzpfEdkif[k uREkfyfu tajzay;vdkonf/ Oyrm aq;&nfrpdrfcJU&aom om;a&pdrf;onf b,fawmhrS El;El;eyfeyfr&SdyJ uRyfqwfqwf jzpf&rnfuJUodkUyif aumvdyfausmif;\ taqmufttkHonf vnf;aumif;? jrufcif;ESifhwuG ajr,muGufvyfrsm;onfvnf;aumif;? q&mrsm;\ trlt&monfvnf;aumif;? atmufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;xuf (tenf;ESifhtrsm;) oyfoyf&yf&yf &Sdoltcsif;tcsif; qufqHMu&jcif;onf vnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkUwawGonf omreft&yfom;rsm;xufomonf[laom pdwfxm;rsKd; tcgcyfodrf;&SdaeMujcif;onfvnf;aumif; i,f&G,folrsm;tzdkU &mü pdwfBuD;0ifjcif; (aumif;aom t"dyÜm,fESifhokH;onf/) jzpfapEdkifonf[k uREkfyf,kHMunfonf/ (þacwf wuúodkvf ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;onf ]aomauma&maum} jzpfaeaomaMumifh OD;xGef;&SdefESifh OD;uGef;uJUodkUaom a&S;&efukefaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;vdk þudpöwGif rrSDawmhyJ &Sdcsif&Sdrnf/ odkU&mwGif omreft&yfolt&yfom;rsm;xufrlum; omvsufyif&Sdonfudk uREkfyfawGU&onf/) uREkfyftzdkU&mü þcsKdUiJUcsufaMumifh ]OD;acgif;vQLd;} csifaompdwf"mwf (Inferiority Complex) 0ifvmonf[k qdkvdkygonf/ OD;acgif;rvQLd;yJ OD;acgif;axmifjcif;onf [efBuD;yefBuD;vkyf jcif;ESifh ra&maxG;apzdkU owdjyKapvdkonf/ [efBuD;yefBuD; vkyfjcif;onf raumif;? OD;acgif;axmifjcif;onf aumif;onf[k qdkvdkygonf/

om"kac:&jcif; xdknwGifrS uREkfyfonf rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ jyefí r&Edkifawmhonfh tcGifhta&; qkH;&IH;rIudkvIdufvSJpGm ESajrmrdygawmhonf/ okdUaomf aumvdyfausmif; raeEdkifjcif;rSm uREkfyf\tjypfr[kwf? twdwfuH\ nHUzsif;rIjzpfonf[k qkH;jzwfvkdufojzifh 0rf;enf;avmufatmif r&Sdyg/ twdwfuHudkcsNyD; 0rf;enf;jcif;onf uREkfyf\0goemr[kwfyg/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; uREkfyfonf tjcm;vlrsm;xufvlvm;ajrmufuwnf;u pdwfqif;&JrI enf;cJUygonf/ awG;NyD;aqG;jcif;[lí tvGefenf;jcif;udkqdkvdkyg onf/ xdkpOfu uRekfyfonf 'kwd,tdrfaxmifESifh om;uav;wa,muf &cJUNyDjzpf&m?

4if;udkrnfonfhenf;rqdkwuúodkvfodkU ydkUjzpfatmifydkUNyD; 4if;\ wdk;wufrIrsm;udk apmifhMunfhavhvmrnf[líyif qkH;jzwfcJU\/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyf\tdrfaxmifa&;tqifrajyrIaMumifh om;uav;rSm 10wef;ESifh tvkyfvkyf&NyD; (1956 ckESpfwGif zqyvtpdk;&u uREkfyftm; axmifxJydkUxm;pOf) b0Zmwfodrf;oGm;&SmavNyD/ þacwfüwuúodkvfwGif av;ESpfrQ aecGifh&Muaom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; (twef;atmifonf jzpfap ratmifonfjzpfap) uREkfyfwkdUom;tzxuf uHxl;cRefMuygayonf[k om"kac:vkduf&ygonf/ uREkfyf\tm;udk; OD;xGef;&SdefESifhrawGUrD txufygtaMumif;rsm;udk rpOf;pm;&ao;aomtcgurlum; igBudK;pm;vQifomEdkifonf? tenf;qkH; wlEdkifonf/ ighü olwyg;xuf rnHUaom OmPf&Sdonfponfjzifh txifa&mufcJU\/ csmvfpf'pfuif;\ arQmfwvifhvifh (Great Expectations) 0w¦KBuD;üypfyfonf yef;yJorm;vifr,m;ESifh BuD;jyif;cJU&í cyfi,fi,fuyif ynmoifay;NyD; (Gentleman) vlukHxH twef;tpm;jzpfatmif oGefoifay;cJU&m txdkuftavsmuf xajrmufatmif jrifyg\/ odkUaomfi,f&G,fEke,fpOfuwnf;u oGefoifay;jcif; jzpfvsufESifhvnf; wuúodkvfausmif;xGufwa,mufudk rrSDEdkifaMumif;awGU& onf/ wuúodkvfausmif;BuD;rsm;onf vli,frsm;\ trlt&mESifh pdwfaeoabmxm;udk jyKjyifcGifh trsm;qkH;&aom XmeBuD;rsm; jzpfMuonfhtavsmuf (Good Breeding)\ wefzdk;udkem;vnfatmif vkyfMuNyD;vQif ausmif;ol ausmif;om;wkdUtm; udk,fpDukd,fiS trsm;qkH; cH,l&&SdMuzdkUwdkufwGef;vkduf&onf/ uRekfyftzdkU&mürlum; txufyg enf;twdkif; oabmaygufvmojzifh rdrdESifhrqdkifaMumif; em;vnfaom tcsdefrSpí vlrIqufqHa&; qdkif&mwGifajymifajrmufzdkU rBudK;pm;awmhyJ pdwful;OmPfESifh uavmifudkom tm;udk;&ygawmhonf/

ESrwa,muftaMumif; þae&mü uRekfyf\arG;aygufazmfrsm; taMumif;udk nSyfí azmfjy&ayOD; rnf/ armifESr &Spfa,mufarG;onfhteuf ig;a,mufrSm i,fpOfuyif aoqkH;Muí

ESrwa,mufESifh nDwa,mufrQom BuD;jyif;atmif touf&SifMu\/ uREkfyf\rSwfwrf;tpavmufü ESruav;tm; tvGefMuifemí olUtwGufaMumifhyif rdcifzcifrsm;tay:wGif tjypfwifcsifaom pdwfrsKd;jzpfay:cJUbl;aMumif;a&;om;azmfjycJUbl;&m t&G,fra&mufwa&muf tcsdefrSpí wOD;ESifhwOD; cyfat;at;jzpfoGm;cJUMu& ygawmhonf/ þodkUjzpf&jcif;rSm jrefrmvlrsKd; armifESifhESrwkdU\ aexkdifMuykH xkH;pHaMumifh jzpfonf[k uRekfyfjrifrd\/ rsm;pGmaom jrefrmvlrsKd;wkdU\xkH;pHrSm armifESifhESrqdkvQif tysKdvlysKdt&G,fodkU a&mufMuaomtcsdefrSpí ta&mw0ifraeMuawmhyJ cyfrSefrSef cyfwe;fwef; aewwfMuonfh tpOftvm&Sd\/ wOD;\tcuftcJuav;rsm;? jyóemav;rsm;udk wOD;tm; wifjyum aqG;aEG;wdkifyifMuzdkU a0;pG? ta&mw0ifyif raeMuawmhyJ rajymrNyD;aom pum;rQavmufom ajymMuqdkMu avawmhonf/ þxkH;pH\ aumif;jcif;qdk;jcif;udk uREkfyfra0zefvdk/ okdU&mwGif wa,mufESifhwa,muf &if;ESD;rIavsmhyg;jcif;um;trSefjzpf\/ &if;ESD;rIenf;yg;vQif cifrifrI avsmhyg;jcif;onf t&dyfozG,fvdkufvm&wwfygonf/ wOD;ESifhwOD; rMumcP pum;ajymcGifh&í jyóemuav;rsm;udk tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;wdkif yifcGifh&jcif;uJUokdU vlESifhvlcsif;cifrifrIjzpfapaom tjcif;t&monf cyf&Sm;&Sm;&Sdvdrfhrnfxif\/ (oHa,mZOfw&m;\aumif;jcif;qdk;jcif;udktyxm; í) rMumcP wdkifyifaqG;aEG;cGifh&ol tcsif;csif;udk cPcPowd&wwfjcif;rSm udk,fawGUjzpfMuvdrfhrnf xifay&m cPcP owd&jcif;onfyif cifrifjcif;udk jzpfapEdkifayonf/ uREkfyfwifjyvdkjcif;rSm uRekfyfwkdUarmifESronf wtdfrfwnf;wGif twlwuGaeMuaomfvnf; (txufyg jrefrmxkH;pHaMumifh) BuD;jyif;vmMuavav cifrifrI avsmhyg;avav jzpfvmMuavonf/ oabmuJGvJGrI? oabmwlnDrI[lí &Sdonfr[kwf/ tvdktavsmuf cyfat;at; jzpfvmMujcif;jzpfygonf/ uREkfyfyxr tdrfaxmifjyKaomtcsdefü rdbrsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&; tajctae,dkifvsuf&Sdí ESruav;onf tysKdt&G,fuav; jzpfaeygvsuf uRekfyfonf 0wfcsifpm;csifvSycsifwwf aom ESruav;tm; raxmufxm;yJ ]zkd;usef&pf}[k vltrsm;u ac:Murnfh ta&;wckwnf;udkom ta&;wBuD; *&kpdkufum tajy;tvTm;tdrfaxmifjyK vkdufjcif;rSm uREkfyftzdkU ]trJuGuf}wckjzpfonf[k Budrfzefrsm;pGmowd&ygonf/ tu,fí i,fpOfuMuifemcJUonfhtwdkif; oabmxm;EdkifcJUygrl ,kwfpGmhtqkH;ESruav; tdrfaxmifusonf wdkfifatmifjzpfap? rdbrsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;tajctae rwfvmonf wdkifatmifjzpfap apmifhqdkif;vdrfhrnf[k ,kHMunfygonf/

þae&mü ESruav;tm; rdbrsm;\ a&SUrSxm;ía&;om;&jcif;rSm uRekfyftdrfaxmifjyK aomtcsdefü ESronf aq;jyif;vdyfaxmifjcif;tm;jzifh rdbrsm;\ wm0efudk &GufcJU&aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ ESruav;rSm 1929 ckESpf (36ESpft&G,f) wGif uG,fvGefí om;orD; 6a,mufusef&pfcJUonf/

nDESifhwlrsm; uREkfyf\ESratmufwGif nDwa,muf&Sdao;\/ nDrSmrl uREkfyftdrfaxmifjyKaom tcsdefwGifrdbrsm;ESifhraeyJ uREkfyfESifhtwl vdkufíae&m xdkpOfu uREkfyfwkdUnDtpfudkESpfa,mufcifrifMuykHrSm rnfonfh nDtpfudkESifhrQ rwlykHudk rdbESpfyg;wkdUu 0rf;omtm;&ESifh wajymajym&Sd&SmMu \/ uREkfyfonf nDuav;tm; ausmif;xm;ay;&ef wm0ef,laomfvnf; (okH;wef;rQoma&mufonf/) uRekfyfawmvdkufpma&;jzpfpOfu wa,mufESifh wa,muf rcGJcsifMuonfESifh uREkfyfwkdUe,fvSnfh&modkU p&dwftukefcHNyD; ac:oGm;avh&Sd\/ xdkUaemuf ol&d,wdkufokdU uRekfyfa&mufaomtcgwGifvnf; uREkfyfESifhyif twlaexdkifvsuf&Sd&m t*Fvdyfpmudk uRekfyfyifoifay;í zwfoifhzwfxdkufaom t*FvdyfpmtkyfrsKd;udk zwfapjcif;tm;jzifh t*Fvdyfvdk ta&;tom;wGif uRekfyfudk rrSDaomfvnf; ajyma&;qdkp&Sdjcif;ürl uREkfyfxufyif omygao;onf/ nDawmfarmifum; uRekfyfuJUokdUrQ wuúokdvf0ifwef; ratmifaomfvnf; ]OD;acgif;vQLd;}jcif;r&Sd? wuúodkvfrsm; ae&bl;vQif aMumifudk ]tawmifwyf}ay;ouJUokdU jzpfoGm;vdrfhrnfxif\/ ESru arG;cJUonfh wlwa,mufrSmvnf; nDawmfarmifuJUokdUyif ]OD;acgif;axmif} olwa,mufjzpfav&m rEÅav;NrdKUwGif vQrf;vQrf;awmufqdkavmufonfh tajctaersKd;odkU a&mufcJU\/ (&mxl;udkqdkvdkjcif;r[kwf? ]wGifus,f}jcif;udk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/) olwkdUESpfa,mufonf wuúodkvfteD;okdUyif ra&mufcJUMu a&mufzkdUvnf;rvdk[lí olwkdUudk,folwdkU (rsufpduef;wapäraMumuf) xifaumif;xifMuayrnf/ okdU&mwGif uRekfyf\rsufpdüum; wuúodkvfausmif;om;\ pdwf"mwfESifh [efyeftrlt&m rsKd; (Poise)jznfhpGufay;vkduf&vQif trsm;BuD;wufzdkU &Sdao;onf[k jrifrdygonf/ ¤if;nDrSm uREkfyf\wOD;wnf;usef&Sdaom arG;aygufazmfjzpfygawmhonf/ nDuarG;onfh wlwa,mufrSm

uREkfyfESifhpdwfoabmxm;cyfqifqif&Sdonfqdkum olUtazu auseyfykHr&aomfvnf; wuúodkvfü av;ESpfaecJUbl;onfhtwGufaMumifh uREkfyfxufomaomtcsuftvufrsm;&Sdjcif;udk uREkfyfjrifEdkifygonf/

pdwfavvGifhjcif; uREkfyf\rSwfwrf;udk tcsdefumvtm;jzifh a&SUodkUausmfvTm;jcif;? tawG;tac:rsm;udkazmfjyjcif; tjzpftysuftaetm;jzifh eHab;okdUacsmfxGufjcif; ponfwkdUudk þae&mwGif &yfwefUí 1914ckESpfodkU jyefqif;um qufvufazmfjyygawmhrnf/ xdktcsdefwGif uREkfyfonf v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;bufqdkif&m'k0efBuD;\ awmvkdufpma&;tjzpfESifh trIxrf;vsuf&Sd&m 0efBuD;u pdkufíqyfonfh tarufazmfjycJUbl;onfhtwkdif; (uREkfyf\Zmwmt&) tvkyftudkifajymif; vJzdkU tcsdefqdkufa&mufvmonfh vu©Pm&Sd\/ e,fvSnfh&aomtvkyfudk ]tDwDwD}jzpfvmonfhtjyif ZeD;onf (yxrtdrfaxmif)ESifhvnf;wusuf usufjzpfpjyKvm\/ olqdk;onfigqdk;onf[k ra0zefvdkawmhyg/ okdUaomf uREkfyf\avvGifhcsifaomtjypfu rsm;vdrfhrnf[k 0efcHzdkU toifh&Sdygonf/ aemufqkH;ü ZeD;onfu ¤if;\zcif&Sdonfha&eHacsmif;NrdKUokdU orD;uav;ESifh tvnftywfoGm;csifonf[k ajym&mwGif uREkfyfu0rf;ajrmufpGmcGifhjyKvdkuf av\/ xdktcsdefwGif uREkfyfrSm b0ifjrifha&m*g aysmufcJUNyDjzpfaomfvnf; pdwfonftaMumif;rJUavvGifhvsuf&Sd\/ pHa'0Dum; xdkpOfu&Sdygao;onf/ okdUaomf olUudkowd&ír[kwf? rnfolUtm;rQvnf; ydk;yef;csifaompdwfrsKd; ay:vmonfr[kwf? tdrfüraecsifyJ tvum;vnfywfaecsif\/ e,fokdUrxGuf&aom&ufrsm;wGif &kH;okdUtvkyfoGm;í 0wfaus0wfukefvkyfcJU NyD;aemuf &kH;rSjyefvmaomtcg oli,fcsif;rsm;\tdrfwGif þwnxdkwn tdyfavh&Sd\/ wcgw&HwGif bdvd,ufckHü rkd;vif;jcif;rsm;vnf;ygao;\/ rdbrsm;rlum; 0ufvufodkUa&mufoGm;MujyefavNyD/ wcgw&HwGiftdrfaxmif usvsuf&SdNyDjzpfaom ESr\tdrfü wnwavtdyf\/ xdk&ufrsm;wGif uRekfyfonf yJUwufrygaomavSuJUodkU yifv,fxJwGif vIdif;avykwfcwfwdkif; arsmcsif&mokdU arsmygvsuf&Sd\/ avmuü uREkfyftzdkU rnfonfh&nf&G,fcsufrQ r&Sd? &yfwefUpOf;pm;jcif;vnf;r&Sd? vkyfcsif&mvkyfí jzpfcsif&mjzpfaeawmh\/ okdUqdkaomfvnf; qkd;qdk;&Gm;&Gm; tvkyfrsKd;um; ryg/ pmzwfcsifvQif

rkd;vif;atmif zwfaewwfao;\/ xdktcsdefwGif uREkfyfESifh tvGefcifriftuRrf;0ifonfh udkcifarmifwifhwkdU vifr,m;onf tcGifh,lí [oFmwNrdKUokdUqif;oGm;&m r,m;aoqkH;í udkcifarmifwifhtvkyfxGufvkduf av\/ tu,fí¤if;wkdUvifr,m;&SdaecJUygrl uREkfyfonf olwkdUtdrfü pwnf;csvdrfhrnfxif\/ uRekfyfonf aA'ifar;wwfí ar;MunfhcJUvQif toufwm\vrf;qkHvrf;cGodkU a&mufaeojzifh owdjyK&rnf[k a[maumif; a[mvdrfhrnf xifonf/ þumvtydkfif;tjcm;uJUodkU uREkfyftzdkU&mü t"dyÜg,fr&Sdaom tcsdefonf wcgbl;rQ rBuKHcJU&bl;yg/ pdwfnpfjcif;? aysmfjcif;? awmifhwjcif;? tvsOf;r&SdyJ Avmoufouf avvGifhaejcif;yifjzpfavonf/