Enhancing Location Service Scalability with HIGH ...

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Enhancing Location Service Scalability with HIGH-GRADE Yinzhe Yu

Guor-Huar Lu

Zhi-Li Zhang

Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Minnesota

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Minnesota

Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Minnesota

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

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HIGH-GRADE

SLALoM SLURP flat

GLS two-level

ï Í<ðñJò)Ç^É Ã3ÄË:ÎJË´ËÏ"ÆiË^Ñ ÄÌÍ<ËÎ ÄÆ<Ë:ÎJð'ÌD÷hËfÍvÇÎJóÍ<Ë:Îfó

Server organization

multi-level

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A

B

level-3 square boundary

level-2 square boundary

level-1 square boundary

level-0 square boundary

level-3 square LSP

level-2 square LSP

level-1 square LSP

level-0 square LSP

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E C CX1

A

D

B

F

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A

D

B

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8

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1.5

1

0 50

100

150

200

250 300 350 400 Number of Nodes in the network

450

500

550

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5

HIGH−GRADE GLS

4.5

Average update overhead per node per second

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2

0.5

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HIGH−GRADE GLS

2.5 Average update overhead per node per second

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3

4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

10

12

14

16

18 20 22 Maximum Speed (m/s)

24

26

28

30

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1

0.9

0.95

0.85

0.9

0.8

0.85 Query success rate

Query success rate

1 0.95

0.75 0.7 0.65 0.6

0.7 0.65

0.55

0.6

HIGH−GRADE GLS 150

200

250 300 350 400 Number of Nodes in the network

450

500

0.55

550

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0.5

HIGH−GRADE GLS 10

12

14

16

18 20 22 Maximum Speed (m/s)

24

26

28

30

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1

HIGH−GRADE GLS

0.9

Average query overhead per node per second

100

0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 50

100

150

200

250 300 350 400 Number of Nodes in the network

450

500

550

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4

HIGH−GRADE GLS

3.5

Average overhead per node per second

0.5 50

0.8 0.75

3

2.5

2

1.5

1

0.5

0 50

100

150

200

250 300 350 400 Number of Nodes in the network

450

500

550

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Per−node location entry

150

6 ##=?+ 5Y1g , %[ !% y # #W%1 , + -: , , #=?# , bZO36f d!%=?8 &ad D3 \ #=?+ 5f#d #Ffo.3& + (*j , ?ryf è Z)(+D 9d D6+d $ @ & , !H:0 +[ , xq>kr>q[2r>s>_[t-u è #FYq>13#(+W , -=$)l% &=A=Üd D # d y ;3ryfw A(*+!60D Fyo.AnX+- A8: Z+l%8&) ) p 9 , &c8 , # =?# ^F@h: , q]kr>q]2r>s]_]t-uV ryf:Wa , 6 0213 4" $ Ü§28:0;B#+ ¨ , +D , !¥O OF FW # æ &j 8:13+g;b `1 , # @ ä ²²A @ ä *² ²A @ C =A&I #F k2 Z , #g +#W5: , q>kdr>q]2r>s]_]t-uv $ryf/ @% d & v0 (*+]&6 ;B =?!9 0 ] , - +m13 4XFYk2 6 , + ##W[ryfH d % #Z=? @* " , @ 5#?) " , j # =?8+ vO OF F&Wa ?w8:13+?;- , & , &+(*#C \) ##W # Z , , =$l% =/=~d Dc# dF

HIGH−GRADE Average HIGH−GRADE Maximum GLS Average GLS Maximum

100

50

0 50

100

150

200

250 300 350 400 Number of Nodes in the network

450

500

550

ÈEvÉ ÐÌ#ËòÄðÇ ò)ÇE.ñfÍ<ò)ÇEÇ%ÎÌÂÑËó#ÌÁËÏ 1325461 ö 4;7;8;:=< ÄóxÄÏmñfÎfÑÌÍiË:Î~ËÏZÎJË,JÇ"Î^ñ-wÅbÇ5ò.Í<Î}ÌúJÇ"ÎJÇ5Ì+ö ÷hËò+*H÷?Í<Ìú vÄ ^Í vñ ÎJ,Ë JÇvaó bÇ5EÇ {È Aó ï Í<ðñJò)Ç

%c $dD /) & E %;B =$) vd x x , h0 (*+ #F-_[ 1Yc 6+W: , , #=?#g=$ D 9\5 - d;O+ !w\+! ###gD +#F f A#h , 1gY , g # Y;< g\+!Z###YD) yCy;B + ' ;[=$l% =/=â 5%$8:#.;B?6²²x 5%? +m13 4:Fw_[ 1YZ E# W^1 , # v , /8:##v , & , W , A\+!x###yD) +=$ , , 9q>kdr>q]2r>s]_]t-uCW%C% 8g , 8!9 wryJXF o.g8:##&) g , ` , b 33 y , 313!/ $+ (+ Y) 8X) y hryfXF#k2 cryJXW#1 , # cC 5 Ó #X g8X b ; , , &+(*#X+ (*+W% , ]8X y8 D4*+31g J:>;< 13D# A=$ ! Q M R ¬ Q W , D + -g 5%3 /[#(*#þ: \ >B1g , + ?(&- ;þm0Fa , - , #- ; , y# ++[ +l5CD + E , d +8.%#8:# %y w , A# ++ #-;Y , / p ;< =$) & E 6 , A#% # >#(#mþY \5 F> , 0 +;B W & EryJXW , $8X) #c ;[13+/&+(*#Y0 (*+ h #. x8% ##%Z , $8% #` ; , , 0a#(#+ (+ #W=$ 45 [ , ?§m# 5(*+ # +#¨y =? F`km j;B #y; , , 5>8:+W5 , yryf$ , #=?] C1{ & 8 ? $ 5%h=? 2!W + $ x=$ !9dDA) & +# D%] 9+ (*0 #F f ]+g , 1gJ , a(*+D`&# /\5+!]#dbfC;B + ;aEF[ , c .\0!9# d/O;aZ 5g y%+ 6[ , 5=/:+-;[\+!v804+ y;B1CD%p!E9 5%?8:+h## F , g(*+D C j\0!c#d` , C(*+Dg)(*+`& 5%# w , c 0213 4:Fc , c # y , 1} , )yq>kdr>q]2r>s]_]t-u" ryJ , (*c =? i)] + [ 6 , # ] E\+!@# d #W:1g , , -q>kdr>q]2r>s>_[t-u'#d]=?01 , , & , +F`opcj + ( , Y , , , [\5+!/D) g &Y\ , , d)¢-\0 &+a j² ² +# f;B , 50W , a) ?\0!-#df &=A , )1Y+ , e , w) & ¡8X w# d'O# =?8 "f H² f E+0FH , + +;< 9 , @)(*+DC#d?+=/ x) & 8X) 9 H\+!.#d A &Z=? p!. , @8X) @8F f .¢E , 1gZ , 9(*+D x ;] , Z(+D [#d?;< $: , q]kr>q[dr>s]_]tyu¥ 'ryJXFfkh &h#)A , A , , q>kr>q[ r>s]_]tyuv+l , & , , +b $\+!c#d #W `)(*0D +d # #>=A , :+ +g , xryf:F !Wff % 9£j8 #+ 5 ] , /d D Z \ #=?# ]#dc; f q]kr>q[dr>s]_]tyux hryJXF f , =A& h W1Y3&+ &) / , A(*+D / 5=A:+] ;a&# v ## D%yd #v E , 5v$ , x# ;- , 6 =A& =?F{km e ^WC1Y H " , x=$l% =/= 5=A:+$ ;- #+ D@p 5%xd ##F _[313- 6#W% , y)(+D -d D - \ #=?# C# d g ;f , m13E , #=?#$ 9#WC: , )1g p(*+!H1g!Fe , ?

6. k2 x , &CONCLUSIONS >8 8:0W:13 , (*A0l8 x , A# E8 #A ;` , h&

) & H+ (5 &+j , +=?$;< Z , $ +21Y 45#Fxop , )(j+id A#(*+D8% #(5 & !A8 8: / , #=?+b / ##A , D%# nX^ ;5 , 4+!-%# - , #+#Ffop , (*8% ## yq]kr>q] r>s]_]t-uCW3p +1Ú&# V+ (5 #w , #=?91 , & , ;B# +9 =/ &#(# , &0D , Jd + % A 6=A mD #9 ;< =$ ^FJo. , (*`#(#8:yC ;B =V , # 0 &# *;<D=?+ 13 4A c# =?8 C , C & & m!$ ;q>kdr>q]2r>s>_[t-ux1g , ;<% , +3 , +=?##F`>3 !% &Y , 1gY , )3q]kr>q]2r>s]_]t-u , & ++d Z ' , ? , +@& 2!=?+ #h13@+ XW , g8:+ >d!%=?8 ]: #W%#8:#+ i!@1 , # @ 7#V)D.D?v8) + e 6=?XFÞ>@ &=A& e+l5 8:+ =?# Z( &) 6 , @ , # 0 &# ] ! $ # #FV¿Y 6 , #- # #W13h:# &+(*cq>kr>q[2r>s>_[t-u' &] w)D + (* , #g ? =?8#=?# ] j+ (5 #C;B3& > , g 0 13 45#FAkm v% & ^WX13A:# #(*/ , y -+=?8)D (*Ad %! ;Y , Z( - ' , +=?#y1g &`;O# & D) @9##8:0c 0 dD % ? ; , c &#g #& 9 Z , c# w;`Z & x+ (5 &+c;< ] , - 0213 45#F

7.0A>REFERENCES %%g_[ 8 # ^WfD$5=$ OW !%=A Fqy#F î> +[ 9& 2!x;f1g ##y , - +m13 45#F , 8| ³³)1C1C1-F +;mF ³) & + +m%D);< D³ 5D;im ;i2 d & & m!% #dm²% F l%W:>+ :0W ²² %F

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