FASCISM AND ITALY ELEMENTS OF FASCISM 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

The individual should distrust reason and simply obey. Denial of equality – the strong have obligation to destroy the weak. Violence is an essential tool. Government by an elite as the average person incapable. Totalitarian – total state control of the lives of individuals. Racism and imperialism justified in that certain nations are elite and are obligated to control. 7. Permanent mobilization – soldier valued above all other citizens. -Anything is justified if it serves state’s ends. -Fascism emphasizes victory, is cruel to the weak, is irrational and is intolerant. -By providing a uniform, someone to blame, someone to hate, and a leader, fascism restores self-respect. FASCISM IN ITALY A) Background (Post WWI) -Italy was intensely dissatisfied with her efforts in the war and the “spoils” she was awarded by the treaties. -After the war, the economy was chaotic, the government was corrupt and there was no order. -Ripe for the rise of a fascist dictatorship. B) Benito Mussolini -Started Fascisti Party after WWI: strongly nationalist, strict discipline. -Skilled use of “tools” – oratory and parades. -Appealed to ex-servicemen, students, middle class and all anti-communists. C) “March on Rome” - 1922 -Blackshirts (fascists) march on Rome as the P.M. had refused to allow fascists in the government. -Mussolini threatens civil war -Mussolini summoned to Rome and forms a government. *By 1925, Italy was a totalitarian state ruled by a dictator – all personal freedoms abolished, all opposition eliminated. D) Lateran Accords - 1929 -Mussolini concludes a treaty with the Catholic Church. -Vatican would be recognized as a neutral sovereign in exchange for not joining any international organizations. Catholicism declared the only state religion and religion made compulsory school subject.

E) Fascist Imperialism -Small overseas empire (3 “useless” African Colonies) a source for dissatisfaction. -Mussolini declared the Mediterranean “Mare Nostrum” (our sea). Disagreement with Britain (Gibraltar, Malta) and France (Tunis, Corsica). -Conquest of Ethiopia – Fascist regime at its height. Thereafter Mussolini was a liability to Hitler. F) Hoare-Laval Plan 1935 -British and French plan to appease Mussolini in Ethiopia. “Take half, Leave half.” ITALIAN FASCISM First to rise, first to fall.

FASCISM AND ITALY ELEMENTS OF FASCISM 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

The individual should distrust reason and ________________________. Denial of equality – the strong have obligation to ____________________________. ____________________ is an essential tool. Government by an ___________________ as the average person incapable. Totalitarian – total ___________________________ of the lives of individuals. Racism and imperialism justified in that certain nations are elite and are obligated to __________________. Permanent mobilization – _________________ valued above all other citizens.

-Anything is justified if it serves ______________________. -Fascism emphasizes victory, is ______________________________, is irrational and is intolerant. -By providing a ____________________, someone to blame, someone to hate, and a leader, fascism restores self-respect. FASCISM IN ITALY A) Background (Post WWI) -Italy was intensely dissatisfied with her efforts in the war and the ________________ she was awarded by the treaties. -After the war, the economy was chaotic, the government was corrupt and there was no order. -______________ for the rise of a fascist dictatorship. B) Benito Mussolini -Started __________________ Party after WWI: strongly nationalist, strict discipline. -Skilled use of “tools” – __________________ and parades. -Appealed to _______________________, students, middle class and all anticommunists. C) “March on Rome” - 1922 -Blackshirts (fascists) march on Rome as the P.M. had refused to allow ________________ in the government. -Mussolini threatens _____________________ -Mussolini summoned to Rome and forms a government. *By 1925, Italy was a totalitarian state ruled by a dictator – all personal freedoms abolished, all opposition eliminated.

D) Lateran Accords - 1929 -Mussolini concludes a treaty with the ______________________________. -Vatican would be recognized as a neutral sovereign in exchange for not joining any international organizations. _______________________ declared the only state religion and religion made compulsory school subject. E) Fascist Imperialism -Small overseas empire (3 “useless” African Colonies) a source for dissatisfaction. -Mussolini declared the Mediterranean __________________________ (our sea). Disagreement with Britain (Gibraltar, Malta) and France (Tunis, Corsica). -Conquest of Ethiopia – Fascist regime at its height. Thereafter Mussolini was a _________________ to Hitler. F) Hoare-Laval Plan 1935 -British and French plan to appease Mussolini in Ethiopia. “Take half, Leave half.” ITALIAN FASCISM First to rise, first to fall.