WWW.LIVELAW.IN

1 apeal186.13.odt

IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY NAGPUR BENCH, NAGPUR

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.186 OF 2013 Ganpat Bakaramji Lad, Aged about 35 years, Occupation – Labourer, Residing at Warud, Behind Post Office, Taluka – Warud, District – Amravati.

… Appellant

Versus The State of Maharashtra, through Police Station Officer, Warud, Taluka _ Warud, District – Amravati.

… Respondent

S/Shri Rahul Dhande, Sumit Joshi and P.R. Agrawal, Advocates for Appellant. Shri   A.M.   Deshpande,   Additional   Public   Prosecutor,   supported   by  Shri Amit Kinkhede, Advocate.

CORAM : R.K. DESHPANDE, S.B. SHUKRE & M.G. GIRATKAR, JJ. DATE OF RESERVING THE JUDGMENT       : 26TH FEBRUARY, 2018 DATE OF PRONOUNCING THE JUDGMENT : 9TH MARCH, 2018

JUDGMENT (Per : R.K. DESHPANDE, J.) : 1.

In   the   case   of  Shivaji  s/o  Tukaram  Patdukhe  v.  State  of  

Maharashtra,   reported   in  2004   ALL   MR   (Cri)   3220,   the   Division 

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:52 :::

2 apeal186.13.odt

Bench   of   this   Court   [M/s.   P.V.   Hardas   &   M.G.   Gaikwad,   JJ.]  considered   the   dying   declaration   recorded   by   Special   Executive  Magistrate on the basis of which the conviction was recorded by the  Sessions Court for the offence punishable under Section 302 of the  Indian Penal Code and was heavily relied upon by the prosecution,  to   maintain   it.     This   Court   set   aside   the   conviction   and   granted  acquittal holding that there is no convincing evidence.  In para 13,  the reason was given to reject the dying declaration as under :

“13.

The dying declaration at Exh.24, according to us, can  

not be relied upon as the statement was never read over to   deceased   Durgabai   and   there   is   no   endorsement   to   that   effect.  When the declaration was not read over to Durgabai   and she had not admitted the contents thereof to be correct,   according   to   us,   the   dying   declaration   can   not   be   made   foundation for sustaining the conviction.”

2.

Similar   view   was   taken   by   the   another   Division   Bench 

[M/s. P.V. Hardas and Sadhana S. Jadhav, JJ.] in the case of Abdul   Riyaz   Abdul   Bashir  v.  State   of   Maharashtra,   reported   in  2012(3) BCR (Cri) 329, setting aside the conviction for the offence 

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:52 :::

3 apeal186.13.odt

punishable under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code recorded by  the Sessions Court on the basis of the dying declaration. The dying  declaration was recorded by the Executive Magistrate.  It was held  that to rule out any remote infirmity, it is necessary that there has  to   be   an   endorsement   that   the   contents   were   read   over   and  admitted to be true and correct, and in the absence of it, the dying  declaration cannot inspire confidence of the Court.   Reliance was  placed upon the decision of the Apex Court in the case of  Shaikh   Bakshu   and   others  v.  State   of   Maharashtra,   reported   in  (2007) 11 SCC 269, and the decision of the Division Bench of this  Court in Shivaji's case, cited supra.

3.

The   another   Division   Bench   of   this   Court 

[M/s.   A.B.   Chaudhari   and   P.N.   Deshmukh,   JJ.]   considered   this  aspect   in   the   case   of  Ganpat   Bakaramji   Lad  v.  The   State   of   Maharashtra,   reported   in  2015(4)   BCR   (Cri)   534.     The   Division  Bench expressed its disagreement with the aforesaid two decisions  of the Division Benches holding that it is neither the  ratio  nor the  obiter dicta  of the decision of the Apex Court in  Shaikh Bakshu's  case that the dying declaration has to be rejected only because the 

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:52 :::

4 apeal186.13.odt

contents of it were not read over and admitted to be correct by the  declarant.  The Division Bench took the view that it would be unjust  to reject the entire dying declaration duly proved and believed, only  for the reason that it was not read over and admitted to be correct  by the declarant.  It confirmed the conviction under Section 302 of  the   Indian   Penal   Code   recorded   on   the   basis   of   the   dying  declaration.

4.

After   expressing   its   disagreement,   the   Division   Bench   in 

Ganpat Lad's  case framed the question for reference to the Larger  Bench as under :

“Whether   a  Dying   Declaration  can  be   rejected  merely   because the same is not read over to the declarant and   the declarant admitting the same to have been correctly   recorded?” 

5.

In order to consider the said question, the matter is placed 

before this Full Bench.

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:52 :::

5 apeal186.13.odt

6.

We   have   heard   S/Shri   Rahul   Dhande,   Sumit   Joshi   and 

P.R.   Agrawal,   the   learned   counsels,   who   assailed   the   dissenting  view expressed by the Division Bench in the order of reference in  Ganpat Lad's case, cited supra.  According to them, the requirement  of reading over the declaration and explaining the contents of it to  the declarant and the declarant admitting the same to be true, is  mandatory and the view taken by the two Division Benches of this  Court   in   the   cases   of  Shivaji   s/o   Tukaram   Patdukhe  v.  State   of   Maharashtra, reported in 2004 ALL MR (Cri) 3220, and Abdul Riyaz   Abdul   Bashir 

v.

 State   of   Maharashtra,   reported   in 

2012 ALL MR (Cri) 2188, is supported by the decision of the Apex  Court in the case of Shaikh Bakshu, cited supra, and the subsequent  decision   of   the   Apex   Court   in   the   case   of  Kanti   Lal  v.  State   of   Rajasthan, reported in (2009) 12 SCC 498.  According to them, in  another decision, which is unreported, in Criminal Appeal No.13 of  2008   [Raju   s/o   Rambhau   Patile   and   another  v.  State   of   Maharashtra]   decided   on   18­9­2012,   the   Division   Bench   of   this  Court [M/s. P.V. Hardas & A.B. Chaudhari, JJ.] has followed the  view taken in Shivaji Patdukhe and Abdul Riyaz Abdul Bashir's cases. 

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:52 :::

6 apeal186.13.odt

7.

The learned counsels have further relied upon the decision 

of another Division Bench of this Court in the case of Vilas @ Bandu   Punjabrao   Misal  v.  State   of   Maharashtra  [M/s.   B.R.   Gavai   &  Prasanna   B.   Varale,   JJ.],   reported   in  2016   ALL   MR   (Cri)   3838,  which has expressed that the Division Bench in  Ganpat Lad's  case  was bound by the ratio of the decision in Shaikh Bakshu and Kanti  Lal's  cases.   The Division Bench in  Abdul Riyaz Abdul Bashir's  case  has   considered   the   two   decisions   of   the   Apex   Court   in  Shaikh   Bakshu and Kanti Lal's cases to hold that if the dying declaration is  not   read   over   and   explained   and   the   maker   thereof   has   not  admitted the contents thereof to be true, such a dying declaration  cannot   be   made   foundation   for   sustaining   the   conviction,   is   the  ratio.

8.

Shri   Anand   Deshpande,   the   learned   Additional   Public 

Prosecutor,  and  Shri Amit  Kinkhede,  Advocate,  have   relied  upon  the decisions of the Apex Court in the cases of Khushal Rao v. State  of   Bombay,   reported   in  AIR   1958   SC   22;  State   of   Rajasthan  v.  Kishore, Laxman 

 

reported v.

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

 

in

 (1996)

 

8

 

SCC

 

217; 

 State   of   Maharashtra,   reported   in 

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:52 :::

7 apeal186.13.odt

(2002) 6 SCC 710; and  Narender Kumar  v.  State (NCT of Delhi),  reported in  (2015) 17 SCC 451, to urge that the Apex Court has  laid   down   the   rule   of   caution,   and   merely   because   there   is   no  endorsement that the declaration is not read over to the declarant  and   the   declarant   admitting   the   same   to   have   been   correctly  recorded, that by itself would not be enough to reject the dying  declaration, if on the basis of other evidence on record it is found to  be trustworthy.  According to them, this can at the most be one of  the relevant factors to be considered depending upon the facts and  circumstances of  each case  and validity  of declaration  cannot be  judged on this sole factor.

9.

Before proceeding to deal with the question involved here, 

we shall recapitulate the position of law enunciated by the several  decisions of the Apex Court and of this Court.

10.

The  sanctity  attached to the  dying declaration  has been 

considered very aptly in the two decisions of the Apex Court, one in  Khushal Rao's  case and another in  Laxman's  case, cited supra, and  both these cases were from the decision of this Court.   The Court 

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:52 :::

8 apeal186.13.odt

considered the provision of Section 32(1) of the Indian Evidence  Act, reproduced above.  In Khushal Rao's case, the Apex Court holds  that the statement made by a person who is in danger of losing his  life,  as  to  the   cause   of  his  death  or   as  to   the   transaction  which  resulted in his death, becomes a relevant fact upon his death.   It  holds that such a person is not expected to tell lies at such serious  and solemn moment.   In para 3 of  Laxman's  case, the Apex Court  holds   that   the   juristic   theory   regarding   acceptability   of   a   dying  declaration is that such declaration is made in extremity, when the  party is at the point of death and when every hope of this world is  gone, when every motive to falsehood is silenced, and the man is  induced by the most powerful consideration to speak only the truth.  The situation in which a man is on the deathbed is so solemn and  serene, is the reason in law to accept the veracity of his statement.  It is for this reason the requirements of oath and cross­examination  are dispensed with.

11.

In both the decisions cited supra, the general propositions 

of law are laid down.  In Khushal Rao's case, the Apex Court holds  that   a   dying   declaration   stands   on   the   same   footing   as   another 

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

9 apeal186.13.odt

piece of evidence.  It cannot be laid down as a general proposition  of law that a dying declaration is a weaker kind of evidence than  that other pieces of evidence.  There is no absolute rule of law that  a dying declaration cannot form the sole basis of conviction unless  corroborated by other independent evidence.  In Laxman's case, it is  held that the Court also must decide that the deceased was in a fit  state of mind and had the opportunity to observe and identity of  the   assailant.     Normally,   therefore,   the   Court   in   order   to   satisfy  whether the deceased was in a fit mental condition to make the  dying declaration looks up to the medical opinion.  But where the  eyewitnesses or a Magistrate recording the statement state that the  deceased was in a fit and conscious state to make the declaration,  the medical opinion will not prevail, nor can it be said that since  there is no certification of the doctor as to the fitness of the mind of  the   declarant,   the   dying   declaration   is   not   acceptable.  A certification by the doctor is essentially a rule of caution.  

12.

In both the decisions, as the general propositions of law, 

the Apex Court has held that a dying declaration can be oral or in  writing and any adequate  method of communication whether  by 

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

10 apeal186.13.odt

words or by signs or otherwise will suffice provided the indication  is positive and definite.  When the statement is recorded in writing,  no oath is necessary nor is the presence of a Magistrate absolutely  necessary,   although   to   assure   authenticity   it   is   usual   to   call   a  Magistrate, if available for recording the statement of a man about  to die.   There is no requirement of law that a dying declaration  must   necessarily   be   made   to   a   Magistrate,   and   when   such   a  statement   is   recorded   by   a   Magistrate,   there   is   no   specified  statutory   form   for   such   recording.     What   evidentiary   value   or  weight has to be attached to such statement necessarily depends on  the facts and circumstances of each particular case.  

13.

While maintaining the conviction and the death sentence 

in  Khushal   Rao's  case,   the   Apex   Court   considered   the   following  factors to hold the three dying declarations as trustworthy :

(a)

All   the   three   dying   declarations   were   recorded   in 

quick   succession   immediately   within   two­and­half   hours  of   the   occurrence   and   shortly   thereafter   the   declarant  died.

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

11 apeal186.13.odt

(b)

The incident occurred on 12­2­1956 and the accused 

could not be traced till 16­2­1956.   The conduct of the  accused concealing himself and evading police for number  of   days   was   held   to   be   consistent   with   the   case   of   the  prosecution that he was concerned in the crime. (c)

The   injuries   found   on   the   person   of   the   deceased 

were consistent with the statement that he was attacked  by   a   number   of   persons   with   the   cutting   and   piercing  weapons. (d) No part of dying declaration was found to be false. (e)

There was no opportunity on time to tutor the dying 

man to tell lie. (f)

At all material times, the declarant was in a proper 

state of mind in spite of multiple injuries to remember the  names of the assailants.

14.

In   the   decision   of   the   Apex   Court   in  Paparambaka  

Rosamma   and   others 

v.

 State   of   A.P.,   reported   in 

(1999) 7 SCC 695, the accused was convicted by the Sessions Court  and the High Court set aside the conviction acquitting the accused 

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

12 apeal186.13.odt

persons.  The conviction recorded by the Sessions Court was based  upon the sole dying declaration recorded by the Judicial Magistrate,  who   entered   the   witness­box   and   deposed   that   the   injured   was  conscious, but has not deposed that the injured was in a fit state of  mind   to   make   a   statement.     The   Apex   Court   considered   the  question as to whether the Magistrate could have come to a definite  conclusion that the injured was in a fit state of mind to make a  declaration in the absence of a certificate by the doctor certifying  the   state   of   mind   that   existed   before   recording   the   dying  declaration.  It was held that in the absence of medical certification  that the injured was in a fit state of mind at the relevant time of  making   declaration,   it   would   be   very   much   risky   to   accept   the  subjective satisfaction of a Magistrate, who opined that the injured  was in a fit state of mind at the time of making a declaration.

15.

The correctness of the view taken in the aforesaid decision 

fell for consideration of the Constitution Bench of the Apex Court in  Laxman's case, cited supra, only to resolve the conflict between the  said decision and the another decision of the Apex Court in the case  of  Koli Chunilal Savji and another  v.  State of Gujarat, reported in 

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

13 apeal186.13.odt

(1999) 9 SCC 562.  It was held in Laxman's case that the ultimate  test is whether the dying declaration can be held to be truthful one  and   voluntarily   given.     It   was   held   that   before   recording   the  declaration, the officer concerned must find that the declarant was  in a fit condition to make the statement in question and had an  opportunity to observe and identify the assailant.  It was held that  where   the   eye­witnesses   or   Magistrate   recording   the   statement  states   that   the   deceased   was   in   a   fit   and   conscious   state,   the  medical opinion will not prevail nor can it be said that since there is  no   certification   of   the   doctor   as   to   fitness   of   the   mind   of   the  declarant, the dying declaration is not acceptable.

16.

The   Constitution   Bench   ruled   that   the   view   taken   in 

Paparambaka Rosamma's case is not the correct enunciation of law  and indeed a hypertechnical view that the certification of the doctor  was to the effect that the patient is conscious and there was no  certification that the patient was in a fit state of mind, especially  when the Magistrate categorically stated in his evidence, indicating  the   questions   he   had   put   to   the   patient,   and   from   the   answers  elicited   was   satisfied   that   the   patient   was   in   a   fit   state   of   mind 

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

14 apeal186.13.odt

whereafter   he   recorded   the   dying   declaration.   The   Constitution  Bench confirmed the view taken in Koli Chunilal Savji's case.

17.

In the case of  Kishore, cited  by Shri Amit Kinkhede,  the 

Apex Court was considering the dying declaration recorded by the  Judicial   Magistrate,   on   the   basis   of   which   the   Sessions   Court  recorded   the   conviction   under   Section   302   of   the   Indian   Penal  Code.  The High Court in appeal discarded the dying declaration on  the admitted position that the Magistrate did not read the dying  declaration   after   it   was   recorded   and   that   there   was   no  identification of the deceased when the declaration was recorded.  The Apex Court allowed the appeal and set aside the decision of the  High Court and restored the conviction and sentence imposed by  the Sessions Court.  The Apex Court considered the question as to  whether the dying declaration was a reliable piece of evidence. 

18.

After   taking   into   consideration   the   provision   of 

Section 32(1) of the Evidence Act and the decision in Khushal Rao's  case,   the   Apex   Court   holds   in   para   13   of  Kishore's  case   that   “a  perusal of the answers clearly indicates and inspires us to believe that  

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

15 apeal186.13.odt

she was conscious and had given cogent, coherent and direct answers   to the questions put by the Magistrate from which it could easily be   inferred that she was in a mentally fit condition at that time to give   the statement.”  The Court further holds that “the declaration reflects   the true state of affairs at the time of occurrence and her statement is   a truthful version and is reliable one.”   The Court holds in para 14  that “the tenor of the reasoning by the High Court was solely directed   to   criticize   the   Magistrate   PW   1   which   is   uncalled   for   in   the   circumstances.   Therefore the High Court was not right in doubting   Exhibit P8, dying declaration recorded by Judicial Magistrate.”   The  Court takes into consideration one important factor that no one was  present   with   the   declarant   at   the   time   of   recording   the   dying  declaration to tutor him to give any false statement or implicate  anyone   falsely.     In   para   15,   the   Court   holds   that   “there   was   no   necessity to read once over the statement to the deceased.”  

19.

In   the   decision   of   this   Court   in   the   case   of  Shivaji 

Tukaram   Patdukhe,   cited   supra,   the   Sessions   Court   recorded   the  conviction   for   an   offence   punishable   under   Section   302   of   the  Indian Penal Code relying upon the dying declaration recorded by 

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

16 apeal186.13.odt

the   Special   Executive   Magistrate.     After   going   through   the   said  decision, we find that the Division Bench found inconsistency in the  evidence   of   the   two   eye­witnesses,   apart   from   the   fact   that   the  evidence was found to be suffering from falsehood.  The oral dying  declaration was also not accepted and the written dying declaration  was discarded.   It is for the first time that this Court has taken a  view   that   the   dying   declaration   cannot   be   relied   upon,   as   the  statement   was   never   read   over   to   the   victim   and   there   is   no  endorsement to that effect.  It holds that when the declaration was  not read over and the victim had not admitted the contents thereof  to be correct, the dying declaration cannot be made a foundation  for sustaining the conviction. 

20.

In the decision of the Full Bench of this Court in the case 

of  Ramesh   s/o   Gyanoba   Kamble  v.  The   State   of   Maharashtra,  reported in  2011 ALL MR (Cri) 3536 (F.B.), one of the questions  considered   was   whether   it   is   necessary   for   the   Magistrate,   who  recorded the  dying declaration, to depose before  the Trial Court  about   the   name   and   act   of   the   accused   which   resulted   into   the  murder,   in   the   words   spoken   up   by   the   dying   man.   While 

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

17 apeal186.13.odt

considering this question, the Court holds in paras 18.11, 18.12,  18.13, 18.15 and 19.2 as under :

“18.11 … Section 32(1) does not provide that a recorder   of the dying declaration should repeat the contents of such   “statement”   of   the   deceased.     Even   in   case   of   “verbal   statement”,   the   witness   who   heard   it   made,   requires   to   repeat its contents/gist in order to bring it on record, being   a relevant fact in issue, and though it is hearsay, repetition   thereof is made an exception to the hearsay rule.” “18.12 If it is held to be essential requirement of law that   statement/dying   declaration   in   writing   needs   to   be   repeated/reproduced in the words spoken by the deceased as   to the cause of his death, then there would be no difference   between   “oral   dying   declaration”   and   “written   dying   declaration”   and   in   that   eventuality   it   would   not   be   necessary to reduce the dying declaration in writing.   Such   anomaly   would   frustrate   the   purport   of   statute.   A   Magistrate who records the statement is not supposed to be   acquainted with the facts and circumstances of the case.  He   records   dying   declaration   at   the   request   of   Police.   Sometimes, Doctor records the cause of death as stated by   the victim in the medical papers, and in some cases, Police   officer records it.  They are all independent witnesses, having  

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

18 apeal186.13.odt

no   concern   with   the   alleged   incident,   or   with   the   accused/victim.     They   are   not   supposed   to   be   acquainted   with the facts and circumstances of the case.   That is the   reason why statements of such witnesses are never recorded   under Section 161 of the Cr.P.C. by any Police officer in the   course of investigation.” “18.13 … Therefore, even if the Magistrate does not repeat   the   words   spoken   by   the   deceased   or   the   contents   of   his   statement, as to the cause of his death, in our opinion, that   would not cause any prejudice to the accused. ...” “18.15 …   That   being   so,   in   our   opinion,   expecting   the   Magistrate, after referring to the statement recorded by him,   to repeat and/or reproduce contents thereof, would be too   technical   and  would create violence  to logic.    In  criminal   trials, while dealing with such evidence Courts have to be   rational and realistic and need not take dogmatic and hyper   technical approach.   The Courts cannot ignore or turn its   mind/attention   away   from   the   truth   of   the   cause,   in   disregard to its duty to prevent miscarriage of justice.” “19.2

… Whether  to accept the dying  declaration as a  

truthful evidence, and to convict the accused on the basis   thereof   is   a   matter   of   appreciation   of   evidence   and   the   Court,   where   prosecution   is   relying   solely   on   the   dying  

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

19 apeal186.13.odt

declaration, has to be on guard that the statement of the   deceased   was   not   as   a   result   of   tutoring,   prompting,   vindictive   or   a   product   of   imagination,   apart   from   the   satisfaction of the Court that the deceased was in a fit state   of   mind   and   that   he   had   clear   opportunity   observe   and   identify the accused.”

21.

We   have   also   seen   the   another   decision   in  Abdul   Riyaz  

Abdul Bashir's case, cited supra, delivered by the Division Bench of  this   Court,  which  followed  the  aforestated   law  laid   down  in  the  case   of  Shivaji   Tukaram   Patdukhe.     This   Court   set   aside   the  conviction  recorded by the  Sessions Court based  upon  the  dying  declaration recorded by the Executive Magistrate.   The conviction  was exclusively based upon the dying declaration.  In para 8 of the  said decision, the Court has noted that Column No.8 pertains to the  fact that the statement as recorded was read over to the deponent  and proved to be correct as per the say of the deponent and it was  left   blank.     The   Court   has   held   that   the   said   column   cannot   be  treated as an empty formality, since the deponent is not available  for cross­examination, and this is a material infirmity in the dying  declaration, which cannot inspire confidence of the Court, in the 

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

20 apeal186.13.odt

absence of any endorsement to that effect.  

22.

In   the   aforesaid   decision   of   this   Court,   the   reliance   is 

placed upon the decision of the Apex Court in Shaikh Bakshu's case,  cited supra.   In  Shaikh Bakshu's  case, the conviction was recorded  under Sections 302 and 498­A read with Section 34 of the Indian  Penal Code.   The High Court confirmed the view based upon the  dying declaration, which it found to be credible and cogent.   The  Apex Court set aside the decision of the High Court.   The Court  considered   the   two   dying   declarations,   one   was   recorded   by  the Naib Tahsildar and the other was recorded by the Police Officer.  The first dying declaration was recorded between 6 and 6.10 p.m.,  and the another dying declaration was recorded between 7.15 and  7.30 p.m. 

23.

In   para   10   of   the   decision   in  Shaikh   Bakshu's  case,   the 

Apex Court found that the police officer, who said to have recorded  the   statement   at   6   p.m.,   stated   that   he   received   the   intimation  regarding occurrence of the incident at 6.30 p.m.  Hence, recording  of dying declaration prior to it became unbelievable or impossible. 

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

21 apeal186.13.odt

In   respect   of   the   second   dying   declaration,   the   Apex   Court  expressed   that   it   has   not   been   explained   as   to   what   was   the  necessity of a second dying declaration, if there was already a dying  declaration in existence recorded by the police officer.   The Apex  Court accepted the finding recorded by the Court below that the  condition   of   the   deceased   was   very   poor,   as   was   stated   by   the  Medical Officer, and it was deteriorating since 6.10 p.m.  The Court  also noted that the mother of the deceased supported the defence  version.  It is in this background the Court considers that there was  no   mention   in   the   dying   declaration   that   it   was   read   over   and  explained to the deceased and the Trial Court and the High Court  have presumed that it was read over and explained, which view  was clearly unacceptable.

24.

In   the   judgment   of   reference,   the   Division   Bench   in 

Ganpat   Lad's  case   has   expressed   its   disagreement   with   the   view  taken by the Division Bench the cases of Shivaji Tukaram Patdukhe  and  Abdul Riyaz Abdul Bashir.   It holds that the dying declaration  before it is trustworthy and is required to be fully relied upon to  record   conviction.     It,  however,   notes  that   the   dying  declaration 

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

22 apeal186.13.odt

does not contain any endorsement that the same was read over and  explained to the deceased and that the deceased admitted it to be  correct.   It holds that in view of the aforestated two decisions, it  would not be possible to accept the dying declaration.  In respect of  the decision in  Shaikh Bakshu's  case, it holds that the Apex Court  recorded several reasons to hold the dying declaration doubtful and  it was neither the ratio nor an  obiter  of the decision that it was  mandatory or the requirement of law or essential requirement for a  dying   declaration   to   contain   an   endorsement   that   the   contents  thereof were read over and explained to the deceased, who found it  to be true and correct.

25.

In the subsequent decision of the Apex Court in the case of 

Kanti Lal, cited supra, the conviction recorded by the Trial Court  and confirmed by the High Court was for the offences punishable  under Sections 304­B and 498­A of the Indian Penal Code.   The  Apex Court maintained the order of conviction and dismissed the  appeal.   A written dying declaration made by the deceased to the  Naib Tahsildar set up in defence, was held to be unreliable by the  Trial Court as well as by the High Court and, therefore, it was a 

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

23 apeal186.13.odt

plea   raised   before   the   Apex   Court   that   accepting   the   dying  declaration, the accused persons should have been acquitted.  

26.

In Kanti Lal's case, the Court appreciated the evidence on 

record.  The Court considered that the Naib Tahsildar examined as  DW 2, stated that the dying declaration bears the thumb mark of  the   deceased   and   he   signed   it.     He   deposed   that   at  the   time   of  recording the statement, the mother of the deceased, PW 6, was  present in the hospital, but she refused to append her signature or  thumb impression  upon  the   document.   The  Court considers the  evidence of PW 11 Dr. Wasudeo, who proved the medical report of  the deceased, but did not whisper a word in regard to recording of  dying   declaration   by   DW   2   and   admitted   that   he   could   not  remember whether accused No.3 was present in the hospital at the  time of recording the dying declaration. He categorically stated that  the   dying   declaration   was   not   recorded   by   DW   2,   but   the   said  document was prepared by his Reader.  Relying upon the evidence  of   PW   6,   the   mother   of   the   deceased,   the   Court   holds   that   the  alleged dying declaration was not recorded by DW 2 in the room of  the hospital where the deceased was lying.  It is in this background 

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

24 apeal186.13.odt

one of the factors considered was that the dying declaration did not  bear the endorsement that it was read over and explained to the  deceased.

27.

Relying upon the two decisions of the Division Benches of 

this Court in the cases of Shivaji Tukaram Patdukhe and Abdul Riyaz   Abdul Bashir, and the two decisions of the Apex Court in the cases  of Shaikh Bakshu and Kanti Lal, the another Division Bench of this  Court in the case of Vilas @ Bandu Punjabrao Misal holds in para 25  as under :

“25.

…   We   find   that   the   approach   adopted   by   the  

learned Judges of the Division Bench is totally unacceptable.   The earlier Division Benches in the cases of Shivaji Tukaram   Patdukhe   and   Abdul   Riyaz   Abdul   Bashir,   [2012   ALL   MR   (Cri)   2188]   (supra)   have   in   unequivocal   terms held that unless the dying declaration is read over,   explained and maker thereof admits the contents to be true,   the same cannot be made a foundation for conviction.  It is   further to be noted that the view of the Division Bench in the   case   of   Shivaji   Tukaram   Patdukhe   was   prior   to   the   pronouncement of the judgment of the Apex Court  in the   case   of   Shaikh   Bakshu   whereas   the   view   of   the   Division  

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

25 apeal186.13.odt

Bench  in  the case  of  Abdul   Riyaz Abdul  Bashir   was  after   taking   into   consideration   the   law   laid   down   by   the   Apex   Court in the case of Shaikh Bakshu.  However, the Division   Bench   in   the   case   of   Ganpat   Bakaramji   Lad   (supra)   has   taken a view which is totally contrary to the view taken by   the aforesaid two Division Benches. ...”

In para 27, it holds as under :

“27.

Though   we   have   serious   doubt   as   to   whether   a  

reference was necessary, inasmuch as even an obiter dicta of   the   Supreme   Court   binds   this   Court,   since   the   coordinate   Bench of this Court has already referred the matter to the   Hon'ble the Chief Justice for constitution of the larger Bench,   we refrain from observing anything on that.  Insofar as the present appeal is concerned, we find   that   the   view   that   holds   the   field   is   that   of   the   Division   Benches   of   this   Court   in   the   case   of   Shivaji   Tukaram   Patdukhe and Abdul  Riyaz  Abdul  Bashir  and that view  is   that unless the dying declaration is read over and explained   and the maker thereof admits the contents to be as per the   version,   such   a   dying   declaration   cannot   be   made   a   foundation   for   conviction.   The   present   appeal,   therefore,   deserves to be allowed.”

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

26 apeal186.13.odt

28.

We now proceed to deal with the matter.  Section 32(1) of 

the   Indian   Evidence   Act,   1872   deals   with   the   cases   in   which  statement   of   relevant   fact   by   person   who   is   dead   or   cannot   be  found, etc., is relevant.  The same is, therefore, reproduced below :

“32. Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person   who is dead or cannot be found, etc., is relevant.­­  Statements, written or verbal, of relevant facts made by a   person who is dead, or who cannot be found, or who has   become incapable of  giving  evidence,  or   whose attendance   cannot be procured without an amount of delay or expense   which, under the circumstances of the case, appears to the   Court   unreasonable,   are   themselves   relevant   facts   in   the   following cases:­­ (1)

when   it   relates   to   cause   of   death.­­   When   the  

statement is made by a person as to the cause of his death,   or as to any of the circumstances of the transaction which   resulted in his death, in  cases in which  the cause of that   person's death comes into question. Such   statements   are   relevant   whether   the   person   who   made  them  was   or   was  not,   at   the   time  when  they   were  

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

27 apeal186.13.odt

made, under expectation of death, and whatever may be the   nature   of   the   proceeding   in   which   the   cause   of   his   death   comes into question.”

29.

The aforesaid provision makes the oral as well as written 

dying   declaration   admissible   in   evidence.     Hence,   it   is   not   the  question of admissibility of it, which is involved.  In respect of the  dying declaration, the general principles to be kept in mind are ­  (i)   that it is not a weaker kind of evidence and it stands on the  same footing as other evidence, and  (ii)  that there is no absolute  rule of law that it cannot form the sole basis of conviction, unless  corroborated   by   other   independent   evidence.     The   first   step  required   to   be   taken   in   every   case,   is   to   consider   the   three­fold  questions as under :

(a)

Whether a declarant had an opportunity to observe 

and identify the assailant or the accused?, (b)

Whether   a   declarant   was   in   a   conscious   and   fit 

condition at the time of recording the statement?, and

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

28 apeal186.13.odt

(c)

Whether   the   Court   is   so   convinced   of   the 

truthfulness and voluntary nature of the statement of the  declarant that it inspires confidence to such an extent that  it can be the sole basis of conviction?  

30.

While considering the aforesaid three questions, the Court 

has to keep in mind the rules of caution laid down by the Apex  Court   in   the   cases   of  Khushal   Rao  and  Laxman,   to   rest   the  conviction solely on the dying declaration.  The rules of caution so  laid down are summarized as under :

(a)

The   provision   has   been   made   by   the   Legislature, 

advisedly   as   a   matter   of   sheer   necessity   by   way   of   an  exception to the general rule that hearsay is no evidence. (b)

The statement made by the declarant is not on oath 

and is not subject to cross­examination to test its veracity. (c)

The   declaration   is   not   the   product   of   tutoring, 

prompting, imagination or vindicative. (d) In case of any doubt or suspicion, it should not be  acted upon without corroborative evidence.

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

29 apeal186.13.odt

(e)

Each case must be decided on its own facts keeping 

in view the circumstances in which the dying declaration  is made.

31.

It is the strong belief that a man will not meet his maker 

with a lie or falsehood in his mouth.  It is only and only a “truth”  which sits upon the lips of a dying man.  This is what is meant and  expressed   by   a   famous   maxim   “Nemo   moriturus   praesumitur   mentire”,   which   is   also   known   as   “Latern   Mortem”.     This   is   the  sanctity attached to the dying declaration in the cases of  Khushal   Rao  and  Laxman, decided by the Apex Court, to which already a  reference is made. If recording of the dying declaration is by an  independent   person,   who   is   neither   a   relative   nor   a   friend   nor  interested   in   deposing   against   the   accused,   there   should   be   no  hesitation   in   accepting   his   version   on   the   aspects   that   ­  (a)  the declarant had an opportunity to observe and identify the  assailant, (b) the declarant was in a conscious and fit condition at  the   time   of   recording   of   statement,   and  (c)  the   declaration   so  recorded is truthful and voluntary in nature, unless such version is  shaken in the cross­examination.  In such a case, the veracity of the 

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

30 apeal186.13.odt

statements contained in the dying declaration becomes acceptable  even in the absence of it being on oath and the declarant is not  available for cross­examination.  The absence of an endorsement in  the   dying   declaration   –  (a)  by  a   doctor   regarding   the   fitness  of  mind of the declarant, or (b) that the statement was read over and  explained to the declarant, who found it to be correct, cannot be  the reason for holding that the dying declaration is unacceptable, if  the   Court   is   otherwise   satisfied   that   such   a   dying   declaration  inspires confidence. 

32.

There is always a presumption of innocence in favour of 

the accused till his guilt is proved beyond reasonable doubt.  This is  expressed in the maxim “Praesumptiones juris sed non de jure”.  The  Court has, therefore, to see that the statement of the declarant is  recorded at the earliest opportunity to rule out the possibility of  something   being   put   in   the   mouth   of   the   declarant   by   way   of  tutoring or prompting and that the statements of the declarant are  not the result of leading questions put to him or imagination.  The  Court has to see that the statements are consistent with the natural  course of events and the other facts and circumstances brought on 

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

31 apeal186.13.odt

record.   In   case   of   any   doubt,   the   Court   has   to   go   to   the  corroborative circumstances and evidence, if brought on record, to  find out that they are consistent only with the hypothesis to the  guilt of the accused.

33.

It is not possible to lay down the nature, kind, quality and 

quantity   of   the  evidence   which  would be  required to  record  the  subjective satisfaction based upon the objective assessment about –  (a)  an   opportunity   to   the   declarant   to   observe   and   identify   the  assailant,  (b)  the   fitness   of   the   mental   condition,   and  (c)  the  truthfulness or the voluntary nature of the statement to inspire the  confidence   of   the   Court.    The   rejection   of   the   dying  declaration  cannot be on the solitary instance of absence of endorsement of  reading   over   and   explaining   the   declaration   and   the   declarant  confirming it to be true.  It will always depend upon the facts and  circumstances of each  case. We are clearly of the view that it will  be a cumulative effect of the facts and circumstances of the case,  which will determine such issues.   The presence or absence of a  particular fact or circumstance or a situation in a given case may  become significant, whereas it may become insignificant in another 

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

32 apeal186.13.odt

case.   The mode and manner of appreciation of evidence differs  from case to case, though the principles of appreciation of evidence  may be the same.   The perception of the matter in each case and  the manner of the appreciation of evidence differs from person to  person.  Hence, there cannot be a strait­jacket formula or hard and  fast rule which can be laid down.

34.

We should not be construed to have laid down a law that 

under no circumstances the Court can look into such requirement  of the dying declaration bearing an endorsement in writing.  There  can be numerous instances where such requirement may or may  not be of significance.  We dare to state few.  We may consider the  first   example.   After   recording   the   material   statements   of   the  declarant in writing, the declarant goes in coma or collapses and  becomes unfit to further recording of the statements.   In such a  situation,  can   it  be   said   –  (a)  that  the   statements  recorded  lose  their sanctity, and  (b)  that for absence of an opportunity to read  over and explain the same to him to accept it as true and correct or  otherwise, the same cannot be relied upon.   If the answer is yes,  then, in our view, it would be contrary to the sanctity attached to 

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

33 apeal186.13.odt

such   statements,   as   has   been   held   in   the   decisions   of   the   Apex  Court in the cases of Khushal Rao and Laxman.  We are of the view  that the absence of opportunity of reading over the statement to  accept it as true or otherwise by the declarant, in such a situation,  shall become insignificant to convince the Court that the statement  so recorded are not truthful or voluntary.

35.

We consider the aforesaid example from different point of 

view.  If the evidence brought on record shows that after recording  material part of the dying declaration in favour of the accused, put  up in defence, the declarant goes in coma or collapses or becomes  unfit to record further statement and the dying declaration contains  an   endorsement   that   it   was   read   over   and   explained   to   the  declarant who found it to be true and correct.  In such a situation,  the question arises as to the acceptability of such dying declaration.  In our view, the presence of such endorsement becomes significant  and will create a doubt about its acceptability.

36.

One more example considered by the Full Bench of this 

Court in the case of  Ramesh Gyanoba Kamble, cited supra, can be 

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

34 apeal186.13.odt

highlighted in this regard.  It is held in the said decision that if the  statement/dying   declaration   in   writing   needs   to   be  repeated/reproduced in the words spoken by the deceased as to the  cause of his death, then there would be no difference between the  oral  dying declaration  and the  written  dying declaration, and in  that   eventuality,   it   would   be   necessary   to   reduce   the   dying  declaration   into   writing.     Such   anomaly   would   frustrate   the  purpose of the Statute.  In our view, therefore, it is not possible to  apply different yardsticks to judge –  (a)  the state of mind of the  declarant,   and  (b)  the   truthfulness   and   voluntary   nature   of   the  statement made by the declarant in the oral dying declaration and  the written dying declaration.  

37.

Normally,   a   dying   declaration   is   to   be   recorded   in   the 

language   of   the   declarant.     However,   there   is   no   prohibition   to  record such declaration in the language other than the language of  the declarant and there cannot be a rejection of it on this count.  If  an independent witness records such declaration, the requirement  of reading over and explaining it in vernacular to the declarant by  another person and the declarant accepting it to be true and correct 

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

35 apeal186.13.odt

may   assume   great   significance   for   its   acceptability.     In   such   a  situation,   the   Court   may   be   justified   in   looking   for   such  endorsement in a written dying declaration.

38.

Neither the provision of Section 32(1) of the Evidence Act 

nor any decision of the Apex Court prescribe any particular format  in which a dying declaration is to be recorded.   It can be oral as  well as written.  In case of oral dying declaration, the question of  existence   or   insistence   upon   reading   over   and   explaining   the  declaration to the deceased does not arise.  If that be so, how can  such insistence be in respect of written dying declaration?  It is not  the requirement of any statute or of the decision of the Apex Court  that a written dying declaration must contain a column to be duly  filled   in   that   the   statements   of   the   declarant   are   read   over   and  explained to him and that he found it to be true and correct.  We  are, therefore, unable to hold such requirement as mandatory and  that   in   the   absence   of   it,   the   dying   declaration   would   become  unreliable   or   unsustainable.     We,   therefore,   subscribe   to   such   a  view taken in the referring judgment in the case of Ganpat Lad.

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

36 apeal186.13.odt

39.

In the decisions of the Apex Court in the cases of  Shaikh  

Bakshu and Kanti Lal, it is not the ratio laid down nor an obiter that  if there is no endorsement in the written dying declaration to the  effect that the contents of it were read over and explained to the  declarant   and   that   he   found   it   to   be   true   and   correct,   the  declaration becomes unacceptable, untrustworthy or unsustainable.  We reproduce below, the relevant portion in para 13 of the decision  in Shaikh Bakshu's case :

“13. …   The   trial   court,   however,   held   the   dying   declaration to be credible because the Medical Officer was   present   when   the   dying   declaration   was   recorded.     There   was no mention in the dying declaration that it was read   over and explained to the deceased.  The trial court and the   High Court concluded that even though it is not so stated, it   has to be presumed that it was read over  and explained.   The view is clearly unacceptable.”

We also reproduce para 36 in Kanti Lal's case as under :

“36.

The   abovestated   facts   and   circumstances   would  

prove   that   the   alleged   dying   declaration,   on   which   much  

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

37 apeal186.13.odt

reliance has been placed by the defence cannot be said to be   an   admissible   and   reliable   document.     The   fact   that   the   alleged   dying   declaration   (Ext.   D­4)   did   not   bear   endorsement of DW 2 to the effect that it was read over and   explained   to   the   deceased,   also   created   a   doubt   on   its   credibility and truthfulness.”

In  our view, the decision in  the aforesaid paragraphs is  one purely on the facts and circumstances of those cases and it is  not on the question of law as to such requirement being mandatory  and   non­compliance   of   it,   should   make   the   declaration  unacceptable.   The decision on facts, howsoever similar, does not  constitute a ratio or even an obiter. 

40.

For taking the aforesaid view, we derive strength from the 

decision of the Apex Court in case of  The Regional Manager and   another  v.  Pawan   Kumar   Dubey,   reported   in  AIR   1976   SC   1766,  wherein it is held in para 7 as under : 

“7.

…   Even   where   there   appears   to   be   some   conflict,   it  

would, we think, vanish when the ratio decidendi of each   case is correctly understood.  It is the rule deducible from the  

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

38 apeal186.13.odt

application of law to the facts and circumstances of a case   which   constitutes   its   ratio   decidendi   and   not   some   conclusion based upon facts which may appear to be similar.   One   additional   or   different   fact   can   make   a   world   of   difference between conclusions in two cases even when the   same principles are applied in each case to similar facts.”

In view of the aforesaid law laid down, in our view, the  observations in the cases of Shaikh Bakshu and Kantilal, are based  on the facts and would not,  therefore, constitute a precedent or a  ratio decidenti or even an obiter dicta to hold that bearing such an  endorsement   in   the   dying   declaration   is   must.     In   our   view,   it  would be unjust to reject the dying declaration only on such hyper  technical view, which hardly of any help in the matter of criminal  trials.  

41.

Shri P.R. Agrawal, the learned counsel for the appellant, 

invited our attention to para 20.5 in the decision of the Full Bench  of   this   Court   in   the   case   of  Ramesh   Gyanoba   Kamble,   which   is  reproduced below :

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

39 apeal186.13.odt

“20.5.

If   the   dying   declaration   is   recorded   by   a  

person/Magistrate/Executive  Magistrate is  the duty   of the   prosecution to specifically bring on record that the deceased   had heard the statement so recorded and he/she admitted to   be correct and true and puts his/her thumb impression in   approval   thereof.     This   is   not   mere   formality   but   an   essential part while recording a dying declaration, because   the   person   who   cannot   be   examined   afterwards   must,   at   least that time, should confirm correctness of the statement.   (Manohar Dadarao Landage Vs. State of Maharashtra,   2000 (2) Mh.L.J. 3).”

What we find from the aforesaid para is that it is mere  reproduction of what is stated in the decision of the Division Bench  of   this   Court   in  Manohar   Dadarao   Landage's  case,   referred   to  therein.   It is not the ratio of the decision of the Full Bench.   We  also do not find after going through the entire decision of the Full  Bench that it has confirmed the aforestated view of the decision of  the Division Bench of this Court.   The aforesaid observations are  not to the effect that a written dying declaration must contain an  endorsement that it was read over and explained to the declarant,  who found it to be correct  or that the absence of itm the dying 

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

40 apeal186.13.odt

declaration becomes unacceptable or unreliable.  

42.

In   the   decision   of   the   Apex   Court   in   the   case   of 

Paparambaka Rosamma, the Apex Court took the view that in the  absence of a certificate by a doctor about the state of mind of the  declarant existing at the time of recording the statement, it would  be   very   risky   to   rely   upon   the   subjective   satisfaction   of   the  Magistrate, who deposed that the injured was in a fit state of mind  at the time of making the declaration.  In Laxman's case, this view  has   been   characterized   by   the   Apex   Court   as   the   most  hyper   technical   view   and   it   is   held   that   the   statement   of   the  Magistrate   in   such   a   situation   shall   prevail   over   the   medical  evidence.  Even in the case of Kishore, decided by the Apex Court, it  was held that in the facts and circumstances of the said case, there  was no necessity to read once over the statement to the deceased.

43.

In the decision of the Apex Court in the case of  State of  

H.P. v. Lekh Raj, reported in (2000) 1 SCC 247, it is observed that  the legal trial is conducted to ascertain the guilt or innocence of the  accused.  In arriving at the truth, the Courts are required to adopt 

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

41 apeal186.13.odt

rational approach and judge the evidence by its intrinsic worth and  the animus of the witnesses.  The hyper technicalities or figment of  imagination   should   not   be   allowed   to   divest   the   Court   of   its  responsibility of sifting and weighing the evidence to arrive at the  conclusion   regarding   the   existence   or   otherwise   of   a   particular  circumstances keeping in view the peculiar facts of each case, the  social position of the victim and the accused, the larger interests of  the society particularly the law and order problem and degrading  values of life inherent in the prevalent system.  The Courts are not  obliged to make efforts either to give latitude to the prosecution or  loosely construe the law in favour of the accused.  The traditional  dogmatic hyper technical approach has to be replaced by rational,  realistic   and   genuine   approach   for   administering   justice   in   a  criminal trial.

44.

We   are   conscious   of   the   fact   that   the   different   Division 

Benches of this Court have consistently followed the view taken by  the   Division   Benches   in   the   cases   of  Shivaji   Tukaram   Patdukhe,  Abdul   Riyaz   Abdul   Bashir,  Raju   Rambhau   Patile,   including   the  decision   of   the   Division   Bench   in   the   case   of  Vilas   @   Bandu  

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

42 apeal186.13.odt

Punjabrao Misal, and such judgments are also placed before us.  In  view of the aforesaid pronouncement by us, we are constrained to  hold that these decisions and all such other decisions contrary to  the view which we have been  taken, do not lay down a  correct  position of law.     We, therefore, having due regard, overrule the  same and affirm the view taken by the Division Bench of this Court  in   the   referral   judgment   in   the   case   of  Ganpat   Lad's  case,   cited  supra, which takes the view that it is neither the ratio nor an obiter  in the decision of the Apex Court in  Shaikh Bakshu's  case, or for  that matter even in Kanti Lal's case, that the dying declaration must  contain an endorsement that it was read over and explained to the  declarant, who found it to be true and correct. 

45.

In view of above, we answer the question referred to us as 

under : A dying declaration cannot be rejected merely because the  same is not read over to the declarant and the declarant  admitting the same to have been correctly recorded.   We  hold  and clarify  that this can be one of the factors,  if  it  assumes significance in the facts and circumstances of any  case.

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

43 apeal186.13.odt

46.

The reference stands answered as above.

(R.K. Deshpande, J.)

    (S.B. Shukre, J.)

  (M.G. Giratkar, J.) Lanjewar

::: Uploaded on - 09/03/2018

::: Downloaded on - 27/03/2018 19:58:53 :::

FB Dying Declaration.pdf

deceased Durgabai and there is no endorsement to that. effect. When the ... A.B. Chaudhari and P.N. Deshmukh, JJ. ... Displaying FB Dying Declaration.pdf.

520KB Sizes 0 Downloads 217 Views

Recommend Documents

Internal_Combustion_Engines_Fundamentals_by_J.B.Heywood [fb ...
B.Heywood [fb-enggbookspdf].pdf. Internal_Combustion_Engines_Fundamentals_by_J.B.Heywood [fb-enggbookspdf].pdf. Open. Extract. Open with. Sign In.

Gratuity (FB).pdf
termination of his employment, and, for this. purpose, the wages paid for any overtime work. Page 3 of 24. Gratuity (FB).pdf. Gratuity (FB).pdf. Open. Extract.

Gratuity (FB).pdf
WP(C) Nos.19892/2009, 29976/2009, 16424/2010, ... Kerala Co-operative Societies Act, 1969 ['the State Act' for. short]. ... Displaying Gratuity (FB).pdf. Page 1 of ...

Bicknell_Business_Advisers_Ltd_(21905)_[FB]Aut17.pdf
contents of this summary. Contents. Page. Personal Tax 2 - 5. Business Tax 6 - 8. Employment Taxes 9 - 10. Capital Taxes 11 - 12. Other Matters 13 - 14. Rates and Allowances 15 - 16. Page 3 of 20. Bicknell_Business_Advisers_Ltd_(21905)_[FB]Aut17.pdf.

FB 1.12.17.pdf
Page 1 of 2. THE STUDENT SENATE. OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHARLOTTE. 53​. rd​. Legislative Assembly, 2nd Session. FB53.2-17. ORGANIZATIONAL REQUESTS PER GRANT FOR THE WEEK OF JANUARY 12, 2017. Short Title: Organizational Requests pe

FB 10.20.16.pdf
Primary Sponsor: Senator Hunter Hilbig, William States Lee College of Engineering. Secondary Sponsor(s): ​Senator Bailey Russell, College of Liberal Arts ...

FB - All Camps.pdf
DISTRICT CANNOT BE HELD RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY INJURIES SUSTAINED AT CAMP. WE DO HAVE A TRAINING. ROOM AVAILABLE IN CASE OF ANY INJURY OR OTHER EMERGENCY. CIRCLE SIZE FOR CAMP T-SHIRT (ADULT ONLY). S M L XL 2XL 3XL. Page 3 of 4. FB - All Camps.pdf. FB -

Submission of emails & FB accounts.pdf
Whoops! There was a problem loading more pages. Retrying... Submission of emails & FB accounts.pdf. Submission of emails & FB accounts.pdf. Open. Extract.

Split FB 2016-2017.pdf
SEPTEMBER OCTOBER. NOVEMBER DECEMBER. JANUARY. APRIL. MAY JUNE. Page 1 of 1. Split FB 2016-2017.pdf. Split FB 2016-2017.pdf. Open. Extract.

2016 SHARK JH FB Schedule.pdf
Download. Connect more apps... Try one of the apps below to open or edit this item. 2016 SHARK JH FB Schedule.pdf. 2016 SHARK JH FB Schedule.pdf. Open.

2017 FB Fresh roster.pdf
Page 1 of 1. RUDDER FRESHMAN FOOTBALL 2017. Head Coach: Eric Jones Campus AD: Greg Morgan (979) 209-7928. Assistants: Cody Butler Campus Principal: Bennie Mayes (979) 209-7905. Aaron Edwards Athletic Office (979) 209-7927. Michael Knapp BISD AD: Lanc

Dying Light.pdf
There was a problem previewing this document. Retrying... Download. Connect more apps... Try one of the apps below to open or edit this item. Dying Light.pdf.

dying declaration.pdf
sleeping in the house, an unknown person came near her and. told her that he had ... She further. gave a statement that the unknown person was an outsider.

FB JV-V 2017.pdf
Fri Oct 13 Pitman (Military Appreciation) Dave Honey Stadium 5:00/7:00. Fri Oct 20 Merced (Veteran's Night) Veteran's Stadium 5:00/7:00. Fri Nov 3 Atwater ...

2017 FB Fresh roster.pdf
There was a problem previewing this document. Retrying... Download. Connect more apps... Try one of the apps below to open or edit this item. 2017 FB Fresh roster.pdf. 2017 FB Fresh roster.pdf. Open. Extract. Open with. Sign In. Main menu. There was

FB ISM 628.pdf
Sudah sebagian tapi ini kan. berkembang, database e-commerce juga. berkembang terus. ... FB ISM 628.pdf. FB ISM 628.pdf. Open. Extract. Open with. Sign In.

Someone Worth Dying For - Kidung.com
Praying God can You hear me, Oh God are You listening. Chorus 1 : G. Em7. Am I more than flesh and bone, Am I really something beautiful. C. Yeah I wanna believe, I wanna believe that. G. Em7. I'm not just some wandering soul that you don't see and y

Tupperware FB Party Outline generic.pdf
back here and an extra special THANK YOU to (host's name) for hosting. this party! Tonight, (host) will qualify for free and 1⁄2 priced Tupperware. based on the ...

2016 SHARK JV FB Schedule.pdf
There was a problem previewing this document. Retrying... Download. Connect more apps... Try one of the apps below to open or edit this item. 2016 SHARK JV FB Schedule.pdf. 2016 SHARK JV FB Schedule.pdf. Open. Extract. Open with. Sign In. Main menu.

Split FB 2016-2017.pdf
Page 3 of 928. Split FB 2016-2017.pdf. Split FB 2016-2017.pdf. Open. Extract. Open with. Sign In. Main menu. Displaying Split FB 2016-2017.pdf. Page 1 of 928.Missing:

FB 1 Textos preliminares.pdf
período marca también el inicio de la fase neo-pop de Will Alsop. Luego de la finalización del Centro. Pompidou de París (1997), Renzo Piano se pasó ...

Someone Worth Dying For - Kidung.com
Maybe you're the son who chose a broken road. Em. Maybe you're the girl thinking you'll end up alone. C. Am7. Praying God can You hear me, Oh God are You ...

FB Frosh 2017.pdf
There was a problem previewing this document. Retrying... Download. Connect more apps... Try one of the apps below to open or edit this item. Main menu.

Split FB 2016-2017.pdf
Page 1 of 1. JULY AUGUST 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 ...