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Footnotes

Guidelines for the writing of footnotes:

It is essential to reference your source material as you make use of it in your main essay. There are THREE different functions for footnotes. (See links.) The main difference between the presentation of the footnotes and a Bibliography is: • In a Bibliographic entry, you are giving the EDITION of the material you have used – indicated by the last numbered page of the text. • In a footnote entry, you are giving the EXACT LOCATION of the material you have referred to – given by the page number. The footnotes enable an examiner to check that you are not plagiarising your material.

Footnotes

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A Guide to Writing Footnotes Footnotes are extremely useful when writing an essay. They have THREE main functions in a piece of writing:

1.

To acknowledge the PRIMARY or SECONDARY sources you have used in your research – in other words, to give FULL details about the book/article/website that you’ve directly quoted from your own essay or whose factual information you have referred to. • Footnotes for primary sources – give FULL bibliographic details including the exact location of the quote or information:

eg. ‘Morality depended upon an understanding of the feelings of others…’1 1

McCALL -SMITH, Alexander, The Sunday Philosophy Club, London, Abacus, 2008 [2004], p. 122. Note: No need to give FULL bibliographic details if you are quoting a universally known text such as those by Shakespeare. In this case, in your first footnote, say that these details can be found in the main Bibliography at the end of the essay. eg. ‘To be or not to be: that is the question...’ 1

Hamlet, III.i.56. (See Bibliography.)

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• Footnotes for secondary sources – give the full details of the source: eg. The critic Davies explains how Hume’s idea of causality involves the assumption of the ‘uniformity of Nature’.1 1

DAVIES, Stephen, “Hume’s Theory of Causality: A Brief Introduction”, in P. Coombes (ed.), The Philosophy of David Hume, Oxford, OUP, 2001, p. 67.

2.

To point out the wider research you’ve done around your topic, but which you can’t incorporate in your main essay because of space limitations. • You must give the full bibliographic details of the text(s) to which you have referred: eg. Samuels goes on to explain that Hamlet’s introverted nature is the symptom of a psychic trauma.1 1

SAMUELS, Paul, Hamlet: A Study in the Unconscious, Cambridge, CUP, Studies in Shakespeare Series, 2000, p. 234. An alternative view is given by Peters. See, PETERS, Charles, “Chapter Studies, 4: The Unbound Ego”, in The Deconstruction of Ego in Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Washington, Harvard University Press, 1999, pp. 73-102.

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3.

To add extra information to, or express a short reflection on, a point you’ve made in the main body of your essay that you haven’t got space or time to expand on in the main essay or that would end in you digressing from your main subject. • You must be as brief as you can. There is no need to give any bibliographic details here: eg. The blood imagery in Poe’s ‘Tell-tale Heart’ is symptomatic of the narrator’s mental degeneration and fascination with the idea of murder.1 1

One might also reflect on the allusion to Shakespeare’s Macbeth in the mention of ‘the damned spot’, which suggests the unconscious stirrings of the Lady Macbeth’s guilt.

Note: Footnotes can be placed either at the end of your essay, or at the bottom of each page – the preferred placement for your essays is at the BOTTOM of each page.

Footnotes

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Standard codes for using in footnotes REMEMBER: The first time you quote an author and his work, you must give FULL bibliographic details. Subsequent references to the SAME author and his work can be abbreviated using the following Latin code words. See examples on the following page: Code

Meaning text quoted op. cit. previously (opere

citato)

Ibidem

• •

The same as above

Idem. (abbr. The same as of Ibidem)

• • • • •

above

Id. (abbr. of The same as Ibid.)

•

above

Ibid. (abbr. The same as for Idem.)

•

• • •

above • •

Rule Use when referring to the same work by the same author, but on a different page of the essay (Fig. 1 & Fig. 3) The page reference need not be the same Use also when quoting the same work by the same author on the same page, but only after a reference to another work (Fig. 2) Use when referring to the same work by the same author on the same page immediately after you’ve given details of that work The page reference need not be the same Use only immediately after having used Ibidem You could also write ‘Ibidem’ The page reference need not be the same Use only immediately after having used Idem. You could write ‘Idem.’ The page reference need not be the same Use only immediately after having used Ibid. You could also write ‘Ibid.’ The page reference need not be the same

Notes: 1. ‘Id.’ can be used as an abbreviation for ‘Ibidem’ and so by-pass the need for ‘Idem.’ and ‘Ibid.’, but the most common usage is of either ‘Idem.’ or ‘Ibid.’ – you can choose but be consistent. 2. Make sure all he punctuation is correct in your footnotes, especially in the many abbreviations of Ibidem.

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Figure 1

Figure 2 Page 1

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Figure 3 Page 2

Page 3

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Xxxxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx.6 Xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxxxx x x xxxxxxx x.7 Xxxxxxxxxxx xxx xxxxxx xxxxx xxx. Xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx x xx xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx x. Xxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxxxxxxx.8 Xx xxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx x xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxxxxxxx x. Xxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx x xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx x.9 Xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxx xxxxx xxxxxxx xx xxxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxxx xx.10 Xxxxxx xxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxx.11

6.

SMITH, Albert, The Economics of Art, op. cit., p. 145. 2.

SMITH, Albert, The Economics of Art, op. cit., p. 15. 3.

7.

Ibidem, p. 75.

8.

Idem., p. 76.

9.

Ibid., p. 77.

10.

Id., p. 79.

Ibidem, p. 7.

4.

PETERS, Jeff, Art and Aesthetics, Oxford, OUP, 2004, p. 142. 1.

SMITH, Albert, The Economics of Art, London, Felix Press, 1999, p. 32.

5. SMITH, Albert, The Economics of Art, op. cit., p. 53.

11.

PETERS, Jeff, Art and Aesthetics, op. cit., p. 148. Footnotes

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Writing Footnotes Using Word 2003: • Place your cursor at the end of the word or sentence or quote you want to write about – make sure you place it OUTSIDE any punctuation marks. • Click onto the insert menu at the top of your screen and choose the ‘Footnote’ option. • Make sure the ‘Footnote’ and ‘Autonumber’ options are already clicked and that the ‘Footnote’ option reads: ‘Bottom of page’. • Click ‘OK’ and this will immediately take you to the bottom of the page where the number ‘1’ will appear and a flashing cursor. • Enter your text and when you’ve finished writing your footnote click back into the main text of your essay and continue writing it. • Every time you want to add another footnote, repeat the above procedure – the numbering will work automatically. Even if you decide to go back later on and want to add another footnote between footnotes 5 and 6, you can do this – the document will automatically re-number itself.

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Writing Footnotes Using Recent Versions of Word: • Place your cursor at the end of the word or sentence or quote you want to write about – make sure you place it OUTSIDE any punctuation marks. • Click the ‘References’ tab on the main window. • Find the section labelled ‘Footnotes’ and click the symbol labelled ‘Insert Footnote’ (AB1 ) – this will immediately take you to the bottom of the page where the number ‘1’ will appear and a flashing cursor. • Enter your text and when you’ve finished writing your footnote click back into the main text of your essay and continue writing it. • Every time you want to add another footnote, repeat the above procedure – the numbering will work automatically.

Footnotes