4       

1.   2. !"#$& !'() 3.+, !'() 4." .&/"0)/ 5. !.)"  6. !'()&" 45)

1.       ()6 "#+  ")+ &/+" !') !') $) &$+ +8

,/+ )9)&:     ()( $  !') )9

# 5 " /5 "<$)$ +8 )9!! 6  8"/ (+  8 5 "  &< =  /! /   (    &<5(4/6>"<  )#+  "#" 65?0 6 @+  (H2O)  (9 8 !$ & 8$) "0)/ 5 " ) /  &/& !"0.$6+0.$  ' !# $$ &/( E+#5FF "  >  "0)/ ) G )  + 5  &"+G(   56 $ #))&( )#+/+5  8  "0)/   > 0'  "  & +" < $ " )9  #$ /+ )9 # $ +< !')!)!$!#)  4) "")#$<  >   &< #$< = # )9& 6+ G & $ +<&06G // 0#0"  ) +&6+ G!5+# )9 F+# / )+"&!5 / + )&!  #+,! (Indus) /&! ?0 "  #6" 45)> /  > 5     &< = > )9+#+ / !#!0) )96M) !4 )!,) !,6! ! (O > )96M ()  (P6  &! =    4)  @8  "  "  ) # $ < )+      !  '  ( & " + G ( )(  $   $!G.( 5 )#  # 8 "#+  "  #)+5 "!6"<&/"0)/ +5#E6 "+ G $!G.(  5 

"   >5   $ "56+ G!    " 4) !#69G )9 "<$   + !.)5 +86 )$  #) ",& G5 9)5"6#+65 " !&(  #+ "$! "+GM #9( + 0 #$ ) = 5@8+##5 "&+ >656#9), ) > &

+"<() +#$ #))    !.) "     5@8+5 )&6&+  ) = 5/> >"// (66"<   = /  " <   # ) " < $ &R9    " <    +           "<&/ #,G/ "<#,G#! "<" "< #  (E ) &  )E6&    = )86 "   $+  8 #$ )   +  !'() )+ #)

1.1     "#+  +8 ,/+ ! ) $    8 5")  8   " )"# 8 5" " # 8  / " >    

"5  " ! ) " )5"  ): 

- 22 -

 #!@8 (  #&#  (  E+0 5 9 E) " 5  )8  #9 6 )4  6     "    S 9  (  (5"6$ )>    ) "M#9( 0 "+GM .) 95# 9+9 @6/! #  (55"E++#9  5"#9), =    #  &+ ( ) " # !  +    #   + 9 @6 5 6#6 ))5" 6# ##5 " $/ &+@8  ""0)/ 

+< +60 ( / 6#>55" "&+ $ ) = 6) #9, & , )5 )95  " &R9 M5>)5  #! >(5#9 #9  #! 6 )) "5 ! )  5" 0)5 #+#!  >5  ""0)/ !')#  5"5>$    8( +  )9&5   5"#9  0)5+ " 65   !'()8 )9  )58 '&/&$ )95 #!   5  ) ) 8  5  " 5    + #  9 @6  > 6 5. )&+   " )6 #    > 6  ,/+ +, >6)#  >6   +,  #9< #)   ) (0) U )"G"+ GM #9( +& " 4 #9< #)5"   ) 8 ) 50 #  5#9), 5## "&+ #   ) (+  @8 &55" ## "&+ >&6&+#98 "<$ + !.) )  ) ()5 )"0)/!')5 ) > Nace, (1960) 56&05  " .  $>    

 ) 97.137 2.863

- 23 -

"+G 6 " " .  ) >0+

6 )9)  #92.240 .)&( + / &+ $/ &+ 0.612   68  #6 0.009 &$  = 0.001 &6)4 0.001

 9    > 5  &0   5 8  ) 3    # &< "  > 8 ) 78  &/ )9 ""!$  5  $  = 

() ) 0.04    6 "  )   6 " &< )"0)/ !')5  " >$ &+ (P& "!68!5" &+ 6 "#&<

1.2    & !  '    "  6 8 + ,   >6 # + +  9  )6 ( "0)/&+ $E + 8$6 +,56( "# " 

 (9 8 5 )96( E++ (surface water) ) 8 5  )9& , (streamflow) 5 &, &9"  5 ) " 964  +   ""+  5&/) 8  = /8  8 " @8 ) "964 >5 ( $#& ") 6 )65 & !  5  ) "964  + +0   " )"+& "$#9 6     = / ++  @+ >5  @8   #& ")6 )6! = ) ")6 )66"+GM 6(   = 50)) )

  " 5 #     5  & ,0)+        ") 688 6 5 & ,&8 &/ 68   (water stage)  9$#9  6 5" ")6 )6 " 5  (discharge) "+ 8 5 $$#(, stage-discharge   ) rating curve 6868      5  staff gage " " !    8  #  $    &/ $ 686 0+ @8  "688 6+     24 / 0 6EF &# 66& 8  &5   )>6$ 5 5  )66 rating curve  #6 5 0) 50) 4) $ $ ># (current meter) @8  )9 2 66) &)!0"+)&/66&6( # R' +  $ + )&/ 66  ) 4 )    !    ) &6(   $# ( , 6 $ > # 5  +,>0)6 6  ) &6( ! 8  )   " ) 6 "$ ># 0) 4)$# "#+,+j$  

$   $  5E  5  (discharge)  6 E$9G $ > U ) # (velocity, V) 6(    (crosssectional area, A)  5  $ > # ) (    = )

- 24 -

 #&&48' 8 5  )9&$  548' 8"+ G #9#! (high flow  flood) @8  " ! & + 48' 8"+ G #! (low flow  drought) @8  " !& +$ +$  48 ' 8 "+ G 0) U ) (mean flow  yield) @8   &  6 !     = # ) 5"8  = ""+G &  9 5  48'#    ""0)/&E !' "  !.) 6 "< $ E&/"0)/ ( /"  ' $$ ( ( E+#5FF "  1  2 " 9#& > 8"+ G #9#!&R9 "+G #!&R9 "+ G" #) = & " 45)  "+G  9(( #)#$< =  0  1 ")6 )6$!G#6+ #) = &" 45) "+G "+G

   6  /  #9#! U )  #! .. 6../+ 6../+ 1

() 110,371 3,363 32 2 " 26,396 1,675 10 3  10,407 445 1 4 ) 12,658 1,415 1 5  16,775 2,100 12 6 / 47,406 1,253 5 7

(/6! 4,060 472 2 8 9 106,673 3,179 6 9   27,220 2,400 48 10 "# 14,522 700 5 11  7,502 800 5 12 " 5,210 548 13   : /"

- 25 -

"+G "  6.. 22,800 5,410 1,370 2,620 6,420 7,300 1,170 18,300 12,860 2,620 4,766 3,166

 2 ")6 )6$!G#6+ #)#$< =  0 (Frijlink, 1958)



/ 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

@  5 )@ ) $ 0 +#@9 ?0 0 5   +#@+#@+"" 0

@ @ "      ((   ) #+,! 6(!, 96 @6@ $$ 5 "  + 5

() )9 F# 5+#

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

   6  ..

$ ) ..

7,050,000 2,860,000 1,830,000 3,700,000 1,370,000 711,000 795,000 1,890,000 3,222,000 1,500,000 1,270,000

6,700 6,100 5,580 4,700 4,660 4,630 4,200 4,100 3,970 3,890 3,800

"+G  " ( 6.. 3,000 85 700 1,400 200 400 180 600 250 300

3,000,000

3,800

452,000 938,000 1,165,000 1,300,000 905,000 415,000 362,000 110,371 120,000 79,000

3,300 2,900 2,900 2,700 2,530 2,270 2,000 1,320 400 -



/ 

900 60 970 70 2,000 800 40 600 25 3

"+G #9#!

U ) 6../ + 200,000 80,000 65,000 25,500 25,000 60,000 30,000 76,500 -

"+G   #! 6../ + 5,200 27,000 245 1,700 1,200 3,500 -

600

90

-

-

200 380 200 500 50 520 80 23 45 45

400 80 100 50 290 3 8 5 56

26,000 10,000 600,000 64,000 12,000 3,363 -

490 425 1,740 1,310 500 32 -

"+G    " 

2. !"#%   &    1) ( &5     "+  G(  () (  $  0)5  5 )

+5" / R9>&/ &R9M>5 + 2) ( &5 $!G.( &##  5!  # "(+' ".)  " )9  5 $!G.()  )"0)/ E96+ 0.$  &"40$.) 5 > 6 $!G.(  65 " 3 'G $ $!G.().( / $!   +) ! =  5 ) 6 &#" 5&##  $!G.( $ 5 # $ "(+' E9&/ / $ @)$6  & 5@)5" 0 !# F #F # E@F  9/5 " $!G.(/.( ) 8#+ /+ > )9& / 6$ ) 5#  /  0$ 

=  ".) !')  $!G.(8$"4#+  =  3) ( &&/&  (  $  5    &/  8!&5 )9&, )#  #  " #+  5$ ', & )9&#.(  #    >6$ "5 >6&R9 6)5"&/&R9 "

- 26 -

4) ( (+ 6&+#9< #) 56 !  "+,8  # 56 5 0) +/)&@8EE++ (infiltration)  >65.)&+& #!  5 5) ( #9< #)&/"0)/ = / &/    '  /"  !# "

3. ()   &    1) t)  )6&/ (water law)  "/ (+ 8 ) > $ &/"0)/8 8$t)  )6#+,+&/ " $6$!) )96( E++&+& +$)!+,E9&/ G )> "")" #9< #)0) ""0)/ ) 2) E(P! #)#$< =  " 4 ( & E9 4) )9&!56"0)/()5 )  8 3) "6"!&/"0)/ +& 9  !'+ /  5 &$ )9& #! ( +&M 56#9 0) "4&/"0)/  () +   =  4) "6"!66/"$ # = ( " #9< #)&G#   (+ "#+,+.(&&/$ /"&)+ 8 5) +,"6"! +0 !# = ! ) " )6&/&

( ") &/ 0 ! #  = @8 6 $   8 6) +, ) = / 6+ G  >6    " 7) # #& = ( &5"+ G (+  8 /  $$+,  & " 0)&/!  #&+ " 8) (+ $&/&(8 ( " &/ )F! F ) @8  "+,/)&"// &/ )")5+,8 

4.   !*+ %,!.,  &/"0)/.)&$6$! !') 6 5 " 7 " .) 5 #6&/# )" (domestic and municipal use)  &/ "# &/#+ 0#0$ (transportation of waste)  &/&6E+ (manufacture and production)  "#" 6 "")&E+  (food production)  &/#6 "(&E+#5FF (water power)  &/"0)/ ( (E ) & (recreation)  &/"0)/&$$# (navigation and transportation) &/"0)/" . =  ) ) 0) >5)

(&/"0)/ " .8  E6 &/"0)/ " .8   &/" 0)/    5  ) = " .  &/ "0)/  8 $(+  G 8  &/ "0)/ &! = " .  & 6 + E$!  $  #!  ( & " 5"$   /

4.1  " /%,"! 

   & / # ) "  "  !    5         &/ #   6 "!   /    #+   

$ &/)!') &/6!$#!$##6)  = " . 5$#$< " 6  #)+5 # ++&/ ""$ ":&! (O $8  = &/0) U )"G 440 +  &/   2.8   9  64        &    ( ) (  $    "//&  &< =   +< +608! /! ($8 ""<&<   E5

- 27 -

   5 M  5  )9$  6  &/ )9&! ($8 &#56 )5>  955 8 6 &/ )96 0 0 ) 0 !# =  !6 6 8&/   "+  G @8   & () (  $  $!G .(    " &##  "4+ # "+ G$ @)5  +5" "   #$< "4 /  0$  &5$!G.(    " !&/

+ "   #9< #)&6  / !$9$ #  #0  !6 6  " "<  !'8 )9  ! " ( &5   $5))& 8 "// ))!+, )")5E$!$!5 )5 "//E9&/ #/)& !'"+G$!G.(  )56 "<  8 5 #966 6 @8  " !&6&+ )9  ) =   &/"0)/  @8 5" (recharge)   = 5" 5(    #968 &/5    >) "<   !  E+   ) " ! 6&   ! ($6 6 "( = 6 6  2 + 5" 8 18 + #96&/  7    ("G 1.5 964  / 0)  8 1,750    (400 964  / 0) 0 !#66 6 3 8 4 6 & 6+ G  )     & 6 >  =  6 = 6+ G   "#6" < $  ( " "<  )6#+,+&&/"0)/  t)$6$! &/8 " 8   /)& + $)!+ ,&&/  G )  " ")  " #9< #)0) ""0)/5)

4.2  %,*! "1 % , "(.".#   & / "  # &/   #+  0#0$ 5   $ #  $ < "     6 #    &/# ) )9 ""! (5&/ " ()&(( #+ 0#0$)&5  )5"  )/)&$0#0$  &G 5 #9     $ 5"#9    &/" 0)/  ( /   6 #+  0#0$  $ " 0) U(&6+ G  /! / 0 ! # = @8   " &/&6E+6   &/ = / # $,!  = "4 ( 0$#"&/ " )9 4) !')5 5  )  1) #+ 0#0$ 6)&/!/ +,#+ 0#0$&/! / !$$5656( "# "  6 666)   5& 6) ( /#+ 0#0$&5"& &8  @8 5 " ( (   0)+, = G  6 ( ( ) 4' 4'0 =  9( (   6 #  ( 4'5 & 65 ! (#+  ' &6     ) )96E+ +) ! 9 0) ) " )&5E5")6 5" 6 5  $6$! $!G .(   / .( $

"(!+)"+G # $& )   " )&5  5"#9,/+  5E6 /)$#"  5 "  2) #+ 0#0$0 !#  0#0$ 6) /! /  +  0#0$ #$< 8  5  #) 0#0$ " )+0 !  #   = /  0   0      0  "  0E+ $.Gx 0 ! >0  = " 0 (  " ) #)#9 = 0)"4#+ 0#0$ #) )  "

!&&$   > + #) "(+' 5# &/# ) 6+0.$5 #>5 /+ )95 0) U(&R9 R9  4  - 28 -

6  ( !G.9+ #98 &"+ G @+ &>   

" !E &/ ,+6)5 " ) 5&R9 8 #)+  >   &$ 5+  >5 #)&R9  5 "+G(  &#+ 0#0$  6 > ) (+ &&    &## "4#+ 0#0$ 6& ) 5      #+  0#0$  =   " )&5#9 #)   "+G ) $0#0$  = >":& > ""< )9  )5"  /G $) +8    " 8$ y  t)$6$!":+6+& 9 0) $$  5" ( $E#!&$)!+,"//E96+0.$ 3) E( )5#+ 0#0$ $&/ )&  #+  0#0$ /!  / 0 ! #   = 6       8  "    6      # &/ + )  =  (P#+ 0#0$ &6&/"0)/5 0)$! $6! ) 

"E( )5 )+ " ))+  / &/) ( "!) " /  (+ ( E+$  #5FF   &6 (&/"!)   #  = 0    #)  6&/ "0)/   )   & /   0 !#! )65"&/& 0)())& !G.9+  &   > ( 55"&/5   "

4.3  %,% / 2(" /. "  3 &/   &6E+  #   6 0 !  #   =  6    " +  G 5"/+ E+ / 0 ! > ": &/ 83,000   &E+ > 1  E+ 9+ ) 1   &/ ( E+ 8 120,000   &#$0$  2 #  $ 6+ +  6+  8  =  &/ 9+ ) 8 15   ) )$ &/&E+ $ 6+ U(# " 9+ ) 8 1,800,000   &0 !#E+ ) ' &/& ) )5& " )  )

5" "' @8  &/&!  6 E+ E+ " ) ' 5 1   &/ 8 50,000   0E+

$.Gx 0 0E+  =  &/ ""+ G   "#6"<   #)#+  )  4) "(6 $ 5   " $6$! !G.9+ 0)! ) ) & )> )9 # "<  = & !'  )6&/ 0 !# = 8 "  )!)  " $ 8 8 "+  G $! G.(   # )   " )#9    $  @8   ) 6   &/"0)/&  = #+

4.4  *! " ! /1*! !% 2(  "#" 6 ( /#!/+  & /+  )   &

"#" 6 )9 ) 87 &EE5 "#" 6 ) 80 8 89 &5 )9 ) 65 &    )9 ) 60  ( / 1 "  &/& E+ 8 300 8 400 "  &E+   1 "  &/ + 5" 0)   5  < "G 15 8 30    > 5 ! !    "  # " 6 )9   )  #+  5 #  E+  5 )   "4   "    "+G #))    &/&E+( /E =  M  5 &$  6 &6   $  M )  5# &/"0)/$ 50) &/66/" / #    # $9 $ #    #    >6  #+   =   6 "    "   

( &5@8 ")&E+ $    (P/" ( '$6$!#5")(    ("95

+ #)/ 5 0)$ &# '  !$ 6+ G !6.$   "&#)/ 6 ) "/"& #)"!6 5 #  &<))   # #>  /

 .9+(     (/6!  (! #$  

- 29 -

!6    " z#+,!  ( (+6  $  $/#  4$+ <6!  #++++j  !+   +   "  #++  !6/,   !z.G /).9+ "  )   >6 ) /  +{  9  #) "G )/!  )   # )9&.$.$  @8  " ("9  #$< " 4  )#  #6# ) /

   ()      (  # M)   >6  $ $9 $ # )) " >65&/ (  ("9 $$ 

"(&E+#5FF 0)+&5 #9 0) ""0)/ 65 " ())&/ @8  "  ( ),/+ & + "0)/   #!   !  ' )5> #  &<)0)55 ## (,6$ $9#   5"#9 ("9 ) ()(    0$/" 5"#6E# > ) 55 8$ 5(+G 8$#$< $9$ #&  5")+ #

 8&   6@8  "   "#$ " 6&/  E+  #5FF   6 &/  (  ("9  )  /   .9 + (  &R9    $   " " )  ( &/& ("9  $> >5  5 >  (  $8 8&    5 ( &/"0)/&E+(5FF "

4.5  %," /*!  % 2( "677 " 45)5 + 5FF&/&/ (6# >(!    )9 &" (.4. 2433 &/5FF5)) 5"  ) = &/5FF   #$0 $ 2 &" (.4. 2481 "G 10,000 +0 &" (.4. 2493 E+ (+  8 8 45,000 +0 " (.4. 2503 "G 180,000 +0 " (.4. 2518  2,438,000 +0 (.4. 2524 5FFM)E+05FF 25  E+#+ 3,822,300 +0 &" (.4. 2543 " 45)E+5FF 21,111.7  &"( .4. 2545 E++ 25,000   >5"+ G$ &/5 FF  " 4 (+  8 ) >  > 5   U(E+ #5FF    ( = & 3  3 E+#5FF   ( 5FFM)E+" 45)  )     $  E+ E+  +5FF

$  ( ) ( ) 1

 .9+(  6+1 70.0 535.0  115.0 2

 #++++j !+  3 125.0 375.0 3

 !z.G /).9+ 2 20.0 40.0 4

  !6   3 8.3 24.9 5



#++, !6/, 3 12.0 36.0 6

 (! #$ 2 3.15 6.3 7

 

(/6! 1 19.0 19.0

- 30 -

 3 E+#5FF   ( 5FFM)E+" 45) ( )  )     $  E+ E+  +5FF

$  ( ) ( ) 8

 4$+ <6! 3+2 120.0 720.0  180.0 9

 6 ) 3 24.0 72.0 10

 ! <6! 2 19.0 38.0 11

 /+G <6! 3 100.0 300.0 12

 //". #!'t, 3 80.0 240.0 13

 )! /).9+ 1 1.3 1.3 14

 # /!( 3 45.0 135.0 15

 

/)& 2 4.5 9.0 16

 ? #  ? #  1 1.0 1.0 17

 8

/)& 2 1.6 3.2 18

 )#(+ 6! 2 6.1 12.2  2,567.9   : 5FFM)E+" 45)

" 6   5 #9#9  (   (kinetic energy)

+8  (5"&/"0)/5  / 5"! (turbine) ( E+  #5FF  (   )8 )9  6 "+  G  $#9      5   8 #  >6 0)#   (dam) "  (  >6  5,/+5   >66"+ G ()( >) )" )#9  5"!  @8  5"! $   + 5FF   8  "+  G  " ) 5"  5E#9 8  0)55#9<)5"5 )5"&/ ( !"0.$ 6+0.$  #6 ("95"+ &/( ( E+#5FF56E   $ 1) ")$&/)") +" 4 ( 8#

  ( (  >6&) ! $6!' $ # $ $ +  5 &/ /  (+ )!&/)   ()( 2)  + $  ( )5FF #966 " )"5FF6 8 5") 68 5 8 )! + $   &>5 @8  05FF66 5) 3)  !E+  $#5FF)  "//>5&/ 5FF&$ 9 E# 5" 8(P 4'y+ )  )) 4'y+ /+)  +5"#9 ")5 >8 4)    >6/)$ #))50)&/ " >6  / 5&5#9! &   > )E+ #5FF (+

8 $ ) = 6)E (spill way) 5")!    5)  &/&E+#5FF  &/5#9<)5"5 )# 5"&/ (  ("9 $$  !"0.$6+0.$5 0) U( ) )+   "   "#$ (multipurpose dam) ) &/ + "0)/ ") 5&) =  / R9M "+G   +$  &R9 5( &/  >6/) >6   5&/&   &&/5 " " (+ (9 E+E '5) 6) &/(&E+#5FF/)&5 +"<.(+' & 4 (air pollution)  ) ""0)/&"     )(E ) & ) - 31 -

)5>   &/  "(&E+#5FF5  "  #    >6@8  ! " (  6+ G     9 E6 &/"0)/ +&  = /  )9 4)  +  't " 5 $  + 4,/+ # ) @8 !')5 # #8 5  ,! = &+ $!G$4  " #"/!/! #+  =    )9& 8 " 56(+GEE #) #+&#   5

()  "<#+  .)#   / ( /  0$ #9<(,!  #     6/+   " ) "  = &66+ 4 >   48  ' )   6$ 6

/ ))

4.6  %,!., *1  2  % (E ) & 5 "" )#$<$ " /+!')&" !6

 /+&"!6  #9  + ) $ = )9 6  50 #(E ) &6 /)& +()+& &

+$#/ / +/ (    #96/ + 5"5   6 " " )# $< )  8  &/ ( (E ) & &G +5"(E ) &  &/ (  + )  > 55" ,   68  #6  @8 

 &/(E 0)) ()  "  ( z  =   & ) F #)$ 6M F #)  #9#9   )5)  (+ )9 6 9 F $   )  @>   9"  ) )9&&# )> 

&  (+ (+  $! ) = &/+ " (E &+& #65  >5  + +,+( #+ )5>  ( &/ &(E ) & (66"<&/"0)/&  = (&/  (  " &/ &## "4 /  0$#+   =  "(+ ' " .) !') 0 !#/! / = )$" ) #)#90)5E  6#+ 0#0$ #) ) E6   &/"0)/&  (E ) & )  /$6#+ #" ()6#

" "<& !' (   8 )9  )58 ( (E  ) &&( ()$   )58# #+&"//59/)' $!G$ &&6 +"0)//0)  85

4.7  %,!., % # #  " !')5&/"0)/&#<5"06G $(6"& + $$/)!0"/ /) &#) +0)  #)

"#&< "!6$$0) 45(P5"5>) "  ##+$ = 0)    #)$# 9 6!5 ""+ G = #         $  8  ) $":& >  )9 6   !    #   6 " 45) >)#   )   +  " 4   +  & = .)&" 4 /  ()    6  )#+$#<5" )$6$  0) U(#+$ ' / /5 /# ) @8 "//)+)# )9    $$# 96!5 = 8$$#6 +< > &6  )5 (  &/ "#50)# #    ' 4 ) )9 +    8  )   $   "  )9 "      !   '   (  $$#0)&5&6 ()(  +  5 " 8)

""0)/&(P 4'y+ ' /+5 " )

5.  + ! 

48'    ! .)6 $#$ < 0) U(&."  !6 #.(" 5  " 45) 9) "  &)5 " +56 5 6    ) ( )#+  / + #   ! ') )9 #  &  ( ) #+  " 4 #9 < # )5"0) "  "0)/ "6   . 4'y+$ )9+ "// " ))+ 

- 32 -

48'$ & 8$ "  !.)+,6  !.)8 " #& ))+    548'&   )8@8 >  ""0)/ )  &/ " &(+ G 66#+  # = /     >6  #(  6)  #+  # (  !'  = "/)& # "5"0)")# &/6  !.)5 ) " .) )

5.1 ##  + & !+) $)  !.)5 " 2 ) $ ) 8"+ G 56$ #))&/+( )#+ !')  ) 86 #98 E+"+5"6,  > 5 + !.)8&6+ G =

5.2 , ("* * ( + # ! & + !.)5 'G M /$ 6)  M "+M &) # = M +  =  6 = (   #+ "$!9@65 #(  "4#+ "$! 565"+  " !& +5) Colman (1953) 5 8 ! & + !.)  6/+  !.)5 4 /+ $ 1) /+E "6+ G +()!5M!  M/+ ) cyclonic  frontal storm  5  ")

  " ) = +  +( +9@65 5  M)$ (+

  ) = M(5#9,

+56$ #))+    "6+ G  + !.)& 0 +8  # ! 2)  +8 )U6( +()!M" +  ) thunderstorm  convectional rainstorms 'G M/+ ! &/ )  # & +&& 6$ ) =   M)! !.)66  +    $6 +8

U( $ #))& 0) U(  )6()  +/+  !#69G&#9<#+5" 3)   +) "":G +&" 4  + ) ) =   !G.9+#98 ) > &56 86 + !.)5 4)   &+> "":G&" 4 /$

 !G.9+  $/ &+  )9E++> " !& M 5# 5@8+58(5#9,  =  & + !.)5

5.3 #*" * ( +() ! 

$ #)) + !.) 65 " 2   5 $ #)) +8& 6+ G,      ! 6$ #)) +8&6+ G!  &6+ G,     !# "(  "5 'G " .9 #9/ , = ) )! ) 56 !  +()  + 5  )  "   ) ) )   +  ,+(   +  ! . ) / .9 + 4 "+  G  M 'G,G+) 'G.9+" 4 9" !  #+   "  ") !')5# $6$!5 #") !')# $6$!5 $ &/"0)/  + 6( / #+ "$!+ @8  "") /) (+  9@8

>65&+ "  !.)6+ G    ! 8$!5"&   &/ "0)/ +" '#+ "$!+5  !'$ >  M  !E+"+ 56  E++ " !8   + !.) "  !.)8 "+ G 5 6 E+ + & ) G ) /)&+$ # &9 @6 8   !'+&/"0)/ + ) 9 /)&+$$ !#69G

- 33 -

() + ""+G & 6 (+ $! &# 6 565 > +, !'+ &/ )9)+,) / "9( /6  "9( /$!+ "9( /#6 " 6 65 " )5>+, =

5 "E "4'&+#+ "$! )9 # "5  # $!G#6+ +4& " 6 56 ()  + "5# 6(,!,/+ #)$&/)&6!' )  ")6 )66 &/ #+  "$!  +  /+   = )  5>  &6$  &6    #.(.9 + " 4/+) ()  "  4)#+  #+466 ) = /) /6) #    M) ( / $ >   "6"!$ $ # M " /)& " "#6E# >5)+ 8 #66+ G! @8  " 6! "     " )9 4)  "// )  + !.)) $ #))#9/+()#+  "// )5 ##) " # 5"&+4 "#&< "+    5   '6+ G   ,5 "  )       + ! . )& 6+ G!       #  &<       M  +      =  +  $#  ! 66 / $ > 55 0)"+ !G

/ +8 = $   , 6+ G!  6 9) $!G#6+&9@6 >6' "< + !.)&6+ G!   )  "       ) 55     +  8 )9 #   )    "   ! . ) & 6+ G!       "   $6$9 6"    ,) +,   =  & / "  1) #  #6 >6 ( "+G 565"$

#))&6+ G!   & $! 8$ ) = 6)  &  5 " ) +,/)6 6+ G!  56&)& =  6    95"6  >65&   ) /#  >68 &    

   95" 5 5 # "      &  @8  " /!/ 13 5&" .) 9) 5E $!$ )5> #  >6 > "&6+ G # "  !.)5#  >6&< ()  ) "+  9((&  >6    &$!   )!" & #!  >  $6!' !   ( &  >6&/5$5 ) #  8&  >5 &/" )+, () ) )  #   = > # 55 8$

!&"9( / $!+$6$95") ( "+G  & )!   >6&/5 8 2) #   #   #+  #)  5"M ( #5 &$!  #&6+ G 9 &( ))#   #+M &#98  6 "+, 5E&" 6  !.)  !  6!'@ @ )9 # 3) "6"! ""6"!  = /! $9 $  = ( (+ $!&6$ > U )  # +,# 656   (+G& + 4+)  ")# $6/+&#9<(,!5"5 4) / $ > # )(/ $  = ( 6$!   55" 86+ G " /!/ /$& 6!6#  () /) #+6!    ($4 )!,) "(

- 34 -

/ $  !$ E! ()5"#9!6"  !  ( $!  56   ! ($ @8  "/!/ $#$< 4'y+

 " "  '5 " )5> '#.(",& )9&#.(  ) "&#$<$ " "  !.) ))+  +U+, = &/55E#69G    &/ + ,  .)       !  . )  8  0) 4 ) ()G 4  ! ! + ) +  )  > 6  9  5    !  +  )  /"> / )/+( )#+ "//&#9< #) )   6+ G  +)"9##+   &/ "  /! / 0))) ()#+ $  )9 4) 6+ G  +$ #))5 6 6 @8  "    E )

6.   &   % !*;6  " ( ),/+ $   #!   "  #!   / (  !' )  y ":'t.$   " 45)59#  M) "   !$ #   )9,/+&), = 5"&/&5  &/ !"0.$6+0.$ # #)(  > )/ &#) )>" :( !$ /5 #  >65&/ ( !"0.$6+0.$ !#!0) @8 )$": "y )9! #& #)!4 )!,)":&/#) ( "# 5#  >6 ,  # )# >  ()G /5 #    > 6 8   )@6 >   5"&/)    (6!  )5!$  / 6)#) ( &/ "#<5" )  &#)(6# > (!    )9 "/5 (+  8  +&6+ G 6.$ 6+69G+ 5 ()( $   +  )9>5 5" ( $8  5 (! G 0"  O & # "$ 8  &" (.4. 2446    6)& !$ 6+ G & !6.$( 6&#"98 $  /  6&< ( "0)/& >65#6 &/#<5" 0)   ( $)(!G0" O & +  + ""8&! (O

 " (.4. 2452 ) 65 "(P&/ " !'&G )) $ &#)(6# > (!t   )9  (.4. 2457 5( 6/ 0 0" O & " )/ $ 5" " 5 6)&#   ( /"8       " #      M    / ) &   ()      #!( G6! " & (.4. 2470 (6# > ("   )9 50" O &

" ) /    " /"!    /" (P     ( "0)/ &  ! "0.$6+ 0.$ ( " ( &E+  #5FF > 5  ))  5" )"/$ +< 586 !6 6 /! / =   +  ' 5 6@8  "  #$<8668! U(&! ($6 66(6 #968&/  "   E+! #6  #)#$< =  " 4> 5(P 0) U(#   ( /" 5FF   66 "#$

"  )   )#M)  >6 $9 $ # )) )  > 5 +   5 (P 5" "  ) 5>  5(+G + ( "0)/& !'+ $ #M)8 )! ", #)#$< = 0) U(), $/&.$  @8  / ) "<   (  ) + #9 < # )   +  !  . )  ) 5 5     + )+ )&

- 35 -

* "( ++  (+/.  !'(),/+#+   (+ ($ 4. ! ($ : #(+(+)) '4#, 2546.


- 36 -