Important Reagents Sl Reagent /Conditions No KMnO4 / H+

Reaction

- CH2OH  - COOH

1 K2Cr2O7/H+ AgNO3/NH4OH 2.

3.

Tollen’s reagent Felhing’s solution Alkaline CuSO4 Na-K Tartarate

Remark Strong Oxidation 1° alc  Acid 2o alc  ketone

-CHO  -COOH

-CHO  -COOH

Aldehyde Acid Aldehyde Acid Only aliphatic aldehydes

- COOH  - CH2OH

Acid  1° alcohol

Ketone  2o alcohol LiAlH4 4.

Strong Reduction

NaBH4 5.

- CHO  - CH2OH

Aldehyde  1° alcohol

-COCl  -CH2OH

Alkyl halide  1° alcohol

-CONH2  -CH2NH2

Amide 1° alcohol

-NC  -NHCH3

Isocyanide  1° alcohol

- CN  - CH2NH2

Cyanide Primary amine

- CHO  - CH2OH

Aldehyde  1° Alcohol

Only for Aldehydes -CH2OH -CHO

6.

Cu / 573 K or CrO3 or PCC

7.

PCl5 or PCl3 or SOCl2

-OH -Cl

Substitution

8.

Aq NaOH / KOH

-X -OH

Nucleophilic substitution

Dehydrogenation

9.

KCN

-X  -CN

Nucleophilic substitution

10

AgCN

-X  -NC

Nucleophilic substitution

11

Alcoholic KOH

Alkyl halide  Alkene

Dehydrohalogenation

12

HBr

13

H2 / Pd-BaSO4

-COCl  -CHO

Rosenmund Reduction

14

Zn-Hg / HCl

>C=O  - CH2 -

Clemmenson Reduction

15

NH3 / Δ

-COOH  - CONH2

-COOH + NH3  COONH4

16

Br2 / NaOH

-CONH2  - NH2

Step Down ( Hoffmann)

17

HNO2

-NH2  - OH

HONO

18

CHCl3 / alc KOH

-NH2  - NC

Carbyl amine

19

P2O5

-CONH2  - CN

Dehydration

20

H3O+

-CN  - COOH

Acidic Hydrolysis

21

OH-

-CN  - CONH2

Alkaline hydrolysis

22

Red P / Cl2

α-H of acid

-Cl

HVZ Reaction

Condition

from

to

Electrophilic substitution

23

Fe / X2 /dark

-H

-X

Halogenation

24

CH3Cl / AlCl3(anhyd)

-H

-CH3

Friedel Craft alkylation

25

CH3COCl / AlCl3(anhyd)

-H

-COCH3

Friedel Craft acylation

26

Conc.HNO3/con.H2SO4

-H

-NO2

Nitration

27

Conc H2SO4

-H

-SO3H

Sulphonation

28

KMnO4 / H+

-R

-COOH

Oxidation

29

CrO2Cl2 / H+

-CH3

-CHO

Mild oxidation(Etard Reaction)

30

Sn / HCl

-NO2

-NH2

Reduction

Markonikov addition Alkene  alkyl halide

or NaNO2/HCl

In benzene ring

or Fe/HCl

31

NaOH / 623K / 300 atm

-Cl

-OH

32

Zn dust / Δ

-OH

-H

33

NaNO2 / dil HCl / 273278 K

-NH2

-N2+Cl-

Diazo reaction

34

CuCl / HCl

or Cu/HCl

-N2+Cl-

-Cl

Sandmeyer or Gattermann

35

CuBr / HBr or Cu/HBr

-N2+Cl-

-Br

Sandmeyer or Gattermann

36

CuCN / KCN

-N2+Cl-

-CN

Sandmeyer

37

KI

-N2+Cl-

-I

38

HBF4 / Δ

-N2+Cl-

-F

39

H3PO2 or CH3CH2OH

-N2+Cl-

-H

40

H2O / 283 K

-N2+Cl-

-OH

41

HBF4/ NaNO2, Cu / Δ

-N2+Cl-

-NO2

42

C6H5-OH

-N2+Cl-

-N=N-C6H5OH

Coupling ( p-hydroxy)

43

C6H5-NH2

-N2+Cl-

-N=N-C6H5NH2

Coupling ( p-amino)