Detec%ng Engineered Nanomaterials in Australian Procured Infant Formula Prepared by: Jared Schoepf and Paul Westerhoff Arizona State University (Tempe) Prepared For: Friends of the Earth February 23, 2017
Summary of Findings • Seven infant formulas from Friends of the Earth were analyzed
• Nature’s Way Kids Smart 1, Heinz Nurture Original 1, Nestlé NAN H.A. Gold 1, Aptamil Profutura 1, A2 PlaSnum 1, Karicare Plus 1, and Blackmores Newborn Formula 1
• Nature’s Way Kids Smart 1 and Nestlé NAN H.A. Gold contained needle-like nano hydroxyapaSte • 100% of parSculate below 100 nm in one dimension
• Nature’s Way Kids Smart 1 contained nano Si and O parSculate (suspected to be silicon dioxide) • 100% of parSculate below 100 nm in one dimension
• Heinz Nurture Original 1 contained rectangular nano hydroxyapaSte • 100% of parSculate below 100 nm in one dimension
• Aptamil Profutura 1 and Blackmores Newborn Formula 1 contained nano calcite • 20% and 38% nanoparScles respecSvely
• A2 PlaSnum 1and Karicare Plus 1 were absent of nanomaterials and contained macro-sized calcite
Summary of Test Results • Seven infant formulas from Friends of the Earth were analyzed
• Nature’s Way Kids Smart 1, Heinz Nurture Original 1, Nestlé NAN H.A. Gold 1, Aptamil Profutura 1, A2 PlaSnum 1, Karicare Plus 1, and Blackmores Newborn Formula 1
• ICP-MS detected the presence of Si, Ti, Ca, and P elements in all 7 samples • Si: 537 – 559 µg/g; Ti: 17 – 22 µg/g, Ca: 3657 – 4662 µg/g; P: 1404 – 2821 µg/g
• TEM found the presence of nanoparScles in 5 out of 7 samples
• Nature’s Way Kids Smart 1 and Nestlé NAN H.A. Gold 1 samples contained high aspect raSo, needlelike Ca, P, and O containing nanoparScles • Nature’s Way Kids Smart 1 contained spherical Si and O nano parSculate • Heinz Nurture Original 1 contained rectangular Ca, P, and O nanoparScles • Aptamil Profutura 1 and Blackmores Newborn Formula 1 contained primarily spherical carbon parSculate with the presence of Ca, P, and O elements • A2 PlaSnum 1 and Karicare Plus 1 were absent of nanomaterials and contained carbon complex organic matrix with the presence of Ca, P, and O elements
Rectangular Hydroxyapa0te NPs
• XRD analysis detected the presence of hydroxyapaSte in Nature’s Way Kids Smart 1, Nestlé NAN H.A. 1 and Heinz Nurture Original 1 and the presence of calcite in the remaining four samples • One hydroxyapaSte (HA) reference food addiSve product procured • Needle-like morphology was present • Provides posiSve confirmaSon that detected nano HA in infant formula was likely added rather than an arSfact of any sample handling
Needle-like Hydroxyapa0te NPs
Samples • Seven samples received in zip-lock bags: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Nature’s Way Kids Smart 1 Heinz Nurture Original 1 Nestlé NAN H.A. Gold 1 Aptamil Profutura 1 A2 PlaSnum 1 Karicare Plus 1 Blackmores Newborn Formula 1
Example of Sample 1: Nature’s Way Kids Smart
Summary of Analy%cal Methods
X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Sample Prepara%on • XRF is a rapid screening analyScal technique capable of detecSng higher concentraSons of elements (>0.1 wt%). Analysis is conducted on dry samples and requires minimal sample preparaSon. • Sample preparaSon summary: • Powder infant formulas were placed into an XRF sampling cup • Sample in sampling cup was placed on XRF sampling window • Samples were analyzed by XRF for bulk elemental composiSon and reported as absence or presence of silicon, Stanium, calcium, and phosphorous
X-ray Fluorescence Instrument
Induc%vely Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) Sample Prepara%on • ICP-MS is a highly sensiSve analyScal method to detect elements in samples. Samples must be digested and analyzed in liquid form. • Summary of sample preparaSon: • Solid food samples (~0.25 g) were added to 9 mL concentrated nitric acid (70%) and 1 mL hydrofluoric acid (47-51%) (ACS Grade), and microwave digested. During microwave digesSon, the temperature was iniSally increased to 150°C over 15 minutes, and then increased to 180°C over another 15 minute period. Once 180 °C were reached, the temperature was kept constant for a period of 20 minutes before cooling the samples to room temperature. To remove hydrofluoric acid from soluSon aoer digesSon, the digested sample was reacted with 10 mL boric acid (4.5% w/v).
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) paired with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) Sample Prepara%on
• TEM is the gold standard method for determine the shape, morphology and size distribuSon of parScles, but can not be used to determine quanSty of nanoparScles in samples. • Sample preparaSon involved:
• The infant formulas (~0.15 g each) were suspended in 40 mL ultrapure water and sonicated for 30 minutes to suspend parScles. These samples were centrifuged at 15,000 G for 15 minutes to seple any parScles present. The organics-rich supernatant was poured off, leaving a pellet of parSculate maper in the centrifuge tube. This was re-suspended in 20 mL ultrapure water, and then ~10 µL volumes were pipeped onto a Ted Pella carbon type-B transmission electron microscopy grid and allowed to dry. • Microscopy was performed on a JEOL 2010F transmission electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. EDS data is reported in a counts vs. energy (KeV) graph. Peaks report elemental presence at a respecSve K or L line for each element (CaK or CK refers to calcium or carbon respecSvely at a K emission line). Copper peaks are a result of the copper TEM grids used for analysis.
• Mean parScle diameter was measured manually with ImageJ sooware. ParScle number size distribuSons were developed and the percentage of parScles less than 100 nm in width determined.
Analysis of Par%cle Size • Sizing analysis was performed using ImageJ, a free image processing program available from the NaSonal InsStute of Health. The number of primary parScles was noted and were sized. The scale bar was used to set the scale for calculaSng each parScle’s diameter. In the case of high aspect raSo structures found in baby formula, both a width and length were measured. Error is reported as +/- 1 standard deviaSon. Percent of parScles below 100nm was calculated based on the primary parScles imaged.
X-ray Diffrac%on (XRD) Sample Prepara%on • XRD analysis provides informaSon on the crystalline structure of minerals. • The presence of organics or non-crystalline material in complex samples can interfere with XRD spectral analysis, and therefore were removed prior to XRD analysis. • Sample preparaSon involved: • ~10 grams of the powdered infant formula sample was added to 40 mL of Nanopure™ water in a centrifuge vial and vigorously shaken for 2 minutes and then sonicated (Branson Sonicator Bath – 80 wap) for 30 minutes to disperse the powder • The vial was centrifuged at 15,000G for 15 minutes to separate the soluSon into a parSculate bopom phase and a top dissolved organic phase • The top phase was decanted and disposed followed by the addiSon of 40 mL of Nanopure ™ water to the vial. The centrifugaSon, decantaSon, and water addiSon was repeated 2 more Smes. • Aoer the third centrifugaSon, the top phase was decanSng, leaving a pellet that was allowed to air dry for several days, and then analyzed by XRD (Siemens D5000)
Results
1) Nature’s Way Kids Smart 1 Summary • TEM confirmed the presence of Ca, P, and O containing parScles (129 were counted) • Primary parScles • • •
Average Length: 65 ±20 nm Average Width: 18 ± 7 nm 100% of parScles below 100 nm
• Needle-like morphology
• TEM confirmed the presence of Si, and O containing parScles (43 were counted) • Primary ParScles • •
Average Diameter: 27 ± 5 nm 100% of parScles found were below 100 nm
• Aggregate parScles •
561 – 810 nm
• XRF detected the presence of Ca and P, but Si and Ti were below detecSon limits. • ICP-MS found the concentraSon of: • Calcium: 4662 µg/g • Phosphorus: 2821 µg/g
• XRD idenSfied Ca, P, and O parSculate as hydroxyapaSte
XRF and ICP-MS Results Silicon XRF
Titanium
Present Absent
ICP-MS (µg/g)
X
X
537
22
Calcium Phosphorus X
X
4662
2821
TEM paired with EDS Results Summary • Ca, P, and O containing parScles • Copper from TEM grid • Carbon from organics/TEM carbon film
• Average Length: 65 ±20 nm • Average Width: 18 ± 7 nm • 100% of parScles below 100 nm
Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • ParScles have a high aspect raSo • Average Length: 65 ±20 nm • Average Width: 18 ± 7 nm • 100% of parScles below 100 nm
Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • ParScles have a high aspect raSo • Average Length: 65 ±20 nm • Average Width: 18 ± 7 nm • 100% of parScles below 100 nm
Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • ParScles have a high aspect raSo • Average Length: 65 ±20 nm • Average Width: 18 ± 7 nm • 100% of parScles below 100 nm
Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • ParScles have a high aspect raSo • Average Length: 65 ±20 nm • Average Width: 18 ± 7 nm • 100% of parScles below 100 nm
Si and O containing par%cle • Primary ParScles • Average Diameter: 27 ± 5 nm • 100% of parScles found were below 100 nm
• Aggregate parScles • 561 – 810 nm`
Summary of XRD Results • See spectra next page for 7 samples plus internal instrument reference peaks for hydroxyapaSte and calcite • Samples 1, 2, and 3 contain hydroxyapaSte • Formula: Ca5(PO4)3(OH)
• Samples 4, 5, 6, and 7 contain calcite • Formula: CaCO3
XRD Results
2) Heinz Nurture Original 1 Summary • TEM confirmed the presence of Ca, P, and O containing parScles (78 were counted) • Primary parScles
• Average Length: 144 ± 153 nm • Average Width: 43 ± 31 nm • 100% of parScles below 100 nm
• Aggregate parScles • 648 - 1318 nm
• Rectangular morphology
• XRF detected the presence of Ca and P, but Si and Ti were below detecSon limits. • ICP-MS found the concentraSon of: • Calcium: 3967 µg/g • Phosphorus: 2434 µg/g
• XRD idenSfied Ca, P, and O parSculate as hydroxyapaSte
XRF and ICP-MS Results Silicon XRF
Titanium
Present Absent
ICP-MS (µg/g)
X
X
535
19
Calcium Phosphorus X
X
3967
2434
TEM paired with EDS Results • TEM confirmed the presence of Ca, P, and O containing parScles • Trace amounts of iron and sulfur • Copper and carbon peaks from TEM grids
• Primary parScles
• Average Length: 144 ± 153 nm • Average Width: 43 ± 31 nm • 100% of parScles below 100 nm • Rectangular morphology
• Aggregate parScles • 648 - 1318 nm
Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Rectangular morphology • Primary parScles • Average Length: 144 ± 153 nm • Average Width: 43 ± 31 nm • 100% of parScles below 100 nm
• Aggregate parScles • 648 - 1318 nm
Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Rectangular morphology • Primary parScles • Average Length: 144 ± 153 nm • Average Width: 43 ± 31 nm • 100% of parScles below 100 nm
• Aggregate parScles • 648 - 1318 nm
Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Rectangular morphology • Primary parScles • Average Length: 144 ± 153 nm • Average Width: 43 ± 31 nm • 100% of parScles below 100 nm
• Aggregate parScles • 648 - 1318 nm
Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Rectangular morphology • Primary parScles • Average Length: 144 ± 153 nm • Average Width: 43 ± 31 nm • 100% of parScles below 100 nm
• Aggregate parScles • 648 - 1318 nm
Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Rectangular morphology • Primary parScles • Average Length: 144 ± 153 nm • Average Width: 43 ± 31 nm • 100% of parScles below 100 nm
• Aggregate parScles • 648 - 1318 nm
Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Rectangular morphology • Primary parScles • Average Length: 144 ± 153 nm • Average Width: 43 ± 31 nm • 100% of parScles below 100 nm
• Aggregate parScles • 648 - 1318 nm
3) Nestlé NAN H.A. Gold 1 Summary • TEM confirmed the presence of Ca, P, and O containing parScles (287 were counted) • Primary parScles
• Average Length: 211 ± 95 nm • Average Width: 23 ± 7 nm • 100% of parScles below 100 nm in one dimension
• Needle-like morphology • Aggregate parScles • 296 – 2982 nm
• XRF detected the presence of Ca and P, but Si and Ti were below detecSon limits. • ICP-MS found the concentraSon of: • Calcium: 3657 µg/g • Phosphorus: 1661 µg/g
• XRD idenSfied Ca, P, and O parSculate as hydroxyapaSte
XRF and ICP-MS Results Silicon XRF
Titanium
Present Absent
ICP-MS (µg/g)
X
X
542
17
Calcium Phosphorus X
X
3657
1661
TEM paired with EDS Results • TEM confirmed the presence of Ca, P, and O containing parScles • Needle-like morphology • Primary parScles • Average Length: 211 ± 95 nm • Average Width: 23 ± 7 nm • 100% of parScles below 100 nm in one dimension
• Aggregate parScles • 296 – 2982 nm
Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Needle-like morphology • Primary parScles • Average Length: 211 ± 95 nm • Average Width: 23 ± 7 nm • 100% of parScles below 100 nm in one dimension
• Aggregate parScles • 296 – 2982 nm
Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Needle-like morphology • Primary parScles • Average Length: 211 ± 95 nm • Average Width: 23 ± 7 nm • 100% of parScles below 100 nm in one dimension
• Aggregate parScles • 296 – 2982 nm
Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Needle-like morphology • Primary parScles • Average Length: 211 ± 95 nm • Average Width: 23 ± 7 nm • 100% of parScles below 100 nm in one dimension
• Aggregate parScles • 296 – 2982 nm
Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Needle-like morphology • Primary parScles • Average Length: 211 ± 95 nm • Average Width: 23 ± 7 nm • 100% of parScles below 100 nm in one dimension
• Aggregate parScles • 296 – 2982 nm
Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Needle-like morphology • Primary parScles • Average Length: 211 ± 95 nm • Average Width: 23 ± 7 nm • 100% of parScles below 100 nm in one dimension
• Aggregate parScles • 296 – 2982 nm
Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Needle-like morphology • Primary parScles • Average Length: 211 ± 95 nm • Average Width: 23 ± 7 nm • 100% of parScles below 100 nm in one dimension
• Aggregate parScles • 296 – 2982 nm
Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Needle-like morphology • Primary parScles • Average Length: 211 ± 95 nm • Average Width: 23 ± 7 nm • 100% of parScles below 100 nm in one dimension
• Aggregate parScles • 296 – 2982 nm
4) Aptamil Profutura 1 Summary • Primarily carbon complex organic matrix with Ca, P, and O • TEM confirmed the presence of Ca, P, and O containing parScles (49 were counted) • Primary parScles
• Average diameter: 134 ± 44 nm • 20% of parScles below 100 nm
• Spherical morphology • Aggregate parScles • 408 – 1789 nm
• XRF detected the presence of Ca and P, but Si and Ti were below detecSon limits. • ICP-MS found the concentraSon of: • Calcium: 3777 µg/g • Phosphorus: 1404 µg/g
• XRD idenSfied Ca, P, and O parSculate as calcite
XRF and ICP-MS Results Silicon XRF
Titanium
Present Absent
ICP-MS (µg/g)
X
X
548
18
Calcium Phosphorus X
X
3777
1404
TEM paired with EDS Results • Primarily carbon containing parScles • Presence of Ca, P, and O containing parScles • Trace amounts of sulfur and chlorine • Primary parScles • Average diameter: 134 ± 44 nm • 20% of parScles below 100 nm
• Spherical morphology • Aggregate parScles • 408 – 1789 nm
C, Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Primarily carbon containing parScles • Trace amounts of sulfur and chlorine • Primary parScles • Average diameter: 134 ± 44 nm • 20% of parScles below 100 nm
• Spherical morphology • Aggregate parScles • 408 – 1789 nm
C, Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Primarily carbon containing parScles • Trace amounts of sulfur and chlorine • Primary parScles • Average diameter: 134 ± 44 nm • 20% of parScles below 100 nm
• Spherical morphology • Aggregate parScles • 408 – 1789 nm
C, Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Primarily carbon containing parScles • Trace amounts of sulfur and chlorine • Primary parScles • Average diameter: 134 ± 44 nm • 20% of parScles below 100 nm
• Spherical morphology • Aggregate parScles • 408 – 1789 nm
C, Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Primarily carbon containing parScles • Trace amounts of sulfur and chlorine • Primary parScles • Average diameter: 134 ± 44 nm • 20% of parScles below 100 nm
• Spherical morphology • Aggregate parScles • 408 – 1789 nm
C, Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Primarily carbon containing parScles • Trace amounts of sulfur and chlorine • Primary parScles • Average diameter: 134 ± 44 nm • 20% of parScles below 100 nm
• Spherical morphology • Aggregate parScles • 408 – 1789 nm
C, Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Primarily carbon containing parScles • Trace amounts of sulfur and chlorine • Primary parScles • Average diameter: 134 ± 44 nm • 20% of parScles below 100 nm
• Spherical morphology • Aggregate parScles • 408 – 1789 nm
5) A2 Pla%num 1 Summary • TEM confirmed the presence of Ca, P, and O containing parScles (71 were counted) • Primary parScles
• Average diameter: 752 ± 127nm • None of the parScles were below 100 nm
• Spherical morphology • Aggregate parScles • 1315 – 6272 nm
• XRF detected the presence of Ca and P, but Si and Ti were below detecSon limits. • ICP-MS found the concentraSon of: • Calcium: 3939 µg/g • Phosphorus: 2098 µg/g
• XRD idenSfied Ca, P, and O parSculate as calcite
XRF and ICP-MS Results Silicon XRF
Titanium
Present Absent
ICP-MS (µg/g)
X
X
541
20
Calcium Phosphorus X
X
3939
2098
TEM paired with EDS Results Summary • Primarily carbon parScles with the presence of Ca, P, and O • Primary parScles • Average diameter: 752 ± 127nm • None of the parScles were below 100 nm
• Spherical morphology • Aggregate parScles • 1315 – 6272 nm
Ca, P, C and O containing par%cles • Ca, P, and O containing parScle • Trace amounts of iron
C, Ca, P, and O containing par%cles
C, Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Primary parScles • Average diameter: 752 ± 127nm • None of the parScles were below 100 nm
• Spherical morphology • Aggregate parScles • 1315 – 6272 nm
C, Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Primary parScles • Average diameter: 752 ± 127nm • None of the parScles were below 100 nm
• Spherical morphology • Aggregate parScles • 1315 – 6272 nm
C, Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Primary parScles • Average diameter: 752 ± 127nm • None of the parScles were below 100 nm
• Spherical morphology • Aggregate parScles • 1315 – 6272 nm
6) Karicare Plus 1 Summary • TEM confirmed the presence of carbon complex organic matrix with Ca, P, and O • Aggregates
• 445 – 5404 nm
• No nanoparScles (< 100nm present)
• XRF detected the presence of Ca and P, but Si and Ti were below detecSon limits. • ICP-MS found the concentraSon of: • Calcium: 3740 µg/g • Phosphorus: 1674 µg/g
• XRD idenSfied C, Ca, P, and O parSculate as calcite
XRF and ICP-MS Results Silicon XRF
Titanium
Present Absent
ICP-MS (µg/g)
X
X
555
18
Calcium Phosphorus X
X
3740
1674
TEM paired with EDS Results Summary • Carbon background matrix with Ca, P, and O presence • Aggregates • 445 – 5404 nm
C, Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Carbon complex organic matrix with Ca, P, O • Aggregates • 445 – 5404 nm
C, Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Carbon complex organic matrix with Ca, P, O • Aggregates • 445 – 5404 nm
C, Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Carbon complex organic matrix with Ca, P, O • Aggregates • 445 – 5404 nm
C, Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Carbon complex organic matrix with Ca, P, O • Aggregates • 445 – 5404 nm
C, Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Carbon complex organic matrix with Ca, P, O • Aggregates • 445 – 5404 nm
C, Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Carbon complex organic matrix with Ca, P, O • Aggregates • 445 – 5404 nm
C, Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Carbon complex organic matrix with Ca, P, O • Aggregates • 445 – 5404 nm
7) Blackmores Newborn Formula 1 Summary • TEM confirmed the presence of Ca, and O containing parScles (64 were counted) • Primary parScles
• Average diameter: 154 ± 136 nm • 38% of parScles below 100 nm
• Aggregate parScles • 492 – 4592 nm
• XRF detected the presence of Ca and P, but Si and Ti were below detecSon limits. • ICP-MS found the concentraSon of: • Calcium: 4426 µg/g • Phosphorus: 2063 µg/g
• XRD idenSfied Ca, C, and O parSculate as calcite
XRF and ICP-MS Results Silicon XRF
Titanium
Present Absent
ICP-MS (µg/g)
X
X
559
23
Calcium Phosphorus X
X
4426
2063
TEM paired with EDS Results Summary • Primarily carbon complex organic matrix • Presence of Ca, and O containing parScles (129 were counted) • Primary parScles • Average diameter: 154 ± 136 nm • 38% of parScles below 100 nm
• Aggregate parScles • 492 – 4592 nm
• Ca, C, and O parSculate idenSfied as calcite by XRD analysis
Ca, C and O containing par%cles • Primary parScles • Average diameter: 154 ± 136 nm • 38% of parScles below 100 nm
• Aggregate parScles • 492 – 4592 nm
Ca, C and O containing par%cles • Primary parScles • Average diameter: 154 ± 136 nm • 38% of parScles below 100 nm
• Aggregate parScles • 492 – 4592 nm
Ca, C and O containing par%cles • Primary parScles • Average diameter: 154 ± 136 nm • 38% of parScles below 100 nm
• Aggregate parScles • 492 – 4592 nm
Ca, C and O containing par%cles • Primary parScles • Average diameter: 154 ± 136 nm • 38% of parScles below 100 nm
• Aggregate parScles • 492 – 4592 nm
Ca, C and O containing par%cles • Primary parScles • Average diameter: 154 ± 136 nm • 38% of parScles below 100 nm
• Aggregate parScles • 492 – 4592 nm
Ca, C and O containing par%cles • Primary parScles • Average diameter: 154 ± 136 nm • 38% of parScles below 100 nm
• Aggregate parScles • 492 – 4592 nm
Ca, C and O containing par%cles • Primary parScles • Average diameter: 154 ± 136 nm • 38% of parScles below 100 nm
• Aggregate parScles • 492 – 4592 nm
Ca, C and O containing par%cles • Primary parScles • Average diameter: 154 ± 136 nm • 38% of parScles below 100 nm
• Aggregate parScles • 492 – 4592 nm
Ca, C and O containing par%cles • Primary parScles • Average diameter: 154 ± 136 nm • 38% of parScles below 100 nm
• Aggregate parScles • 492 – 4592 nm
Needle-like Hydroxyapa%te Reference Material 99% pure food-grade product purchased from USA manufacturer (American Elemental, CA; hpps://www.americanelements.com/hydroxyapaSte-nanopowder-1306-06-5 ) – Product code CA-PATOH-02-NP Needle-like hydroxyapaSte structures dominated the product 250 parScles counted with 100% of parScles with one dimension less than 100nm
Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Average parScle size: 131 ± 25 nm (width) and 30 ± 5 nm (length)
Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Average parScle size: 131 ± 25 nm (width) and 30 ± 5 nm (length)
Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Average parScle size: 131 ± 25 nm (width) and 30 ± 5 nm (length)
Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Average parScle size: 131 ± 25 nm (width) and 30 ± 5 nm (length)
Ca, P, and O containing par%cles • Average parScle size: 131 ± 25 nm (width) and 30 ± 5 nm (length)
EDS of Needle-like HA Reference Material • C and Cu from TEM grid
Summary of Study • Nature’s Way Kids Smart 1 and Nestlé NAN H.A. Gold 1 contained needle-like nano hydroxyapaSte • 100% of parSculate below 100 nm in one dimension
• Nature’s Way Kids Smart 1 contained nano Si and O parSculate (suspected to be silicon dioxide) • 100% of parSculate below 100 nm in one dimension
• Heinz Nurture Original 1 contained rectangular nano hydroxyapaSte • 100% of parSculate below 100 nm in one dimension
• Aptamil Profutura 1 and Blackmores Newborn Formula 1 contained nano calcite • 20% and 38% nanoparScles respecSvely
• A2 PlaSnum 1 and Karicare Plus 1 were absent of nanomaterials and contained macro-sized calcite
