Kurdistan Regional of Government Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research University of Sulaimani College of Agricultural Sciences
Landscape Designs in Three Residential Complexes in Sulaimani City A Thesis Submitted to the Council of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences at the University of Sulaimani in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Horticulture
Landscape Design By
Nigeen Najmaddin Mustafa B. Sc. Horticulture, 2005
Supervisor
Dr. Ali Othman Mohammad Sharbazhery Lecturer
2016 A. D.
2716 K.
)37-32
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Linguistic Evaluation Certification I hereby certify that this thesis prepared by Nigeen Najmaddin Mustafa, has been read, checked and after indicating all the grammatical and spelling mistakes; the thesis was given back to the candidate to make the required corrections, I found that the candidate corrected all the mistakes. Therefore, I certify that the thesis is free from any mistakes.
Ibrahim Maaroof Noori Assistant Professor Horticulture Department Faculty of Agricultural Sciences University of Sulaimani / / 2016
Supervisor Certification I certify that this thesis was prepared under my supervision at the University of Sulaimani, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Horticulture – Landscape Design.
Dr. Ali O. Mohammad Sharbazhery Supervisor Lecturer /
/2016
In view of the available recommendation, I forward this thesis for debate by the examining committee.
Dr. Sidiq Aziz Sidiq Kasnazany Lecturer Head of the Horticulture Department Faculty of Agricultural Sciences /
/ 2016
I dedicate this to:
The pure spirit of the messenger of humanity , the symbol of justice, our Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings upon him),
My life partner, my dear husband (Sangar), who has encouraged me for finishing my master My role model, my father, the symbol of strength, Immolation and sacrifice, The first teacher and love of my life, my mother, the symbol of kindness and patience, My beloved siblings, my supportive brother and sisters, the symbol of sincerity and encouragement, The joy of my life (Zhanyar), my only son, the symbol of inspiration and ambition. My beloved homeland, Kurdistan, my second mother, And all respectful friends and teachers, all those teachers who have gave me a bit In my studying journey. With Love and Respect.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT (In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful) Firstly, I must say thank God for his mercy and support, for always being there to hear my prayers, for succeeding me in all the stages of my studies especially for giving me time and health to finish this research work. My abundantly thanks to the Sulaimani Polytechnic University and Bakrajo Technical Agricultural Institute, especially the Dean of the Institute who have provided me the opportunity and facilities to make this task to be performed. My great thanks to the University of Sulaimani, the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, and the respectful Dean of this Faculty. My special thanks to Dr. Sidiq Azizi Sidiq the Head of Horticultural Department. I would like to give an endless thanks and appreciation for my project supervisor, Dr. Ali Othman Mohammad, for his support, precious ideas, feedbacks and advices from the stage of beginning to the end of my project. Great thanks and gratitude to Professor Dr. Nawroz Abdul Razaq for his kind supports and assistances to carry out the requirements of my research work. My endless thanks for dears Mr. Sherko K. Kader Dr. Ghafoor A. Mamrasol, Dr. Ibrahim M. Noori and Dr. Hasan Shekh Faraj who all helped me very much. My special thanks to all my friends who had helped me in my master, especially Ashna Abdul Razaq, Roshn Mohammad and Kochar Salih. I also thank all the staff member, director of companies, director of the parks and green areas, head of engineers of all residential groups of (German Village, Hawari Zanko and Kurd City) who played a good role and they really helped me by giving required materials and enough information.
Indeed , my big and epical thanks to my husband (Sangar) and my family who have supported me and encouraged me during the tough and hard times within the period of doing my master and preparing my thesis without their help I would not have reached to this stage. Finally, thanks to all the teachers and friends who have encouraged me to finish this research.
BEST REGARDS Nigeen
SUMMARY With the development and evolution of human technology in the aspects of life, such as buildings, special attention was paid to the gardens and open spaces, therefore they became an important part of the residential complexes. The designers of green areas attempt to create a balance between those aspects that have a direct and indirect impact on humans, since the green areas are important parts of cities’ portrayal of peaceful, safe, pleasing and beautiful environment to rest the minds of the residents of the complexes. The addition of its environmental benefits justifies the nickname for green areas as the Lungs of the city. In general, this research is an attempt to investigate and study the design of green areas as well as the gardens and other various recreational activities of the residential and apartment complexes, identifying the critical problems in the blueprint design and creation, and the redesign of the designated natural landscape for the various residential apartment complexes in the city of Sulaimani. Due to the importance of the subject, it was necessary to conduct a field research on the residential complexes of Hawari Zanko, German Village, and Kurd City in the city of Sulaimani, in order to know the area of the green spaces, the gardens and its aesthetic aspect, the open spaces and the various recreational activities, as well as the necessities for maintenance services and their design in light of international and local standards. We also researched to see if the desires of the residents were met and if any critical problems arose during the blueprint design and implementation, and to see if the designs of the areas were carried out according to blueprints. Three theories were required in order to accomplish the goals of this research, which explain the concept of green areas and gardens in residential i
Complexes, the organization, importance, benefits, and influence of the residential complexes on the health and psychological aspects of humans. The other part of the theory explains the various recreational activities of gardens and its efficiency inside residential complexes. The third part demonstrates the concept of landscape design along with the characteristics of design and international and local standards for green areas, as well as the basics of green area design, the components of garden design inside residential complexes and also the influencing factors on the design of gardens along with the significance of gardens and plant on the climate factors. In addition, the theory also explains how to choose trees and plants for gardens inside residential complexes. Finally, the fourth part contains the field research on the analysis of the reality of green areas and gardens comprising personal observations, interviews, questionnaires and blueprint analysis through the use of three samples from the residential complexes in Sulaimani. It also contains the redesigning of some of the vacant and neglected areas of all three complexes by using data collected during the previous year from personal observations, interviews, and questionnaires which we calculated in percentage form, statistical analysis and compared them to the actual area of green spaces implemented in the residential complexes. The research obtained several objectives, the most important of which is that the green areas, studied inside residential complexes were not according to standards, neglected and used as storage for generators, water tanks, and garbage. These spacious areas were not taken advantage of for rest and recreation like strolling areas, children's playgrounds, ponds and water fountains. We could see that the small area of green spaces is not sufficient for the needs of the residents.
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During the design process, therefore it is important to pay special attention to this point so that it is implemented in order to provide pleasure, psychological and health needs for the residents. This could be carried out through an appropriate design according to standards. The results of our research of all three samples showed that the area of green spaces implemented was not sufficient, German Village contained 34% green areas as compared to Kurd City which only contained 15% and Hawari Zanko 6%. We could see that German Village is almost sufficient. The results of our study showed that the average of all three samples where 65.35% of residents thought the presence of green areas was “bad” and 97.3% said that there are no children’s playgrounds in the complexes, while 65.82% were not pleased with maintenance and services. We discovered that the residents from all three complexes prefer gardens and green areas, since their presence in the complexes are not sufficient. 77.66% said the presence of sitting areas was not enough, and 80.82% were not pleased with the amount of walkways, while 84.1% thought that the areas for exercise and fitness were not sufficient. Therefore, it is critical to keep in mind the needs of the residents during the design of any residential complex. During analysis of our results we reached several recommendations and advices that can be beneficial for the blueprint design of gardens and green areas of residential complexes. It is also significant for those who plan and build a residential complex.
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List of Contents Summary................................................................................................................... i List of Contents…………………………………………………...……………………………v List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………..…..vii List of Figures………………………………………………………………………...………..x List of Appendices………………………………………………………………………...…..xi Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 Literature review ........................................................................................................................ 3 Research problem ……………………………………………….……………………………..5 Research Objectives …………………………………………………………………………...6 Research hypothesis....................................................................................................................7
CHAPTER ONE The concept of gardens and residential complexes and classification of residential areas 1.1 The history of making gardens in Sulaimani……………………………..…………….….8 1.2 The Concept of green areas, gardens and open spaces……………………………..……...8 1.2.1 Garden apartment……………………………………………………..…9 1.3 The concept of residential area…………………………………………………..10 1.3.1 Residential area…………………………………………………...……10 1.3.1.1 Environment of residential area …...………………….…... ……11 1.3.2 The Concept of residential complexes……………………………. ……………..12 1.3.2.1 The vertical housing……………………………………………….12 1.3.2.2 The importance of the study of the residential districts…………...13 1.3.2.3 Neighboring components………………………………………….13 1.3.2.4 Classification of neighboring components………...………………14 1.4 Split green spaces within residential complexes……………………………………….....15 1.4.1 Small green spaces…………………………………...…………………………..15 1.4.2 Medium green spaces area……………………………………………………….15 1.4.3 Large area of green spaces……………………………………………………15 1.5 Importance and benefits of gardens, its functions, and its impact on the psyche and aesthetic and therapeutic health and rights……………… …………………………………...16
1.5.1 The importance of the gardens and their benefits………………………………..17 1.5.2 Health value…………………………………………………………….……….18 1.5.3 The aesthetic of uses for decorative gardens inside the residential complexes:…………………………………………………………………….....................19 1.5.4 In the realm of their functions and their impact on health and the aesthetic value of urban open spaces……………………………………………………………………...20 1.5.4.1 Plants can provide some of the aesthetic advantages…….. ................... 25 1.5.5 Economic benefits……………………………………………………….27 1.5.6 Tourism value…………………………………………………………..28 1.5.7 Community cohesion value or social benefits………………………………….28 1.6 A green roof or living roof ……………………………………………………………….29 1.6.1 Environmental benefits ………………………………………………………...30 1.6.2 Green roofs are used to …………………………………………………………30
CHAPTER TWO 2.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………..……………34 2.2 Recreation facilities in the gardens …………………………………………………..…34 2.2.1 Sitting ……………………………………… ………………………………..35 2.2.2 Swimming …………………………………………………………………….36 2.2.3 Walking ………………………………………………………….....................39 2.2.4 Picnic or barbecue ……………………………………………….....................40 2.2.5 Fitness facilities………………………………………………………………..…41 2.2.6 Nature appreciation………………………………………………………….…..41 2.2.7 Outdoor public meeting………………………………………………………..41 2.2.8 Relaxing or getting outdoor …………………………………………………...44 2.2.9 Reading…………………………………………………………………………44 2.2.10 Parties Area……………………………………………………………………..44 2.2.11 Children play area…………………………………………………………….45 2.2.11.1 There are two types of activities in the kids play area……………….46 2.2.11.2 Poured-in-place………………………………………………………47 2.2.11. 3 Requirements for enclosure fences………………………………….47
2.2.12 Special place for sportive performance ……………….…………………….......48 2.2.12.1 There is some points to notice in the time of designing the sport stadiums in the gardens or collective residential places …………………………………..48 2.2.12.2 The types of stadiums and play areas in the gardens and collective residential places ……………………………………………………………………...49 2.3 Human needs within gardens .............................................................................................49 2.3.1 The human needs related to physical needs and Perceptual needs……………....49 2.3.1.1 Physical needs …………………………………………………………49 2.3.1.2 Perceptual needs ……………………………………………………….50 2.4 factors affecting the efficient use of gardens …………………………………………….50 2.4.1 Design factors ………………………………………………………………….51 2.4.1.1 Human factors like …………………………………………………….51 2.4.1.2 Natural factors
………………………………………………………52
2.4.1.3 Technological factors …………………………………………………52 2.4.1.4 Design methodology ………………………………………………….53 2.4.2 Organizational factors ………………………………………………...…………53 2.4.3 Cultural factors ………………………………………………………………...53 2.4.3.1 Scientific level ………………………………………………………53 2.4.3.2 Income level ………………………………………………………...53 2.4.3.3 Culture and tradition ………………………………….………………54 2.4.3.4 Weather factors ……………………………………
……………….54
CHAPTER THREE The concepts of Landscape Design in Residential Complexes 3.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………..………..56 3.2 Landscaping design …………………………………………………………………...….56 3.3 Landscape design considerations ……………………………………......................…… 58 3.3.1Before the garden design process, must take into account several considerations such as …………………………………………………………………………………...58 3.3.1.1Climate ………………………………………………………………….58 3.3.1.2 Site and surrounding …………………………………………………...59 3.3.1.3 The purpose of the garden establishment or use and purp………
….59
3.3.1.4 Customs and traditions of society in the location ..................................60
3.3.1.5 The desire of the owner or human needs ……………….......................60 3.3.1.6 Landscaping cost ………………………………………………………60 3.4 Levels of planning for open spaces ……………………………………...........................61 3.5 Planning criteria for the establishment of gardens ………………………........................62 3.5.1 There is an area for recreation in the neighboring residential areas………………………………………………………………………………………….. 66 3.5.2 Standards for planting green areas ………………………………………….....66 3.6 The foundation of design in residential complexes …………………………….…..68 3.7 Choosing trees for gardens ………………………………………………………..…….. 70 3.7.1. Tree functions …………………………………………………......................70 3.7.2. Visual impact …………………………………………………………………..71 3.7.3. Suitability with site conditions: ………………………………………....71 3.7.4 Coordination of the trees’ form and color with its surrounding area………………………………………………….……………………...……………...71 3.7.5 The symbolic values of trees ……………………………………………….…..71 3.7.6 Type of nourishments required for the tree ………………………………..……71 3.8 Composition of trees in garden …………………………………………………….…… 72 3.8.1 Arranging trees according to the garden style ……………………………….…72 3.8.2 Arranging trees according to the areas function ………………………………..72 3.8.3 Arranging trees according to its size and shapes ……………………….………73 3.8.4 Arranging trees by its shade …………………………………………….……...73 3.8.5 Arrangement according to the speed of tree growth ……………………….…..74 3.9 Using trees in the regulation of local climate …………………………………….…….. 74 3.9.1 Solar Radiation ……………………………………………………….…………74 3.9.2 Wind movement ……………………………………………….…………..........75 3.9.3 Precipitation ……………………………………………………….…………….75 3.10 The use of trees in environmental arrangement …………………………..………….....76 3.10.1 Air purification …………………………………………………………….….76 3.10.2 Noise ………………………………………………………………………….76 3.10.3 Brightness …………………………………………………………………….77 3.11 The impact of climate in residential complexes …………………………………..…… 77 3.11.1 Controlling solar radiation ……………………………………………………..77
3.11.2 The effect of wind in residential complexes …………………………………78 3.12 The Components of Gardens ………………………………………………………..…..79 3.12.1 Natural Components ………………………………………………………….79 3.12.1.1 The role of water in the design of parks and gardens …………….79 3.12.1.2 The Visual, sensory, and aesthetic effects of water………….......80 3.12.2 Industrial components (non-natural) ………………………….. ------------------- 81 3.12.2.1 Roads and pathway networks ………………………… ..................... 81 3.12.2.2 Seats and benches ............................................................................... 82 3.12.2.3 Fountains ............................................................................................ 82 3.12.2.4 Statues and sculptures ........................................................................ 83 3.12.2.5 Pergolas .............................................................................................. 83 3.12.2.6 Overhead canopies ............................................................................. 84 3.12.2.7 Stairs, terraces, and bridges ................................................................ 84 3.12.2.8 Kiosks ................................................................................................. 85 3.12.2.9 Lighting .............................................................................................. 85 3.12.2.10 Bollards ............................................................................................ 86 3.12.2.11 Waste containers ............................................................................... 86 3.12.2.12 Signs and boards ............................................................................... 87
CHAPTER FOUR Case Study 4.1 Introduction ………………………………………………..……………………….…….89 4.2 Case study …………………. …………………………………………………..……..…89 4.2.1Study sample …………………………………………………………………...89 4.2.2 General description of sample ………………………………….........................89 4.2.2.1 Environmental characteristics of the cities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq ………………………………………………………………………………………100 4.2.2.2 Environmental conditions of the city of Sulaimani. ........................... 100 4.2.2.3 Climatic factors .................................................................................. 101 4.2.2.4 Soil conditions .................................................................................... 105 4.2.3 Data collection ………………………………………………………………..106 4.3 Case study results and discussion ………………………………………………….…...108 4.3.1 Observation results and discussion ……………………………...………108
4.3.2 Questionnaire Results, Discussion, with results of statistical analysis and Discussion ………………………………………………………………………………..117 4.4 Conclusions ……………………………………………………………... …………….137 4.5 Recommendation ………………………………………………………... …………….140 4.5.1 Recommendations for the planning authorities ………………………………140 4.5.2 Recommendations for the design authorities ………………………………...141 4.5.3. Recommendation for the executive bodies …………………….....................143 4.5.4 Recommendations for the Investment Authorities and the Ministry of Municipalities …………………………………………………………………………….144 4.5.5 Recommendations for the administrative authorities in the residential complexes………………………………………………………………………..144 4.6 Future studies and research ……………………………………………………………..145 4.7 Beneficiaries of the research ……………………………………………………….…...145
References ............................................................................................................. 146 Appendices .......................................................................................................... …92
List of Tables 3.1
The area of open spaces and the different planning levels in the United Stat………..……………………………………..………………..…………61
3.2
Per capita green areas in the city of Tripoli……………….......................................63
3.3
Distribution of green areas by the city’s neighborhoods……...................................65
3.4
The Hierarchy of Open Urban Space, proposed for the development of the city of Baghdad………………………………..…………………..….....…..65
4.1
The results of soil Analyses of German Village Location………………….…..........98
4.2
The results of soil analyses of Kurd city Location…………………………...……...98
4.3
The results of soil analyses of Hawari Zanko Location……..………………….......98
4.4
Metrological data of Sulaimaniyah city……………………………………..….....104
4.5
Do you think that green area in necessary in your residential Complexes……………….…………………………………………………..……125
4.6
What are the most important activities you would like to Practice………………………………………………………………..………….125
4.7
What time of the day you prefer to use your residential garden………………....126
4.8
in which season do you prefer to use your residential garden…………………...126
4.9
Area of the green lands and garden in your complex……………………..….......127
4.10
Garden aesthetics…….……………………………………………….………......127
4.11
Children pleasure areas and the degree of disturbance to the residents ……………………………………………………………………..……………...128
4.12
Car parking areas……………………………………………………………….....128
4.13
Pavement and footpath in the complex green area……………………….….........129
4.14
Services and maintenance in the green spaces……………………………...…......129
4.15
Markets and mini markets……………………………………………...…….……130
4.16
Lighting and adequate signs………………………………………………..….......130
4.17
Cleanliness of open spaces and landscapes and the availability of necessary bins…………………………………………………………….……….131
4.18
Particular places for families………………………………………………….…..131
4.19
Sports and fitness activities places………………………………………….……..132
4.20
Arbores and shaded areas…………………………………………………………132
4.21
Sitting and relaxing places…………………………………………………………133
4.22
Pond and fountain…………………………………………………………….…….133
4.23
Walking areas……………………………………………………………….……...134
4.24
Swimming pool…………………………………………………………….……...134
4.25
Markets…………………………………………………………………….………135
4.26
Lawn and flower areas…………………………………………………….……….135
4.27
Tree strip around your residential compounds to prevent winds, dusts and reducing the noises…………………………………………………..………...136
List of Figures 1.1
Quarter garden………………………………………………………..……...….…27
1.2
Residential Component……………………………………………………...……..27
1.3
The aesthetic of uses for garden……………………………………………...…….27
1.4
The aesthetic value of urban open spaces………………………………...….…….27
1.5
Plants as focal points…………………………………………………...…….….…27
1.6
Annual and perennial bed in garden………………………………………………..27
1.7
Green roof gardens……………………………….………………...…………..…..33
1.8
Green roof………………………………………….…………………….…….…...33
1.9
Green roof gardens……………………………………………...………..………...33
1.10
Wall gardens………………………………………………………………………..33
1.11
Green roof gardens………………………………..……………...………………...33
1.12
Green roof gardens in residential…………………………………...…….………..33
2.1
Sitting in gardens……………………………………………………………......….38
2.2
Use garden for sitting………………………………………..……………..…...……38
2.3
Use garden for sitting………………………………………..…………………….....38
2.4
Sitting in the gardens………………………………………..….....………………….38
2.5
Swimming pool…………………………..………………..…………………...…….38
2.6
Swimming pool residential complexes…………………………….……..………….38
2.7
Bridgewater in the garden……………………………………..……………………..43
2.8
walking in the garden……………………………………………………..…….….…43
2.9
Use garden for walking………………………………………………..………….…..43
2.10
Turf grass in residential complexes………………………………….….…….………43
2.11
Fitness facilities………………………...…………………………..…………………43
2.12
Outdoor public meeting in the garden…………………………..………………….…43
2.13
public meeting ……………………………………….........................……..………...55
2.14
Outdoor public meeting in the garden………………….........................……………..55
2.15
Play ground…………….…………………………………………….……………….55
2.16
Children play area……………………..………………………………………….…..55
2.17
play with sand…………………..……………………………………………….……55
2.18
Artistic activities in played area…………………………………………….…...……55
3.1
Seats and benches in the gardens……..……………………….……………….………88
3.2
Fountains………………………………………………….……………………..….….88
3.3
Lakes in the gardens………………..……………………………………..……...….…88
3.4
Statues and sculptures…………………………………..……………….……….…….88
3.5
Pergolas in garden………………………………………………………..……...……..88
3.6
Cascades………..…………………………………………..………………..………....88
4.1
Building in German village……….…………..……………………………..……..…90
4.2
House in German village..............................................................................................91
4.3
Villa and houses in German village...............................................................................91
4.4
Residential units……………………………………...……………………..……...….93
4.5
Apartment….…………..……………..…………………………………..………,.…..94
4.6
Building in Residential components...............................................................................94
4.7
Houses in Hawari Zanko................................................................................................96
4.8
Quarter in hawari Zanko.................................................................................................97
4.9
Entrance of the compound.............................................................................................97
4.10 Welter climate schemes for the city of Sulaymaniyah ................................................102 4.11 Flowering wind in City of Sulaymaniyah…………………………………...……….103 4.12 Comfort zone fields in the city of Sulaimaniayah………...….………………..……..103 4.13 A mosque in the compound…………………………….…….……………….…..…109 4.14
Neglecting the space without garden……….……………..….……………….……..109
4.15 The space that is designed……..……………………….….….…………………..….109 4.16
No trees in the residential………………………………….…………………..……..109
4.17 Small minimarkets.......................................................................................................109 4.18 Garden in the residential..............................................................................................109 4.19
The neglecting of the land………………………………………………………..….110
4.20
Neglected area ……………………….…………………….……..............................110
4.21
The slope of the land that is designed.........................................................................110
4.22
Garden in residential……………………..…………………………………...….….110
4.23
Grass in the ground.....................................................................................................110
4.24
Gardens between the houses.......................................................................................110
4.25
Garden in front of buildings……………………………………………….…….….112
4.26
Tree in residential……………………………………………………………………112
4.27
A place for sport…………...…………………………………………………..…….112
4.28 A place to car Parking. ............................................................................................112 4.29
The exploitation of space to place. .........................................................................112
4.30
played ground…………………………………………………………..…………...112
4.31
place for sitting…………………………………………………………..……….….113
4.32
Use the topography of the land…………………………………………….…….….113
4.33
No windbreaks around…………………………………………………….………...113
4.34
Small gardens in front of…………………………...…………………..……………113
4.35
Sitting places and relaxing…………………………………………….………….…113
4.36 An area which is designed……………………………………………….……….….113 4.37 A small garden in front of home..............................................................................115 4.38 Gardens in the streets within the complex…………………………………….…..…115 4.39
No windbreaks around the complex……………………………………………...…..115
4.40
Small gardens in front of home................................................................................115
4.41 Sitting places and relaxing........................................................................................115 4.42 An area which is designed……………………………….……………….………….115 4.43 Use a Ground to place of Services…………………………………………..……….116 4.44 Gardens in front of building……………………………………………………..…...116 4.45
No windbreaks around residential………………………………………………..….116
4.46 The use of the land for Tower Garden………………………………………..……...116 4.47
Trees in front of building…………….…………………………………………..…..116
4.48 The negligence of the land ……………...………………....……………………...….116
List of Appendices Appendix 1 Extension of German Village Site Plan……………….……………….……….92 Appendix 2 Site Plan of Kurd City……………………………..………………….…..…..…95 Appendix 3 Site Plan of 140 staff house in Bakrajo………….…………………………..…..98 Appendix 4 Questionnaire……………………………………………….…………….…....157 Appendix 5 List of plants can be use in Sulaimani City Garden………………………..…..159 Appendix 6 Designing an area in Hawari Zanko Residential Complexes (Zone 1)……..….161 Appendix7 Designing a piece of Slope land in Hawari Zanko Residential Complexes (Zone 2) …………………………….…………………………………………….…….…..162 Appendix 8 Redesigning an area in Hawari Zanko Residential Complexes (Zone 3)...........163 Appendix 9 Redesigning a piece of Land in German Village Residential Complexes (Zone 1)…………………………………………………..……………..…………………..164 Appendix 10 Designing an area in German Village Residential Complexes (Zone 2)…......165 Appendix 11Designing a piece of Land in Kurd City Residential Complexes (Zone1)……………………………………………………………………………..……….166 Appendix12 Designing an area in Kurd City Residential Complexes (Zone2)………..…..167
Introduction Since the beginning of time, mankind lived and thrived with nature, in the Forests, mountains, and waterfalls, and enjoyed the beauty of nature since they lived in caves for hundreds of years. Then they left the caves and built the first cabin, learned agriculture and began planting seeds around their cabins. This was the beginning of the art of garden in residential areas, although the only purpose of gardening at that time was to provide food. Overtime, humans discovered the beauty of plants and flowers, and wanted to transfer this beauty to their own homes and changed the idea of gardens from only providing food to gardens that projected beauty. This shows that humans have paid attention to decorating the open spaces with flowers around gardens then since the beginning of time.
Therefore, gardens around houses or inside residential
complexes are those gardens that cannot be distinguished from and are equally as important as the architecture of a building. In our daily lives, gardens are equally as important as architecture and both are complements of each other in our residential areas. Ignoring gardens in residential complexes leads to an unhealthy and problematic environment, and anxious residents, which is why it is critical to recognize the significance of gardens during the design of any residential complex. Trees should not be planted randomly or the land covered in greenery, it should be designed in an architectural way, as we see that demand for apartment complexes has increased greatly in the last several years. If we look at the cities of Kurdistan region, we can see that in the last 2 decades the cities progressed greatly especially during the reconstructions. One of those cities was Sulaimani city, where more than (200) new housing quarters, especially apartments were built, due to the lack and high prices of land.
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This is why it is important to pay special attention to the design of gardens and open spaces in these residential complexes as a large number of residents live there. Therefore, we thought it is best to present this as a research after studying, investigating and collecting data and the desires of the residents; we used architecture and science to redesign the gardens and green areas of all three residential complexes (German Village, Kurd City and Hawari Zanko).
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2. Literature review 1. Noori study (1989) "The functional proficiency for green areas in residential areas" The study contained two sides, theoretical side which depended on evaluation of function proficiency for green areas in residential areas according to a group of variables such as social variables and weather performance for those areas and continuation of planting element in them. The researcher classified the green areas into green areas inside the cities of central and local parks, and green areas in residential areas, and green areas around high roads, and those areas around industrial places, hospitals, graveyard, and home gardens and finally green areas outside the cities. The study found out the hierarchical gradient for green and open areas and the role of trees in reducing the negative effect of the winds. The city of Amara was the location of the study (Noori, 1989). 2. Darder study (2000) "Design Consideration for Garden and Urban Parks and their Effect in Enriching and Protection of the environment" The researcher sees that the designing of the green areas as one of the visual arts which has its own aesthetic discipline and various different functions. The study aimed at summarizing the design criteria and aesthetic grounds for green areas and showed two basic points: First, clarifies and throws light on the concept of gardens and their kinds through design grounds, coordinate gardens, urban parks and aesthetic grounds for general green areas. Second, displays the most important criteria and design grounds for gardens and urban parks. The researcher believes that the design of green areas was not created for a moment or limited period of time, but it came from the development of human idea and thoughts which related to it.
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So, it is necessary to overlook at its historical development. Man divided and classified the green areas into a number of sections according to their specifications, functions and their characteristics of place, visual and construction. And then he classified them according to their sorts and components and their aesthetic element (Darder, 2000).
3. Zubaidi study (2005) "The planning criteria for open and green areas in Baghdad / Aadhamiya, an area of the study" The study reached the achievement of marking the planning and design determinants according to the real new developments which identified the importance of open and green areas and the methods of handling with them within the green texture of the city and to achieve the aim of the study that included the theoretical side which consisted of three chapters. The first chapter dealt with the city application and concept of planning criteria for open areas. The second chapter dealt with the explanation of the most important of applied and ideal proposals for the methods of designing and to implement open and green areas. The third chapter dealt with the clarification of planning and design criteria for green and open areas and the international, Arabic and local experiments and it included the field study in researching one of Baghdad areas i.e., Aadhamya area and it was through a survey way to diagnose the real situation and statistical method to analyze the result (Zubaidi, 2005).
4. Abdulqadir study (2006) "The Design Elements inside Residential Sites" The study dealt with the different ways to install buildings and functional and visual formation for residential complexes so that it shows the grounds of design and planning residential spaces and general components of them.The detailed 4
considerations must be taken into account for each element from the planning elements with the aim of reaching to save the suitable surroundings for human living and that is done through the way of clarification of the units relation to each other and its relation with outer spaces and its different elements including relative humidity and thermal comfort. The researcher talks about the necessity of integration of internal and outer spaces in particular with the green areas which surrounded the building and inside it (Abdulqadir, 2006).
5. Abdulrazzaq et al. Study (2007) "The role of design characteristics for outer areas and its social effectiveness for vertical residential complexes is an analytic study for Zainuna residential complex" The study in its axes dealt with the theoretical concepts related to outer area and the influential design characteristics on them, and their social effectiveness. It discussed the elements of open areas and their classes in terms of direct and indirect cognition and the methods of identification for the axis and the border of the cities. The study reached that the style movement i.e., the streets and infantry roads overcame on the stable style i.e., the gardens and green areas in the areas of the outer residential complex and having not or lacking of the available areas for green areas (Abdulrazzaq et al., 2007).
3. Research problems The problems arise from an increase in the number of multistory residential complexes in the cities of the Kurdistan Region, especially Sulaimania, increases in the number of residents in a limited area, and the negligence of the gardens and recreational areas: 1. The lack of clear local international standards and its effects on the design of open spaces in new multilevel residential complexes in sulaimani.
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2. The presence of a vast difference between the actual design of the buildings from the original blueprint designs. 3. Failure to take into account the residents' views on open spaces, their needs and recreational activities, as well as the absence of entertainment activities. 4. The lack of attention in choosing the types of plants and vegetation and its use in gardens in these residential complexes. 5. The lack of previous research studies on the design of gardens in these new complexes in the cities of Kurdistan, recognizing the problems that arise from its designs.
4. Research objectives 1. To each a comprehensive perception among local and international standards, and its effects on the design of gardens and open spaces in these new residential complexes in sulaimani. 2. To conduct a field study in several chosen civil and governmental residential complexes with multilevel buildings, highly, standardized villas along with lower level villas in (German Village, Kurd City, and Hawari Zanko). To conduct the actual reality of the gardens open spaces and recreational activities through personal observation, plan analysis, architectural designs, and personal interviews along with questionnaires. 3. To identify the kind of entertainment activities in residential complexes around the world and taking advantage of them for present residential complexes and in the future. 4. To conduct a questionnaire for the residents in these residential complexes on their opinions, needs and their preference for recreational activities, and its effects on their age, gender and educational and cultural status. 5. To reach several recommendations in order to address some of the problems in the gardens and open spaces of the residential complexes, and working on
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the architectural designs for some of the chosen areas of the designated residential complexes, and depending on the results of this research.
5.Research hypothesis Consist of the Following: 1. Local and international standards must be taken into account in the design of gardens and recreational areas in new residential complexes in the city of sulaimania. 2. The actual designs must be identical to the original blueprints of the designs of gardens and recreational areas. 3. The opinions of the residents according to age, gender, and cultural and scientific levels on the design of gardens and recreational areas must be taken into account. 4. The use of these gardens and recreational areas depends on several factors; social, natural and physical elements and the extent of recreational activities.
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CHAPTER ONE The Concept of Garden and Residential Complexes and Classification of Residential Areas
1. The historical introduction of making gardens in Sulaimani city
2. The Concept of green areas, gardens and open spaces 3. The concept of residential area 4. importance and benefits of Garden, its functions, and its impact on the psyche and aesthetic and therapeutic health and rights 5. A green roof of residential complexes
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CHAPTER ONE 1.1 The historical introduction of making gardens in Sulaimani city Sulaimani city was founded in 1781 by Ibrahim Pasha, one of the princes of Baban Emirate and he moved the center of the emirate from (Qala Chwalan) to Sulaimani. Sulaimani was named with the name of grandfather of the founder Sulaiman Pasha the great. Sulaimani became the capital for a long time (Zand, 2008). The history of making gardens in Sulaimani belongs to the beginning of composing the city and especially around the princes palaces where there were ruins until 1920 which was as a public garden called (Bakhi Mili) i.e., the garden of people with area of 2-3 hectares near (Saray field) now. It was planted with trees of shadow of different kinds. There were seats for rest with water source (karez) in addition to having four other gardens in Chwarbakh quarter which was named a quarter with four gardens. The first public garden was founded in 1938 by the govern orator of that time Abdulmajeed Al-Yakubi with the area of 3 hectares. It was designed and carried out by a specialist in the field of gardens and with an asymmetric geometrical model. (Mam Abdul Rahman) He came from Esfahan-Iran and he settled in Sulaimani and served in the garden until his death. A statue was made for him inside the garden in the last few Years. After neither that garden, nor any other garden was made, only after 1997Azadi Park was established with area of 195 acres (Sharbazhery, 2009).
1.2 The Concept of green areas, gardens and open spaces Green areas defined as an open land in which a large part of it is covered or planted with different plant elements, moreover; it contains some construction elements, such as seats, walkways, and it performs certain climatic and protective functions as a place of entertainment (Rimesha, 1977). The relation of man with the nature belongs to the emergence of life in Earth and his relation 8
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through the history where the design of open spaces saw a clear development prevailed in the historical stages (Younan, 1976). Open spaces defined as a land which contains no building for different ground uses. It contains greenery, water, and wide land with pure air and allotted to the public entertainment activity (Goodman, 1968). Compatible with fun, and entertainment which happen outside of home (Younan, 1976). Gardens and green areas are spaces or place inside the residential complex or the urban area or geographical region where the plant or natural cover control it in general or in its first circumstance (woods, fields, farms, jungles, lakes, etc.). Green areas are defined with many definitions the most important is defined as those areas which occupy wide green areas in their open areas. The open space is a widespread term and with multi meanings. Keeble defines it as uses of land with few buildings activities left with its nature, empty and its general shape with no limited sights. But the green open spaces including parks, gardens surrounded by buildings of hospitals, schools, offices, play fields (Keeble, 1969). Mark Landy defines green spaces as an open and plant land with entertainment features. But Jabery defined as (areas that can be planted with a number of large and high trees which adds natural beauty on the residential areas) (Kader, 2012). 1.2.1 Garden apartment The term garden apartment is variously defined, following regional practices. In some locales, a garden apartment complex consists of low-rise apartment buildings built with landscaped grounds surrounding them. The apartment buildings are often arranged around courtyards that are open at one end. Such a garden apartment shares some characteristics of a townhouse each apartment has its own building entrance, or shares that entrance via a staircase and lobby that adjoins other units immediately above and/or below it. Unlike a townhouse, each apartment occupies only one level. Such garden apartment buildings are almost never more than three stories high, since they typically 9
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don't have elevators/lifts. However, the first "garden apartment" buildings in New York, USA, built in the early 1900 s, were constructed five stories high. Some garden apartment buildings place a one-car garage under each apartment. The interior grounds are often landscaped (Ang et al. 2004). In other locales, a "garden apartment" is a unit built at or below grade or at ground level. The implication is that there is a view or direct access to a garden from the apartment, but this is not necessarily the case. In most west coast cities in United States, due to the need for resisting earthquakes at a low building cost, these low rise apartments are mostly built of wooden frames with thin plaster-board based exterior and interior dry walls, despite that they can be up to 3 to 4 levels (Ang et al. 2004).
1.3 The concept of residential area 1.3.1 Residential area According to the interpretation in "Chinese Encyclopedia", as well as the definition in urban planning law, residential area is the independent area which has a certain degree of population and land size for daily life. On the other side, the residential buildings, public buildings, green space, roads and other types of engineering facilities have a closed connection. The residential area is also surrounded by the city streets or natural boundaries. Due to the impact from many factors such as a reasonable radius of utility services, spacing of the city streets, and the administrative management system, the reasonable scale of residential area is generally 50,000 ~ 60,000 population (not less than 30,000 people), 50 to 100 hectares of land around (Zhao and Zhao , 2003). In addition, there are living communities and community groups subordinated to the residential area. Living community is a full lot with a fair scale that divided by the city roads or natural lines (rivers, etc.), 10
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but not crossed by the major trunk roads. There are the entire service facilities and public green space for the daily needs of residents in the living community (Zhou, 1999). It is a unit of residential areas and composed by several living groups, which refers to a combination of a number of houses and not crossed by the community road and equipped with facilities of basic services and convenient services, as well as the management and the courtyard. It is the basic unit of community living. 1.3.1.1 Environment of residential area Environment is the physical and biological factors along with their chemical interaction that affect an organism (Yu, 1999). To explore the residential environment, have to realize that the human being is the center of organism. The environment could be overviewed as the outside world of human beings. In brief, environment is the combination of all things surrounded us. As a concept, environment is universal, but as the real state, the environment has a strong variability. It is regarded as a space-time system of human life by modern architects and environmental designers as space is fixed and time is flowing. In this combination of static and dynamic, the human beings and the environment exchange substances, energy, information and spiritual with each other (Wu, 2001). The external objective world of human life could generally be classified as social, natural and artificial environment. Social environment composed by people, in which culture is one of the most important elements. The natural environment includes the landscape of trees and other natural substances as well as wind, rain and other natural phenomena. The artificial environment takes the building environment as the main body and composed by the artificial structures and buildings. Nowadays, people have more demands not only for more space for simple daily needs but also for a higher quality of living such as leisure, entertainment 11
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and harmonious neighborhood relations. Residential environment refers to the living places, the relevant living surrounding and the corresponding cognitive psychology in the scope of residential areas (Wang, 1999). 1.3.2 The Concept of residential complexes If we want to define residential complexes, we have to know the concept of living dwelling which means silence, and tranquility the Holy Quran indentified the general function for home in (Surah nahl 16 Ayat the verse of 80) (God has made your home reassuring). Islam identified the grounds and rules which related to the relation of individual to the society, clarifying its system of life, ways of living and its behavior. God has specialized home by auspicious and respect not as the architecture, (al-maskan) in Arabic language is a place of comfort, tranquility, private and stability called the place where the man lives and achieves those meanings above. Physical expression of living style which represents the careful expression of related culture and home develops very slowly. He sees a physical form for home to protect man from different natural powers i.e., a shelter which the functionalists classified it as the second basic requirements to make man alive after food (Kader, 2012). The residential unit is the first small cell of urbanization texture where the private dwelling is achieved on the high level and private and feeling of belonging are very high. The life of each individual in the society has a private and specified context which expresses his private dwelling which man can be identified his identity and development (Newman, 1972). 1.3.2.1 The vertical housing The term of vertical housing or called multi floors housing is one of the housing models on the shape of residential building including a number of flats where a group of families live in a frame of a big residential unit (Al-Tkriti, 12
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1982). The residential flats in mousel represent single and focused communities such as single housing related to Textile Company in Maamun, Yarmuk and Mansoor area in the right wing and it was constructed traditionally. But the local administration communities in Algeria quarter and Khdhra, Karama, and north Arabic district were built in readymade (Al-Janabi, 1987). Building and usually the flat which is not in the first floor has no front floor space or side space of its own as well as the entrance or outer door of its own (Watut, 1983). Maybe there is another flat on or under it or a flat in front or next to it which makes it impossible for extension. 1.3.2.2 The importance of the study of the residential districts The main goal of the study and planning of residential neighborhoods is to provide a better way of life for a resident which includes: • Finding adequate housing, • Secure facilities services • Secure environmental surroundings comfortable and safe from dangers • Appropriate economic manner and at the lowest possible cost. 1.3.2.3 Neighboring components: Housing services: It is a land allocated for housing and buildings and for the use of direct assistance, including housing and the surrounding area used for gardens and drying clothes and the entrance to the car and garden. Public services specialized for neighboring includes educational, cultural, entertainers, social and commercial services, and shared by the entire neighboring residents share at: Public Utilities: includes water and fuel networks, lighting, and sanitation, drainage of rain water, garbage, fire, police services and telephone network.
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Streets: include all the required construction for street surfaces for the transportation of people and transportation from one place to another. Houses and buildings of public services mainly composed of the elements from the ways of the streets of pedestrians and public transport. And private, also includes allocated parking spaces (Kader, 2012). 1.3.2.4 Classification of neighboring components: The housing problem
nowadays problems that have accompanied the
growth of the city of Sulaimani, and under the light of the high prices required to build houses and villa despite of the assistance of the government in this regard, for that reason, the government followed to construction of residential complexes, that includes quantity of apartments, which can benefit a large number of families and satisfy their needs, especially for the families who are interested to own their land or resident and being pleasant for their properties, and through this experience which is the idea of housing in modern multi-floor residential complexes which is new to the Kurdish society, since in the other nations the housing in residential complexes consisting of high residential towers multi-floor or mid-rise was not familiar in the Kurdish community. There are several housing patterns and forms to multiple and strong different and limitations that control and effect on its composition, and communities has been created in their differences since many centuries at building housings, that requires in a local and normal and spontaneous patterns without the intervention of any specialists. The quality of residential complexes environment depends of the level of quality of life in it, and require residential development environment and improve their qualities and share the sense of support among each other. To enable them to participate in the housing complex management, and urging residents to take advantage of the quality of their neighborhood such as environment organizational and neighborhood management as well as the city (Kader, 2012). 14
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Thus to build the sense of responsibility among the residents and sense of defense for being complementary, cooperation, brotherhood and communication among members of the community in general, and neighbors in particular. As the trees in green spaces including parks and public squares reduces al infantry traffic and reduces the climatic comfort and makes the presence of the population in public and common spaces rarely (Kader, 2012).
1.4 Split green spaces within residential complexes: Classification of gardens and green spaces in residential areas: Green spaces are classified on several grounds, including: Classification on the basis of space: 1.4.1 Small green spaces: It’s the smallest among the green areas in the city which is the best in terms of energetic movement and it is called the small park in city Plaza center or Square public area for the form, such as Santee Square, which was founded in 1565 and is a model of the old parks familiar in the United States and represents a socially vital center to relax and sit next to buildings and memorials, ranging in size between 8000-40000 m2 (Kadir, 2012). 1.4.2 Medium green spaces area: It is appropriate spaces of residential buildings, shops and residential centers provide service to about 2,500 families with ease of access granted a broad opportunity of use through the quiet and active recreational activities. 1.4.3 Large area of green spaces: Means the spaces that provide citizens with a wide range of facilities for fun, comfort, companionship and watch the beautiful scenery views such as the Audubon Park in New Orleans natural in their design like a forests or parks such as the Cook county forest in Chicago that has an area of 124000 m2 and it’s a part of a natural style and the other is abnormal, such as a park Franklin in Boston and Golden Gate Park in San Francisco, and some of these areas has 15
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evolved into a specialized zoos, Park Zoo or the Botanical Gardens, Botanic Gardens (Sharbazhery, 2009).
1.5 Importance and benefits of gardens, its functions, and its impact on the psyche and aesthetic and therapeutic health and rights Due to the importance of parks and open spaces of cities and residential complex, the studies show that the wooded areas around residential buildings should not be less than 40% of the residential neighborhood, in schools 50-60% of school space, and in the hospitals and places of comfort should be 60 % or more (Hajm and Ahmad, 2010). Gardens and parks (green areas) has a great importance and direct influence in the life of residential communities, and if we do not numerate these spaces as a part of the green space of any country or region we can imagine it’s wealth of great value and a large impact on the environment and living matures, that green space ratio (forest) on land hemisphere is (33%). So it has a great the importance in the ecological balance and deodorants or influence in precipitation or maintains the Earth's crust of drift or the production of different materials or the beautiful landscapes and other configuration (Mahmood and Amin, 1989). Gardens has benefits and the importance in human life and it plays an important role as gardens represents as key elements in people's lives because of their multiple benefits, including aesthetic, cultural, health, entertainment and economic and that the main objective of the establishment of the gardens is the comfort and pleasure of human as well as other aesthetic benefits, which means that the park has two functional which are aesthetic purpose and the beneficiary purpose and the person of the park is the human being, whether man, woman or child, So human is taken as a basis to determine the dimensions and heights of engineering structures such as the park: the roads, corridors, entrances, places to sit, children's play area, sports stadiums, plant fences as well as the basis for 16
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selection of plants for garden, and parks should build according to the five senses of the human being, namely: Sense of sight: Using different colors and different shapes and sizes cultivation. Sense of hearing: By planting trees needle leaves in the direction of the wind as well as the work of waterfalls, some breeding birds. The sense of smell: Using plants that have aromatic odor in wind farming. The sense of touch: Through the cultivation of plants varying in texture with needles, leaves, hairy leather and wood, textures. Sense of taste: By planting certain types of fruit and vegetables, especially in the home garden. As long as the purpose of the design is the service of man and the realization of all his desires and needs in spite of the great difference in customs, traditions and behaviors and ages. So it must be taken into account that home gardens fit these desires that may change with age of family members or increase their numbers so that the design shall be flexible and scalable or replacement (Mahmood and Amin, 1989). 1.5.1 The importance of the gardens and their benefits: The gardens are the God’s paradise on earth. People are enjoying on entreating themselves in it, and rushing and relaxing themselves when they are bored and nervous, they find themselves under the shade of trees, comfort, calm and feel above the grasslands, green surfaces, between flowers and roses The greatness of the God’s creator and reflect on the great made . The gardens help the health of the lungs that breathe through the cities, and increasing gardens area means a healthy environment for humans and art upscale, good taste of the peoples, it is also human learning system and invites him to respect the ability of the creator with the creation of the preservation of the flora, as they contribute greatly to the consolidation of social ties between the people where they are and get to meet and know each other. The basic function of the gardens in city beautification, as it is with all its different shapes 17
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and colors and aesthetic views of plants such as fountains and ponds, arches and other work to beautify the sites that surround it and attract attention to it. The landscaping is becoming increasingly important on the roadsides and in parks and gardens, day after day, although this importance vary according to climate regions, and takes an excellent location in town planning in arid and semi- arid countries, which suffer from high temperatures and sand and dust storms, (Mahmood and Amin, 1989). 1.5.2 Health value Nature and green spaces contribute directly to public health by reducing stress and mental disorders (Ward Thompson et al., 2012 and Annerstedt et al., 2012), increasing the effect of physical activities (Mitchell, 2012), reducing health inequalities (Mitchell and Popham, 2008), and increasing perception of life quality and self-reported general health (Maas et al., 2006 and Stigsdotter et al., 2010). Indirect health effects are conveyed by providing arenas and opportunities for physical activity (Coombes et al., 2010), increasing satisfaction of living environment and social interactions (Björk et al., 2008 and Maas et al., 2006), and by different modes of recreation (Weber and Anderson, 2010). As the parks are important assets in promoting active living and overall health across broad segments of the population. The current evidence base confirms that park proximity and availability generally corresponds with higher physical activity levels across several different population groups. Having a large number of nearby parks increases the likelihood of being physically active and parks that include certain active recreation features such as trails, playgrounds and sport facilities may stimulate higher levels of park-based physical activity. In addition, there are various factors of parks and recreation that facilitate physical activity. Some of the factors that influence exercise include proximity to parks, park acreage, certain types of facilities such as trails and playgrounds, park aesthetics, structured recreation programming and park renovations (Crosby and Rose, 2008). 18
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Recent studies have established that the presence of trees and “nearby nature” in human communities generates numerous psychosocial benefits. A series of studies (Kuo, 2003) has determined that having trees in public housing neighborhoods lowers levels of fear, contributes to less violent and aggressive behavior, encourages better neighbor relationships and better coping skills. Other studies confirm that hospital patients recover more quickly and require fewer pain-killing medications when having a view of nature. Finally, studies suggest that office workers with a view of nature are more productive, report fewer illnesses, and have higher job satisfaction These studies, in combination, suggest extensive economic consequences for urban people who have views of trees and nature in the course of their normal, everyday activities and experiences (Wolf, 2007). Stress For people experiencing anxiety or stress, studies indicate that certain types of nature scenes quickly foster more positive feelings and promote beneficial changes in physiological systems for instance, blood pressure (Ulrich et al. 1991). Patients recovering from surgery, recover faster, need fewer strong drugs for pain, and have fewer minor complications if they have a room with a window that overlooks green environments such as trees, grass and water. Within the field of care for the elderly, studies show that patients exposed to outdoor green environments became happier, slept better, were less restless, more talkative, and needed less medication (Ulrich, 1984). 1.5.3 The aesthetic of uses for decorative gardens inside the residential complexes: The conservation of nature in an urban environment has direct impacts on people for another reason as well. A Toronto civic affairs bulletin entitled urban open space: Luxury or necessity makes the claim that "popular awareness of the balance of nature, of natural processes and of man’s place in and effect on nature i.e., "ecological awareness" is important. As humans live more and more 19
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in man-made surroundings i.e., cities he risks harming himself by building and acting in ignorance of natural processes." Beyond this man-nature benefit, urban open spaces also serve as islands of nature, promoting biodiversity and providing a home for natural species in environments that are otherwise uninhabitable due to city development. In a sense, by having the opportunity to be within a natural urban green space people gain a higher appreciation for the nature around them. As Bill McKibben mentions in his book "The End of Nature", people will only truly understand nature if they are immersed within it. He follows in Henry David Thoreau's footsteps when he isolated himself in the Adirondack Mountains in order to get away from society and the overwhelming ideals it carries. Even there he writes how society and human impact follows him as he sees airplanes buzzing overhead or hears the roar of motorboats in the distance (Crosby and Rose, 2008). 1.5.4 In the realm of their functions and their impact on health and the aesthetic value of urban open spaces The aesthetic functions as– ornaments for gardens inside the residential complexes are considered aesthetical elements long before being functional elements. The aesthetic uses of plants began long ago, as the aesthetic character of the plants are the first things to be observed by people. Plants in their natural abstract state is reason enough to use as an aesthetic element in open spaces to give psychological comfort to the people who live in the era of synthetic materials that inspire with dullness, boredom and symmetry, while the use of plants leads to the introduction of nature into the cities. Since many centuries humans have tried to enter nature, from the trees and shrubs to the circumstances where they have lived with a view of approaching them and taking advantage of their products and in order to subconsciously satisfy the instincts of nature and ambition and to enjoy its grandeur and beauty.
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The election transfer and hybridization of different varieties of plants not only function in gardens, but can also serve gardens of work places to provide a subconscious sense of joy and smell of the plants (Mahmood and Amin, 1989). God Almighty directs humans to observe the nature that he created in order for them to enjoy. Almighty God mentioned beauty in multiple states “And yet have a sense of pride and beauty in them as ye drive them home in the evening, and as ye lead them forth to pasture in the morning Nahl 6” Here Almighty God directs man to see the beauty of the land and nature that forms a warm image. The word beauty itself cannot be placed within the framework of a final estimate because the absolute beauty of the place depends on personal perspective (human) largely and not on objective view (Naqash, 1998). The picture that emerges from the eyes of beholders into a green oasis has to exhibit size and complex as a whole. From this passion, unification is produced that is caused by the aesthetic image or strangeness and soon turns this passion to conduct convenience and comfort by itself, therefore allows the eyes to collect more images from that area. And also from the aesthetic functions of gardens as quoted by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) "Three things will disappear in life, water and vegetation, beauty, and sadness." as they enjoy the beauty of the plants when a person is near and leads to physiological changes (Relf, 1992). As Ulrich et al. (1991) have pointed out that the benefits of gardens and plants are much more than the aesthetic effects but also include internal psychological effects in humans. So gardens are a place where humans feel free and appreciate nature compared to other places. Just like Heslera and Francis (1990) stated that when a person enters a garden, he feels joy and reduces tension and stress, which stimulates entertainment, sports and increases the chance of personal innovations. As Robinette (1972) explained the aesthetic functions of plants, include the following: 21
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1. Aesthetic function (Two-dimensional elements) its characteristics are achieved by the shadows and shapes that appear on the wall or ground, through its reflections on water surfaces or its composition on the surfaces of the walls. Three dimensional elements: its beauty is achieved through its own visual specifications and can be viewed as a sculpture or statue of a particular composition. Aromatherapy: flowers and vegetative plants give off fragrance. Nature: the natural components of plants should be sufficient for its aesthetic purposes, the introduction of natural elements works to soften the strength and rigidity of construction. Color: The possibility of multiple colors in plants is one of the basic considerations to use. The different plant parts provide large variation as well as the colors of the plant leaves that change colors with the seasons. Dynamic: Plants are considered one of the most dynamic elements due to the change during seasons. Sound: The leaves on the trees or on the ground produce rustles and give desirable sounds. The passage of wind through the leaves of plants also provides endearing sounds (Robinette, 1972).
2. Constructional function (engineering) architecture: Some plants work to carry out the function of some facilities for construction, such as the cultivation of a group of plants close together to form plant fences that serve the same purpose as fences. This is to isolate the garden or to determine the division of certain areas or separate parts of the park from each other or to withhold the unwanted views in addition to identifying ways and walkways in the garden by cultivating plants on the side of the fences to guide the user in a certain direction. These functions are included as mentioned by (Robinette 1972) and thus: 22
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1. Orientation and mobility: through the use of specific plants creates a sense of desire in the movement to and from it, as well as motion in a series of those small spaces and some parts of the large spaces make the viewers want to choose and view all the spaces. Successive motion is more effective when the beholder’s movement is varied by changing the phenotypic specifications for plants. 2. Cutting vision: this term is used to describe the scene or site that can be seen but cannot be reached directly. This is done by attracting attention a certain point, through the plants, while other plants are used to block access to them directly, and this site is described briefly as (the eyes look in one direction and the feet go in the other direction). 3. Blocking: is intended to limiting the view during the design by directing vision and hiding the unwanted areas. The areas preferred to be blocked are: warehouses, roads, parking lots and recreational areas. 4. Decorative areas: when plants are used in design and coordination of landscaping, they are composed of floors, walls and ceilings, and can also be used to prepare fancy areas and the definition of external and internal spaces when used alone or with other architectural elements. The elements of decorative spaces when designed, is through the use of plants for the purpose of defining entrances, service, and private areas, and to show the visible and more recognizable areas. Plants are also used for decoration and identification, and to emphasize the definition of some existing elements. 5. Conformation: Plants can be used as points of attraction that give confirmation to the site or the elements found in nature. 6. Definition: Plants can be used to define and clarify things in their locations as well as attract attention to the most important items or parts. 7. Privacy control: Plants can be used to isolate any area or its surroundings due to their function, when using plants for the purpose of isolation, functional relationships are taken into consideration. The height of plants at the waist 23
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level gives partial privacy while the heights at the chest level give privacy when sitting down and the height level at the eyes gives complete privacy. 8. Control of pedestrian movement: Plants increase the beauty of the place when used to guide people in certain directions. The designer must decide how much control for the movement is needed and this can be achieved using ground covering plants, high fences or low-lying and large plants or a combination of these elements. 9. Traffic control: when the direction of movement in any plotted area is controlled it is more agreeable compared with random and uncontrolled movement. If random movement is allowed in any area, it can sabotage the region and reduce its capabilities. 10.Passages and channels: this works as corridors or passages for the purpose of achieving rapid movement in the areas, and this is of interest, especially when it is useful to expand the areas or to direct the course of movement. 11.Chambers: works as rooms or rest areas at the end of the passages (Robinette 1972).
3. Recreational and social function of green areas and open spaces Entertainment is the activity practiced by people in their spare time away from their other obligations, the researchers saw that the entertainment is an instinct to vent, including recreational areas to relax and get rid of tension. The intended recreational services are those events that are used for recreation to enjoy and spend their leisure time. The planning goal for the organization and distribution of green spaces and parks is to satisfy or fulfill the desire of fun and entertainment. Green areas are key factors within the urban growth of the various recreational areas. The aims of recreational areas to achieve the following social objectives: 1. To contribute effectively in the improvement of mental and physical health and social growth. 2. Enriching life by providing interesting opportunities for social segments. 24
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3. Promotion of human desired values and to make the oceans more suitable for life and to promote social connectivity (Ulrich, 1984). One of the most important role and influence of plants and gardens is on the mental health and treatment of humans as (Dunnett and Qasim, 2000) found that 43% of Britons have city gardens as a necessary means to link humans with the world of nature and that 75% of garden visitors feel comfort and joy while they are there. Bennett and Swasey (1996) also confirmed that strolling and wandering in the gardens reduces tension and psychological stress. Fjelld (1996) also sees that it is the result of the available pure air and comfort of heat aside from its views and its different colors. As plants belong to natural and dynamic aesthetic elements that add movement and change the space where they lie. This is done through the change, according to the patterns of light surrounding the area whether it is natural or artificial. In the early mornings and afternoons it is bright and glowing and at night it is dark. Also, the swaying of the trees due to the wind causes movement in the shadows, as well as a change in the appearance of the tree during its growth stages during the four seasons while keeping the synthetic elements constant and without change or renewal (Abawi, 1989). Based on the studies it has been proven that children who grow up in green environments excel in their studies as compared to other kids who do not live in such environments, In a study conducted by (Relf, 1985) on student dormitories, in residential areas on rooms with windows overlooking the gardens and landscapes and rooms with windows overlooking buildings and walls. After conducting a number of tests on students and found that those students who live in the first type of room are more focused and familiar to their lessons as compared to students living in the second type of rooms in another study conducted by (Ulrich, 1984).
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1.5.4.1 Plants can provide some of the aesthetic advantages: 1. Plants provide a variety of color, form, texture, and pattern in the landscape. 2. Plants soften architectural lines and accentuate structural details. 3. Plants can form vistas, frame views, provide focal points and define spaces. 4. Plants relieve the monotony of pavement and masonry. 5. Plants, particularly trees, make enticing play areas. 6. Plants offer cooling shade, pleasant fragrances, intriguing sounds, and serene settings. 7. Plants create the impression of a well-established place in new residential areas and minimized the raw unfinished look. 8. Plants unify, giving coherence to visually chaotic scenes. 9. Plants can emphasize the seasons (Harris, 1983 and Woodward, 2001).
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Figure 1.1
Quarter
garden.
Figure 1.2
http://www.wataninet.com/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D 8%B1-
Figure 1.3
The aesthetic of uses for garden
tp://zad-rst.com/?p=217
Figure 1.5 http://zad-rst.com/?p=217
Residential component.
http://www.wataninet.com/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D 8%B1-
Figure 1.4
The aesthetic value of urban open spaces
http://zad-rst.com/?p=217
Plants as focal points.
Figure 1.6
Annual and perennial bed in garden
http://kasra.co/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF-
1.5.5 Economic benefits: The economic value of a park depends on the attributes of the park and various attributes differ in their impact on economic value (More et al., 1988). Open spaces in general, as well as specifically parks 27
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generally raise the value of nearby properties, its houses or apartments and found a 0.1% increase in house price with a 10 m decrease in distance from the park (Brander and Koetse, 2011). For example, one study examined the exact location of houses relative to parks and found that there was a positive influence on property value only for those houses adjacent to and facing a park, and a negative influence for those houses located on a lot which backed on to the park or that were located adjacent to a heavy use area of the park. The majority of these studies looked simply at distance of property to a park and did not take into consideration the quality of a park (Weis et al., 1966). Parks that have fallen into disuse and disrepair may attenuate the potential positive influences on land values. 1.5.6 Tourism value: Parks can be an important factor that affects cities’ attractiveness. Besides the social and psychological benefits, the functions of urban nature can provide economic benefits for both municipalities and citizens for example aesthetic, historical and recreational values of urban parks and green spaces increase the attractiveness of the city and promote tourism. A significant portion of the city’s tourism can be attributed to its park system visitors either coming to see specific parks or taking part in park-based events. Determining the contribution of parks to the tourism economy requires knowledge of tourist activities, the number of visits, and the level of spending (Luttik, 2000). 1.5.7 Community cohesion value or social benefits Studies among public housing residents suggest that the greener a building’s surroundings, the fewer crimes, interfamily aggression, and violence reported (Kuo et al., 1998). Settings in which there are more trees and vegetation appears to inhibit crime, aggression, and violence, while promoting social interaction among individuals. These results point to the importance of examining similar relationships further afield, both in neighborhood park 28
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settings and in other populations (Kuo and Sullivan, 2001). For the development of local communities and social ties people have to be able to meet to establish relationship (Völker et al., 2007). 1.6 A green roof or living roof Is a roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane. It may also include additional layers such as a root barrier and drainage and irrigation systems. Container gardens on roofs, where plants are maintained in pots, are not generally considered to be true green roofs, although this is debated. Rooftop ponds are another form of green roofs which are used to treat grey water. Green roofs serve several purposes for a building, such as absorbing rainwater, providing insulation, creating a habitat for wildlife, increasing benevolence and decreasing stress of the people around the roof by providing a more aesthetically pleasing landscape, and helping to lower urban air temperatures and mitigate the heat island effect (Luttik, 2000). There are two types of green roofs: intensive roofs, which are thicker, with a minimum depth of 12.8 cm, and can support a wider variety of plants but are heavier and require more maintenance, and extensive roofs, which are shallow, ranging in depth from 2 cm to 12.7 cm, lighter than intensive green roofs, and require minimal maintenance. The term green roof may also be used to indicate roofs that use some form of green technology, such as a cool roof, a roof with solar thermal collectors or photovoltaic panels. Green roofs are also referred to as eco-roofs, vegetated roofs, living roofs, green roofs and VCPH (Horizontal Vegetated Complex Partitions).
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1.6.1 Environmental benefits: A modern green roof constructed for low maintenance by intentionally neglecting many native plant species, with only the hardiest surviving varieties selected for installation on the roof. 1.6.2 Green roofs are used to: Reduce heating (by adding mass and thermal resistance value). A 2005 study by Brad Bass of the University of Toronto showed that green roofs can also reduce heat loss and energy consumption in winter conditions.
Reduce cooling (by evaporative cooling ) loads on a building by fifty to ninety percent, especially if it is glassed in so as to act as a terrarium and passive solar heat reservoir – a concentration of green roofs in an urban area can even reduce the city's average temperatures during the summer
Reduce storm water runoff. A study presented at the Green Roofs for Healthy Cities Conference in June 2004, cited by the EPA, found water runoff was reduced by over 75% during rainstorms.
Filter pollutants and carbon dioxide out of the air which helps lower disease rates such as asthma.
Filter pollutants and heavy metals out of rainwater.
Help to insulate a building for sound; the soil helps to block lower frequencies and the plants block higher frequencies.
If installed correctly many living roofs can contribute to lead points.
Increase agricultural space.
With green roofs, water is stored by the substrate and then taken up by the plants from where it is returned to the atmosphere through transpiration and evaporation.
Green roofs not only retain rainwater, but also moderate the temperature of the water and act as natural filters for any of the water that happens to run off. 30
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Many green roofs are installed to comply with local regulations and government fees, often regarding storm water runoff management. In areas with combined sewer-storm water systems, heavy storms can overload the wastewater system and cause it to flood, dumping raw sewage into the local waterways. Green roofs decrease the total amount of runoff and slow the rate of runoff from the roof. It has been found that they can retain up to 75% of rainwater, gradually releasing it back into the atmosphere via condensation and transpiration, while retaining pollutants in their soil. Often, phosphorus and nitrogen are in this category of environmentally harmful substances even though they are stimulating to the growth of plant life and agriculture. When these substances are added to a system, it can create mass biological activity since they are considered limiting factors of plant growth and by adding more of them to a system, it allows for more plant growth. Elevation 314, a new development in Washington, D.C. uses green roofs to filter and store some of its storm water on site, avoiding the need for expensive underground sand filters to meet D.C. Department of Health storm-water regulations (Wikipedia, 2016). Combating the urban heat island effect is another reason for creating a green roof. Traditional building materials soak up the sun's radiation and re-emit it as heat, making cities at least 4 °C (7.2 °F) hotter than surrounding areas. On Chicago's City Hall, by contrast, which features a green roof, roof temperatures on a hot day are typically 1.4–4.4 °C (2.5–7.9 °F) cooler than they are on traditionally roofed buildings nearby. Green roofs are becoming common in Chicago, as well as in Atlanta, Portland, and other United States cities, where their use is encouraged by regulations to combat the urban heat-island effect. Green roofs are a type of low impact development. In the case of Chicago, the city has passed codes offering incentives to builders who put green roofs on their buildings. The Chicago City Hall green 31
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roof is one of the earliest and most well-known examples of green roofs in the United States; it was planted as an experiment to determine the effects a green roof would have on the microclimate of the roof. Following this and other studies, it has now been estimated that if all the roofs in a major city were greened, urban temperatures could be reduced by as much as 7 degrees Celsius. Green roofs also provide habitats for plants, insects, and animals that otherwise have limited natural space in cities. Even in high-rise urban settings as tall as 19 stories, it has been found that green roofs can attract beneficial insects, birds, bees and butterflies. Rooftop greenery complements wild areas by providing stepping stones for songbirds, migratory birds and other wildlife facing shortages of natural habitat (Wikipedia, 2016).
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Figure 1.7
The Concept of Residential Complexes
Green roof gardens.
Figure 1.8
http://environmentaltopics.net/green-roofs-bringing-nature-to/your-doorstep
Figure 1.9
Green roof gardens.
Figure 1.10
/http://greenrooftraining.com/virtual-green-roof-summit
Figure 1.11
Green roof gardens. http://sabzland.com/p/l/2/17
Wall gardens.
http://woarch.blogspot.com/2012/12/blog-post.html
Green roof gardens.
Figure 1.12
/http://www.alhadeeqa.com/vb/gardens/g9450
Green roof gardens.
&http://ffffound.com/home/rasko/found/?offset=100
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CHAPTER TWO 2. Entertainment activities and efficient use of gardens in the residential complexes and quarters 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Recreation facilities in the gardens 2.3 Human needs within gardens 2.4 Factors affecting the efficient use of Gardens
Chapter Two
Entertainment Activities use in the Gardens
CHAPTER TWO 2.1 Introduction The operation of a successful organizing of an open space in a place is the operation of making specific areas interacting with each other and with the general location at which some shapes, sizes, materials, colors and textures are existed. This means that designing the open space comes out by design with two dimensions but thinking with three dimensions that could maintain the containment, the functional and the optical relations in balance, the operation of designing an outer atmosphere does not mean accumulating of vocabularies like trees, plants, water pools,…etc., without taking in consideration the laws of sensational feeling. The sensational comprehension to a specific atmosphere depends on two factors; 1st is environmental which depends on the natural environment plus the geographic, social ones that we grow in and rules our sense of test, the 2nd factor depends on some general rules that are fixed to comprehend the sense of atmosphere. 25% of the value of feeling depends of the sense of viewing (Simonds, 1983). This chapter is intended to talk about the touristic activities of gardens beginning with the activities in the garden plus speaking about human needs in gardens and green areas, then the factors affecting the efficient use of the gardens in the blocks and the residential complexes.
2.2
Recreation facilities in the gardens Recreation means the activity renewal by changing the atmosphere and
routine to bring back the activity of mind and thought and the anatomical functions in human body. Recreation is one of the functions that gardens introduce to the residents of the complexes or quarters, because it contains many entertainment activities to take them to a new world full of calmness, beauty, and relaxation of mind away from the crowd of city and its dirty air, that 34
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is the importance of recreation as it determines the activity of the inhabitants both physically and mentally that positively reflects on the society in many aspects, thus we see that developed countries take much care to this topic as entertainment in the residential areas. Form these viewpoints, Jefferson (2006) and Ransom (2008) analyzed entertainment activities in the gardens and divided these activities as follow: Sitting, walking, swimming, picnic or barbeque, running, biking, getting out door and relaxing, nature appreciation, landscaping, outdoor meeting, reading, birthday parties, children play area (Simonds, 1983). Among the activities mentioned above, below is a description of some of the activities: 2.2.1 Sitting Sitting is the first grade among the preferred activities in many gardens and open areas. Sometimes there are specific areas for collective sitting or special places for families or randomly around fountains, pools, lakes, children play areas and stadiums. Sitting in gardens which are frequently on special seats or stadiums may take a rate of about 6-10%. The location of seats or places of sitting and the climatic condition at the time of sitting should be taken in consideration (Figure 2.1), some of them are in shades and some in sun according to seasons and areas, it is necessary that these seats are being protected from winds and air, many people prefer sitting by corridors, pavements or main roads in the gardens. But it is necessary not to block the way, thus seats are places away from the movement ways or pavements not less than 170 cm, it is better to place the seats on a beautiful view not in face of the pathways plus it has to be away from the location of games of children, but in the sport areas seats are essential either for the sportive people or the fans (Figure 2.2), also some seats or terraces are to be placed around areas of child play as parents do not like standing while 35
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watching their kids playing (Figure 2.3) with abundance of windshield and sunrays in winter and spring, the surface of the soil in such places are used frequently thus it needs a special care when it is covered with grass, it lead to its death, thus the surface in the sitting locations or around the seats are furnished with solid materials that could drain the extra liquid down (Figure 2.4), (Weddle, 1975 and Yoo et al., 2000). 2.2.2 Swimming Swimming is considered one of the most relaxing and calm sports in the collective habitation gardens, swimming is expanding speedily in the world whereas swimming is an ancient sport by man, pools are special basin for swimming or for the water championships or rhythmic dance or even navigation, general pools are 25 m long and 10 to 30 m wide (Figure 2.5), but the Olympic one is 50 m long and 25 m wide and it is been divided into 8 unites, the areas of swimming are like the following: - Artificial basins - Natural and artificial lakes - Rivers Special swimming pools are designed by engineers with designs of concrete and flats around, the basins are graded in the depth and varies in size according to the existing capacity and the dimension of the location of the park and the crowd. Pools are to be cleaned from time to time and purified, the engineering designs are varied, some are round, rectangular and spiral according to the suitability of the architectural designs with the other facilities, and there are two main types of artificial swimming pools: 1. Pools constructed after digging the foundation into the ground to the needed depth and pressing the ground carefully casted with concrete with an agreeable thickness determined by the supervising engineer with drains. 2. Pools constructed on the ground after pressing the ground and leveling it well, the structure is designed casted according to the engineering options, in this case, the basin has an edge sufficiently wide, there is a special room for 36
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changing clothes and sanitations, there may be more than one pool beside each other, a one for grand graded in the depth and one for middle ages and young people the depth do not exceed a meter, another for children with a depth of 30 cm in order to very age could enjoy and the kids lean swimming in their early lifetime (Moody, 1995 and Ransom, 2008). There are open pools and others with roof upon plus pools with mineral water in many places in the world, the open pools are used in summer and autumn but the closed one are to be used in all the seasons as the ability to control the temperature of the water and other climatic atmosphere surrounding it. The artificial lakes are mainly places of materials like coal or rock mines, there may be a big hole more than 1 km and the wide somehow alike, then a water network is to be transmitted into it used for swimming or tourism or some times to be a natural valley to transmit water therein to make artificial lakes, the edges are organized, in some gardens there are natural lakes small or big in the planes or the valleys used for tourism and swimming (Figure 2.6). The location of pools and the safety measures are important to be taken into consideration in the time of designing them in the gardens of the collective residential areas as many of them are dangerous of children, thus it is recommended to put strong barriers around the pools plus rescue guards well trained for that, then equipping the pools by anti-drowning system with computer or other electronic safety system and early warning sinking system (Moody, 1995 and Ransom, 2008).
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Figure 2.1
Entertainment Activities use in the Gardens
Sitting in gardens
Figure 2.2
Use garden for sitting
www.wiveswithknives.net
/https://www.pinterest.com/explore/garden
Figure 2.3
Figure 2.4
Use garden for sitting
Sitting in the gardens
https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-
Source: researcher photo
Figure 2.5
Figure 2.6 complexes.
Swimming pool.
http://www.junglekey.co.uk/search.php?que
Swimming pool in residential
http://www.a7babalordon.jo1jo.com/jo1jo39187.h
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2.2.3 Walking Walking and scrolling are considered as the most preferred activities by visitors, there are many types of walking that the visitors can practice in the gardens, the walk may be zigzag or straight, the corridors are more attractive for visitors as they overlook beautiful views and natural seen plus seeing strange plants in the time of passing by a jungle or a lake or a swamp or different climates. According to (Morrisville, 2006) the types of trails or corridors in gardens are as follows (Figure 2.7): 1. Pathways 2. Trail stenches in non-straight ways and abandoned roads 3. Wooden pathways especially in the humid places 4. Long trails for scrolling and picnic especially in the big gardens. 5. Biking roads 6. Teaching and educational trails 7. Multiple use way (Morrisville, 2006). There are two types of trails concerning the surfacing layers: The paved ones and non-paved ones, the non-paved ones are: - Soil roads, gravel roads, macadam roads, however, the paved ones are: Asphalt roads, concrete roads, corduroy, brick surfaced roads, and block surfaced roads. In the time of choosing the location of the trails, the following information is to be taken: 1. Nature and type of the ground. 2. The type of the path that the location needs. 3. Topography of the location. 4. Security measures. 5. Existence of plants, and the ones that are to be removed to make the path. 6. Quantity of paving materials needed. 39
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7. Type of materials that the pavement is to be used in. 8. The needed dimensions of the path. 9. The effect of water in breaking the path. 10. Controlling the erosion and sediment, reducing their effect on the trails. 11. Counting the quantity of plants to be planted for shading. 12. Determining the locations of the path, that is to be 30 m away from the exterior fence (Morrisville, 2006). In the time of construction of trails we should take in consideration the danger of rainfalls and how to drain it correctly, thus trails should be designed in a good way that could need the less maintenance, the good designer should analyze the natural characteristics of the location plus we should take care of construction path in sensitive places (figure 2.8), in the time of construction of trails of normal activities, we should remove the plants and grasses to access a good drainage (Figure 2.9) (Dolesh, 2004). Trails have their importance in gardens and they are used widely and likely the backbone for the park, thus a garden needs different kinds of trails with different dimensions and shapes. There are three factors that to be taken into consideration in the time of making trails agreeable to environment and the density of using it (Figure 2.10): 2.2.4 Picnic or barbecue Picnic is a clam activity that is done in special locations in the free air in natural and organized places in the gardens in the days of week after finishing the job or in the days of special events or fests, it is done between families or friends or two persons to spend a short time to take a rest and drink and eat but, there is normally drinking water and seats. Barbeque, garbage and ext, are differ, some of which are like stadium for collective picnics or isolated places among trees or natural jungles or picnic shelters that are like wooden kiosks opened in 40
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the sides to be protected from sunray or rain, they may be collective for more than one family, and may be in stadiums or places special made for picnic (AlKatani, 1990 and Ransom, 2008). In the time of choosing picnic areas, it should be calm areas away from activity areas like stadiums, children play grounds and to be protected from wind, plus having enough shades for summer and sun for winter, normally beautiful places are chosen either to be organized or natural in the gardens (Marcus and Franics, 1997). 2.2.5 Fitness facilities As society needs to be healthy, people to take care more about fitness, thus the sector of fitness has become an important part in parks it contains open areas or closed halls containing about 60 stations in which there are a great amount of sport tools that covers all the muscles in the body of man from the chest to belly, shoulders (Figure 2.11), legs and arms. Every station has special tools for a special kind of training sponsored by trainers and professionals of fitness and nutrition, the area of fitness sector depends on the density of participation (Thorneas, 2008). 2.2.6 Nature appreciation Man like nature and its beauty from the dawn of humanity, from beauty of nature man learnt, thus many people go to gardens and parks to see the nature and its beauty, to keep the density of the society in a location, natural sense is to be increased. 2.2.7 Outdoor public meeting Parks and gardens have a positive effect in society by increasing social relations among people, thus they increase the opportunity to meet (Dunnett and Qasim, 2000), plus the need of man to meet others and to belong to a group of people, thus in the time of designing the public parks and gardens in a block or collective residential place (Figure 2.12), these needs are to be fulfilled to attract 41
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people to get together in these places as there are special areas for collective activities for all ages and lead to random meeting between people (Hacket, 1983). Around fountains, waterfalls and collective picnic places and public seats.
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Figure 2.7
Entertainment Activities use in the Gardens
Bridgewater in the garden.
http://www.outdoordecorcentral.com/wate-
Figure 2.9
Use garden for walking.
http://heydonburyend.blogspot.com/2013/10/bal
Figure 2.11 Fitness facilities http://www.almrsal.com/post/203663
Figure 2.8 walking in the garden. http://gardenlighting.info/i
Figure 2.10
Turf grass in residential complexes.
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/53283219963
Figure 2.12 Outdoor public meeting in the garden http://www.mysore.nic.in/tourism.htm
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2.2.8 Relaxing or getting outdoor This considered one of the calm entertainments, that happens in the gardens around the basins or lakes, or special places are dedicated to like stadiums or near seats or by beaches (Figure 2.13) relaxations or insulation (bask) is on normal moving seats or on sand or in sand for treatment or entertainment (Balqees and Maraai, 1978). 2.2.9 Reading In many big gardens, there are libraries or kiosks special for selling books or borrowing them, reading normally is in the air in the parks for having plants and fresh airs and heat plus view and beautiful colors, thus many writers and poets do take seats in gardens in the time of writing or reading, plus, many students do prefer studying in gardens and parks, so thus many parks have places for reading and taking seats overlooking beautiful natural views and water resources, places of reading needs relaxing seats or tables with shade of trees or umbrellas (Web, 1994). 2.2.10 Parties Area In the recent years, there are birthday parties in the parks especially for small kids, it may be held in closed halls build for that purpose in which there are chairs and tables with special rooms to store the facilities of the party in and feeding children and guests, or it may be held in the gardens or patios special for that, in which there are chairs and tables put, plus in one of the corners there is a special place for toys of kids and a basin with an area of 35 m2 containing toys. From the other side, books of Katharine Taylor defines playing in her book (parents and children learn together) as: playing is breath for children, it is his life not a time to spent or to kill, playing for a child is like education and discovery and self-expression of the elders (Balqees and Maraai, 1978). Thus there are two types of activity places in the parks, the first one is children play area and the second one is sport courts for young and elders. 44
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2.2.11 Children play area These places are used by children between (2-11) age, places of games surrounded by seats on which parents take seats to watch their kids in the time of playing, play area of children is one of the important parts in the gardens of collective residences. These areas contain varieties of play games for different ages, there are rooms according to ages of children and their needs in every room, the studies arrived at a fact after studying the social behavior of children in playing that there is a time sequence on which a child moves to upgrade with the ages in playing as he or she begins playing individually, besides, participation then cooperation play (Figure 2.15) here is an analyze of each one (Osmon, 1971). 1. Solitary play: child plays alone till the age of 2, they play with toys and detect what is around them and with others playing without participation 2. Parallel play: child begins with age 3 with other children but does not participate as child does not like playing with others at this age but he does not like playing with them, he does the same play as the others do but parallel to them, every one imitates the other but alone (Balqeess and Maraai, 1987). 3. Associated play: with age, parallel play becomes a participation as child begins introducing its toys to the others but does not kit them, he or she takes back them if ever he or she needed that. 4. Cooperative play: as the child grows and changes happen to his or her character mentally, physically and morally, by arriving at the age 4, they begin playing with others, the first play group is 2-3 kids, when arriving at 5, they develop and the number of the group increases and the play becomes more developed and complicated and varies, completions begins between the participants (Figure 2.16), this kind of play continues till the age of 6-12 year and ends with the beginning of adulthood by forming groups and special bands of
the same age and every one shows his/her pride of belonging to a special
group and his/her gender (Balqeess and Maraai, 1987). 45
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2.2.11.1 There are two types of activities in the kids play area active facilities. The activities that kids perform and they are common in kids play are: Movements activities by using fixed play tools like: A. Climbing tools: they have different forms like iron climbing tools or closed circles or hallow wooden rectangular shapes used to climb on. B. Balancer: seesaw, slides, swings. C. Play with ropes. D. Multi plays structures (Holborn and Helstine, 1987). Movement facilities by using movable tools, these activities are very popular by children and it is necessary to provide locations for them suitable in the play areas in the time of not having such things, children may go on dangerous streets to perform their movement activities like three wheeled bikes and small cars, playing with balls and skiing on the solid surfaces. Movement activities without using tools Like creep and creeping things, and chase, for these kinds of activities, special spaces are dedicated in the area of vital activities (Holborn and Helstine, 1987). Claim activities 1. Playing with water: water is important in the play areas as children like playing with water, it may be like a water channel not more deep than 15 cm surrounded by rocks or stems of trees or like peddling pools that are frequently used in the play areas, to give new opportunity to kid, a fountain or water spray could be added to create an happy atmosphere and entertainment for the kids in heat times of the year, the depth of the pool should not be more than 22 cm, the pools could be used as well as ski place in the time it is void of water (roller skating) or any other activity (Bengtsson, 1970 and Osmon, 1971). 46
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2. Playing with sand: the joy of playing with sand is a fact proved by many researchers, it takes the first grade in the list, it could be performed in special places separated called sand pits (Figure 2.17), these pits differ in shapes and forms but the most frequent ones are the round and rectangle with existence of element to determine the sand pits that is higher from the neighboring ground. Type of sand used in sand pits are the ones of beaches which is monolith or the smooth washed ones, their size are between 1-5 mm or smaller, the depth of the pit is between 38-45 cm or more, the sand spits are to be placed in try places to stay dry specially in winter and spring (Holborn and Helstine, 1987). 3. Artistic activities: they have important and benefits like drawing, music, rhythmic movements, clay and collage, to improve the sensitive and ecstatic function and free the senses and invention capacities by children (figure 2.18). These kinds of activities in the play areas are either to be out in the place of calm activities or in a closed hall within the building that exists in the play area (Holborn and Helstine, 1987). 2.2.11.2 Poured-in-place A poured-in-place surface is generally the result of a combination of a chemical binder and rubber filler product. It can be manufactured using single or multiple layers of materials and binders, and generally is monolithic. Poured-inplace surfaces are generally porous; however, they can be non-porous to water through the application of a non-porous material. Pigmentation of the surface can be provided through the pigmentation of the binder holding the rubber particles or through utilizing colored rubber particles or chips. Poured-in-place surfaces are manufactured in various thicknesses, depending on the properties desired by the manufacturer (New found land, 2006). 2.2.11. 3 Requirements for enclosure fences Fencing of outdoor play areas must meet the following requirements: Height minimum of 4 feet (1.2 meters). 47
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Less than 3.5 inches (9 cm) between slats. Constructed in such a way that climbing is discouraged. The top of the enclosure is to be finished (i.e. not pointed, sharp or jagged edges) to prevent injury or entanglement. Closed with a gate that is safely secured at all times. 2.2.12 Special place for sportive performance Sport is one of the important and attractive activities carried out in the man growing world, in which by performing it, one can express the extra energy plus being one of the special factors that matches with cultural life of a society, civilizations grows and developed with the development of sport (Wassam, 1993). Dunnett and Qasim (2000) have found in their study on parks and garden visitors that 74% of them claimed that the beauty of environment and the parks has encouraged them to perform sport, thus these places and the sport stadiums are one of the important parts in the parks either the area to be small or big, special place dedicated to depending on the density of use, type of play area, gender, age of users, culture and tradition in the region on ext. 2.2.12.1 There are some points to notice in the time of designing the sport stadiums in the gardens or collective residential places: 1. Sport stadiums to be together in one place in the collective residential areas or more than one place according to the distribution of the houses and apartments. 2. The South East part is more preferred in the gardens as it is been protected from North West wind and does not affect the atmosphere and the calmness or the environment of the park or exposed to sunlight in winter or spring. 3. Play areas are to be fenced by meshed wires; it is preferred placing sound barriers fenders between it and the park. 4. It is better to make a balance between the rate of the play stadiums and the area of calm activities and the green zones. 48
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5. Suitability of the stadiums and their area with the density of use and the requirement of the inhabitants, their hobbies and level of education. 6. Existence of stadiums and play areas in the region or the location. 7. It is preferred existence of multi used stadiums. 8. The flexibility of the design that could match the aim of the design. 9. Facilitation of drainage of rainwater by fixing drains in. 10. Maintaining public safety in the sport stadium (Dechiara and Callender, 1980). 2.2.12.2 The types of stadiums and play areas in the gardens and collective residential places (Fazio and Broun, 2000): - Foot ball, basket ball, volley ball, hand ball, tennis, tables tennis, hokey, badminton, gymnastic, ball, gun plays, boxing, golf. 2.3 Human needs within gardens Technological studies focuses on the difficulty of studying the environment and the living beings apart from each other, studying the basic operations of human behavior which is perception and feeling are products of human need and motivations that may lead to a specific spatial behaviors according to the given opportunity in environment to connect this behaviors physically systematically to the physical environment to develop it, there are two practical steps that may participate in development which are: - Determining the behavioral needs of the users. - Translate these needs connectively with the other physical parts (Lang, 1987). 2.3.1 The human needs related to Physical needs and Perceptual needs: 2.3.1.1 Physical needs: includes using the environment to boost the satisfied level of conformity and physical health.
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2.3.1.2 Perceptual needs: include the capacity of that person to form information about the surrounding and the other people in that surrounding. Generally it is hard to separate these two types of needs as there is relation and interference between them, translating these needs depends on the physical environment and the designer can facilitate this phenomenon when the physical environment permits to provide the human needs by focusing on forming the perception, and the hidden aim to discover and permission to choose the rules by the users, thus some methods became clear in intermingling of the physical design with perception of people of what surrounds them to feed the human needs, the example that Maslow suggested gave a grade to the human needs from the strongest to the weakest which facilitates connection between human needs and the conception of designing the surrounding , the grades of human needs may be analyzed like (Maslow suggested ) : - Physiological needs - Security needs - Belonging and love needs - Consideration needs - Self completion needs - Beauty and perception needs By virtue of what came, it becomes clear that the human needs are the motive that leads to a spatial behavior according to the given opportunity in the surrounding; some methods became clear in the interaction of physical design of environment that may answer these needs (Lang, 1987).
2.4 factors affecting the efficient use of gardens Many sources indicate that there are many factors that affect the efficiency of using gardens and the open exterior spaces, some of which related of the way with which they are been designed, others related to the policy of organize, function that the responsible body administrates, the efficiency of use
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is effected by the cultural characteristics of the inhabitants and the climatic situation in the area like: 2.4.1 Design factors The basic aim of designing garden of collective residential areas in all different types is providing a good climate for the user by man to fulfill coherency between him and nature, these spaces may answer some of human needs in this environment, and it may be fulfilled by understanding both man and nature and how each one affect the other embodied in the relation between human behavior and the inhuman nature. Behavior-Environment relationship and the interaction between them represent a two dimensional operation, from one hand nature has a restricted effect on man, on the other hand, man chooses his physical surrounding and tries to control it to make his life more agreeable by good designing of the green spaces (Rapoport, 1977). For a design to upgrade the efficiency of green spaces, there are some factors that are dealt within the time of designing these green spaces under the light of which design: 2.4.1.1
Human factors like
- Physical factors: are some factors determined by relation between the shape of man and his physical size, the nature of his movement and the details of physical environment, the distance between stairs, comfortable seats, the height of water coolers, showing the trails. All are determined by the dimensions of human body and its natural movement within the spaces, it is clear that an external environment could be maintained by understanding the relation between the physical environment and shape of man (Oxford, 1983). Physiological factors: the physiological needs of man are determined by interaction between the biological needs of the users of the space and the environment around them, man needs food and fresh air, water, movement, protection from heat and extreme cold and protection from aggression. 51
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- Psychological factors: includes social, emotional and psychological needs that determine his needs and the method of behavior. The psychological needs of man do not change following some changes like work, social level, cultural background, former experience, motives, and moods of daily life of man. Thus we see that the behavior of man changes from one to another even if their psychological needs will be alike (Oxford, 1983). 2.4.1.2 Natural factors like some natural factors related to geology and topography, soil, climate, vegetation, hydrology, wild life and ecological system and relationship between them, these factors are to be taken into consideration and analyzed before taking any decision in designing the green zones and developing them in the level of region and the level of micro site, determining good sites to build and others that to be designed as green zones could not be done without making a study of the characteristics of soil and its geological nature, studying the climate factors (sun, wind, heat, rain) have their effects in determining the changes that to be done in these areas to make it a suitable place for man (human comfort zone ) to do his activities in, plus choosing the types of plants that could stay for long should be done after a study of the natural factors (Oxford, 1983). 2.4.1.3 Technological factors They are the tools with which the design is maintained and the mean to determine the policy of implementation and locating the degree of technology that could exist depending on the type of material and the tools, technical and administrative skills to put these tools in function and using them and existence of financial resources to put them into function .The importance of studying the technologic factors in designing the gardens and green zones in different fields for example, to put operation of planting a plant into success, the study helps to make a minute analyze of the components of the soil and drainage of surface water and treating sewage, erosion control, and maintenance facilitation (Madden, 1982). 52
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2.4.1.4 Design methodology Contains the system through which the design related problems are characterized and the analyze concerning the green zones in a minute way and less effort by using analyze for a group of factors effecting them, in general, problems of design of these areas is affected and related to two groups of factors, the first one is related to nature and the other is related to man (Madden, 1982). 2.4.2 Organizational factors Related to the policy that the relevant party who runs the gardens practices and maintains them, including the degree of maintenance and safety measures that provided to the users of these areas and who impose system, the efficiency degrades if the responsible side is not efficient and these areas may become neglected not usable because of not maintaining them and the density decreases if the users think that these areas are not safe or usable, plus not imposing a system makes the dwellers to use these areas as the wish to not as it was planned for (Madden, 1982) 2.4.3 Cultural factors: Includes: 2.4.3.1 Scientific level: The studies indicate that the role of cultural and educational level of the individuals is leading the entertainment movement, the ones who have a high level of culture and education percept the general principles of entertainment and its aim in renewing the mental and physical capacities in order to begin the daily deeds, thus the time they dedicate to play and entertain will be more than the ones who have a lower level of culture and education and one can expect the decrease of using the gardens in comparison with the higher level of education and culture (Macsai, 1982). 2.4.3.2 Income level: The income level affects the economic level and it is one of the important factors that affects the level of participation of inhabitants in the entertainment activities then increase of demand on it, increase of income of individual leads to increase of spending on entertainment, but it is noticed that 53
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the increase of income of the individual affects negatively on the usage of residential gardens as it pushes the individuals to spend entertainment time outside of the collective gardens which needs money. Studies indicate that the need of acquisitions increases with the increase of income thus they like to get away from the public entertainment locations and not using them, in contrary, the limited income people do like to use the public spaces to entertain themselves in, thus the phenomenon of less usage of these facilities appears in the blocks of high income people (Lee, 1970). 2.4.3.3 Culture and tradition: Sometimes social notions (tradition of the dwellers) are limiting the amount of demand on the areas like spaces dedicated to entertainment in the residential quarters. 2.4.3.4 Weather factors: The climate of the region has an effect on pushing the dwellers to entertain the green areas in the residential quarters, in the hard climatic situations, the dwellers do less activities in these areas and focus on activities in protected environments, but the usage increases in the agreeable climates (Rapoport, 1977).
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Figure 2.13 Public meeting. http://wikimapia.org/2126395/Şarî
Figure 2.14 Outdoor public meeting in the garden. http://www.mysore.nic.in/tourism.htm
Figure 2.15 Source:
http://www.wishe.net/dreja.aspx?Jmare=43482&J
Play ground. researcher photo
Figure 2.17 Play with sand. http://mulpix.com/instagram/
Figure 2.16
Children play area.
Figure 2.18 Artistic activities in played area. tp://www.ryylxjw.com/playgroundwallpapers.html
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56
CHAPTER THREE The Concepts of landscape design in residential Complexes
1. Standards for planting green areas in Residential Complexes 2. Choosing trees for gardens and Using trees in the regulation of local climate 3. The impact of climate in residential Complexes 4. The Components of Gardens in Residential Complexes
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CHAPTER THREE 3.1 Introduction: Landscaping design is known by its natural scenery, or it is the product composed by man-made elements. It is also defined by the participation of its viewers, who feel, enjoy, and interact with whose main purpose is to create and maintain beauty in and around human habitats in order to provide appropriate rest and healthy leisure time for the hard-working and fatigued inhabitants of urban communities who enjoy the appealing view of these areas. The science of engineering and landscape design is related to many other arts and sciences, such as: 1. Science of Engineering (Architecture, Civil, Irrigation). 2. Science of Agriculture: (Horticulture: various ornamental plants). (Soil: components of soils and fertilizers). (Plant Protection: protection from plant diseases). 3. Art: (the foundation of design, planning and colors, sculpture and statues, and the philosophy of aesthetics). 4. Medical Science: (Society Health) 5. Psychology 6. City Planning
3.2 Landscaping design: According to Hubbard and Kimball, landscape design is an art intended primarily to create and maintain beauty in human habitats, as well as to provide comfort and health to the hardworking, and fatigued inhabitants of the cities, who want to enjoy the scenery and sounds of nature. This concept reflects the ideas of Olmsted that human contact with nature is essential for their health, happiness and morale, which is also similar to the concept of (Norman. T. Newton), which shows that the design of open
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spaces is the art and science of organization of land spaces to achieve visual pleasure, characterized by a healthy and secure environment (Laurie, 1975). So Garret Eckbo has made it clear that garden design is that part of outer space, created by man, starting from the spaces around buildings, roads and rest areas incorporating buildings, ceilings, external structures and floors with stones, bodies of water, and plants with an emphasis on its human content and the relationship between man and open spaces. This concept is linked mainly to plan the site and relationship between man and gardens. Elizabeth Kassler presented a concept for parks, in which the oldest gardens in China and Japan were the works of poets and philosophers, while in the west, parks were only a form of architecture, however this concept is lacking, because through the passage of time, it was the architecture that served as a physical barrier for the protection of individuals from the forces of nature, while the aim of the design of open spaces was to connect the individual with nature through protection of the natural environment and improvement of public surroundings (Laurie, 1975). Geographers have a different idea for the concept of garden design, using statistics and mathematics techniques in the description and arrangement, identifying the reasons for the broad interest in this art in that, it is a part of the environment, which must be protected and re-created, as a part of natural wealth, as well as an appropriate field of research for geographers (Naqash, 1998). As for those in charge of garden design, their concepts have varied according to changes in the natural environment and increasing human needs, requiring the creation of a system to organize the surrounding environment and its impact on humans, to connect with nature and enable them to perform humanitarian activities.
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Garden designers of this modern era define the concept of architecture as that which balances the needs of humans with natural environmental conditions, and the ability to develop designs for gardens of any kind regardless of the area, characterized by great skill in the arts of painting and planning, and enabling the transfer of different thoughts to the desired purpose. Agronomists who specialize in the field of parks and gardens concentrate on linking the individual with nature through the protection of the natural environment, while they are in constant interaction with each other (Hannebaum, 1998). Time is a strong and influential factor as the plants are in a constant state of growth and change, therefore agronomists must possess a comprehensive background in the science of horticulture, with knowledge of the types, requirements, and the use of ornamental plants, as well as all related activities for their progressive development in studying design, graphic art and painting (Hannebaum, 1998).
3.3 Landscape design considerations: Garden design is the art and process of designing and creating plans for layout and planting of gardens and landscapes. Garden design may be done by the garden owner themselves, or by professionals of varying levels of experience and expertise. Most professional garden designers have some training in horticulture and the principles of design, and some are also landscape architects, a more formal level of training that usually requires an advanced degree and often a state license. 3.3.1 before the garden design process, must take into account several considerations such as: 3.3.1.1 Climate: Local climate, prevailing breezes and the sites microclimate will influence plant selection, growth and the gardens use. Surrounding buildings can modify the gardens microclimate, providing shelter and protection from sun and wind and often extend opportunities for the gardens use. 58
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Soil conditions, soil and subsurface conditions are important as the growing medium for plants, providing a suitable base for pavements and foundations, and to provide proper drainage. Poorly draining soils may require remedial treatment to achieve proper drainage and may be particularly susceptible to compaction during building construction. Next your attention should be turned to your soil. It's important to make sure your soil has all the right nutrients to support the plant material you select. Your soil, which may be mostly sand, clay, or rock, will dictate which plants you should grow. A landscape designer can run soil tests for you and amend the soil if necessary. Orientation, gardens orientation influences the use of outdoor facilities. Location and orientation should consider uses at different times of day and different seasons. North-south orientations provide benefits during different seasons while east-west orientations provide benefits during different times of day. 3.3.1.2 Site and surrounding:
Understanding and assessing the proposed
garden site is an essential first step in order to effectively plan and integrate the designs program and objectives with the sites particular opportunities and constraints. Consider the following: Site history considers the sites previous uses for interesting natural, historical or cultural features to be incorporated or negative associations to be addressed (such as abandoned underground structures and soil contamination). Site surrounds, the site should be harmonized or provided a distinctive setting to its surroundings, without a surrounding landscape for consideration, such as a courtyard setting, consider how to create ' space way' within a confined setting. 3.3.1.3 The purpose of the garden establishment or use and purpose: When beginning a landscaping project, the first thing to consider is how you want to 59
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use the space. Decide what the desired purpose, or purpose, of your ideal yard is before making any other decisions. Common uses for outdoor spaces include: Entertaining, cooking and dining, swimming, playing, relaxing, gardening. 3.3.1.4 Customs and traditions of society in the location: The customs and traditions in the region must be examined, because it directly affects the design of the park or garden. 3.3.1.5 The desire of the owner or human needs: What elements would you like to include: Areas for relaxing and entertaining? A place for children to play, planning for dogs or other pets, growing flowers or vegetables, what specific site problems are you trying to solve?, Screen unsightly views, need for privacy, need for shade or sun, hill and slopes, parking, noise, drainage problems, obtaining views or focal points. How much do you like to work in your yard? What plants do you specifically want to include in the design? What are your favourite colours? What plants do you specifically dislike? What features of your home or property do you want to enhance? What type of design do you like? Straight lines and symmetry Slightly informal. 3.3.1.6 Landscaping cost: Information about landscaping prices and ideas for saving money. A landscaping project can cost anywhere from $ 5,000 to $100.000. When deciding on a budget, keep in mind that investing in professional landscaping will greatly add to the value of your home. A general rule of thumb is to spend 10% of your home's value on landscaping. So, if you have a $400,000 house then a landscaping budget of $40,000 is appropriate (Laurie, 1975). 60
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3.4 Levels of planning for open spaces: What is meant here by open spaces, are all those bodies of land and water not covered by buildings, however the size of these open spaces is not as important as their location, their relationship to the neighboring buildings, and the activities carried out in these spaces which do not represent something abstract in the city but an integral part of public planning. The question here is how to determine the open spaces on the scope of various levels of planning from the family level to the county level (Obaid, 1981).
The table below (3.1) shows the area of open spaces and the different planning levels in the United States.
Schematic level Family (3-6)
Criteria for the space given 230 m2 open space – 10 m2 parking
average person (3-12 ) families
20 m2 for each dwelling unit and a garden shared between them.
(1200) families
12,000 m2 per 1000 persons and must include parks and playgrounds
(10,000) families
20,000 m2 per 1000 people for parks and playgrounds
Town
%10 percent of the total area of the city must be open areas with parks and play areas for children
City
80,000 m2 per 1000 people to be given as special treatment (Land space) (Simond, 1983)
The spaces on the level of a city center of its kind is unique in that they reflect the extent of urbanization and the progress of the country, as well as the extent 61
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of social evolution on that era, because it is a man-made model in terms of planning, design and plant selection, and paved areas. This depends on the ability of man himself for design and creativity. The importance of open areas at the level of the city and area depending on the population density; by looking at the table above, we note that the percentage given depends on the area of the city, which is ten percent of the total area. This percentage includes all the open areas from the streets to building spaces, and through such a large proportion, we can see how important open areas are at the level of the city, and its impact on the basic outline (Obaid, 1981).
3.5 Planning criteria for the establishment of gardens: Planning rates depend on green areas and the local conditions of each city. Specific green areas are assigned to each member of the city’s population and divided into the following: Green areas between the houses Green areas in different parts of the city, including the neighboring residential centers Public green areas throughout the city Green stadiums Green areas on the streets (Sharbazhery, 2009). Recreational and entertainment centers throughout the neighboring residential areas are calculated based on the number of residents in the neighborhood, and the per capita share of green areas, as classified by the Arab Towns Organization, is shown in the following table (3-2):
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Green Areas
Allocated space (m² / people)
Gardens
5
Green spaces in residential areas
8
Green stadiums
5
Green areas on the streets
2
Total
20
(Arab Institute for Urban Development, the Arab Towns Organization, 1982)
These green areas should be allocated according to the density of the population, to serve the inhabitants so that the unit area is for 2500-5000 people. The required area allocated is between 6-10 m2 per person. The green areas provided must be appropriate for its purpose, preferably large parks outside the scope of future expansion, away from the overcrowded areas of the city, and in safe locations away from traffic. The benefit of the topography of the land, valleys and mountains should be taken into account in the establishment of recreational parks with preservation of the natural topography, creating an environment unique to that location with streets surrounding these areas, as well as streets leading to the main entrances. The availability of parking close by with an area of 300 m2 should also be taken into account (Arab Towns Organization, 1982). The population in urban complexes in the cities, since the mid-twentieth century, has been a major contributor to urban growth, and has also led to the emergence of urban and environmental problems (Dlemi, 1990). Hopkins has written that “The environmental impact of cities has also affected humans, making them look to the natural environment to create a unity of biological balance during its development. However, the urban environment has 63
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been exposed to deterioration including a decrease in green areas, causing damage to humans (Hopkins, 2001), because the percentage of those areas is much lower than it should be. As for the important areas, they constitute a significant percentage of the total land use in many cities, especially in Europe and America with up to %26 of the total area in some cities. Many cities have adopted a standard of 28875 m2/1000 persons, which equals to 28.87 m2/person. For example, in Britain, the ratio of green areas and national parks is 16,093.44 square kilometers, which is equivalent to 17% of the total area for England and Wales, while the space occupied by green areas in some American states amounts to 20.4% to the total area ratio which reaches 4.046 million m2/50000 people and is equivalent to 80-92 m2. And the ambitious Atlantic Gardens provide 6.18 acres/1000 people, while in London it is 23 m2/ person, 28 m2/person in Belgium and 70 m2/person in Canberra, Australia. In the Arabian and Iraqi cities, the per capita is low, in Cairo, and it amounted to 166 acres (2915000 m2) that was distributed in a non-orderly fashion for residential neighborhoods. In the (Jadeda) neighborhood, it is 445 acres (112500 m2) with a maximum per capita, and in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, it is 2.6 m2/per person, while in Iraqi cities, the per capita of green areas in Baghdad is 1.86 m2/person, 1.76 m2 in Mosul, and 1.11 m2 in Kirkuk, where the percentage of urban planning ratio is 40.20 m2/person (Ministry of Municipalities, Baghdad).
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The standard proposed by regional planning is 6.5 m2/capita as shown in the table (3.3): Table (3.3) Distribution of green areas by the city’s neighborhoods (Regional Planning Commission, and the foundations of urban housing standards, 1977).
Residential level
M² / person
Residential camp
2
Neighborhood
0.5
Residential sector
2
The main park
2
Total
6.5 m² / person
outline of the proposal for the city of Baghdad for the per capita share of green areas is 13.5m2 while a proposal from the Paul Service Company (Polservice)
for
the
comprehensive
development
of
Baghdad
was
16.3m2/person. Table (3.4) The Hierarchy of Open Urban Space, proposed for the development of the city of Baghdad. (Polservice Comprehensive Development Plan for Baghdad, 2000)
Types
M² / person
Central Gardens, amusement
6.8
parks and recreation areas Neighborhood parks, stadiums
4.5
and arenas Public parks and private gardens
5
Total
16.3
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3.5.1 There is an area for recreation in the neighboring residential areas, which is calculated based on the number of neighboring residents, and some of the Arab standards in this area are: 1. 4.2 m2/person of public garden in the Arab Republic of Egypt. 2. 21 m2/person of public parks in the United States. 3. Global rates of the proportion of open areas in the neighboring residential areas for the following countries are as follows: England 26%, Germany 37%, Iraq 17.5 %, and Hungary 15%. 4. Planning rates for open areas in many of the industrialized countries range from 4200-2100 m2/1000 inhabitants. 5. About 0.6 m2/capita is allocated from public parks for individuals, while 3000 m2/5000 is necessary for residential space and adjacent gardens (Hussain, 1975). 3.5.2 Standards for planting green areas: The criteria used for green areas of the country differ from one area to another, as these criteria are affected by climatic conditions, in the physical and natural areas. Standards in cold regions differ from the criteria in the topics, and this also applies to the fact that the forestation process is easier in rainy areas than dry areas. These standards also vary between large and small, old and new cities, due to the availability of land within the new cities. One of the first attempts made, to develop a formula for the ratio of green spaces was from J. Shtiben when he proposed an area of 3m2/person in Germany. Ming in England suggested an increase of green areas through an increase of vertical construction. Tolvinski allocated the following rates: 0.5 m2 for children’s parks, 3 m2 for recreation and rest areas, and 4 m2 for sports arenas and stadiums so that the total area amounts to 7.5 m2 per capita (Hussain, 1975). Lons and Bragin proposed other rates depending on the location of the countries closer to the equator. The closer to the equator the country is, the 66
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higher the proportion of green spaces should be. For example, the Iraqi individual should receive a larger share than a British individual. In the United States, the allocation of land is for the purpose of planning green areas, and studies carried out by planners of European cities allocated 7 m2/capita of green space in the French capital, 11 m2 in Moscow and 8.4 m2/person in Vienna, taking into account that these urban centers lacked green spaces (Maxsimovic, 1989). According to the statistics of United Nations, 24 m2 of green spaces is allocated to the citizens of UK, 20m2/ person in Russia, and 18 m2/person in the United States, while only 2 cm2 (and decreasing year by year) is allocated to an Egyptian citizen. The call to cultivate gardens, parks, homes, schools, universities, and government institutions requires attention to the objectives of the environment, health, and agricultural development, social and economic goals. Global warming is a phenomenon of high temperature in the environment in which we live as a result of change in the thermal energy between the earth and the surrounding atmosphere, which began after the Industrial Revolution, and led to global warming with increases in the normal temperature to 0.4-0.8˚C and rising sea levels from 0.3 to 0.7 feet during the last century, according to a report by the International Committee of the United Nations Climate Change. The indicators of global warming: * The atmosphere currently contains 380 parts per million of carbon dioxide, which is basically the gas that causes global warming, as compared with the 275 parts per million that was present before the Industrial Revolution, taking into account the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has undergone a 30% increase. * Increased concentrations of methane to twice the amount it was before the Industrial Revolution. 67
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* An increase in chlorofluorocarbons by 4% annually. * An 18% increase from its pre-industrial concentration of nitrous oxide in the atmosphere, according to the latest data released by the World Meteorological Organization (Maxsimovic, 1989). All of these factors indicate that the world is in danger, and requires efforts to be made in order to avoid these risks or minimize adverse effects on the earth’s environment and the people who live on it. Plants are one of the most important treatments available to reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which is used by plants in the process of photosynthesis that is necessary for their growth rate, and consequently produces oxygen gas, which is the elixir of life. From here, interest in global warming can be spread on the news by increasing the acreage of green areas planted on the rooftops of buildings. Planting in homes, schools, and government buildings reduces the greenhouse gases that surround the planet and cities in which we live. This reason has prompted many states such as Germany and France, to plant on the roofs of buildings, to maximize green areas and contribute to reducing the risk of global warming, and to enjoy greenery from the high amount of rainfall. Germany cultivated large areas of the rooftops of government buildings that amounted to about 14 million square meters in 2007, which is equivalent to about 3333 acres. The municipality of Paris developed a plan to plant one million square meters on the rooftops of their government buildings until the year 2012, which has added up to 65,000 square meters up until now. There are also other countries working in these areas to alleviate global warming (Maxsimovic, 1989).
3.6 The foundation of design in residential complexes Design is a comprehensive way of organizing the parts of a whole, and an artistic way to achieve good coordination and organization. There are a number 68
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of foundations that requires full knowledge before embarking on the implementation of the proposed designs. The space surrounding buildings significantly affect the thermal behavior and movement of air and the relative humidity inside the space itself. The phenomenon of temperature difference around the building generates low and high pressure areas due to the movement of air. There are many ways to control the movement of air towards the buildings such as interception or prevention of the air, or creating barriers to direct or change its course (Al-Qiei, 1993). When planting trees around the building, the height of the tree and its distance from the building should be taken into account since the trees will grow taller and closer to the building. Trees should be planted close to the walls especially in the dead spaces, which are the areas between the trees and the walls of the building. This area is like a natural insulator, preventing heat transmission, as trees act as buffers for the sun, to decrease the temperature of the exterior walls, preventing the rapid loss of moisture and regulating the relative humidity to some extent (Al-Qiei, 1993). The foundations that should be followed when planting the gardens in different climatic zones are as follows: 1. In cold areas: planting barriers to block the cold wind. 2. In warm humid areas: cultivation of aquatic and semi-aquatic plants, and planting trees to reduce sunlight and raise the relative humidity. 3. In hot and dry areas: planting shade trees and many green areas to surround the buildings with trees to lower the temperature inside and raise the relative humidity (Abu Dahab, 1998).
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3.7 Choosing trees for gardens The process of choosing trees and organizing them in gardens requires a comprehensive study of the nature and the objective of its use. The factors that affect choosing trees for gardens are: 3.7.1 Tree functions: the trees can be grown in the gardens for a number of purposes, including: - Using trees for aesthetic purposes. - To provide shade. - To work as wind barriers and fenders. - To reduce noise impact. - Confirmation of the scales of buildings or other constructional configurations. - Offers air tempering and environmental protection. - Implementing certain colors and composition (Marlowe, 1977 and Chen, 2007). Every job requires a different way to understand choosing styles to achieve two requirements or more in one selection. All of the paragraphs previously mentioned play a role in the selection of trees for gardens and city centers, and for this, it is necessary to understand the trees, the nature of its growth, and its form in the future to serve the function chosen for it. Trees that are used as wind barriers should be in different forms that depend on the form of branches, leaves and the growth of its overall shape and crown. There are oval, ring, and longitudinal crowns and for each of these species of trees it gives a certain shade, which is as follows in the subsequent paragraphs. The trees that are used to beautify public squares or streets in the city centers, the maintenance and sustenance of the trees in order to ensure the preservation of their proper form, as well as their aesthetic values throughout the four seasons, the color of their leaves and their growth, are all some of the 70
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important elements in the selection of trees for this purpose. The height of trunks must also be taken into account with the heights of the neighboring buildings (Marlowe, 1977 and Chen, 2007). 3.7.2 Visual impact: The trees’ appearance throughout the seasons of the year and in all growth stages and the visual properties for the general outline of the trees can be expressed by color, shape and texture. The goal is to achieve a visual pleasure during the year, in the spring by flowers and in the fall by the colors of the leaves or different fruits, and in winter this can be achieved by the dark colors of the trunks and the branches of the plants (Marlowe, 1977 and Chen, 2007). 3.7.3 Suitability with site conditions: The selection of trees should be according to their suitability with the environmental conditions of the site from the extreme temperatures of the site, air humidity, the intensity of light, amount of dew and it's appropriate season, wind speed and direction as well as the soil of the site in terms of overall composition, texture, pH value, drainage, moisture content, the level of ground water at the site and the salt content (Marlowe, 1977 and Chen, 2007). 3.7.4 Coordination of the trees’ form and color with its surrounding areas. 3.7.5 The symbolic values of trees: Many of the trees have symbolic values for the people and communities or in regions and cities. This value may be due to its mention in the Holy books like palm trees, olives, and other fruits or it may be a symbol of the region or a country such as Lebanese rice. This aspect is taken into account when selecting trees for gardens and parks (Simonds, 1983). 3.7.6 Type of nourishments required for the tree: The nourishments required for trees differ in its service operations and irrigation sustainability, pruning and fertilization. In addition to that some species of trees need additional services such as shedding leaves several times a 71
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year or its blooming throughout the year and the falling of a large amount of flowers and fruits underneath it such as Series. Also some trees require trimming and spraying operations due to its susceptibility to diseases and insects, and other agricultural operations (Simonds, 1983).
3.8 Composition of trees in gardens: There are differences in the form and arrangement of the trees depending on whether the garden is geometric or natural, and the size and area of the garden or its function, that changes according to the size, form or type of the tree. 3.8.1 Arranging trees according to the garden style: The arrangement of trees and shrubs in parks and gardens which geometric style are in the form of straight lines or vegetative gratings with equal spaces and the trees usually have regular geometric shapes. While in natural parks, the forms are in agricultural curved lines and the trees are planted in groups of one type or several types with un-equal distances, in odd groups (3, 5, 7…etc.) or in individual forms. Usually trees with natural forms are chosen, and they are not shaped or formed (Steinke and Harris, 2003). 3.8.2 Arranging trees according to the areas function: Trees are used as barriers in external spaces for the composition, separation or clarification of the various functions of the area. It also determines the location of its movements. They change unusable areas into useable areas and give them their own identity. - In green areas or those that require sapling the trees are planted in rows of networks with equal and geometric distances. - Using trees in walking areas such as streets and walkways, as it helps to clarify the plan and allows proper guidance while avoiding the use of low-lying branches that prevent the scope of the viewer’s visions.
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- Trees and shrubs are involved in providing visual barriers around parking lots, the corresponding undesirable areas and shading in the parking lots. - In small gardens, small-sized trees are chosen in small numbers so the area does not seem small. Also, the trees are planted in the form of a frame around the park or its corners (Steinke and Harris, 2003). 3.8.3 Arranging trees according to its size and shapes: - Using tree canopies in terms of being unified components in open areas at the sites because of their impact and visual dominance, it gives the site identity and eases the strict building lines. In addition to that, they function as canopies over gardens and parks, and as filters for sunlight and to provide heavy shadows. - Using small trees as visual barriers to achieve visual pleasure and this group of trees are useful in the separation of larger areas to smaller areas. - Trees with distinctive decorative values of individual models can be used to confirm the areas. - Using vertical and long-lasting trees as wind barriers and to reduce noise (Simonds, 1983). 3.8.4 Arranging trees by its shade: The prevalence and size of the plant canopies in the gardens is one of the things necessary to be known during the design process, particularly trees and shrubs, which are of the permanent and major plants in the parks. For this purpose enough space is designated for each tree and the distance between each tree is determined to grow properly when planted in the park without the occurrence of competition and to achieve the desired target. The capacity of space left between the trees depends on the extent of the spread of the upper canopies. The general rule to calculate the distance between two trees is the radius of the extension to each one (Mahmood, 2001).
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3.8.5 Arrangement according to the speed of tree growth: Of the factors that plays an important and precise role in displaying the garden in the required form, is the speed of tree growth of the planted trees. The gardens or parks that want to display their landmarks and final shapes should contain plants with rapid growth. The lack of familiarity with the nature of the growth of these trees leads to mistakes in the completion of the park in the future. Fast-growing trees receive all of the requirements and growth factors such as water, sunlight, soil and all the necessary nutrients of the other plants, leaving the other plants lacking in nutrients, leading to decay or death. While the reverse is true if the choice of plants are cultivated in appropriate places after knowing the nature of the growth and multiple environmental requirements (Mahmood and Amin, 1989).
3.9 Using trees in the regulation of local climate Microclimate refers to the overall changes in the general climate of a particular area and the climate that affects pedestrians in the areas, and the factors are: the sun rays, temperature, air movement, humidity and rain. 3.9.1 Solar Radiation: Sunlight raises the temperature of objects, unlike heat this is in the form of long-wave radiation. The process of controlling the sun’s rays depends on the possibility of stopping the reflection.
Trees and landscaping represent one of the most successful means of controlling sunlight as it can trap sunlight by creating shadows, or scattering it, and it significantly affects the temperature of the Earth’s surface and the nature of the material that is covered or shaded. In one of the studies, it was recorded that air temperature reached 36 C˚ on the roof of a house of 53 m, but on the surface of the earth different temperatures have been recorded for different qualities and nature of the materials covering the surface: - Temperature of a concrete pathway 43.33 ˚C 74
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- Temperature of a lawn 35.00 ˚C - Temperature of a shady pathway under the shadow of a tree 37.77 ˚C - Temperature of a shaded lawn in the shadow of a tree 32.22 ˚C Temperature of asphalt covered pathway 51.11 ˚C (Laurie, 1975). From this, we notice the big difference in temperature depends on the nature of the material, in addition to the viability of the trees on the sun’s rays, as they provide a natural ventilation system. The system works with the sun’s rays on absorbing carbon dioxide, heat, and water and cools the air by evaporation and produces oxygen in the process of food-making. Therefore, the area shaded by trees gives a sense of comfort (Laurie, 1975). 3.9.2 Wind movement Wind helps regulate temperatures. Low wind movements have a comfortable effect, while increased movements become uncomfortable and have harmful effects. Trees and shrubs help control the wind by acting as barriers that help direct them of disintegrate the dust and debris it carries. 3.9.3 Precipitation Precipitation helps plants and trees, in particular, to regulate the amount of rain that reaches the ground by intercepting the process leading to a slower rate of precipitation. It helps plants retain their moisture and reduce soil erosion. It also helps to restore soil moisture by providing shade and protection from the wind (Laurie, 1975).
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3.10 The use of trees in environmental arrangement Trees are used today in the environmental arrangement of the city, and these uses can be summarized as follows: 3.10.1 Air purification Plants work to regulate the proportion of oxygen in the air through the process of photosynthesis to make food and use carbon dioxide in large quantities, which helps to temper the levels in the city’s atmosphere. Experiments have pointed out that trees help to get rid of sulfur dioxide resulting from the burning of coal and motor fuels and other petroleum products through absorbing them by their trunks or storing them in their roots (Robinette, 1972).
Wolverton (1997) also explained that plants are effective at removing air pollution and poisonous gases such as carbon monoxide. One hectare of a park in a city, including its content of trees, shrubs and grass absorbs (900) kg of carbon dioxide from the air and expels (600) kg of oxygen during twelve hours. Trees are also one of the most successful methods in the removal of soil and dust suspended in the air because the leaves intercept and retain tons of thousands of dust particles in the air. Plants collect suspended particles in the air thought its leaves, branches, stems and shrubs and the stems work by catching them. These particles are washed away by the rain and fall to the ground. Aromatic plants can be cultivated among the manufacturing sources that produce unpleasant odors, and functions to block these unpleasant odors and allow people to inhale pleasant odors instead. Plants also have the ability to absorb and retain odors directly (Al-Qiei, 1993). 3.10.2 Noise Noise is defined as the undesirable sounds that cause discomfort to the central nervous system that receives these sounds. They represent problems especially in open urban areas. The sound intensity level is measured in decibels, normal voice conversations limits are (60) dB. The leaves, branches 76
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and twigs of trees absorb vibrations of sound waves. It is known that most plants that are effective in the absorption of sounds of noise are those with thigh, dense leaves and bristles with long, thin stems allowing the greatest degree of flexibility and volatility. In spite of the role of trees in the absorption of sounds, the effectiveness in dispersing sounds adds to the affectivity of green areas or pastures to absorb sounds. Tree or shrub “belts” with a width of (19-30) meters and height of (12) meters reduces noise by (5-10) dB and the movement of wind through the trees creates delightful sounds and masks the undesirable noises (Al-Qiei, 1993). 3.10.3 Brightness Trees and shrubs reduce brightness and reflection caused by the brightness of sunlight, especially in the early morning, in the late afternoon, or by artificial sources, such as street or car lights. The bright light source that directly reaches the ground is called major brightness. The indirect reflection of sunlight from the outer glass of high buildings harms the eyes of viewers, which can be solved by planting tall and dense trees to grow in front of these buildings (Al-Qiei, 1993).
3.11 The impact of climate in residential complexes In order to control the impact of the climate in residential buildings (from the first to the fourth floors), a building process must be taken into place which includes: 3.11.1 Controlling solar radiation Controlling solar radiation in residential buildings is considered one of the important tools designed to improve the residential environment within the residential complexes, especially in the temperate zones as in the case in the city of Sulaimani, many researches recommend that residential building complexes and the major areas in temperate climate zones should be directed towards the south, south-east, east and southwest, but should not be directed towards the 77
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west or the other directions if possible. This guidance should be undertaken so that these buildings receive the largest amount of solar radiation in winter and the least in the summer, resulting in an effective healthy and economical environment (Web, 2007). The code of practice in many European countries mentions the requirement of direct sunlight no less than one hour a day for a period of no less than 10 months per year for the housing units of the major areas (living and sleeping rooms and kitchen). The importance of preventing direct solar radiation from entering the windows of residential areas in the summer is considered as great important factors for health, environmental and economic reasons. They cause a raise in temperatures dramatically due to the absorption by the floor, walls, and trapping it inside which requires blocking it before penetrating the glass window, as illustrated by many of the sources to block the sun’s rays using horizontal umbrellas, horizontal, mobile, fixed and vertical barriers, and various building materials, which contribute to give a particular attribute to the facade of the building. This can be positive, depending on the increase in the shaded areas, and higher temperatures when there are no any solar spots in summer within the spaces of the housing unit. It is worth mentioning that the process of blocking the sun’s rays in summer should not conflict with polarization in winter. It is known to specialists that the different angles of the sun’s rays can be blocked in the summer and insulated in the winter by fixed shading (Web, 2007). 3.11.2 The effect of wind in residential complexes The higher the buildings the higher exposure to negative damage due to local dust, especially in dry environments. When wind gusts, there is an increase in the speed of the wind of the upper floors of apartment buildings. For this reason, an increase in forestation is required in the parks and plazas inside the compound because trees work as barriers against wind, and also filter dust and 78
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other harmful particles. In addition to its role in increasing the oxygen in the atmosphere, it also regulates residential apartments by controlling wind movement and the breeze among apartments in residential communities, the arrangement of wind barriers and increased forestation, and the use of bodies of water. All of these work to control dust in residential buildings in warm, dry, dusty environments (Web, 2007).
3.12 The Components of Gardens The significance of the selection of the appropriate components of gardens and parks is one of the most important points that designers must take into consideration, as only those components are used that reflect the status of these areas and the characteristics of the elements used in the green and open areas will affect the components of that space, and thus will have an impact on humans through their sensory and psychological modalities. Any significant beneficial impact on the components of open spaces will have a sensory effect that should be taken into consideration (Obaid, 1981 and Simonds, 1983). The components of garden design can be divided into: - Natural components - Artificial components 3.12.1 Natural Components Gardens have the ability to grow and change because they contain natural ingredients that have quality for change and growth, therefore giving the park these qualities. So these components are considered the basic elements that the designer must care for and the raw materials that make up the garden, including plants, water, rocks, gravel and sand and the most important of which are plants and water (Laurie, 1975). 3.12.1.1 The role of water in the design of gardens Greenery and water are the two dominant cornerstones in the public parks and gardens, and water is one of the most important sources of tranquility 79
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for humans. This is why parks and gardens should not be without bodies of water, especially in the hot weather. Water in the open spaces is a key element in its design. Besides the effects of this element in the senses of hearing and vision, it also has a special place in symbolism, and is often enriched by the heritage as it represents life by force and tranquility. Water also serves as a point of attraction, and its presence transforms a desert into paradise (Laurie, 1975). The effect of water varies according to the different designs. Flowing water gives a sense of vigor and vitality to the space and its users, and the murmur of falling water helps get rid of undesirable sounds, while stagnant water gives a sense of calm and serenity (Michell, 1981). The use of water for designing gardens and spaces are present in all global gardens in many ways and these images change depending on the nature of that country. The need for water gardens plays a significant role in attracting the attention of visitors, as well as, giving a sense of splendor and imagination to the garden. Landscape designers in warm countries use water to create pools, fountains, and waterfalls where the water is released and then falls in the form of spray, and re-released in the air in the form of overlapping columns of water, such as the “Corporal Heaven” in Spain. This garden belongs to a palace in the red compound, where the center of the garden is designed with a fountain and various plants around it whose images are reflected on the water, making a fantastic spectacle (Ghitani, 1972). 3.12.1.2 The visual, sensory, and aesthetic effects of water The effects of water vary according to different designs. Flowing water gives a sense of vitality, vigor and dynamism to the area and its functions, as the murmur of flowing water helps to eliminate the undesirable sounds, while the static surface of the water gives a sense of calm and serenity, and its importance is due to the reflection of its surroundings. The property of reflection is very pleasant on the surface of the water and works as a mirror, reflecting shapes, areas, and makes it appear expanded beyond its physical boundaries. In open 80
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spaces, reflection has a proportionate effect while in surrounding small spaces it gives a sense of spaciousness especially in the dark and enclosed areas by adding light to that area through the reflection of the sky and its brightness. The appropriate water in the canals is a link between the components of the area and the park and gives it a kind of transparency and overlapping. Also, the element of water is used to control the pedestrian traffic with physical separation for the parks while connecting and maintaining visual continuity between these parts in the gardens (Laurie, 1975 and Matson, 2006). 3.12.2 Industrial components (non-natural) 3.12.2.1 Roads and pathway networks The road and pathway networks in public parks and gardens are long structures that connect the parts of the parks to each other, are the primary means of moving from one place to another and this structure makes up the gardens and parks. The way the roads and pathways are designed show the greatest impact on aesthetic parks and gardens (Al-Qiei, 1981). They are designed according to the nature of the design of the park, according to the movement of visitors, taking this movement into account. We find that in the natural gardens, the roads and pathways are determined by the conditions of the locations, and the natural composition of plants and the borders of the water bodies. However, in geometric garden design, the roads represent a major axis, so the width has to be more (Jalbi, 1990). We find that the major roads and pathways in the green areas are of great functional importance, as the pathways have a direct relationship with the traffic and transport, or conduct of hikers in the public parks and gardens for the passage and transfer of people, vehicles, or equipment as well as the existence of sidewalks on both ends also serves pedestrians. The width of the main pathways must be between (3-5) m and covered with asphalt or concrete, and the subpassages should also be designed to accommodate pedestrian movement, with the design of different materials such as cement, and tile, or the uneven soil must 81
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be flattened and the pathways designated with construction materials, with neat engineering lines of a smooth nature (Mahmood and Amin, 1989). The most appropriate width for these pathways should be at least 1.25 m. The aesthetic value of these green spaces is due to the contents of the plants and other facilities, such as the beautiful, effective pathways with their planned and coordinated style. Therefore, the most important characteristic of these pathways, is that they are free from sharp bends and breaks, and are made as flat as possible, as well as the feature that its levels are lower than the level of the park land by (5-15) cm and the pathways should act efficiently and functionally (Mahmood and Amin, 1989). 3.12.2.2 Seats and benches: Seating areas are one of the special characteristics of the parks and gardens, and its main goal is to provide seating, comfort, relaxation and pleasure for its visitors (Baali, 1967). Sitting areas are usually located near the main attractions of the parks of garden, such as fountains, sculptures, or on roads, walkways, and preferably near shaded trees and overhead canopies for protection from weather conditions. It is more beautiful if located in the center of landscaping, but it is not possible to avoid damage and littering of the landscaping. The seats are made of different materials, such as wood, iron or comfortable concrete materials. The heights of the seats should be (37.5-40) cm from the ground, with widths of at least 40 cm with armrests not less than 3 cm high, and sometimes without armrests. Sitting areas can be increased by using the edges of ponds and fountains. The percentage of sitting areas are limited to (6-10%) of the total area. 3.12.2.3 Fountains The fountains in parks and gardens are one of the most important elements of attraction and emphasize their multiple forms and sizes such as wall fountains, 82
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ponds, and cascades. Fountains have many benefits including: increasing the relative humidity in the air through the spraying of water in the air during summer days and the creation of sounds that have visual or auditory effects (Campbell, 1978). Fountain industries in all parts of the world have showed significant progress. Fountains have appeared and have been decorated in different models by means of beautiful lighting during the night and its use has been seen in multiple locations in front of buildings or the intersections of some roads to perform important aesthetic, climatic and sanitary functions (Mahmud and Amen, 1989). Among the most popular fountains have been those that create special effects such as surprising people in water jokes, moving statues by flowing water, producing unusual and playful water jets, combining water and fire in dramatic shows, and adding music and/or lighting to create mesmerizing water displays (Shakerin, 2004).Urban landscapes with 50–90% impervious cover can lose 40–83% of rainfall to surface runoff (Pataki et al. 2011). 3.12.2.4 Statues and sculptures Sculptures, along with other works of art in the parks, are one of the important elements that determine and emphasize the nature of the city environment. They contribute to beautify and enhance the sense of the place and help to create an atmosphere that people enjoy. Garden and sculpture designers prefer to meet in preparation for the planning and design of the parks, for the purpose of designating an appropriate area for the sculptures and also for the consultation of the scale, form, mass and colors of the sculptures (Robentien, 1978). 3.12.2.5 Pergolas Pergolas are one of the most beautiful and the most important artistic characteristics in ornamental gardens that are located on sunny pathways or 83
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placed for specific purposes like kiosks or buildings to strengthen the view of the park from the center (Al-Qiei, 1981). The materials that pergolas are made from are either wood, metal or any other material. Also, the most important characteristics of these pergolas when built are: - The selection of appropriate materials with good qualities to make the pergola - Precise work on the pillars of the pergola, and adjusting the angles and its distances - Appropriate location, size and taking advantage of the optimal space - Choosing the appropriate color to paint the structure of the pergola - Choosing a climbing plant with the functional and aesthetic qualities desired and the creation of a program on how to trim the branches of the climbing plant, with ongoing maintenance. The performances of pergolas are integral to the performance of green areas in general, like trees and shrubs and the rest of the garden components and are distinct with its high aesthetic values. Plants used for this purpose are vines, Jasmine and other climbing plants (Mahmood and Amin, 1989). 3.12.2.6 Overhead canopies Are one of the architectural installations that provide the beauty to the park, due to its simplicity in composition and economic value. They beautify the entrances of the gardens. They usually are at the beginning or end of the road or at regularly spaced intervals along the road (Al-Qiei, 1981). They are made of different materials, mostly wood or iron for their strength in supporting some climber plants like Roses and Bougainvillea. Apart from the aesthetic value of these arcs, it is used to provide shade or sometimes to frame some of the works of art or to increase the area of the green landscape (Mahmood and Amin, 1989). 3.12.2.7 Stairs, terraces, and bridges The most important elements linking the park to the buildings and the parts of the park with each other (Al-Qiei, 1981). Most natural and geometrical 84
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gardens cannot be without the presence of stairs and terraces, especially in natural undulating areas as it helps visitors to move and stroll freely and relax entirely. On the stairs, no step should be higher than 17 cm or wider than 35 cm with the presence of a level to rest if the number of stairs is more than 10-15 steps (Mahmood and Amin, 1989). The aesthetic value of the gardens is increased in the design of some balconies or submersible gardens that work with these geometric shapes and some areas with small bridges over streams or in some parts of the lakes so that these bridges are in the form of stairs. However, the materials used for this purpose are often contracted from high quality construction materials, such as marble, cement, brick or wood. The bridges may take modern forms in large parks (Mahmood and Amin, 1989). 3.12.2.8 Kiosks Are one of the components that are used in some types of green areas such as parks and public gardens to serve the visitors by selling snacks or soft drinks and other foods The size and shape of these stalls must be consistent with the overall context of the nature of the garden or the park in terms of colors and the manufactured material including the model built or its forms. Their locations must be in places that visitors see easily and do not lead to the creation of crowds and hinder pedestrians. In many cases these kiosks also have seating areas (Obaid, 1981 and Mahmood and Amin, 1989). 3.12.2.9 Lighting Lighting has become one of the important elements in parks and public gardens, and apart from its functional significance in providing adequate lighting for illumination at night, it is an important aesthetic component in gardens especially if selected in beautiful forms and installed in locations consistent with the design of the park, so that it highlights the beauty of the garden elements such as plants, walkways, benches, fountains and etc. Thus visitors are encouraged to go to the parks at night especially during spring and 85
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summer as it will increase the duration of their visits to the gardens. The lighting is preferred to be at a good level so that it stimulates natural light and can shed light on many important places such as sitting areas, around pools, flower areas, and children’s playgrounds. The height of the flowering plants are preferred to be in short ranges between (40-60) cm, so as to not disturb visitors which does not prevent the use of high lighting, where the entrances to the main gardens and walkways must have the highest levels of lighting. On some official occasions the lighting must be from above and strong lighting must be used to facilitate the movement of visitors (Jalbi, 1990). 3.12.2.10 Bollards Bollards must be taken into account as an important element in the design of open areas in the city centers, where it is a separating barrier for pedestrian traffic. They also increase the pleasant views, especially when used with repetition and appropriate size, texture and color. These bollards may be linked with seating areas, where it provides a wider space when there is a need for it. These bollards can also be linked with the night lights for the purpose of providing suitably lighted walkways (Obaid, 1981). 3.12.2.11 Waste containers Are important elements to maintain the cleanliness of the garden and its beauty, and are placed near seating areas and kiosks, especially so they can be used effectively. In order for the containers to be seen clearly, they are preferred to be fixed with some large elements such as walls, columns, and fences rather than placed individually. The design of the waste containers is influenced by the repetitive emptying of the containers. If the containers are emptied daily they do not need lids, but the containers that are emptied rarely or wastes that spoil or rot quickly and attract insects should be provided with hinged lids to avoid any harm or inconvenience. Appropriate types of waste containers are those made of pre-made concrete (ready), metal and the choice depends on the cost of power and view (Obaid, 1981). 86
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3.12.2.12 Signs and boards The illustrations and labels are one of the facilities in gardens and parks, that clarify the different parts, guides visitors and ease the use of the best garden areas. It also raises the aesthetic, functional, and technical value of the pedestrian’s strolls. There are three types of signs, which are illustrative, guidelines, warnings or information that is written on them (Weddle, 1975). One of the most important features of labels is that they give the visitor a sense of security in knowing their destinations and where they want to go next, through a clear and organized labeling system and considering the locations of the signs. The map of the park scheme is preferred to be at the entrance, the intersection of the pathways and in effective areas and the signs should be visible from regular roads of at least (20) m away. Regarding the different forms of labels, they include signals such as (You are here), or are in the shapes of clocks or are signs indicating laundry mats or the telephone, food shops or parking lots. It is difficult to give rules for designing labels but it is necessary for the sign to be consistent with the open area (Weddle, 1975).
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Figure 3.1
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Figure 3.2
Seats and benches in the gardens
/http://living.vinnysitaliankitchen.com/the-best-garden-benches
Figure 3.3
Figure 3.4
Lakes in the gardens
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/534169205775435540/
Figure 3.5
Fountains
http://forums.roro44.net/592076.html
Statues and sculptures
http://www.gardenornamentsdirect.com/girl-holding-dress-
Figure 3.6
Pergolas in garden
http://hotmodir.blogspot.com/2015/12/wooden-pergolas-
Cascades
http://www.homestratosphere.com/swimming-pools-
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4. Case study
4.1 Introduction 4.2 Case study 4.3 Conclusions 4.4 Recommendations
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Case Study
CHAPTER FOUR 4.1 Introduction: In general, planning and designing parks and gardens in a residential complex in the city, necessitates the need to provide its residents with all of their needs, and requirements. The designer needs to keep in mind several important points like the personal needs of the residents, the location, and the environment, which provides parks and gardens with a look that correlates with the social and cultural reality of the environment. Studies have been done on several residential complexes in the city of Sulaimani, such as (Kurd city, German Village, and Hawari Zanko), in order to be familiar with the open spaces, gardens and green areas in those residential complexes by visiting and observing the areas, and also through the process of personal interviews and analysis of the architectural plans and designs. The last step in the study was through the use of questionnaires, in which the opinion of the residents of each of these complexes were taken in order to create an appropriate and suitable design for the open spaces and gardens of those three complexes.
4.2 Case study 4.2.1 Study sample Study Sample consisted of: 1. German Village 2. Hawari Zanko 3. Kurd City
4.2.2 General description of sample 1. German Village: German village is located in the city of Sulaimani on the Malik Mahmud Street across Twimalik neighborhood, (figure 4.1). It was designed by the local Nalia Company, and it consists of German Village 1 and 2, while 3 is still in construction. Both 1 and 2 complexes are made up of (8) buildings, (2) large and 89
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(6) small buildings, (104) villa, and (51) houses (Figure 4.2). Each of these buildings is ten floors, and each floor houses four families, therefore each building houses forty families as shown in (Figure 4.3). The complex contains kindergarten, primary school, daycare, supermarkets, and also consists of gardens distributed among the open spaces. The total area of the entire project is (167820 m2) while the total area of the green spaces is (57059 m2) and the total area of the open space is (134256 m2). The total number of houses that are occupied by residents is 850 houses.
Figure 4.1
Buildings in German Village
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Source: Researcher photo.
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Figure 4.2
Figure 4.3
Case Study
The houses in German Village,
Villa and houses in German village,
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source: Researcher photo.
source: Researcher photo.
Table 4.1 The results of soil analyses of German Village location N
(35 ° 34´ 57.12"
E (45° 27´ Elevation (M)
14.41") 975
PSD gm kg-1
Soluble cation meq/ L
Text class Sand
1.38
Silt
pH
Ece dSm -1 at 25°C Type of structure O.M. (g/kg) CaCO 3%
Clay
36.7 61.93
SiCL.
7.72
0.69
Ang. blocky
Source: (Mam Rasool, 2008)
92
2.28
Ca+2
Mg+2
Na +
K+
5
3
0.22
0.1
24.8
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2. Kurd city complex: Kurd city complex is located near Malik Mahmud street in the southwestern part of the city, (Figure 4.4), and it is composed of (960) residential units located on (175,000 m2) of land, (15%) of which is occupied by green spaces, while open spaces makes up (35%), (6%) actual green spaces and small gardens are distributed between the apartment complexes (Figure 4.5). The complex consists of eighty residential buildings, of which there are three types depending on the area. There are (588) apartments of the (100 m2) type, (216) apartments of (83 m2), and (156) apartments of the (65.5 m2) type.
Figure 4.4
Residential units
93
(researcher photo)
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Figure 4.5
Figure 4.6
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Apartment
Building in Residential components
94
(Researcher photo)
(researcher photo)
Table 4.2 the results of soil analyses of Kurd city location.
PSD gm kg-1
Soluble cation (meq/ L CaCO 3 g/kg
Text class Sand
6.67
Silt
pH
Ece dSm -1 at 25°C O.M.( g/kg)
Clay
45.08 48.25
Total
SiC
6.93
0.81
15
299.0
Source: (Mam Rasool, 2008)
95
Active
100.0
Ca +2 Mg +2 Na +
5.1
1.47
K+
0.01 0.003
96
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3. Hawary Zanko: This residential project located in Sulaimani-Kirkuk main road which includes (140) entities (houses), which have been started implementation in May 2nd 2004. At First it has came to be implemented and started by AGS Turkish company, which the lands has been submitted, after them the UNESCO Organization started to manage the project, and then it has been submitted to the Municipalities of Sulaimani and the head of projects in Sulaimani (Figure 4.7). The type of working at the project at the beginning was by Turn Key, which means at the end of the project it doesn’t measure for the payment. The total area of the project is (217.501) m2, and only (6%) m2 has been provided for green area, and the rate was around (9.649) m2. And if we look at the project design we can see there has been remarked the landscape of green area, but in reality a very small area or we can say there has been no green area have been implemented. No gardens and green areas can be found in the project. And the total amount budget for the entire project was $(6,999,300) and in the project has been finalized in 2010.
Figure 4.7
Houses in Hawari Zanko
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residential complexes.
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Figure 4.8
Figure 4.9
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Quarter in hawari zanko
Entrance of the compound
97
(Researcher photo)
(Researcher photo(
Table 4.3 the results of soil analyses of Hawari Zanko location E 45° 19' 11.28"
; N 35° 34´ 51.96" and Elevation (M)
PSD gm kg-1
CaCo3
Text class Sand
Silt
pH
Ece CEC dSm -1 emol e at kg -1 25°C
O.M
768
Soluble cation meq/ L
equiv alent Total
Clay Active
Ca+2
Mg+2
Na +
K+
5
2
0.98
0.1 4
gm kg -1 99.2
506. 1
394. 7
SiC.
7.5 7
0.41
43.94
342.1 18.5 140
Source: (Mam Rasool, 2008)
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4.2.2.1 Environmental characteristics of the cities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq The most significant climatic characteristics which must be considered in any planning and design of the open spaces and parks are: The extent of the quarterly and daily temperatures
Radiation period hour/day
Angle of the fall of the solar radiation and intensity
The amount of rainfall and changes in relative humidity
Wind direction and its speed, time and path of storms
The quantity, quality and availability of water (Dahl and Molnar, 2003).
4.2.2.2 Environmental conditions of the city of Sulaimani. The environmental conditions play a key role in the planning of parks, gardens and their designs, and its difference from one area to another, there is one difference in design processors, natural and physical components for the park. Whatever the conditions of climate and kind, when planning and design, the designer seeks to generate an appropriate environment for human life, through control of all the elements of the climate by design processors and different climatic and selection of appropriate natural and physical components to this purpose (Dahl and Molnar, 2003). Although the city of Sulaimani, which has an area of 1200 km2, it is located between the Latitudes of 35.55 -36.55 N, and the Longitudes 45.55-46.55 E, with an altitude of 853 meters above sea level (Stevenovic and Markovic, 2003).
The most important elements of the environmental conditions are: (Based on the analysis of climate data during the years 1941-2007) (Meteorological Department in Sulaimani, 2008).
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4.2.2.3 Climatic factors
Temperature The rate of maximum temperature for the city of Sulaimani is 34.32° C representing a rate of approximately six months from May until October. The rate of minimum temperature is approximately 6.8°C representing a rate of approximately six months from November until April. The town has the presence of significant differences between the temperatures during the winter and summer; the temperature takes rise clearly from the beginning of May, and up to a maximum during July and then takes decline, but the period of the cold start during mid-November, and up to the minimum during January and then takes to rise at the beginning of March. While the average annual temperature in the city of Sulaimaniyah is 19.6 °C (Figure 4.10) and Table (4.4) which show minimum and maximum air temperature during (2014-2015). Relative humidity The humidity takes declining and reaches its lowest level during the summer months, with a rate of up to 24.8%. The temperature and relative humidity are of the most important determinants of the field of thermal comfort, when the temperature is higher than the thermal comfort and relative humidity is low and requires air movement, shading and adding magnitudes of water vapor, this condition is called the warm period. In the case of temperature drop below the line shading for thermal comfort, it would require exposure to solar radiation, and this case is called the cold period. As the field of thermal comfort for the city of Sulaimani as follows, there is no month of the year that located completely within the field of thermal comfort, but a large part of each of the months of April, June, September and October, and during certain times of the morning, evening and night, humidity falls within the field of thermal comfort, the proportion of comfortable days in the city of Sulaimani in about 20% of the total days of the year. Months of 101
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January, February, March, November and December fall completely within the cold period, this period requires exposure of parks and open spaces to the sun, as the cold period in the city is approximately equivalent to 55% of the total days of the year (Figure 4.12). This requires cultivation of deciduous trees in gardens and parks in the city of Sulaimani (Table 4.4) which shows humidity % of (2014-2015). The months of July and August completely and a portion of June and September months fall within the warm period that requires shading with the provision of air humidity. Large daily and seasonal variations are existed in the temperature and humidity, either for hot or cold months.
Figure 4-10 Welter climate schemes for the city of Sulaymani.
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Figure 4-11 Flowering wind in
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Figure 4-12 Comfort zone fields in the city of
city of Sulaimani.
Sulaimani
Rain and precipitation The forms of precipitation in this region is mostly in the form of rain and there are days where snowfall in December, January and February months. There are a few cases in the form of hail in March, April and May months. The average of annual rainfall in the city of Sulaimani is about 678.50 mm (Figure 4.10). While the lowest rate was 45.4 mm rainfall in 1950 and the highest rate was 1239 mm in 1957. The amount of rainfall gradually decreases in June and in mid-September, and then takes to rise, the dry period is few compared to the moist period. The daily rate of evaporation takes to rise from March and up to the upper limit during July and then takes to decrease from December to the lowest rate. The total evaporation is up to 1350 mm per year in the city of Sulaimani, this will be higher compared to the amount of rainfall during the year (Stevenovic and Markovic, 2003). The minimum precipitation during (20142015) was (0.0) and the maximum precipitation during (2014-2015) is shown in (Table 4.4).
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Table (4-4) Metrological data of Sulaimaniyah city Temperature c° Years
Humidity
Vap. Pressure
Precipitation Depth
Sunshine Duration
Wind
evap.
Months Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
Max.
Min.
January
12.1
3.4
79.1
45
7.7
5.4
30.5
0
8.5
0
0
0
3
0.2
February
12.4
3.9
70.7
32
7
4.2
26.3
0
9
0
4.6
0
7.7
0.1
march
17.9
8.9
76.5
39
10.2
6.7
50.4
0
10.2
0
3.3
0
7.9
0.2
April
24
11.4
79.7
38
15.5
4.5
13
0
11
0
2.3
0.5
9.2
2.3
May
31.1
18
56
22
13.6
8.5
25.5
0
10.8
0
2.3
0.3
11.2
1.5
June
36.9
23.1
38
17
13.7
8.2
0
0
11
1.4
5.1
0
17.3
8.2
July
40.2
26.6
35.8
16
15.4
9.9
0
0
11.3
4.7
5.6
0
19
7.7
August
41.1
26.6
32.1
14
14.1
9
0.2
0
11.1
6.8
3.5
0.3
14.7
5.2
September
35.3
20.9
42.5
19
13.3
8.6
0.2
0
10.6
1.9
2.4
0.3
10.4
5.2
October
27.5
15.4
72.3
40
15.5
10.8
14
0
10.3
0
3.6
0
11.8
1.3
November
18.2
8.2
82.8
55
11.6
8.1
20.9
0
8.8
0
5.1
0
6
0.1
December
15
5.8
93.4
66
11.5
7.9
46.4
0
8.5
0
2.5
0
7
0.6
January
12.7
3
89.4
61
9.2
6.2
33.5
0
8.5
0
0
0
3
0.2
February
15.3
4.1
88.4
55
10.2
6.6
27.8
0
9.5
0
4.6
0
7.7
0.1
march
18.7
7
84.8
47
11.1
7.5
25.6
0
10.8
0
7.1
0
6.8
0.6
April
24.2
9.9
80
36
13.2
8.4
49.5
0
11.4
0
2.8
0
8
0.9
May
32.1
17
59
21
13.8
8.8
16.6
0
11.2
0
2.3
0.5
9.9
1.3
June
39
22.1
45
19
17.6
10.2
3.7
0
11.6
0.6
5.1
0.6
17.3
4.5
July
42.5
27.1
35.3
16
16.8
10.9
0
0
10.6
1.4
3.5
0.3
14.7
6.6
August
41
21.7
46
9
17.6
5.6
0
0
11.2
0
5.5
0.3
14.4
6.1
September
38
18.5
56
9
15.9
4.5
0.2
0
10.6
1.9
2.4
0.3
10.4
5.2
October
33.8
8.5
91
15
13
4
14
0
10.3
0
3.6
0
11.8
1.3
November
21.5
0.2 -
91
25
54
3.2
20.9
0
8.8
0
5.1
0
6
0.1
December
19.4
1.5 -
89
17
10.7
2.6
46.4
0
8.5
0
2.5
0
7
0.6
2014
2015
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Wind and dust The wind is one of the environmental factors that affect plant growth and properly survival, their impact will be mechanically as well as the physiological impact on the amount of water evaporation from soil and plant. The most important wind which should be taken into account are the north wind and the north-west wind, the later is the most prevailing wind in the area that is characterized by heat and drought in the Summer, especially the daylight hours, as occupies the amount of dust while looks dry cool in winter. But the south easterly wind and easterly wind may be low-impact (Figure 4.11).In recent years, the average number of days have increased in which they occurred dust storms, which takes to rise during March and up to a maximum during July and then begin to decline during August, and these storms come from the west and south-west of Iraq (Guest, 1966). Solar irradiance Solar irradiance is the determining factor in identifying the thermal environment in the ground, the main source of energy that moves the air masses in the atmosphere (Rasul, 1986). The longest day in the year is in June (14.25 hours) and the shortest day in the year will be in December (9.85 hours). While the longest brightness of the sun is in June (12.80 hours) and the shortest brightness is in December and January (3.20 hours). 4.2.2.4 Soil conditions Soil conditions in the city of Sulaymani include the following:
Topography The city of Sulaimani has divergent topography scopes especially in the direction of south and south-west. The city is surrounded by a mountain range such as Goizha and Azmar Mountains in the east and north-east, and Baranan Mountain from the west and south-west. The city is penetrated by several low
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hills and valleys of medium depth, mediates the narrow plains, flat or undulating somewhat (FAO, 2001).
Soil testing The soil acidity (pH) in Sulaymani region is between 7.6 to 7.8 and the amount of calcium carbonate is between 169.5-228.2 g/kg, the degree of electrical conductivity is 1.65-1.54 Dis Siemens/m. While the class of soil texture did not differ according to the layers and are clay, as the amount of organic matter between 2.15-7.77 g/kg (Faraj, 2007).
4.2.3 Data collection We obtained accurate information on each of these three samples, from (March 2015 to March 2016), It was continued to collect information by visiting the sample locations. Collecting this data entailed four different steps, which involve observation, questionnaires, personal interviews and analysis of the architecture plans.
Case study results and discussion Observation The sample locations were visited on many occasions for each sample, an attempt was made to study the reality of the gardens, its parts and its impacts on the complexes, and the following observations were made: 1. The garden areas, open spaces, green areas and the areas for entertainment activities (Kids areas, resting areas, fitness areas). 2. Irrigation system, and water sources. 3. Wind barriers. 4. Type of agricultural soil 5. Number of apartments, houses and villas in each residential complex. 6. Road structures and pathways.
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7. Man-made structures, each complex contains benches, fountains, pools, kiosks, supermarkets, lighting poles, trash bins, and traffic signs. 8. The most important points that observed were during the visits to those complexes.
Personal interviews The information was collected from specialists, directors, engineers, and the supervisors of each of those projects, along with the directors of each of the companies in charge, who gave us very useful information.
Questionnaires Questionnaires involved a number of various relevant questions that helped the surveyor to identify the problem set out in the research. Surveying also serve as a direct communication, played an important role in design studies, and accomplishes the goal completely and clearly, as well as enabled the surveyor to accurately interpret the data, and asked questions of the participants according to their educational status (Qindilgi, 1993). The participants were randomly chosen from each of the complexes (Appendix 5) of both genders, different educational statuses, and forms were distributed among them as follows: 85 forms for German Village 15 forms for Hawari Zanko 65 forms for Kurd City We have taken (10%) to represent the total number of the residents, even though (5%) is sufficient. After collecting and analyzing the data from the architectural plans and the results of the survey, and depending on visual analysis of the notes, and after visiting and researching the different areas like the gardens, the open spaces and the green areas of all three complexes, we compared the results, analyzed the statistics, and calculated the percentage of 107
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these parts according to the wishes of the residents. According to the requirements and wishes of the residents, and international and local standards, we decided to plan and re-design some of the areas of the complexes.
4.3 Case study results and discussion 4.3.1 Observation results and discussion 1. Hawari Zanko By visiting Hawari Zanko complex, we noticed that there were no gardens, green areas, children’s play areas, fitness areas, or recreational areas for rest. There were no lawns, flowers or water fountains, along with numerous areas of neglected land in the complex that were not used to benefit the residents (Figure 4.13). There were only a few trees on the sidewalks, along with several small areas of land that were created into gardens by the residents themselves. In general, if we look at the site plans for this residential complex, we can see that, during the design process, a large area was designated for green areas, open spaces and gardens. However, these plans were not implemented with respect to the other areas of the complex, we can see that there is only one small mini-market that is not sufficient for the number of the residents. After interviewing the chief architect and the others involved in the beginning of the design process, we realized that international and local standards were not implemented for the green areas, which explains the results of our questionnaires that the residents are not satisfied since it was not designed according to their wants and requirements, and there is no source of water for green areas.
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Figure 4.13
A mosque in the compound Source: Researcher photo
Figure 4.14
Neglecting the space without garden Source: Researcher photo
Figure 4.15
The space that is designed Source: Researcher photo
Figure 4.16
No trees in the residential Source: Researcher photo
Ssmall minimarkets Source: Researcher photo
Figure 4.18
Garden in the residential Source: Researcher photo
Figure 4.17
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Figure 4.19
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The neglecting of the land Figure 4.20 Source: Researcher photo
Figure 4.21 The slope of the land that is designed Source: Researcher photo
Figure 4.22
Neglected area Source: Researcher photo
Garden in residential
Source: Researcher photo
Figure 4.25 Grass in the ground Figure 4.24 Gardens between the houses Source: Researcher photo Source: Researcher photo
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2. German Village After several visits to the German Village, we noticed a good number of trees planted on the sidewalks along with several areas of sloped land designated for trees as compared to Hawari Zanko, as shown in figure (4-25). To an extent, the topography of the land was taken advantage of, and the sloped areas were kept the same and covered by natural vegetation, providing a nice view for its residents (Figure 4.26). There are also several small gardens besides the small gardens that the residents have made for themselves. After meeting with the director of the company in charge (Nalia Company) and the designers of this complex, it was noticed that German Village II contains water wells that are used for the green areas, along with three water storage tanks and an irrigation system for watering the plants. However, due to its vast area, the complex still has water problems. We also noted lighting poles used to brighten the walkways at night. There are also no pools, fitness areas, recreational or rest areas for residents of the complex, only a few small play areas for children. With respect to the land, only a depth of (40-50 cm) is agricultural soil suitable for farming. This soil has been replaced by agricultural soil and any depth more than this is not suitable for gardens and trees. If we look at the site plan, we can see that a large area has been designated for green areas, flowers and lawns for residents. However, the reality is that this has been poorly implemented due to the designated green areas being used as parking lots, generators, service areas or left ignored. There are only a small variety of trees planted throughout the complex, therefore creating a sense of repetition and boredom.
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Figure 4.25
Garden in front of buildings Figure 4.26 Source: Researcher photo
Tree in residential Source: Researcher photo
Figure 4.27
A place for sport Figure 4.28 Source: Researcher photo
A place to car Parking Source: Researcher photo
Figure 4.29
The exploitation of space to place Source: Researcher photo
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Figure 4.30
Played ground Source: Researcher photo
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Figure 4. 31 Use the topography of the land Source: Researcher photo
Figure 4.33
Figure 4.35
Figure 4.32 Source: Researcher photo
No windbreaks around the Figure 4.34 complex home
Sitting places and relaxing
Figure 4.36
Source: Researcher photo
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Place for sitting
Small garden in front of
An area which is designed Source: Researcher photo
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3. Kurd City Concerning the residential complex of Kurd City, we noticed that there are no green areas, open spaces, gardens, flowers or lawns. There are no play areas for children, nor any area designated for it, along with no areas for pedestrians or recreational areas for residents (Figure 4.37). There are also no fountains, or fitness areas. As a result of our visits to the complex, we noticed there are no trees anywhere in the complex, or in the surroundings of the complex. No attention has been paid to the cleaning services and if we look at the site plans of Kurd City we can see that a large area has been designated for green areas and open spaces but has not been implemented just like the other complexes.
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Figure 4.37 A small garden in front of home Source: Researcher photo
Figure 4.38 Source:
Figure 4.39
Figure 4 .41
No windbreaks around the Figure 4.40 complex
Sitting places and relaxing
Source: Researcher photo
Figure 4.42
Gardens in the streets within the complex Researcher photo
Small garden in front of home
An area which is designed
Source: Researcher photo
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Figure 4.43 Use a Ground to place of Services Source :Researcher photo
Figure 4.45
No windbreaks around residential
Figure 4.44
Figure 4.46 The use of the land for Tower Garden
Source :Researcher photo
Figure 4.47 Source:
Gardens in front of building Source :Researcher photo
Trees in front of building Researcher photo
Source :Researcher photo
Figure 4.48 Source:
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The negligence of the land
Researcher photo
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4.3.2 Questionnaire Results, Discussion, with results of statistical analysis and Discussion: At the end of our research, we carried out a discussion and analysis of the survey results, along with statistical records, recording architectural plans for each of the three complexes, and calculating percentages for our survey questions and analyzing the designs according to the requirements and requests of the residents. Once more, we redesigned the plans to create gardens, green areas, and open spaces, along with large areas for children’s playgrounds, rest and recreational, family areas, fountains, and etc., to fulfill the residents’ requirements. The layout of our questionnaire was by forms, distributed randomly among both male and female residents. There were (86.67%) of male participants and (13.33%) female participants from Hawari Zanko, while there were (56.48%) male participants and (43.52%) female participants from German Village. Kurd City had (46.15%) male participants and (53.85%) female participants, as shown in (Chart 4.1). Age played an important role as verified by our survey that showed that younger residents preferred fitness, recreation areas and swimming pools while the elderly preferred sitting, resting, and shaded areas with fountains. We conclude from these results that young people and adults are more reluctant about open spaces and gardens, they prefer recreational areas due to their free time, which provides an incentive to pay more attention to garden and green area designs. According to the findings of (Naqash, 1998 and Jasim, 2004), people who are educated realize the importance of spending leisure time in gardens and parks and are aware of the importance of gardens in their lives, and they are affected by changes in the cultural, social and economical aspects, along with the importance of having an educated mind for samples and research. 117
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By looking at Hawari Zanko, we can see that the highest number of participants (46.66%) were in the (40-49) age group, while (29.41%) of participants from German Village were in the (20-29) age group, and the highest percentage (40.03%) from Kurd City was in the (30-39) age group as seen in Chart (4-2). This shows us that the young adult population from German Village had the highest number of participants and preferred fitness and strolling areas. However, Hawari Zanko housed more families; therefore their preference was for children’s play areas. We can also see that the extent of education and culture of residents is directly proportional to their request for green areas. As shown in chart (4.3), we can see that the participants from all three complexes had three levels of education; high school diploma, college degree and higher level education. With respect to Hawari Zanko, which houses college teachers, all of them (100%) hold degrees of higher education, as compared to (47.69%) of Kurd City and (57.64%) of German Village who have college degrees. The results of our survey shows that participants from all three complexes share the same educational level to an extent, which is why they all share a preference for green areas, open spaces and gardens. If we look at the questions separately, we can see a difference in the results from each complex. Concerning the first question, all of the residents of Kurd City and Hawari Zanko understand the importance and need for green areas since their complex lacks green areas as mentioned in observation results, while only (95.29%) of participants from German Village recognized the need for green areas. There was a (0%) response from all three complexes for (No) choice. If we look at (Table 4.5), and the analysis of this question, we can see that age has no effect on the results and is not a factor, while having a degree is an important factor. The second question, shows that (80-86.66%) of participants from Hawari Zanko requested sitting areas and children’s playgrounds as compared to 118
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German Village, where (100%) of residents requested fitness areas and (95.29%) for children’s playgrounds. However, (100%) of residents from Kurd City requested playgrounds for children, and (93.84%) for strolling areas. Therefore, we decided to redesign, create gardens, and designate large areas for children’s playgrounds and recreational areas, large spaces for green areas, with special attention to flowers and walkways. If we look at table (4.6), after analysis of the question we can conclude that neither age nor educational level of participants from all three complexes is a factor. Question three, shows that the majority of participants of all three complexes; Hawari Zanko (60%), German Village (95.29%) and Kurd City (100% ) prefer gardens at night, while visiting gardens in the evenings comes in second; the highest number of which is (81.17%) in German Village and (100%) in Kurd City. Analysis of the answers from all three complexes in Table (4.7) shows that age and education degree are not factors and are not directly related. The result of this research allowed us to design gardens and open spaces and to pay special attention to lighting and planting those flowers and trees which are more beautiful at night, since the residents prefer going there at night, In, question 4, which was about visiting the gardens depending on the season, we conclude from our findings that residents from all three complexes prefer spring/summer season to visit the gardens, of which the highest percentage was recorded from Kurd City (98.4%) and their second choice was the fall/winter season. After analysis (Table 4.8), we concluded that age is an important factor and is directly related to this question, as young adults prefer green areas while educational level is an irrelevant factor.
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After we achieved these results during our design process, we decided to plant those trees and flowers that bloom during the spring and summer months, plant trees whose leaves’ change color from one season to another, and fountains to provide fresh air and a sense of calm to its visitors. As we can see in question 5, the highest number (80%) of the participants from Kurd City answered “bad”, while the lowest (4.70%) came from German Village. After analysis of this question, as shown in Table (4.9), that age is not a factor, while educational level is directly related. Question 6, was about the beauty of the landscape, the highest number of participants (86.15%) from Kurd City answered “bad” for their landscape and the lowest number (4.70%) from German Village answered “bad” in response to the beauty of their landscape. In the results shown in table (4.10), we can conclude that educational level is an important factor. which shows Question 7, had the highest number of participants from Hawari Zanko (73.33%) and Kurd City (92.30%), since neither of these two complexes have children’s playgrounds. As seen in (Table 4.11), age is directly related to the residents’ requests for children’s playgrounds, which is why we paid attention to this point and designed several playgrounds for children. By looking at this question 8 we can see that the highest number from Hawari Zanko who answered “bad” (60.66%) and the highest number who answered “good” (47.05%). This demonstrates, what we previously mentioned in observation results, that the majority of the green areas have been used as parking lots. (Table 4.12) shows that age and educational level are both directly related to the requests made by residents.
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If we look at this question 9 we can see that the highest number of participants (73.84%) answered “bad” from Kurd City and table (4.13) shows that educational level is an important factor for this question. By looking at this question 10 we found that the highest number who answered “bad” was from Hawari Zanko (100%), and Kurd City (89.23%), since maintenance and services have been neglected and table (4.14) shows no relationship between age and educational level. The highest percentage who answered “bad” was from Hawari Zanko (86.66%) and German Village (89.41%), and table (4.15) shows that educational level has a direct impact on this question 11. This question 12 shows that lighting plays an important role in the beautification of the landscape answered by the highest number of (53.33%) from Hawari Zanko. (Table 4.16) shows that both age and educational level are an important factor for all three complexes. The results of that question 13 are as follows, Kurd City had the highest number of participants (21.53%) who answered “bad’, and table (4.17) shows that educational level is a direct factor. The result of question 14 on the presence of a special area for families, we can see that only Kurd City does not want this, and (40%) of them answered “don’t like”, and (Table 4.18) shows that educational level is an important factor for this residential complex. In question 15 on fitness areas, the highest number of participants (80-100%) from Hawari Zanko and German Village answered “like” and demonstrate that educational level is a direct factor, as shown in table (4.19). In question 16 the highest number was from Hawari Zanko (80%), and German Village (75.29%), and we can see that from table (4.20), that both age and educational level is a direct factor on the importance this question, which is why 121
Chapter Four
Case Study
during redesigning of these parts, we paid special attention to family and individual sitting areas, as well as shaded areas for rest. Question 17 on the importance of recreational areas, all three complexes agree on this point, Hawari Zanko (73.33%), German Village (87.05%), and Kurd City (15.38%) and educational level and degree is a direct factor on the requirements of this area, as shown in table (4.21). Question 18 shows that all three complexes wish for water and fountains with the percentages as follows: Hawari Zanko (100%), German Village (100%), and Kurd City (80%), and we can see that educational level is an important factor as shown in table (4.22). Question 19 we found that the highest number was recorded in Hawari Zanko (100%) and German Village (75.29%), on the presence and importance of strolling areas, however table (4.23) shows that age and educational level are both important factors. Question 20 which is about the importance of swimming pools, only (78.82%) from German Village (66.66%) from Hawari Zanko answered “like”, however only (36.92%) from Kurd City answered “don’t like”. (Table 4.24) shows that both age and educational status are important factors. Question 21 we find that (16.92%) of Kurd City answered “don’t like”, and table (4.25) shows that age and educational status are direct factors. However, in question 22 and 23 (100%) of all three complexes answered concerning the presence of lawn and flowers. Yet, (100%) of residents from Kurd City answered “like” for the presence of wind barriers, and in both tables (4.26) and (4.27), neither age and educational status is a direct factor.
122
Chapter Four
Case Study
Chart 4.1 Questionnaire distributed both male and female 100% 86.67%
90% 80% 70%
53.85%
56.48%
60%
46.15%
43.52%
50% 40% 30% 13.33%
20% 10% 0%
Male
Male Kurd city
German village
Female Hawary Zanko
(Source, researcher)
Chart 4.2 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% Hawary Zanko
46.66%
German village
50% 40.03%
Kurd city
28.23%
26.68% 20% 10.58%
10.76% 8.23%
35.38% 29.41%
23.52%
40% 30% 20%
12.30% 6.66%
1.53%
10% 0% 0%
69-60
59-50
49-40
39-30
(Source: researcher)
123
29-29
Chapter Four
Case Study
Chart 4.3 Education level 100%
57.64% 47.69%
43.08% 28.25% 14.11%
9.23%
Higher dgree
College
Kurd city
High school
Higher dgree
College
High school
Higher dgree
German village
(Source: researcher)
124
0%
0%
College
High school
Hawary Zanko
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Chapter Four
Case Study
Table 4.5
Q1. Do you think that green area in necessary in your residential complex?
self description
YES FAIR NO TOTAL Chi-Square
AGE
study qualification
20 - 29
46
1
1
48
30 - 39
49
1
1
51
40 - 49
33
1
1
35
50 - 59
15
1
1
17
60 - 69
11
2
1
14
Total
154
6
5
165
High school
50
1
1
52
College
76
1
2
79
Higher degree
28
4
2
34
Total
154
6
5
165
p value
7.399 n.s
0.494
9.559 *
0.049
Table 4. 6 Q2/ what are the most important activities you would like to practice
play space for Total children
Sitting places
foot path
place for exercise
20 - 29
41
40
43
43
167
30 - 39
49
50
41
50
190
40 - 49
32
27
23
34
116
50 - 59
13
12
10
16
51
60 - 69
14
10
6
14
44
TOTAL
149
139
123
157
568
High school
39
40
48
48
175
College
60
67
69
80
276
Self description
AGE
study qualification
Total
Higher degree
23
29
26
30
108
TOTAL
122
136
143
158
559
125
Chi Square
P Value
n.s 5.098
0.955
n.s 0.939
0.988
Chapter Four
Case Study
Table 4.7
Q3/ what time of the day you prefer to use your residential garden?
Self description
Morning
Afternoon
Evening
Night
Total
20 - 29
14
16
48
46
124
30 - 39
26
21
49
50
146
40 - 49
22
22
27
34
105
50 - 59
8
9
13
15
45
60 - 69
11
6
12
8
37
Total
81
74
149
153
457
High school
31
19
52
48
150
College
28
31
64
80
203
AGE
study qualification
Higher degree
13
14
25
18
70
Total
72
64
141
146
423
Table 4.8
P value
14.799 n.s
0.253
7.866 n.s
0.248
Q4/ in which season do you prefer to use your residential garden?
Self description
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
TOTAL
20 - 29
43
48
22
18
131
30 - 39
47
50
12
3
112
40 - 49
30
34
4
1
69
50 - 59
16
14
5
1
36
60 - 69
13
6
4
1
24
Total
149
152
47
24
372
High school
50
51
18
8
127
College
79
71
16
1
167
Higher degree
28
32
7
1
68
Total
157
154
41
10
362
AGE
study qualification
Chi Square
126
Chi Square
P Value
28.961**
0.004
12.05 n.s
0.061
Chapter Four
Case Study
Table 4. 9 Q/ 5 Area of the green lands and garden in your complex Self description
GOOD FAIR
BAD
DON’T KNOW
TOTAL
20 - 29
3
24
20
1
48
30 - 39
6
25
19
1
51
40 - 49
7
16
11
1
35
50 - 59
2
7
7
1
17
60 - 69
5
6
2
1
14
Total
23
78
59
5
165
High school
6
17
28
1
52
College
7
46
26
1
80
AGE
study qualification
Higher degree
10
15
7
1
33
Total
23
78
61
3
165
Table 4. 10 Q/ 6 Self description
GOOD FAIR
P Value
n.s 12.473
0.408
19.298**
0.004
Chi Square
P Value
n.s 17.707
0.125
29.529**
0.001
Garden aesthetics
BAD
DON’T TOTAL KNOW
20 - 29
15
13
19
1
48
30 - 39
14
9
27
1
51
40 - 49
11
15
8
1
35
50 - 59
3
3
10
1
17
60 - 69
6
5
2
1
14
Total
49
45
66
5
165
High school
3
26
22
1
52
College
33
13
31
3
80
AGE
study qualification
Chi Square
Higher degree
13
6
13
1
33
Total
49
45
66
5
165
127
Chapter Four
Case Study
TABLE 4 . 11 Q/7 Children pleasure areas and the degree of disturbance to the residents GOOD
FAIR
BAD
DON’T KNOW
TOTAL
20 - 29
7
1
39
1
48
30 - 39
5
3
41
2
57
40 - 49
3
11
19
2
35
50 - 59
3
3
10
1
17
60 - 69
5
3
5
1
14
Total
23
21
114
7
165
High school
6
7
37
2
52
College
9
10
59
2
80
Self description
AGE
study qualification
Higher degree
8
4
18
3
33
Total
23
21
114
7
165
GOOD
FAIR
BAD
DON’T KNOW
TOTAL
20 - 29
15
15
17
1
48
30 - 39
13
10
25
3
51
40 - 49
17
14
3
1
35
Chi Square
P Value
29.918 **
0.003
6.892 n.s
0.331
Chi Square
P Value
24.748 **
0.016
25.485**
0
Table 4.12 Q/8 Car parking areas Self description
AGE
study qualification
50 - 59
6
7
3
1
17
60 - 69
5
5
2
2
14
Total
56
51
50
8
165
High school
9
26
16
1
52
College
38
18
18
6
80
Higher degree
9
7
16
1
33
Total
56
51
50
8
165
128
Chapter Four Table 4.13
Case Study Q/ 9 Pavement and footpath in the complex green area
GOOD
FAIR
BAD
DON’T KNOW
TOTAL
20 - 29
18
6
21
3
48
30 - 39
17
9
17
8
51
40 - 49
10
14
10
1
35
50 - 59
5
5
6
1
17
60 - 69
5
4
4
1
14
Total
55
38
58
14
165
High school
20
1
30
1
52
College
20
28
21
11
80
Self description
AGE
study qualification
Table 4.14
Higher degree
15
9
7
2
33
Total
55
38
58
14
165
Chi Square
P Value
14.94 n.s
0.245
35.45 **
0
Chi Square
P Value
4.527 n.s
0.972
11.807 n.s
0.066
Q/10 Services and maintenance in the green spaces GOOD
FAIR
BAD
DON’T KNOW
TOTAL
20 - 29
18
6
23
1
48
30 - 39
16
7
25
3
51
40 - 49
9
7
18
1
35
50 - 59
4
3
9
1
17
60 - 69
5
3
5
1
14
Total
52
26
80
7
165
High school
20
7
24
1
52
College
24
18
35
3
80
Self description
AGE
study qualification
Higher degree
8
1
21
3
33
Total
52
26
80
7
165
129
Chapter Four
Case Study
Table 4.15 Q /11 Markets and mini markets
GOOD
FAIR
BAD
DON’T KNOW
TOTAL
20 - 29
18
4
25
1
48
30 - 39
24
2
24
1
51
40 - 49
6
4
24
1
35
50 - 59
6
2
8
1
17
60 - 69
1
3
9
1
14
Total
55
15
90
5
165
High school
28
1
22
1
52
College
26
3
60
3
92
Self description
AGE
study qualification
Higher degree
1
11
8
1
21
Total
55
15
90
5
165
Chi Square
P Value
16.837 n.s
0.156
66.911 **
0
Chi Square
P Value
32.819 **
0.001
25.298 **
0
Table 4.16 Q/12 Lighting and adequate signs GOOD
FAIR
BAD
DON’T KNOW
TOTAL
20 - 29
8
18
21
1
48
30 - 39
2
39
9
1
51
40 - 49
2
28
4
1
35
50 - 59
3
8
5
1
17
60 - 69
1
4
8
1
14
Total
16
97
47
5
165
High school
5
4
1
1
50
College
10
3
30
1
30
Self description
AGE
study qualification
Higher degree
1
12
19
3
35
Total
16
97
47
5
165
130
Chapter Four
Case Study
Table 4.17 Q/13 Cleanliness of open spaces and landscapes and the availability of necessary bins GOOD
FAIR
BAD
DON’T KNOW
TOTAL
20 - 29
20
22
5
1
48
30 - 39
20
27
3
1
51
40 - 49
17
15
2
1
35
50 - 59
7
7
2
1
17
60 - 69
8
4
1
1
14
Total
72
75
13
5
165
High school
22
23
6
1
52
College
28
45
6
1
80
Self description
AGE
study qualification
Table 4.18
P Value
5.474 n.s
0.94
18.665 **
0.005
Higher degree
22
7
1
3
33
Total
72
75
13
5
165
Chi Square
P Value
8.601 n.s
0.377
24.684**
0
Q /14
Particular places for families Like
Fair
Don’t like
Total
20 - 29
25
15
8
48
30 - 39
24
15
12
51
40 - 49
22
10
3
35
Self description
AGE
study qualification
Chi Square
50 - 59
6
9
2
17
60 - 69
9
3
2
14
Total
86
52
27
165
High school
24
27
1
52
College
47
13
20
80
Higher degree
15
12
6
33
Total
86
52
27
165
131
Chapter Four Table 4.19
Case Study Q/15 Sports and fitness activities places Like
Fair
Don’t like
Total
20 - 29
26
12
10
48
30 - 39
26
14
11
51
40 - 49
28
2
5
35
50 - 59
11
2
4
17
60 - 69
11
2
1
14
Total
102
32
31
165
High school
25
1
26
52
College
50
29
1
80
Self description
AGE
study qualification
Table 4.20
Higher degree
27
2
4
33
Total
102
32
31
165
Q/16
P Value
n.s 12.423
0.133
67.5 **
0
Chi Square
P Value
26.809**
0.001
16.157**
0.003
Arbores and shaded areas Like
Fair
Don’t like
Total
20 - 29
12
35
1
48
30 - 39
22
28
1
51
40 - 49
21
12
2
35
50 - 59
9
7
1
17
60 - 69
11
1
2
14
Total
75
83
7
165
High school
20
28
4
52
College
32
48
1
81
Self description
AGE
study qualification
Chi Square
Higher degree
23
7
2
32
Total
75
83
7
165
132
Chapter Four Table 4.21
Case Study Q/17 Sitting and relaxing places Like
Fair
Don’t like
Total
20 - 29
27
20
1
48
30 - 39
27
23
1
51
40 - 49
24
10
1
35
50 - 59
9
7
1
17
60 - 69
8
4
2
14
Total
95
64
6
165
High school
22
29
1
52
College
52
27
1
80
Self description
AGE
study qualification
Table 4.22
Higher degree
21
8
4
33
Total
95
64
6
165
P Value
8.346 n.s
0.4
17.477**
0.002
Chi Square
P Value
6.869 n.s
0.551
12.086**
0.017
Q/18 Pond and fountain Like
Fair
Don’t like
Total
20 - 29
46
1
1
48
30 - 39
46
4
1
51
40 - 49
30
4
1
35
50 - 59
13
3
1
17
60 - 69
12
1
1
14
Total
147
13
5
165
High school
49
2
1
52
College
74
5
1
80
Self description
AGE
study qualification
Chi Square
Higher degree
24
6
3
33
Total
147
13
5
165
133
Chapter Four Table 4.23
Case Study Q/ 19 Walking areas Like
Fair
Don’t like
Total
20 - 29
15
31
2
48
30 - 39
23
26
2
51
40 - 49
29
5
1
35
50 - 59
10
6
1
17
60 - 69
12
1
1
14
Total
89
69
7
165
High school
24
27
1
52
College
40
39
1
80
Self description
AGE
study qualification
Table 4.24
Higher degree
25
3
5
33
Total
89
69
7
165
Like
Fair
Don’t like
Total
20 - 29
23
13
12
48
30 - 39
13
36
2
51
40 - 49
24
8
3
35
50 - 59
7
3
7
17
60 - 69
10
3
1
14
Total
77
63
25
165
High school
17
34
1
52
College
40
19
21
80
P Value
31.514**
0.001
25.973**
0
Chi Square
P Value
47.61 **
0
32.028**
0
Q/20 Swimming pool
Self description
AGE
study qualification
Chi Square
Higher degree
20
10
3
33
Total
77
63
25
165
134
Chapter Four Table 4.25
Case Study Q/21 Markets Like
Fair
Don’t like
Total
20 - 29
24
23
1
48
30 - 39
18
29
4
51
40 - 49
23
9
3
35
50 - 59
8
6
3
17
60 - 69
12
1
1
14
Total
85
68
12
165
High school
12
39
1
52
College
48
27
5
80
Self description
AGE
study qualification
Table 4.26
Higher degree
25
2
6
33
Total
85
68
12
165
P Value
21.32 **
0.006
45.987**
0
Chi Square
P Value
3.355 n.s
0.91
5.911 n.s
0.206
Q/22 Lawn and flower areas Like
Fair
Don’t like
Total
20 - 29
46
1
1
48
30 - 39
49
1
1
51
40 - 49
33
1
1
35
50 - 59
15
1
1
17
60 - 69
12
1
1
14
Total
155
5
5
165
High school
59
1
1
61
College
67
1
3
71
Self description
AGE
study qualification
Chi Square
Higher degree
29
3
1
33
Total
155
5
5
165
135
Chapter Four
Case Study
Table 4.27 Q/23 Tree strip around your residential compounds to prevent winds , dusts and reducing the noises
Like
Fair
Don’t like
Total
20 - 29
43
4
1
48
30 - 39
45
5
1
51
40 - 49
32
2
1
35
50 - 59
15
1
1
17
60 - 69
11
2
1
14
Total
146
14
5
165
High school
48
3
1
52
College
72
7
1
80
Self description
AGE
study qualification
Higher degree
26
4
3
33
Total
146
14
5
165
136
Chi Square
P Value
2.886 n.s
0.941
6.477 n.s
0.166
Chapter Four
Case Study
4.4 Conclusions 1. General Conclusions 1. Although, sulaimania is one of the newest cities of the Kurdistan Region in Iraq and most of the cities of the Middle East, it's location was the cradle of civilization for the Neanderthals in the cave of Hazar Merd (50,000) years ago. It was also the first center of agriculture in the world, (10,000) ten thousand years ago BC in the village of (Charmo) near Sulaimania. This provides irrefutable evidence the design of gardens began in sulaimani with the emergence of agriculture. 2. Gardens are important and provide health, aesthetic, environmental, economic and recreational benefits. 3. The recreational activities present in the open spaces of these new residential complexes include seating, walking, picnic, fitness, outdoor public meetings, relaxing, reading, swimming, and children's play areas, along with a number of other activities. 4. The use of these gardens depends on several factors such as design, organization, functionality, cultural aspects and weather. 5. Several design considerations are taken into account during the design of gardens in the residential complexes; such as environmental elements, the location and its surroundings, the purpose of the gardens, social and mental aspects, as well as the cost of construction. 6. Standards change according the level of progress of that country, the difference in its nature, along with the difference in designation of land, climate variation, provision of water, the level of pollution, and the economic situation. 7.
Plant and water have several functions in gardens and open spaces, and
are also used for many other things.
137
Chapter Four
Case Study
2. Specials Conclusions: 1. Those areas from all three sample locations that were designated for gardens were not appropriate; rather they were simply areas that were not suitable for housing buildings. The designated areas included places like under electricity towers, sloped areas or hidden corners. 2. The areas in all three sample locations that are nominated for gardens are not according to local or international standards for the designation of special region for open spaces and green areas. The areas are also not chosen according to the population, basically, the area of the green spaces is not suitable in each of the three complexes, Hawari Zanko, German Village, and Kurd City. 3. Most of the gardens were not built on the basis of garden standards, like the planting of only one type of tree as was found in German Village, or the few neglected lawns devoid of flowers, in which aesthetics was completely ignored, as seen in Kurd City and Hawari Zanko. A small number, only 12.67% of the residents approved of their complexes’ flowers, and gardens aesthetics. 4. Disregard for variety in trees and shrubs in each of the three complexes and planting only one or two types of trees in repetition, creates a sense of boredom and un satisfaction. 5. The percent of green areas in each of these complexes are as follows: German Village 34%, Hawari Zanko 6%, and Kurd City 15%. 6. In each of the three sample locations, we can see that the use of water through fountains, waterfalls, water canals and water basins was completely ignored; the percentage from all three complexes amounting to 0%. However, only in German Village, water was provided for the lawns and trees. 7. Due to the lack of parking lots, the majority of open spaces in the complexes have been used as garages, they only benefit as parking lots for the residents. 138
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This area for parking lots at the expense of green areas is too much, for example, 27% of the open space in German Village is used as a parking lot. 8. As a result of our visits to each of the three sample locations and analysis of the architectural plans, we found that the spaces designated for gardens and green areas were not implemented in reality. 15% of the Kurd City complex was designated for green areas, while only 6% was actually used for planting several trees. 9. In each of the three sample locations, maintenance and services are scarce and neglected, for example, 95% of resident from all three complexes found that garden maintenance is poor and lacking. 10. There is disregard for the needs of residents from each of the three complexes and the lack of activity in the green areas, such as children’s playgrounds, resting and sitting areas, and family recreational areas along with strolling areas. 76% of the residents from all three complexes desire places to sit and rest in the gardens. 84.4% desire fitness areas while 91.7% think it is important to have children’s playgrounds. 80.8% request the presence of strolling areas. 91.71% of the residents living in residential area with multiple stories desire special family areas, especially during the holidays. 11. 98.2% of the residents of all three complexes are request to green areas, which portrays their strong desire for the presence of this important structure in their complex, as compared to 12.3% of residents from all three complexes who are satisfied with the amount of green areas currently present in their complex. 12. In general, the soil from each of the three complexes is not fertile or suitable for plant growth, the soil has not been replaced whereas only (40 cm) of the ground from some areas of German Village had been replaced by agricultural soil. This is the reason the plants have not flourished. 13. The allocation of green spaces must be dictated by the density of population, so that each park can provide for (2500- 5000) people, and the required area for each person should range from (6 - 10 m2). 139
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14. Although there are landscaping elements within residential complexes, it is not enough to improve the microclimate, since the trees and shrubs are not selected on a scientific basis, but rather selected randomly as individual attempts to reduce the transfer of heat inside the housing units. 15. Plants and vegetation components are considered for use in the form of shrubs, gardens or protective belts, and are the most important factors that help to reduce temperature, especially during the summer.
4.5 Recommendations: The recommendations that are presented by this research on designing of typical suggested landscape for different residential in Sulaymani. (Hawari Zanko, German Village, Kurd City), whose local and global standards represent an important aspect of positive solutions designed to change the reality of the situation and some of the negatives like shortcomings in the planning, design and artistic components in recreational activities, man-made structures and vegetation resulting in functionality for a large portion of the occupants of these communities, as well as providing preventive solutions that can be invested in the development and design of the future gardens and green areas according to the responsible authorities, as follows: 4.5.1 Recommendations for the planning authorities: 1. Revision of urban planning policy for open spaces and parks within the residential complexes, in particular complexes with multiple floors, and allocation of the portions for each individual. 2. There should not be any future development or expansion of the neighborhood and residential buildings in the area of the open spaces and gardens. 3.
Choosing appropriate locations for gardens inside the residential
complexes in terms of proximity to residential buildings or houses, and not in different, hidden or isolated areas. 140
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4. The development of channels of communication between researchers and stakeholders for topics on the planning and designing of parks and open spaces in residential complexes for future improvement. 4.5.2 Recommendations for the design authorities: 1. More attention to gardens, open spaces and green areas in residential complexes, especially those with multiple floors, as it is an important necessity and essential part of the overall design of any residential project so that the total building area is not more that 20% of the total area of the complex while open spaces should not be less than 80% of the gardens. 2. The design of gardens in residential complexes should be concerned with the considerations in order to create gardens for various leisure, sports, health, and social purposes for the entire population complex. 3. The designer should study the natural environment and climate of the location in detail, and the selection of trees and plants to fit the conditions of the region. 4. Study of the psychological factors, customs, and traditions present in the residential complex before the design process. 5. Paying attention the placement of wind barriers, around the complex, especially in the south and southwestern areas since that is the direction of the Sulaimani wind, in order to reduce noise and dust. 6. The need to complete the basic three stages of the architectural planning and design process of open spaces and not neglecting the last phase of detailed design, which expresses the creativity of the designer for gardens in whole or in part, creating a feeling of open space with all its elements and components. 7. Clarification of the structure of the circulation system in gardens and green areas within the residential complexes. 8. Maintenance of visual clarification at intersections. 9. Climate treatment for the gardens should be flexible and according to the seasons to allow control of the exposure to solar radiation, movement of air and humidity, by choosing a specific scheme, direction and nature of land and 141
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natural, physical and thermal characteristics of the components of the area and its reactions to the climate. 10. The importance for forestation in the open spaces to be used especially as walkways around the buildings with deciduous trees, so as to provide efficient shade in summer, while allowing the sun’s rays in the winter. Round-shaped trees are selected to shade surfaces that fall in the south, southeast and southwest areas, while oval trees are used to shade against the sun’s rays in the mornings and evenings in the summer in the eastern and western directions, and vertical trees are used as protective barriers and windbreaks and also to guide the breeze. 11. It is necessary to focus on harmony and diversity when choosing garden plants in terms of their shape, weight, colors, smell and suitability to the conditions of the environment. 12.The importance of using water in all of its forms such as fountains, waterfalls, pools and sprinklers as a core feature in the cooling of the climate with ambient air that increases the impact of water cooling through the process of rapid evaporation. 13. Provision of an efficient irrigation system to maintain the freshness of the plants through the burial of the irrigation pipes under the roads and walkways at an appropriate depth to prevent damage. 14. The importance of the occupants of the residential complexes to participate in the planning and design of the parks and symposiums, and give them chances to take responsibility for maintenance of the facilities and have opinions and suggestions for future development and participation in the maintenance and preservation. 15. Taking into consideration the engineering stages of maintenance and possibilities from the first design. 16.
Provision of industrial and man-made components that are necessary to
add beauty to the gardens, such as benches, signs, lighting poles and waste containers. 142
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17. The need for attention to provide calm and soothing activities that is suitable with the customs and traditions of our societies. 18. Creating several places for children and all their needs to play inside the complexes with safety conditions. 19. Designing private parking spaces in residential complexes with the need to isolate it from the gardens inside the complexes. 20. Avoid planting trees and shrubs with pollens that cause allergies, toxic plants, plants with thorns or fruit trees in the gardens of the complexes. 21. Do not neglect the time needed for the growth of the plants, they should be planted with the beginning of construction, and the majority of the landscaping should be complete before the construction of the buildings inside the residential complexes is finished. 4.5.3. Recommendation for the executive bodies 1. It is necessary to implement the plans proposed entirely by the designer without any alterations to any of the components because it leads to deformation of the designs. 2. Working step by step in order and commitment to the appropriate farming dates during planting operations and other suitable times. 3. Do not bury building waste under the garden areas since it will cause problems after planting, but rather clean and level the ground before planting. 4. When any change occurs in the design or components of the garden, the designer or those in charge must be notified and the changes should be marked on the project map. 5. Allocation of sufficient funds for the purpose of construction and maintenance because the project remains in the company’s responsibility for one entire year after its completion. 6.
The delivery of the plans, and information on the distribution of poles,
water and electricity to the garden administration. 143
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4.5.4 Recommendations for the Investment Authorities and the Ministry of Municipalities 1. Confirming that the open spaces and green areas are designed according to the local and international standards before giving license for the project. 2. Confirmation of the degree of implementation of the proposed designs for the green areas after the completion of the project. 3. The green areas in the residential complexes especially those with multiple stories should be according to local and international standards and the weather must be considered. 4. Directing the investment authorities to implement various activities in the gardens, like playgrounds, fitness areas and sitting areas, to reduce the crowded gardens of the city. 5. Directing the residents of the complexes to convert their roofs into green roofs, hanging plants in their balconies, and creating wall gardens, all to increase the percentage of green areas in their complexes. 4.5.5 Recommendations for the administrative authorities in the residential complexes 1. Attention should be paid to the maintenance of the gardens and its components by watering, weeding, preventing and killing bugs, cutting trees, mowing the lawn, fertilizing the plants and planting flowers according to the seasons. 2.
The same type and size trees and shrubs have to be replanted whenever a
tree gets damaged or dies, to maintain the primary design of the garden. 3.
Maintaining the cleanliness of the gardens, sanitizing the playgrounds and
preventing animals from entering the gardens, in order to maintain health and safety. 4.
Monitoring those people who vandalize the gardens and irritate the
residents through the use of cameras to maintain a calm environment, and using labels to inform residents on the use of the playgrounds and other areas of the complex.
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5. Special staff and agricultural engineers are necessary to provide service and monitor the gardens according to need. 6. Preparation for any unwanted circumstances, such as water shortage, diseases, or any severe weather conditions, by providing special funding and agricultural equipment.
4.6 Future studies and research 1.
Implementing further research on gardens in residential complexes
(multiple stories) that have flourished in the large cities of Kurdistan. 2. Implementing further research on the choosing the appropriate activities for the gardens and residential complexes. 3. Implementing further research on taking advantage of the land inside the complexes for creating gardens.
4.7 Beneficiaries of the research 1. General Directorate of Municipality 2. College of Engineering/ Department of Architecture 3. College of Agriculture/ Department of Horticulture /Landscape Design 4. Investment Authorities 5. Directorate of Administration of Residential Complexes 6. Researchers and Designers of this field.
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ئة ندازةكاري و ديزايين باخضة لة سيَ كوَمةلَطاي نيشتةجيَبوون لة ناو شاري سليَماني دا ىامُيُكُ ثًَصكُط كشاوَ بُ ئُجنىمُىِ فاكُلَتِ صاىظتُ كصتىكالًًَُكاٌ لُ صاىكىَّ طمًَناىِ وَك بُشًَك لُ ثًَذاويظتًًُكاىِ بُدَ طتًََياىِ بشِواىامُّ ماطتُس لُ صاىظتِ باخذاسّ
ئة ندازةكاري باخضةكان
لُاليٌُ
ىطني جنه الذيً َصطف٢ بُكالىَسيىَس باخذاسّ 2005 ,
بُطُسثُسشتِ
د .عً ٞعجُإ ستُذ شاسباريَشٍ مامىَطتا
2716كىسدّ
2016صايًيِ
هندسة وتصميم احلدائق يف ثالث جممعات السكنية داخل مدينة السليمانية سطاي١ َكذَ ١اىل زتًع فانًيت ايعً ّٛايضساع ١ٝيف داَع ١ايظًُٝاْ١ٝ نذضَ َٔ ٤تطًبات ْ ٌٝػٗاد ٠املادظرت يف عً ّٛايبظتٓ١
ٖٓذط ١اذتذا٥ل
َٔ قبٌ
ىطني جنه الذيً َصطف٢ بهايٛسٜٛغ بظتٓ ,2005 ١داَع ١ايظًُٝاْ١ٝ
باػشاف
د .عً ٞعجُإ ستُذ شاسباريشّ مدرس
1437الهجرية
2016الميالدية
ثىختُ لُطُلَ ثًَض كُوتيِ تُكيُلىجًاٍ مشوَظايُتٌ لُبىاسَكاىِ رياىذا ,لُواىُط بًياطاصٍ طشىطِ باخضُو سِووبُسَكشاوَكاٌ صيادٍ كشدووَ بُج
وَسيَك باخضُ بىَتُبُشًَكٌ تُواو
كُسٍ ٍُس بالَ َ خاىُ وكىَمُلَطاٍ
ىًصتُجًَبىوىًَك .ديضاييُساىٌ سِووبُسَطُوصَكاٌ لٍُُولٌَ ئُوَداٌ كُ ٍاوطُىطيُك بىَ ئُو بىاساىُ بذوَصىُوَ كُ كاسيطُسّ سِاطتُوخىَ ٍاٌ ىاسِاطتُوخىَياٌ ٍُيُ بىَ طُس مشؤظ .لُبُس ئُوٍَ كُ سِووبُسَ طُ وصَكاٌ اليُىًَكٌ صوَس طشىطًذاسٌ بىَ ئُو شاساىُّ لُ ٍُولَ داٌ ثمُيُكٌ شًاوٍ ئاطىدٍَ وثاسا طنت و اليُىٌ ضًَزو جىاىٌ وضاالكًُكاىٌ داىًصتىاىٌ كىَمُلَطا ىًصتُجٌَ بىوىُكاٌ بُدَطت بًََيًَت ,طُسَِسِاٍ طىدَ رييطُيُكاىٌ ,لُبُسئُوَشُ سِ ووبُسَ طُوصَكاٌ ىاو دَبشيًَ بُ كىَئُىذامٌ ٍُىاطٍُ شاس. ئاماجنٌ ئُو تىيَزييُوَيُ ٍُولٌََكُ بىَ لًَكىَلًَيُوَ لُىُخصُطاصٍ سِووبُسَطُوصايٌ يُكاٌ بُشًَىَيُكٌ طصيت وٍُسوٍَا باخضُو جؤسَجًاواصَكاىٌ ضاالكٌَكاىٌ كات بُطُسبشدٌ ثصىٍ جُطتٍُ لُىاو سِووَبُسَكشاوَكاىٌ ىاو بالَُخاىُو كىَمُلَطا ىًصتُجٌَ بىوىُكاىذا ,وَدياسٍ كشدىٌ طشىطرتيً ئُو طشفتاىٍُ كُلُىُ
خشُطاصٍ و
كشداسيذا تىشٌ دَبًَت وَ دووباسَىُخصُداىاٌ بىَ دميُىٌ طشوشيت ثًَصيًاس كشاو بىَ كىَمُلَطٍُ ىًصتُجٌَ بىوىٌ جًاواص لُشاسٍ طمًَناىٌ .وَلُبُس طشىطٌ ئُوبىاساىٍُ باطكشا واثًَىيظيت كشد كُ لًَكىَلًَيُوَيُكٌ مُيذاىٌ ئُجناو بذسيَت لَطُس كىَمُلَطاٍ ىًصتُجٌَ بىوىٌ ٍُواسٍ صاىكىَ ,طىىذٍ ئُلَماىٌ ,كىسد طيت لُ شاسٍ طمًَناىٌ دا .لُثًَياو صاىًين سِووبُسٍ ىاوضُ طُوصايٌ يُكاىًاٌ وباخضُكاىًاٌ و ٍُسوٍَا اليُىٌ جىاىٌ و ىاوضُكشاوَكاٌ و جىَسٍ ضاالكٌ وكات بُطُسبشدٌ تًاياىذاو ٍُسوٍَا ثًَذاويظيت يُكاٌ ٍ تشّ خضمُتطىص اسٍ وَضىَىًُتٌ ىُخصُطاصٍ بىَياٌ وَ تا ض سِادايُك سَِضاوٍ سِيَظاو ثًَىَسٍ جًَاىٌ و ىاوخىَيًُكاٌ كشاوٌ تًاياىذا ,وَتا ض سِادَيُك لُطُلَ خىاطيت رياىٌ داىًصتىاىُكاىًًاٌ ئُطىجنٌَ و وَدياسيكشدىٌ طشىطرتيً ئُو طشفتاىٍُ كُلٌُ َخصُطاصٍ و كشداسيذا تىشًاٌ بىوَ ,وَتاض سِادَيُك لُطُلَ باسٍ سِاطتُقًيٍُ ئُو ىُخصُطاصٍ يُو ئُوسِووبُساىٍُ كُدياسيكشاوٌ بىَئُوبُشاىٍُ باطكشا لُىاوئُو كىَمُلَطاياىُدا جٌَ بُجٌَ كشاوٌ. وَ بىَبُديًََياىٌ ئاماجنُكاىٌ تىيَزييُوَكُ ثًَىيظتِ بُ (طٌَ) بُشٌ تًَىَسٍ بىو ,كُتًايذا لُاليُكُوَ باس لُ تًَطُيصنت لُصاساوٍَ سِووبُسَطُوصايٌ يُكاٌ و باخضُلُىاوكىَمُلَطاٍ ىًصتُجٌَ بىوىذا كشاوَوَ ٍُسوٍَا
ثىَلًَيكشدىٌ كىَمُلَطاٍ ىًصتُجٌَ بىوٌ وَ طشىطِ طىدَكاىٌ باخضُوَ فُسماىُكاىٌ و وَ كاسيطُسٍ لُطُس اليُىِ وَلُبُطَكٌ تشدا باس لُجىَسَ جًاواصَكاىٌ ضاالكٌَ جىَسبُجىَسَكاٌ لُىاو باخضُ ي تُىذسوطيت و وَ دَسووىٌ مشؤظ , و تىاىظيت بُكاسًٍَياىًاٌ لُىاو كىَمُلَطاٍ ىًصتُجًَبىوىذا
كشاوَ,وَلُبُشٌ (طًًَُو)دا باس لُ تًَطُيصتين
صاساوٍَ ئُىذاصَكاسٍ ىُخصُكًَصاىٌ ب اخضُكاٌ لُطُلَ تايبُت مُىذيًُكاىٌ ىُخصُكًَصاٌ وٍُسوَه ا ثًَىَسّ جًَاىٌ و ىاوخىَيًِ يُكاٌ بىَ سِووبُسَ طُوصايٌ يُكاٌ وَ ٍُسوٍَا بيُما طُسَكًُكاىٌ ىُخصُطاصٍ سِووبُسَ طُوصايٌ يُكاٌ وَ ثًَكَاتُكاىٌ باخضُ لُىاو كىَمُلَطا ىًصتُجًَبووىُكاىذا ,وَ ئُوٍىَكاساىٍُ كُكاسيطُسٍ ٍُيُ كُط و ٍُوا
لُطُس ىُخصُكًَصاىٌ باخضُو وَكاسيطُسّ وطشٌطٌ سِووَك و سِووبُسٍ طُوصاٍ لُطُسطىَسِاىكاسٍ
ثاكشدىُوٍَ رييطُو ,وَضىَىًُتٌ ٍُلَبزاسدىٌ داسودسَخت بىَباخضٍُ كىَمُلَطا ىًصتُجٌَ بىوىُكاٌ.ثاشاٌ اليُىٌ ثشاكتًكٌ تىيَزييُوَكُيُ كُبُشٌ (ضىاسَو) ثيَك ئًٍَُيًَت كُلًَكىَلًَيُوَو شًكاسيًُ بؤ
باسٍ سِاطتُقني ٍَ
باخضُوسِووبُسَ طُوصَكاٌ لُطٌَ منىوىٍُ ثًَصيًاسكشاودا لُ بالَُخاىُوكىَمُلَطاٍ ىًصتُجٌَ بىوٌ دا
لُ شاسٍ
طمًَناىٌ جًَبُجًَكشا ,ئُويض لُ سِيَطُّ طُسىج داٌ و طفتىطىَكشدىٌ كُطٌ ،سِاثشطٌ و شًكشدىُوٍَ ىُخصُ تُالسطاصيُكاٌ و دووباسَ ىُخصُداىاٌ بىَضُىذبُشَكٌ فُس امىَط كشاو بىٍَُسطٌَ كىَمُلَطاكُ ئُويض بُثصت بُطنت بُو صاىًاسياىٍُ كُلُماوٍَ طالًََكذا دَطتناٌ كُوت لُ سِيَطُكاىٌ كؤكشدىٍُ صاىًاسيًُوَ . وَ تىيَزييُوَكُماٌ طُيصتُ ضُىذ ئُجناو و دَسئُجنامًَك كُطشىطرتييًاٌ :لُىاو ئُو كىَمُلَطا ىًصتُجٌَ بىوىاىُّ كُتىيَزييُوَكُماٌ تًًايذا ئُجناو دا بًيًناٌ كُ سِووبُسّ باخضُو ىاوضُكشاوَكاٌ و سِووبُسَ طُوصاٍ يُكاٌ بُ ثًٌَ ثًَىَسَكاٌ جٌَ بُجٌَ ىُكشاوٌ و ئُبًيني كُ ىُتىاىشاوَ طىد لُوٍُمىوسِووبُسَفشاواىاىُّ كُبىوىًاٌ ٍُيُوَسبطرييَت و بُلَكىفُسامىَط كشاوٌ ياخىد طىدياٌ لًَىَسطرياوَ بىَشىيَين خضمُت طىصاسٍ وَكىشىيَين داىاىٌ مىَلًذَ وتاىكٌ ئاو وشىيَين فشِيَذاىٌ خىَلَ وخاشاك ,ئُو سِووبُسَفشاواىاىُ ىُكشاوٌ بُشىيَين داىًصنت و حُواىُوَوشىيَين تايبُت بُياسيكشدىٌ ميذاالٌَ و ٍُسو ٍَا ىُكشاوٌ بُ دَسياضٍُ دَطتكشدوو ىافىسٍَ ئاو .ئُبًيني كُثًَكَاتُكاىٌ باخضُو سِووبُسَطُوصايٌ يُكاٌ سِيَزَيُكٌ صوَسكُمٌ ئاطيت داخىاصٍ و ثًَذاويظيت داىًصتىاىُكاىًاٌ دَطتُبُسدَكات .كُواتُ صوَس ثًَىيظتُ لُكاتٌ ىُخصُطاصٍ داطشىطٌ يُكٌ صوَس بُو بُشاىُ بذسٍَت وَ لُكاتٌ ئُجناو داىًذا تًاياىذا جًَبُجٌَ بكشيَت بىَ
خىَط طىصَساىٌ جًَيًصًيُكاىًاٌ و ثشِكشدىُوٍَ
ثًَذاوٍطتًُكاىِ سِوَراىُو اليُىٌ دَسوىًاٌ .ئُمًض بُدٍ ديَت لُئُجنامٌ داىاىٌ ىُخصُطاصٍ طى جناوكُثصت ببُطتًَت بُثًَىَسَكاٌ . لُكىَتاٍ تىيَزييُوَكُدا لُ ٍُسطٌَ منىوىُكُدا دَسكُوت كُ جًَبُجًَكشدىٌ سِووب َسَ طُوصايٌ يُكاٌ صوَس بُكُمٌ جًَبُجًَكشاوٌ ,لُ طىىذٍ ئُلَناىٌ % 34سِووبُسٍ طُوصاٍ لُىُخصُ طاصٍ دا داىشاوَ ,ئُمًض بُبُساووسد بَكىسد طيت تُىَا سِيَزٍَ لُ % 15بىَ تُسخاٌكشاوَ وَ ٍُواسٍ صاىكىَ سِيَزٍَ % 6بىَ داىشاوَ و ئُو سِيَزاىُط لُكىَتاّ ثشِوَرَكُ بُتُواوٍ جٌَ بُجٌَ ىُكشاوٌ ٍُ .سوَك لُئُجنامٌ سِاثشطٌَكُ دا دَسكَوت بُتًَكشِا لٍُُسطٌَ شىيَيُكُ %65.35بىوىٌ سِووبُسٍ طُوصاٍ بُ (خشاث) ىاودَبٌُ لُ كؤمُلَطاكاىًاىذا ,وَ طوٍَىٌ تايبُت بُ ياسيكشدىٌ ميذاالٌَ % 97.3بُ خشاث ئُصاىً ,وَ طُباسَت بُال يُىٌ خضمُت طىصاسٍ سِيَزٍَ % 65.82بُ خشاثٌ ىاودَبٌُ . وَ لُ كىَتاٍ دا دَسكُوت بُتًَكشِا داىًصتىاىٌ ٍُسطٌَ كىَمُلَطاكُ ئاسَصووٍ بىوىٌ ئُو بُشاىُ ئُكٌُ كُلُىاو باخضٍُ بالَُخاىُو كىَو َلَطاكاىًاىذا بىوىٌ ٍُبًَت ئُواىًض شىيَين داىًصنت و حُواىُوَ بُسِيَزٍَ % 77.66وَ شىيَين ثًاسَو ثًادَ سِوَيصنت بُ سِيَزٍَ % 80.82وَ شىيَين تايبُت بُوَسصط بُ سِيَزَّ . % 84.1لُبُس ئُوَ لُكاتٌ ثالىٌ ىُخصُطاصٍ بىَ ٍُسشىيَيًَكٌ ىًصتُجٌَ بىوٌ
ثًَىيظتُ سَِضاوٍ حُصو
ئاسَصو داخىاصٍ
جيَيًصًيُكاىًاٌ بٍُُىذ وَسبطرييَت. لُكاتٌ تاوتًَكشدىٌ ئُجناو و دَسئُجنامُكاىٌ ئُو تىيَزييُوَيُ تىاىًناٌ ضُىذ ثًَصيًاسوسِيَينايًُك دابيًَني بىَئُوَّ لُكاتٌ ىُخصُطاصٍ باخضُو سِووبُسّ طُوصاٍ بالَُخاىُكاٌ و كىَ مُلَطاكاىذاطىدٍ لًَىَسبطرييَت بىَ ئُو كُس و اليُىاىِ ٍُلَذَطنت بُدسوطت كشدىٌ يُكُّ ىٌشتُجٌَ بىوٌ
ارتالص١ َع تطٛس ايتهًٓٛدٝا يف زتاالت اذتٝا ٠املختًفَٗٓٚ ١ا ايعُشإ
,اصدادت أُٖ ١ٝاذتذا٥ل ٚايفضا٤ات
املفتٛس١سٝح أصبشت اذتذٜك ١ادتض ٤املهٌُ أل ٟبٓا ١ٜأ ٚزتُع طهين .ساَ ٍٚصُُٛا املظاسات ارتضشا ٤ايٛص ٍٛاىل ساي َٔ ١ايتٛاصٕ يًُذاالت ايت ٢تؤثش بؼهٌ َباػش ا ٚغري َباػش يف االْظإ ,يًُظاسات ارتضشا ٤أُٖ ١ٝيف املذٕ اييت حتا ٍٚإٔ تصٌ اىل َظت َٔ ٣ٛاحملافع ١عً ٢ايزٚم ٚادتُاٍ ٚايفعايٝات يظهٓ ١املختًف ١اجملُعات ايظهٓ, ١ٝ اضاف ١اىل فٛا٥ذٖا ايب ,١ٝ٦ٝهلزا تظُٖ ٢ز ٙاملظاسات بش ١٥املذ.١ٜٓ ٖذف ايبشح ٖ ٛدساط ١ختطٞط ٚتصُ ِٝاملظاسات ارتضشا ٤بؼهٌ عاّ ٚنزيو ايفعايٝات املتعذد ٠داخٌ اذتذا٥ل ٚايفضا٤ات يًُذُعات ايظهٓ ١ٝيكضا ٤أٚقات ايفشاغ ٚايفعايٝات ايبذْ١ٝ
ٚ ,حتذٜذ أِٖ املؼانٌ اييت تٛاد٘
ايتخطٝط ايفعًَ ٞع اعاد ٠تصُ ِٝايفضا٤ات املفتٛس ١جملُعات ايظهٓ ١ٝاملختًف ١يف َذ ١ٜٓايظٌمياْ.١ٝ ْٚعشا ألَُٖٛ ١ٝضٛع ايذساط ١تطًب ادشا ٤دساطَٝ ١ذاْ ١ٝيهٌ َٔ اجملُعات ايظهٓ ١ٝايتاي١ٝ
ٖٛ :اس ٟصاْه, ٛ
ٚايكش ١ٜاالملاْٚ ,١ٝنٛسد طيت داخٌ َذ ١ٜٓايظًُٝاْ َٔ , ١ٝأدٌ َعشفَ ١ظاس ١املظاسات ارتضشاٚ ٤ادتاْب ادتُايٞ يًفضا٤ات املفتٛسْٛٚ ١ع ايفعايٝات ايرت فٚ ١ٝٗٝاستٝادات ارتذَات ٚنٝف ١ٝختطٝطٗا ٚاىل أ ٟسذ مت األخز بٓعش األعتباس ايكٛاعذ ٚاملعاٜري ايعاملٚ ١ٝاحملً ١ٝيف تصُُٗٝا ٚ ,اىل أ ٟسذ حتكل َطايب سٝا ٠طانٓٗٝا َٚالُ٥تٗا هلِ , ٚحتذٜذ أِٖ املؼانٌ اييت ٚادٗتٗا أثٓا ٤ايتطبٝل ايعًَُٚ ٞذ ٣تٓفٝزٖا. يتشكٝل ا ٙداف ايبشح تطًب ٚدٛد ثالث ١فصْ ٍٛعش , ١ٜايفصٌ أألٜٛ ٍٚضح َفَٗٚ ّٛصطًح املظاسات ارتضشا٤ ٚاذتذا٥ل داخٌ اجملُعات ايظهٓ , ١ٝنزيو تصٓٝف اجملُعات ايظهٓٚ ١ٝأُٖٚ ١ٝفٛا٥ذ اذتذا٥ل ٚٚظا٥فٗا ٚتأثريٖا عً ٢ادتٛاْب ايصشٚ ١ٝايٓفظ ١ٝيألْظإ .أَا ايفصٌ ايجاْ ٞفأْ٘ طٝتٓا ٍٚايفع ايٝات ايرتف ١ٝٗٝاملختًف ١داخٌ اذتذا٥ل ٚقذسات اطتعُاهلا داخٌ ٖز ٙاجملُعات ايظهٓ . ١ٝيف سني ٜٛضح ايفصٌ ايجايح َفٖٗٓ ّٛذطٚ ١تصُِٝ اذتذا٥ل َع خصٛصٝات ايتخطٝط ٚنزيو املعاٜري ايعاملٚ ١ٝاحملً ١ٝيًُظاسات ارتضشا , ٤نزيو اطاطٝات ايتخطٝط ٚتصُ ِٝاملظاسات ارتضشاَٚ ٤هْٛات اذتذا٥ل داخٌ ٖز ٙاجملُعات ٚايعٛاٌَ اييت تؤثش عً ٢تصُ ِٝاذتذا٥لٚ ,أُٖ١ٝ ايٓباتات ٚتاثريٖا يف تػريات املٓاخ ٚتٓك ١ٝادتَ ٛع نٝف ١ٝاختٝاس االػذاس ٚايؼذريات ذتذا٥ل اجملُعات ايظهٓ. ١ٝ
اَا األطاس ايعًُ ٞيًبشح فٛٝضح يف ايفصٌ ايشابع ٚايزٜ ٟؼٌُ حتكٝل ٚحتًٚ ٌٝاقع ساٍ
اذتذا٥ل ٚاملظاسات
ارتضشا ٤يجالث ١منارز َكرتس َٔ ١ايعُاسات ٚاجملُعات ايظهٓ ١ٝاملٓفز ٠يف َذ ١ٜٓايظًُٝاْ ١ٝعٔ طشٜل املالسعات ٚاملكابالت ايؼخصٚ ١ٝاألطتبٝإ ٚحتً ٌٝاملخططات املعُاس .١ٜنزيو مشًت ٚضع تصاَ ِٝدذٜذ ٠يبعض األدضا ٤املًُٗ١ ٚيًعٓٝات ايجالثٚ ١ريو باألع متاد عً ٢املعًَٛات اييت مت اذتص ٍٛعًٗٝا خالٍ طٓٚ ١اسذ َٔ ٠ايذساطٚ ١ريو َٔ خالٍ طشم مجع املعًَٛات َٔٚأِٖ ايٓتا٥ر اييت تٛصٌ ايٗٝا ايبشح : ٚدذ ايعٓٝات ايجالث ١اييت ادشٜت فٗٝا ايذساط ١مل ٜتِ تٓفٝز ضٛابط املظاسات ارتضشا ٤سظب املعاٜري ,نُا مل تتِ األطتفاد َٔ ٠املظاسات املخصص ١يًشذا٥ل ٚاألَانٔ ايرتف ١ٝٗٝبٌ مت اُٖاٍ دض ٤نبري َٓٗا ٚخصص بعضٗا يألغشاض ارتذََ ١ٝجٌ املٛيذات ايهٗشبا ١ٝ٥ا ٚاَانٔ مجع ايكُاَ ١اٚ ٚضع خضاْات املٝا ٙايهبري ٠نُا مل ٜتِ اْؼا٤ اَانٔ شتصص ١يًشاسٚ ١ادتًٛغ ا ٚايعاب االطفاٍ ا ٚايبشريات ا ٚا يٓافٛسات يزا صتذ إ املظاسات ارتضشاَٚ ٤هْٛات اذتذا٥ل يف ايعٓٝات قٝذ ايذساط ١مل حتكل اذتذ االدَْ ٢ظت ٣ٛايطُٛسات ٚاالستٝادات ايرتف ١ٝٗٝيًظهإ ,يزا َٔ ايضشٚس ٟإ ْٗتِ بٗز ٙاالدضا ٤اثٓا ٤عًُ ١ٝختطٝط ٚاْؼا ٤اجملُعات ايظهٓ َٔ ١ٝأدٌ ساس ١ايظهإ ٚتًب٘ٝ استٝاداتِٗ ايرتفٚ ١ٝٗٝايٓفظ ١ٝايٜٚ ,١َٝٛٝتِ حتكٝل ريو َٔ خالٍ ٚضع ايتصاَ ِٝباألعتُاد عً ٢املعاٜري. َٔٚخالٍ حتً ٌٝاملخططات املعُاس ١ٜيًعٓٝات يجالخ ٚدذ أْ٘ مت ختصٝص دض ٤قً َٔ ٌٝاذتذا٥ل ٚاملظاسات ارتضشا ٤ار بًػت ايٓظب ١يف ايكش ١ٜاالملاْ َٔ %34 ١ٝاملظاس ١ايوي ١ٝيًكشٚ,١ٜيف نٛسد طيت % 15أَا يف ٖٛاس ٟصاْهٛ فأيٓظب %6 ٖٞ ١فكط .اضاف ١اىل اْ٘ اثٓا ٤عًُ ١ٝاألْؼاٚ ٤ايتٓفٝز هلز ٙاجملُعات ناْت ايٓظب ١أقٌ َٔ ٖز ٙايٓظب . َٔٚخالٍ األطتبٝإ يظهإ ٖز ٙاجملُعات نإ سأْ َٔ % 65.35 ٟظب ١ايظهإ بإٔ اذتذا٥ل ٚاملظاسات ارتضشا٤ داخٌ زتُعاتِٗ ط ,١٦ٝنزيو أَانٔ يعب األطفاٍ بٓظب % 97. 3 ١ط ١٦ٝأَا داْب تٛفش ارتذَات يف ٖز ٙاملظاسات فإٔ ْظب % 65. 83 ١جيذْٗٚا ط.١٦ٝ نُا تعٗش َٔ ْتا٥ر األطتبٝإ اٜضا إ ايظهإ ٜفضًٚ ٕٛدٛد بعض ايفعايٝات ايرتف١ٝٗٝ
,ار ٜفضٌ ْظب١
ٚ %77. 66دٛد أَاىٕ ادتًٛغ ٚايشاسْٚ , ١ظبٜ % 80 . 82 ١فضً ٕٛأَانٔ شتصص ١يًتذٛاٍ ٚاملؼ , ٞنزيو ٜفضٌ % 84. 1أَانٔ شتصص ١يًشٜاضٚ ١ايفعايٝات ايبذْ ١ٝيف زتُعاتِٗ ,يزا اثٓا ٤عًُ ١ٝايتخطٝط ٚايتصُ ِٝذتذا٥ل اجملُعات ايظهٓ ١ٝجيب إ تؤخز بٓعش األعتباس سغبات ٚاستٝادات ايظانٓني.
َٔٚخالٍ ايٓتا٥ر ٚاالطتٓتادات تٛصٌ ايبشح اىل عذ ٠تٛصٝات ٚاقرتاسات يألطتفادَٗٓ ٠ا يف عًُ ١ٝتصُِٝ اذتذا٥ل ٚايفضا٤ات ارتاسد ١ٝاملفتٛس ١يف اجملُعات ايظهٓٚ ١ٝاملتعذد ٠ايطٛابل يًؼشنات ٚادتٗات املعٓ ١ٝبٗزٙ ايعًَُ ١ٝظتكبال.
