EdkifiHa&; ESifh 'Drdkua&pD ta=umif;t&m 1? vl@tzGJ@tpnf; ESifh rwluGJjymjcm;em;aom vlaer_ qkdonfrSmtb,fenf;? 2? vlwef;pm;qkdonfrSmtb,fenf;? 3? jynfe,fqkdonfrSmtb,fenf;? 4? EkdifiHqkdonfrSm tb,fenf;? 5? ta&S›awmiftm&S&Sd vuf&Sdjynfe,frsm; rnfodk@jzpfay:vmoenf;? 6? EdkifiHa&;0g'oabmw&m;rsm;/ 7? pD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;/ 8? 'Drdkua&pDpwifyHk/ 9? tpdk;&qdkonfrSmtb,fenf;? 10? EdkifiHa&;a0g[m&rsm;/ 11? 'Drdkua&pDqdkonfrSm tb,fenf;? 12? 'Drdkua&pDenf;ustkyfcsKyfjcif;. tajccHpnf;rsOf;rsm;/ 13? vuf&Sdtpkd;& (De facto) ESifh w&m;0iftpkd;& (De jure) 14? tm%m&Sif 'Drdkua&pD 15? tpdk;&. wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;/ 16? tm%mrsm;ukd ykdif;jcm;cGJa0xm;jcif;/ 17? orRwtkyfcsKyfa&; ESifh ygvDreftkyfcsKyfa&; pepfrsm;/ tar&dueforRwtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf/ t*FvefygvDreftkyfcsKyfa&;pepf/ wdkif;jynfacgif;aqmifrsm;§tpdk;&acgif;aqmifrsm;/ 18? a¶G;aumufyGJrsm;/ 19? rwluGJjym;aomvlr_yHkpH/ vlrsm;pktkyfpkd;jcif;ESifh vlenf;pkwdk@twGufudk,fpm;ðyjcif;/ 20? !Gef@aygif;tpdk;&rsm;/ 21? Oya'rsm;udk rnfuJhokd@ ðyvkyfoenf;/ 22? zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'/ 23? wjynfaxmifpepf ESifh jynfe,faygif;pkpepf/ 24? zuf'&,frl0g' ESifh jrefrmEdkifiH 25? 'Drdkua&pD toGiful;ajymif;jcif;/ 26? tul;tajymif;umv w&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;a&;/ 27? ckdifrmawmifhwif;aom 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&opfw&yf wnfaxmifjcif;/

0efcHpum; -

1

Curriculum Project (CP) . System of Democracy pmpOf/ / Earthrights . Government pmpOf/ DEP . Community and Nation State pmpOf ESifh PDP . Democracy and Political Transitions wkd@rSa&;om;azmfjycsuf tcsdK@w@kd ukdpkpnf;+yD; TpmpOfudk ðypkxm;jcif;jzpfonf? 1? vlr_tzGJ@tpnf; (Society) qkdonfrSmtb,fenf;? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udktrsdK;rsdK;teuft"dy`g,fzGJ@qkdEfkdif.? Oyrm - vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;qdkonfrSm • vlwpfpktwlwuGaexdkifjcif; (0g) tvkyfvkyfjcif;/ • todkif;t0dkif;wpfckwGif;Y vlwpfpktwlwuGaexdkifjcif;/ • uGJjym;aom¶dk;&m,Ofaus;r_ ESifh toufarG;r_qkdif&m oD;jcm;vl@tzGJ@tpnf;/ • tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ taqmufttkHrsm; ESifh pkaygif;xm;aom vlom;csif;qufqHa&;rsm;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;Y tpdk;&/ ynma&;pepfrsm;/ jynfol@u¾/ usef;rma&;pepfrsm;/ apwemh0efxrf;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ &mZ0wfr_trsKd;rsKd;/ &mZ0if/ xHk;wrf;pOfvm/ ,Ofaus;r_ESihf urBmay:&Sd rnfokd@aomvlom;rqkd t"dutm;jzifh vl@tkyfpkrsm;twGif;Y rnfuJhodk@ twlwuG ylaygif;aexdkif qufqHaqmif¶Gufjcif;wdk@ jzpfonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf; (Society) qkdonfrSm tvGef}uD;rm;aomvltkyfpkudkqdkvdkonf? Tvltkyfpkrsm;Y EdkifiHa&;/ oufarG;r_ykHpHrsm;/ bmompum;ESifh ordkif;twˆKywWdwdk@&Sdonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif;&Sd vlwkdif;Y udk,fydkif0goemESifh txl;vdktyfcsufrsm;&Sd aomfjim; vnf;/ touf&Sif&yfwnfEdkifa&;twGuf wlnDaomb0yHkpHav;rsm;jzifh wOD;udkwOD; trSDo[Jðy=u&onf? tar&duef (odk@) jrefrm (odk@) tdENd,vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ta=umif;udkaqG;aEG;rnfqkdu tar&duef/ jrefrmESifh tdENd, twGif; &Sdaexkdifolrsm;tm;vHk; ESifh oufqdkifonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;udk rwluGJjym;aom vlr_tkyfpkrsm; ESifh vlaer_tokdif;t0kdif;wdk@jzifh wnfaqmufxm;onf? rwluGJjym;aom vlr_tkyfpkrsm;ESifh vlr_todkif;t0dkif;rsm;udk Oyrmjy&v#if bmomuGJ/ vlrsdK;uGJ (od@k ) uGJjym;aom vkyfief;udkvkyfudkif=uaom vltkyfpkrsm;udkqdkvdkonf? oifhaexkdif&ma'oY uGJjym;aom rnfonfh vlr_tkyfpkESifh todkif;t0kdif;rsm;&Sdonf[k xifjrif,lqoenf; ´ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ rwluG uJjG ym;aomvlaer_ aer_rsm; (Social Diversity) todkif;t0dkif;qdkonfrSm wlnDaomae&mwcktwGif;Y wlnDaomvltkyfpkwpfckaexdkifjcif;jzpfonf? wenf;tm;jzifh wlnDaomt&mudk vufcHxm;aom vltkyfpkwpk[kvnf; qkdEdkifonf? Oyrm - Ak'
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wcgw&HYtodkif;t0dkif;wcktwGif;wGif wlnDaomolrsm;jzifhz@JG pnf;xm;+yD; TonfudktoGifwltkyfpk (homogeneous) [kac:onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh todkif;wGif;&Sdolrsm;tm;vHk; v,form;rsm;jzpf+yD; ¶dk;&m (ewfpm;) ,Hk=unfol rsm;jzpf=uonf? odk@&mwGif trsm;pkaom todkif;t0dkif;ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wd@k rSm uGJjym;aomvltkyfpkwdk@jzifhzGJ@pnf;xm;onf? vkyfief;uGJ/ bmom uGJ ESifh vlrsdK;pkuGJwdk@jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;onf? todkif;t0dkif;wckwGif;&Sdolrsm;onf v,form;rsm;/ ausmif;q&m§q&mrrsm;/ aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfom;rsm; tp&Sdol wdk@jzpfEdkifonf? Ak'
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tqifhtwef;§tv$m______________________________________________________ _____ pD;yGm;a&;tqifh_________________________________________________________ ______ vlr_yHkpHajymif;vJjcif;_______________________________________________________ _____ vlwef;pm;rajymif;vJEkdifjcif;__________________________________________________ _____ 2? oifaexdkifaom vl@abmiftzGJ@tpnf;Y rnfo@kd aomolrsm;ydkIta&;ygonf[k,lqoenf;? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ 3? txufwef;v$mESifh tajccHvlwef;pm;tv$m&Sdolrsm;. vlaer_b0yHkpHrnfodk@uGJjym;=uoenf;? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ 4? tb,fa=umifh tajccHvlwef;pm;v$mrsm; EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m&ydkifcGifhenf;yg;a=umif; oifxifjrif,lqoenf;? (EdkifiHa&;Y yg0ifEdkifonfhtcGifhtvrf;enf;yg;jcif;?) __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ vlwef wef;pm; (Zmwf) cGJjcm;jcif;pepf (Cast System) vlwef;pm;rajymif;vJjcif;. OyrmwpfckrSm tdENd,EkdifiH&Sd ZmwfcGJjcm;jcif;pepfjzpfonf? Tpepfonf a&S;a[mif; [dENL¶dk;&mrS qif;oufvmcJh+yD; BC 1200 cef@upwifcJhonf? tdENd,Y axmifESihfcsDaom vlwef;pm;rsm;&Sd+yD; tjcm;aomvlwef;pm; cGJrsm;pGmvnf;&Sd.? vlonfarG;uwnf;u vlwef;pm;wpfckcktwGif;uzGm;jrifcJh+yD; ,if;udkajymif;vJ,lIr&acs? vltrsm;pkonf woufvHk; rdrd. Zmwftqifhtwef;taejzifhom&Sifoef&+yD; ‚if;ESifh ZmwftrsKd;tpm;wlaom tjcm;aoma,musFm; (0g) rdef;rESifhom tdrfaxmifbufðy=u&onf?

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ZmwfcGJjcm;r_rSaeI vlwa,muf. tvkyftukdif/ pm;0wfaer_ykHpHESifh tjcm;aomZmwftwGif;rS vlwkd@ESifh qufqHr_yHkpH wkd@ukd oufrSwfxm;onf? Zmwfedrfhwa,mufonf tvkyf=urf;tvkyfudk vkyfukdifae&pOfwGif/ Zmwfjrifh wa,mufonf aiGa=u;OpPmESifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ukd ykdrdk&&Sdavonf? ZmwfcGJjcm;jcif;pepf. atmufqkH;tv$mZmwfrSm xdawG@ukdifwG,fIr&aom ty,fcHtqifh (Untouchable) jzpfonf? ty,[email protected] tdrfomoef@&Sif;a&;ESihf tr_dufñuH;aomtvkyfw@kd jzpfonf? tqkdygvlwef;pm;rsm;udk npfypfI vufjzifh xdawG@ ukdifwG,fIr&[k owfrSwfxm;jcif;cH&onf? ‚if;wdk@onf trsm;oHk; aomufa&wGif;rsm;udk toHk;ðycGifhr&bJ ‚if;wkd@twGuf oD;oef@a&wGif;udkomtoHk;ðy=u&onf? a&S;b0uðycJhaom raumif;r_wdk@a=umifh ,ckb0Y Tokd@ tjypfcH&jcif;jzpfonf[k [dENLwdk@u ,Hk=unf=uonf? ZmwfcGJjcm;jcif;pepfudk Oya't& 1950 ckESpf uwnf;u wm;jrpfxm;cJhaomfvnf;/ txl;ojzifh aus;vufa'o rsm;Y Tpepfudk ,ckwkdifatmifvufcHusifhoHk;qJ&Sdonf? tdENd,Y ty,fcHOD;a& oef;aygif; 250 cef@&dSavonf? ukvor*~.cef@rSef;csuft& tdENd,EkdifiHY uav;tvkyform;OD;a& 115 oef; ESihf oef; 300 cef@ aom vlOD;a& wdk@rSm tpma&pmiwfrGwfacgif;yg;v#uf&Sda=umif;od&onf? ‚if;wd@k xJrStrsm;pkrSm ty,fcHrsm;jzpf=uonf? ,cktcg tpdk;&onf ty,fcHwdk@. b0tajctaewdk;wufjrifhrm;vmatmif pDrHudef;rsm;csrSwfaqmif¶Gufv#uf&Sdonf? 1? Zmwfjrifh§txufwef;v$mwa,mufonf rnfo@kd aomtvkyfrsm;udkvkyfonf[koifxifoenf;? Zmwfedrfh§atmufwef;v$mwa,mufonf rnfokd@aomtvkyfrsm;ukdvkyfonf[k oifxifoenf;? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ 2? tdENd,&Sd ZmwfcGJjcm;jcif;pepfonf w&m;r#wr_&Sdygovm;/ tb,fa=umifhenf;? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______

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3? jynfe,fqdkonfrSmtb,fenf;? jynfe,fqkdonfrSm e,fedrdwf (ykdifeufe,fajr) wpfckjzpf+yD; xkde,fajrtm;tkyfcsKyfaom udk,fydkfiftpdk;&&Sdonf? jynfe,fwpfckqdkonfrSm EdkifiHa&;t&zGJ@pnf;xm;aom e,fajrwckjzpfonf? ‚if;Ywdwdusus oufrSwfxm;aom e,fedrdwf&Sd+yD;/ tpdk;&w&yf&Sdum/ tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifonf? t*Fvdyfbmompum;Y jynfe,fudkEdkifiHa&;ESifh qufEG,f+yD; teuft"dy`g,f oHk;rsKd;zGifhqkdxm;onf? 1? jynfe,fonf EdkfifiHwpfckjzpfonf? Oyrm - jrefrm/ xdkif; ESifh tdENd, wd@k onf EkdifiHrsm;jzpfonf? 2? jynfe,fonf EkdifiHwck. tpdwftydkif;wpfckjzpf+yD;/ ,if;Yudk,fydkiftpdk;&&Sd.? ‚if;wkd@rSm zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpktwGif;wnf&Sdaom jynfe,frsm;jzpfonf? Oyrm - jrefrmjynfY ucsif/ u&ifeD/ rGefuJhodk@aom jynfe,f (7) ck&Sd.? tar&duefY zavmf&D'g/ u,fvDzdk;eD;,m; ESifh 0g&SifwefuJhodk@aom jynfe,f (50) &Sdonf? 3? jynfe,fudk tpdk;& tjzpfvnf; zGifhqkdonf? tcsKyftjcmtm%m (Sovereignty) qdkonfrSm yx0De,fedrdwfwpfcktwGif;&Sd jynfolvlxktay:okd@ usifhoHk;ykdifcGifh&Sdaom vkyfykdifcGifhtm%mjzpfonf? tcsdK@aomwdkif;jynfwdk@Y tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk vlyk*~dKvf wpfOD;wnf;uom csKyfudkifxm;aomfvnf;/ omreftm;jzifh wdkif;jynfwpfjynf. tcsKyftjcmtm%monf xdkwdkif;jynf.tpdk;&vufxJY ay;tyfxm;onf? bk&ifwpfyg;onf wdkif;jynfwpfjynfukdtºuGif;rJh rif;ðytkyfcsKyfaomf/ ‚if;udk xkdwdkif;jynf. tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif[k ac:v#ifvnf;&onf? jynfe,fwpfck.vGwfvyfa&;ukd tjcm;jynfe,frsm;rS todtrSwfðy&eftwGuf/ ta&;t}uD;qkH;tcsufrSm xkdjynfe,f. tcsKyftjcmtm%m ykdifqkdifr_ ay:wGifrlwnfonf? jynfe,f (State) .t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkcsuf 3 ckukdoifem;vnfovdka&;jyyg? 1?_________________________________________________________________ _____ __________________________________________________________________ ______ 2?_________________________________________________________________ _____ __________________________________________________________________ ______ 3?_________________________________________________________________ _____ __________________________________________________________________ ______ tcsKyftjcmtm%m. t"dy`g,fudk oifem;vnfovdka&;jyyg? 6

__________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______

4? EkdifiHqkdonfrSm tb,fenf;? EkdifiHqkdonfrSm }uD;rm;vl@tokdif;t0dkif;}uD; (od@k ) vl@tzGJ@tpnf;}uD;twGif; aexdkifaeaom jynfolvlxkukd &nf!ïef;onf? EkdifiH (Nation) qkdaom pum;vkH;ukd t"dy`g,f ESpfrsdK;jzifh em;vnfEdkifonf? t"dy`g,fwpfrsdK;rSm wdkif&if;om;vlrsKd;pkvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh qufEG,fonf? • EkdifiHwck. wkdif;&if;om;qkdonfrSm ¶dk;&m,Ofaus;r_/ bmompum;/ &mZ0ifw@kd ESihf pyfqkdif.? ,if;onf wlnDaom bmompum;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ EkdifiHa&;t& ordkif;&mZ0if&dSaom vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGif; arG;zGm;vmaom vlxkudk ajymqkdjcif;jzpfonf? (ok@d r[kwf) ‚if;wkd@ukd,f ‚if;wk@d EdkifiHa&; todkif;t0ef;wpfcktjzpf jrifolrsm;jzpfonf? tjcm;t"dy`g,fwpfrsdK;rSm acwfopf (wdk;wufaom) wdkif;jynfrsm;ESifhqufEG,fonf? • jynfolrsm;taejzifh em;vnfvufcHxm;onfrSmwdkif;jynfwpfjynf. wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;jzpfonf? wdwd us us owfrSwfxm;aom ajre,fedrdwftwGif;Y rSDwif;aexdkif=uaomolrsm;jzpf+yD; ‚if;wdk@Y jynfolvlxkESifh oufqkdifaom pD;yGm;a&;/ Oya'rsm; ESifh jynfol@ynma&;pepfrsm;&Sdonf? atmufazmfjyyg Oyrmwdk@rSm wdkif;&if;om; (odk@) EkdifiHom;avm? oifhtajzudka&;csyg? csif; _________ xdkif; _________ Arm _________ tar&duef _________ XmaevlrsKd; (=opa=w;vs&Sd a'ocHrsm;) _________ rGef _________

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5? ta&S›awmiftm&SwG wiG f acwfopfwd wkid f;jynfrsm; rnfodk@jzpfay:vmoenf;´ atmufygajryHkonf awmiftm&S oifazmfjyay;Edkifygovm;?

ESifh

ta&S›awmiftm&S.ajryHkjzpfonf?

8

‚if;rS

wdkif;jynftrnfwdk@udk

vuf&Sdta&S›awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;onf Oa&myEdkifiH}uD;rsm;a=umifh (Oyrm - jrefrm ESifh rav;&Sm;) aomfvnf;aumif;/ a'otwGif; }uD;xGm;vmaomOa&my. =oZmoufa&mufr_ukdwke@f jyefjcif; (Oyrm - xdkif;EdkifiH) tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; jzpfay:vmonf? Armjynfudk+Adwdo#wdk@odrf;ydkuf&mY 1825 ckESpfwGif &ckdif ESifh weoFm&Dudk +Adwdo#wdk@usL;ausmftkyfcsKyfpOf uwnf;u pwifcJhonf? Armjynfudk +Addwdo#wdk@tkyfcsKyfonfh umvoHk;rsKd;&Sdonf? 1? 2? 3?

1825 ESifh 1879 ckESpft=um;wGif tpdk;&onf Oya'ESifh tcGeftwkyfpnf;=uyfa&;udk wnfaqmufay;EdkifcJhonfrS vGJI pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttkHudk ajymyavmufatmif rxlaxmifcJhay? 1880 rS 1923 ckESpf twGif;/ +Adwdo#wdk@onf ‚if;wd@k .pGrf;tm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttkHudk wdk;csJ@cJh+yD; ausmif;rsm;/ usef;rma&; ESifh pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;wdk@udkvnf; wdk;wufapcJhonf? 1923 ckESpf aemufydkif;Y/ Armjynfolrsm;onf 'Drdku&ufwpfEdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk wnfaxmifcGifh &cJh=uonf? TumvtawmtwGif;Y ArmtrsdK;om;a&;0g'ESifh e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;pdwf"gwfrsm; }uD;xGm; vmcJhonf?

trsdK;om;a&;0g' 1918 (yxrurBmppf+yD;qHk;csdef) rS 1941 ('kwd,urBmppfpwifcsdef) xd ta&S›awmiftm&Sa'owGif;Y trsdK;om;a&; 0g'}uD;xGm;vmonfESifhtr# e,fcsJ@wdk@tm;ckcHqef@usifr_rsm; t&Sdeft[kefjrifhrm;vmcJhonf? trsdK;om;a&;0g'onf EkdifiHom;wkd@ tm; udk,fhudkudk,f vGwfvyfa&; vdktyfaeaom EkdifiHwEkdifiHtjzpf pdwf"gwfjr‡ifhwifay;cJhavonf? ta&S›awmiftm&S&Sd trsdK;om;a&;0g'onf vlrsdK;a&;pdwf"gwftaeESifha&m/ EkdifiHom;pdwf"gwftjzpfyg yg0ifcJhavonf? ukdvkdeD vufatmufcHEkdifiHrsm;twGif;&Sd trsdK;om;a&;0g'Drsm;onf rdrdw@kd trsKd;om;rsm;tm; tem*wfY oD;jcm; vGwfvyfaom wdkif;jynfwjynf&Sd/ vGwfvyfaom vlrsKd;wrsKd;tjzpf pdwful;tdyfrufcJh=uavonf? xkdtcsdefrSpI jynfolvlxkonf udk,fydkif tkyfcsKyfa&;udk pwifawmif;qdkvmcJh=uonf? vGwfvyfa&;ESifihf acwfopfta&S›awmiftm&S ay:xG vmjcif; ay:xGufvmjcif e,fcsJ@ukdvkdeDrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@odrf;ykduftkyfcsKyfxm;aome,fajrrsm;. e,fedrdwfrsm;udk pwifowfrSwfvm=uonf? 1920 vGefESpfrsm;rS pwifI/ ,ae@wnf&Sdaeaom ta&S›awmiftm&S EkdifiHe,fedrdwfrsm;udk zefwD;cJhonf? ta&S›awmif tm&SwGif;&Sd trsdK;om;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rS xkde,fedrdwfowfrSwfcsufrsm;ukd vufcHchJonf? xkd e,fedrdwfrsm;twGif;&Sd jynfolrsm;rSvnf; e,ferdwfrsm;twkdif; vGwfvyfaom wdkif;jynfrsm;tjzpf jrifrufcJhonf?

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'kwd,urBmppftwGif;ESifh ppft+yD; r=umrSDumvtwGif;/ ta&S›awmiftm&SY trsdK;om;a&;pdwf"gwfrsm; ydkrdkjyif;xef vmcJhonf? ppf}uD;+yD;qkH;jcif; ESifh *[email protected];ausmfr_rsm;a=umifh udkvdkeDe,fajrrsm;ukd aumif;pGmrxdef;xm;Edkifawmh acs? udkvdkeDe,fajrrsm;twGif; ckcHwdkufcdkufr_rsm;/ vufeufpJGukdif awmfvSefa&;ppfyGJrsm; jzpfyGm;cJhonf? 1950 vGef ESpfrsm; a&mufaomtcg ta&S›awmiftm&SEdkifiHtm;vHk;eD;yg; vGwfvyfa&; &&SdcJh=uonf? • 'kwd,urBmppf+yD;aemuf/ zdvpfydkifonf tar&duefxHrS ‚if;wd@k .vGwfvyfa&;udk&&SdchJonf? • jrefrmjynfonf 1948 ckESpfwGif +Adwdo#w@kd xHrS vGwfvyfa&; &&SdcJhonf? • aemufwESpft=um 1949 wGif/ 'wfcsfwdk@xHrS tif'dkeD;&Sm; vGwfvyfa&; &&SdcJhonf? • jyifopfwkd@onf tif'dkcsdKif;em;rS 1954 ckESpfwGif xGufcGmoGm;cJh&onf? • 1957 ckESpfwGif/ +Adwdo#wdk@ rav;&Sm;rS xGufcGmcJh&onf? atmufazmfjyygtcsuftvufwdk@onf txufyga&;om;azmfjycsufwdk@ukdtajccHonf? ay;xm;aomtcsuftvuf wpfckcsif;pDudkzwf+yD; rSef§rSm; qHk;jzwfay;yg? rSefv#if (rSef)/ rSm;v#if (rSm;) [k ay;xm;aomuGufvyfY azmfjyay;yg? 1? e,fcsJ@udkvdkeDwdk@onf ta&S›awmiftm&Sa'owGif;&Sd wdkif;jynfrsm;udk rzefwD;cJhay? _________ 2? 1879 aemufydkif;Y Armjynftay:+Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&; ydkI}uD;xGm;vmcJhonf? _________ 3? ArmhEdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf +Adwdo#[email protected]_udk axmufcHcJhonf? _________ 4? +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfr_tm;awmfvSef&ef vlrsKd;rsm;ukd EkdifiHom;rsm;tjzpf wpkwpnf;wnf;jzpfapcJhonf _________ 5? trsdK;om;a&;0g'Dwdk@onf oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHav;rsm;tjzpf rvkdvm;=uacs? _________ 6? 'kwd,urBmppfu e,fcsJ@udkvdkeDwdk@. xdef;csKyfr_rsm;udk tm;,kwfapcJhonf? _________ 7? zdvpfydkifonf aemufqHk;vGwfvyfa&;&&SdchJaom EdkifiHjzpfonf? _________

6? EdkifiHa&;0g' &;0g'oabmw&m; 0g'oabmw&m;rs oabmw&m;rsm; urBmw0Srf;vHk;&Sd vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;wdk@onf yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;jzifhzGJ@pnf; wnf&Sdxm;=uonf? vlr_tzG@J tpnf;udk zG@J pnf;wnf aqmufxm;onfhykHo¿eftm; trnfwyfjcif;udk EdkifiHa&;oabmw&m;[kac:onf? tcsdK@aom EdkifiHa&; oabmw&m;rsm;rSm rusifhoHk;rD a&;om;aqG;aEG;xm;cJh+yD;jzpfI/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tm; vlwkd@ rnfokd@wnfaqmuf oifhonf qkdonfudkvnf; azmfjy xm;onf? t&if;&Sif0g'uJhokd@aom tjcm;aomoabmw&m;rsm;rSm wnf&SdqJ vl@tzGJ@tpnf; twGif;rS zGH@òzdl;vmjcif;jzpfonf? rwluGJjym;aom EdkfifiHa&;oabmw&m;rs Hepfrsm;pGm&Sdavonf avonf? &;oabmw&m;rsm; ESESifh pHpepf av 1? vpfb&,ft&if;&Sif0g0g' - tpdk;&rS 0ifa&mufpGufzuf/ xdef;csKyfr_r&SdbJ/ udk,fydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;udk vGwfvyfpGm vkyfydkifcGifh ay;xm;jcif;jzifh vlrsm;uHkvHkºuG,f0vmrnf[k ,Hk=unfaompHepfjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;

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rsm;rSm tpdk;&ydkif r[kwfbJ/ yk*~vduydkifrsm;jzpf=uonf? tqkdygoabmw&m;rSm vkyfief;&Sifrsm;onf trsm;jynfol tvkd&Sdonfht&mukd jznfhqnf;ay;&rnf jzpfonf? rjznfhqnf;Edkifygu a'0gvD (vkHavmufaom tjrwftpGef;ukd rvkyfaqmifEkdifygu vkyfief;udk&yfqdkif;vdkuf&jcif;) cHoGm;rnfjzpf.? acwfopf vpfb&,ft&if;&Sifpepfudk vpfb&,f0g' vufopf [kvnf;ac: onf? ‚if;wkd@rS ,kH=uonfrSm ukr`%Donf urBmay:&Sd rnfonfhae&mukdrqkd ukefpnf ul;oef;a&mif;0,fEdkfif+yD;/ oGif;ukefxkwfukefrsm;twGuf tcGefaiGay;aqmifp&m rvdktyfay? vpf b&,ft&if;&Sifpepfudk a0zefxm;aomtcsufrSm csrf;omonfholrsm;udk ydkIcsrf;om;vmap+yD;/ qif;&Jom;rsm; rSmrl qif;&J+rJtwdkif; qif;&Jae&jcif;yifjzpfonf? Oyrm - tar&duef/ uae'g/ e,l;ZDvef/ +Adwdef/ tm*sifwD;em;? 2? qkd&S,f'D'rD dkua&pD0g' 0g' - qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufrsm;rSm t&if;&Sifpepfonfaumif;aompepfwckjzpfaomfvnf; xdef;csKyf&ef vdktyfonf[k,kH=unfonf? tpdk;&onfpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;csrSwfxm;&Sd&efvdktyf+yD; pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;rS tcGefaiGay;aqmif&efvdktyfonf[k ‚if;wk@d rS ,kH=unfonf? odk@rSom tpdk;&onf ,if;tcGefaiGrsm;udk toHk;ðy+yD; tvkyfvufrJhrsm;/ vltdk (odk@) vlemrsm;/ (odk@) uav;i,frsm;tm; =unfh¶ª@apmifha&SmufEdkifrnf jzpfonf? usef;rma&; ESifh ynma&; wkd@ukd tpkd;&rS wm0ef,laqmif&Gufoifhonf[k qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufrsm;rS ,lq=uonf? okd@rSom vlwkdif;onf (qif;&Jonfjzpfap/ csrf;omonfjzpfap) tusdK;cHpm;Ekdifrnfjzpfonf? tvkyform;rsm; ESifh pm;oHk;olrsm;. tusKd;pD;yGg;ukd umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&eftwGuf/ pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif vkdufem&rnfh pnf;rsOf; Oya'rsm; &Sdoifhonf[kvnf; ‚if;wkd@rS ,Hk=unf=uonf? Oyrm - jyifopf/ qGpfZmvef/ *syef/ *smreD? 3? uGefjrLepf rLepf0g' - uGefjrLepf0g'Dwdk@ ,Hk=unfonfrSm vltcsKd@onf ajr,mESifh puf¶Hkrsm;udkydkifqdkfif+yD;/ ‚if;wkd@twGuf tvkyfvkyfay;olwdk@xHrS aiGa=u;tjrwftpGef;rsm; xkwf,laejcif;wkd@rSm rw&m;[k ,kH=unfonf? touf&Sif &yfwnfEdkifa&;twGuf vdktyfaomt&mrsm;udk vltm;vHk;rSydkifqdkifoifhonf[k olw@kd u,Hk=unf=uonf? uGefjrLepf 0g'Drsm;u vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufxJrSaeI ajr,m/ puf¶Hk tvkyf¶Hkrsm;ESifh pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk rykdifqdkiftyf/ EkdifiHawmf (vl@tzGJ@tpnf;w&yfvkH;) rS xdef;csKyfoifhonf[k ,Hk=unfvufcHonf? uGefjrLepfrsm;u vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&Sd vlwkdif;onf wef;wlnDr#r_&Sd&rnfjzpf+yD;/ vl@abmiftzGJ@tpnf;udk tvkyform;rsm;rS vnfywfaeonfhtwGuf tpdk;&w&yf rvdktyf[k,Hk=unf=uonf? tu,fI ta,mufpDwdkif;onf nDr#r_&dS+yD;/ twlwuG r#a0cHpm;=uygu/ vlwkd@. vkdtyfcsufrsm; ESifh qif;&Jacgif;yg;r_ jy\emrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;Ekdifrnf[k ,Hk=unf=uonf? okd@aomf vufawG@wGif wcgr# taumiftxnfay:rvmcJhacs? Oyrm - w¶kwf/ AD,uferf/ usLbm;/ vmtkd/ ajrmufudk&D;,m;? 4? zufqpf0g' - zufqpf0g'Dwkd@rSvnf; t&if;&Sifpepfonf rw&m;[k ,Hk=unf=uonf? wdkif;jynf. csrf;om ºuG,f0r_udk/ wdkif;oljynfom;tm;vHk; wlnDpGmcHpm;Edkif&ef tpdk;&u wm0ef,laqmif¶Gufoifhonf[k ,Hk=unf=uonf? trsm;tm;jzifh zufqpf0g'Drsm;onf tvGeftu|H trsdK;om;a&;0g'Drsm;jzpf+yD;/ tkyfpki,frsm;udkzdEdSyfum/ tiftm; }uD;rm;aom ppfwyfrsm;udk wnfaxmif=uonf? Oyrm - tDwvD/ *smreD/ *syef ESihf 1945 ckESpfrwdkifrDSu xdkif;EdkifiH? 5? rif;rJh0g0g' - vlwkdif;wGif wlnDaom tm%m&Sdonfh vl@tzG@J tpnf;wckukd rif;rJh0g'Dwdk@ vdkvm;=uonf? tpdk;&r&SdbJ rdrd. vl@tokdif;t0ef;twGuf qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif vlwkdif; yg0ifcGifh&Sdonf? ajr,mESifh ypPnf;OpPmwdk@udk pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;ESifh yk*~vduwkd@rS ydkifqdkifjcif;r&Sd&bJ 'Drdku&ufwpfvl@tzG@J tpnf;taejzifh ydkifqdkif&efvdkvm;onf? rif;rJh0g'Dwdk@onf omreftm;jzifh t&if;&Sifpepfukd qef@usif+yD;/ EkdifiH/ tpkd;&ukd qef@usifI wpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;.

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vGwfvyfcGifhudktm;ay;onf? vl@todkif;t0dkif;onf tjcm;olwdk@ESifh yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh [k,lqygu xkdokd@ vkyfaqmifrnfjzpfonf? rif;rJh0g'udk tcsdefumvtenf;i,fom usifhoHk;EkdifcJhonf?

tusKd;&Sdrnf

Oyrm - ruUqDudk (1910 rS 1920 twGif;)/ 1930 vGefESpfrsm;u pydefEdkifiH&Sd a'otcsdK@? 6? bk&iftkyfcsKyfa&; - TpepfY wdkif;jynfukd bk&if (ok@d ) bk&ifr (odk@) tjcm;aomawmf0ifrdom;pk0ifrsm;u tkyfcsKyfonf? bk&iftkyfcsKyfa&;pepf 2 rsdK;&Sd.? oufOD;qHykdifbk&ifpepf ESifh pnf;rsOf;cHbk&ifpepf wkd@jzpfonf? oufOD;qHykdifbk&ifpepfY bk&if (odk@) bk&ifrwGif twkdifyifcH rª;rwfrsm;&Sdaomfvnf;/ qHk;jzwfcsuftm;vHk;udk ‚if;uomvkyfaqmifonf? ,ae@urBmay:wGif tºuGif;rJhbk&ifpHepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfonfhEdkifiH tenf;i,fom&Sdonf? Oyrm - b¶lEdkif;/ wGef*g (ypdzdwfu|ef;EkdifiHwck)/ aqmf'Dtma&As ESifh qGmZDvef? pnf;rsOf;cHbk&ifpepfY ykHrSeftm;jzifh bk&iftjyif/ a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&aom a&G;aumufcHtpdk;&vnf;&Sdonf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mtrsm;pkrSm a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;cHxm;&onfh ygvDreftpdk;&vufxJY&Sd+yD; bk&ifY tm%mtenf;i,fom&Sdum/ ‚if;.t"duwm0efrSm rif;crf;rif;em;rsm;vkyfaqmif&efomjzpfonf? +Adwdef ESifh qGD'ifuJhokd@ tcsKd@aomEdkifiHrsm;wGif bk&if§bk&ifrwdk@onf EdkifiHawmftkyfcsKyfa&;tm; oabmw&m;t& vkyfykdifcGifh &Sdaomfvnf; 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;rðy=uacs? a*smf'ef ESifh eDaygvf uJhodk@aom tjcm;aom EdkifiHrsm;Y EdkfifiHawmf tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mudk ygvDref ESifh bk&ift=um; cGJa0,lxm;onf? Oyrm - b¶lEdkif;/ qGD'if ESifh xdkif; 7? wygwDtm%m&Sifpepf pep - tpdk;&tzGJ@pnf;ykHpHwckjzpf+yD;/ vlwpfOD;wpfa,muf (od@k ) vlwpfpkY tºuGif;rJhtm%m pep &Sd.? tm%mqkyfukdifxm;olrSm/ vlwpfOD;wpfa,muf/ rdom;pkwpfck/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDwpfck (od@k ) ppfwyft&m&Sd wpfpkwdk@jzpfonf? rnfonfh twkduftcHykHo¿efrsKd;ukdrScGihfrðyacs? Oyrm - jrefrmEkdifiH (ppftm%m&Sifpepf)/ tD&wf (wpfOD;wnf; tm%m&Sifpepf) 8? qdk&S,fvpf0g' - rnfonfhEkdifiHa&;oabmw&m;rqkd/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd wpfOD;wpfa,mufwnf;uom rydkifqdkifap&bJ/ tpdk;& ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;u xdef;csKyf&rnf[k qkdvdkaom 0g'jzpfonf? ‚if;Y rif;rJh0g'Drsm;/ uGefjrLepfrsm; ESifh zufqpf0g'Dwdk@vnf;yg0ifonf? EdkfifiHa&;0g'oabmw&m;wdk@udkaocsmpGmzwfyg? 0g'oabmw&m;wpfckcsif;pDY rnfonfht&monf aumif;onf[koifxifoenf;? 0g'oabmw&m;wpfckcsif;pDY rnfonfht&monf raumif;[k oifxifoenf;? rnfonfh0g'onf taumif;qHk;[k oifxifoenf;? tb,fa=umifhenf;? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______

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__________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ 7? pD;yGm;a&;pepf ;a&;pepfrsm; t&if;&Sifpepf - ukefxkwfvkyfr_tm;vHk;onf yk*~vduydkifjzpf+yD;&&Sdaom tjrwftpGef;rSwqifh ukefxkwfvkyfr_tm; quf vufvnfywfapaom pD;yGm;a&;pepfjzpfonf? ukefxkwfvkyfjcif;/ jzef@csDjcif; ESSifh wefzkd;(aps;E_H;)owfrSwfjcif; wdk@udk vGwfvyfaomaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;Y òydifqdkifr_ðyjcif;jzifh qkH;jzwfaponf? taemufwdkif;EkdifiHrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;tm;vHk;onf t&if;&Sifpepf twdkif;twmteJ ESifh trsm;yg0ifavonf? A[kdxdef;csKyfr_pD;yGm;a&;pepf - ukefxkwfvkyfjcif; ESihf aps;E_H;owfrSwfjcif;tygt0if EkdifiH. pD;yGm;a&;wpfckvHk;udk tpdk;&u pDrHudef;rsm; a&;qGJ+yD;/ xdef;csKyfxm;onf? omrSeftm;jzifh uGefjrLepftpdk;&wdk@onf A[kdxdef;csKyfr_pD;yGm;a&; pepfudkusifhoHk;onf? uGefjrLepfpD;yGm;a&;pepf ;a&;pep - ukefxkwfvkyfr_tm;vkH;ukd / wOD;wa,mufwnf;rS r[kwfbJ/ trsm;jynfolrSykdifqkdifonfh pD;yGg;a&;oabmw&m;wckjzpfonf? jynfolvlxk.vdktyfcsufwdk@tay:rlwnf+yD; ukefpnf ESifh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;wkd@ukd jzef@a0onfhpepfjzpf.? ,if;udk “vufaqmifpD;yGm;a&;pepf”[kvnf;ac:onf? qkdvkdonfrSm ukefpnf ESifh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; ,laqmifa&mif;csjcif;rsKd;r[kwfbJvl@tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm;udk a&mif;0,fr_ðyjcif;rS r[kwf bJ&&SdcHpm;&aoma=umifhjzpfonf? oDtdk&Dt& Tpepfonf vlwef;pm;uGJjym;r_udkrjzpfay:apEkdifay? qdk&S,fvpfpepf ep - rnfonfhvlr_zlvkHa&;oabmw&m;wGifrqkd ukefxkwfvkyfjzef@csDa&;tm;vHk; (okd@r[kwf) trsm;pkudk yk*~vduydkifrðybJ tpdk;&uomvHk;0ydkifqdkifapjcif;jzpfonf? udk,fydkifzlvHka&;pD;yGm;a&;pepf ;a&;pep - jyifyurBmESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fjcif;rðybJ jynfwGif;xGufukefrsm;ESihfom rdrdudk,fudk &yfwnfEdkifonfhpepfjzpfonf? ao;i,faom pD;yGm;a&;pepfrsdK;jzpf+yD;/ xkdpepfrsKd;vGefpGm&Sm;yg;onf? wudk,fa&vHkavmufr_pD;yGm;a&;pepf - aus;vufa'orsm;YusihfokH;aompepfjzpf+yD;/ &yf&GmtzGJ@tpnf;u touf&Sif &yfwnfa&;twGuf vHkavmufaompm;eyf&duQmudk xkwfvkyfEdkifaomfvnf;/ tjrwftpGef;&&Sda&;twGufr[kwfay? csrf;omºuG,f0r_udk aiGa=u;jzifhrwdkif;wmbJ/ obm0t&if;tjrpftm;jzifhwdkif;wmonf? xkd@a=umifh ywf0ef; usifxdef;odrf;a&;ay:wGif tvGeftrif; rSDwG,faeonf? t&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&;ESifh A[dkxdef;csKyfr_pD;yGm;a&;pepfrnfo@kd uGmjcm;oenf;? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ oDtdk&Dt&aiGa=u;oHk;pGJjcif;r&SdbJ rnfonfhpD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;&Sifoef&yfwnfEdkifoenf;? __________________________________________________________________ ______

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__________________________________________________________________ ______ rnfonfhpepfonf taumif;qHk;jzpfonf[koif,lqoenf;? tb,fa=umifhenf;? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______

8? 'Drdkua&pDpwif pwifyHk ‘'Drdkua&pD’ onf *&da0g[m&rSqif;oufvm+yD;/ ,if;.t"dy`g,frSm ‘jynfolvlxk rS tkyfcsKyfjcif;’ jzpfonf? vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; 2500 cef@u a&S;a[mif; òrd@jyEdkifiHtcsK@d Y/ *&drsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. acgifaqmifrsm;udk a¶G;aumuf wifajr‡muf=u+yD;/ rnfonfh Oya'udkusifhoHk;oihfonf/ òrd@awmftpdk;&ujynfo@l twGufbmvkyfay;oifhonf tp&Sdonf wdk@twGuf qENrJcH,l=uonf? *&dvlrsdK;wdkif; qENrJxnfhydkifcGifhr&Sdacs? ‚if;wkd@.òrd@YrarG;aomolrsm;/ uav;/ trsdK;orD;/ u|ef ESihf EdkfifiHjcm;om;rsm;rSm *&dEdkifiHom;rsm; r[kwfonfhtwGufqENrJay;ydkifcGifhr&Sdacs? *&dEdkifiHom;rsm;onf qENrJxnfhonfhtjyif/ trsm;jynfol@&ifjyifY usif;yaom pum;&nfppfyJGrsm;/ tpdk;&vkyfief;rsm; ESifh ppfr_xrf;jcif;wkd@Yvnf; yg0if=uonf? xkd@okd@ yg0ifvkyfaqmifr_r&Sdaom EdkifiHom;rsm;udk vlnHh/ vlysif;rsm;tjzpf xifjrif=uonf? xdktcsdefY *&dpmayynm&Sifwdk@onf EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:wk@d udk pwifaqG;aEG;r_ðyvm.? • jynfolvlxkwGif rnfokd@aom tcGifhta&;&&Sdoifhoenf;? • EdkifiHa&;qkdif&m qHk;jzwfr_rsm;Y rnfolwkd@yg0ifoifhoenf;? • u|efpepfwnf&Sdoifhygovm;? *&dwdk@xifjrif,lqonfrSm EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf tkyfcsKyf&efr[kwf/ jynfol@wkd@. qkH;jzwfcsuf qENrsm;udk taumif txnfazmfvkyfaqmif&efomjzpfonf? a&S;*&dwkd@onf tpkd;&,EW,m;tm; vnfywfEdkif&eftwGuf jynfol@a&;&m t&m&Sdrsm;ukd cef@tyfxm;=uonf? okd@aomf xkdolwkd@. vkyfykdifcGifhtm%mudk uef@owfxm;avonf? atoifòrd@om;wkd@. 'Drkdua&pDwGif/ jynfol@¶Hk;trsm;pkudk rJE_dufonfh enf;pepfjzifha¶G;cs,f=uonf? (Oyrm - tvsif;oifhovdka&G;cs,f=uonf?) ¶Hk;awmfYtr_xrf;vdkol EkdifiHom;jzpfol rnfolrqdk rdrd.trnfpm&if;udkay;oGif;Edkif+yD;/ rJEd_ufumrJaygufaomolukd cef@tyfonf? Todk@ t&m&Sdt&mcHrsm;udk a¶G;cs,fjcif;onf 'Drkdua&pDenf;vrf;tusqHk;jzpfonf[k *&dw@kd cH,lonf? 14

tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf tr_xrf;&eftwGuf xifay:ausmf=um;/ ºuG,f0r_&Sdonfjzpfap/ r&SdonfjzpfapEdkifiHom;tm;vHk; wlnDaom tcGifhta&;&&Sd=uaoma=umifhjzpfonf? axmifaygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmaomjynfol@¶Hk;rsm;udk txufygenf;twdkif;a¶G;cs,f=u+yD;/ ¶Hk;wpfckY vlwpfa,mufonf wpf}udrfomtr_xrf;cGifh&Sd.? &kH;trsm;pkrSm ta&;}uD;aom &kH;rsm;r[kwf=ubJ/ tcsdefjynfhwm0efxrf;aqmifr_vnf; r&Sdacs? odk@aomf wcsKd@ta&;}uD;aom&kH;rsm;ukd atoifjynfom;wdk@rS wdkuf¶kdufa¶G;cs,fwifajr‡muf=u+yD;/ ‚if;wkd@txJrS trsm;pkrSm b0wav#mufwGif t}udrfrsm;pGmtr_xrf;=uavonf? a&S;*&dwkd@. jynfol@a&;&m ¶Hk;t&m&Sdrsm;udk tqifajyovdk rJE_dufI a¶G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;onf/ aumif;onf (odk@) qdk;onf[koifxifygovm;? xkdpepf. tm;omcsufonf tb,fenf;´ xkdpepfa=umifh rnfokd@aom jy\emrsm; jzpfEdkifrnfenf;? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ *&dvlrsdK;rsm;onf EdkifiHom;wdkif;/ tpdk;&vkyfief;Y yg0ifxrf;aqmif&rnfjzpf+yD;/ xdkodk@ryg0ifygu raumif;aomolrsm;/ vlysif;rsm;tjzpf,lqonf? xkdt,ltqonf rSefuefonf[k xifygovm;§rxifbl;vm;? tb,fa=umifhenf;? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ____________ 9? tpdk;&qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;? t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkcsuftcsKd@ tpdk;& (emrf) 1? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ukd pnf;&kH;zGJ@pnf;apaom EkdifiHa&;taqmufttkHrsm;/ Oya'rsm; ESihf "avhxHk;pHrsm;/ 2? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;w&yf/ EkdifiH (okd@r[kwf) wdkif;jynfwckudk pDrHtkyfcsKyfonfhpepf/ 3? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;w&yf/ wkdif;jynf (okd@r[kwf) EkdifiHwck twGif;Y aexkdifae=uaom vltrsm;tm; EkdifiHa&;t& vrf;!ïefjcif;/ xkdvlrsm;tm; xdef;csKyfjcif;/ 4? vkyfykdifcGifhtm%m&Sdaom tkyfpk/ tzGJ@tpnf; (ok@d r[kwf) wOD;wa,muf rS xkdvrf;!$efcsufrsm;ukd taumiftxnfazmfjcif; ESifh xdef;csKyfjcif;/ 5? Oya'rsm;udk}uD;=uyf&ef vkyfykdifcGifhtm%m&Sdaomol wpfOD; (0g) olrsm;/ 6? tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%m/ 7? xdef;csKyfa&; ESifh wm;jrpfa&;/ tpdk;&[lonf tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckjzpf+yD; owfrSwfxm;aom e,fedrdwfwpfcktwGif; Oya'rsm;udk jyifqifjyÏmef;Edkifaom tm%m&Sdonf? tpdk;&w&yfwGif yg0ifaom t*Fg&yfrsm;ukd trsdK;rsdK; t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkxm;=uonf? t"dy`g,ftus,frSm

15

‘tpdk;&’ (Govern) qdkonfrSm/ vltkyfpkwck/ toif;tzGJ@wck/ e,fajra'owpfcktay:wGif pDrHcef@cGJtkyfcsKyfEkdifaom tcGifhtm%m&Sdol jzpfonf? tpdk;&onf§tkyfcsKyfonf (Govern) - }ud,m 1? EdkifiHa&;t& (odk@) tºuGif;rJhtm%mt& tkyfcsKyf&ef/ 2? taetxm;/ tðytrlwkd@udk xdef;csKyf&ef/ 3? xdef;csKyf&ef/ wm;qD;&ef

10? EdkifiHa&;a0g[m&rs avhvmoGm;&rnf jzpfonf? m&rsm; - atmufazmfjyyga0g[m&wpfckcsif;pDukd aemufydkfif;Y qufvufavh 'Drdkua&pD wdkuf¶dkuf'Drdkua&pD

- vlom;. vGwfvyfcGifhESifh *k%foduQmay:wGif tajccHaomEdkifiHa&;pepfjzpfonf? tpdk;&qkdonfrSm jynfolu a¶G;cs,fwifajr‡mufxm;aomt&mjzpfonf? - trsm;jynfolqkdif&m qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;Y EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;yg0ifonf?

udk,fpm;ðy'D m;ðy'Drdkua&pD

- trsm;jynfolqkdif&mqkH;jzwfcsufrsm;twGuf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ukda¶G;cs,fwifajr‡mufonf?

EdkifiHom;rsm;

- EdkfifiHwpfck.tzGJ@0iftaejzifh tcGihfta&;tjynfht0&&Sdaomolrsm;ukdqkdvkdonf?

EdkifiHom;yg0ifa&; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;

-EdkfifiHom;rsm;onf a¶G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif yg0if,SOfòydifEkdifjcif;/ qENrJay;Edkifjcif;/ ESifh tpnf;ta0;rsm; wufa&mufEdkfifjcif;? - EdkifiHom;wdk@tm;udk,fpm;ðyI ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdoltjzpf a¶G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&olrsm;?

tm%m&Sif

- wdkif;jynfwpfjynf. tºuGif;rJhtm%mudk ydkifpdk;onfhtpdk;&?

EdkifiHa&;t& &;t& oD;cHEkdifr_

- Oya'rsm;udktrsm;pkjynfolua¶G;cs,faomfvnf;vlenf;pk.tcGifhta&;rsm;udkawmh tum 16

wm0ef,lEkdifr_r_ yGifhvif;jrifomr_ mr_ tcGifhta&;qkdif&mOya'

tuG,fay;&rnf? tm%mr&Sdaomolrsm;vnf; pnf;¶Hk;ajymqdkykdifcGihf&Sd&rnf? EkdifiHom;rsm;onf tjcm;aomolrsm;. ,Ofaus;r_/ ,Hk=unfudk;uG,fr_ESifh EkdifiHa&;tjrifudk em;vnf vufcHEkdif&rnf? - 'Drdkua&pDpepfY tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;onf jynfo@l tay:wm0efodwwf&rnf? qdkvdkonfrSm olwdk@. wm0efrsm;udkjynfo@l qENt&om vkyfaqmif&rnfjzpf+yD; rdrdw@dk .oabmtwdkif; vkyfaqmif&rnfr[kwfacs? - wdkif;jynfYbmawGjzpfaeonfukdvltrsm;od&rnf? ¶dk;om;yGihfvif;aomtpdk;&onf jynfo@l tpnf; ta0;rsm;udkusif;y+yD; jynfolrsm;udkwufa&mufcGifhay;onf? 'Drdkua&pDpepfYrnfol ubma=umifhrnfonfhqkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ðyvkyfonfukdowif;ÏmeESifhvltrsm;&,lod&SdEkdifonf? - tm%mtvGJoHk;pm;ðyjcif;udk tumtuG,fay;aom Oya'jzpfonf? wdkif;jynftwGif; aexdkifolrsm;Y&Sd&rnfh tcGihfta&;/ vGwfvyfr_ESifh 0wW&m;rsm;udk wpfckcsif; azmfjyxm;onf? wdkif;jynf. zGJ@pnf;yHktkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'. tpdyftydkif;wpfckvnf;jzpfonf?

ygwDpHkpepf

- rnfonfhygwDrqkd a¶G;aumufyGJY yg0if,SOfòydifEkdif+yD;/ tpdk;&§tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifEdki .? Todk@ vkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh tpdk;&taejzifhjy\em tcuftcJwdk@udk ¶_@axmifhtrsdK;rsdK;rS odjrifEdkifonf? twdwforkdif;t& wdkif;jynfwpfjynfYygwDwpfckom&Sdygu tusKd;&v'frSm tm%m&SifpepfjzpfoGm;wwfonf? pnf;rsOf; Oya' - EkdifiHawmf 0ef}uD;csKyf (odk@) orRw tygt0if rnfolrqkd Oya'udkav;pm;vdkufem& rnf? 'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif Oya'onf wef;wlnDr#I w&m;r#wr_&Sd&rnf? zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' - jynfol@tcGifhta&;rsm;/ tpdk;&tm;rnfo@kd rnfykHz@JG pnf;&rnfESifh rnfodk@a¶G;aumuf wifajr‡muf&rnf tp&Sdonfw@kd ukdazmfjyxm;aom a&;om;azmfjyxm;aom pmtkyfjzpfonf? Tazmfjycsuftm;jzifh tpdk;&. vkyfykdifcGihfOya'wd@k ukd uef@owfxm;onf? xdef;n‡d ppfaq;jcif; - tm%mudkvlwpfOD;wpfa,muf (od@k ) vlwpfpkwnf;uom ydkifqdkifr_r&Sdap&eftwGuf ðyvkyfxm;onf? zuf'&,fpepfESihf tm%mcGJjcm;xm;a&;wdk@onf Check and Balance jzpfonf? tm%mcGJjcm;xm; cm;xm;jcif jcif; - qdkvdkonfrSmtpdk;&wGif; XmaetoD;oD;&Sdolwdk@Y vkyfaqmif&rnfhtvkyfrsm;ukd &Sif;vif;pGm jyXef;xm;jcif;jzpf+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@t=um; vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mrsm;ukd cGJjcm;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? vGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&; - qdkdvdkonfrSm w&m;pD&ifa&;udk tpdk;&rS 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;/ v$rf;rdk; jc,fvS,fjcif;/ +cdrf;ajcmufjcif; r&Sdaom w&m;pD;&ifa&;jzpfonf? 11? 'Drdkua&pDqkdonfrSm tb,fenf;?

'Drdkua&pDonf EdkifiHa&;pepfwpfckjzpf+yD; vlom;. vGwfvyfr_ESifh*k%foduQmay:wGif tajccHxm;aom pepfjzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pDqkdonfrSm vlwdkif;wGif vlom;[laom ukd,fydkif*k%foduQm&Sdonf[laom ,kH=unfcsufukd tajccH xm;aom pepfjzpfonf? vlwdkif;Y vl*k%foduQm&Sd+yD;/ T*k%foduQmudk tpkd;&u ay;tyfxm;jcif;r[kwfbJ/ vlom;[laom tjzpfa=umifh vlwkdif;wGif vl@*k%foduQmudk ydkifqdkif. [k'Drdkua&pDpepfu ,Hk=unfxm;onf? 'Drdkua&pDpepfatmufwGif/ jynfolvlxk. vGwfvyfr_ESihf *k%foduQmudk tumuG,fay;aom tcGifhta&;rsm; &Sdoifhonf? vGwfvyfpGm,Hk=unfudk;uG,fcGihf/ vGwfvyfpGmudk,fydkifb0udkwnfaqmufcGihf ESihf vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGifh wdk@vnf; yg0ifonf? vGyfvyfpGmqkdonfrSm ta=umif;cdkifvHkr_r&SdbJ axmifoGif;tusOf;csxm;jcif; rcH&&efESifh r#waom w&m;pD&ifr_udk em=um;cGifh&&ef wkd@ukdqkdvkdonf?

17

vlom;. vGwfvyfr_ESifh touftkd;tdrfukd umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;&ef[laom &nf&G,fcsufwcktwGuf tpkd;& tm%monf wnf&Sdae&jcif;jzpfonf? vl@*k%foduQmudkoifem;vnfovdk&Sif;jyyg? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ vl@*k%foduQmudkrnfodk@umuG,fxm;oenf;? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ wdkuf¶dkufESifh udk,fpm;ðy'D m;ðy'Drdkua&pD wdkuf¶dkuf'Drdkua&pDY jynfol@qENcH,lyJGwGif EdkifiHom;wdkif;yg0ifEkdif.? qdkdvdkonfrSm EdkifiHom;wdkif;tpnf;ta0; rsm;Ywufa&mufaqG;aEG;Edkfif+yD; qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udkðyvkyfEkdif.? TyHkpHonf a&S;*&dvlrsdK;rsm;usihfokH;aom 'Drdkua&pDyHkpH jzpf+yD; qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk ðyvkyf&efvdktyfygu wdkif;oljynfom;tm;vHk;yg0ifonfhpepfjzpfonf? wkduf¶dkuf'Drdkua&pDudk vltenf;pktwGif;/ todkif;t0dkif;tzG@J tpnf;twGif; (odk@) vlrsdK;pktzG@J tpnf;i,f (tribal council) twGif;Yom vufawG@usususihfokH;Edkifonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf tcuftcJrsm;aqG;aEG;&efESifh trsm;. qENudk cH,ljcif;jzifh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk tcef;wckwGif;Y wvHk;w0wnf; awG@qHkaqG;aEG;Edkfifaoma=umifhjzpf onf? vlOD;a&}uD;rm;ygu ‚if;udkrnfodk@r#ðyvkyfI&rnfr[kwfyg? jrefrmwEkdifiHvHk;&Sdvlrsm;udk tcef;wcktwGif;Y pkpnf;I jy\emrsm;udk oHk;oyfaqG;aEG; Edkifrnfr[kwfacs? acwfopfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;onf vlOD;a& tvGef}uD;rm;onf/ xkd@a=umifh wdkuf¶dkuf'Drdkua&pDpepfudk usifhoHk;&ef rjzpfEkdif acs? ,ae@ toHk;rsm;aom 'Drdkua&pDpepfrSm udk,fpm;ðy'Drkdua&pDpepfjzpfonf? TpepfY jynfolwdk@onf EdkfifiHa&;/ Oya'ESifh pDrHcef@cGJr_wdk@udk aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwfEdkif&eftwGuf/ ‚if;wdk@udkudk,fpm;ðyonfh wm0ef&Sdolwdk@udk a¶G;cs,fwifajr‡muf=uonf? udk,fpm; ðy'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif jynfo@l ukd,fpm;vS,fukda¶G;cs,f&mY [email protected] vdktyfcsufwdk@udk wifjyaqG;aEG; Edkifrnf[k ,Hk=unf&aomoludk vltrsm;ua¶G;cs,fwifajr‡muf=uonf? wdkuf¶dkuf'Drdkua&pDESifh udk,fpm;ðy'Drdkua&pDrnfodk@uGmjcm;oenf;? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ wdkuf¶kduf'Drdkua&pD. jy\emrSmtb,fenf;? udk,fpm;ðy'Drdkua&pDpepftm;jzifh rnfonfhtcuftcJ jy\emrsm; &SdEdkfifonf [koif,lqygoenf;? __________________________________________________________________ ______

18

__________________________________________________________________ ______ EkdifiHom;rsm;yg0ifr_&SdonfhpepfyHkaqmifaom'Drkdua&pD ua&pD 'Drdkua&pDESifh 'Drdkua&pDrusaom tkyfcsKyfolrsm;. uGmjcm;csufwpfckrSm ‚if;wkd@tm%m&&SdvmonfhyHkpHjzpf onf? 'Drdkua&pDY tkyfcsKyfrnfholukd jynfolvlxku a&G;cs,ftm%mtyfESif;onf? tjcm;aomuGmjcm;csufwpfcsufrSm 'Drkdua&pDenf;us tkyfcsKyfolrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@. vkyfaqmifr_tay: wm0ef,ljcif; jzpfonf? qdkvdkonfrSm tpdk;&ESihf EdfkifiHa&;orm;rsm;. vkyfaqmifr_rsm;wGif jynfolvlxku ‚if;wkd@. axmufcHr_ (odk@) uef@uGufr_ukd xkwfazmfjyoEkdifjcif;jzpfonf? tpdk;&ESifh EdkifiHa&;orm;wd@k onf jynfolvlxkudk udk,fpm;ðy&+yD;/ jynfol@ oabmxm;twdkif; vkyfaqmif&onf? 'Drdkua&pDrusaompepfatmufY jynfolrsm;taejzifh a0zefajymqdkcGifhr&Sdojzifh 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk pwifusifhoHk;aom tcg tpdk;&taejzifh rdrdw@kd .vkyf&yfwkdif;tay:wm0ef&Sdr_udk vufcH&eftcufñuH&onf? rdrd.vkyf&yftay:Ywm0ef&Sdjcif;qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ vuf&Sd'Drdkua&pD a&pDpepf ,ae@tcsdefxdvltrsm;pkwdk@onf 'Drkdua&pDrusaompepfatmufY usifvnfae=u&onf? 'Drkdua&pDrus aompepf&SdtkyfcsKyfolrsm;.ta=umif;jycsufrSm vltrsm;pkwdk@ wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfa&;Y t&nftcsif;rjynfhrDSaoma=umifh rdrdwdk@uomtkyfcsKyf&jcif;jzpfonf[l.? ¶ªyfaxG;ayGvDvSaomEdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;&mudk jynfolrsm;taejzifh rdrdwdk@xuf Om%fynmºuG,f0aomynm&Sdrsm; (acgif;aqmifrsm;) vufwGif;tyfEHSjcif;jzifh om,m0ajymr_udk jzpfapvdrfhrnf[l.? 20 &mpkESpf tv,fydkif;Y EdkifiHa&;tajymif;tvJrsm;pGmjzpfay:cJh.? 'Drdkua&pDpepfonfydkI xifay:vm+yD; bk&if tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh a=u;&wufrsm;om rif;ðytkyfcsKyfaom pepfa[mif;rsm; wdrfjr‡Kyfukef.? a=u;&wufrsm;. vufwGif;Yom tm%m&Sd&rnfudk vlwkd@r,Hk=unfawmhay? 20 &mpktwGif; 'Drdkua&pDudkqef@usifaomEdkifiHrsm; - uGefjrLepf/ zufqpf/ emZD (0g) qdkAD,ufuJhodk@aomEdkifiH wdk@wdrfjr‡KyfaysmufuG,fum òyduGJcJh&onf? ppftm%m&SifpepfrSm vufcHEdkifzG,f&mr&Sdawmhay? odk@aomf urBmay:wGif&Sdaomolrsm;tm;vHk; 'Drdkua&pDpepfukd raxmufcH=uao;ay? 'Drdkua&pD tpdk;&pepf udkusifhoHk;aom EdkfifiHrsm;onf urBmay:&SdEdkifiHpkpkaygif;. xuf0ufcef@r#yif r&Sdao;bJ/ urBmhvlOD;a& pkpkaygif;. w0ufatmuf vnf;enf;ao;onf? urBmhvlOD;a& ig;yHkwpfyHkrSm w¶kwfjynfujzpf+yD; ESpfav;axmiftwGif; 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfr_ atmufY wcgr#raecJh&zl;aom olrsm;jzpfonf? ¶k&Sm;Y'Drkdua&pDo@kd tul;tajymif;udk/ 20 &mpk. aemufqHk;ydkif;/ q,fpkESpf usrSom jzpfay:cJh+yD; 'Drdkua&pDpepftm; axmufydk@r_rSm vGefpGmtm;enf;vSonf? 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk ESpfumv &Snf=umpGm usifhoHk;vmcJhaomEdkifiHrsm;wGifawmifrS jy\emrsm; &Sdaeao;onf? 20 &mpkESpftwGif;tb,fa=umifh 'Drdkua&pDpepfydkrdkxGef;um;vm&oenf;?

19

__________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ tb,fhtwGufa=umifh urBmay:&SdEdkfifiHrsm; 'Drdkua&pDpepfukd raxmufcH=uao;onf[k oifxifoenf;? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ 12? 'Drdkua&pDenf enf;ustk jcif;.tajccHpnf pnf;rsOf;rsm; ustkyfcsKyfjcif 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&w&yftwGuf &Sd&rnfjzpfaom tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;udk urBmw0Srf;&Sd jynfolrsm;u cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm =uonf? ,if; oabmw&m;rsm;onf r=umceqkdovdk 'Drdkua&pDvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wck. zGJ@pnf;yHktkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya' ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;qkdif&mOya'rsm;. tpdwftydkif; wckjzpfvmavonf? 'Drdkua&pDpepfudkusihfokH;aom EdkifiHESpfck. yHkpHonf wxyfwnf;uspGm wlnDrnfr[kwfaomfvnf;/ TpepfudkusifhoHk;aom EdkifiH&Sd jynfolwdk@rSm 'Drdkua&pD. wlnDaom tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;udk axmufcH=u+yD;/ tpdk;&xHrS ‚if;wdk@ar#mfrSef;aom qENwdk@rSmrl wlnD=uavonf? atmufwGifazmfjyxm;onfh oabmw&m;wdk@onf 'Drdkua&pDpepf. vrf;!ïeftrSwftom;rsm;jzpfonf? EdkfifiHom;rs m;rsm;.yl ;.yl;aygif;yg0ifr_ - 'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif yl;aygif;yg0ifr_onf/ EdkifiHom;rsm;twGuft"duwm0efjzpfonf? ,if;onf ‚if;wdk@. tcGifhta&;tjzpfomr[kwf/ ‚if;[email protected]&m;vnf;jzpfonf? EdkifiHom;wkd@. yl;aygif;yg0ifr_onf yHko¿eftrsdK;rsdK;&SdEdkfif+yD; - a¶G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif yg0if,SOfòydifjcif; ESifh qENrJxnfh0ifjcif;/ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk od&Sd&jcif;/ jy\emta=umif;t&mrsm;tay:wGif aqG;aEG;jiif;cHk&jcif;/ vlxktpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif yg0ifwufa&mufjcif;/ yk*~vdu vkyftm;ay;tzGJ@tpnf;wdk@Y tzGJ@0ifjzpfcGifh&Sdjcif;/ tcGefawmfay;aqmifjcif;ESifh qef@usifqENjyjcif;wdk@yifv#if yg0ifonf? yl;aygif;yg0ifjcif;onf ydkrdfkaumif;rGefaom 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk wnfaqmufay;onf? wef;wlnDr#r_ - vlom;tm;vHk;wef;wlnDr#jcif;[laom oabmw&m;udk 'Drkdua&pDv@l abmiftzGJ@tpnf;u tav;xm;onf? wef;wlnDr#r_qdk&mwGif vlwkdif;YwlnDaomwefzdk;&Sd+yD;/ wlnDaomtcGifhta&;udkydkifqkdifum/ ‚if;wdk@. tom;ta&mif/ udk;uG,fr_/ vlrsdK;pkESifh vdifuJGjym;jcm;em;r_wdk@a=umifh cGJjcm;zdESdyfcH&jcif;r&Sdap&? 'Drdkua&pDpepfY vltkyfpkwdkif;/ woD;yk*~vwdkif; ‚if;wkd@. rwluGJjym;aom ¶dk;&m/ oGifjyifp¶dkufvuQ%m/ bmompum;ESifh ,Hk=unfr_wdk@udk usifhoHk;ydkifqdkfifcGifh&Sdonf? EdkfifiHa&;t&o &;t&onf t&onf;cHEkdifr_ - 'Drdkua&pDvl@abmiftzG@J tpnf;wd@k Y EdfkifiHa&;t& onf;cHpdwf&SnfEkdifr_ &Sd=uonf? qdkvdkonfrSm 'Drdkua&pDpepfY vltrsm;pku tkyfcsKyfaomfvnf;/ vlenf;pkwd@k . tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fay;xm; &rnf? tm%mr&Sdaom olrsm;rSvnf; zGJ@pnf;vkyfaqmifykdifcGihfESihf ajymqdkykdifcGihf&dS&rnf? EdkfifiHom;wdkif; wpfOD;tay: wpfOD; em;vnfonf;cHwwf&efusifh,l&onf? wcgw&H 'Drdkua&pD vl@abmiftzGJ@tpnf;onf rwluGJjym;aom ,Ofaus;r_/ tom;ta&mif/ ,Hk=unfudk;uG,fr_udk trsm;pktjrifESihf rwlbJ udk,fydkiftjrifjzifh &yfwnfaom 20

wdkif;&if;om;aygif;pHkjzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;onf? vltrsm;pku vlenf;pk. tcGifha&;udk jiif;y,fvmaomf/ ‚if;wkd@onfvnf; 'Drdkua&pDpepfukd zsufqD;jcif;yifjzpfonf? wm0ef,lwwfr_ - 'Drdkua&pDpepfY a¶G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&aomolrsm;onf jynfol@twGufwm0ef,lr_&Sd&rnf? ‚if;wkd@. vkyfaqmifr_rsm;twGuf ‚if;wdk@wGifwm0ef&Sdonf? wm0ef&dSolrsm;onf trsm;.qENtwdkif; qHk;jzwf+yD; wm0efxrf;aqmif&rnfjzpfonf? ‚if;wkd@twGufrjzpfap&? yGifhvif;jrifom&Sdr_r_ - tpdk;&tm;,Hk=unfpdwfcs&eftwGuf wdkif;jynfwGif;Y jzpfysufaeonfrsm;udk jynfolvlxkrS od&Sd&rnfjzpfonf? okd@rSom tpdk;&udk ,Hk=unfpdwfcsI&.? ,if;ukd yGifhvif;jrifomr_&dSaom tpkd;&w&yftjzpf &nf!ïef;onf? ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&aomtpdk;&onf jynfo@l tpnf;ta0;rsm;udk ac:,lusif;y+yD; wdkfif;oljynfom;rsm;udk wufa&mufaponf? 'Drdkua&pDY tpkd;&rS rnfonfhqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd rnfolu ðyvkyf+yD;/ rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh ðyvkyfonfqkdonfudk owif;ÏmeESifh vltrsm;rS od&SdEkdif&rnfjzpfonf? vGwfvyfI w&m;r# w&m;r#waom yHkrSefa¶G;aumufyGJrsm; - EkdifiHom;rsm;onf ‚if;[email protected] xkwfazmfonfh enf;vrf;wpfckrSm/ tpdk;&twGif;Y ‚if;wkd@udk udk,fpm;ðyonfh wm0ef&Sdoludk rJay;a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif; jzpfonf? a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&aom wm0ef&Sdolrsm;onf/ tpkd;&tzGJ@twGif;wGif &mxl;ae&m&a&;ESifh at;csrf;pGm z,f&Sm;jcif;wkd@twGuf/ vGwfvyf+yD;w&m;r#wr_ &Sdap&ef 'Drdkua&pDpepfu jyÏmef;ay;xm;onf? pm&dwWysufjym;r_ ESifh EdkfifiHom;wdk@tm; +cdrf;ajcmuft=uyfukdifr_rsm;udk/ a¶G;aumufyGJrwdkifrDaomfvnf;aumif;/ a¶G;aumufyGJ+yD;rSaomf vnf;aumif; jzpfay:vmygu 'Drdkua&pD. oabmw&m;rsm;udk qef@usifjcif;yifjzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pDpepfY yHkrSef a¶G;aumufyGJrsm;udk ESpfrsm;pGm=um+yD;/ aemufwpfcgusif;yonf? a¶G;aumufyGJY yg0if,SOfòydifolwdk@onf ‚if;.uHkvHk ºuG,f0r_tay: tajcrðy&? xdk@tjyif jynfolrsm; rJqENay;jcif;udk cufcJaESmifhaES;=uef@=umaprnfh rnfonfht&mr# r&Sdap&? pD;yGm;a&;vGwfvyfr_ - 'Drdkua&pDpepfatmuf&dSolrsm;Y pD;yGm;a&;vGwfvyfr_ ykHo¿eftcsKd@udkydkfifqdkfif&.? qdkvdkonfrSm ypPnf;OpPmESifh pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tm; yk*~vdu ydkifqdkfifr_udk tpdk;&ucGihfðy&+yD;/ jynfolvlxkonf rdrd. tvkyftudkifESifh tvkyform;or*~wdk@udk a¶G;cs,fykdifcGihf&dSonf? pD;yGm;a&;wGif tpdk;&yg0if&rnfhu¾rSm tacstwif aqG;aEG;r_rsm;ukd zGifhay;&efjzpfonf? odk@aomf a,bk,stm;jzifh vufcHxm;onfrSm 'Drkdua&pDpepfY vGwfvyfaom aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf&Sdoifh+yD;/ tpkd;&rS pD;yGm;a&; tukefvkH;udk rxdef;csKyfoifhay? tcsK@d olwdk@rS twdkuftcH wifjyvmonfrSm twddwfucGJjcm;zdESdyfr_wdk@a=umifh (odk@) tjcm;aom rw&m;pD;yGg;&Smxm;r_wdk@a=umifh ypPnf;OpPm ydkifqdkifr_tajctae rw&m;uGmjcm;ae&ojzifh/ wdkfif;jynfupD;yGm;a&;udkykdrdkxdef;csKyfoifhonf[k tqkdðy=u.? tm%mtvGJoHk;pm;ðyr_ud ukx d def;csKyfjcif jcif; - 'Drdku&ufwpfvlr_tzG@J tpnf;onf a¶G;aumufcH&ol rnfolrqkd (odk@) vltkyfpkwpfpkrS tm%mudktvGJoHk;pm;ðyjcif;udk umuG,f[ef@wm;&ef óud;pm;onf? tm%mudktvGJoHk;pm;ðyjcif;. t}uD;rm;qHk;aom vkyf&yfrsm;xJrS/ tjzpftrsm;qkH;aom wpfckrSm vmbfpm;r_jzpfonf? tpdk;&wm0ef&Sdolrsm;onf jynfol@ &HyHkaiGudk udk,fusdK;twGuftoHk;csjcif; (odk@) tm%mudkw&m;r0ifpGmusihfokH;jcif;jzifh vmbfpm;r_rsm; jzpfay:vmonf? xkduJhokd@ tvGJokH;pm;vkyfr_rsm;ukd umuG,f&eftwGuf wkdif;jynftrsKd;rsKd;wGif enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd;ukd tokH;ðycJh=u+yD;jzpfonf? tpkd;&XmecGJrsm;. vkyfydkifcGihfrsm;ukd uef@owf&eftwGuf tpkd;&.zGJ@pnf;ykHukd t}udrfrsm;pGm jyifqifzGJ@pnf;=uonf? a¶G;aumuf wifajr‡mufjcif;cH&aomwm0efcHrsm; (odk@) tpdk;&tzGJ@cGJwpfckckrS ‚if;[email protected]%mudk toHk;ðy+yD; Oya'ESifhrnDaomt&mudk ðyvkyfvmygu/ vGwfvyfpGm vkyfydkifcGifhtm%m&Sdonfh w&m;&kH;rsm; ESifh w&m;a&;tzGJ@rsm;xm;&Sd&ef/ EdkfifiHom;rsm;tm; a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifcGifhay;&ef ESifh &Jrsm;.tm%m tvGJoHk;pm;vkyfr_rsm;udk ppfaq;&ef wdk@jzpfonf?

21

vl@tcGifhta&;qk a&;qkdif&mOya' - tm%mudktvGJokH;pm;vkyfI jynfolw@dk . tcGihfta&;csK@d azmufcH&r_rsm;ukdumuG,f&ef twGuf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfwdkif;jynf tawmfrsm;rsm;Y vl@tcGifhta&;umuG,fr_qdkif&m Oya'rsm; (Bill of Rights) xm;&Sd=uonf? ,if;onf jynfolvlxk. vGwfvyfr_ ESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd tumtuG,fay;/ tmrcHxm;csufrsm;ukd wpfckcsif;a&;om; azmfjyxm;onf? vl@tcGifhta&;qkdif&mtmrcHxm;r_ Oya'onf wkdif;jynfwjynfwGif &Sdaom zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'. tpdwftydkif;jzpfvmaomf w&m;¶Hk;rsm;u xkdOya'rsm;ukd vkdufem&eftwGuf azmfjyyg vl@tcGifhta&;twdkif; w&m;pD&ifydkifcGifh &Sd.? vl@tcGifhta&;qkdif&mOya'rsm;onf/ tpdk;&.vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mudk uef@owfxm;+yD;/ ‚if;onf vlwOD;wa,mufESihf/ tzG@J tpnf;wkd@. wm0ef&Sdr_rsm;udkvnf; jzpfay: aponf? a¶G;aumufyGJ&v'ftm;vufcHjcif; - 'Drdkua&pDa¶G;aumufyGJrsm;Y EdkfifolESifh ¶ªH;ol[lI&Sd.? wcgw&HwGif a¶G;aumufyGJ ¶ªH;olrsm;onf ‚if;[email protected] udk,fpm;vS,frsm;omv#iftaumif;qHk;jzpfonf[k cdkifrmpGm,Hk=unfxm;onfhtwGuf a¶G;aumufyGJ&v'fudkjiif;y,fwwf=uonf? ,if;onf 'Drdkua&pD.rl0g'rsm;udkqef@usifjcif;jzpfonf? vl@tcGifhta&; - 'Drdkua&pDpepfwdk@onf EdkifiHom;wdkif;.tcGihfta&;wk@d ukdumuG,fav;pm;onf? vl@tcGifhta&; qdk &mY vl@toufESifh vl@*k%foa&tm; av;pm;jcif;udk xif[yfapaom vl@wefzdk;§ta=umif;t&mwdk@jzpf.? vlwdkif; wefzdk;&Sd=uonf udk 'Drdkua&pDuaxmufjyxm;onf? vl@tcGifhta&;om"ursm;rSm - vGwfvyfpGmxkwfazmfajymqdkcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmyl;aygif; yg0ifcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmpk¶Hk;cGifh/ wef;wlnDr_tcGifhta&;ESihf ynmoif,lr_tcGihfta&;wd@k jzpfonf? ygwDpHkpepf - ygwDpHkpepfwnf&Sd&eftwGuf wpfckxufykdaomygwDtzG@J rsm;onf a¶G;aumufyGJY yg0if,SOfòydif&+yD; tpdk;& tzGJ@xJYyg0if&rnf? ygwDpHkwGif;Y rJEdkifaomtwdkufcHygwDvnf; yg0ifcGifh&onf? xdk@a=umifhtpdk;&tm;jy\emt&yf&yf wdk@udk ¶ªaxmifhtrsdK;rsdK;rSodjrifaponf? xdk@tjyifygwDpHkpepfonf rJay;olw@kd tm; rnfonfhukd,fpm;vS,f/ ygwD ESifh rl wdk@tm; rJxnfh &rnfudka¶G;cs,fcGifhay;onf? orkdif;tpOftvmt& wdkif;jynfwjynfY wpfygwDpepfudkomusifhoHk;ygu aemufqHk;wGif ppftm%m&SifpepfjzpfoGm;onfudkawG@&dS&onf? pnf;rsOf;Oya' (Rule of Law) - 'Drdkua&pDpepft& a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufcH&aom orRwtygt0if/ rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufr# Oya'.txufwGifr&Sdap&? qdkvdkonfrSm rnfolrqkd Oya'udkav;pm;vdkufem&rnfjzpf+yD;/ ,if;udkcsdK;azmufygu jypf'g%fukdcH,l&rnfjzpfonf? Oya'onf nDr#jcif;/ w&m;r#wjcif; ESihf ta&;,laqmif&Gufjcif;/ &Sd&rnf[k 'Drkdua&pDpepfrS awmif;qkdxm;onf? ,if;udkwcgw&H Oya'.tvkdt& (due process of law) [kac:onf? 13? 'Dzuf ufwdkESifh 'D*sL;&D ;&D (De facto and De jure) 'DzufwdkESifh 'D*sL;wdk@onf tpdk;&udkazmfjyaomenf;vrf;ESpfrsdK;jzpfonf? vufwifbmomrSqif;oufvmonf? De jure onf “Oya't&” [kt"dy`g,f&+yD; De facto rSm “t&Sdw&m;” [kt"dy`g,f&onf? 'D*sL;&D tpdk;&onf wdkif;jynfwpfjynf. w&m;0iftpdk;&jzpfonf? Ttpdk;&onf wdkif;jynfudktkyfcsKyf&eftwGuf w&m;0if a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufcH&aom tpdk;&jzpfonf? 'Dzufwdk tpdk;&onf wdkif;jynfwpfjynftwGif; tm%mqkyfukdifxm;aomtpdk;&jzpfonf? Ttpdk;&onfwdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfaeonfh tpdk;&jzpfonf? tawG;tac:t&=unfhv#if 'D*sL;&D tpdk;&onf 'Dzufwdktpdk;&jzpf.? qdkvkdonfrSm tpdk;&onf w&m;0ifa¶G;cs,fcH& +yD;aemuf/ tm%m&&Sdum wdkif;jynfudktkyfcsKyf&rnfjzpfonf? wcgw&H tpdk;&onf a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;cH& aomfvnf; tm%mv$Jay;jcif;rcH&acs? w&m;0if&kHoufoufom&Sdonf? odk@r[kwf tpdk;&onf tm%mudk w&m;r0ifaomenf;jzifh odrf;ykdufxm;onf? tm%mvufudkiftpkd;&oufoufomjzpfonf?

22

atmufazmfjyyg tcsuftvufrsm;udk=unfhyg? “'Dzufwdktpdk;&” vm; (odk@) ESpfckpvHk;vm;´

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vurBmay:Y refbm[ktrnf&Sdaom acgif;aqmifwOD;rS tpdk;&tjzpf OD;pD;+yD;tkyfcsKyfonf? refbmonf vurBm. Oya'udkqef@usif+yD;/ ‚if;zmom‚if; tm%mukd&,lxm;jcif; jzpfonf?

2?

t*FvefEkdifiHwGif a¶G;aumufyGJudk 5-ESpf wpf}udrf ðyvkyfonf? 2005 ckESpfwGif wdkeDbvJonf 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf xyfrHa¶G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&onf? tpdk;&udk olyifqufvufItkyfcsKyfaeonf?

3?

jrefrmEdkifiHY EdkfifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@onf EdfkifiHukd twif;t"rRtkyfcsKyfaeonf? olwkd@onf 1990 ckESpf a¶G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk todtrSwfðy&ef jiif;qdkaeonf?

4?

jrefrmjynfY/ 1990 ckESpf/ a¶G;aumufyGJt& trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfonf v$wfawmftrwfae&m 82µ udk &&SdcJhonf? olwdk@ wcgr# tm%m&,l&ef ay;tyfjcif; rcHchJacs?

5?

bDvfuvifwefonf av;ESpfwmorRwoufwrf;twGuf a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&aom orRwjzpfonf? 1992 ckESpfrS pwifI tkyfcsKyfa&; wm0efukd &,lcJhonf?

6?

Zdk&f ò*d[f ay:wGif/ orRw Zdkbufonf 1990 zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccH Oya't& a¶G;aumufjcif;cH&onf? a¶G; aumufyGJopfudk av;ESpfwpf}udrf ðyvkyf&ef zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'Y azmfjyxm;onf? 1994 ckESpfwGif Zdkbufonf a¶G;aumufyGJopfudk ðyvkyf&ef jiif;qkd+yD;/ Zdk&fò*d[fukd aemufxyf oHk;ESpfausmfqufvuftkyfcsKyf aecJhonf?

7?

csDvDEdkfifiHrS =o*wfpwdk yDEdka&S; EdkfifiHawmftm%mudkodrf;ykdufcJh+yD; ppftpkd;& OuUX tjzpftm%m&,lcJhonf? tm%m&&SdonfESifhwòydifeuf olonf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'udkjyifqif+yD; csDvDEdkfifiHacgif;aqmiftjzpfESifh ol@udk,folorRw owfrSwfvdkufavonf?

14? tm%m&Sif'Drdkua&pD ta&S›awmiftm&S&Sd a,bl,stpdk;&zGJ@pnf;yHkw&yfudk oHk;oyf&v#if &Sif;vif;jywfom;aomoabmw&m;aemufokd@ rvkduf av#mufacs? ,if;udk ‘tm%m&Sif'Drdkua&pD’ [kac:onf? xkd wdkif;jynfrsm;onf uGefjrLepfEkdifiHrsm;ESifh qifwlonf? ‚if;wkd@onf a¶G;aumufyGJrsm;ðyvkyfaomfvnf;/ vuf&Sd tm%m&ygwDrSvGJI tjcm;ygwDrsm;udk zGJ@pnf; yg0ifcGifhrðyacs? rav;&Sm;ESifhpuFmyluJhodk@ tm%m&Sif 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHwdk@u tjcm;ygwDrsm;udkzGJ@pnf;cGifhðyxm;aomfvnf;/ Oya'u xkdygwDrsm;. trsm;pkaom EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk w&m;Oya'jzifhuef@owfxm;ojzifh/ tjcm;ygwDwcktwGuf tm%m& ygwDuJhokd@ r[kwfbJ a¶G;aumufyGJwGif tEdkif&&Sd&ef rjzpfEkdifoavmufyifjzpfonf? tpdk;&ESifh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;tm;/ jyif;xefpGma0zefjcif;udk &mZ0wfr_tjzpf owfrSwfonf? tm%m&ygwDonf &Jrsm;/ w&m;ol}uD;rsm;/ owif;pmrsm;/ ¶kyfjrifoH=um;Ïmersm;ESifh eD;uyfpGmqufoG,fr_rsm;&Sdaeojzifh/ jynfolvlxkxH owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ydwfyifr_ukd tvG,fwulðyvkyfEkdifonf? 23

tm%m&ygwDtaejzifh tpkd;&. b¾maiGrsm;ukd ‚if;wd@k tm; axmufcHolrsm;. tusKd;pD;yGg;ukd jzpfxGef;ap&eftwGuf tvG,fwultoHk;ðyEkdifonf? xkdokd@aomtpdk;&rsm;. ajymaeuspum;wkd@rSm • wkdif;jynfonf pD;ygG;a&;t& zGH@òzd;wkd;wuf+yD;rSom jynfh0aom 'Drkdua&pDonf jzpfay:vmEkdifrnfjzpfonf? • EdkfifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk cGifhay;jcif;jzifh/ EkdifiHa&; r+idrfroufr_rsm;jzpfay:ap+yD;/ EkdifiHukd ysufpD;ap&ef vlwkdif;tm; cGifhðyjcif;yifjzpfonf? • jynfh0aom 'Drkdua&pDonf Oa&mywkdif;jynfrsm;.tawG;tac:jzpf+yD;/ tm&Swkdif;jynfrsm;twGuf roifhavsmfay? tm&SEkdifiHrsm;tm; taemufEkdifiHrsm;. 'Drdkua&pDudk vufcHusifhokH;&efwkdufwGef;jcif;onf ukdvkdeDe,fcs@J 0g'opf wrsKd;yifjzpf onf? uarBm'D;,m;onf tm%m&Sif'Drdkua&pDpepf. om"uwpfckyifjzpfonf? uarBm'D;,m;tpdk;&onf twdkuftcHygwD rsm;ukd zGJ@pnf;cGifhay;xm;aomfvnf;/ twkduftcHygwD. ygvDreftrwfrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;udk r=umce qkdovkd zrf;qD;/ axmifcsr_rsm; ðyvkyfwwfonf? uarBm'D;,m; owif;pmq&mtrsm;pkonf tpdk;&udk a0zefojzifh axmifoGif;tusOf;cscH=u&zl;onf? tm%m&Sif'Drdkua&pDpepftay: a0zefaxmufjyxm;onfhtcsufrsm; • ppfrSefaom'Drdkua&pDpepfY OD;aqmifr_nhHzsif;aomtpkd;&tm; qENrJay;I tv#iftjref ðzwfcsypfEkdif aomfvnf;/ tm%m&Sif 'Drdkua&pDpepfY raumif;aomEdfkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypf&efcufcJonf? • tu,fI EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh (odk@) ‚if;wdk@. taygif;tygrsm;onf owif;jzef@csDr_pepfudk xdef;csKyfxm;ygu vmbfpm;r_rsm;udk azmfxkwf&efcufcJonf? yGihfvif;pGmxkwfazmfajym=um;oludk zrf;qD;&rnf[laom Oya' jyÏmef;csufa=umifhvnf; EdkifiHa&;orm;wd@k . trSm;udk ,dk;pGyfazmfxkwf&mY tEW&m,f}uD;rm;vSonf? • tu,fI jynfolwdk@onf EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESihf tvkyform;or*~w@kd udk xlaxmifcGifhr&&Sdygu zGH@òzd; wdk;wufr_. tusdK;tjrwfrsm;udk tenf;pkaomvluHkxHw@kd uom cHpm;&rnf? atmufazmfjyygZ,m;twGif;odk@ 'Drdkua&pDpepfESihf tm%m&Sif 'Drkdua&pDwdk@. uGJjym;r_ESifh wlnDr_rsm;udk a&;jznfhyg? 'Drdkua&pD

tm%m&Sif'Drdkua&pD

15? tpdk;&.wm0ef0wW&m; m;rsm; 1? vlwpfOD;csif;.vGwfvyfr_udkumuG,f&ef qdkvdkonfrSm jynfolvlxktwGuf wdkuf¶kduftusdK;pD;ygG;ESihf ywfoufonfh Oya'rsm;udk jyXmef;+yD;/ jynfolwdk@. vGwfvyfr_udk umuG,fay;xm;onf? 2? vlwpfOD;csif;.vGwfvyfr_udkuef@owf&ef (bHkt&if;tjrpfukdumuG,f&ef) 24

vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvkH; o[Zmwjzpfa&;ESifh pkaygif;toHk;ðy&aom bHkt&if;tjrpfwdk@udk umuG,f&eftwGuf/ wcg w&H tpdk;&taejzifh vlwpfOD;csif;. vGwfvyfr_udk uef@owf&efvdktyfonf? xkdOya'rsm;onf u|Ekfyfwdk@. ukd,fykdif tusdK;pD;yGg;udk qef@usif&ma&mufaomfvnf;/ a&&SnfwGif tusdK;aus;Zl; jzpfap.? Oyrm ‘vGwfvyfpGmxkwfazmfajymqdkcGifh’ onf u|Ekfyfwdk@ajymcsifonfht&mtm;/ ajymqdkEdkifcGifhudk ay;xm;onf? odk@aomfu|Ekfyfwdk@ajymqdkEdkifonfht&mtm; xdef;csKyfxm;onfhOya'rsm;&Sdonf? (u|Efkyfw@kd . vGwfvyfcGifhudk uef@owf xm;onf?) Oyrmtm;jzifh tpdk;&.v#d›K0Sufcsufrsm;udk tjcm;wdkif;jynftpdk;&odk@ rnfolr#ajymydkifcGifhr&Sdyg? ‘vGwfvyfpGmc&D;oGm;vmcGifh’onf u|Ekfyfwkd@oGm;vdkonfht&yfo@kd oGm;EdkifonfhtcGihfta&;ay;xm;onf? odk@aomf tcsdK@ Oya'rsm;u u|Ekfyfwdk@ oGm;Edkifonfhae&mrsm;udkuef@owfxm;onf? Oyrm - om;¶dkif;wd&p>mefwdk@tm; tumuG,fay;xm;onfhae&mY vlrsm;oGm;vmydkifcGihfr&Sd? wdkif;oljynfom;rsm; rdrdvkyfvdkonfhtvkyftudkifESifh pD;yGg;a&;vk oifhonf? a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd vGwfvyfpGma¶G;cs,fydkifcGifh&Sdoif odk@aomf EdkifiHom;wdkif; tcGefawmfay;aqmif&onf? vdkifpif&dS&onf? w&m;r0ifa&mif;0,fazmufum;r_rðy&? 3? trsm;.jynf &efcufcJaomt&mudk wm0ef,laqmif¶Guf&ef ;.jynfol. vdktyfcsuftwGuf EdkifiHom;wdk@zGJ@pnf;aqmif&Guf&ef ‚if;wGif yg0ifonfwkd@rSm - EdkifiHwumqufqHa&;ESihf oHwrefa&;&mqufqHr_wkd@tm;wm0ef,ljcif;jzpfonf? ekdifiHjcm;aiGa=u;vJvS,fr_E_ef; ESifh ydk@ukefESihf oGif;ukefrlrsm; csrSwfjcif;uJhokd@aom/ pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m Oya'rsm;ukd csrSwfjcif;? 4? tpdk;&uxdef;csKyfEdkifrnf[k wdkif;oljynfom;wd@k u,Hk=unfxm;aom trsm;.vdktyfcsufw@kd ukd wm0ef,laqmif ¶Guf&ef - ‚if;wGif ppfwyftm;xm;&Sdjcif;ESihf vufeufrsm;wnfaqmufjcif;uJho@dk aom EkdifiHawmfvHkòcHa&; qkdif&m/ Oya'ESifh jyXmef;xm;onfh trdef@rsm;ukd xdef;odrf;vkdufemEkdif&eftwGuf &JtzGJ@rsm;zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifjcif;/ a¶G;aumufyGJrsm; usif;yay;jcif;?

16? tm%mrs a0xm;jcif; tm%mrsm;ukd ykdif;jcm;cG jcm;cGJa0xm;jcif

25

tm%mykdif;jcm;xm;a&;[laom ywfoufI ta&;}uD;onfhpum;vkH; (3) ckrSm - Oya'ðya&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&; ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&; 'Drdkua&pDoabmw&m;. cH,lcsufwpfckrSm ‘tm%mrsm;ykdif;jcm;uef@owfxm;a&;’ jzpfonf? vlwOD;wa,muf (okd@r[kwf) vlwpftkyfpkwnf;rSaeI tm%mtm;vkH;ukd csKyfukdif rxm;&efjzpfonf? tpdk;&.u¾tpdyftydkif;toD;oD;wGif&Sdaomolrsm;wGif vkyfykdifcGihftm%mrsm; ESihf tvkyfrsm;ukdcGJjcm;xm;jcif; jzpfonf? ‚if;wkd@onf tjcm;aom tpdk;&Xme&Sd [email protected];rsm;udk 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;ðy&ef róud;pm;oifhay? Todk@jzifh tpdk;& tpdyftydkif;wpfckck. tiftm;tvGeftrif;}uD;xGm;vmr_udk [ef@wm;xm;onf? tpdk;&. tpdwftydkif;wckjzpfonfh Oya'ðyvkyfaomtydkif;udk Oya'ðyv$wfawmf[k (Legislature) ac:onf? xkdae&mXmeudk wdkif;jynftawmfrsm;rsm;wGif ygvDref[kac:I/ tar&duefEkdifiHwGif uGef*&uf [kac:onf? w&m;ol}uD;rsm;ESifh w&m;&kH; t&m&Sdrsm;&Sdonfh/ tpdk;&tydkif;udk w&m;pD&ifa&;tykdif; (Judiciary) [kac:onf? olwdk@onf jyXmef;xm;onfh Oya'rsm;tm; ukdifwG,ftaumiftxnfazmf&mY wm0ef&Sdonf? odk@aomfygvDreftm;rnfodk@aom Oya'wdk@ukdðyvkyf&rnfukdawmh ajymydkifcGifhr&Sday? 0ef}uD;csKyf§orRwESifh ol.t=uHay;rsm;ESifh 0ef}uD;rsm;yg0ifonfh tpdk;&tydkif;udk tkyfcsKyfa&;ykdif; (Executive) [kac:onf? olwdk@onf wdkif;jynf. pD;yGm;a&;ESifh tpdk;&. tjcm;aomtpdyftydkif;rsm;udk OD;pD;OD;¶Gufðy&onf? odk@aomf w&m;pD&ifa&;tm; rnfonfh Oya'rsm;ukd tokH;ðy&rnf/ ESifh Oya'ðya&;tm; rnfo@kd aomOya'rsm;udkxkwfjyef&rnf [lI 0ifa&mufajymqkdydkifcGifhr&Sday? OyrmyHkpH -

tpd tpdk;&

tkyfcsKyfa&;

Oya'ðya&;

w&m;pD&ifa&;

tm%mrsm;ukd ykdif;jcm;uef@owfxm;jcif;jzifh tpdk;&wGif;&Sd wm0ef&SdoltoD;oD;. ‚if;wkd@tm%m}uD;xGm;vmr_udk [ef@wm;xm;avonf? Oya'ukd azmufzsufaom EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&wm0ef&dSolw@kd ukd w&m;ol}uD;rsm;u 0ifa&muf[ef@wm;Edkifonf? odk@aomf w&m;ol}uD;rsm;onf Oya'rsm;ukd ðyvkyfI r&ay/ TonfrSm a¶G;cs,f wifajr‡mufjcif;cH&aom EdkifiHa&;orm;. wm0efjzpfonf? tpdk;&t&m&Sd rsm;onf ‚if;wdk@. EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:udk bufrvdkufbJEdkifiHa&;orm;wdk@tm;t=uHay;&onf? tcsdK@aomolwdk@u ,if;udk vufawG@wGif rjzpfEdkif[k,lqonf? tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;onf ‚if;[email protected]& tpdk;&twGuf rdrdwdk@oabmrwlonfht&m (od@k ) rdrdw@kd . pdwf0ifpm;r_ESifh uGJvGJonfht&mwdk@udkvnf;aqmif¶Gufay;&wwfonf? EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf jynfoljynfom;wd@k ukd udk,fpm;ðyum ‚if;wdk@twGuf wm0efxrf;aqmif&rnfjzpf+yD; tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;ujynfoljynfom;[email protected]& usa&mufvmaom wm0efudk+yD;ajrmufatmifvkyfaqmif&onf? EdkifiHa&;orm;aomfvnf;aumif;/ tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;aomfvnf;aumif; rdrd.udk,fusdK;udkoma&S›¶_+yD;wm0efxrf;¶Gufjcif;rðy&ay? 26

tb,fha=umifhwdkif;jynfwpfjynfY vlwpfOD; (odk@) tkyfpkwpfpkuom tm%mydkifpkd;v#if raumif;a=umif; oifxifjrif oenf;? __________________________________________________________________ ____________ __________________________________________________________________ ____________ 17? orRwtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf ESifh ygvDreftkyfcsKyfa&;pepf orRwtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf 1? jynfolu tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh Oya'ðya&;udk oD;oef@a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufonf? 2? tkyfcsKyfa&;/ Oya'ðya&;ESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;wd@k onf tpdk;&.oD;jcm;tpdwftydkif;wd@k jzpfonf? w&m;pD&ifa&; (w&m;¶Hk;rsm;)

tkyfcsKyfa&;

Oya'ðya&;

(orRwrSOD;aqmifonf)

a¶G;aumufyGJrsm;

a¶G;aumufyGJrsm;

jynfolvlxk --------------------------------------------------------------------------------ygvDrefpepf 1? jynfolu Oya'ðya&;udk a¶G;cs,fwifajr‡mufonf? jynfolonf 0ef}uD;csKyf (tkyfcsKyfa&;)ukd ra¶G;cs,fyg? Oya'ðy a&;u tkyfcsKyfa&;udk a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;jzpfonf? 2? tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh Oya'ðya&;wdk@onf oD;jcm;r[kwfyg? tkyfcsKyfa&;

(0ef}uD;csKyfrSrOS D;aqmifonf)

w&m;pD&ifa&;

a¶G;aumufyGJrsm;

(w&m;¶Hk;rsm;)

Oya'ðya&;

(yHkrSeftm;jzifhygvDref[kac:.) c:.)

27

a¶G;aumufyGJrsm;

jynfolvlxk tar&dueforRwtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf tar&duefonf orRwtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudkusifhoHk;onf? orRw(tkyfcsKyfa&;) udk Oya'ðya&;ESifh oD;jcm;pGma¶G;aumuf wifajr‡mufjcif;cH&onf? Oya'ðya&;udkuGefu&uf[kvnf;ac:onf? uGefu&ufudk ESpfydkif;cGJxm;onf? txufv$wf awmf (Senate) ESifh atmufv$wfawmf (House of Representative) wdk@jzpfonf? txufv$wfawmfwGif v$wf awmftrwf 100 OD; &Sd+yD;/ jynfe,fwpfckudk trwfESpfOD;udk,fpm;ðyonf? txufv$wfawmftrwfrsm;twGuf 6 ESpf wpf}udrfa¶G;aumufyGJ &Sd+yD;/ wpf}udrfv#iftxufv$wfawmftrwfoHk;yHkwyHkudk a¶G;aumufonf? (xdk@a=umifh 2 ESpfv#if wpf}udrf txufv$wfawmftrwf oHk;yHkwpfykHtajymif;tvJ&dS.?) atmufv$wfawmfY trwf 435 OD;&Sdonf? atmufv$wfawmftrwf udk,fpm;vS,f ta&twGufonf jynfe,ftoD;oD;&SdvlOD;a&tay:tajccHonf? atmuf v$wfawmftrwfrsm;twGuf 2 ESpfv#if wpf}udrf a¶G;aumufyGJ&Sdonf? 10 ESpfv#ifwpf}udrfvlOD;a&pm&if;udk aumuf ,lonf? t*FvefygvDreftkyfcsKyfa&;pepf +Adwdo#onf ygvDreftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudkusihfokH;onf? 0ef}uD;csKyf (tkyfcsKyfa&;) ukd Oya'ðya&;ESifh oD;oef@ a&G;aumufwif ajr‡mufjcif; r&Sdacs? jynfolu Oya'ðya&;tzGJ@udk a¶G;aumufwifajr‡muf+yD; tEdkif&&SdaomygwDu 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmonf? Oya'ðya&;udk ygvDref [kvnf;ac:onf? txufygvDref (House of Lord) ESifh [lI 2 &yf&Sdonf? txufygvDrefudk atmufygvDref (House of Commons) a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;jcif;r[kwf Church of England ESifh rif;bk&m;tEG,f0if Lord rsm;rS 0g&ifhbmoma&;acgif;aqmifwdk@ESifh zGJ@pnf;xm;onf? atmufygvDrefudk trwfwdk@jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;+yD; jynfolu av;ESpfwpf}udrfa¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufonf? wdkif;jynf OD;ao#mif wdkif;jynfOD;ao#mifonf wkdif;jynfwjynf&Sd jynfolvlxkukd udk,fpm;ðyonfh t}uD;tuJjzpfonf? wdkif;jynf OD;ao#mifY tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mr&SdbJ olwkd@. tcef;u¾onf wdkif;jynf. txdrftrSwfjy,k*ftwGufomjzpfonf? bk&ifpepf wGif/ Oyrm - t*Fvef/ bk&if§bk&ifronf wdkif;jynf. OD;ao#mif jzpfonf? jynfol@orRw pepfY/ Oyrm - tar&duef/ wdkif;jynf OD;ao#mifrSm orRwyifjzpfonf? *syefEkdifiH. wdkif;jynf OD;ao#mifrSm *syef{u&mZfrif;jrwfjzpf+yD;/ AmwDuef. OD;ao#mifrSm ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;jzpfonf? tpdk;&acgif;aqmif

28

tpdk;&acgif;aqmif.wm0efonf EdkifiHha&;&mrsm;udk ykHrSefvnfywfaeap&eftwGuf tkyfcsKyf&aomt}uD;tuJ jzpfonf? wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfa&;/ tm%m&SdolrSm yHkrSeftm;jzifh 0ef }uD;csKyf (odk@) orRwjzpfonf?

rSwfcsuf

ygvDreftkyfcsKyfa&; pepfY wdkif;jynfOD;ao#mifESifh tpdk;&acgif;aqmifw@kd rwl=uay? Oyrm - t*FvefY bk&if§ bk&ifr ESifh 0ef}uD;csKyfwdk@&Sd+yD;/ tdENd,Y orRwESifh 0ef}uD;csKyfw@kd &dSonf? orRw tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfwGif wdkif;jynfOD;ao#mif ESifh tpdk;& acgifa;qmifrSm wpfOD;wnf;omjzpfonf? tar&duefY orRwonf wdkif;jynfOD;ao#mifjzpfovdk tpdk;& acgif;aqmifvnf; jzpfonf? t*FvefygvDreftkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh tar&dueforRwtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfwdk@t=um;&Sd uGJjym;csufrsm;udk ðypkay;yg? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ orRwESifh ygvDreftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfwdk@. tpdk;& 'Drdkua&pDpepfY tpdk;&w&yftwGuf acgif;aqmifrnfolESifh jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,fwdk@tm; a¶G;aumuf wifajr‡mufjcif; enf;onf vGefpGmta&;}uD;onf? ,if;wGif a¶G;cs,fr_ykHpH (2) rsKd;&Sdonf? ygvDreftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfY rJtrsm;qHk;&&SdaomygwDonf Oya'ðya&;Y/ ae&mtrsm;qHk;&&Sd+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyfu OD;aqmif aomtpdk;&udkzGJ@pnf;onf? Tpepfonf +AdwdefrSpcJh+yD; ,ae@Oa&myEdkifiHtrsm;pk/ um&pfbD,efa'o/ uae'g/ tdENd,/ tm&S ESifh tmz&du&Sd EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;ESifh ,cif +Adwdo#udkvdkeDvufatmufcHjzpfcJhzl;aom EdkifiHrsm; wkd@wGif usifhoHk;onf? tjcm;pepfwpfckrSmrl orRwESifh Oya'ðya&;udk oD;oef@pD a¶G;aumuf=uonf? ,ae@ orRwtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf udk vufwiftar&du/ zdvpfydkif/ jyifopf/ ydkvefESifh tar&duefEkdifiHrsm;Y usihfokH;onf? ygvDrefESifh orRwtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfw@kd . t"duuGmjcm;csufrSm/ tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh Oya'ðya&;wd@k t=um;&Sd quf EG,fr_jzpfonf? ygvDreftkyfcsKyfa&;Y ,if;ESpfckrSm wpfckwnf;twlwlyifjzpfonf? ta=umif;rSm 0ef}uD;csKyfESifh uufbd euftzGJ@0ifrsm;onf ygvDrefrSwufvmjcif;jzpf+yD;/ 0ef}uD;csKyfudk Oya'ðya&;aumifpDrS a¶G;aumufwifajr‡muf aoma=umifhjzpfonf?

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orRwtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfY Oya'ðya&;u orRwudk a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;rðyay? xkdtpm;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh Oya'ðya&;wdk@ukd oD;jcm;a¶G;aumufyGJðyvkyf=uonf? orRwESifh uGef*&uftrwfwdk@udk owfrSwfxm;aom umvrsm;Y oD;jcm;pD jynfolwdk@u wdkuf¶dkufa¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufonf? xdk@a=umifh orRwESihf uGef*&uftzGJ@0ifwdk@onf oD;jcm;ygwD wckpDrSjzpfEdkif.? rsm;aomtm;jzifh ygvDrefpepfwGif tpdk;&wdk@udk tcsKd;us ukd,fpm;ðypepfjzifh a¶G;aumufwifajr‡muf=uonf? qdkvdkonfrSm v$wfawmfwGif ygwDwck. xkdifckHta&twGuf &&Sdr_tcsKd;tpm;onf a&G;aumufyGJwGif tEdkif&aom ygwD. rJta&twGufay:wGif rlwnfonf? odk@twGufa=umifh ygwDi,frsm;onfyifv#if Oya'ðya&;Y trwfae&mrsm; &&SdEdkif.? Tae&mYawG@&aom tm;omcsufrSm vlenf;pkrsm;yifv#ifEkdifiHa&;&mrsm;Y tjrifhqHk;aomtpdk;&tzG@J twGif; yg0ifyl;aygif; cGifh&Sdonf? ,if;onf ygwDrsm;t=um; aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;/ tav#mhtwif;rsm;&&Sdatmifvnf; ðyvkyftm;ay;onf? orRwtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf. tm;omcsufwpfckrSm wkduf&kduf wm0ef&Sdr_jzpfonf? orRwudkOya'ðya&;u a¶G;cs,f wifajr‡mufjcif;r[kwfbJ jynfolwdk@uwdkuf¶dkufa¶G;cs,fwifajr‡mufxm;aoma=umifhjzpfonf? tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh Oya'ðya&;wdk@onf tpdk;&. rwlnDaom oD;jcm;tpdwftydkif;rsm;jzpfonfhtwGuf/ ‚if;wdk@wpfOD;udkwpfOD; tjyeftvSef xdef;nd‡ qef;ppfr_rsm; ðyvkyfEkdifonf? orRwESifh Oya'ðya&;udk oD;jcm;pD a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;a=umifh ‚if;.tm;enf;csufwpfckrSm ‚if;wdk@t=um; oabmxm;uGJvGJr_rsm;&Sdvmygu vkyfief;pOfrsm; a&S@okd@ rwufEdkifbJ &yfwef@aejcif;wdk@jzpfonf? tu,fI uGef*&ufonf orRw. ygwD0ifr[kwfbJ/ tjcm;ygwD0ifrsm;jzpfygu tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh uGef*&uft=um; tcuftcJESifh wif;rmr_rsm; &SdvmEdkif onf? orRwrsm;onf jynfoluwdkuf¶dkufa¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;jcif;cH&ojzifh/ 0ef}uD;csKyfxuf ykdItm%m&Sd ovkdjzpfaeonf? odk@aomfOya'ðya&;Y tjcm;ygwD0ifw@kd xdef;csKyfr_ tm;rsm;onfjzpfap/ enf;onfjzpfap/ orRwyg0ifr_r&SdbJ Oya'ðya&;udk jynfolwkd@u oD;jcm;a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;wd@k udkawmh vufcHxm;&rnfom jzpfonf? orRwonf ygwDwdk@tay: xdef;csKyfxm;Edkifr_tm;enf;onf? 0ef}uD;csKyfonf twdkuftcHðyvmaom ygwD0ifrsm;udk ESdyfuGyfEdkifaomfvnf;/ orRwurl xdkodk@rðyvkyfEkdifacs?

orRwtkyfcsKyfya&;ES fa&;ESifh ygvDreftkyfcsKyfa&;'Drdkua&pDvkyfief;jypmwrf jypmwrf; atmufazmfjyygpepfwdk@onf ‘orRwtkyfcsKyfa&;’ &;’ pepfvm;/ ‘ygvDreftkyfcsKyfa&;’ pepfvm; (odk@) tjcm;pepf vm;? tu,fI ‘tjcm;pepf’ jzpfygurnfonfhpepfjzpfonfukdazmfjyyg? 1? tar&duefY Oya'ðya&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;wdk@ukd oD;jcm;pGm a¶G;aumufwifajr‡muf=uonf? 2? xdkif;EdkifiHY a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&aom ygvDreftrwfwkd@onf 0ef}uD;csKyfudk a¶G;cs,fwifajr‡mufonf? 0ef}uD;csKyf udkjynfolwkd@u wdkuf¶dkufa¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;r[kwfyg? 3? awmiftmz&duYorRwudk ygvDreftrwfrsm;u a¶G;cs,fwifajr‡muf=uonf? ygvDreftrwfrsm;udk jynfol vlxku a¶G;aumufwif ajr‡muf=uonf?

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4? u|Ekfyfwdk@¶GmwGif ¶Gmol}uD;ðy&ef twGuf/ vl 5 OD;udk qENrJay; a¶G;aumufonf? xdkol 5 OD;urS wzef acgif;aqmif (¶Gmol}uD;) udk a¶G;cs,fwifajr‡mufonf? xdktxJrS usef 2 OD;udk ¶GmtkyfcsKyfa&;Y ¶Gmol}uD;tm; taxmuftul ay;&ef a¶G;cs,fwif ajr‡mufonf? 5? òrd@vlxktpnf;ta0;yGJwpfckY ðrd@olòrd@om;tm;vHk;onf òrd@twGuf pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;a&;qGJ=uonf? +yD;aemuf xdkESpf tpdk;&twGuf vl5OD;udk tm;vHk;u qENrJay;a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufonf? 6? wdkif;jynf. Oya'tm;vHk;udk orRwuðyvkyfonf? olonf w&m;a&;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&udkvnf; xdef;csKyfxm;onf? 7? abmvDabmòydifyGJudkOD;pD;&eftwGuf OuUÏudk ausmif;olausmif;om;wd@k u a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufonf? ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;uyif òydifyGJpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udka&;qGJ&eftwGuf aumfrDwDw&yfukda¶G;aumufwif ajr‡mufonf? 8? orRwonfwdkif;jynf OD;ao#mifjzpf+yD; jynfolu a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufonf? ol§r u (7ESpf) =um wm0ef xrf;aqmif&rnfjzpfonf? ygvDreftrwf udk jynfolu av;ESpfwpf}udrfa¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufonf? orRwonf ygvDreftrwfrsm;u axmufcHaomoludk 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf cef@tyf&onf? 0ef}uD;csKyfonf AsL¶dkua&pD,EW&m;udk wm0ef,l&onf?

18? a¶G;aumufyGJrsm; 'Drdkua&pDudk a&S;,cif*&drSpwifcJhonf[k,Hk=unf&onf? odk@aomf xdkumvY *&dvlrsdK;trsm;pkwdk@ qENrJay;ydkifcGihfr&Sd acs? òrd@wGif;YarG;zGm;aomol r[kwfolrsm;/ trsdK;orD;rsm; ESifh u|efrsm; qENrJay;ydkifcGifhr&Sdacs? ,ckacwf'Drdkua&pDpepfvnf; Toabmtwdkif;yifjzpf.? wdkif;jynfwpfjynfESifh wpfjynftay:rlwnf+yD; touf t&G,fay:rlwnfI rJqENay;ydkifcGifhudk uef@owfxm;onf? wl&uDY touf 21 ESpf jynfhrS rJay;Edkifaomfvnf;/ zdvpfydkifY touf 15 ESpf jynfhv#ifrJay;Edkifonf? 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHtrsm;pkY touf 18 ESpf (od@k ) 20 ESpfjynfh onfESifhwòydifeuf rJay;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf? tcsdK@ wdkif;jynfrsm;Y trsdK;orD;ESihf tusOf;om;rsm;udk rJay;ydkifcGifhrðyacs? 31

1? ul0dwf - ta&S›tv,fydkif;ujzpf+yD; trsdK;om;rsm;omESihf/ 1920 ckESpf rwdkifrSDu TEdkifiHwGif;YarG;zGm;cJhaom trsdK;om;rdom;pk0ifwpfOD;OD;&SdrSom rJay;ydkifcGifh&dSonf? xdk@a=umifh ul0dwfY 8 &mcdkifE_ef;aom jynfolvlxkom rJ ay;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf? 2? qGpfZmvef Y 1971 ckESpftxd/ trsdK;orD;rsm; wdkif;ðyjynfðya¶G;aumufyJGrsm;Y yg0ifrJay;ydkifcGifhr&Sdacs? 3? twdwfu *syef/ t*FvefESifh tar&duefuhJo@kd aomEdkifiHrsm;u csrf;omºuG,f0olrsm;ESifh ajrydkif&Sifrsm;udkom rJay;ydkifcGifhðyonf? 4? =opa=w;vs . yxrqHk;a¶G;aumufyGJudk 1842 ckESpfu usif;ycJhaomfvnf;/ rJay;cGifh&Sdolrsm;om trsKd;om; rsm;omjzpf+yD; ‚if;wkd@. rdom;pk0ifrsm;onfvnf; +AdwdefESifh tjcm;wdkif;jynfrS vmaomrdom;pkrsm;rSom jzpf&rnfjzpfonf? 1902 aemufydkif;Y trsdK;orD;wdk@rJxnfhcGihf&onf? (Xmaewkdif;&if;om;) =opa=w;vs a'ocHrsm;rSm rdrdwdk@. wdkif;jynfwGif;rSmawmifrS 1967 ESpftxd rJay;ydkifcGifhr&&Sd cJhay? wcgw&H 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;pEdkifiHrsm;Y vlwdkif;rJay;ydkifcGifhr&Sday? tcsdK@EdkifiHrsm;Y - touf/ usm;§r/ tqifh twef;/ vlrsdK;/ pmwwfajrmufr_/ ypPnf;OpPmydkifqkdifr_/ tcGefay;Edkifr_E_ef; tp&Sdonfh OD;pm;ay;csufwdk@tay:rlwnf+yD;rS rJay;ydkifcGifh &Sdonf? tkyfcsKyfa&;Y vltm;vHk;xJrSmrS tenf;pkr#avmufom rJay;Edkif (odk@) yg0ifEdkifonf? EdkifiHawmfawmfrsm;rsm;Y wkdufyGJaygif;rsm;pGmudk jzwfoef;vmcJh+yD;aemuf rJay;ydkifcGifhpnf;=uyfr_w@kd ukd ajyavsmhapcJh onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh awmiftmz&duwdkufwGif usifhoHk;cJhaom tom;ta&mifcJGjcm;a&;pepfjzpfonf? tom;ta&mif cGJjcm;a&;pepft& vlrnf;wdk@onf 'kwd,wef;pm; vlwef;pm;tjzpfowfrSwfjcif;cH&+yD; ‚if;wd@k . tcGifhta&;rsm;pGm wdk@rSmvspfvsL¶_xm;jcif;cH&onf? vlenf;pkjzpfaom vljzLwdk@om rJay;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf? q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm =urf;wrf;cufcJaom wkdufyGJrsm;ukd/ ANC OuUÏ e,fvfqifref'Jvm; rSOD;aqmif+yD; tpdk;&tm; tom;ta&mif cJGjcm;r_pepfudk zsufodrf;apum/ awmiftmz&du vlrnf;rsm;tm; wef;wlnDr#aom tcGifhta&;udk &&SdcJhapavonf? trsdK;orD;rsm; (odk@) vlenf;pkrsm; (odk@) qif;&Jom;vlwef;pm;rsm; rJray;oifh[ktpdk;&uajymqdkonfrSm tb,fa=umifh[k oifxifoenf;? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ vlwdkif;rJay;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf[koifxifovm;? tb,fa=umifhenf;? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______

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a¶G;aumufyGJtm;usif;yðyvkyf&efenf;vrf;rsm; t*FvefY pm¶GuftwGif;a&;jznfh+yD; yHk;xJodk@xnfhjcif;jzifh b,fol@udkrJay;onfudkrnfolr#todEdkifay?

t*FvefY wdkif;jynfudkvlOD;a&qwleD;yg; yg0ifaome,fajrtpdyftydkif;rsm; toGifydkif;jcm;xm;onf? e,fwpfe,fY ygvDreftrwfwpfOD;udka¶G;cs,fonf? Tpepfudk ArmjynfY 1990 a¶G;aumufyGJwGifusifhoHk;onf?

ygvDreftrwftrsm;qHk;&SdonfhygwDonf tpdk;&jzpfvm+yD; ,if;ygwDacgif;aqmifu 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmonf? tar&duefwGif txufv$wfawmftrwfrsm;udk 6ESpf wpf}udrfa¶G;aumuf=u onf? olwkd@onfv$wfawmftzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpf+yD;jynfe,fwpfckcsif;pDudk udk,fpm; ðyonf? orRwa¶G;aumufyGJudkrl oD;jcm;ðyvkyf+yD; 4ESpf wpf}udrfusif;yonf?

a¶G;aumufyGJ jy\ jy jy\emtcuftcJrsm; (u) aiG

csrf;omaomygwDrsm;onf a=ujimrsm;ESifh rJqG,fpnf;¶Hk;a&;wk@d Y aiGydkIoHk;pGJEdkif=uonf? odk@aomftcsdK@aom wdkif;jynfrsm;Y ygwDwpfckcsif; rJqG,fpnf;¶Hk;a&;yGJwdk@Y oHk;pGJ&rnfhaiGa=u;yrm%udk uef@owfonfh Oya'&Sdonf? Oyrm - +AdwdefESifh tar&duefuJhodk@aom taemufEdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;Y EdkifiHa&;ygwD}uD; 2 ck (odk@) 3 ckonfygvDrefudktkyfpD; xm;onf? olwdk@ay:vpDrsm;onfqifwl+yD; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;xHrS aiGajrmufrsm;pGm&&Sdonf? olwdk@udkygwDi,frsm; taejzifh ,SOfòydif&efcufcJvSonf? (c) owif;Ïmersm;ydkifqdkifr_ EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;Y owif;Ïmersm; (owif;pm/ a&'D,kdESihf ¶kyfjrifoH=um;Ïmersm;) udk tpdk;& (odk@) pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;}uD;wdk@u ydkifqdkifxm;=uonf? xdk@a=umifh tpdk;&taejzifh [email protected]:vpDrsm;udk trsm;jynfoltm; vG,fvifhwula=ujimEdkif&ef rdrdwdk@tm; axmufcHtm;ay;aomolukd owif;Ïmersm;wGif tvG,fwul&mxl;}uD; ay;cef@tyfEdkifonf? Oyrm -jrefrmjynfY tpdk;&onf owif;Ïmeudk csKyfudkifxm;onf? (*) vmbfpm;r_ m;r_ ukd,fusifhw&m;ysufjym;aomEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf tpdk;&ESifh tjcm;t&if;tjrpfw@kd ukd toHk;ðy+yD; ‚if;wkd@. rJqG,fpnf;¶Hk;a&;yGJrsm;Y toHk;ðyonf (odk@) olwdk@ay:vpDrsm;. atmifjrifr_wdk@udk a=umfjimonf? ‚if;wdk@udk rJay;&ef vlrsm;udk aiGay;rnf (odk@) uGefjrLewD acgif;aqmifrsm;udk ‚if;wkd@. &yf&Gmvl@tzG@J tpnf;xHrS rJrsm;xnfh0if&eftwGuf vmbfxdk;rnf? (rJ0,fjcif;jzpfonf?) Oyrm - tmz&duwdkuf&Sd ZifbmabGEdkifiHY/ rdk;acgifa&&Sm; uyfab;oifhpOf orRw rl*gbDonf ol@tm; rJay;onfh a'orsm;odk@ u,fq,fa&;&duQmrsm; ay;ydk@cJhonf? ol@ygwD0ifr[kwfaom olrsm;udk &duQmxkwfray;acs?

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(C) vlvdrfEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; rdrdESpfoufonfht&mudk a[majymonfh EdkifiHa&;orm;wdk@udk vlrsm;u a&G;cs,f rJay;=uonf? odk@aomf EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf r=umc%qkdovkd rJqG,fpOftwGif; vdrfvnfajymqdk uwday;+yD; ta¶G;cH&+yD;aemuf uwd rwnf=uawmhay? EdkifiHa&;orm;wdk@onf uwdwnf&ef vGefpGmcufcJonf? +yD;aemufajymonfhtwdkif; uwd rwnfrdygu qifajcudk vG,fvG,fav; ay;wwf=uonf? Oyrm - a¶G;aumufyGJrwdkifrSu 0ef}uD;csKyf oufqifonf/ xdkif;EdkifiH. v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;pepfukd wdk;wufatmif ðyvkyfrnf[k uwday;cJhonf? ta¶G;cH&+yD;aemuf ajymonfhtwdkif; ol rvkyfaqmifcJhonfhtwGuf 2002 ckESpfY v,form;rsm; qENjycJh=uonf? i) trsm;pkrS Akdvfus}uD;pkd;jcif; a¶G;aumufyGJEdkifaomacgif;aqmiftrsm;pkonf rJtrsm;qHk;&&Sdolrsm;jzpfonf? qdkvdkonfrSm tEdkif&olonf rJtrsm;qHk;&&Sdol jzpfonfhtwGuf vltrsm;pk. t=uHOm%fudk=um;odcGihf&onf? odk@aomfvlenf;pk. t=uHOm%fwdk@rSm rnfodk@&Sdrnfenf;? rJay;olwdk@onf rJay;EkdifcGifhr&Sdaom a&$@ajymif;a&muf&Sdvmonfh vlopfrsm;ESifh 'kuQonfwdk@uJhodk@aom vlenf;pktay:r#waom ay:vpDrcsrSwfonfh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufaumif; wifajr‡mufrdrnf jzpfonf? a¶G;aumufyGJrsm;udk b,ftcsdfefY 'Drdku&ufwpfenf;usonf ;usonf[k ,lqEdkifoenf;? ;us ppftm%m&SifpepfESifh tºuGif;rJhtm%mydkifpepfrsm;Yvnf; a¶G;aumufyGJrsm;ðyvkyf=uygonf? odk@aomff 'Drdkua&pDenf;usygonf[k orkwf&ef vdktyfaomtcsuftvuf§ta=umif;t&mrsm; jynfhpHkpGmryg&Sdacs? a¶G;aumufyGJrsm;udk 'Drdku&ufwpfenf;usonf[k owfrSwfEkdif&ef rnfonfhtcsuftvufw@kd vkdtyfoenf;? a&S;OD;pGma¶G;aumufyGJwGif vGwfvyfpGma¶G;cs,fykdifcGihf&dS&rnf? rJxnfholonf wpfckudkrESpfoufu tjcm;wpfck udka¶G;cs,fydkifcGifh&Sd&rnf? ‚if;tjyif atmufazmfjyyg tcsuftvufrsm;vnf; jynfhpkH&rnfjzpfonf -

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'Drdku&ufwpfusaoma¶G;aumufyGyJw G dk@rnfonf tm;vkH;yg0if&rnf &rnf/ r#w&rnf/ v#dK@0Suf&rnf/ vGwfvyf&rnf &rnf? tm;vkH;yg0if&rnf &rnf tjynfjynfqkdif&mowfrSwfcsuftwkdif; rJay;ykdifcGifh - qdkvdkonfrSmEdkifiHom;wdkif; owfrSwfxm;aom toufjynfhygu rJxnfhEdkif+yD;/ udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf yg0ifta¶G;cHydkifcGifh&Sdonf? tom;ta&mif/ vdif/ bmompum;/ 0ifaiG/ ypPnf;OpPm/ tvkyftudkif/ vlr_a&;tajctae/ vlwef;pm;/ ynma&;/ udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_ESifh EdkifiHa&;cH,lcsuf tp&Sdonfw@kd ukd xnfhrwGuf&? vlwdkif;rJay;ydkifcGifh &Sdonf? r#w&rnf vlwpfOD;/ rJwpfrJ - qdkvdkonfrSm rJwpfrJcsif;pD.pGrf;tm;onf wlnD=uonf? xd@k a=umifh vpm}uD;olxnfhonfhrJonf 0ifaiGenf;olxnfhonfhrJxufpGrf;tm;ydk}uD;onf paom rr#wr_rsdK;udk rjzpfay:ap&? v#dK@0Suf&rnf v#dK@0SufrJ - v#dK@0SufrJay;&mY rdrdu rnfol@tm; rnfodk@rnfykH rJay;onfudk tjcm;rnfolr# rodap&yg? rJxnfh&mY wpkHwckaom zdtm;wpfckckatmufrS rJay;&onfhtajctaersdK; rjzpfatmif umuG,fay;xm;onfhtwGuf ,if;onf tvGefta&;}uD;onf? ,if;.qef@usifzufrSm trsm;oda¶G;aumufjcif;jzpfonf? rnfolu rnfol@udk a¶G;aumufonfudk tm;vHk;u odjrifEkdifonf? Oyrm - tpnf;ta0;Y vufaxmif+yD; wpfOD;OD;udk a¶G;aumufwifajr‡muf=uonf? vGwfvyf&rnf vGwfvyfpGmrJay;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf - qdkvdkonfrSm EdkifiHom;wdkif;/ olwdk@taejzifh a&G;aumufyJGY yg0ifrJay;rnf/ ray;rnfudk olwdk@ bmom olwdk@ vGwfvyfpGmqHk;jzwfydkifcGihf&dSonf? rJay;olw@kd tm; zdtm;ay;jcif;rsdK;wdk@udk umuG,fwm;qD;&ef vGefpGmta&;}uD;onf? 'Drdkua&pDenf;usaoma¶G;aumufyGJY tb,fa=umifhv#dK@0SufrJay;jcif;udkaxmufcH+yD; trsm;odrJay;a¶G;aumufjcif;udk raxmufcH&oenf;? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______

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__________________________________________________________________ ______

tcsdK;ustEdkif&pepf ESifh rJydk&ol tEdkif&pepf a¶G;aumufyGJpepftrsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf? ta=umif;rSmrnfonfhpepfrS +yD;jynfhpHkatmifrSefuefonf[k ,lqIr&aoma=umifh jzpfonf? Oyrm - atmufazmfjyyg pepfESpfckudk =unfhygpdk@? tcsdK;ustEdkif&pepf pep - 'Drdkua&pDpepftawmfrsm;rsm;Y TpepfukdtoHk;ðyonf? ygwDwpfck. rJ&&Sdr_E_ef; tcsdK;tpm;ay: rlwnf+yD; Oya'ðya&;Y tcsdK;usustrwfae&mrsm; &&Sdjcif;jzpfonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh a¶G;aumufyJGY rJ 53 &mcdkifE_ef;&&Sd aomygwDonf trwfae&m 53 &mcdkifE_ef;&&Sdonf? rJydk&oltEdkif&pepf - Tpepfudkjrif;òydifyGJESifhvnf; E_dif;,SOfI&onf? yef;wdkift&if0ifaomjrif;onf tEdkif&onf? tcsdK@ aom 'Drdkua&pDwdkif;jynfrsm;Y rJydk&oltEdkif&pepfukd usifhoHk;onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh +AdwdefESihf tar&du&Sd a'owGif; a¶G;aumufyGJrsm;Y c¶dkifwpfck (odk@) jynfe,fwpfcktwGuf udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;us a¶G;cs,fonf? odk@jzpfI rJtrsm;qHk;&aom udk,fpm;vS,fu a¶G;aumufyJGtEdkif&&Sdonf? tcsdK@aomtpdk;&a¶G;aumufyGJrsm;Y rJtEdkif&aomygwD &&Sdaomtrwfae&mtcsdK;tpm;onf ,if;tEdkif&aom rJtcsdK; tpm;xufydkIrsm;onf? Oyrm - tEdkif&aomygwD&&SdaomrJrSm 53 &mcdkifE_ef;jzpfrnf? od@k aomf,if;onf trwfae&m 60 &mcdkifE_ef;udk&,lxm;onf? rnfonfha¶G;aumufyGJpepfu taumif;qHk;jzpfonf qkdonfESifhywfoufI tjiif;yGm;p&mrsm;pGm&Sdonf? odk@aomf a0zefa&;orm;rsm; tqdkt& ‘rJydk&ol tEdkif&pepf’ onf r#waomudk,fpm;ðyjcif;udk rjzpfapay? Oyrm - wdkif;jynfwpfjynfY vlrsm;pk wpfpkESifh vlenf;pk wpfpkom&Sdonf qdkygp@kd ? ,ck xdkESpfpkonfwdkif;jynfwGif;Y r#wpGmjyef@usJae+yD;/ wdkif;jynfudkvnf; c¶dkifrsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;um c¶dkifwkdif;Y vlrsm;pkonf tjrJwrf;vlrsm;pkzufyg+yD; vlenf;pku tjrJwrf;vlenf;pk zufygonf? tu,fI udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk ‘rJydk&oltEdkif&pepf’ jzifha¶G;cs,fygu ta¶G;cs,fcH&aom udk,fpm;vS,ftm;vHk;onf vlrsm;pkzufuom vmrnfjzpf+yD; vlenf;pkudk,fpm;vS,frsm; Oya'ðya&;Y ae&m&&Sdrnf r[kwfacs?

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wu,fwrf;Y wdkif;jynfwGif;&Sd jynfolwdk@onf TuJhodk@jyef@usJaernfr[kwfyg? tcsdK@aomae&ma'orsm;Y wdkif;jynf. vlenf;pkwdk@onf vlrsm;pk taejzifhwnf&Sd+yD; Todk@aomtajctaersdK; 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHY wnf&Sdu ‘rJydk&ol tEdkif&pepf’ rsdK;udk usifhoHk;rnfhyHk ray:yg? ‘tcsdK;us tEdkif&pepf’ (odk@) ‘rJydk&oltEdkif&pepf’ wGif rnfonfhpepfu ydkaumif;onf[k oifxifoenf;? tb,fa=umifh enf;? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ tcsKd@aomwdkif;jynfrsm;Y toHk;ðyaoma¶G;aumufyJGpepfrSm ‘ESpfouf&ma¶G; aumufa&;pepf’ (odk@) ‘rJ&&Sdr_ tenf; trsm;’ jzpfonf? TpepfY rJxnfhonfh onfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;udk ‚if;tESpfoufqHk;aomudk,fpm;vS,frS rESpfouf qHk;aom udk,fpm;vS,ftxd tpOfvdkufpDonf? Tpepfukd toHk;ðyaomEdkifiHrSm =opa=w;vsEdkifiHjzpfonf? =opa=w;vs Y rJray;Ir&/ rJay;ukday;&onf? ‘ESpfouf&ma¶G;aumufa&;pepf’ . tm;omcsufrsm;rSm bmawGjzpfEdkifoenf;? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ 19? vlrsm;pktkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh vlenf;pktwGufukd,fpm;ðyjcif; a&S@ykdif;wGif u|Ekfyfwkd@ aqG;aEG;cJhonfhtwdkif; 'Drdkua&pD ESpfrsdK;ESpfpm;&Sdonf? wdkuf¶kdufESihf udk,fpm;ðyjcif;jzpfonf? udk,fpm;ðy'Drdkua&pD udk tvGef}uD;rm;aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGuf (odk@) jyef@usJaeaom vltzGJ@tpnf;rsm; wpkwpnf;wnf; tusdK;cHpm;apjcif;iSm toHk;ðyonf? udk,fpm;ðy'Drkdua&pD. t"du&nf¶G,fcsufrSm vlxku a¶G;cs,f wifajr‡mufaomudk,fpm;vS,frsm; vlxkudk udk,fpm;ðya&;twGufjzpfonf? Tudk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf a¶G;aumufyGJY a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&+yD; rJtrsm;qHk; &&Sdolrsm;jzpf=uonf? udk,fpm;ðy'Drdkua&pDY jy\emESpfck&Sd+yD; ,if;wdk@onf vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGif;&Sd vlenf;pkrsm;ESifh oufqdkifonf? 1? tvGef}uD;rm; ¶_yfaxG;vSaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;}uD;rsm;Y/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&Sd vlrsKd;wdkif;udk udk,fpm;ðyonfh udk,fpm;vS,fudk wifajr‡muf&ef cufcJvSonf? Oyrm - vlrsdK;aygif;pHkjzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;aom wdkif;jynfwpfjynfwGif wdkif;jynftpdk;&tzGJ@wGif;Y ,if;vlrsdK;tm;vHk;wd@k . udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0if&efcufcJvSonf? 2? udk,fpm;ðy'Drdkua&pDusifhoHk;aeus enf;wpfckrSm rJtrsm;qHk;&&Sdr_tay: tajccH+yD;qHk;jzwfcsufudkcsrSwfjcif;jzpf onf? vlenf;pkwkd@. oabmxm;tjrifrsm;ua&m tb,fenf;´ xHk;pHtm;jzifh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf wdkif;jynftwGif;&Sd ydkif;jcm;xm;aoma'orsm;udk udk,fpm;ðy+yD; a'owpfckpD&Sdol rsm;onf rdrd.a'ocHudk,fpm;vS,fudk a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufcGifh&onf? xdk@a=umifh,if;udk,fpm;vS,fwdk@onf a'o

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wpfckcsif;pD&Sd vlrsm;[email protected]¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ukd cH&onf? tu,fI vlrsdK;pki,frsm;onf a'owpfckwGif;Y wpk wpnf;wnf;aexkdifygu ,if;vlrsdK;pki,frsm;onf wpfjynfvkH;twdkif;twmt& vlenf;pkjzpfaomfvnf;/ xdka'o wGif;Yrl vlrsm;pkjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh xdka'o. udk,fpm;vS,fonf vkenf;pkrS a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufaom udk,fpm; vS,fjzpfonf? odk@aomfvlrsdK;pki,frsm;onf a'otoD;oD;Yjyef@usJaeonfqdkygpdk@? ‚if;wdk@onf ,if;a'owGif;Y vlenf;pktaejzifh &yf wnfaernfjzpf+yD;/ a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&aom udk,fpm;vS,fw@kd onfvnf; ‚if;wdk@udk udk,fpm;ðyEdkifrnf r[kwf ay? TonfrSm ‘udk,fpm;ðy'Drdkua&pD’ Y ñuHawG@&aom jy\emjzpfonf? wcgw&Htpdk;&Y qHk;jzwfcsufwdk@udk rJtm;jzifhqHk;jzwf=uonf? wzefawG@&onfrSm rJrsm;oltEdkif&jcif;yif jzpfonf? tu,fI tpdk;&tzGJ@wGif;&Sd udk,fpm;vS,frsm;rSm vlrsm;pkrS a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;olrsm;jzpf+yD;/ vlenf;pk udk,fpm;vS,frsm;rSm tenf;i,fom&SdonfhtwGuf vlenf;pkwdk@. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;ukd rnfodk@r# jznfhqnf;ay;jcif; cH&rnfr[kwfay? jy\emrSm Tr#ESifh r+yD;ao;yg? wcgw&H vlrsdK;pki,frsm;Y tjcm;aomvlrsdK;pkcJGrsm;&Sdao;onf? wzefvlrsdK;pkcJGrsm; twGif;&Sd vlrsm;pkwdk@onf ‚if;wdk@udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk a¶G;aumufwifajr‡muf=urnfjzpfonfhtwGuf/ vlrsdK;pkcGJrsm; twGif;&Sd/ vlenf;pkwdk@. awmif;qdkcsufrsm; b,fawmhr# ta&;ay;cH&rnfr[kwfay? jzpfoifhonfhtcsufrSm vltm;vHk;. vdktyfcsufESifh awmif;qdkcsufw@kd ukd trsm;u odjrifta&;ay;aprnfh pepfwpfckudk xlaxmif&efjzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pDpepfonf vlenf;pkw@kd twGuf w&m;r#wr_udk tvdktav#muf jzpfay:aprnf r[kwfacs? vlenf;pkESifh vlrsm;pk/ ESpfckpvHk;.ta&;udk udk,fpm;ðyonfh pepfrsm;udk wnfaqmuf&efvkdtyfonf? jrefrmjynfY ‘vlenf;pktm; udk,fpm;ðyjcif;’ rS jy\emudk rnfodk@jzpfay:aprnfenf;? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ 20? !Gef@aygif;tpdk;& wcgw&H a¶G;aumufyGJ+yD;aemuf rnfonfhygwDurS a¶G;aumufyJGukd jywfjywfom;om; tEdkifr&&Sday? 'ga=umifh !Gef@ aygif;tpdk;& (odk@) !Gef@aygif;uufbdeufudk zGJ@&onf? !Gef@aygif;tpkd;& qdkonfrSm ygwDESpfck (odk@) 2 ck xufydkrsm;aom ygwDrsm; yl;aygif;+yD; EdkifiHudk tkyfcsKyf&ef oabmwlxm; =uaoma=umifhjzpfonf?

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wcgw&H !Gef@aygif;tpdk;&Y tjcm;ygwDwdk@xuftm;}uD;aom ygwDwpfckvnf; yg0ifwwfonf? wcgw&H ygwDi,frsm;udk pkpnf;Ivnf; !Gef@aygif;zGJ@pnf;xm;wwfonf? !Gef@aygif;uufbdeufwpfckukd tm;}uD;aomygwDwpfckudk tajccH+yD; yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;ygu/ ygwDi,frsm; !Gef@aygif;zGJ@pnf;xm;aom uufbdeufxuf ykdrkdcdkifrm+yD; oufwrf;ydk&Snfonf? !Gef@aygif;tpdk;&wGif;Y ygwDrsm;tcsif;csif; oabmxm;uGJvGJr_wdk@a=umifh r=umc% jy\emwuf&wwfonf? orRwu uufbdeufudk a¶G;cs,fonfh wdkif;jynfrsm;Y !Gef@aygif;tpdk;&udk zGJ@pnf;jcif; vkyf¶kd;vkyfpOfr&Sdyg/ (Oyrm - jyif opf/ tar&duefESifh ¶k&SEdkifiHrsm;)? !Gef@aygif; uufbdeufzGJ@pnf;jcif; r=umc%jzpf&aom EdkifiHwdk@rSm *smreD/ tDwvD/ wl&uD/ tpPa&;ESifh tdENd,wdk@jzpfonf? wcgw&H}uD;rm;aom t=uyftwnf;rsm; usa&mufpOfumvY !Ge@f aygif;tpdk;&zG@J pnf;¶dk; xHk;pH&Sdonf? Oyrm ppfylumvY tpdk;&twGif; EdkifiHa&;oabmxm;uGJvGJr_wdk@udk y,fzsuf&efESihf tpdk;&tm; w&m;0iftodtrSwfðyr_ pHE_ef;ESifh vufcHr_E_ef; wdk;jrifhvmap&ef twGufwkd@jzpfonf? om"ujy&v#if 'kwd,urBmppfumvY +Adwdef&Sd EdkifiHa&;ygwDwdk@onf !Gef@aygif; tpdk;&zGJ@cJh=uonf? !Gef@aygif;tpdk;&Y ygwDta&twGuf rnfr#rqdk yg0ifEdkif.? *smreDY ygwD 2 ckxufydkI yg0ifr_rsdK; r&Sdoavmufyifjzpf onf? b,fvf*sD,rfEdkifiHYrl jyifopfpum;ESihf 'wfcsfpum; 2 rsdK; oHk;aomygwDrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@wpfckcsif;pDY uGJaeonfh twGuf ygwD 6 ckaygif;+yD; !Gef@aygif;zGJ@xm;jcif;rSm yHkrSefjzpfonf? tdENd,. !Gef@aygif;tpdk;&t& trsdK;om; 'Drdku&ufwpfr[mrdwf (NDA) tzGJ@Y ygwD 13 ckyg0ifonf? zifvefukd 1990 ckESpfrsm;u ygwD 5 ck!Gef@aygif;tpdk;& zGJ@pnf;uwnf;u tcdkifrmqHk;aomtpkd;&udk xlaxmifEdkifcJhonf? !Gef@aygif;tpdk;&zGJ@pnf;jcif;jzifh rnfodk@aomtusdK;tjrwfwk@d &&Sdvdrfhrnf[koif,lqoenf;? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ !Gef@aygif;tpdk;& &Sdjcif;tm;jzifh rnfonfhjy\emrsm; &SdEdkifonf[k oifxifjrifoenf;? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ EdkifiHa&;t=uyftwnf; (Oyrm - ppfjzpfyGg;csdef) umvrsm;Y tpdk;&onftb,fha=umifh !Ge@f aygif;tpdk;&zGJ@&onf[k oifxifjrif,lqoenf;´

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__________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ 21? oenf;? 21? Oya'rsm;rnfodk@ðyvkyfoenf puFmyl/ 'def;rwf/ qGD'ifESihf e,l;ZDvefuhJodk@aom EdkifiHwdk@Y yHkrSeftm;jzifhygvDrefwpfckwnf;xm;&Sd.? ygvDrefrS0ef}uD;csKyfudka¶G;cs,f+yD; tzG@J 0ifrsm;.wifjyr_wdk@tay: qENrJaumuf,ljcif;jzifh Oya'a&;qGJ=u onf? ygvDreftzGJ@0iftrsm;pku oabmwl+yD;rJay;qHk;jzwfjcif;jzifh Oya'udktwnfðyonf?

+Adwdef/ =opa=w;vsESihf rav;&Sm;uJho@kd aomwdkif;jynf}uD;rsm;Y ygvDref (2) ck&dSonf? Oya'udktwnfðy &eftwGuf ygvDrefESpfckpvHk;u qENrJay;qHk;jzwf&onf?

tar&duefY ygvDrefwpfckukd uGefu&uf[kac:+yD;/ tjcm;ygvDrefwpfckukd qD;edwf[kac:onf? Oya'wpfck udktwnfðy&eftwGuf uGefu&ufua&S;OD;pGm rJcGJqkH;jzwf+yD;aemuf qD;edwfurJcGJqHk;jzwf&onf? uGefu&ufESifh qD;edwfuabmwlygu orRwutwnfðyay;&onf? tu,fI orRwu oabmrwlygu ADwdktm%mjzifh y,fcsEkdifonf? (Oya'udktwnfrðyay?)

tu,fIorRwuOya'ðya&;udk ADwdktm%mjzifhy,fcsygu uGefu&ufESihf qD;edwfwdk@onf wzefjyefI ,if;Oya' udk twnfðya&;twGufrJqENcH,lEdkif.? tu,fIoHk;yHkESpfyHkaomuGefu&ufESihf qD;edwf v$wfawmftrwfwdk@u ,if;Oya'ukdtwnfðy&ef oabmwlaomf orRwuoabmrwlaomfjim;vnf; ,if;Oya'udktwnfðyEdkifonf?

atmufazmfjyygtqifhwdk@rSm +AddwdefY Oya'ðyyHk tqif tqifhqifhjzpfonf? 1? yxrygvDreftzGJ@0ifrsm;u Oya'udktqdkwifjyonf? 2? yxrygvDrefrSrJqENcH,lonf? trsm;oabmwlygu 'kwd,ygvDrefudkwufonf? 3? 'kwd,ygvDrefu rJqENcH,lonf? trsm;pkoabmwlygu Oya'udktwnfðyonf?

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atmufazmfjyyg tqifhwdk@rSm tar&duefY Oya'ðyyHk tqifhqififhjzpfonf? 1? uGef*&ufu Oya'ðy&ef qENrJay;onf? 2? qD;edwfu Oya'ðy&ef qENrJay;onf? 3? tu,fI uGef*&ufESifh qD;edwftrwftrsm;pku Oya'ðy&efqEN&dSu/ touf0if&ef orRwu twnfðyay;&onf? tu,fI orRwu oabmrwlygu ADwdktm%mjzifh y,fcsEdkifonf?

22? zGJ@pnf pnf;yHktajccH ajccHOya'wck qdkonfrSmtb,fenf;´ zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkonfrSm wdkif;jynf.tjcm;aom Oya'rsm;ESifhrwlbJ/ oD;jcm;Oya'wpf&yfjzpf+yD;/ wdkif;jynfudk rnfodk@ tkyfcsKyf&rnfqkdonfudk azmfjyxm;onf? tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESihf EkdifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;Y zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rsm; &Sd=uonf? zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf tcsufoHk;csufukd axmufjyonf? yxrtcsufrSm A[kdtpdk;&.tcef;u¾ESifh tm%mudk azmfjyxm;onf? 'kwd,tcsufrSm tpdk;&tqifhwqifhxufydkI&Sda=umif;udk azmfjyxm;onf? aemufqHk; tcsufrSm EdkifiHom;wdk@. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf? wdkif;jynftawmfrsm;rsm;Y zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'&Sdaomfvnf; tcsdK@wdkif;jynfrsm;Yr&Sday? zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH Oya'onf ðypkxm;aom Oya'pmwrf;wckjzpf+yD;/ wdkif;jynfwjynf&Sd EkdifiHom;wk@d .tcGifhta&;rsm; ESifh tpkd;&tm; rnfodk@zGJ@pnf;&rnfESifh rnfodk@a¶G;aumufwifajr‡muf&rnfudk azmfjyxm;onf? tpdk;&u Oya'twnfðyEdkifa&;udk uef@ owfxm;aom pnf;rsOf;wdk@udkvnf; csrSwfxm;onf? zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wdk@udk omref¶dk;¶dk; Oya'ESifhrwlbJ vG,fulpGmajymif;vJIr&atmif ðyvkyfxm;onf? tu,fI tpdk;&u vG,fulpGm ajymif;vJEdkifaom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf tcsnf;ESD;omjzpf+yD;/ zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'&Sd&jcif;. ta&;t}uD;qHk;aomta=umif;t&if;rSm raumif;aomtpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfr_atmuf&Sd jynfolrsm;udk umuG,f&ef jzpfonf? zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf vlenf;pkrsm;udkvnf; umuG,fay;xm;onf? vlenf;pk. tcGifhta&;udk jznfhqnf; ay;xm;+yD;/ ,if;tcGifhta&;wdk@ukd wdkif;jynfwGif;&Sd vlrsm;pkw@kd tygt0if rnfolr# xdyg;cGifhr&Sday? xd@k a=umifhvlrsm;pk. Edkifxuf pD;eif;ðyr_rS umuG,fay;xm;onf? Oyrm - zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'Y vlwkdif;vGwfvyfpGm,Hk=unfudk;uG,fcGifh &Sdonf[k azmfjyxm;onf? xdk@a=umifh tjcm;bmomudk,Hk=unfaom tpdk;&ESihf tjcm;olw@kd . aESmifh,SufpGufzufjcif; rsdK;rS umuG,fay;xm;onf? zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf tpdk;&u b,favmuf=um=umtkyfcsKyfcGihf&dS+yD;/ rnfonfhtcsdefumvY a¶G;aumufyGJtm; usif;y&rnfudk azmfjyxm;onf? xdk@tjyif ygvDreftrwfOD;a& rnfIrnfr#&Sd&rnf/ rnfolu olw@kd tm; a¶G;aumuf wifajr‡mufEdkifonf wdk@udkvnf; azmfjyay;xm;onf?

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+AdwdefESifh qGpfZmvefuJhodk@aom EdkifiHrsm;Y a&;qGJxm;onfh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'r&Sdacs? jynfolw@dk . tcGifhta&;rsm; udk omrefOya'rsm;Yom jyÏmef;xm;onf? tar&duefwGifrl zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk vGefpGmta&;}uD;onfht&m tjzpf owfrSwfxm;onf? zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf jynfolvlxkudk vG,fvG,fav;ESifh Oya'csdK;azmufwwfaomtpdk;&rS t+rJwrf;umuG,fr_ ray;Edkifacs? Todk@aomtpdk;&tkyfcsKyfr_atmuf&dS jynfolw@kd tm;umuG,fr_ay;Edkifonfht&mrSm tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;rS zdtm;ay;r_wdk@a=umifh tpdk;&u pdk;&drfvm&jcif; (odk@) wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;rS tpdk;&udkzdtm;ay;jcif; (od@k ) ykefuefxºuG jcif;wdk@jzpfonf? zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'u bmvkyfay;Edkifoenf;´ vkyfay;Edkifonf (odk@) rvkyfay;Ekdifyg [ka&;csyg? 1? tpdk;&u tm%mudk rnfr#=um=um udkifxm;&rnfudk azmfjyxm;onf? 2? vltrsm;udk rnfonfhbmomtm; udk;uG,f&rnfudk ajymxm;onf? 3? a¶G;aumufyGJudk b,favmuf=um=umwGif w}udrf ðyvkyf&rnfudk ajymxm;onf? 4? rnfolrsm;u rJay;ydkifcGifh&Sdonfudk ajymxm;onf? 5? tpdk;&rS Oya'csdK;azmufjcif;udk &yfwef@aponf? 6? vlenf;pkwdk@. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fay;xm;onf? 23? wjynfaxmifpepf pepf ESifh jynfe,fayg aygif;pk (zuf'&,f) pepfrsrsm; wdkif;jynftrsm;pkY tpdk;&tqifhqifhrsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;onf? Oyrm • A[dktpkd;& - EdkifiHawmftpdk;& • jynfe,f tpdk;& • a'oEW& tpdk;& EdkifiHtcsdK@Y A[dktpdk;&u tm%mudkxdef;csKyfxm;+yD;/ ,if;. EdkifiHa&;udk A[dkOD;pD;csKyfukdifr_pepf (centralize)[k ac:a0:=uonf? tjcm; wdkif;jynfrsm;Y jynfe,ftpdk;&u tm%mtcsdK@udkxdef;csKyfxm;onf? tu,fI jynfe,ftpdk;&utm%m rsm;pGmudk ydkifqdkifygu/ xkdpepf udk A[dkxdfef;csKyfr_r[kwfaompepf§jynfe,fokd@ tm%m rsm;pGmukd cGJa0xm;aompepf (decentralize) [kowfrSwfonf? wjynfaxmifEkdifiHrsrsm; wdkif;jynfwjynfY/ wjynfaxmifpepfudkusihfokH;ygu ,if;wdkif;jynf. tjrifhqHk;aomtm%mudk A[dktpdk;&u xdef;csKyf xm;onf? wjynfaxmifpepfudk usifhoHk;aom wdkif;jynftrsm;pkYvnf; jynfe,f ESifh c¶dkiftpdk;&rsm;&Sdonf? xdk@a=umifh twdkif;twm wpfcktxd ,if;tpdk;&wdk@Ytm%m&Sdonf? od@k aomf ,if;wdk@udk A[dktpdk;&u owfrSwfay;xm;onf? A[dktpdk;&onf jynfe,f ESifh c&kdiftpkd;&wk@d . tkyfcsKyfa&;wdk@udkvnf; xdef;csKyfxm;onf? jynfe,f§c&kdiftkyfcsKyfa&; rªrsm;udkvnf; cef@tyfydkifcGifh &Sdonf?

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tcsdK@wjynfaxmifEkdifiHrsm;Y jynfe,frsm;/ c¶dkifESifh a'oEW& tpdk;&wdk@tm; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGihfay;xm;onf? +yD;aemuf A[dktpdk;&u 0efxrf;wpfOD;OD;udkcef@tyf+yD; c¶dkifESihf a'oEW& tpdk;&wdk@. tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk ppfaq;aponf? odk@aomf c¶dkifESifh a'o toD;oD;wdk@rS a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;aom c¶dkifESihf a'otpdk;&wdk@vnf;&Sdao;onf? tcsdK@aomolrsm;u cdkifrmaom A[dktpdk;&pepfudk ESpfouf=uonf? ta=umif;rSm wwdkif;jynfvHk;twGuf wlnDaom pepfwckudk jznfhqnf;ay;aoma=umifhjzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh A[dktpdk;&u ‚if;wkd@,kH=unfpdwfcs&+yD; c¶dkifa'orsm;udk oifhav#mfpGm pDrHtkyfcsKyfEdkifonf[k xif&aomolukd a¶G;Ekwfcef@tyfEdkif.? od@k aomf tcsdK@aom olrsm;u a'oEW& udk,fydkif tkyfcsKyfa&;udk ydkIESpfouf=uonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf 'Drkdu&ufwpfqef+yD; a'ocHrsm;rS ydkrdkyl;aygif; yg0ifcGifh&aoma=umifhjzpfonf? jynfe,faygif;pk jynfaxmifpk (zuf'&,f) vGwfvyfaomjynfe,frsm; ‚if;wkd@. qENtavsmuf twlwuG yl;aygif;yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;jzifh zuf'&,fpepfudk wnfaxmif=uonf? xdk@a=umifh zuf'&,fpepfudk wdkif;jynfwpfjynftaeESihfaomfvnf;aumif;/ wdkif;jynfrsm;t=um;Y aomfvnf;aumif; vufawG@usifhoHk;I&onf? TpepfY A[dktpdk;&udkzGJ@pnf;+yD; ,if;tm; tcsdK@aomtm%mudk ay;tyf&onf? jynfe,f toD;oD;Yvnf; oD;oef@tpdk;&wd@k &dS+yD;/ ,if;jynfe,frsm;twGuf qHk;jzwfcsufwdk@udk ,if;tpdk;&rsm;u udk,fhbmom udk,fqHk;jzwf=uonf? aygif;pnf;xm;aom jynfe,frsm;vdkvm;aom nD!Gwfr_twdkif;twmwd@k tay: rlwnf+yD; zuf'&,fpepfY zGJ@pnf;yHk trsdK;rsdK;&SdEdkifonf? tcsdK@jynfe,frsm;onf twlwuG yl;aygif;aqmif¶Gufvdkaomfvnf;/ A[dktpdk;&xm;&Sdr_udk rvdkvm;ay? ,if;udk jynfe,frsm;tzGJ@[kac:onf? Oyrm - ta&S›awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;tzG@J (ASEAN) jzpf+yD; EdkifiHtoD;oD;&Sd udk,fpm; vS,frsm;awG@qHk+yD; csrSwfxm;aomrlESifh tcuftcJrsm;udk aqG;aEG;=uonf? onfhxufydk+yD; tjcm;bmr#r&Sd?

tu,fI yl;aygif;vdkonfhqENydkI jyif;xefygu jynfe,frsm;taejzifh A[dktpdk;&udk zGJ@pnf;onf? jynfe,fwpfckcsif;pDY udk,fydkiftpdk;&&Sdonf? odk@aomfA[dktpdk;&. !ïef=um;csufudkvnf; vdkufemonf? zuf'&,fA[dktpdk;&ESifh aygif;pnf; xm;aomjynfe,frsm;. tpkd;&wkd@t=um;rnfo@kd aom tm%mcGJa0r_rsdK;wdk@&Sdonfudk zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif;Ya&; qGJxm;onf? ,if;udk zuf'a&;&Sif;[kac:onf? txif&Sm;qHk;aomom"urSm tar&duefjzpfonf? zuf'&,fEdkfifiHY A[dkxdef;csKyfr_r[kwfaom tpdk;&pepfudk usifhoHk;onf? A[dkxdef;csKyfr_r[kwfaom EdkifiHa&;pepf udkvnf; usifhoHk;onf? A[dkxdef;csKyfr_r&Sdaom wjynfaxmifpepfonf zuf'&,fpepfESihf wlaumif;wlrnf? odk@aomf tm%mcGJ a0r_yHkpHrSm vGefpGmjcm;em;vSonf? • wjynfaxmifpepfY A[dktpdk;&onf jynfe,f§a'oEW&tpdk;&wdk@udktm%may;tyfonf? • zuf'&,fpepfY jynfe,ftoD;oD;&Sd udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u A[dktpdk;&udk tm%may;tyf&ef oabmwl=uonf?

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24? zuf'&,f0g' ESifh jrefrmEk rmEkdifiH rm jrefrmEkdifiHonf vGwfvyfa&;& uwnf;u A[dkxdef;csKyfaom wjynfaxmiftpdk;&pepfudk usifhoHk;onf? odk@aomf jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;&Sd wdkfif;&if;om;rsm;u jrefrmjynfudk wef;wlnDr#a&;udk tajccHaom zuf'&,fpepfodk@ul;ajymif;&ef vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; rsm;pGmuwnf;u qEN&SdcJh=uonf? vlenf;pk wdkif;&if;om;tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf zuf'&,fpepfukd xlaxmifrnfqdkonfh &nfrSef;csufjzifh 1990 a¶G;aumufyGJY yg0ifcJhonf? a¶G;aumufyGJY NLD (trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzG@J csKyf) +yD;aemuf UNLD (wdkif;&if;om; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwf a&;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf/ jrefrmjynf&Sd wdkif;&if;om;ygwDpHk r[mrdwftzGJ@) u 'kwd,rJtrsm;qHk;&&SdchJonf? zuf'&,fpepf ESifh twl wdkfif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pki,frsm;onf udk,fykdifjyÏmef;csufESifh udk,fydkif¶kyfodrf;cGifh/ cGJxGufydkifcGifh wd@k ukdvnf; vdkvm;onf? ,ae@jrefrmjynftwdkuftcHEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf wdkif;&if;om;jy\emaygif;pHkudk ajy+idrf;apEdkifzG,f &Sdaom zuf'&,fpepfudk óud;pm;wnfaqmuf&ef tqifoifh&dS=uonf?

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zuf'&,fpepfxlaxmifa&;jy\emonf jrefrmjynf. t"duEdkifiHa&;jy\em jzpfvm&jcif; ta=umif;rSm tm%m& ppftpdk;&onf Tjy\emudk r#wav#mfnDpGm rnfonfhtcgr# ajz&Sif;ray;cJhaoma=umifhjzpfonf? ppftpdk;&u zuf'&,fpepfonf wdkif;jynfudk òyduGJaprnf[kom aºuG;a=umfaecJhonf? ,if;aºuG;a=umfr_ukd jynfoltrsm;uvnf; ,Hk=unf=uonf? xdk@a=umifh zuf'&,f.tESpfom&ESihf ,if;.ppfrSefaomta=umif;&if;udkod&Sd&ef jynfolwdk@tm; ynmay;&ef cufcJvSonf? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pki,frsm;taejzifh A[dktpdk;&u jynfe,ftpdk;&tay: tkyfpD;r_rsdK;r&SdbJ twlwuG vkyfazmfudkifzuf tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmif&aom zuf'&,fpepfukd vdkvm;onf? olwdk@taejzifh,kH=unfxm;onfrSm zuf'&,ftpdk;&. vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mudk uef@owfxm;&efvdktyf+yD; jynfe,fwkdif; vGwfvyfpGm ¶kwfodrf;ydkifcGifh§cGJxGuf ydkifcGifh&Sdonf? zuf'&,fpepfudkenf;vrf;ESpfoG,fjzifhzGJ@pnf;I&onf? • yxrtaejzifh vGwfvyfaomjynfe,frsm; tvHwpfckatmuftwlaexdkif+yD;/ yl;aygif;vkyfudkifrnf[k oabmwl aomf zuf'&,fpepfudk wnfaqmufI&onf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf jynftoD;oD;u wef;wlnDaom vkyfazmf udkifzuftjzpf yl;aygif;rnf[k oabmwlvufcHonfhtwGuf bHk§trsm;. vdktyfcsufudk udkifwG,f jznfhqnf;ay; &rnfh tpdk;&vdktyfonf? xdk@a=umifh Tzuf'&,f (odk@) trsdK;om;tpdk;&udk jynfe,ftzGJ@0ifwdk@u tm%m tcsKd@udk ay;tyfxm;onf? odk@aomfzuf'&,f (0g) trsdK;om;tpdk;&u tm%mtm;vHk;udk ydkifoonfh ydkI =oZm}uD;rm;aomtpdk;& r[kwfbJ jynfe,ftpdk;&tzG@J rsm;ESihf zuf'&,f(0g) trsdK;om;tpdk;&t=um; r#waom tm%mcGJa0r_&Sdonf? jynfe,ftpdk;&ESihf zuf'&,ftpdk;&wdk@Y&Sdaom tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mwdk@udk zuf'&,f tpdk;&ESifh jynfe,f wpfckcsif;pD. tajccH zGJ@pnf;yHk Oya'wdk@Y &Sif;vif;pGmazmfjyxm;onf? • 'kwd,taejzifh vuf&Sd wjynfaxmifpepfudk usifhoHk;aomEdkifiHYvnf; zuf'&,fpepfukdxlaxmifI&onf? vuf&Sd A[dktpdk;&u jynfe,ftpdk;&wdk@tm; tcsdK@aom tm%mudkvJ$ay;rnf? jynfe,ftpdk;&tzG@J w@kd . 0wW&m;rsm;ESifh rnfr#aom twdkif;twmtxd tm%mv$Jay;&rnfukd A[dktpdk;&u tqHk;tjzwfay;rnf? Todk@ðyvkyfygu jynfe,ftpdk;&tzGJ@wdk@. tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mrSm tuef@towf&Sdrnfjzpfonf? zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkudk wnfaqmufEdkifrnfh enf;vrf;toG,foG,fonf jrefrmjynfwGif zuf'&,f0g' wnfaqmuf a&;Y tajccHoabmxm; (0g) em;vnfr_uGJvJGjcif;jy\emudk jzpfay:aponf? zuf'&,f0g'Drsm;taejzifh ñuHawG@&rnfh tcuftcJwpfckrSm jynfe,f e,fedrdwf owfrSwfa&;jzpfonf? jrefrmjynfonf wdkif;&if;om;aygif;pHkjzifh zJG@pnf;xm;onfhtwGuf jynfe,frsm;udk xlaxmif&mY wdkif;&if;om;rsm;/ vlrsdK;pkESifh qufEG,f &rnf? NCUB (jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmf trsdK;om;aumifpD)/ ppftpdk;&ESihf NLD wdk@rS a&;qGJxm;aom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' rl=urf;t& wdkif;&if;om;wd@k tm; ‚if;wdk@. jynfe,ftvdkufowfrSwfxm;onf? odk@aomf e,fedrdwfowfrSwfa&;Y t=uHOm%f uGJvGJr_wdk@&Sdaeao;onf? wdkif;(7) ckESifh jynfe,f (7) ck&Sd+yD; tm;vHk;YwlnDaom tcGihfta&;ESifh &ydkfifcGifh&Sd.? ppftpdk;&rSwifjyaom zGJ@pnf;tkyf csKyfyHk tajccHOya'oabmw&m;t& Armr[kwfaomwdkif&if;om;jynfe,f (7) [lIaomfvnf;aumif;/ wdkif; (7) ckukd ZHk tjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;tydkowfrSwfcsufwpfcsufrSm jynfaxmifpke,fedrdwfrsm; [lIaomfvnf;aumif; todtrSwfðyxm;onf? wdkif;&if;om;jynfe,frsm;wnfaqmufyHk tajccHoabmw&m;rSm ae&mwpfae&mY wdkfif;&if;om; vlrsdK;wpfpkpku vlrsm;pk tjzpftwlwuGaexdkifu xdkae&mudk ,if;wdkfif;&if;om;wdk@. jynfe,ftjzpf owfrSwf&ef jzpfonf? odk@aomf jrefrmjynfwGif;Y wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK; wpkpkuvlrsm;pktaejzifh tajcrcsaom a'orsm;&Sdonf? Oyrm - awmifydkif;&Sd weoFm&DESifh taemufawmifbuf&dS {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay: a'owdk@jzpfonf? 45

tjcm;wbufYrl NCUB . zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'rl=urf;t& wifjyxm;aomacgif;pD;opfrSm wdkif;&if;om;wpk xufydkI aexdkiftajccsaom a'oudk ‘wdkif;&if;om;aygif;pHkjynfe,f’ [kowfrSwf&efjzpfonf? zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmfwnfaxmif&mY/ zuf'&,fzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf vGefpGmta&;}uD;aom tcef;u¾Y yg0ifrnfjzpfonf? ,ck zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rl=urf; 3 ckukd tòydifwifoGif;=u+yD; ta&;t}uD;qHk;wpfckrSm NCUB rS 1989 ckESpfu wifjyaom zuf'&,frl0g'udk tajcðyxm;onfh rl=urf;jzpfonf? 'kwd,wpfckrSm ppftpdk;&rS 1993 ckESpfuwifjyaomrl=urf;jzpfonf? ppftpdk;&. twkta,miftrsdK;om;nDvmcHrS zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' oabm w&m; (104) csufukdcif;jyxm;+yD; rnfonfhtcsufr# zuf'&,f0g'ESifh udkufnDr_r&Sday? wwd,wpfckudk trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf (NLD) uðypkcJhonf? 1995 ckESpfwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfaetdrf tus,fcsKyfrSvGwfajrmufpOf zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'rl=urf;a&;qGJa&;Y NLD yg0ifcGifh&a&;twGuf trsdK;om; nDvmcHyHkpHudkðyjyifajymif;vJ&ef E_d;aqmfcJhonf? ,if;udk ppftpdk;&ujiif;y,fonfhtwGuf NLD udk,fpm;vS,fwdk@u ,if;nDvmcHukdqENjycJhonf? NLD acgif;aqmifrsm; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;jcif; cHae&onfhtwGuf ,ae@xufwdkif NLD rS rnfonfh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'oabmw&m;udkr# rxkwfjyefao;ay? zuf'&,f zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccH Oya'ay:aygufa&;twGuf txufazmfjyyg rl=urf;tm;vHk;udk rjzpfraeaygif;pnf;&efvdktyfonf? a0g[m& wjynfaxmif§A[dkxdef;csKyfa&; wppDòyduGJjcif; udk,fydkifjyÏmef;cGifh cGJxGufjcif; e,fedrdwfowfrSwfjcif;

- wdkif;jynf.tm%mudkA[dktpdk;&uxdef;csKyfxm;onf? (Unitary/ centralized) - cGJxGufjcif;/ uGJjym;jcif;? (Disintegration) - tkyfcsKyfa&;§tkyfcsKyfykHukd vlwpfpkuqHk;jzwfEdkifonfhtcGihfta&;/ (Selfdetermination) - vGwfvyfvm&jcif;/ (Secession) - e,fjcm;pnf;owfrSwfjcif;/ (Demarcation)

wjynfaxmifpepfESifh zuf'&,fpepfudkoifem;vnfovdk&Sif;jyyg? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______

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__________________________________________________________________ ______ 25? 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&; 1974 ESifh 1990 t=um;wGif/ tenf;qHk;EdkifiH 30 wkd@onf 'Drdkua&pDtoGifodk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;jcif;jzifh wurBmvHk;&Sd 'Drdkua&pD wdkif;jynfta&twGuf 2 qwdk;vmcJhavonf? vuf&Sd acwfopfurBmh&mZ0ifudk=unfhv#if 'Drkdua&pDul;ajymif;a&;toGif§v_dif; oHk;rsdK;oHk;pm;&Sdonf? yxrul;ajymif; a&;v_dif;onf 1820 vGefESpfrsm;u pwifcJh+yD; ESpf 100 wdfkifqufvufjzpfay:cJhonf? 1926 wGifurBmay:Y 'Drdkua&pD wdkif;jynf 29 ck&Sd+yDjzpfonf? +yD;aemuf 1942 wGif ‘wefjyefv_dif;’ jzpfay:cJh+yD; 'Drdkua&pDwkdif;jynf ta&twGuf 12 cko@kd usqif;oGm;cJhonf? odk@aomf 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;Y r[mrdwfwdk@tEdkif&+yD;aemuf 'kwd,'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;v_dif;udk pwifcJh+yD;/ 1962 ckESpf wGif 'Drdkua&pDwdkif;jynfta&twGuf 36 cktxdwkd;vmcJhonf? wefjyefv_dif;u wzef¶dkufcwfvm jyefonf? 1975 ckESpf wGif 'Drdkua&pDwdkif;jynfta&twGuf 30 txdjyefusoGm;cJhonf? ,ae@urBmay:Y 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH 60 cef@&Sdonf? 'Drkdua&pDwkdif;jynfta&twGuf wdk;vmEdkifzG,f&m&Sdao;vm; (od@k ) 'Drkd ua&pDEdkifiHopfrsm;udk zsufqD;rnfh wefjyefv_dif; xOD;rnfvm;? 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;vmjcif; wwd,v_dif;¶dkufcwfpOf wdkif;jynfrsm; 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH jzpfvm&jcif;Y/ ta=umif;&if; tcsdK@rSm • urBmay:Ytm%m&SifqefqeftkyfcsKyfa&; w&m;r0ifjzpfvm+yD;/ 'Drdkua&pD.wefzdk;udk wGifus,fpGmvufcHvm jcif;/ • 1960 ESpfrsm;twGif; urBmhpD;yGm;a&;zGHòzd;r_a=umifh vlaer_tqifhjrifhrm;vmjcif;/ ynma&;wdk;wufaumif;rGef vmjcif;ESifh wdkfif;jynftawmfrsm;rsm;Y òrd@aevlvwfwef;pm;OD;a& tqrwefwdk;yGm;vmjcif;/ • Oa&mytodkif;t0dkif;/ tar&duefESihf qdkAD,uf,leD,H uJho@kd aom wdkif;jynfrsm;. rl0g'rsm;udk ajymif;vJ ay;jcif;/ • wdkif;jynftawmfrsm;rsm;onf 'Drkdua&pDpepfukdvufcHusihfokH;&eftwGuf 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;pOf umv&Sd EdkfifiHrsm;. tawG@tñuHudk Oyrm,l+yD; apmifh=unfhavhvmEdfkifjcif; wd@k a=umifhjzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pDtoGifodk@ ul;ajymif;onfhEdkifiHrsm; rnfo@k daomta=umif;&if;wdk@a=umifh 'Drdkua&pDtm; qHk;¶ªH;EdkifzG,f&Sdonf [k oifxifjrifoenf;? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______

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__________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHopfwpfcku rnfonfhjy\emrsm;udk &ifqdkfif&vdrfhrnf[k oifxifjrif,lqoenf;? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______

'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;jcif;. tajccHvkyfxkH;rsm;

EdkifiHa&;ajymif;vJr_wpfckjzpfaom tm%m&SifpepfrS 'Drkdua&pDpepfodk@ ul;ajymif;a&;Y vkyfxHk;oHk;&yf&Sdonf? ‚if;wd@k rSm • tm%mðzwfcsjcif;/ • ðyjyifajymif;vJjcif;/ • ESpfOD;ESpfbufoabmwljcif;/ wdk@jzpfonf?

tm%mðzwfcsjcif; tm%m&Siftpdk;&u ‚if;.vrf;pOfudkrajymif;vJu tm%mðzwfcscH&Edkfif.? Ttcsif;t&mY twdkuftcH tpkd;&wd@k . tiftm;onf }uD;oxuf}uD;vm+yD; tm%m&Siftm;ðzwfcsEkdifonfhtxdyifjzpfonf? twdkuftcHrsm;. EdkifiHa&; tif tm;awmifhwif;vmav tm%m&Sif.tiftm;qkwf,kwfvmavjzpfonf? 'Drkdua&pDonf tm%m&Sif òyduGJ+yD; (0g) ðzwfcscH&+yD; twdkufcHrsm;tm%m&vm+yD;aemuf pwifxGef;um;vmonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJjcif; ðyjyifajymif;vJjcif;Y vuf&Sdtm%m&tpdk;&a[mif;onf 'Drdkua&pDpepfodk@toGiful;ajymif;atmifvkyf&mY t"du tcef;u¾rSyg0ifonf? xdkodk@jzpfay:u twdkuftcHrsm;u tm;enf;+yD; tm%m&tpkd;&a[mif;u ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ yHkpHESifh ajymif;vJr_jzpfay:rnfhtcsdfeftaES;tjrefukdqkH;jzwfonf? wcgw&H tm%m&SiftkyfpkwGif;rS vlwpfpkua&S›xGuf vm+yD; pepfa[mif;csKyf+idrf;a&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDpepf jzpfay:xGef;um;a&;twGuf OD;pD;aqmif¶Gufonf?

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ESpfOD;ESpfzufoabmwljcif; ESpfOD;ESpfzufoabmwlnDr_ +yD;rSomajymif;vJr_ukd jzpfay:aponfh wdkfif;jynfY vuf&Sdtm%mtpdk;&ESihf twdkuftcHwdk@ t=um;wlnDaom pGrf;tm;rsm;&Sd+yD;/ ,if;wd@k ESpfpkonf wpkudkwpktrDSo[Jrðyygu 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;udk b,fawmhrStaumiftxnfazmfEdkifrnfr[kwfyg? awmiftmz&duudk Oyrm,lI&onf? odk@twGufa=umifh tm%m& tpdk;&a[mif;ESifh twdkuftcHwdk@yl;aygif;+yD;rSom 'Drkdua&pDpepfudk xlaxmif=uonf? ESpfzufoabmwljcif;Y tm%m &Sif.tm%m qkwf,kwfvmygu olwdk@tm;tjypfay;jcif;rS umuG,fay;&eftwGuf olwdk@uwifjyaqG;aEG;vmvdrfh rnf? atmufazmfjyyg OyrmoHk;&yfudkzwf+yD; ,if;wd@k onf - tm%mðzwfcsjcif;vm;/ ðyjyifajymif;vJjcif;vm;/ ESpfOD;ESpfbuf oabmwljcif;vm;udkazmfjyyg? 1? wdkif;jynf&Sd twdkufcHESifh tpdk;&=um;Y wlnDaomtm%m&Sdonf? ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;ESihf 'Drkdua&pDpepfudk azmfaqmifa&; wdk@twGuf twlwuG n‡dE_dif;aqmif¶Guf=uonf? ____________________ _ 2? twdkuftcHu axmufcHr_ydkrdk&&Sdvm+yD; tiftm;ydkI}uD;rm;vmonff? wjznf;jznf; tm%m&tpdk;&a[mif;udk ðzwfcsEdkifcJh onf? +yD;aemuftwdkufcHrsm;u 'Drkdua&pDwnfaqmufa&;udk taumiftxnfazmfonf? _____________________ 3? tpdk;&a[mif;rS wdkif;jynfwGif;odk@ 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk wjznf;jznf;,laqmifvmonf? Tod@k vkyfaqmif&mwGif twdkufcHrsm;bufrS bmr#yg0ifvkyfaqmifjcif;r&Sdyg? _____________________

26? toGiful;ajymif;a&;umv w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; - twdwfrS vl@tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_rsm;udk wkef@jyefjcif;

okwfoiftjypfay;jcif;ESifh cGifhv$wfarhaysmufjcif; tu,fI wdkif;jynfY 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;& tm%m&vmygu tm%m&Siftpdk;&a[mif;vufxuf&Sd acgif;aqmifrsm; ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;wdk@tm; rnfodk@udkifwG,fta&;,l&rnfukd qHk;jzwfcsufcs&rnf? tm%m&Siftpdk;&a[mif;tzG@J 0ifrsm; usL;vGefcJhaom rormr_wdk@udkvnf; tcsufwpfcsuftaejzifh xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf? Tjy\emonf eufeJ+yD;/ pdwfv_yf&Sm;r_udk jzpfay:apum EdkifiHa&;t&vnf; xdvG,f&SvG,f.? tm%m&Siftpdk;&a[mif;ESifh taygif;ygwdk@ usL;vGefcJhaom vl@tcGihfta&;csdK;azmufr_rsm;/ vlowfr_/ jyefay;r_/ ESdyfpuf n‡if;yef;r_/ rk'def;r_/ w&m;rpGJbJaxmifoGif; tusOf;csxm;r_wdk@udk 'Drkdua&pDtpdk;&opftaejzifh rnfodk@udkifwG,fajz&Sif; oifhoenf;? okwfoiftjypfay;jcif;onf taumif;qHk;vm; (odk@) cGifhv$wfarhaysmuf&rnfvm;?

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• tcsdK@u atmufazmfjyygtcsufrsm;a=umifh rormr_udk usL;vGefcJhaomolrsm;tm; tjypfay;okwfoif&ef vdktyfonf[k qdk.? (1) Oya'ESifhtrSefw&m;t&m - tpdk;&onfvlom;w&yfvkH;tm;xdcdkufapaom rormr_w@kd ukdusL;vGefcJhaomol tm; tjypfay;&ef wm0ef&Sdonf? (2) "m;pmcHrsm;ESifh ‚if;[email protected];pkwdk@twGuf w&m;cHtm; okwfoifjcif;onf w&m;r#w.? (3) 'Drdkua&pDudkOya'ESifhtnDwnfaqmufxm;onfhtwGuf rnfonfht&m&SdESifh &Jt&m&Sdwdk@rqdk Oya'udkausmfvGef+yD; aexdkifoGm;vmvkyfydkifcGifhr&Sd? (4) tem*wfY vHkðcHa&;t&m&Sdrsm; vl@tcGihfta&;csdK;azmufr_rsdK;wdk@rS umuG,fr_ay;Edkif&eftwGuf okwfoifr_onf vdktyf.? (5) atmifjrifaom'Drdkua&pDpepfudk jyo&eftwGuf &Sif;vif;okwfoifr_onf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfonf? (6) vltrsm;'Drdkua&pD. wefzdk;ESifh cH,lcsufudkod&Sd&efESifh jynfolvlxku ,if;wdk@tm; ,Hk=unf&eftwGuf okwfoif &Sif;vif;r_onf vdktyfonf? tm%m&Sifrsm; usL;vGefcJhaomrormr_rsm;tm;vHk;udk ta&;r,lchJaomfvnf; jynfhpkHaomrSwfwrf;udk ðypkxkwfjyefEkdif &eftwGuf usL;vGefcJhaomtr_wdk@. twdrfteuf/ usL;vGefcJhonfhwmoef&Sdolrsm;tm;vHk;. tajctae§&mxl;&mcH wdk@udk trsm;odazmfxkwf&efvdktyfonf? 'Drkdua&pDY wm0efodwwfr_oabmw&m;onf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyf+yD; wm0efod wwfr_qdk&mY trSefw&m;udk xkwfazmf&ef vdktyfonf? • &Sif;vif;okwfoifr_udk qef@usifaomolrsm;u/ atmufygtcsufrsm;a=umifh EdkifiHrsm;onf cGifhv$wf arhaysmufoifh onf [kqdkonf? (1) 'Drdkua&pDonf n‡dE_dif;ajyvnfr_udktajccH&rnfjzpf+yD;/ vlxktzGJ@tpnf;wGif;&Sd t"duvltkyfpkrsm;u twdwfu cGJjcm;r_rsm;udk ab;z,fxm;&rnf? (2) 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk xlaxmifa&;Y vlwpfpkESifh wpfpkt=um; tem*wfY twdwf.trSm;wdk@tay: &efwkef@jyefr_ ta&;ponfhtcsuftwGuf em;vnfr_&dSxm;&efvkdtyfonf? (3) tajctaet&yf&yfY tpdk;&a&m/ twdkuftcHrsm;yg vl@tcGihfta&;udk tjyif;txefcsdK;azmuf=uonf? (4) tm%m&Siftpdk;&wdk@usL;vGefcJhaomtjypfrsm;rSm t=urf;zufr_tm;ESdrfeif;&ef/ ajymufusm;wyfwdk@tm; atmif Edkif&ef/ vl@todkif;t0dkif;wGif;+idrf0yfydjym;a&;udkwnfaqmuf&ef wd@k twGufa=umifhjzpfonf[k ta=umif;jyI&+yD; xdktcsdefYjynfoluaomif;aomif;zszsaxmufcHchJ=uonf[kvnf; ta=umif;jyI&onf? (5) tm%m&Siftkyfpkrsm;usL;vGefcJhaom rormr_rsm;Y vl@todkif;t0dkif;wGif;&Sdolrsm;/ tkyfpkrsm;vnf;yg0ifonf? (6) 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk cdkifcdkifrmrm wnfaqmufEdkif&eftwGuf cGifhv$wfjcif;w&m;onfvkdtyfonf? tb,fa=umifh qdkaomf 'Drdkua&pDudk cdkifrmpGmpkpnf;Edkifa&;twGuf tptOD;vkyfaqmif&rnfrSm vlwpfOD;csif;pDtm; tjypfay; &efvdkaoma=umifhjzpfonf? wwd,v_dif;¶dkufcwfpOfyg0ifaom 'Drdkua&pDEkdifiHrsm;Y tm%m&Sifa[mif;wd@k ukd tjypf'%f rcsrSwfcJhay? TonfrSm EdkifiHa&;/ 'Drdkua&pDwnfaqmufa&;vrf;pOf. oabmobm0ESifh ul;ajymif;r_pyf=um;ESihf ul;ajymif;+yD;umvrsm;Y tm%mcGJa0a&; wdk@a=umifhjzpf+yD;/ tm%m&Sifrormolwdk@udk okwfoiftjypf'%fay;ygu ,cifazmfjyygta&;udpPwdk@. atmifjrifr_rsm;udk t[ef@twm;jzpfaponf? twdwfrSvl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_wdk@udk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;&eftwGuf rlrsm;a&;qGJjcif; twdwfrS vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_wdk@udk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;&eftwGuf/ rlrsm;a&;qGJ&mY &nf¶G,fcsuf 2 ckudk csrSwf&ef vdktyfonf? • tqkdyg zdpD;ESdyfpufr_rsm; wzefaygufzGm;vmjcif;udkumuG,f&ef/ • ‚if;wkd@a=umifh jzpfay:aom epfemqHk;¶_H;r_rsm;udk ukpm;&ef/ wdk@jzpfonf? 50

tjcm;aom &nf¶G,fcsufwdk@jzpfonfh ‘*vJhpm;wke@f jyefjcif;’uJho@dk aomvkyf&yfonf tjynfjynfqdkif&mOya'jyÏmef;csuf t& w&m;r0ifacs? EdkifiHwpfck. tem*wfopfudkxlaxmifjcif;Y vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_wd@k ESihf ywfoufaom trSefw&m;rsm;udk azmf xkwfodjrifap&efonf vGefpGmrSta&;}uD;onf? • trSefw&m;udk zHk;uG,frxm;&yg? twdwfrSjzpfay:cJhaom vl@tcGihfta&; csdK;azmufr_tm;vHk;wdk@ukd trSefw&m; pnf;abmiftwGif; ol@twdkif;twmESifh oludkifwG,fajz&Sif;&rnf? wu,fhjzpf&yftrSefudkrodygu twdwfrS jzpfyGm;cJhaom rw&m;r_wdk@udk xda&mufpGm udkifwG,fajz&Sif;Edkifrnfr[kwfyg? • trSefw&m;udktjynfht0od&rnf? jzpfyGm;cJhaom t=urf;zufr_. oabmobm0wdk@udk azmfxkwf&rnf? rnfodk@ pDrH+yD;/ rnfodk@okwfoifyHk/ "g;pmcH. tajctaeESifh ol.b0=urRm/ rnfolutrdef@ay;apcdkif;+yD;/ rnfolu vkyfaqmifonf tp&Sdonfwdk@yg0if&rnf? • trSefw&m;udkw&m;0ifxkwfjyef+yD; trsm;oda=umfjim&rnf? pepfwuspDppfr_ðy+yD;aom trSefw&m;xGufqdkcsuf udktrsm;tm;odomapjcif;onf twdwfrSv@l tcGihfta&;csdK;azmufr_rsm;udk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;a&;rltwGuf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfonf? ta=umif;rSm ,if;ajz&Sif;a&;rlonf "g;pmcHrsm;tm; xdcdkufepfemaponfhta=umif;&if; wpfckwnf;ESifh ywfoufonfr[kwfbJ todkif;t0dkif;wpfckvkH;tm;epfemaponfh ta=umif;&if;ESifhvnf; pyfqdkifonfhtwGufjzpf onf? trSefw&m;udkzHk;uG,fxm;jcif;onf qHk;¶_H;epfemr_rsm;udkt"Ge@f &Snfap+yD; "g;pmcH rsm;.=urRmtjzpfrSefudk rod&Sd &onfhtwGuf ‚if;wdk@aqGrsdK;om;csif;rsm;. tcGifhta&;udk csdK;azmuf&ma&muf um&ifwGif;}udwfrEdkifcJr&jzpf&jcif;wdk@ u EdkifiHawmfpnf;vHk;a&;ESifh n‡dE_dif;ajyvnfa&;vkyfief;udkaqmif¶Guf&m YtcuftcJrsm;jzpfay:aponf? wdkif;jynfwpfjynfY vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufolwdk@udkokwfoiftjypfay;oifhonf (odk@) cGifhv$wfarhaysmufoifhonf[k oifxifygovm;? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ twdwfutm%m&Sifacgif;aqmifrsm; rnfonfhtwGufa=umifhtjypfay;ta&;,lrcH&onf[koifxifoenf;? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______

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wdkif;jynfwpfjynf&Sdvl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_trSefjzpfpOfw@kd udk trsm;odazmfxkwfjcif;onf vGefpGmta&;}uD;onf[k bma=umifhoifxifjrif,lqoenf;? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ 26? toGiful;ajymif;a&;umv w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; enf;AsL[mrsm; zdEdSyftkyfcsKyfaomtm%m&Siftpdk;&vufxufrS 'Drdkua&pDpepfodk@ ul;ajymif;aomEdkifiHrsm; twdwfrSjzpfchJonfh tusKd; w&m;rsm;udk enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh udkifwG,fajz&Sif;=uonf? ,if;udkudkifwG,fajz&Sif;&ef csrSwfxm;aomrlY t"duaomh csuf ESpfcsuf&Sdonf? ,if;wdk@rSm zdESdyfr_rsm;udk jyefajymif;owd,+yD; arhypfvdkuf&efESifh ,if;zdESdyfr_rsm;tay: wm0ef&Sd onfhol wpfOD;csif;udk tjypfay;&efwdk@ jzpfonf? csrSwfxm;&Sdonfhrlwdk@Y tcsKd@aomenf;AsL[mrsm;yg0ifEkdifonf?

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acgif;aqmif a[mif;rsm;onf 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;rpwifrSD rdrdwdk@twGufcGifhv$wfjcif;w&m;udkcsrSwfxm; =u onf? aemufwenf; rSm tjypfay;ta&;r,ljcif;onf acgif;aqmiftopfESifh ta[mif;wd@k t=um;ðyvkyfaom aphpyf n‡dE_dif;r_. &v'f jzpfonf? wwd,enf;rSm 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkonf jypfr_usL;vGefchJaomolwpfOD;csif;udk tjypfay; ta&;r,l&jcif;rSm ‚if;wdk@onf tm%m&Sifa[mif;udk ckcHwGef;vSef&if; ,if;jypfr_w@kd ukd usL;vGefrdcJhjcif;jzpfonf[k ta=umif;jyEdkif aoma=umifhjzpfonf? trSefw&m;rSwfwrf;rsm; - cGifhv$wfaomfvnf; rarhaysmufjcif;§owd,jcif;onf 'kwd, t"durljzpfonf? yHkrSeftm; jzifh jynfwGif;ESifh tjynfjynfqdkif&mtrSefw&m;rSwfwrf;wd@k taejzifh wnf&Sdonf? aumfrDwD. yxr&nfrSef;csufyef; wdkifrSm vGefcJhonfhtpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfpOftwGif; olwpfOD;csif;ESihf wpfEdkifiHvkH;&ifqdkifcJh&aom =urRmqdk;rsm;udk pHkprf;azmf xkwf&efjzpfonf? xdkodk@ðyvkyf&jcif;rSm okwfoiftjypfay;&eftwGufr[kwf/ trSefw&m;udkazmfxkwf&efjzpfonf? aq;a=um&Sif;vif;a&; - v#Kd@0Suf&JwyfzGJ@rsm;ESihf ‚if;wd@k .w&m;ol}uD;rsm;ESifh q&m§q&mrrsm;/ tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;ESifh ppfwyftr_xrf;rsm;. &mxl;tm;¶kwfodrf;jcif;onf twdwfrStrSm;wd@k tm;udkifwG,fajz&Sif;jcif;. wwd,enf;vrf; jzpfonf? tm;vHk;udktvkyfðzwfypf&efr[kwf/ +yD;cJhonfhtpdk;&tkyfcsKyfpOftwGif; vlom;xktm;xdcdkfufepfemaponfh jypfr_udk usL;vGefol wdk@udkomjzpfonf? m;okkwfoiftjypfay;jcif; - ‘todtrSwfðyr_ESifh wm0efodwwfr_t& w&m;cHtm;okwfoiftjypfay;jcif;’ w&m;cHtm;o udktjyif;xefqHk; t"dy`g,fzGifhqdk&v#if jypfr_usL;vGefoltm;uGyfrsufokwfoifjcif;jzpfonf? ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;EdkifiH a[mif;udk tjynfjynfqdkif&mw&m;cH cHk¶Hk;wifouJhodk@ Todk@aomudpP&yfrsKd;udk tjynfjynfqdkif&mu wm0ef,lay;I &onf? jynfwGif;ESifh tjynfjynfqdkif&mw&m;¶Hk;rsm;u Ttydkif;udkwm0ef,lay;I&onf? epfema=u;ay;jcif; - wdkif;jynfrS (aiG/ tcrJhaq;ukocGihfESihf pdwfykdif;qdkif&mukor_rsm;/ ynma&;ESifh tdrf,maqmuf vkyfa&;/ acs;[email protected];ay;aqmif&r_udkav#mhcsjcif;) tp&Sdonfwdk@udk jznfhqnf;ay;+yD;/ twdwfut&mudk xm0pOf trSwf&aprnfh ausmufwdkif/ jywdkuf/ tpdk;&¶Hk;ydwf&ufESihf yGJrsm;tp&Sdonfwdk@udkvnf; wnfaqmufcsrSwfI &onf? txufazmfjyygrlrsm;rSm aemufydkif; tm%m&Siftpdk;&wdk@tm; ‚if;wdk@Y a¶G;cs,fp&mvrf;&Sda=umif; wyfvSef@owday; xm;jcif; omjzpfonf? wu,fwrf;Y twdwfrSzdEdSyfcH&r_rsm;udk vuf&dSY rnfodk@ajz&Sif;&rnfh enf;vrf;udk azmfxkwf&ef cufcJvSonf?

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rdrdwdk@usL;vGefcJhaom rormr_wdk@a=umifh uGyfrsufokwfoifjcif;cH&rnfukd tm%m&Sifrsm; a=umufonfhtwGuf tm%mudk vufvGwfcH&eftwGuf wGef@qkwfaumif;wGe@f qkwfaernf? tu,fIwkdif;jynfudk 'Drdkua&pDtoGif ul;ajymif;a&;odk@ v#ifjrefpGm taumiftxnfazmfaqmifEkdifrnfqkdu ,if;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk vHk;0cGifhv$wfjcif; cGifhðyoifhygovm;? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ oifhxifjrif,lqcsuft& vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufaomacgif;aqmifa[mif;rsm;udk ‚if;[email protected];w&m;¶Hk; (odk@) tjynfjynfqdkif&mw&m;¶Hk; odk@wifoifhygovm;? bma=umifhvJ? __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ __________________________________________________________________ ______ 27? 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&opfudk pkpnf;wnfaxmifjcif;§cdkifrmvmapjcif; 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHopfonf òyduGJvG,fonf? 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk pwifxlaxmif+yD;onfESihf wòydifeuf,if;tm;ydkI cdkifrmvm atmifðyvkyf&ef tvGefta&;}uD;onf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif;&Sdolrsm; tjcm;aomtkyfcsKyfa&;yHkpHw@kd ukd wrf;wjcif;r&Sd awmhrS ,if;udkcdkifrmpGmpkpnf;Edkif+yD[k qdkI&.? qdkvdkonfrSm 'Drdkua&pDwpfckwnf;omv#if ‚if;[email protected];csufjzpf onf? Todk@aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;onf rnfonfh jy\emtcuftcJrsdK;rqdk 'Drdkua&pDenf;tm;jzifhajz&Sif;I &a=umif; ,Hk=unfxm;onf? odk@aomfpkpnf;cdkifrmvmapjcif;iSm tcsdef,l&.? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;opfonf EdkifiHa&;ESihf vlr_taqmufttHkyHkpHopfwdk@udk vufcHxm;&efvdktyfonf? EdkifiHa&;yHkpHopfESihf vlr_taqmufttHkyHkpHopfwdk@udk umuG,f&efvrf;!$efcsuf 3 &yf&Sdonf? ¶dk;om;yGifhvif;r_/ wm0efodwwfr_ ESifh yl;aygif;yg0ifr_w@kd jzpfonf? yGif;vif;¶dk;om;r_qdk&mY tpdk;&pepfonf yGifhvif;&efvdktyfonf? wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;wdk@udk wdkif;oljynfom;rsm; odjrifem;vnfxm;&ef vdktyfonf? Todk@ðyjcif;jzifh ‚if;wdk@. ,Hk=unfudk;pm;r_udk cH&rnfjzpf+yD; ‚if;wdk@. axmufcHr_ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif¶Gufr_tm;wd@k ukdvnf; jr‡ifhwifay;onf? Tt&monf tpdk;&opfrsm; yxrydkif; tkyfcsKyfpOf umvrsm;twGuf txl;ta&;}uD;onf? wdkif;jynfwpfjynfY 'Drdkua&pDpepfðyjyifwnfaqmufjcif; v#Kd@0SufpGmjzpfay: aumif;jzpfay:rnf? odk@aomf,if;udkusifhokH;&mY rl0g'rsm;csrSwfa&;vrf;pOfrsm;udk zGifhay;jcif;/ tpdk;&rS jynfolwdk@pHkprf; ppfaq;a&;tm;jzifh ajymif;vJr_rsKd;wd@k jzpfay:wnf&Sd&rnf? trltusifhrsm;ajymif;vJjcif;[kqdk&mY wcgw&H a&S;¶dk;pGJtpdk;&wdk@ twGuf tcuftcJrsm;jzpfay:aponf? ta=umif;rSm jynfol.a0zefjcif;udk em;vnf vufcHwwf&efvdkaoma=umifh jzpfonf?

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yGifhvif;r_Ytpdk;&ESifh jynfolt=um;tjyeftvSef wifjyaqG;aEG;=u&efvdktyfonf? Tod@k jzifhjynfol. wifjycsufwdk@udk tpdk;&u vufcH&&Sd+yD; Tt&monftpdk;&bufrS udk,hfukd,fukd ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;Y r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfonf? tpdk;&wGif; tusifhpm&dwWazmufjym;r_wdk@ jzpfay:wnf&SdrSmudk jynfolw@kd u pdk;&drf=uonf? ¶dk;om;yGifhvif;r_&Sdjcif;jzifh tusifhpm&dwW azmufjym;r_udk umuG,fonf? ta=umif;rSmyGifhvif;aomtpdk;&taejzifh tvG,fwukltusifhpm&dwWrazmufjym;=u ay? wm0efodwwfr_qdk&mY Oya'ESifh jynfolvlxkw@kd tm;tpdk;&u ajz=um;ay;Edkifr_jzpfonf? EdkifiHrsm;onf tpdk;&.wdk;wufr_ udkavhvmapmifh=unfhI&aom/ EdkifiHom;wdk@.ðyrlaqmif¶Gufr_wdk@udk qef;ppfoHk;oyfwifjyI&aomae&mY Ïmersm;udk zGifhvSpf Edkif.? ,if;Ïmersm;onf tvG,fwulvkyfief;rsm;ajy;qGJEdkif&ef ESifh a0zefr_rsm;udk av;av;eufeuf vufcHpOf;pm;Edkif&eftwGuf vGwfvyfpGmvkyfief;rsm;vkyfudkifEdkifcGifh&Sd&rnf? tvGefta&;}uD;qHk;aomtcsufrSm vGwfvyfaom w&m;pD&ifa&;&Sd&efvdktyfonf? ,if;onftpdk;&udka0zef&eftwGuf &SdoifhaomtcGifhta&;ESifh pGrf;&nfudkxdef;odrf;ay;xm;onfomru vdktyfaompnf;=uyfr_w@kd ukd jznfhpGufay;+yD; Oya' vrf;a=umif;twdkif;aqmif¶Gufonf? 'Drdkua&pDpepfY tpdk;&tzG@J 0ifrsm;tygt0if rnfolr#Oya'jyifyYaexdkifcGifhr&Sdyg? yl;aygif;aqmif¶Gufjcif;qdk&mY pepfwpfckY rdrdwdk@vnf;yg0ifa=umif; jynfolrsm;cHpm;&jcif;jzpf+yD; ,if;pepf acsmarG@pGm vnfywfapEdkifa&;Y wwyfwtm;wm0ef,laqmif¶Guf=uonf? yl;aygif;aqmif¶Gufr_tm; t"duawG@&onfh ae&mrSm jynfol@todkif;t0dkif; (Civil Society) wGif;Yjzpfonf? jynfo@l todkif;t0dkif;qdkonfrSm vlr_todkif;t0dkif;wGif;&Sd tpdk;&. xdef;csKyfr_atmufY r[kwfbJ vGwfvyfpGmjzifhjynfolvlxk.vdkvm;csuf§vdktyfr_rsm;udk jznfhqnf; aqmif¶Gufay;aom tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh toif;tzG@J rsm;jzpfonf? jynfol@todkif;t0dkif;Y 0g'jzef@ ulnDaqmif¶Gufay;aomtzGJ@rsm;/ bmoma&;*dk%f;rsm;/ vl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ tm;upm; toif;tzGJ@rsm;/ tvkyform;or*~rsm;/ NGO rsm;/ u|rf;usifaomvkyfief;toif;tzG@J rsm;/ ukefxkwfvkyf a&;tzGJ@rsm;ESifh tjcm;aomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;yg0if+yD; ‚if;wdk@onfjynfolrsm;t=um; tpdk;&.xdef;csKyfr_rS uif;vGwfpGm ae&m,lv_yf&Sm;=uonf? ppfrSefaomjynfol@todkif;t0dkif;r&SdygbJESihf 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHopfudkpkpnf;wnfaqmuf&ef vGef pGm cJ,Of;vSonf? jynfol@todkif;t0ef;onf tpdk;&ESifh jynfolrsm;t=um;tcsdwftqufvkyfay;onf? odk@twGuf a=umifh ,if;wdk@onfjynfolrsm;yl;aygif;yg0ifa&;/ oHk;oyfwifjya&;/ vdktyfygutpdk;&udk a0zeft=uHðya&; tp&Sdonfh ta&;wdk@ jzpfay:atmif ta&;}uD;aomtcef;u¾rS yg0ifaqmif¶Gufay;onf?

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