Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015

Newsletter Pusat Sejahtera USM 2015.

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1 st Edition April 2015 (Sample edition).

(1st Edition)

Prepared by: Dr. Ananda Raj S. Design and Layout by: Ahmad Tarmizi

Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015

CONTENTS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

PAGE:

Vitamins Brief history of Penang during the World Wars Immunoglobulins Cigarette ingredients Leprosy Food safety Handwashing MRSA & VRE Depression Tai-chi Frequently asked questions on smoke and haze Rove beetle (Charlie) Photos of some of Pusat Sejahtera,USM events (Matron Azimah) Benefits of walking

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1 st Edition April 2015 (Sample edition).

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015

VITAMINS: Vitamins (Daily requirement) Vitamin A (5000 IU, 8000 IU in pregnancy)

Sources

Deficiency state

Therapeutic dose

Carrot, spinach, milk, sweet potatoes, liver, fish liver oil.

Night blindness, Bitot’s spots, xerophthalmia, keratomalacia, imperfect enamel formation, follicular hyperkeratosis of the skin.

5000 IU/kg/day IM.

Vitamin D (400 IU)

Milk, butter, yeast, fish, fish liver oil, egg yolk, early morning sun

Tetany and rickets in children. Osteomalacia in adults.

5000 IU/day.

In man; no symptoms.

Uses: i. Premature infants. ii. G6PD deficiency to prevent hemolysis.

Toxic effect: Painful bone, premature epiphyseal fusion, pruritus, intracranial hypertension, anorexia, irritability, dry itchy skin, sparse hair.

Toxic effect: Anorexia, vomiting, diarrhoea, thirst, lassitude, sweating, headache.

(synthesized in the skin when irradiated in the sun).

Vitamin E

Vitamin K (40 mg/day)

Vitamin B 1 (Thiamine) (1 to 2 mg/day)

Vitamin B 2 (Riboflavin) (2 mg/day)

Whole rice, wheat, germ oil, lettuce, maize, mollases, peas, meat. Green vegetables, cabbage, spinach, tomatoes, egg yolk. Also synthesized in the intestines. Whole grain, cereals, yeast, beans, liver, meat, egg yolk. Germinating seeds, milk, eggs, liver

Vitamin B 3 (Niacin/Nicotinic acid) (15 to 20 mg)

Rice, liver, brain, eggs, meat, yeast.

Vitamins (Daily requirement)

Sources

Vitamin B 5

Whole grain, milk, eggs, liver, kidney,

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In animals; habitual abortion, testicular degeneration. Hemarrhagic diathesis.

10 mg IM

Anorexia and nausea. Dry and wet beriberi, Wernicke’s encephalopathy, Korsakoff’s psychosis. Angular stomatitis, cheilosis or magenta tongue, corneal vascularization, scrotal dermatitis. Erythema, pigmentation, hyperkeratosis of the skin, seborrhoea around the nose, raw red tongue, paraplegia, diarrhoea, dementia. Deficiency state

100 mg orally or IM.

Burning feet syndrome.

4 to 10 mg orally.

1 st Edition April 2015 (Sample edition).

10 mg orally.

500 mg orally. Toxic effect: Itching, flushing, amblyopia, liver dysfunction, hyperuricemia. Therapeutic dose

Prepared by: Dr. Ananda Raj S. Design and Layout by: Ahmad Tarmizi

Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015 (Pantothenic acid) (15 to 20 mg) Vitamin B 6 (Pyridoxine) (1 to 2 mg/day)

meat. Yeast, cereals,eggs, lettuces, milk, meat, spinach, liver.

Nasolabial seborrhoea, cheilosis, glossitis, peripheral neuropathy, convulsions, eosinophilia, hyperchromic microcytic anaemia, lymphocytopenia.

50 to 100 mg orally.

Vitamin B 7 (Biotin/ vitamin H)

Liver, eggs, meat.

Not known in man.

Unknown.

Vitamin B 9 (Folic acid) (0.05 to 0.2 mg)

Yeast, fresh green vegetables, cereals, liver, kidney, meat. Liver. (synthesized in the colon but not useful to the host as it is excreted and not absorbed) Green vegetables, citrus, fruits, strawberries, potatoes, guava.

Pernicious anaemia, glossitis.

Uses: With Isoniazide, oral contraceptives, alcoholism, hyperemesis gravidarum, motion sickness, radiation sickness, infantile convulsions.

15 mg orally.

Vitamin B 12 (Cyanocobalamine) (1 mcg)

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) (50 mg)

Pernicious anaemia, glossitis, subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord.

100 mcg orally or IM.

Scurvy.

50 to 100 mg/day. Uses: Scurvy, wound healing, common cold, threatened abortion, with iron therapy, prickly heat, alkalosis, heamorrhagic diseases of the newborn. Toxic effects: Oxalate and urate stones, iron overload in iron storage diseases.

Inositol (not known)

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Green citrus fruits, grains, yeast.

Not known in man. in animals; alopecia, dermatitis, fatty liver.

1 st Edition April 2015 (Sample edition).

4 to 8 mg orally.

Prepared by: Dr. Ananda Raj S. Design and Layout by: Ahmad Tarmizi

Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015 BRIEF HISTORY OF PENANG DURING THE WORLD WARS: During the First World War, in the Battle of Penang, the German cruiser SMS Emden surreptitiously sailed to Penang and sank two Allied warships off its coast – the Russian cruiser Zhemchug in the North Channel, and as it was leaving the island, the French torpedo boat, Mosquet 10 miles off Muka Head. During World War II, Penang, then a British island garrison, suffered devastating aerial bombardments and finally fell to invading Japanese forces on 17 December 1941 as the British withdrew to Singapore after declaring George Town an open city. Penang under Japanese occupation was marked by widespread fear, hunger, and massacres which targeted the local Chinese populace. Especially feared were the Japanese military police Kempeitai and its network of informants. Penang was administered by four successive Japanese governors, beginning with Lt-Gen Shotaro Katayama. Penang also served as a U-boat base for the Monsun boats in the Indian Ocean for Japan's ally, Germany during the War. The destruction of the Penang Secretariat building by Allied bombing in the final months of the Occupation caused the loss of the greater part of the British and Japanese records concerning the island, causing enormous difficulties to compile a comprehensive history of Penang. Following Japanese surrender in the War, on 21 August 1945 the Penang Shimbun published the statement of capitulation issued by the Emperor. The official British party reached Penang on 1 September, and after a meeting between the Commander-in-Chief of the East Indies Fleet and Rear-Admiral Uzumi on 2 September, a detachment of the Royal Marines landed and occupied the island on 3 September. A formal ceremony to signify British repossession of Penang took place on Swettenham Pier on 5 September 1945. Incorporated into Straits Settlements

1826

Crown Colony Japanese occupation

1867 19 December 1941

Malayan Union

1 April 1946

Federation of Malaya Independence

31 January 1948 31 August 1957

Malaysia

16 September 1963

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1 st Edition April 2015 (Sample edition).

Date

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015

Photos of old Penang

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1 st Edition April 2015 (Sample edition).

Prepared by: Dr. Ananda Raj S. Design and Layout by: Ahmad Tarmizi

Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015 IMMUNOGLOBULINS (IG):    

An immunoglobulin test is done to measure the level of immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, in your blood. Antibodies are substances made by the body's immune system in response to bacteria, viruses, fungus, dust etc., or cancer cells. Antibodies attach to the foreign substances so the immune system can destroy them. Antibodies are specific to each type of foreign substance. For example, antibodies made in response to a tuberculosis infection attach only to tuberculosis bacteria. Antibodies also work in allergic reactions. Occasionally, antibodies may be made against your own tissues. This is called an autoimmune disease. If your immune system makes low levels of antibodies, you may have a higher chance of developing repeated infections. You can be born with an immune system that makes low levels of antibodies, or your system may make low levels of antibodies in response to certain diseases, such as cancer.

The five major types of antibodies are: 

IgA:    



IgG:    





IgG antibodies are found in all body fluids. They are the smallest but most common antibody (75% to 80%) of all the antibodies in the body. IgG antibodies are very important in fighting bacterial and viral infections. IgG antibodies are the only type of antibody that can cross the placenta in a pregnant woman to help protect her baby (foetus).

IgM:    



IgA antibodies are found in areas of the body such the nose, breathing passages, digestive tract, ears, eyes, and vagina. This type of antibody is also found in saliva, tears, and blood. IgA antibodies protect body surfaces that are exposed to outside foreign substances. About 10% to 15% of the antibodies present in the body are IgA antibodies. A small number of people do not make IgA antibodies.

IgM antibodies are the largest antibody. They are found in blood and lymph and are the first type of antibody made in response to an infection. They also cause other immune system cells to destroy foreign substances. IgM antibodies are about 5% to 10% of all the antibodies in the body.

IgE:  IgE antibodies are found in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes.  They cause the body to react against foreign substances such as pollen, fungus spores, and animal dander.  They may occur in allergic reactions to milk, some medicines, and some poisons.  IgE antibody levels are often high in people with allergies. IgD:  

IgD antibodies are found in small amounts in the tissues that line the abdomen or chest. How they work is not clear.

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1 st Edition April 2015 (Sample edition).

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015 A TEST FOR IMMUNOGLOBULIN’S (ANTIBODIES) IN THE BLOOD IS DONE TO:      

Find certain autoimmune diseases or allergies. Find certain types of cancer (such as multiple myeloma or macroglobulinemia). See whether recurring infections are caused by a low level of immunoglobulin’s (especially IgG). Check the treatment for certain types of cancer affecting the bone marrow. Check the treatment for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria. Check the response to immunizations to see if you are immune to the disease. *This test is often done when the results of a blood protein electrophoresis or total blood protein test are abnormal.

Results Normal values: The normal values listed here-called a reference range-are just a guide. The results listed below are normal values for adults. Children have different values than adults. Results are ready in several days. Immunoglobulins IgA

85-385 mg/dL)

IgG

565-1765 mg/dL

IgM

55-375 mg/dL

High values: 

IgA: High levels of IgA may mean monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS) or multiple myeloma is present. Levels of IgA also get higher in some autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and in liver diseases, such as cirrhosis and long-term (chronic) hepatitis.



IgG: High levels of IgG may mean a long-term (chronic) infection, such as AIDS, is present. Levels of IgG also get higher in IgG multiple myeloma, long-term hepatitis, and multiple sclerosis (MS). In multiple myeloma, tumour cells make only one type of IgG antibody (monoclonal); the other conditions cause an increase in many types of IgG antibodies (polyclonal).

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1 st Edition April 2015 (Sample edition).

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015 

IgM: High levels of IgM can mean macroglobulinemia, early viral hepatitis, mononucleosis, rheumatoid arthritis, kidney damage (nephrotic syndrome), or a parasite infection is present. Because IgM antibodies are the type that forms when an infection occurs for the first time, high levels of IgM can mean a new infection is present. High levels of IgM in a newborn mean that the baby has an infection that started in the uterus before delivery.



IgD: How IgD works in the immune system is not clear. A high level may mean IgD multiple myeloma. IgD multiple myeloma is much less common than IgA or IgG multiple myeloma.



IgE: A high level of IgE can mean a parasite infection is present. High levels of IgE are also found in people who have allergic reactions, asthma, atopic dermatitis, some types of cancer, and certain autoimmune diseases. In rare cases, a high level of IgE may mean IgE multiple myeloma. Low values:



IgA: Some people are born with low or absent levels of IgA antibodies. Low levels of IgA occur in some types of leukaemia, kidney damage (nephrotic syndrome), a problem with the intestines (enteropathy), and a rare inherited disease that affects muscle coordination (ataxia-telangiectasia). This increases their chances of developing an autoimmune disease.



IgG: Low levels of IgG occur in macroglobulinemia. In this disease, the high levels of IgM antibodies stop the growth of cells that make IgG. Other conditions that can cause low levels of IgG include some types of leukaemia and a type of kidney damage (nephrotic syndrome). In rare cases, some people are born with a lack of IgG antibodies. These people are more likely to develop infections.



IgM: Low levels of IgM occur in multiple myeloma, some types of leukaemia, and in some inherited types of immune diseases.



IgE: Low levels of IgE can occur in a rare inherited disease that affects muscle coordination (ataxia-telangiectasia).

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1 st Edition April 2015 (Sample edition).

Prepared by: Dr. Ananda Raj S. Design and Layout by: Ahmad Tarmizi

Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015 REASONS WHY THE RESULTS MAY NOT BE HELPFUL INCLUDE:      

Medicines that affect test results include ones used for birth control, heart failure, seizures, and rheumatoid arthritis. Having cancer treatments, both radiation and chemotherapy. Receiving a blood transfusion in the past 6 months. Getting vaccinations (immunizations), especially vaccinations with repeat (booster) doses, in the past 6 months. Using alcohol or illegal drugs. Having a radioactive scan in the past 3 days. Note: 



 

Immunoglobulins are made specific to different illnesses. For example, the IgM antibody for mononucleosis is different than the IgM for herpes. For this reason, a doctor can look for an immunoglobulin to a specific illness to help diagnose that illness. Different antibodies can be used to help a doctor tell the difference between a new and past infection. For example, IgM antibodies for mononucleosis with or without IgG antibodies mean a new mono infection. IgG antibodies without IgM means a past mono infection. People with very low immunoglobulin levels, especially IgA, IgG, and IgM, have a higher chance of developing an infection. A very small number of people cannot make IgA and have a higher chance of developing a potentially lifethreatening reaction to a blood transfusion.

HOW AND WHERE IS THE TEST DONE?   

5 ml blood is taken in a plain tube. Send to IMR (immunology), Kuala Lumpur. Test done twice a week (Monday and Thursday)

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1 st Edition April 2015 (Sample edition).

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015

CIGARETTE INGREDIENTS Chemicals in Tobacco Smoke There are over 4,000 chemicals in tobacco smoke and at least 69 of those chemicals are known to cause cancer. While these ingredients are approved as additives for foods, they were not tested by burning them, and it is the burning of many of these substances which changes their properties, often for the worse. Over 4000 chemical compounds are created by burning a cigarette – 69 of those chemicals are known to cause cancer. Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen cyanides and ammonia are all present in cigarette smoke. Forty-three known carcinogens are in mainstream smoke, side stream smoke or both. It's chilling to think about not only how smokers poison themselves, but what others are exposed to by breathing in the second hand smoke. The next time you're missing your old buddy, the cigarette, take a good long look at this list and see them for what they are: a delivery system for toxic chemical and carcinogens The list of 599 additives approved by the US Government for use in the manufacture of cigarettes is something every smoker should see. Submitted by the five major American cigarette companies to the Dept. of Health and Human Services in April of 1994, this list of ingredients had long been kept a secret. Tobacco companies reporting this information were:

American Tobacco Company Brown and Williamson Liggett Group, Inc. Philip Morris Inc. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Content:

Used as:

Cadmium

Used in batteries

Butane

Lighter fluid

Stearic acid

Candle wax

Hexamine

Barbecue lighter

Toluene

Industrial solvent

Nicotine

Insecticide

Ammonia

Toilet cleaner

Paint

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Methanol

Rocket fuel

Arsenic

Poison

Methane

Sewer gas

Acetic acid

Vinegar

Carbon

monoxide

1 st Edition April 2015 (Sample edition).

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015

FULL LIST OF INGREDIENTS IN A CIGARETTE:

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Acetanisole Acetic Acid Acetoin Acetophenone 6-Acetoxydihydrotheaspirane 2-Acetyl-3- Ethylpyrazine 2-Acetyl-5-Methylfuran Acetylpyrazine 2-Acetylpyridine 3-Acetylpyridine 2-Acetylthiazole Aconitic Acid dl-Alanine Alfalfa Extract Allspice Extract,Oleoresin, and Oil Allyl Hexanoate Allyl Ionone Almond Bitter Oil Ambergris Tincture Ammonia Ammonium Bicarbonate Ammonium Hydroxide Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic Ammonium Sulfide Amyl Alcohol Amyl Butyrate Amyl Formate Amyl Octanoate alpha-Amylcinnamaldehyde Amyris Oil trans-Anethole Angelica Root Extract, Oil and Seed Oil Anise Anise Star, Extract and Oils Anisyl Acetate Anisyl Alcohol Anisyl Formate Anisyl Phenylacetate Apple Juice Concentrate, Extract, and Skins Apricot Extract and Juice Concentrate

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• Ethyl Oleate • Ethyl Palmitate • Ethyl Phenylacetate • Ethyl Propionate • Ethyl Salicylate • Ethyl trans-2-Butenoate • Ethyl Valerate • Ethyl Vanillin • 2-Ethyl (or Methyl)-(3,5 and 6)-Methoxypyrazine • 2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol, 3-Ethyl -2 Hydroxy-2-Cyclopenten-1-One • 2-Ethyl-3, (5 or 6)-Dimethylpyrazine • 5-Ethyl-3-Hydroxy-4-Methyl-2 (5H)-Furanone • 2-Ethyl-3-Methylpyrazine • 4-Ethylbenzaldehyde • 4-Ethylguaiacol • para-Ethylphenol • 3-Ethylpyridine • Eucalyptol • Farnesol • D-Fenchone • Fennel Sweet Oil • Fenugreek, Extract, Resin, and Absolute • Fig Juice Concentrate • Food Starch Modified • Furfuryl Mercaptan • 4-(2-Furyl)-3-Buten-2-One • Galbanum Oil • Genet Absolute • Gentian Root Extract • Geraniol • Geranium Rose Oil • Geranyl Acetate • Geranyl Butyrate • Geranyl Formate • Geranyl Isovalerate • Geranyl Phenylacetate • Ginger Oil and Oleoresin • 1-Glutamic Acid • 1-Glutamine

1 st Edition April 2015 (Sample edition).

• 3-Methylthiopropionaldehyde • Methyl 3-Methylthiopropionate • 2-Methylvaleric Acid • Mimosa Absolute and Extract • Molasses Extract and Tincture • Mountain Maple Solid Extract • Mullein Flowers • Myristaldehyde • Myristic Acid • Myrrh Oil • beta-Napthyl Ethyl Ether • Nerol • Neroli Bigarde Oil • Nerolidol • Nona-2-trans,6-cis-Dienal • 2,6-Nonadien-1-Ol • gamma-Nonalactone • Nonanal • Nonanoic Acid • Nonanone • trans-2-Nonen-1-Ol • 2-Nonenal • Nonyl Acetate • Nutmeg Powder and Oil • Oak Chips Extract and Oil • Oak Moss Absolute • 9,12-Octadecadienoic Acid (48%) And 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic Acid (52%) • delta-Octalactone • gamma-Octalactone • Octanal • Octanoic Acid • 1-Octanol • 2-Octanone • 3-Octen-2-One • 1-Octen-3-Ol • 1-Octen-3-Yl Acetate • 2-Octenal • Octyl Isobutyrate • Oleic Acid

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015 • 1-Arginine • Asafetida Fluid Extract And Oil • Ascorbic Acid • 1-Asparagine Monohydrate • 1-Aspartic Acid • Balsam Peru and Oil • Basil Oil • Bay Leaf, Oil and Sweet Oil • Beeswax White • Beet Juice Concentrate • Benzaldehyde • Benzaldehyde Glyceryl Acetal • Benzoic Acid, Benzoin • Benzoin Resin • Benzophenone • Benzyl Alcohol • Benzyl Benzoate • Benzyl Butyrate • Benzyl Cinnamate • Benzyl Propionate • Benzyl Salicylate • Bergamot Oil • Bisabolene • Black Currant Buds Absolute • Borneol • Bornyl Acetate • Buchu Leaf Oil • 1,3-Butanediol • 2,3-Butanedione • 1-Butanol • 2-Butanone • 4(2-Butenylidene)-3,5,5-Trimethyl-2Cyclohexen-1-One • Butter, Butter Esters, and Butter Oil • Butyl Acetate • Butyl Butyrate • Butyl Butyryl Lactate • Butyl Isovalerate • Butyl Phenylacetate • Butyl Undecylenate • 3-Butylidenephthalide • Butyric Acid] • Cadinene • Caffeine • Calcium Carbonate • Camphene • Cananga Oil • Capsicum Oleoresin • Caramel Color • Caraway Oil • Carbon Dioxide • Cardamom Oleoresin, Extract, Seed Oil, and Powder • Carob Bean and Extract • beta-Carotene • Carrot Oil • Carvacrol • 4-Carvomenthenol • 1-Carvone • beta-Caryophyllene • beta-Caryophyllene Oxide • Cascarilla Oil and Bark Extract • Cassia Bark Oil • Cassie Absolute and Oil • Castoreum Extract, Tincture and Absolute • Cedar Leaf Oil • Cedarwood Oil Terpenes and Virginiana • Cedrol • Celery Seed Extract, Solid, Oil, And Oleoresin • Cellulose Fiber • Chamomile Flower Oil And Extract • Chicory Extract • Chocolate

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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Glycerol Glycyrrhizin Ammoniated Grape Juice Concentrate Guaiac Wood Oil Guaiacol Guar Gum 2,4-Heptadienal gamma-Heptalactone Heptanoic Acid 2-Heptanone 3-Hepten-2-One 2-Hepten-4-One 4-Heptenal trans -2-Heptenal Heptyl Acetate omega-6-Hexadecenlactone gamma-Hexalactone Hexanal Hexanoic Acid 2-Hexen-1-Ol 3-Hexen-1-Ol cis-3-Hexen-1-Yl Acetate 2-Hexenal 3-Hexenoic Acid trans-2-Hexenoic Acid cis-3-Hexenyl Formate Hexyl 2-Methylbutyrate Hexyl Acetate Hexyl Alcohol Hexyl Phenylacetate 1-Histidine Honey Hops Oil Hydrolyzed Milk Solids Hydrolyzed Plant Proteins 5-Hydroxy-2,4-Decadienoic Acid delta-Lactone 4-Hydroxy-2,5-Dimethyl-3(2H)-Furanone 2-Hydroxy-3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-Cyclohexen-1-One 4-Hydroxy -3-Pentenoic Acid Lactone 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylbenzaldehyde 4-Hydroxybutanoic Acid Lactone Hydroxycitronellal 6-Hydroxydihydrotheaspirane 4-(para-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-Butanone Hyssop Oil Immortelle Absolute and Extract alpha-Ionone beta-Ionone alpha-Irone Isoamyl Acetate Isoamyl Benzoate Isoamyl Butyrate Isoamyl Cinnamate Isoamyl Formate, IsoamylHexanoate Isoamyl Isovalerate Isoamyl Octanoate Isoamyl Phenylacetate Isobornyl Acetate Isobutyl Acetate Isobutyl Alcohol Isobutyl Cinnamate Isobutyl Phenylacetate Isobutyl Salicylate 2-Isobutyl-3-Methoxypyrazine alpha-Isobutylphenethyl Alcohol Isobutyraldehyde Isobutyric Acid d,l-Isoleucine alpha-Isomethylionone 2-Isopropylphenol Isovaleric Acid Jasmine Absolute, Concrete and Oil Kola Nut Extract

1 st Edition April 2015 (Sample edition).

• Olibanum Oil • Opoponax Oil And Gum • Orange Blossoms Water, Absolute, and Leaf Absolute • Orange Oil and Extract • Origanum Oil • Orris Concrete Oil and Root Extract • Palmarosa Oil • Palmitic Acid • Parsley Seed Oil • Patchouli Oil • omega-Pentadecalactone • 2,3-Pentanedione • 2-Pentanone • 4-Pentenoic Acid • 2-Pentylpyridine • Pepper Oil, Black And White • Peppermint Oil • Peruvian (Bois De Rose) Oil • Petitgrain Absolute, Mandarin Oil and Terpeneless Oil • alpha-Phellandrene • 2-Phenenthyl Acetate • Phenenthyl Alcohol • Phenethyl Butyrate • Phenethyl Cinnamate • Phenethyl Isobutyrate • Phenethyl Isovalerate • Phenethyl Phenylacetate • Phenethyl Salicylate • 1-Phenyl-1-Propanol • 3-Phenyl-1-Propanol • 2-Phenyl-2-Butenal • 4-Phenyl-3-Buten-2-Ol • 4-Phenyl-3-Buten-2-One • Phenylacetaldehyde • Phenylacetic Acid • 1-Phenylalanine • 3-Phenylpropionaldehyde • 3-Phenylpropionic Acid • 3-Phenylpropyl Acetate • 3-Phenylpropyl Cinnamate • 2-(3-Phenylpropyl)Tetrahydrofuran • Phosphoric Acid • Pimenta Leaf Oil • Pine Needle Oil, Pine Oil, Scotch • Pineapple Juice Concentrate • alpha-Pinene, beta-Pinene • D-Piperitone • Piperonal • Pipsissewa Leaf Extract • Plum Juice • Potassium Sorbate • 1-Proline • Propenylguaethol • Propionic Acid • Propyl Acetate • Propyl para-Hydroxybenzoate • Propylene Glycol • 3-Propylidenephthalide • Prune Juice and Concentrate • Pyridine • Pyroligneous Acid And Extract • Pyrrole • Pyruvic Acid • Raisin Juice Concentrate • Rhodinol • Rose Absolute and Oil • Rosemary Oil • Rum • Rum Ether • Rye Extract

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015 • Cinnamaldehyde • Cinnamic Acid • Cinnamon Leaf Oil, Bark Oil, and Extract • Cinnamyl Acetate • Cinnamyl Alcohol • Cinnamyl Cinnamate • Cinnamyl Isovalerate • Cinnamyl Propionate • Citral • Citric Acid • Citronella Oil • dl-Citronellol • Citronellyl Butyrate • itronellyl Isobutyrate • Civet Absolute • Clary Oil • Clover Tops, Red Solid Extract • Cocoa • Cocoa Shells, Extract, Distillate And Powder • Coconut Oil • Coffee • Cognac White and Green Oil • Copaiba Oil • Coriander Extract and Oil • Corn Oil • Corn Silk • Costus Root Oil • Cubeb Oil • Cuminaldehyde • para-Cymene • 1-Cysteine Dandelion Root Solid Extract • Davana Oil • 2-trans, 4-trans-Decadienal • delta-Decalactone • gamma-Decalactone • Decanal • Decanoic Acid • 1-Decanol • 2-Decenal • Dehydromenthofurolactone • Diethyl Malonate • Diethyl Sebacate • 2,3-Diethylpyrazine • Dihydro Anethole • 5,7-Dihydro-2-Methylthieno(3,4-D) Pyrimidine • Dill Seed Oil and Extract • meta-Dimethoxybenzene • para-Dimethoxybenzene • 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol • Dimethyl Succinate • 3,4-Dimethyl-1,2 Cyclopentanedione • 3,5- Dimethyl-1,2-Cyclopentanedione • 3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-Octatriene • 4,5-Dimethyl-3-Hydroxy-2,5Dihydrofuran-2-One • 6,10-Dimethyl-5,9-Undecadien2-One • 3,7-Dimethyl-6-Octenoic Acid • 2,4 Dimethylacetophenone • alpha,para-Dimethylbenzyl Alcohol • alpha,alpha-Dimethylphenethyl Acetate • alpha,alpha Dimethylphenethyl Butyrate • 2,3-Dimethylpyrazine • 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine • 2,6-Dimethylpyrazine • Dimethyltetrahydrobenzofuranone • delta-Dodecalactone • gamma-Dodecalactone • para-Ethoxybenzaldehyde • Ethyl 10-Undecenoate • Ethyl 2-Methylbutyrate • Ethyl Acetate • Ethyl Acetoacetate

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• Labdanum Absolute and Oleoresin • Lactic Acid • Lauric Acid • Lauric Aldehyde • Lavandin Oil • Lavender Oil • Lemon Oil and Extract • Lemongrass Oil • 1-Leucine • Levulinic Acid • Licorice Root, Fluid, Extract and Powder • Lime Oil • Linalool • Linalool Oxide • Linalyl Acetate • Linden Flowers • Lovage Oil And Extract • 1-Lysine] • Mace Powder, Extract and Oil • Magnesium Carbonate • Malic Acid • Malt and Malt Extract • Maltodextrin • Maltol • Maltyl Isobutyrate • Mandarin Oil • Maple Syrup and Concentrate • Mate Leaf, Absolute and Oil • para-Mentha-8-Thiol-3-One • Menthol • Menthone • Menthyl Acetate • dl-Methionine • Methoprene • 2-Methoxy-4-Methylphenol • 2-Methoxy-4-Vinylphenol • para-Methoxybenzaldehyde • 1-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-1-Penten-3-One • 4-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Butanone • 1-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Propanone • Methoxypyrazine • Methyl 2-Furoate • Methyl 2-Octynoate • Methyl 2-Pyrrolyl Ketone • Methyl Anisate • Methyl Anthranilate • Methyl Benzoate • Methyl Cinnamate • Methyl Dihydrojasmonate • Methyl Ester of Rosin, Partially Hydrogenated • Methyl Isovalerate • Methyl Linoleate (48%) • Methyl Linolenate (52%) Mixture • Methyl Naphthyl Ketone • Methyl Nicotinate • Methyl Phenylacetate • Methyl Salicylate • Methyl Sulfide • 3-Methyl-1-Cyclopentadecanone • 4-Methyl-1-Phenyl-2-Pentanone • 5-Methyl-2-Phenyl-2-Hexenal • 5-Methyl-2-Thiophene-carboxaldehyde • 6-Methyl-3,-5-Heptadien-2-One • 2-Methyl-3-(para-Isopropylphenyl) Propionaldehyde • 5-Methyl-3-Hexen-2-One • 1-Methyl-3Methoxy-4-Isopropylbenzene • 4-Methyl-3-Pentene-2-One • 2-Methyl-4-Phenylbutyraldehyde • 6-Methyl-5-Hepten-2-One • 4-Methyl-5-Thiazoleethanol • 4-Methyl-5-Vinylthiazole

1 st Edition April 2015 (Sample edition).

• Sage, Sage Oil, and Sage Oleoresin • Salicylaldehyde • Sandalwood Oil, Yellow • Sclareolide • Skatole • Smoke Flavor • Snakeroot Oil • Sodium Acetate • Sodium Benzoate • Sodium Bicarbonate • Sodium Carbonate • Sodium Chloride • Sodium Citrate • Sodium Hydroxide • Solanone • Spearmint Oil • Styrax Extract, Gum and Oil • Sucrose Octaacetate • Sugar Alcohols • Sugars • Tagetes Oil • Tannic Acid • Tartaric Acid • Tea Leaf and Absolute • alpha-Terpineol • Terpinolene • Terpinyl Acetate • 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroquinoxaline • 1,5,5,9-Tetramethyl-13Oxatricyclo(8.3.0.0(4,9))Tridecane • 2,3,4,5, and 3,4,5,6Tetramethylethyl-Cyclohexanone • 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine • Thiamine Hydrochloride • Thiazole • 1-Threonine • Thyme Oil, White and Red • Thymol • Tobacco Extracts • Tochopherols (mixed) • Tolu Balsam Gum and Extract • Tolualdehydes • para-Tolyl 3-Methylbutyrate • para-Tolyl Acetaldehyde • para-Tolyl Acetate • para-Tolyl Isobutyrate • para-Tolyl Phenylacetate • Triacetin • 2-Tridecanone • 2-Tridecenal • Triethyl Citrate • 3,5,5-Trimethyl -1-Hexanol • para,alpha,alpha-Trimethylbenzyl Alcohol • 4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-1Enyl)But-2-En-4-One • 2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-2Ene-1,4-Dione • 2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1, 3-Dienyl Methan • 4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1, 3-Dienyl)But-2-En-4-One • 2,2,6-Trimethylcyclohexanone • 2,3,5-Trimethylpyrazine • 1-Tyrosine • delta-Undercalactone • gamma-Undecalactone • Undecanal • 2-Undecanone, 1 • 0-Undecenal • Urea • Valencene • Valeraldehyde

Prepared by: Dr. Ananda Raj S. Design and Layout by: Ahmad Tarmizi

Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Ethyl Ethyl Ethyl Ethyl Ethyl Ethyl Ethyl Ethyl Ethyl Ethyl Ethyl Ethyl Ethyl Ethyl Ethyl Ethyl Ethyl Ethyl Ethyl

Alcohol Benzoate Butyrate Cinnamate Decanoate Fenchol Furoate Heptanoate Hexanoate Isovalerate Lactate Laurate Levulinate Maltol Methyl Phenylglycidate Myristate Nonanoate Octadecanoate Octanoate

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Methyl-alpha-Ionone Methyl-trans-2-Butenoic Acid 4-Methylacetophenone para-Methylanisole alpha-Methylbenzyl Acetate alpha-Methylbenzyl Alcohol 2-Methylbutyraldehyde 3-Methylbutyraldehyde 2-Methylbutyric Acid alpha-Methylcinnamaldehyde Methylcyclopentenolone 2-Methylheptanoic Acid 2-Methylhexanoic Acid 3-Methylpentanoic Acid 4-Methylpentanoic Acid 2-Methylpyrazine 5-Methylquinoxaline 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-One (Methylthio)Methylpyrazine (Mixture Of Isomers)

• Valerian Root Extract, Oil and Powder • Valeric Acid • gamma-Valerolactone • Valine • Vanilla Extract And Oleoresin • Vanillin • Veratraldehyde • Vetiver Oil • Vinegar • Violet Leaf Absolute • Walnut Hull Extract • Water • Wheat Extract And Flour • Wild Cherry Bark Extract • Wine and Wine Sherry • Xanthan Gum • 3,4-Xylenol • Yeast

LEPROSY Leprosy is a disease that has been known since biblical times. It causes skin sores, nerve damage, and muscle weakness that gets worse over time. Causes Leprosy is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. It is not very contagious and it has a long incubation period (9 months to 20 years), which makes it hard to know where or when someone caught the disease. Children are more likely than adults to get the disease. Leprosy has two common forms: lepromatous (multibacillary) and tuberculoid (paucibacillary). Both forms produce sores on the skin. However, the lepromatous (multibacillary) form is most severe. It causes large lumps and bumps (nodules). Leprosy is common in many countries worldwide, and in temperate, tropical, and subtropical climates. Effective medications exist. Isolating people with this disease in "leper colonies" is not needed. Drug-resistant Mycobacterium leprae and an increased numbers of cases worldwide have led to global concern about this disease. Symptoms Symptoms include:   

Skin lesions that are lighter than your normal skin color o Lesions have decreased sensation to touch, heat, or pain o Lesions do not heal after several weeks to months Muscle weakness Numbness or lack of feeling in the hands, arms, feet, and legs

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015

Exams and Tests   

Lepromin skin test can be used to tell the two different forms of leprosy apart, but it is not used to diagnose the disease Skin lesion biopsy Skin scraping examination

Treatment A number of different antibiotics (including dapsone, rifampin, clofazamine, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and minocycline) are used to kill the bacteria that cause the disease. More than one antibiotic is often given together. Aspirin, prednisone, or thalidomide is used to control inflammation. Outlook (Prognosis) Diagnosing the disease early is important. Early treatment limits damage, prevents a person from spreading the disease, and allows the person to have a normal lifestyle. Possible Complications    

Disfigurement Muscle weakness Permanent nerve damage in the arms and legs Sensory loss

People with long-term leprosy may lose the use of their hands or feet due to repeated injury because they lack feeling in those areas. Prevention Prevention consists of avoiding close physical contact with untreated people. People on long-term medication become noninfectious (they do not transmit the organism that causes the disease). Alternative Names

Hansen's disease

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015

FOOD SAFETY: Keeping food safe can be quick and easy. Food safety is vitally important to maintaining good health. The following key tips are the golden rules for keeping food safe. Keep it cold  Keep the fridge below 5oC  Put any food that needs to be kept cold in the fridge straight away  Don't eat food that’s meant to be in the fridge if it’s been left out for 2 hours or more Keep it clean  Wash and dry hands thoroughly before starting to prepare or eat any food, even a snack  Keep benches, kitchen equipment and tableware clean and dry  Don't let raw meat juices drip onto other foods  Separate raw and cooked food and use different cutting boards and knives for both  Avoid making food for others if having diarrhea. Keep it hot  Cook foods to at least 60oC, hotter for specific foods  Reheat foods to at least 60oC, until they're steaming hot  Make sure there's no pink left in cooked meats such as mince or sausages  Heat to boiling all marinades containing raw meat juices before serving Check the label  Don’t eat food past a 'use-by' date  Note a 'best before' date  Follow storage and cooking instruction

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015 HOW TO PREPARE AND COOK FOOD SAFELY

Studies show that the kitchen contains the most germs in the home. One found that the kitchen sink contains 100,000 times more germs than the bathroom. Germs such as E. coli, campylobacter and salmonella enter the kitchen on our hands, raw food and through our pets. They can rapidly spread if we're not careful. If food isn't cooked, stored and handled correctly, people can become ill with food poisoning, colds, flu and other conditions. Washing hands Our hands are one of the main ways germs are spread, so it's important to wash them thoroughly with soap and warm water before cooking, after touching the rubbish bin, going to the toilet, and after touching raw food. Raw meat, including poultry, can contain harmful bacteria that can spread easily to anything it touches. This includes other food, worktops, tables, chopping boards and knives. "Lots of people think they should wash raw chicken, but there's no need," says food hygiene expert Adam Hardgrave. "Any germs on it will be killed if you cook it thoroughly. In fact, if you do wash chicken you could splash germs on to the sink, worktop, dishes or anything else nearby." Take particular care to keep raw food away from ready-to-eat foods such as bread, salad and fruit. These foods won't be cooked before you eat them so any germs that get on to them won't be killed. "Use different chopping boards for raw and ready-to-eat foods," says Hardgrave. When storing raw meat, always keep it in a clean, sealed container and place it on the bottom shelf of the fridge, where it can't touch or drip on to other foods.

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015 COOKING: These foods need to be cooked thoroughly before eating:       

poultry, including liver beef offal, including liver burgers sausages rolled joints of meat kebabs

Cooking food at the right temperature will ensure that any harmful bacteria are killed. Check that food is piping hot throughout before you eat it. When cooking burgers, sausages and chicken, cut into the middle to check that the meat is no longer pink, the juices run clear and it's piping hot (steam is coming out). When cooking a whole chicken or other bird, pierce the thickest part of the leg (between the drumstick and the thigh) to check that there is no pink meat and that the juices are no longer pink or red. It's safe to serve steak and other whole cuts of beef and lamb rare (not cooked in the middle) or blue (seared on the outside) as long as they have been properly sealed (cooked quickly at a high temperature on the outside only) to kill any bacteria on the meat's surface. If you've cooked food that you're not going to eat immediately, cool it at room temperature (ideally within 90 minutes) and store it in the fridge. Putting hot food in the fridge means it doesn't cool evenly, which can cause food poisoning. Hardgrave's advice is to store food in the fridge below 5°C (41°F). "If your fridge has an internal freezer compartment that is iced up, the fridge could struggle to maintain its temperature," he says. Washing fruit and vegetables It's advisable to wash fruit and vegetables under cold running water before you eat them. This helps to remove visible dirt and germs that may be on the surface. Peeling or cooking fruit and vegetables can also remove these germs. Never use washing-up liquid or other household cleaning products, as they might not be safe for human consumption and you may accidentally leave some of the product on the food. Cleaning up Wash all worktops and chopping boards before and after cooking, as they can be a source of cross-contamination. The average kitchen chopping board has around 200% more fecal bacteria on it than the average toilet seat. Damp sponges and cloths are the perfect place for bacteria to breed. Studies have shown the kitchen sponge to have the highest number of germs in the home. Wash and replace kitchen cloths, sponges and tea towels frequently.

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015 Health tips:

FOOD SAFETY – DEFROSTING   

Potentially hazardous foods to be kept at specified temperatures All food businesses must comply with these requirements or demonstrate a safe alternative system to ensure that food stays safe to eat. Food poisoning bacteria can grow in frozen food while it is thawing, so avoid thawing frozen food in the temperature danger zone.

NEVER DEFROST MEAT OR POULTRY AT ROOM TEMPERATURE ON THE BENCHTOP OR IN THE SINK Food Standards Australia New Zealand recommends two methods for defrosting food. 

Refrigerator – must be able to maintain food below 50C 



Plan ahead for slow, safe thawing in the refrigerator. Boneless chicken breasts will usually defrost overnight. Whole chickens may take one to two days or longer.

Microwave  This is the fastest option for defrosting. All foods defrosted by this method must be cooked immediately after defrosting as some areas may become warm and begin to cook during microwaving.

AVOID REFREEZING THAWED FOOD! If the food is frozen a second time, the bacteria do not die and the food is likely to have higher levels of food poisoning bacteria, so avoid refreezing thawed food.

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015

HANDWASHING: Clean hands saves lives Keeping hands clean through improved hand hygiene is one of the most important steps we can take to avoid getting sick and spreading germs to others. Many diseases and conditions are spread by not washing hands with soap and clean, running water. If clean, running water is not accessible, as is common in many parts of the world, use soap and available water. If soap and water are unavailable, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol to clean hands. When should you wash your hands?

         

Before, during, and after preparing food Before eating food Before and after caring for someone who is sick Before and after treating a cut or wound After using the toilet After changing diapers or cleaning up a child who has used the toilet After blowing your nose, coughing, or sneezing After touching an animal or animal waste After handling pet food or pet treats After touching garbage

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015 What is the right way to wash your hands?

    

Wet your hands with clean, running water (warm or cold) and apply soap. Rub your hands together to make lather and scrub them well; be sure to scrub the backs of your hands, between your fingers, and under your nails. Continue rubbing your hands for at least 20 seconds. Need a timer? Hum the "Happy Birthday" song from beginning to end twice. Rinse your hands well under running water. Dry your hands using a clean towel or air dry them.

What if I don’t have soap and clean, running water?

Washing hands with soap and water is the best way to reduce the number of germs on them. If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers can quickly reduce the number of germs on hands in some situations, but sanitizers do not eliminate all types of germs. Hand sanitizers are not as effective when hands are visibly dirty. How do you use hand sanitizers?   

Apply the product to the palm of one hand. Rub your hands together. Rub the product over all surfaces of your hands and fingers until your hands are dry.

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015 What Are MRSA and VRE? Staphylococcus aureus is a common type of bacteria (germ) that is often found in the nose, but can also grow in wounds and other sites of the body, where the infection may cause great harm. Methicillin is an antibiotic or medication that is used to treat these infections. In the early days of antibiotic therapy, Penicillin was used to treat staph infections, but gradually the organism became resistant to most antibiotics except for methicillin. Over time, the bacteria have become resistant to methicillin as well, so this antibiotic is no longer able to kill the germ. If a person has an infection with this germ that cannot be treated with methicillin, the person is said to have Methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA, and must be treated with other antibiotics. Enterococci are bacteria that are normally found in the bowel and vagina of humans. When they get outside these areas, these bacteria can cause infections of the urinary tract, wounds, or bloodstream. Vancomycin is an antibiotic that usually works to treat these infections. Infections caused by Enterococci that are resistant to Vancomycin are called Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, or VRE, and are very difficult to treat. What conditions increase the risk of acquiring these organisms? People may be carriers or infected with these germs. Carriers means that the germ is present in or on the body but is not causing illness. Infection means that the germ is present and is causing illness. Signs of illness can include fever, elevated white blood cell count, pus, pneumonia, and inflammation (warmth, redness, and swelling). In general, healthy people are at low risk of getting sick with MRSA or VRE. Risk factors for infection include history of using antibiotics; underlying diseases or conditions such as chronic renal (kidney) disease, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease, and dermatitis or skin lesions; invasive procedures such as dialysis; presence of invasive devices such as urinary catheters; past hospitalization and long hospital stays; history of having a drug-resistant bacterium; and older age. How are these germs spread from one person to another? MRSA is transmitted primarily by contact with a person who has an infection or is a carrier of the bacteria. The germ can be spread by direct contact with the person or by the hands of someone caring for the person touching others before washing hands. MRSA can survive for an hour or more on environmental surfaces such as floors, sinks, blood pressure cuffs, etc. but these are NOT the most likely source of spread. VRE can be spread person-to-person by the hands of personnel or indirectly on contaminated environmental surfaces and patient care equipment. Studies have found that VRE can live for a long time on hands, gloves and environmental surfaces. For example, the germ has been found after 5-7 days on countertops, 24 hours on bedrails, and 60 minutes on telephone handpieces. What can be done to prevent the spread, especially in home care settings? Patients who are carriers or infected with drug-resistant organisms who are discharged to their homes require no special control measures beyond regularly cleaning all surfaces contaminated by secretions or touched by hands. They should be allowed to socialize and participate in normal activities as long as draining wounds are covered, bodily fluids are contained, and good hygiene is practiced. Patients should tell anyone caring for them that they are carriers or infected with a drug-resistant germ.

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015 Handwashing is the most important way to prevent the spread.  The risk of spreading the germ depends on the site of the infection in the patient and the type of contact each person has with the patient. Therefore, each person should take the appropriate precautions for the type of contact. For example, those with casual contact may simply wash their hands after the visit, while persons who expect to have contact with body fluids should wear disposable gloves. Hands should be washed after removing the gloves.  Family members and visitors should wash their hands after direct contact with the patient or with items the patient has touched and before leaving the home. Hands should be washed with soap and water for a minimum of 10 seconds. Everyone should wash hands after using the toilet, before preparing food and before eating.  Healthcare providers and workers that are providing care in the home of an infected person should follow the recommended practices and precautions. They should focus on preventing spread to others via the clinical bag, clothing, and medical or other equipment that is carried to and from the home by healthcare personnel. Reusable equipment must be cleaned either in the patient's home or bagged prior to leaving the person's home. Hands should be thoroughly washed before leaving.  Those living with HIV/AIDS are at greater risk. Good hand-washing techniques and the use of gloves (barrier precautions) are keys to prevention and control. Hands should be washed before and after every contact with the infected person  Cleaning: Linens should be changed and washed on a routine basis and any time they are soiled. Towels used for drying hands after contact should be used only once. Dishes should be washed in hot water and dried. The patient's environment should be cleaned on a routine basis and any time it is soiled with body fluids.

DEPRESSION:

Depression - different types Different types of depression often have slightly different symptoms and may require different treatments. Several mental health disorders have depression as a key feature, including major: i. ii. iii. iv. v.

Depressive disorder, Bipolar disorder, Dysthymic disorder, Cyclothymic disorders Seasonal affective disorder.

While the exact cause of depression isn’t known, multiple factors can be associated with its development, including life events, personal factors such as family history and personality, serious medical illness, and drug and alcohol use. Generally, depression does not result from a single event, but from a mix of recent events and other longer-term or personal factors.

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015

Depression is not just feeling sad While we all feel sad, moody or ‘low’ from time to time, some people experience these feelings intensely for long periods of time (weeks, months or even years) and sometimes without any apparent reason. Depression is more than just a low mood – it’s a serious illness that has an impact on both physical and mental health. On average, one in six people – one in five women and one in eight men – will experience depression at some stage of their lives. Symptoms of depression You may be depressed if, for more than two weeks, you have felt sad, down or miserable most of the time, or have lost interest or pleasure in most of your usual activities, and if you have also experienced several of the signs and symptoms across at least three of the groupings below. It’s important to note that everyone experiences some of these symptoms from time to time – it may not necessarily mean you are depressed. Equally, not every person who is experiencing depression will have all of these symptoms: 1. Behaviour A person with depression may: • Have stopped going out • Not be getting things done at work or school • Be withdrawing from close family and friends • Be relying on alcohol and sedatives • Have stopped their usual enjoyable activities • Be unable to concentrate. 2. Thoughts A person with depression may have thoughts such as: • ‘I’m a failure’ • ‘It’s my fault’ • ‘Nothing good ever happens to me’ • ‘I’m worthless’ • ‘Life’s not worth living’ • ‘People would be better off without me.’ 3. Feelings A person with depression may feel: • Overwhelmed • Guilty

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015 • Irritable • Frustrated • Unconfident • Unhappy • Indecisive • Disappointed • Miserable • Sad. 4. Physical symptoms A person with depression may experience: • Fatigue • Feeling sick and ‘run down’ • Headaches and muscle pains • Churning gut • Sleep problems • Loss or change of appetite • Significant weight loss or gain. Risk factors for depression While the exact cause of depression isn’t known, many things can be associated with its development, including life events, family history, personality, illness, drug or alcohol misuse, or brain changes. Everyone is different and often a combination of factors can contribute to developing depression. It’s important to note that you can’t always identify the cause of depression or change difficult circumstances. The most important thing is to recognize the signs and symptoms and seek help.

Life events Research suggests that continuing difficulties – such as listed below are more likely to cause depression than recent life stresses: 1) 2) 3) 4)

Long-term unemployment, Living in an abusive or uncaring relationship, Long-term isolation or loneliness, Prolonged exposure to stress at work

However, recent events (such as losing a job) or a combination of events can trigger depression in people who are already at risk because of past bad experiences or personal factors. Family history Depression can run in families, so some people are at increased genetic risk. However, this doesn’t mean that a person will automatically experience depression if a parent or close relative has had the illness. Life circumstances and other personal factors are still likely to have an important influence. Personality Some people may be more at risk of depression because of their personality, particularly if they have a tendency to worry a lot, have low self-esteem, are perfectionists, are sensitive to personal criticism, or are self-critical and negative. Serious medical illness Having a medical illness can trigger depression in two ways. Serious illnesses can bring about depression directly or can contribute to depression through the associated stress and worry, especially if it involves long-term management of the illness or chronic pain.

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015 Drug and alcohol use Drug and alcohol use can both lead to and result from depression. Many people with depression also have drug and alcohol problems. Changes in the brain What happens in the brain to cause depression is not fully understood. Depression may be related to changes in the levels or activity of certain chemicals that carry messages within the brain – particularly serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine, the three main chemicals related to mood and motivation. Changes to stress hormone levels have also been found in people with depression. Research suggests that behavior can affect brain chemistry – for example, long-term stress may cause changes in the brain that can lead to depression. Changes in brain chemistry have been more commonly associated with severe depression rather than mild or moderate depression. Different types of depression Different types of depression often have slightly different symptoms and may require different treatments. The five main types of depression are: 1. Major depressive disorder 2. Bipolar disorder (which used to be called manic depressive illness) 3. Cyclothymic disorder 4. Dysthymia 5. Seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Major depression Sometimes this is called major depressive disorder, clinical depression, unipolar depression or simply depression. It involves low moods, and loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities, as well as other more common symptoms. The symptoms of major depression are experienced most days, nearly every day and last for at least two weeks. The symptoms interfere with all areas of a person’s life, including work and social relationships. Depression can be described as mild, moderate or severe, melancholic or psychotic. Melancholia Melancholia is a term used to describe a severe form of depression in which many of the physical symptoms of depression are present. For example, one of the major changes is that the person moves more slowly. The person is also more likely to have depressed mood characterized by complete loss of pleasure in everything or almost everything. Psychotic depression Sometimes people with a depressive disorder can lose touch with reality. Experiencing psychosis can involve hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not there) or delusions (false beliefs that are not shared by others). People with this type of severe depression may believe they are bad or evil, being watched or followed, or feel as though everyone is against them (paranoia), or that they are the cause of illness or bad events occurring around them. Antenatal and postnatal depression Women are at increased risk of depression during pregnancy (known as the antenatal or prenatal period) and in the year following childbirth (known as the postnatal period). The causes of depression at this time can be complex. In the days immediately following birth, many women experience the ‘baby blues’ – a common condition related to hormonal changes affecting up to 80 per cent of women. The ‘baby blues’ or general stress adjusting to pregnancy or a new baby, are common experiences, but are different from depression. Depression is longer-lasting and can affect not only the mother, but her relationship with her baby, the child’s development, the mother’s relationship with her partner and other members of the family. Almost 10 per cent of women will experience depression during pregnancy and 16 per cent in the first three months after having a baby.

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015 Bipolar disorder Bipolar disorder used to be known as ‘manic depression’ because the person experiences periods of depression as well as periods of mania. In between, there are periods of normal mood. Mania is like the opposite of depression and can vary in intensity – symptoms include feeling great, having plenty of energy, racing thoughts and little need for sleep, talking fast, having difficulty focusing on tasks, and feeling frustrated and irritable. This is not just a fleeting experience. Sometimes the person loses touch with reality and has episodes of psychosis. Experiencing psychosis involves hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not there) or delusions (false beliefs that are not shared by others). Bipolar disorder seems to be most closely linked to family history. Stress and conflict can trigger episodes for people with this condition. Cyclothymic disorder Cyclothymic disorder is often described as a milder form of bipolar disorder. The person experiences chronic fluctuating moods over at least two years, involving periods of hypomania (a mild to moderate level of mania) and periods of depressive symptoms – with very short periods (no more than two months) of normality between. The duration of the symptoms are shorter, less severe, and not as regular as those of bipolar disorder or major depression. Dysthymia The symptoms of dysthymia (or dysthmic disorder) are similar to those of major depression, but are less severe. However symptoms of dysthymia last longer than those of major depression. A person has to have this milder form of depression for more than two years to be diagnosed with dysthymia. Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) SAD is a mood disorder that has a seasonal pattern. The cause of the disorder is unclear, but it is thought to be related to the variation in light exposure in different seasons. SAD is characterized by mood disturbances (either periods of depression or mania) that begin and end in a particular season. Depression which starts in winter and subsides when the season ends is the most common. SAD is usually diagnosed after the person has had the same symptoms during winter for two or more years. People with SAD are more likely to experience lack of energy, sleep too much, overeat, gain weight and crave carbohydrates. Treatment for depression Depression is often not recognized and can go on for months or even years if left untreated. It’s important to seek help early as the sooner a person gets treatment, the greater the chance of a faster recovery. A range of treatments, health professionals and services is available to help with depression, and there are many things that people with depression can do to help themselves. Different types of depression require different types of treatment. Mild symptoms may be relieved with lifestyle changes (such as regular physical exercise) and self-help (for example, online therapies) alone. For moderate to more severe depression, psychological or medical treatments are likely to be required. Often, a combination of treatments is most useful for tackling the symptoms of moderate to severe depression. Psychological treatments for depression Psychological treatments (also known as talking therapies) help people with depression to change negative patterns of thinking and sort out relationship difficulties. They improve coping skills so people feel more able to deal with life’s stresses and conflicts, and help to prevent relapse once the person is well again. Different types of psychological treatments include cognitive behavior therapy, interpersonal therapy and family therapy.

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015 Antidepressant medication Antidepressants are often prescribed alongside psychological treatments when a person experiences a moderate to severe episode of depression. There are many different types of antidepressant medication and your doctor will need to find the medication and dose which is most effective for you. Keep in mind that antidepressants take time before they start to help. Stopping medication should only be done gradually, on a doctor’s recommendation and under supervision. Where to get help • Your doctor • Your local community health centre • A psychiatrist • A psychologist Things to remember • Depression is an illness, not a weakness, and people shouldn’t feel ashamed to seek help. • Depression is treatable and effective treatments are available. The earlier a person seeks help and gets the right treatment, the sooner they can recover. • By talking about depression and anxiety, we can help raise awareness and reduce the stigma. • If you think you or someone you know needs help, talk to a doctor or another health professional about getting appropriate treatment.

TAI CHI: Tai chi also called Tai chuan is an ancient Chinese tradition. It is a self paced system of gentle physical exercise and stretching with each posture flowing into the next without pause, ensuring that the body is in constant movement. Today it is practiced as a graceful form of exercise. Tai chi involves a series of movements performed in a slow, focused manner accompanied by deep breathing. It is low impact and puts minimal stress on muscles and joints, so it is very suitable for those who are older and who otherwise do not exercise. It is also not expensive and does not require any special equipment. Elements in Tai chi training: (there are 5 elements) 1. Taolu – solo hand and weapons routines. 2. Neigong breathing, movement 3. Qigong and awareness exercises and meditation. 4. Tuishou – responsive drills. 5. Sanshou – self defence techniques. Benefits of Tai chi:  Increased muscle strength  Increased flexibility, and agility  Increased balance  Increased energy and stamina  Helps to reduce stress and anxiety  Helps improve breathing Other benefits:  Improve joint pains  Reduces the risk of falls in the older generation due to improved balance  Lowers cholesterol levels and blood pressure

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015   

Improves the immune system Improves sleep Improves the symptoms of heart failure Improves general wellbeing especially in the older generation

TAI CHI IN USM: Tai chi is currently practiced in Pusat Sejahtera every Wednesday and Friday mornings.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQS) ON SMOKE HAZE AND HEALTH What are the effects of the haze on healthy individuals? 

The health effects of the haze are caused by the irritant effects of fine dust particles on the nose, throat, airways, skin and eyes.

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The acute or most immediate effects of the haze are sneezing, runny nose, eye irritation, a dry throat and dry cough.

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These are usually mild and pose no danger to the health of the general public. These symptoms are expected to subside as the air quality improves.

Who is at higher risk of developing adverse effects due to the haze? 

People with medical problems like heart or lung disease or asthma are likely to be more affected by the haze. They may experience difficulty in breathing, develop a cough, wheezing or chest discomfort/pain.

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Such individuals should seek immediate medical attention and take the appropriate medication as advised by their doctor.

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Children and the elderly are also more likely to be affected by the haze. For some, symptoms may worsen with physical exertion or outdoor activities.

What should I do if my eyes get watery and itchy as a result of haze? 

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Washing eyes with clean water may provide some relief to eye irritation from haze. Avoid wearing contact lenses. Put on wrap-around glasses if possible.

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015 

Alternatively, normal saline drops or natural tear supplements are also effective in washing away haze compounds or dust particles which may get into the eye. These are readily available in commercial pharmacies or optical shops.

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If irritation persists, please see your doctor.

Should people wear masks? 

When the PSI level exceeds 150 (i.e. is in the unhealthy range), a respirator mask (e.g. the N95) is advised for people with existing heart and respiratory (lung) problems or those who are more susceptible to smoke haze, when they go outdoors.

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These respirator masks however can be uncomfortable to use, and increase the effort of breathing. Those with heart and lung illness are advised to consult their doctor before using them.

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The N95 mask may also be required for healthy individuals who need to be outdoors for more than 2-3 hours at a stretch when the PSI is persistently above 200.

Can I use surgical masks? 

Surgical masks do not filter out the fine particles found in the haze.

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If you are in the vulnerable group, you should use the N95 mask if you need to go outdoors. But please try to stay indoors.

Are surgical masks useful? 

For those who are healthy and would just like to use a surgical mask, they can do so.

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But if you are pregnant, a child, elderly or have respiratory conditions please use the N95 mask instead.

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Surgical masks do not filter out the fine particles found in the haze.

Children’s N95 masks are not available. How can we protect children from the adverse effects of haze? 

The N95 masks are not designed for use in children or people with facial hair (e.g. beards) because it is difficult to achieve a proper fit, since these masks are designed to seal or fit closely to the wearer’s face.

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Children should therefore: 

minimize outdoor activity at PSI levels above 100

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avoid all outdoor activity if PSI levels reach higher than 300

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see a doctor if respiratory symptoms such as itchy/runny nose, cough continue despite staying indoors

Can I reuse my N95 mask? 

You can reuse your N95 mask. It should be changed when it gets soiled or distorted in shape. It should not be shared.

What is the recommended frequency for changing the mask? 

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There is no fixed frequency for changing the mask. You can change the mask when it gets soiled or distorted in shape. It should not be shared.

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015 Which mask is better to reduce the adverse effects of haze? 

Surgical masks or paper masks are not useful in preventing the inhalation of very fine particles.

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Special respirator masks (such as the N95), if worn properly are able to filter out the very fine particles. These respirator masks however can be uncomfortable to use, and increase the effort of breathing. Those with heart and lung illness are advised to consult their doctor before using them.

What is PSI? What is the meaning of the index? 

PSI stands for “Pollutant Standards Index”. It is an index developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to provide accurate, timely and easily understandable information about daily levels of air pollution.

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The PSI value gives an indication of the air quality as shown: PSI value

PSI descriptor

1-100

Good/moderate range

101-200

Unhealthy range

201-300

Very unhealthy range

301-400

Hazardous range

It is used as a public information tool to advise the public about the general health effects associated with different pollution levels and describe precautionary steps that may need to be taken if air pollution levels rise into the unhealthy range. What can be done to reduce the adverse effects from the haze? 

Please follow the health advisory based on the PSI values as shown in the table below to reduce the adverse effects from the haze:

PSI value

Health Advisory

1-100 Good/moderate range

Stay alert to the news updates on PSI/local air quality and pay attention to the health warnings

101-200 Unhealthy range

The general population should limit prolonged or heavy outdoor activities Children, the elderly and those with heart or lung problems should reduce prolonged or heavy outdoor activities, and seek medical treatment early if they feel unwell

201-300 Very unhealthy range

In addition to the measures described above, everyone should try and wear respirator masks especially if you need to go outdoors People at-risk should stay indoors and consider wearing a mask even when indoors, especially if the indoor air quality worsens

301-400 Hazardous range

Avoid all unnecessary outdoor activity People at-risk should stay indoors and see their doctor if their symptoms worsen

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015 What are the precautions one can take to reduce the adverse effects of haze? 

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Following are the precautions to reduce the adverse effects of haze: 

Drink enough water everyday

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Avoid/reduce all unnecessary outdoor activities and physical exertion as much possible

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Stay indoors if possible and reduce the length of exposure and strenuous work if you need to be outside

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Keep indoor air clean by keeping the doors and windows closed

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If you have an air conditioner, it will be useful to keep it switched on and ensure that its air filter is clean.

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Do not smoke or vacuum as this will stir up dust particles present at home

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Use the N95 mask where appropriate, depending on how healthy you are, the PSI level and the time you need to spend outside

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015 THE DANGEROUS AND INCREASINGLY COMMON ROVE BEETLE A.K.A CHARLIE

Lesion on face, usually occurring during sleep

Close up of the beetles

Rove Beetle Class : Insecta Order : Coleoptera Family : Staphylinidae Species : Paederus fuscipes Curtis Semut Semai, Semut Kayap, Charlie, Creechie Bug etc. The Paederus Rove Beetles came from Africa where its warning coloration and unique defense system have earned it the local name of Creechie Bug. Merely handling it or having it walk across a person's body is enough to result in a severe case of contact dermatitis, as shown below:-

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Mirror image pattern of dermatitis

The Rove Beetle is less than 1 cm long. The body is dark orange and the tip of the abdomen, the upper abdomen and the head are black. The upper middle iridescent greenish region of the abdomen are the hard wings (elytra). A pair of transparent wings are neatly folded and hidden under the hard wings. During daytime, the beetle will be seen crawling around swiftly with hidden wings resembling ants. When disturbed it raises the abdomen in a threatening gesture like a scorpion and can fly away. It can also run on water swiftly. The beetle has been observed in the paddy fields (since 1919), school fields - within the grass etc. It is carnivorous and eats smaller insects. Thus it plays an important role as a biological control of ‘paddy pests’. During heavy rains/ floods, the beetle may migrate to drier areas especially into homes. In Perlis, these critters can be seen in huge numbers, usually in toilet walls, or damp areas. The haemolymph in the beetle’s entire body (except the wings) contains the most poisonous animal contact toxin in the world called ‘pederin’ (C24 H43 O9 N) named in 1953. It is 12 times more poisonous than cobra venom. Dried and stored rove beetle for 8 years still retained its toxicity. Contact collision with the beetle while travelling or sleeping, crushing it on the body or smearing with soiled fingers can cause conjunctivitis and severe dermatitis known as dermatitis linearis, paederus (rove beetle /staphylinidae) dermatitis, whiplash dermatitis etc. In September 2002 an epidemic of dermatitis linearis caused by rove beetles affected thousands of high rise flat dwellers and dormitory students in Penang, Malaysia. How do we deal with these insects? Since the beetle is attracted to lights at night, switch off or minimise the lighting and close doors/ windows during the beetle epidemic. Use fine mosquito netting, aerosol insect spray, glue traps etc. Do not sit near lights, do not smash the beetle on the body, just blow it away. If there is contact with the beetle, immediately wash the affected area with soap and water. Those who suffer severe skin reactions should seek medical attention.

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Lesion resulting from "crushing" the beetle The bug is most commonly seen around July to October, with September showing the highest incidence each year. Often whole apartments or housing areas near the hills or forests are filled with these insects at night. Since it is so small, often they are missed and the following day the typical erythematous rash appears. On the second day, pale ulcers appear in the center of the erythematous base where the most contact with the pederin toxin has occured. A burning sensation is present at first then becoming an itchy rash. Most of the time the shallow lesions do not leave a scar, however the deeper ulcers may form a scar if it involves the dermis. Prevention is better than cure, so prevent further lesions by checking the sleeping areas for more of these insects and closing the windows in the evening. Treatment A mild antiseptic wash like diluted potassium pemanganate (Kmn04) wash, followed by a mild antiseptic plus weak steroid cream (fucicort or fucidin H) is sufficient in most cases. In more serious cases as involvement of the eyes or mucous membranes, or superimposed infection, seek medical treatment.

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015 MINGGU UKKP USM: (Photos contributed by Matron Azimah)

Mass Medical Screening

Persiapan sebelum menerima peserta di Foyer DTSP dalam projek Minggu UKKP USM (Pn Jamiaton, Pn Janaigee dan Pn Azizah)

Mass screening

SN Farah memeriksa tekanan darah peserta Minggu UKKP USM di depan Foyer DTSP

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Mass screening

Demostrasi penggunaan hose bantu mula oleh pasukan bomba Pulau Pinang dalam Minggu UKKP USM

Mass screening

SIBUK MELAYAN MINGGUUKKP UKKP USM Sibuk melayan PESERTA peserta Minggu USM

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Minggu UKKP – pengelibatan Pusat Sejahtera dengan Kawad Kebakaran

Sesi taklimat sebelum bertugas

Minggu UKKP – pengelibatan Pusat Sejahtera dengan Kawad Kebakaran

Sesi pengosongan bangunan dimana para penghuni akan berkumpul di tapak berkumpul – Paramedik “standby” sekiranya ada pelajar yang tercedera akibat aktiviti pengosongan bangunan dalam keadaan tergesa-gesa

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MEDICAL COVERAGE FOR SPORTS: (Photos contributed by Matron Azimah)

Medical Coverage for Sports Rugby 7’s USM

Khemah Pasukan Perubatan

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Medical Coverage for Sports Rugby 7’s USM

Antara kes yang banyak adalah “mulitple abrasion”

Medical Coverage for Sports Rugby 7’s USM • Luka Terkoyak yang memerlukan jahitan

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015 Some interesting Quotes: Quality is not an act, it is a habit……………….Aristotle An ounce of practice is worth more than tons of preaching………Gandhi Nothing is impossible, the word itself says I’m possible…….Audrey Hepburn Start by doing what is necessary, then do what is possible; and suddenly you are doing the impossible………………Francis of Assisi Try to be a rainbow in someone’s cloud……..Masa Angelou It is during our darkest moments that we must focus to see the light…..Aristotle Onassis Believe you can and you’re halfway there……..Theodore Roosevelt Whoever is happy will make others happy too…….Anne Frank Don’t judge each day by the harvest you reap but by the seeds that you plant……..Robert Louis Stevenson We can’t help everyone but everyone can help someone……Ronald Reagan I hated every moment of training, but I said, “Don’t quit. Suffer now and live the rest of your life as a champion”……………Muhammad Ali

Awesome Benefits of Walking              

The human body is made to walk Walking 30 minutes a day cuts the rate of people becoming diabetic by more than half and it cuts the risk of people over 60 becoming diabetic by almost 70 % Walking cuts the risk of stroke by more than 25 % Walking reduces hypertension The body has over 100,000 miles of blood vessels. Those blood vessels are more supple and healthier when we walk Walking cuts the risk of cancer as well as diabetes and stroke Women who walk have a 20 % lower likelihood of getting breast cancer and a 31 % lower risk of getting colon cancer Women with breast cancer who walk regularly can reduce their recurrence rate and their mortality rate by over 50 % The human body works better when we walk The body resists diseases better when we walk, and the body heals faster when we walk. We don't have to walk a lot. Thirty minutes a day has a huge impact on our health Men who walk thirty minutes a day have a significantly lower level of prostate cancer Men who walk regularly have a 60 % lower risk of colon cancer For men with prostate cancer, studies have shown that walkers have a 46 % lower mortality rate

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015                      

Walking also helps prevent depression, people who walk regularly are more likely to see improvements in their depression. In one study, people who walked and took medication scored twice as well in 30 days as the women who only took the medication Another study showed that depressed people who walked regularly had a significantly higher level of not being depressed in a year compared to depressed people who did not walk The body generates endorphins when we walk. Endorphins help us feel good Walking strengthens the heart Walking strengthens bones Walking improves the circulatory system Walking generates positive neurochemicals Healthy eating is important but dieting can trigger negative neurochemicals and can be hard to do Walking generates positive neurochemicals People look forward to walking and enjoy walking Research shows that Fit beats Fat for many people Walking half an hour a day has health benefits that exceed the benefits of losing 20 pounds When we walk every day, our bodies are healthier and stronger A single 30 minute walk can reduce blood pressure by five points for over 20 hours Walking reduces the risk of blood clots in your legs. People who walk regularly have much lower risk of deep vein thrombosis People who walk are less likely to catch colds, when people get colds, walkers have a 46 % shorter symptom time from their colds Walking improves the health of our blood, as well Walking is a good boost of high density cholesterol and people with high levels of HDL are less likely to have heart attacks and stroke Walking significantly diminishes the risk of hip fracture The need for gallstone surgery is 20 to 31 % lower for walkers Walking is the right thing to do

Walking feels good...Walking is Awesome

Contributed by; Dr. Alhagananthan Ganapathi, (Dr. Nathan) Ph.D. (Agro-Forestry & Forest Pathology, (Auckland, New Zealand.)B.Sc. (Agriculture), (Madras University) M.Sc. ( Plant Biotechnology, (Madras University). Dip. Education, (Malaya), Diploma in Nutritional Medicine (Asian Inst Management Science). ISO 9000 (Manufacturing) & ISO 14000 (Environmental Science) - Certified Auditor (UK) Visiting Prof. at UM, UNITAR and Open University, Lecturer Monash University KL.

“The doctors of the future will give no medicine but will interest his patients in the care of the human frame, in diet, and in the cause and prevention of disease”. Thomas Edison

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Postscript: To all the staff of Pusat Sejahtera, this is a sample of the planned regular newsletter that we would like to start. Please contribute anything you have; from articles to stories to pantun/ sajak, sayings, recipes, health journals/ advice, traditional treatments, jokes and anything you might find beneficial for our Pusat Sejahtera. Please also contribute photos with short descriptions of all the activities that you have attended. Thank-you.

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Pusat Sejahtera USM Newsletter 2015

Modern Day Penang

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