The Probability of Compound Events More than one event happening!
When two events cannot happen at the same time, they are considered mutually exclusive events.
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) Example: You have a die and are asked the probability of rolling a 1 or a 2. Since only one of those numbers will come up when the die is rolled, these events are mutually exclusive.
P(1 or 2) = P(1) + P(2) P(1 or 2) = 1 + 1 6 6 P(1 or 2) = 2 = 1 6 3 You decide! Are these events mutually exclusive?
a) The probability of rolling a 4 or 8 on a 10 sided die. b) The probability of rolling two dice at the same time and the sum of the numbers equal to 7. c) The probability of rolling a 5 or an odd number on a 10 sided die.
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The last two situations are examples of events that are mutually inclusive. This means that two events can happen at the same time.
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A and B) Example: What is the probability of rolling a 5 or an odd number on a 10 sided die?
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A and B) P(5 or odd) = P(5) + P(odd) P(5 and odd)
+ 5 1 P(5 or odd) = 1 10 10 10 P(5 or odd) = 5 10 We do this because the number 5 is included in both P(5) and P(odd)
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Try on your own! First determine whether the events are mutually exclusive or inclusive and then find the probability.
a) Find the probability of pulling out a jack or a king from a standard deck of cards.
b) Find the probability of pulling out a jack or a spade from a standard deck of cards.
c) Find the probability of rolling an 4 or an even number on a fair numbered cube (a.k.a. "die")
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Conditional Probability Example: A math teacher gave his class two tests. 25% of the class passed both tests and 42% of the class passed the first test. What percent of the those who passed the first test also passed the second test?
The conditional probability of an event B is the probability that the event will occur given the knowledge or "condition" that event A has already occurred. given
P(B A) = P(A and B) P(A) To solve the example above: P(B A) = P(A and B) P(A)
P(Second First) = P(First and Second) P(First)
P(Second First) = .25 = 0.60 = 60% .42
P(A)
42%
P(B)
25%
P(A and B) 4
Your turn! Find the conditional probability for the following: a) In the State of Colorado, 48% of all teenagers own a skateboard and 39% of all teenagers own a skateboard and roller blades. What is the probability that a teenager owns roller blades given that the teenager owns a skateboard? P(Roller Blades|Skateboard) = P(SB and RB) = 0.39 = 0.8125 = 81.25% 0.48 P(SB)
b) In the United States, 56% of all children get an allowance and 41% of all children get an allowance and do household chores. What is the probability that a child does household chores given that the child gets an allowance? P(Chores|Allowance) = P(Allow and Chores) = 0.41 = 0.73215 = 73% P(Allow) 0.56
c) At RVHS, 5% of all students take Engineering and Spanish. 6.25% of all students take Engineering. What is the probability that a student takes Spanish given that the student is taking Engineering? P(Span|Eng) = P(Eng and Span) = 0.05 = 0.80 = 80% P(Eng) 0.0625
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TwoWay Tables LeftEyed and Right eyedness When you pick up a pencil or pen and write, what hand do you typically use?
People are also lefteye dominant or righteye dominant. Which one are you? Here’s how to find out:
Hold your hands in front of you at arms length and make a triangle with your hands. Find an object about 1015 feet away. Make a space to look through. Now, close your right eye. Can you still see it? If so, then you are lefteye dominant. If you can’t see the object, open your right eye and close your left eye. Can you see it? If so, then you are righteye dominant. Place a tally mark in the appropriate boxes below.
Left Handed Right Handed Left Eyed
Right Eyed
a) Which is more likely: Being lefteyed or being left handed?
b) Are lefthanded students more likely, less likely or equally likely to be lefteyed than right handed students?
c) Are lefthanded people more likely or less likely to have matching hand/eye dominance than righthanded people? 6
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