November 2015

OVERVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN INDONESIA AND BALI FOCUS ON WASTE MANAGEMENT

AGNES MONCAMP VILLA-BALI.COM N8 JALAN BEJI AYU, SEMINYAK, BALI, INDONESIA, 80361

Abstract & Thanks Launched in 2012, Villa-Bali.com has become the leading villa distribution website in Bali with offices in Seminyak (Bali) and Singapore. We inspect villas all over the island and select only the best to provide a unique experience to our clients. Villa-Bali.com is aware of the effect of mass tourism on Bali’s environment and culture, and wants to do its part moving the status quo. We aim to become a dynamic actor promoting eco-friendly behaviors to villas. We did this report on the environmental issues in Bali to have a better understanding of the current situation and actors, and find working solutions to promote in our industry. To achieve this goal, we are developing an eco-friendly project: GECO.

To do this report we met and exchanged with a variety of environmentalist actors: BaliOn, Eco Bali Recycling, Keep Bali Clean, EcoSmart Hub, Enviropallet, Gus Bali, The Bali Recycling Company, The Green School, The R.O.L.E. Foundation. We are thankful for the time and the information they shared with us. We would like to thank in particular Olivier Pouillon, founder of The Bali Recycling Company and the Gringgo App.

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Overview of environmental issues in Indonesia and Bali

Executive summary As the world’s largest archipelagos, Indonesia’s biodiversity -40% of Asia Pacific biodiversity- is in danger, especially in the famous touristic island of Bali. This report aims at offering an overview of Indonesia’s environmental issues, with a focus on waste management in Bali, and find ways to promote eco-friendly behaviors in the vacation rental industry. Several environmental issues can be highlighted: deforestation for urbanization and palm oil production, the mountains of garbage left uncollected, water shortage and contamination, and air pollution. Indonesia is the 5th fastest-growing economy in 2015 1 and as in most developing countries, there is a gap between a growing consumption, which produces ever more waste, and a lack of public services to handle its consequences. Inadequate environmental management is a challenge for Indonesia that hurts the poor and the economy. For instance, the impact of air pollution on the Indonesian economy has been estimated at around $400 million per year by The World Bank2. Indonesian decentralization has spurred uncontrolled development and the existing regulations are not enforced by the local authorities. A lack of education about environmental and health issues must also be pointed out. Several elements are linked to the current environmental crisis. First, the demand for energy and natural resource has increased due to the Indonesian population boom -more than 305 million by 20353. Combined with the spread of consumerism (i.e. overconsumption), they put pressure on Indonesia’s environmental resources. The second factor is mass tourism. In the past, the Indonesian government, both on the central and local level, underestimated tourism development which led to a lack of regulations, infrastructures shortage and eventually several environmental disasters. To yield ever more profits from mass tourism, many touristic infrastructures (hotels, resorts, spas…) were built at the lowest price regardless of environmental damages. It is timely to note here that tourism is regarded as a key industry by the government to achieve their plan to boost the gross domestic product (GDP) by 7 % over the next five years4 . In addition to the 4 million Balinese people, Bali welcomed more than 3.7 million foreign tourists and 6.4 million5 of domestic tourists in 2014. Finally, Bali isn’t spared from global warming. For instance, Kuta is facing saltwater intrusions since 1999 due to sea level rise. There is a need to handle quickly the current environmental issues because of climate change’s additional effects. Bali’s economy is almost entirely dependent on the tourism industry, which itself relies mostly on Bali’s natural assets (e.g. beaches, landscapes, rice fields, coral reefs). Thus, moving forward on environment issues is vital for the long term of Bali’s tourism industry. Numerous stakeholders are already proactive in protecting the environment and educating people but their action doesn’t always get the coverage it deserves. Thus, VillaBali.com has decided to dig into the existing issues and their roots, focusing mainly on waste management and came up with a list of recommended solutions and providers for its villa owners.

1

Josh Robinson, “The 20 Fastest-Growing Economies”, Bloomberg Business, 2015 World Bank and Environment in Indonesia, August 2014 3 Josua Gantan, “Indonesia’s Population Boom Unsustainable, Experts Warn”, Partners in population and development, March 2014 4 “Spicing up growth”, The Economist, May 9th 2015 5 According Bali Government Tourism Office statistics 2

Overview of environmental issues in Indonesia and Bali

Contents PART 1 - A GROWING INDONESIA A.

A fast economic and population growth ......................................................................... 1

a.

A growing economy......................................................................................................... 1

b.

The 4th most populated country in 2015 ...................................................................... 2

B.

Alarming observations about environmental issues in Indonesia .............................. 2

a.

Deforestation ................................................................................................................... 2

b.

Waste mismanagement .................................................................................................. 3

c.

Water contamination ..................................................................................................... 4

d.

Air pollution..................................................................................................................... 4

PART 2 - BALI TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS A.

Bali: a destination of mass tourism ................................................................................. 5

a.

The history of tourism development in Bali ................................................................. 5

b.

Current figures ............................................................................................................... 5

B.

Environmental issues in Bali ............................................................................................ 6

a.

Global overview of environmental damages specific to Bali....................................... 6

i.

Water shortage and pollution........................................................................................ 6

ii.

Deforestation and urbanization of the island .............................................................. 7

b.

Waste mismanagement .................................................................................................. 7

i.

The current situation and its consequences ................................................................. 7

ii.

How does garbage collection works in Bali? ................................................................ 8

iii.

Informal waste picking................................................................................................. 10

C.

Waste processing ............................................................................................................. 12

a.

Landfill ........................................................................................................................... 12

i.

Landfill disposal or Tempat pengolahan sampah (TPA) in Bali............................... 13

ii.

Visit of the TPA of Seminyak ......................................................................................... 13

iii.

Several projects to upgrade the Suwung landfill ....................................................... 14

b.

Incineration ................................................................................................................... 14

c.

Recycling ........................................................................................................................ 14

i.

Non-organic waste ........................................................................................................ 14

ii.

Organic waste................................................................................................................ 15

iii.

The example of Temesi Recycling facility in Gianyar ................................................. 15

iv.

Composting facility of Seminyak.................................................................................. 16

PART 3- SUSTAINABLE AND ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS GROWING UP IN BALI

A.

Government’s action to tackle environmental issues: between success and failure 17

a.

Indonesian legislation to protect the environment ................................................... 17

b.

The National Action Plan (NAC) ................................................................................... 17

c.

Municipal solid waste law Law No. 18/2008 .............................................................. 18

d.

Some political initiatives regarding environmental issues in Bali .......................... 18

i.

Denpasar waste management policy .......................................................................... 19

ii.

A huge project with frail results .................................................................................. 19

B.

Local (private) initiatives to protect the environment ............................................... 20

a.

Sustainable waste management and recycling solution ........................................... 20

i.

Eco Bali Recycling ......................................................................................................... 20

ii.

EnviroPallets ................................................................................................................. 20

iii.

Gringgo App & The Bali Recycling company ............................................................... 20

iv.

Peduli Alam.................................................................................................................... 21

v.

Project Clean Uluwatu .................................................................................................. 21

b.

Renewable energy solutions ........................................................................................ 21

i.

Renewable energy production in Indonesia and Bali ................................................ 21

ii.

Inspiring and original projects.................................................................................... 22

c.

Organic and local products .......................................................................................... 23

C.

Awareness and education project.................................................................................. 24

i.

Bottle for botol............................................................................................................... 24

ii.

Bye Bye Plastic Bag ....................................................................................................... 25

iii.

Ecofin .............................................................................................................................. 25

iv.

Ekobricks ....................................................................................................................... 25

v.

Green School, Ibuku, the Green Village & the Kul Kul Far ......................................... 25

vi.

Gus Bali .......................................................................................................................... 26

vii.

The R.O.L.E Foundation ................................................................................................. 26

D.

GECO project: Our vision for a more sustainable villa industry ............................... 26

a.

The 3Rs: a global movement and a new paradigm .................................................... 27

b.

No more plastic in the villas ......................................................................................... 27

c.

Neither in my backyard nor my neighborhood’s backyard ....................................... 28

d.

Eco-friendly behavior and supplies ............................................................................. 28

e.

Go forward with green buildings ................................................................................ 28

Part 1 - A growing Indonesia Indonesia is the 5th fastest-growing economy in 20156. As most developing countries, Indonesia is facing huge economic, environmental and social challenges. Indeed the economy and the population are developing faster than public services. The lack of public services, and to a lesser extent of private initiatives, to manage all these changes in a sustainable way puts the environment under pressure and overexploitation. In addition to the numerous environmental issues specific to the country, Indonesia is already facing symptoms of the global climate change (i.e. sea level rise causing coast and beach erosion, salt water intrusions, warmer sea temperatures causing coral mortality…)

A.

A fast economic and population growth a.

A growing economy

With a GDP expected to grow by about 5% in 2015, Indonesia is one of the most dynamic economy of the G-20. The country’s gross national income per capita has steadily risen from $2,200 in 2000 to $3,524 in 20147. Agriculture represents 14% of Indonesian GDP, industry 43% and service 43% in 2014. As the largest archipelago in the world, Indonesia has huge natural resources: especially wood, pulp, gold, gas, timber and halieutic resources. Agriculture, forestry and mining contribute to almost 25% of Indonesia's GDP. Indonesia’s economy relies on raw material exportation, and thus on commodity prices which are quite flexible. To end this dependency, the government passed a draft bill to ban raw material exports in order to develop higher value-added downstream industries (Law No. 4/2009)8. This decision disturbed the international mineral markets. Indonesia was the world’s top nickel ore exporter and the largest bauxite supplier to China. In 2014, the tourism sector contributed to 9.1% of Indonesian GDP 9 . The same year, Indonesia welcomed 9.4 million tourists, much less than Thailand (24.8 million) or Malaysia (27.4 million)10. Tourism is a money-making activity as each foreign tourist spends an average of $1,200 per visit11. The government attempted to attract more tourists by doubling the tourism’s budget to IDR 1 trillion (approximately USD $75 million) in 201512. This budget will be primarily used to promote Bali, Jakarta, Bintan and several islands of Batam (near Singapore). The granting of visa-free entrance to citizens of 30 countries is one of the strategies set up by the government to promote Indonesia as a touristic destination.

6

Josh Robinson, The 20 Fastest-Growing Economies, Bloombergbusiness, 2015 “Overview, Indonesia “, World Bank Data, April 2015 8 Lalu A. Damanhuri, “The political economy of banning raw mineral exports”, Jakarta Post, May 2014 9 World Travel and Tourism Council Data, 2015 10 Tourism in Indonesia: Strong Growth Visitor Arrivals on Bali, Indonesia Investment, June 2015 11 Anita Rachman, “Indonesia’s Tourism Industry”, The Wall Street Journal, June 2015 12 Andrew Janes, “Bali Leads Indonesia Effort to Lure Tourists With Free Visas”, BloombergBusiness, June 2015 7

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b.

The 4th most populated country in 2015

With more than 250 millions of people, Indonesia is the 4 most populated country on earth in 2015. The urban population grew by about 3% in 201513. The Central Statistics Agency (BPS) predicts that the country’s population will increase to more than 305 million by 2035 — an average increase of three million people per year 14 . This implies a higher demand for natural resources and a bigger production of waste. th

For instance, Indonesia’s energy demand is rising steeply. As power demand is expected to double within 10 years, the government is developing infrastructures to connect all the country. For now, a quarter of Indonesians currently lack access to electricity15.

Fossil fuels (coal, peat, oil and gas) represent 88.5% of the production of electricity in Indonesia. Although renewable energy are not enough developed, they have a huge potential of growth. Indeed, Indonesia is the third producer of geothermal energy in the world with 40% of the world’s geothermal reserves. After hydraulic energy, geothermal energy is the second source of renewable energy in Indonesia.

B. Alarming observations about environmental issues in Indonesia a.

Deforestation

The UN Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that Indonesia lost a massive 1.87 million ha of forest every year since 2000. That represents 9.36 million ha over 5 years – approximately the size of Portugal. Deforestation carries serious damages for wildlife and human life: species such as the Sumatran rhino and orangutans are in danger, local people who used to manage timber resources see their livelihoods cut down, ecological functions of the rainforest are destroyed... Tropical forests are victims of an increasing global demand for palm oil, beef, soy and wood. A report by the NGO Forest Trends concludes that 71% of tropical deforestation between 2000 and 2012 was

13

Indonesia, The World Bank Data, 2014 Josua Gantan, “Indonesia's Population Boom Unsustainable”, Jarkarta Globe, March 2014 15 Indicator, The World Bank Data, 2013 http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS 14

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due to commercial agriculture, mainly to provide Western countries (as well as China, Russia and India) with agricultural products16. Of that deforestation, 49% was caused by illegal clearing. "Every year, Indonesia loses some $4 billion through illegal logging. Meanwhile, revenue from forestry licensing amounts to only $300 million per year," Sri Mulyani Indrawati, managing director and chief operating officer at the World Bank, on the first day of the Indonesian Green Infrastructure Summit 2015 in Jakarta. She added "This is a problem of governance, manifested in poor performance that impacts the implementation of existing regulations or design of better laws.”17 The palm oil industry appears to be a major source of income for Indonesia and employs more than 3.5 million people. Every year before the raining season, fields are burnt, instead of plough, in Sumatra and Kalimantan. These forest fires are mostly criminal, they are the result of illegal deforestation by companies looking for more arable lands and the cheapest way to clear out fields.

b.

Waste mismanagement

As previously underlined, the lack of public services is a real issue when it comes to waste management. Recent Greenhouse Gases (GHG) inventories indicate that Indonesia’s waste sector was responsible for 25% of the country’s GHG emissions in 2005 18.

About 64 metric tons of urban solid wastes are produced annually in Indonesia. Public infrastructures and services are not enough developed yet to manage properly the mountains of waste produced. Almost 70% are thrown in open dumps which is a main source of river and soil pollution. The combustion of garbage, like plastic, produces dangerous emissions. Thus, mismanagement of garbage is creating serious health and environmental issues in Indonesia.

16

Sam Jones, “Tropical forests illegally destroyed for commercial agriculture”, The Guardian, September 2014 World Bank Urges Better Resource Management in Indonesia, Jakarta Globe, June 2015 18 Ministry of the Environment, 2010 17

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c.

Water contamination

Indonesia water resources accounted for almost 6% of the world water resources, but clean water has become more and more difficult to find. Although water consumption was predicted to total 356,575 million m3 per annum in 2015, water quality is decreasing. The rate of water resources degradation accounted for 15-35% per capita annually19. Indonesia plans to achieve universal access to clean water by 2019, but almost half of the population still does not have access today 20 . These people are currently using rivers for drinking water, bathing and washing. According to the result of water quality tests, most of the 30 rivers studied do not meet water criteria class 1 (drinking water raw based on Regulation 82/2001). Due to river water pollution by domestic and industrial waste, local people are exposed to major health risks. For instance the Citarum river in West Java and the entire island of Kalimantan (aka. Borneo) are among the world’s 10 most polluted places alongside Chernobyl, according an annual report by the environmental watchdog Green Cross Switzerland and the NGO Blacksmith Institute. The Citarum river provides 80% of Jakarta surface water and irrigates farms that supply 5% of Indonesia’s rice fields21.

d.

Air pollution

In 2011, Indonesia’s CO2 emission was 2.3 metric tons per capita22, making it one of the largest greenhouse gases producer. Jakarta is well-known for its interminable traffic jams. As a proof of wealth and development, we witness the generalization of cars in Indonesia. According to data from the Jakarta Police traffic directorate, the number of vehicles registered in Jakarta has increased by an average of roughly 10% every year for the past six years, consisting of 4.1 million automobiles and 11.9 million motorcycles. According to Health Ministry data, the transportation sector contributes about 70 % to total outdoor air pollutants23. The illegal burnings in Indonesia, named the Southeast Asian haze, also take part in health problems and air pollution. Indonesian authorities declared that 19 people have died either fighting the fires or due to the smoke, and that half a million Indonesians are suffering from respiratory illness following the haze. Singapore and Malaysia urged Indonesia to do more to prevent illegal burning, although some companies responsible for this deforestation are Singaporean and Malaysian.

19 “State of water environmental issue, Indonesia” - Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) 20 “Indonesia: Communities Work to Improve Sanitation, Access to Clean Water”, The World Bank News, March 22, 2014 21 “Citarum River Basin water quality improvement through demonstration of innovative technologies and enhancing capacities at the community, river basin and national levels”, UNESCO, November 2012. 22 Indonesia, The World Bank Data 23 “Jakarta’s Air Quality Takes a Toxic Turn for The Worse”, The Jakarta Globe, June 2013

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Part 2 - Bali tourism development and environmental crisis Bali used to be a trendy, hippie destination back in the 60’s - 70’s; it has now become a mass tourism island. Bali, the most touristic island of Indonesia welcomes every year three times as many tourists as its local population. The Bali hotel supply has grown sharply from 5,000 rooms to more than 100,000 today. The overpopulation leads to an overexploitation of natural resources and the production of more garbage than the island can handle. As the government wants to develop tourism further, we can cast doubts on the island’s sustainability.

A.

Bali: a destination of mass tourism a.

The history of tourism development in Bali

The construction of the Ngurah Rai International Airport in 1969 dates the beginning of mass tourism in Bali by making easy the arrival of tourists to the island. Only 3 years later, the government of Indonesia drafted The Bali Tourism Master Plan to manage tourism development and use Bali as a pilot island. One of the main goal of this plan was to restrict tourism development in South Bali. Between 1971 and 1988, Kuta, Ubud, Candidasa, Lovina have seen a faster development than the initial plan. The uncontrolled development of tourism started to impact the environment24. When the plan expired in 1988, several liberalization measures to promote trade and foreign capital investment were taken25. As a result, Bali has known a fast and mostly uncontrolled touristic development. Bali has a dedicated authority to manage touristic developments. Indeed, The Bali Tourism Authority (Dinas Pariwisata Propinsi Bali), under the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, is responsible for giving licenses to the tourism industry. It works together with the Bali Tourism Board (BTB), which consists of representatives from the following 11 professional tourism organizations, to develop and promote Bali:           

Majelis Utama Desa Pakraman (The Highest Chamber of Bali Village) Association of the Indonesian Hotel and Restaurant (PHRI) Bali Province Association of the Indonesian Tours and Travel Agencies (ASITA) Bali Province Indonesian Tour Guide Association (HPI) Bali Province Bali Tourism Transportation Association (PAWIBA) Society of Indonesia Professional Convention Organizers (SIPCO) Bali Province Indonesian Tourism Objects and Attractions Organization (PUTRI) Bali Province Indonesian Marine Tourism Association (GAHAWISRI) Bali Province Pacific Asia Travel Association Bali and Nusa Tenggara (PATA) Chapter Bali Village (disbanded) Association of The Indonesian Tourism Tertiary Education Institutions – Bali Province

b.

Current figures

24

Bali Case Study, Institute for Sustainability and technology Policy, Murdoch University, 2000 “Potential threats and impact to Bali´s economy and community livelihoods and the role of the tourism industry”, WWF, 2007 25

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Bali is the Indonesian island that concentrates the largest touristic activity. According to the Bali Statistics Agency (BPS), more than 50% of Bali’s GDP comes from tourism. In addition to the 4 million Balinese people, the number of foreign tourists arriving in Bali reached 3.76 million in 2014. This figure does not account for the growing number of domestic tourists (6.4 million in 2014). According to the BPS, the number of direct foreign tourist arrivals in 2015 increased by 7.15% compared to 2014. Bali is one of the key area chosen by the government to achieve its mid-term target of attracting about 20 million foreign tourists by 2020 in the whole archipelago26. To welcome more tourists, a new a floating international airport will be built in North Bali (Kubutambahan, Buleleng).

“Ideally, Bali should only have 1.5 million people. Now, we welcome more than 5 million tourists every year who need additional food and water resources, transportation and other facilities,” Bali Governor Made Mangku Pastika (2014) Tourism brings and produces wealth that can be reinvested into local activities and development. Normally, for every dollar that tourists spend about $2.90 is reinjected into the local economy. In Bali, only $1.40 goes to the local economy due to funds being siphoned directly to Jakarta and overseas27.

B.

Environmental issues in Bali a.

Global overview of environmental damages specific to Bali i.

Water shortage and pollution

Touristic development in Southern Bali has excessively exploited the island’s main water resources in the center and North. The numerous hotels and resorts built use a large share of freshwater reserves. For instance, a four-star room consumes about 300 liters of water per day28. According to research conducted by the Japan International Cooperation Agency, the Southern part of Bali will face a water shortage within the next few years due to aggressive groundwater use. Dr. Stroma Cole, in A Political Ecology of Water Equity and Tourism — A Case Study from Bali29 stated that tourism absorbed 65 % of the island’s total water supply. Because of this imminent water shortage, a conflict has become visible between people who manage the water (the Pekaseh, head of the Subak organization) and the touristic areas.

26

“Tourism in Indonesia: Strong Growth Visitor Arrivals on Bali”, Indonesia investments, June 2015 SCETO, Sugeng Martopo & Bruce Mitchell, Bali Balancing Environment, Economy and culture 28 World Crunch, “How mass tourism is destroying Bali and its culture”, sbs.com, February 2015 29 A Political Ecology of Water Equity and Tourism — A Case Study from Bali, Dr Stroma Cole, 2013 27

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The poorest Balinese people, who cannot afford to be connected to the city tap-water supply (Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum), see their own hand-dug wells dry up. Around 1.7 million Balinese have inadequate access to a supply of clean water30. Indeed, domestic sewages, industrial effluents, agricultural runoffs, and mismanaged of solid wastes are polluting surface and groundwater resources. Contaminated water resources are responsible for numerous diseases and wildlife damages.

Focus on plastic waste

Plastic is the largest source of ocean litter. According to a new report by the Ocean Conservancy, there are 5.25 trillion pieces of plastic trash in the world’s oceans, and each year, 8 million tons of plastic are added to the count. China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam contribute to more than half of the oceans’ plastic trash. The average plastic bag is used for five minutes but takes 500 years to decompose. In Bali, people receive at least 2 plastic bags per days. So about 10 million plastic bags are distributed every day in Bali.

ii.

Deforestation and urbanization of the island

According to the Bali tourism agency, there were about 5,000 hotel rooms in Bali in 1987. In July 2015, there were more than 100,000 hotel rooms. Every year about 700 hectares of land are turn into hotels, luxury housing for foreigners, agricultural plantations (especially oil palm production) or roads. The local government admits that it is difficult to oversee land conversion. Due to uncontrolled developments, the productive lands of Bali have been acquired by investors and turned into touristic infrastructures. Urbanization also implies less and less arable lands for agriculture. Bali used to be self-sufficient but today a lot of products are imported.

b.

Waste mismanagement i.

The current situation and its consequences

Local Balinese people traditionally used organic materials, such as banana leaves, leaving only biodegradable waste behind. With the introduction of plastic, non-degradable waste is now covering Bali from head to toe. About 10 thousand cubic meters of garbage is produced every day in Bali, composed of 12% of plastic waste, 17% of inorganic waste and 71% of organic waste31. Almost 50% of this mountain of garbage

30 31

Rita A. Widiadana, “Tourism industry responsible for water crisis in Bali”, The Jakarta Post, September 2012 “Bali environmental center increase public awareness to manage waste”, The Bali Time, April 2015

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is left uncollected and is just thrown away along the roads, in open dumps or in the rivers and ultimately the ocean. This mismanagement of garbage causes serious ecological and health problems on the island:  Organic waste that is left unprocessed at dumps is contaminating water and soil and provoking diseases.  Small businesses operating pig sties and chicken farms in or next to dumps in order to profit from low cost slop from the waste risk that their animals eat contaminated food, later passed on to the humans. Plastic contains chemical bisphenol A (BPA) which is known to be dangerous for health.  During the rainy season, all the garbage thrown away across the Island makes its way to ocean and the beaches via the Subak (the traditional irrigation system). ii.

How does garbage collection works in Bali?

People living both in urban and rural areas should normally dispose of their trash in containers. These containers are picked up by trucks from private waste disposal companies or from the Cleaning and Park Services Department (Dinas Kebersihan dan Pertamanan). Each municipality is supposed to have their own DKP service. There is a serious lack of information about who pays for the service and who picks up the garbage. In the areas where there is not an efficient collection system, people try to find someone, generally a scavenger, thanks to word of mouth. Monthly fees for this kind of collection service are between Rp.600, 000 and Rp.900,000 per year for a weekly pick-up. Unfortunately, most of these collection systems are not reliable: trash is often simply thrown away in illegal dumps. The fee for a professional sustainable waste management company like Bali Recycling or Eco Bali is from Rp.1 million to Rp.4 million per year. Many factors can affect the waste collection system. First, the way garbage is managed depends on the rules and the will of the Klian Banjar (head of the village). Second, most of the time, the Kabupaten (district) does not have enough money to deal correctly with garbage issues; thus they are looking for the cheapest solution available, regardless of accountability. Third, there are many stakeholders: government services, private companies, scavengers, resorts and hotels, communities, NGOs… Last but not least, corruption also affects waste management infrastructures’ efficiency.

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Focus on Ubud Area Extract from “Where Has All the Rubbish Gone? The Backstage of Ubud” - Graeme MacRae’s

“The trucks that collect waste from most of Ubud are run by Bina Wisata, which has a long history, but is now a branch of LPM which functions a bit like a municipal council. They collect from every household and business in the kelurahan that bothers to put a bin out. When the trucks are full they head east out of town, supposedly on their way to the district landfill and composting centre at Temesi, just past Gianyar. But they don’t get there, not one of them. Instead they tip into an illegal dump much closer to Ubud. Households are supposed to pay a monthly fee of Rp15,000 for collection of their rubbish. Some pay and some don’t. Businesses pay according to their size. Together this brings in an income of about Rp.30 million per month. The cost of running the system is about Rp.40million per month. Because of the financial deficit, the men working the trucks are paid only a fairly minimal wage (Rp. 1 million/month) so, not surprisingly; they look for ways to supplement their income. One is selling the materials with value for recycling (plastics, metals, paper and glass) to scavengers (pemulung) along the roadsides. Another is saving the money they are given for transport and tipping costs. By tipping at the illegal dump they save probably half of their fuel money and half their tipping fees. The dump is best understood as a kind of feral village development project, initiated by one banjar (neighbourhood) who were tired of having to cross the ravine to get to their fields and wanted more space for parking and more income. They started dumping their own rubbish into the ravine (a time-honoured default solution) but then they invited other villages to dump there as well. Several well-known resort hotels dumped there too until they were alerted of the problem. A small community of Javanese scavengers lives on the dump, collecting the recyclable materials for sale to middlemen who sell them to recycling factories in Surabaya. On the short term, the village receives a steady income stream from their (very reasonable) tipping fees and on the longer term, when the ravine is entirely full, they plan to seal it with asphalt to create a parking area for visitors to ceremonies in several large temples nearby.”

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iii.

Informal waste picking

There are about 1.2 million waste pickers in Indonesia looking for reusable and recyclable material. They recycle less than half of Indonesia’s plastic waste32.

While waste picking means survival for waste pickers, the methods of uncontrolled waste picking can reduce the efficiency of the formal collection system. After collecting recyclable garbage, scavengers sell it directly to recycling company or to resellers. Most of the recyclable garbage is sent to Java. Waste pickers are also exposed to biological illness. They often live in shanty towns in or near the dumps.

Trash is money o PET clear plastic water bottles: IDR

1500 - 3000 / kg o Colour plastic bags: IDR 1000-1500 /kg o Juice & milk carton packagings: IDR 500- 800 / kg

There are 2 ways of manual separation. The formal separation is the separation in waste treatment facilities after the collection. Informal waste separation or waste picking takes place in 3 ways: o

o

At the source: in large urban areas, they sort out the waste before the authorized collection vehicle arrives. During collection: when the collectors segregate recyclable materials during loading and store them inside the truck or on the sides of the vehicles. At the disposal site: where the waste pickers often live.



Visit of an illegal dumpsite in Seminyak

o

Olivier Pouillon, from The Bali Recycling Company, showed us different waste management facilities legal and illegal around Seminyak.

There are similar places in the entire island. Scavengers live in shanty towns in or near the dumps to pick up valuable waste (like plastics bottle, glass or cardboard) and sell it. They live in poor conditions without any health preoccupation: they burn toxic garbage without any protection, they have no access to sanitation equipment nor clean water… Children also take part in the selective sorting of garbage.

Squires allow illegal dumps and scavengers to settle in their properties, especially swamp lands, in order to level them and convert them into building lands. Generally, scavengers stay between 3 to 5 years in the same place. In Bali, most of scavengers come from Java.

32

Rio Helmi, “Trashing Bali”, The Jarkarta Post, March 2012

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These pictures have been taken at an illegal dump site in Seminyak, near Sunset road.

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C.

Waste processing a.

Landfill

A landfill is the cheapest and most common disposal method for municipal solid waste. The problems associated with landfills include gas migration, water and groundwater contamination due to the decomposition of garbage. Most of Indonesia’s landfills were designed as controlled landfills, but they often operate as open dumps. Open dumps do not have underground isolation lining to avoid soil contamination and a regular application of soil coverage over waste to avoid greenhouse gas emissions. A landfill’s main source of income is the tipping fee paid by waste producers to dispose of their waste at that landfill. Waste producers will usually choose the least expensive option to get rid of their waste. Thus landfills compete with other waste management options and have to offer competitive tipping fees to attract waste producers. Lacking revenues, Indonesian landfills operate as open dumps and count on waste pickers to remove recyclable materials, and consequently extend their lifetime.

How long does it take to decompose…? o o o o o o

Paper trash: 3-6 months Fabric: 6 months – 1 year Cigarette filter: 5 years Painted wood: 15 years Metal: at least 100 years Plastic: at least 500 years O Glass: 1 million years

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i.

Landfill disposal or Tempat pengolahan sampah (TPA) in Bali

Bali is divided into 8 regencies (Kabupaten): Tabanan, Gianyar, Jembrana, Bangli, Buleleng, Klungkung, Badung and Karangasem. Each regency should have its own official government landfill (Tempat pengolahan sampah, TPA) but Badung and Denpasar share the same landfill. Generally located in remote areas, they are not easily accessible which makes the transportation costs very high. o o o o o o o o

TPA Suwung - Denpasar & Badung TPA Temesi - Gianyar TPA Mandung - Tabanan TPA Bengkala - Buleleng TPA Banjar Peh - Jembrana TPA Sente - Klungkung TPA Landih - Bangli TPA Linggasana - Karangasem

We created the following map of Bali showing the regencies and the location of their official landfills ii.

Visit of the TPA of Seminyak

The recycling facility of Seminyak is a depot site where garbage is separated in piles of cartons, plastic, soap, etc. The working conditions seem a bit better than at open-dumping areas.

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iii.

Several projects to upgrade the Suwung landfill

The biggest landfill in Bali is at Suwung. This dumping site (eating up more than 44 hectares of valuable mangrove) is proving inadequate, even if huge raised dikes have been built. The presence of an illegal dump site not even half a kilometer away illustrates the limits of the system. Several projects tried to upgrade the Suwung landfill but none was successful. Carried out in 2014 by PT Navigat Organic Energy Indonesia (NOEI), a project involved the construction and operation of a “GALFAD (Gasification, Landfill gas and Anaerobic Digestion)” plant which will treat and recover energy from municipal solid waste. However, this project has not yet shown much result. More recently, Sodaco Satarem, a French-owned waste management company has offered to cooperate with the Bali government to take over the management of the Suwung landfill site33. This company has already developed several waste-to-energy projects in China and some African countries. The idea is to produce energy from garbage.

b.

Incineration

Incineration, as a waste treatment technology, presents a long list of problems and concerns for host communities and governments, including contamination of the environment with Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and other injurious substances, production of toxic ashes, and destruction of recyclable materials. Incinerators are not commonly used by the municipalities in Indonesia. Only Surabaya, Bogor and Padang (all located in Java) use an incinerator to treat municipal solid waste. In 2008, civil society rose up against the plan to build the Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Sampah (PLTSa), a “waste-to-energy” incinerator in Bandung (West Java) with a capacity to burn 500 tons of garbage per day. Waste incineration is practiced both in urban and rural areas to get rid of the household waste. Regularly, there are accidental fires at dumpsites caused by methane gas produced during the decomposition of organic matter.

c.

Recycling i.

Non-organic waste

The practice of recycling is so market-driven that recycling becomes attractive when petrol is expensive. When petrol prices collapse, recyclable material is less popular. In both cases, management of the unselected waste remains a problem. Governmental sorting and material recovery facilities in Bali are more or less well managed and efficient. It is commonplace that part of the governmental spending for this kind of project disappears. All cities should have their own sorting and material recovery facility but the investments to set-up efficient systems are insufficient.

33

“French company looking to sort out Bali garbage”, The Beat Daily, August 2015

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ii.

Organic waste

Organic waste is the main waste produced and represents almost 70% of municipal solid waste production. It can be easily transformed into valuable material via composting. Indonesian communities have traditionally used composting to dispose of their organic waste. But nowadays, composting is no longer a widespread practice. Composting is the decomposition of organic wastes under controlled conditions to produce soil conditioner, compost, or organic fertilizers. There are 2 kinds of decomposition: the aerobic (with oxygen) and the anaerobic (without oxygen).

iii.

The example of Temesi Recycling facility in Gianyar

This project was initiated by the Rotary Club of Ubud and local NGOs (Bali Fokus and Bali GUS). By composting and recycling, the Temesi facility diverts 90% of the waste from landfills. This waste management concept has a big potential of being replicated. Indeed, the delivered waste is separated into organics (85%), other recyclable materials (5%) and residues (10%). The Temesi pilot facility opened in 2004 with a capacity of 4 tons per day. Since then the facility has gained wide local and international attention and has thus raised high expectations. In this pilot facility, the waste recovery procedures have been optimized.

What can be recycled? According Olivier Pouillon – The Bali Recycling Company

o Recyclable: many types of plastic bags, plastic containers, all types of paper, paperboard, cardboard, metals, aluminium, used wax, oils, glass bottles, ewaste, garden waste, food waste, biomass (wood/bamboo/coconut shells), and many more. o Not easily recycled: candy bars and chip bags packaging with aluminium inner linings, Styrofoam packagings, takeout containers and PVC food packagings. O Dangerous and can’t be easily recycled: fluorescent bulbs and dry cell batteries

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iv.

Composting facility of Seminyak

At the end of Jalan Beji Ayu in Seminyak, there is a composting facility. They collect garden waste in the Seminyak area and produce compost from them. They are supported by their banjar.

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Part 3 - Sustainable and alternative solutions growing up in Bali Because of the emergency of the current ecological situation in Bali many stakeholders are getting involved to protect Bali environment, culture and population. Several public and private actions have been taken to handle this situation. The government begin to take these issues seriously but for now the results are still frail. Some multinational companies (coca-Cola, Quiksilver…) offer partial solutions, such as beach cleanup. Local communities and non-governmental organization are the main dynamic actors to rise public awareness, educate local people and create alternatives solutions. Environmental education is one of the key solution to improve the situation. Tourism industry is also moving into action to weaken tourism impact on the environment. Villa-Bali.com aims to become a dynamic actor promoting eco-friendly behaviors into villas. Below are presented some of this sustainable actions, it’s a non-exhaustive list.

A. Government’s action to tackle environmental issues: between success and failure a.

Indonesian legislation to protect the environment

Environmental issue are so obvious, such as the Bantar Gebang landfill who approaches its maximum capacity, that environmental issue have gained importance in the policy agenda. Actually the Indonesian government realized that tourism has to be developed in a sustainable way, if they want to keep on increasing revenue from tourism. Current government policy is based on four noble principles: tourism must be pro-poor, pro-growth, pro-job, and pro-environment 34 . The real challenge for Indonesia is to enforce the law in a huge decentralized country.

b.

The National Action Plan (NAC)

In 2009, Indonesia endorsed the Copenhagen Accord and voluntarily committed to reduce its GHG emissions by 26% with national efforts by 2020. To achieve this target Indonesia developed a NAP for GHG Emission Reduction, or Rencana Aksi Nasional Penurunan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca (RAN GRK). RAN GRK set up a list of priority actions involving municipal solid waste and waste water management systems (Sidik, 2012):  Improvement of institutional capacity and regulation at local level;  Improvement of urban waste water management systems;  Improvement of waste handling at final disposal;  Improvement of final disposal;  Utilisation of waste as source of clean energy.

34

Edward Parker, “Tourism tales from Bali: Growth and sustainability”, The Jakarta Post, June 2015

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c.

Municipal solid waste law Law No. 18/2008

May 2008, the government’s Municipal Solid Waste Law No. 18/2008 was enacted to completely cover all issues related to waste management:  No burning and open dumping  Implement at all the level the 3Rs: reduce, reuse, recycle  Individual and collective responsibility for generate and disposal of waste  Extended the Producer Responsibility principle: companies have until 2012 to produce recyclable or compostable product or take the products back  Determine the responsibility of the central government, the local authorities and the local governments.

d.

Some political initiatives regarding environmental issues in Bali

According to the Indonesian law on municipal solid waste, provincial government can coordinate and regulate waste management disposals: new landfills must be equipped with integrated processing facilities (sorting, recycling final waste processing) and final waste disposal sites must operate as sanitary landfills. A study carried out by the Bali Environmental Agency (BLH) pointed out that most of dumpsite operate as unsanitary dumpsites; in addition to the numerous illegal dumpsites existing in each regency. Obviously the law is not enforced. Bali Provincial Government launched in 2011 a campaign about environmental issues to discuss, find sustainable solutions and raise Balinese people awareness about these issues. The Bali Clean and Green Multi-Stakeholder Group is a coalition born from this campaign, composed of non-government organizations, local communities, and businesses. The groups were supported by the chief of Bali Environmental Agency (BLH-Bali), A.A.G.A. Sastrawan.

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i.

Denpasar waste management policy

In 2011, Denpasar generated more than 1.15 million cubic meters of garbage, but only 698,949 cubic meters were collected by the regency agency 35 . With an Rp 3 billion budget for trash disposal, Denpasar encounter difficulties to pay the agency’s workers and maintain the dump trucks. Ideally, Denpasar should have 90 dump trucks while today there are 35 operational dump trucks. As a result, the governmental administration tries to promote private waste management solutions as garbage banks. Indeed, the Denpasar administration is planning to establish trash banks in every village to curb the province’s garbage menace. There are now about 23 garbage banks in Denpasar. These banks make people realize that trash can be money. It’s a smart way to make people interested in selective sorting.

What is a garbage bank? Similar to normal banks, customers dump their trash, however, sorted into three types: plastic, paper and cans or bottles. The “teller” weighs the garbage and records the amount to calculate the money owed to the customer who can take cash or deposit it in on a bank account. Garbage bank workers periodically sell the waste to junk collectors, who value the items. The bank takes a cut of 15 percent or 30 percent from the cash paid to individuals and communities for operational expenses.

ii.

A huge project with frail results

A project to clean the rivers was launched few years ago. About 20 large shovels have been set up in Bali for US$ 7 million each, or a total of $ 140 million spent for this project. The project failed just 6 months after its installation: by lack of maintenance budget, the equipment was not managed leaving gates open without clearing the trash36.

35 NI KOMANG ERVIANI , “Uncollected trash: Bali’s mounting problem » The Jakarta Post, Bali Daily, July 2012 36 Recycling in Bali video - http://www.dw.com/en/recycling-in-bali/a-14822111

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B.

Local (private) initiatives to protect the environment a.

Sustainable waste management and recycling solution i.

Eco Bali Recycling

Since 2006, Eco Bali provides a reliable waste collection and disposal service for households, offices, schools, villas and hotels. For recyclables recovered, they prioritize first local solutions based in Bali while the rest is sent to various distributors/manufacturers to reach recycling plants (in this case mostly located in east Java). They can also provide composting systems and training to help people produce their own compost. Eco Bali is involved in awareness actions about environmental issues and produces recycled products like glassware. Jl. Br. Beluran 3, Kerobokan, Kuta Utara, Bali +62 361 9003344 +62 82237799819

[email protected] ii.

EnviroPallets

EnviroPallets offers an alternative to solve 2 environmental issues in Bali: deforestation and plastic. EnviroPallets produces pallets with all kind of household and industrial mixed plastics waste. They have now competitive price against timber pallet (150.000IDR). They need 16-20kg waste plastics for one pallet. To find their raw material they are working with factory, government, schools, private companies and also about 40 garbage banks. Jl. Tendean No. 88A, Banjar Anyar Kecamatan Kediri Tabanan, Bali +62 361 739969 [email protected]

iii.

Gringgo App & The Bali Recycling company

The Bali Recycling Company picks up organic and inorganic garbage in the area of Ubud and brings them to their sorting facility. They offer a very effective collection service. Bali Recycling also produces recycled items. For now, there is not precise information on collection system solution by area. The Bali Recycling Company is also developing an App: the CashForTrash app, now Gringgo, will connect waste collectors to waste producer. As information about waste disposal and recycling is hard to find, the App will allow people to access it more easily and make money out of their trash. Ubud, Bali +62 8199 99 622 39 [email protected] [email protected]

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iv.

Peduli Alam

Based in Amed, the objective of Peduli Alam is for the villagers to be aware of the impact on nature and health of incineration or disposal of garbage in nature, rivers and sea. Since mid-July 2009, they have set up a garbage collection system: construction of 50 bins in durable materials in the villages and pickup trucks taking garbage to the recycling center. Along with this action, they do prevention and awareness campaigns in schools and villages in the area. Yayasan Peduli Alam Jalan Bangle, Dusun Bangle, Desa Bunutan Amed, Karangasem, BALI +62 812 3638 6094 [email protected] v.

Project Clean Uluwatu

Launched in 2011, PCU’s objective is to turn the land and marine environment surrounding Uluwatu into a pristine World Surfing Reserve to benefit the present and future Coastal Community. Their actions:  They have set up a sustainable solid waste management system, in partnership with Eco Bali, to manage the waste produced by the warungs and shops  They have developed a design that will solve the liquid waste disposal issues, which will cost $50,000 USD (installation and maintenance). Construction of the concrete and steel housing for the processing tank began in May 2013.  They launched an environmental education program in partnership with GUS Foundation in the local schools

b.

Renewable energy solutions i.

Renewable energy production in Indonesia and Bali

Under the 2006 Presidential Regulation No. 5, Indonesia plans to reduce oil use by 20 % compared with 2005 by 2025. Today coal represents for 40% of installed capacity, followed by oil (29%), gas (21%), hydropower (8%) and geothermal (2%) 37 . Renewable energies are not really developed in Indonesia, they only represent 10% of the electricity production 38. On October 8th 2015, Sudirman Said (Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources) proclaimed that Bali will become a “center for clean energy development”. Through the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed with the Asian Development Bank, the government plans to increase up to 25% the utilization of clean and renewable energy resources by 2025 39.

37

The Indonesia Infrastructure Report, 2010 Jeremy Wilcox, Renewable Energy worl.com, September 2012 39 Smiti Mittal, “Indonesia Plans Incentives To Boost Renewable Energy», Bali Discovery News, August 2015 38

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"In three years’ time, Bali would be the first province that could produce its' own clean energy, with minimal emissions… We also want to focus on Eastern Indonesia to educate people that there are other, cleaner sources of energy - such as natural gases. The proper socialization will benefit everyone, especially when the gas distribution begins to penetrate those areas40" said Sudirman Said. On first step for the “Green Province”, on November 5, 2015 Bali Governor Made Pastika announced his office received approval from the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources for the installation of solar power panels on government offices41. ii. 

Inspiring and original projects

Domestic Biogas Programme of Activities, Indonesia

The Indonesia Domestic Biogas Program (IDBP), called the “BIRU program”, aimed at constructing 8,000 biogas digesters in 4 years (2009-2012) and was extended to the end of 2013 because of a high demand. Biogas digesters convert the dung into biogas that can be used for cooking and lighting. BIRU is planning to install another 26,000 digesters until 2017. 

Recycling used cooking oil into biodiesel

The waste oil is collected by Lengis Hijau (which means “green oil” in Balinese) directly at hotels and restaurants; then it is brought to a plant where between 400 and 600 cubic meters of used oil will be processed per year. By replacing the amount of the corresponding fossil fuel in transportation, electricity and heat generation, the project reduces greenhouse gas emissions by up to 1500 tons per year.

40

“Bali To Be The Centre Development of Clean Energy”, the President Post, October 2015 “Here Comes the Sun, Bali to Install Solar Power Panels on Provincial Government Offices in 2016”, Bali Discovery News, November 2015 41

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c.

Organic and local products

All From Boats [email protected] All From Boats furniture is created entirely from recycled wood sourced from irreparable traditional wooden fishing boats in Indonesia. This boat wood used in their furniture ranges in species including high grade teak, mahogany, iron wood, and more.

Bali Buda A famous eco-friendly restaurant and shop in Bali. They can deliver at home ecologically package meals. They work directly with several organic farms. There are 4 shops in Bali. Products: fruit, vegetables, jams, groceries, soap, shampoo, cleaning products…

Bali Asli [email protected]

BambooKu [email protected]

All Bali Asli products are 100% made from natural ingredients. Their production systems are small scale, community based; ethical enterprises and all of their products are hand finished and the finest quality available. Product: Jams & Spreads, Sauces & Condiments, Scented Soaps, Natural Household Soaps

BambooKu is dedicated to providing the softest, most comfortable, high quality 100% bamboo bed linens, towels and other custom products to eco conscious hotels, villas and spas across Indonesia.

Bali Soap [email protected]

BeOrganic produce glass straw which are an eco-friendly, tasteful alternative to wasteful, traditional plastic one.

They manufacture natural soap and body care products using exotic natural ingredients from the Indonesian archipelago. All the products are handcraft. Bali Lou [email protected] Working with local cooperative Bali Lou offers a large range of natural body care products like soaps, shampoo, massage oil & body scrub. Down to Earth Company [email protected] Since 2002, they have developed six different restaurants and marketplaces serving vegetarian foods. They work with local people and sustainable ingredients.

BeOrganic [email protected]

East Bali Cashews [email protected] A social and sustainable initiative in East Bali who in its first year produced 180 tons of organic cashews, providing 130 new jobs and employing a 90% female workforce. Jiva Creations [email protected] Because juice is one of the best methods of detoxification, Jiva Creations offers a large range of fresh juices and juice reboot programs. Organic Bali Coffee [email protected]

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Products: hand and body soaps, household cleaning products, literature, clothing, cosmetics, jewellery, nutritional supplements, grains, fresh fruits, prepared spices, baked goods… The Little Green Wholefood Store [email protected] They offer a wide range of healthy, natural and organic products, trying as much as possible to support local businesses and small manufacturers. The Little Green is also a vegan restaurant. Products: you can find a selection of homeopathic products, local organically grown fruits and vegetables from Bedugul, jams, freshly baked bread, yoghurt, sweets, snacks, muesli, fresh soymilk, vegan pesto, peanut butter, sambal…

Organic Bali coffee is produced by a group of organic coffee farmers At Pelaga Village, Mangu Mountain, North of Badung Regency who are really concerned about the quality of farming, processing, and packaging coffee to ensure a high quality and healthy coffee. Putu’s Bamboo straw Bahasa: [email protected] English: [email protected] I Putu Agus Widiasa, a young Balinese man from a small village near Ubud, launched his first business to help Bali environment by producing bamboo straws.

Ubud Direct [email protected] Ubud Direct is a home delivery service dedicated to bringing natural and organic products from Bali and other islands of Indonesia’s archipelago. Products: fruit, vegetables, juice, groceries like café or sugar, bread, soaps, body care, rain poncho…

C.

Awareness and education project i.

Bottle for botol

Through partnerships, education and cross-cultural dialogue between Indonesian and Australian schools, they help students get conscious about environmental issues and give them a way of taking action in a sustainable project. All students design their reusable bottle, and then chose their model of bottle. Finally, Australian students by buying reusable bottles provide Indonesian students with reusable water bottles. Located in Melbourne and Perth [email protected]

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Christine: 0439403098 ii.

Bye Bye Plastic Bag

This children’ initiative was founded in 2013 by Isabel and Melati Wjisen to ban plastics bags from Bali. Now there are 15 crew members working with another local school, SMP Negeri 3 Abiansemal. They are doing presentations all over Bali, at many venues, such as the Bali Rotary Club and Kuta Beachwalk. They launched a petition to make Bali plastic bag free. http://www.byebyeplasticbags.org/ [email protected] +6281-138-659-07 iii.

Ecofin

Bali is famous for its surf spot. The idea of EcoFin combines sustainability with performance. They created the first sustainable surfboard fin based on recycled ocean waste. Support them on kickstarter

iv.

Ekobricks

First initiated in the Philippines, a Balinese teacher builds ekobricks with her students in SMPN 3 Abiensmal Public School. Using plastic bottles to build bricks reduces plastics waste. Ekobricks are designed to be an indefinitely reusable, cradle to cradle, building block. http://www.ecobricks.org/ [email protected] v.

Green School, Ibuku, the Green Village & the Kul Kul Far

The Green School was conceived by its founders in 2006. The school opened in September 2008 with 90 students. Environmental education is taught in a funny way. The green school is only build in bamboo. This is possible thanks to Ibuku company which is specialized in bamboo construction. Next to the Green School, an ecovillage has been built, and an organic farm has been developed. This place is a kind of sustainable hub. Green School Jalan Raya Sibang Kaja,Banjar Saren, Abiansemal,Kabupaten Badung, Bali 80352,Indonésie +62 361 469 875 [email protected] Green village & Ibuku: Jl. Tanah Ayu, Sibang Gede, Abiansemal – Badung (80352), Bali – Indonesia Phone: +62-8113922254 [email protected] [email protected]

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vi.

Gus Bali

Established in 2002, Yayasan GUS is a non-profit organization, dedicated to improving Bali's environment: beach clean ups, educational projects, non toxic pest controls, public toilets, rubbish bins, movies, events, and free consultation. They support a lot of environmental projects: Temesi Recycling Company, Project Clean Uluwatu Legian 138 Kuta Bali +62 3617 59323 www.gus-bali.org [email protected] vii.

The R.O.L.E Foundation

Rivers, Oceans, Lands and Ecology (R.O.L.E.) Foundation is a non-profit humanitarian organisation whose aim is to improve the education and wellbeing of women in need, and make people fully aware of environmental issues. o Women’ empowerment program by education o Eco-kids program (Environmental Education centre): 1.5 hectares are offer free interactive eco-tours and activities for local schools and orphanages. o Environmental Ambassadors program: Providing training for local people in effective waste management strategies o Waste to Wonder program - Waste collection and separation, construction management, community socialization o Soap for Hope project: Recycling semi-used soap from hotels to reduce hospitality waste and provide eco-friendly jobs for disadvantaged women o Eco-Friendly Business program: Promoting sustainable social businesses for disadvantaged women o Reforestation program: their tree nursery provides plant and tree seedlings free of charge for reforestation Jl. Siligita 22, Nusa Dua, Bali, Indonesia Education – Fena : +62 878-2101-2299 Sponsorship and Fundraising – Matteo : +62 811 3999 803

D.

GECO project: Our vision for a more sustainable villa industry Developed by Villa-Bali.com, the GECO project intends to help villa owners go green. We hope that our joint efforts will strengthen the development of responsible tourism.

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a.

The 3Rs: a global movement and a new paradigm

The 3Rs -Reduce, Reuse, Recycle- are the ABC of sustainability. We have developed the GECO project using them as guidelines. 





Reduce means using fewer resources in the first place. In contradiction with our consumerist society, reduce means reducing buying less and differently (e.g. using steel cutlery instead of plastic utensils, buying second hand goods, mending clothes). It’s the most effective of the three R. Reuse: find new uses for your products rather than throwing them out. Reusing keeps new resources from being used for a while longer, and old resources from entering the waste stream. It's as important as it is unglamorous. Recycle: extract valuable materials from items that might otherwise be considered as trash and turn them into new products.

b.

No more plastic in the villas

Plastic is a plague in Bali. The first action we want to take is to set up a “no more plastic” policy. Villas will be provided with reusable bags: the bags are produced in partnership with a local initiative called Keep Bali Clean. The villas’ staff will use these bags to go shopping.

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Villas can go forward by banning all plastics items. Instead of offering plastic bottle to guest, they are encouraged to give reusable bottles that guest can fill again using the water fountains. All plastic items, such as plastic cutlery or straws, can be replaced by recycled glassware, glass or bamboo...

c.

Neither in my backyard nor my neighborhood’s backyard

The second step is garbage management. We cannot keep on turning a blind eye on the existing waste collection systems. Several actors, see above, have developed responsible and sustainable solutions to manage waste and recycle in Bali. What can villa owners and managers do? 

Compost o Organic waste is the first municipal solid waste in Bali, so if you do not have a pig farm next door, or if no one in your staff needs organic waste to feed animals, do your own compost! After you can use it as fertilizer



Selective sorting o Do waste segregation to allow recycling: plastic, glass, paper and organic. Staff need regular training to understand the issue and change their behavior



Work with the right people o Find the right service to pick up your garbage, recycle what can be and bring to a secure landfill what cannot be

d.

Eco-friendly behavior and supplies

Some simple changes can be set up in the villa to allow energy saving, or avoid wasting. We provide a non-exhaustive checklist of eco-friendly behaviors to set up with the staff in the villa. For instance, turn off the lights and AC when there is no guest in the villa. We encourage villa owners to work with eco-friendly companies and provide the villa with organic, natural or recycled products. There are plenty of eco-friendly companies in Bali. We provide an inventory of alternative solutions to our villa owners.

e.

Go forward with green buildings

The ecological footprint is a measure of human demand on Earth's ecosystems. It compares human demand with our planet’s ecological capacity to regenerate. An online quiz is available to calculate someone’s ecological footprint. Buildings produce about 45% of CO2 emissions. The cost of green buildings always appears as an obstacle. However, on average, green buildings cost less than 2% more than conventional buildings and prove to be good investment42.

42

“The Cost and Financial Benefits of Green Buildings”, Ms. Alexia Nalewaik, CCE MRICS, and Ms. Valerie Venters, 2008

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Little tree is a shop for greenhouse builders and owners. They sell eco-friendly building materials and supplies; but also lifestyle, food or plastic solutions. Alam Santi, EcoSmart Hub and Mantra Consulting can help villa owner to improve their building energy efficiency through environmental assessment and audit. They have expertise in sustainable buildings and lifestyle fields: eco-logical design & development, passive architectural design, sustainability planning, water management system, wastewater management system, permaculture landscape… Alam Santi Taman Petanu Eco Neighborhood Br. Sumampan, Desa Kemenuh, Kecamatan Sukawati, Gianyar Sub-District, Bali 80582, Indonésie Dayu: +62 857 3732 2190 Nana: +62 81 999 276 953 [email protected] http://www.alamsantidesign.com/ Little Tree / EcoSmart Jl. Sunset Road No. 112X 80361 Kuta, Bali, Indonesia +62 361 752 133 [email protected] http://littletreebali.com/en Mantra Consulting PT. PMA MANTRA BALI Jln. Raya Tjampuhan No 88x 80571 Ubud, Gianyar [email protected] Sean Nino Lotze, Head of Business Development: [email protected] http://eco-mantra.com/

Overview of environmental issues in Indonesia and Bali – GECO by Villa-Bali.com

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Conclusion As one of the 10 fastest-growing economy and the 4th most populated country, Indonesia is facing huge environmental and social challenges. On the front of the environment, Indonesia needs to balance economic growth with sustainability. Several environmental issues can be pointed out: the deforestation, a mismanagement of solid waste, a water shortage, and air and water resources pollution. Climate change emphasizes the urgency of taking action on these issues. Many of Bali’s problems are linked to overpopulation, mass tourism and political corruption. A lack of awareness and education about environmental issues and the boom of tourism are worsening the ecological crisis in Bali. One of the most visible example being the mountains of garbage. Almost half of the garbage produced every day is not disposed of properly, which leads to serious health and pollution issues. Bali is the main touristic island of Indonesia. One the one hand, the tourism industry must control its impact on the local environments. On the other hand, climate change is going to affect many touristic destinations; thus local economies relying on tourism could be seriously disturbed. The causal connection between tourism and climate change must be taken into account and solutions have to be set up quickly to protect Bali’s natural assets. Central and local governments have started to take environmental issues seriously by launching awareness campaigns and supporting local NGOs. However, all stakeholders must be proactive on these issues. The tourism industry should play a more important role by improving its environmental efficiency (i.e. energy savings and reducing unnecessary waste), improving sustainable livelihood for the welfare of local people and increasing tourists’ awareness about these issues. Developing ecotourism in Bali can protect natural resources and develop the local economy. The GECO project, developed by Villa-Bali.com, provides an eco-friendly toolkit to villa owners. The project includes several green steps: 1. A “No plastic” policy by providing reusable bags and alternative to plastic items 2. Waste management by offering support for owners to set-up selective sorting and composting 3. Improve eco-friendly behaviours and suppliers by revising villa SOPs and training staff 4. Encourage villas to move forward by doing environmental assessments and improving their buildings’ environmental efficiency.

Overview of environmental issues in Indonesia and Bali – GECO by Villa-Bali.com

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Overview of environmental issues in Indonesia and Bali – GECO by Villa-Bali.com

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Overview of environmental issues in Indonesia and Bali – GECO by Villa-Bali.com