Petroleum Fundamentals
By: Aims Community College - Oil & Gas Dept.
Petroleum Fundamentals
By: Aims Community College - Oil & Gas Dept.
Online: < http://cnx.org/content/col11568/1.3/ >
CONNEXIONS Rice University, Houston, Texas
This selection and arrangement of content as a collection is copyrighted by Aims Community College - Oil & Gas Dept.. It is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). Collection structure revised: September 17, 2013 PDF generated: September 27, 2013 For copyright and attribution information for the modules contained in this collection, see p. 22.
Table of Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 1. Common Rocks and Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 2. Rock Deformations and Oil Traps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4 3. Source Rocks, Generation, Migration, Accumulation of Petroleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5 4. Fundamental Mapping Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 6 5. GIS and GPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 7 6. Mineral Rights and Leasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 8 7. Drilling for Oil and Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
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Chapter 1 Introduction
1
1.1 Introduction
This course provides an overview of petroleum technology, including petroleum origins, geology, mapping techniques, exploration, and drilling. Textbook used for this course: "Fundamentals of Petroleum", 5th Edition, by the University of Texas at Austin Course Author: Lee McMains, Instructor Industrial Technology Aims Community College
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
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Chapter 2 1. Common Rocks and Minerals
1
2.1 Common Rocks and Minerals Associated with Petroleum
In this module we will consider the dierent types of rock, how they're formed, and discover their roles in the production of petroleum Objectives and Big Questions
At the completion of this module you will be able to: • Identify three basic rock types. • Explain their roles in the production and accumulation of petroleum.
As you work through this module, keep the following questions in mind: • • • •
What are the dierent types of rock? Why are some rocks dierent from others? What does the Earth look like, under my feet? What eld of science concerns itself with these studies? Reading:
Read "Basic Concepts of Geology" and "Categorizing Rocks" in your textbook. Be sure to read the tables, look at the gures, and study the examples. Lectures: Lecture 1: The Earth Beneath Our Feet.2 Notes for Lecture 13 Lecture 2: Not All Rocks Are the Same.4 Notes for Lecture 25
1 This content is available online at . 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yHryAAPNekg 3 "The Earth Beneath Our Feet" 4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BAEmI02WsMM 5 "Not All Rocks Are the Same"
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CHAPTER 2. 1. COMMON ROCKS AND MINERALS
Links:
Please visit and study the following web pages: • Rock types6 • Rocks: igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary7 • The Geologic Story of Colorado's Sangre de Cristo Range8 Discussion:
classmates' posts.
Post a response to this question in your discussion group, then respond to one of your
"The deeper we dig, the farther back in time we see..."
This is a pretty well-accepted theory, but is it actually meaningful? Consider the world's oldest rock. Of course, it was subject to heat and pressure over a very long time, but according to Professor Nelson of Tulane University, that very old rock might not have changed much in the last billion years. Are there limits to the value of discussing very long time frames, when it comes to rocks, or do you think that since rocks are constantly changing (based on their conditions) that we need to consider their entire life cycles?
6 http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/types.html 7 http://geology.com/rocks/ 8 http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1349/pdf/C1349.pdf
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Chapter 3 2. Rock Deformations and Oil Traps
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3.1 Sedimentary Rock Deformations and Basic Oil Traps
In this module we will explore the several types of rock deformations and ask how they contribute to "oil traps." Objective and Big Questions
At the completion of this module you will be able to: • Dierentiate between the types of rock deformations. • Explain which have the best chance for petroleum to accumulate.
As you work through this module, keep the following questions in mind: • How could very hard rocks get folded or warped? • Does it still happen today? • Which kinds of deformations best lend themselves to oil and gas traps?
Reading:
Read the chapter on "Folds, Faults, and Traps" in your textbook. Be sure to read the tables, look at the gures, and study the examples. Lectures: Lecture 1: Folds and Faults2 Notes for Lecture 13 Lecture 2: Basic Oil Traps 14 Notes for Lecture 25 Lecture 3: Basic Oil Traps 26 1 This content is available online at . 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ae0lD_P5m9k 3 "Folds and Faults" 4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HFZOv5uEyYA 5 "Basic Oil Traps 1" 6 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJ5t6Fz6AaU
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CHAPTER 3. 2. ROCK DEFORMATIONS AND OIL TRAPS Notes for Lecture 37
Lecture 4: Basic Oil Traps 38 Notes for Lecture 49
Links:
Please visit and study the following video: • Folding, faulting, and geological maps10
7 "Basic Oil Traps 2" 8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ItjrhQN320 9 "Basic Oil Traps 3" 10 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fp7mRnic4sI
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Chapter 4 3. Source Rocks, Generation, Migration, 1
Accumulation of Petroleum
4.1
Source
Rocks,
Generation,
Migration,
Accumulation
of
Petroleum
In this module we will explore which rock types make good source rocks. Ee will follow oil and gas as it is created, then as it ows upward and is trapped. Objective and Big Questions
At the completion of this module you will be able to: • Recognize which rock types tend to release petroleum. • Explain how petroleum ows upward and becomes trapped.
As you work through this module please keep the following questions in mind: • Are there really underground lakes of oil? • Where do oil and gas come from? • Which kinds of deformations best lend themselves to oil and gas traps? Reading:
For this module, please begin by reading "Accumulations of Petroleum" and "Reservoir Fluids and Pressure" in your textbook. Be sure to read the tables, look at the gures, and study the examples. Links:
Please watch and study the following videos: • Crude2 • Migrating and Trapping of Natural Gas and Crude Oil3
Self-check: 1 This content is available online at . 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cPgfnwi2m9M 3 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nPOq7zUojqg
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CHAPTER 4. 3. SOURCE ROCKS, GENERATION, MIGRATION, ACCUMULATION OF PETROLEUM
8 Exercise 4.1
(Solution on p. 9.)
Exercise 4.2
(Solution on p. 9.)
Exercise 4.3
(Solution on p. 9.)
Name the two main theories about how hydrocarbon deposits formed on Earth.
A rock that has a lot of holes, allowing for liquids to be trapped, has a high amount of _____________.
A rock that has a lot of connected holes, allowing for liquids to travel throughout, has a high amount of _______________.
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9 Solutions to Exercises in Chapter 4
Solution to Exercise 4.1 (p. 8)
• Biogenic Theory • Abiogenic Theory Solution to Exercise 4.2 (p. 8)
porosity
Solution to Exercise 4.3 (p. 8)
permeability
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CHAPTER 4. 3. SOURCE ROCKS, GENERATION, MIGRATION, ACCUMULATION OF PETROLEUM
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Chapter 5 4. Fundamental Mapping Methods
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5.1 Fundamental Mapping Methods
In this module we will discuss dierent ways to explore for - and possibly identify the pro tability of petroleum accumulations. Objective and Big Questions
At the completion of this module you will be able to: • Explore fundamental mapping methods.
As you work through this module please keep the following questions in mind: • What sort of information is available from mapping data? • How is this data gathered?
Reading:
For this module, please begin by reading "Survey Tools and Databases for Collecting Data", "Seismic Surveys and Interpretation", and "Types of Well Logs and Core Samples" in your textbook. Be sure to read the tables, look at the gures, and study the examples. Links:
Please watch and study the following video: • 3D Seismic2
1 This content is available online at . 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxJa7EvYoFI
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CHAPTER 5. 4. FUNDAMENTAL MAPPING METHODS
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Chapter 6 5. GIS and GPS
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6.1 GIS and GPS
In this module we will discuss dierent tools used to identify, record, and manage locations where petroleum accumulations are likely to be found. Objective and Big Questions
At the completion of this module you will be able to: • Identify mapping layers using geographic information systems. • Perform simple global positioning maneuvers using a handheld GPS device.
As you work through this module please keep the following questions in mind: • • • •
What is the dierence between GIS and GPS? Which is the more "fundamental" technology? Who gathers the data, and what happens to it? How is the data manipulated to produce something meaningful? Reading:
For this module, please begin by reading "Contour Maps and Digital Computer Models" in your textbook. Be sure to read the tables, look at the gures, and study the examples. Links:
Please visit the following web page to get a feel for a particular GIS package: What is GIS?2 Please watch and study the following videos: • 3D The Truth About GPS: How it Works3 • Farming by GPS Saves Money, Environment4 • GPS Rover - Survey5 1 This content is available online at . 2 http://www.esri.com/what-is-gis 3 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fpPwMu3foGg 4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qeyjSN9ANyY 5 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXTxj3QUDsc
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CHAPTER 6. 5. GIS AND GPS
• Technology: a GIS Journey6 • Geospatial BI for Oil and Gas7
Self-check: Exercise 6.1
(Solution on p. 15.)
How many satellites are required for GPS to nd a location on the Earth's surface?
6 http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/science/technology-sci/gis_journey/ 7 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B3UQRPbPyk4
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15 Solutions to Exercises in Chapter 6
Solution to Exercise 6.1 (p. 14)
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CHAPTER 6. 5. GIS AND GPS
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Chapter 7 6. Mineral Rights and Leasing
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7.1 Mineral Rights and Leasing
In this module we will examine the history - and development of - leasing mineral rights for oil and gas exploration and production. Objective and Big Questions
At the completion of this module you will be able to: • Explain the diverse policies related to drilling and production internationally. • Understand the history of mineral rights in the United States.
As you work through this module please keep the following questions in mind: • Why don't companies drill all over the U.S.? • Why don't companies drill all over the world? • Why is environmental law so confusing?
Reading:
For this module, please begin by reading "Mineral Rights and Leasing" in your textbook. Be sure to read the tables, look at the gures, and study the examples.
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CHAPTER 7. 6. MINERAL RIGHTS AND LEASING
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Chapter 8 7. Drilling for Oil and Gas
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8.1 Drilling for Oil and Gas
In this module we will examine many of the aspects of drilling for oil and natural gas, including drilling rig types, directional drilling, and arti cial lift methods. Objective and Big Questions
At the completion of this module you will be able to: • • • •
Explain the history of oil production in the United States. Describe the innovations that led to increased safety and e ciency in the drilling phase of the industry. Eectively dierentiate between the primary rig types, as well as the systems they have in common. Explain the dierences between dierent drilling methodologies and environments.
As you work through this module please keep the following questions in mind: • What are the proper (e.g. safe, eective) working environments for the dierent drilling rig types? • How have drilling safety procedures changed in the last 150 years? • What is it like to work on an active rig?
Reading:
For this module, please begin by reading about "Drilling Systems", "Oshore Drilling", and "Blowout Preventers" in your textbook. Be sure to read the tables, look at the gures, and study the examples. Assignment:
Research and write a paper on the Blowout Preventer. Here are some questions to consider for this assignment: • • • • • • •
What purpose does it serve? How does it function? (You can include graphics.) Where in the drilling assembly is it installed? At what phase of drilling is it installed? Is a Blowout Preventer for o-shore drilling dierent than one for on-shore drilling? Who designed the rst Blowout Preventer? When and where was the rst Blowout Preventer put into use?
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CHAPTER 8. 7. DRILLING FOR OIL AND GAS
• What incidents drove the need for this piece of equipment? • Pick a modern variant (e.g. annular, ram) and describe it in detail.
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INDEX
Index of Keywords and Terms
are listed by the section with that keyword (page numbers are in parentheses). Keywords do not necessarily appear in the text of the page. They are merely associated with that section. Ex. apples, 1.1 (1) Terms are referenced by the page they appear on. Ex. apples, 1 Keywords
G I
gas, 1(1), 2(3), 3(5), 4(7), 5(11), 6(13), 7(17), 8(19) industry, 1(1), 2(3), 3(5), 4(7), 5(11), 6(13), 7(17), 8(19)
O P
oil, 1(1), 2(3), 3(5), 4(7), 5(11), 6(13), 7(17), 8(19) petroleum, 1(1), 2(3), 3(5), 4(7), 5(11), 6(13), 7(17), 8(19)
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ATTRIBUTIONS
Attributions
Collection: Petroleum Fundamentals Edited by: Aims Community College - Oil & Gas Dept. URL: http://cnx.org/content/col11568/1.3/ License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "Introduction" By: Aims Community College - Oil & Gas Dept. URL: http://cnx.org/content/m47644/1.2/ Page: 1 Copyright: Aims Community College - Oil & Gas Dept. License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "1. Common Rocks and Minerals" By: Aims Community College - Oil & Gas Dept. URL: http://cnx.org/content/m47577/1.8/ Pages: 3-4 Copyright: Aims Community College - Oil & Gas Dept. License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "2. Rock Deformations and Oil Traps" By: Aims Community College - Oil & Gas Dept. URL: http://cnx.org/content/m47582/1.4/ Pages: 5-6 Copyright: Aims Community College - Oil & Gas Dept. License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "3. Source Rocks, Generation, Migration, Accumulation of Petroleum" By: Aims Community College - Oil & Gas Dept. URL: http://cnx.org/content/m47638/1.2/ Pages: 7-9 Copyright: Aims Community College - Oil & Gas Dept. License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "4. Fundamental Mapping Methods" By: Aims Community College - Oil & Gas Dept. URL: http://cnx.org/content/m47640/1.1/ Page: 11 Copyright: Aims Community College - Oil & Gas Dept. License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "5. GIS and GPS" By: Aims Community College - Oil & Gas Dept. URL: http://cnx.org/content/m47641/1.1/ Pages: 13-15 Copyright: Aims Community College - Oil & Gas Dept. License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
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ATTRIBUTIONS
Module: "6. Mineral Rights and Leasing" By: Aims Community College - Oil & Gas Dept. URL: http://cnx.org/content/m47642/1.1/ Page: 17 Copyright: Aims Community College - Oil & Gas Dept. License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Module: "7. Drilling for Oil and Gas" By: Aims Community College - Oil & Gas Dept. URL: http://cnx.org/content/m47643/1.1/ Pages: 19-20 Copyright: Aims Community College - Oil & Gas Dept. License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
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Petroleum Fundamentals
This course provides an overview of the petroleum technology industry. This course is aligned with the textbook: "Fundamentals of Petroleum" by Kate VanDyke. Course author: Lee McMains [email protected]
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