Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa .
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Dustin Bowers (UCLA)
October 27, 2012 - Algonquian Conference 44
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Dustin Bowers (UCLA)
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
. Outline . . .1 Old Odawa Syncope Syncope was Opaque Syncope was an Innovation . . .2 New Odawa Time Course of Restructuring New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope . . .3 Theoretical Implications Serialism vs Parallelism .
Dustin Bowers (UCLA)
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Syncope Opacity Innovation
Old Odawa –1930s Adults–
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Dustin Bowers (UCLA)
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Syncope Opacity Innovation
. Syncope
Core generalization: delete unstressed vowels (Bloomfield 1957, Kaye 1973, Piggott 1983). (. σ
x) σ
→
(.
x) σ
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Syncope Opacity Innovation
. Syncope
Core generalization: delete unstressed vowels (Bloomfield 1957, Kaye 1973, Piggott 1983). (. σ (1)
x) σ (σ "σ) (nI"k2)
→
(.
→
x) σ ( "σ) (n "k2) ‘goose’
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Syncope Opacity Innovation
Step 1: Form iambic feet. Step 2: Destroy the feet.
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Syncope Opacity Innovation
Step 1: Form iambic feet. Step 2: Destroy the feet. (2)
‘book’ /m2zIn2PIg2n/ (m2"zI)(n2"PI)("g2n) (m "zI)(n "PI)("g2n) [m"zIn"PI"g2n]
‘my book’ /nI-m2zIn2PIg2n/ (nI"m2)(zI"n2)(PI"g2n) (n "m2)(z "n2)(P "g2n) [n"m2z"n2P"g2n]
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UR Stress Syncope SR
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Syncope Opacity Innovation
Step 1: Form iambic feet. Step 2: Destroy the feet. (2)
‘book’ /m2zIn2PIg2n/ (m2"zI)(n2"PI)("g2n) (m "zI)(n "PI)("g2n) [m"zIn"PI"g2n]
‘my book’ /nI-m2zIn2PIg2n/ (nI"m2)(zI"n2)(PI"g2n) (n "m2)(z "n2)(P "g2n) [n"m2z"n2P"g2n]
UR Stress Syncope SR
No surface-oriented way to describe it.
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Syncope Opacity Innovation
. Reduction → Deletion
No reports of pervasive syncope prior to 1938 (Bloomfield 1957). Reduction became deletion in the 1930s.
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Dustin Bowers (UCLA)
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Syncope Opacity Innovation
. Reduction → Deletion
No reports of pervasive syncope prior to 1938 (Bloomfield 1957). Reduction became deletion in the 1930s. “The reduced vowels are rapidly spoken and often whispered or entirely omitted” (Bloomfield 1957:5).
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Dustin Bowers (UCLA)
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
New Odawa –1930s Children–
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Dustin Bowers (UCLA)
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
. Restructuring was Abrupt
Speakers born in the 1930s created New Odawa (Piggott 1980:2, Rhodes 1985a; 1985b). Bloomfield documented Old Odawa syncope in 1938. ∴ Conjecture: New Odawa was a response to Old Odawa syncope.
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
. Old Lexicon
Old Odawa had allomorphy in stems.
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
. Old Lexicon
Old Odawa had allomorphy in stems. (3) a. b. c.
Unprefixed
Prefixed
d n"gISk "w-a:-d d "gUn "ge: b "zU"ge:"SIn
n -"d2ng S"k2"w-a: n -"d2g "nI"ge: n -"bIz "ge:"SIn
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Dustin Bowers (UCLA)
kick mix things stumble
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
. New Lexicon
New lexicon is massively leveled (Rhodes 1985a; 1985b).
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
. New Lexicon
New lexicon is massively leveled (Rhodes 1985a; 1985b). (4) a. b. c.
Unprefixed
Prefixed
dngISkw-a:-d dgUnge: bzUge:SIn
nd2/ndo:-dngISkw-a: nd2/ndo:-dgUnge: nd2/ndo:-bzUge:SIn
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Dustin Bowers (UCLA)
kick mix things stumble
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
. New Lexicon
New lexicon is massively leveled (Rhodes 1985a; 1985b). (4) a. b. c.
Unprefixed
Prefixed
dngISkw-a:-d dgUnge: bzUge:SIn
nd2/ndo:-dngISkw-a: nd2/ndo:-dgUnge: nd2/ndo:-bzUge:SIn
kick mix things stumble
∴ New URs are identical to Old unprefixed forms.
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
. New Prefixes New prefixes arose via reanalysis of Old Odawa vowel-initial words: (5)
‘He hangs’ > /2go:dZIn/ — > (2"go:)("dZIn) > ( "go:)("dZIn) > ["go:"dZIn]
‘I hang’ > /nI-2go:dZIn/ > nI[d]2go:dZIn > (nI"d2)("go:)("dZIn) > (n "d2)("go:)("dZIn) > [n"d2"go:"dZIn]
UR Hiatus Resolution Stress Syncope SR
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Dustin Bowers (UCLA)
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
. New Prefixes New prefixes arose via reanalysis of Old Odawa vowel-initial words: (5)
‘He hangs’ > /2go:dZIn/ — > (2"go:)("dZIn) > ( "go:)("dZIn) > ["go:"dZIn]
‘I hang’ > /nI-2go:dZIn/ > nI[d]2go:dZIn > (nI"d2)("go:)("dZIn) > (n "d2)("go:)("dZIn) > [n"d2"go:"dZIn]
UR Hiatus Resolution Stress Syncope SR
A plausible analysis: (6) nd2
> go:dZIn > go:dZIn
‘He hangs’ ‘I hang’ .
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
. New Grammar
New syncope in the two-sided open syllable. .VC V. CV
.VC CV
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Dustin Bowers (UCLA)
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
. New Grammar
New syncope in the two-sided open syllable. .VC V. CV
.VC CV This is transparent: “delete if the cluster is ok”.
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
. New Grammar
New syncope in the two-sided open syllable. .VC V. CV
.VC CV This is transparent: “delete if the cluster is ok”. No reference to stress is needed.
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
(7)
a. b. c. d.
mkIzIn a:n2k wa:gUS pwa:g2n
mkIz n-2n a:n k-2g wa:g S-2g pwa:g n-2g
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
shoe brown thrasher fox pipe
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
(7)
a. b. c. d.
mkIzIn a:n2k wa:gUS pwa:g2n
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
mkIz n-2n a:n k-2g wa:g S-2g pwa:g n-2g
shoe brown thrasher fox pipe
New syncope blocked elsewhere. (8)
a. b. c. d.
mi:knUd mi:ZmIn >> a:bdZItSg2n > dZi:gd2bg2n
mi:knUd-2n mi:ZmIn-2n >> a:bdZItSg2n-2n > dZi:gd2bg2n-2n
pants acorns tool broom
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
. Origin of New Syncope New Odawa matches Old Odawa here. (9)
‘shoe’ /m2kIzIn/ (m2"kI)("zIn) (m "kI)("zIn) [m"kI"zIn]
‘shoes’ /m2kIzIn-2n/ (m2"kI)(zI"n2n) (m "kI)(z "n2n) [m"kIz"n2n]
UR Stress Syncope SR
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Dustin Bowers (UCLA)
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
. Origin of New Syncope New Odawa matches Old Odawa here. (9)
(10)
‘shoe’ /m2kIzIn/ (m2"kI)("zIn) (m "kI)("zIn) [m"kI"zIn]
‘shoes’ /m2kIzIn-2n/ (m2"kI)(zI"n2n) (m "kI)(z "n2n) [m"kIz"n2n]
‘tool’ >> /a:b2dZItSIg2n/ > > ("a:)(b2"dZI)(tSI"g2n) > > ("a:)(b "dZI)(tS "g2n) >> ["a:b"dZItS"g2n]
‘tools’ >> /a:b2dZItSIg2n-2n/ > > ("a:)(b2"dZI)(tSI"g2)("n2n) > > ("a:)(b "dZI)(tS "g2)("n2n) >> ["a:b"dZItS"g2"n2n]
UR Stress Syncope SR
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UR Stress Syncope SR .
Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
. Newness of New Syncope
Cluster simplification feeds novel deletions.
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
. Newness of New Syncope
Cluster simplification feeds novel deletions. Free variation when two vowels in the two sided open syllable.
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
. Newness of New Syncope
Cluster simplification feeds novel deletions. Free variation when two vowels in the two sided open syllable. Optional deletion with new prefixes. ∴ New Odawa syncope is indeed new.
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
. Syncope has Spread Vowels that never deleted in Old Odawa delete in New Odawa. (11)
‘If he misses him’ /me:d2s I n-a:-d/ ("me:)(d2"sI)("na:d) ("me:)(d "sI)("na:d) ["me:d"s I "na:d]
‘Drums’ /de:we:PIg 2 n-2n/ ("de:)("we:)(PI"g2)("n2n) ("de:)("we:)(P "g2)("n2n) ["de:"we:P"g 2 "n2n]
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UR Stress Syncope SR
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
. Syncope has Spread Vowels that never deleted in Old Odawa delete in New Odawa. (11)
‘If he misses him’ /me:d2s I n-a:-d/ ("me:)(d2"sI)("na:d) ("me:)(d "sI)("na:d) ["me:d"s I "na:d]
‘Drums’ /de:we:PIg 2 n-2n/ ("de:)("we:)(PI"g2)("n2n) ("de:)("we:)(P "g2)("n2n) ["de:"we:P"g 2 "n2n]
UR Stress Syncope SR
The [ds] and [Pg] clusters are now simplified to [s] and [g]. Deletion observed: me:s n-a: ‘miss him’ and de:we:g n-2n ‘drums’. .
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
. Deletion Sites Vary
Free variation if two vowels are in the two-sided open syllable. .VC V C. V CV
.VC V C CV
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.VC C V CV
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
. Deletion Sites Vary
Free variation if two vowels are in the two-sided open syllable. .VC V C. V CV
.VC V C CV
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.VC C V CV
*VC C CV
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
.da:ngn-Id .I z U -wIn
. . . -Id I z -wIn
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.(feel-REFL-N)
. . . -Id z U -wIn
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
.da:ngn-Id .I z U -wIn
.(feel-REFL-N)
. . . . -Id I z -wIn . . . -Id z U -wIn > . I z U -wIn .(brush-REFL-N) .da:ngdZi:bn-Id
. . . -Id I z -wIn
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. . . -Id z U -wIn
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Dustin Bowers (UCLA)
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
.da:ngn-Id .I z U -wIn
.(feel-REFL-N)
. . . . -Id I z -wIn . . . -Id z U -wIn > . I z U -wIn .(brush-REFL-N) .da:ngdZi:bn-Id
. . . -Id I z -wIn
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. . . -Id z U -wIn
We don’t see . . . -Id z -wIn
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Dustin Bowers (UCLA)
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
.da:ngn-Id .I z U -wIn
.(feel-REFL-N)
. . . . -Id I z -wIn . . . -Id z U -wIn > . I z U -wIn .(brush-REFL-N) .da:ngdZi:bn-Id
. . . -Id I z -wIn
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. . . -Id z U -wIn
We don’t see . . . -Id z -wIn A foot-based account (Valentine 2001) will not permit variation.
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Dustin Bowers (UCLA)
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
. Optional at Left Edge nd2- + CVCV: = nd2C V CV:
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
. Optional at Left Edge nd2- + CVCV: = nd2C V CV: V deletes optionally. (12) Non-deletion
Deletion
Old Form
a. nd2-Z I da:ba:n-a: nd2-Z da:ba:n-a: n -[d]IZ da:ba:n-a: b. nd2-n I ze:kwe: nd2-n ze:kwe: n -[d]In ze:kwe: c. gdo:-k 2 wa:te:SIn gdo:-k wa:te:SIn g -[d]2k wa:te:SIn Glosses: ‘I drag him’, ‘I cook so’, ‘you cast a shadow’
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
. Restructuring Summary
Phonetic reduction became opaque deletion in the 1930s.
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Dustin Bowers (UCLA)
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Time-Course New Lexicon New Prefixes New Syncope
. Restructuring Summary
Phonetic reduction became opaque deletion in the 1930s. Children did the best they could. They leveled to a single member of the paradigm, Recut prefixes, Developed a transparent syncope process.
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Serialism vs Parallelism
Theoretical Implications
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Dustin Bowers (UCLA)
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Serialism vs Parallelism
. Conclusion Unstressed vowel deletion is opaque. It destroys the foot structure that guides it. (σ"σ) → ( "σ)
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Serialism vs Parallelism
. Conclusion Unstressed vowel deletion is opaque. It destroys the foot structure that guides it. (σ"σ) → ( "σ)
Serial phonology can represent opacity (Chomsky and Halle 1968, McCarthy 2008). Foot structure can be assigned at stage n . . . (σ"σ) That structure can then be destroyed at stage n+k . . . ( "σ)
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Serialism vs Parallelism
. Conclusion Unstressed vowel deletion is opaque. It destroys the foot structure that guides it. (σ"σ) → ( "σ)
Serial phonology can represent opacity (Chomsky and Halle 1968, McCarthy 2008). Foot structure can be assigned at stage n . . . (σ"σ) That structure can then be destroyed at stage n+k . . . ( "σ)
In parallel phonology there are only inputs and outputs (Prince and Smolensky 1993/2004). It is impossible to set up stages for individual processes. It is thus impossible to make structure that is later destroyed. .
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Serialism vs Parallelism
. Conclusion
It is tempting to analyze opacity with independent processes that can hide generalizations.
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Serialism vs Parallelism
. Conclusion
It is tempting to analyze opacity with independent processes that can hide generalizations. Restructuring in Odawa indicates that children can’t perform this analysis.
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Serialism vs Parallelism
. Conclusion
It is tempting to analyze opacity with independent processes that can hide generalizations. Restructuring in Odawa indicates that children can’t perform this analysis. Children prefer surface oriented grammars.
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Serialism vs Parallelism
. Conclusion
It is tempting to analyze opacity with independent processes that can hide generalizations. Restructuring in Odawa indicates that children can’t perform this analysis. Children prefer surface oriented grammars. Phonology should also be unable to use independent processes.
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Serialism vs Parallelism
. Conclusion
It is tempting to analyze opacity with independent processes that can hide generalizations. Restructuring in Odawa indicates that children can’t perform this analysis. Children prefer surface oriented grammars. Phonology should also be unable to use independent processes. Opacity should always be given a surface-based explanation.
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
. References I Albright, A. (2002). The Identification of Bases in Morphological Paradigms. Ph. D. thesis, University of California, Los Angeles. Albright, A. (2010). Base-driven leveling in Yiddish verb paradigms. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 28, 475–537. Bloomfield, L. (1957). Eastern Ojibwa: Grammatical Sketch, Texts and Word List. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Chomsky, N. and M. Halle (1968). The Sound Pattern of English. Harper and Row. Kaye, J. (1973). Odawa stress and related phenomena. In Odawa Language Project: Second Report. University of Toronto. McCarthy, J. (2008). The serial interaction of stress and syncope. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 26, 499–546. Piggott, G. L. (1980). Aspects of Odawa Morphophonemics. Garland. Piggott, G. L. (1983). Extrametricality and Ojibwa stress. In McGill Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 1, pp. 80–118. McGill University. .
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. References II
Prince, A. and P. Smolensky (1993 [2004]). Optimality Theory: Constraint interaction in generative grammar. Technical report, University of Colorado at Boulder. Rhodes, R. (1985a). Eastern Ojibwa-Chippewa-Ottawa Dictionary. Mouton. Rhodes, R. (1985b). Lexicography and Ojibwa Vowel Deletion. The Canadian Journal of Linguistics 30(4), 453–471. Valentine, R. (2001). Nishnaabemwin Reference Grammar. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, Inc.
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
. Concrete Lexical Theory To generate unstressed vowel deletion, URs need all the vowels. Learners would have to build URs from several surface forms. (13) n-
m
2
k
I
z
I
n
UR
m m
k k
I
2
z z
I I
n n
SR 1 SR 2
Some theories require URs to correspond to one surface form (Albright 2002; 2010).
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Over 400 words in Rhodes (1985a) would be exceptional. > > E.g: nd2-dZe:pIz ‘I am lively’ vs dZe:pzI-d ‘if he is lively’. (14) ndo:
> dZ > dZ > dZ
e:
p
e: e:
p p
I
z
I I
I
z z
New Odawa UR d
Old Odawa SR Old Odawa SR
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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Old Odawa New Odawa Theoretical Implications References
Over 400 words in Rhodes (1985a) would be exceptional. > > E.g: nd2-dZe:pIz ‘I am lively’ vs dZe:pzI-d ‘if he is lively’. (14) ndo:
> dZ > dZ > dZ
e:
p
e: e:
p p
I
z
I I
I
z z
New Odawa UR d
Old Odawa SR Old Odawa SR
Also: (15)
Unsuffixed nd2-bi:ndge:bIz nd2-bkUd2b > nd2-ndZIn2z
Suffixed bi:ndge:bzU-d bkUdbI-d > ndZInzU-d
zip inside perch dispute .
Dustin Bowers (UCLA)
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Phonological Restructuring in Odawa
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