Albanian j. agric. sci. ISSN: 2218-2020, (2012), (Special Edition) Copyright © Agricultural University of Tirana

PRELIMINARY DATA ON DHE FREQUENCY AND FORMS OF CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF NECROBACILLOSIS IN THE SHEEP OF AREA MALISHEVA – KOSOVA XHEVDET KRASNIQI1, VANGJEL CERONI2, EMILIAN SHABANI2, NEXHAT MAZREKU2 1

Veterinarian, Malishevë-Kosovo

2

Faculty of Veterinary Medical, Department of clinical fields - Tirana

*Author of correspondence; Email: [email protected]

Abstract The density and clinical forms of Necrobacillosis infection in sheep were studied between January 2010 to January 2012. For study 4 herds were selected with over 200 head of sheep, from which a herd in the area north of Malisheva, two herds in the center and a herd in the south. In each herd were completed each month and clinical controls were identified from the disease affected animals and the degree of aggravation of lameness. Syndrome of lameness in sheep from a total Necrobacillosis met 282 from 830 check heds or 33.97 %. Increased number of animals affected by the infection Necrobacillosis encountered in summer and spring (with 43.26 % and 27.26 % of affected animals). In the autumn season of lameness in sheep syndrome was observed in 18:43 % of sick animals while in the winter season has decreased the number of animals affected by Necrobacillosis is up to 11.0 % of the total number of affected animals. In the 176 heads (62.4 %) infection was minor Necrobacillar clinical manifestations, in 69 heads (24.46 %) was clinical manifestations of the average degree and in 37 heads (13:12 %) Necrobacillar infection was heavily expressed in degrees. In 118 sheep (41.84 %) Necrobacillar infection was found in the rear hooves of limbs; in 100 cases (35.46 %) infection was found in the front limbs and in 64 sheep (22.69 %) infection was found in the limbs of the front and rear together. Key words: Necrobacillosis, density, clinical manifestations, affected.

1. Introduction Influencing disease in productive and reproductive capabilities of small livestock, especially sheep and Nekrobacilosa hooves or lameness. Necrobacillosis Infection is more prevalent in animals flocks in the plains and hilly areas and continues to be problematic for small livestock. From this infection depending on the weather conditions and the amount of rainfall may be affected by 20 to 90% of the heads, [6; 3]. Necrobacillosis hooves, or lameness is a costly disease in sheep breeding farms, [5]. Many manufacturers lose time and money every year to attempt to control it in their flocks, [9]. Necrobacillosis sheep hooves is multifactorial diseases, [9] which is in the form of heavy and accompanied by painful lameness, [4; 5]. Necrobacillosis is a disease that is seen in every season but with the highest density displayed in the Spring and Autumn season, when the humidity is higher, [8; 9]. International Conference 31 October 2012, Tirana

2. Material and methods During the years 2010 - 2012 in four flocks of sheep with 830 heads was studied infection Necrobacillosis hooves. Were selected for study 4 flocks of sheep in representative with over 200 head. A flock in the north of the area, two flocks in the center and a flock in the south of the area. For each flock was practiced clinical inspection in each month (from 15 to 22) for animals affected by the infection of the hooves. Clinical control was determined the number of animals with lameness syndrome, degree lameness and most vulnerable age. For each flock in the study groups were formed for the experiment animals. In the period of monthly control above in the animals herds were separated with lameness syndrome and also describes changes in the hooves of animals by groups: Sheep with easily form of lameness -were considered to be those that support the foot on the land, do not hobble during the grazing, but limp when walking and distinguished from shakes their head up and down;

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Krasniqi et al a

ssheep with average form of lameness-w were c considered too be those thhat support little l ill foot on thhe land whiile walking, but not wheen running and a S Sheep with heavily form f of laameness were w c considered thhose that do not supportt the ailing foot f o the groundd. At the endd of the data were processed on f for indicattors: Limbbs most affected by N Nekrobacilos sis infection;; Most affected fingers on e each limb annd morphologgical changees characterisstic

of o the hoovess affected byy degree of damages d hoovves and a forms off Lameness. 3. 3 Results an nd discussion n During all the sttudy period d of lamenness syndrome s in sheep was foound in 282 of 830 headss of controlled, c orr 33.97 % off headings, taab.1.

Table 1: 1 The frequenncy of the disease and in thhe form flocks clinical expreession. F Flock

Am mount Heeads

A B C D Total

250 250 180 150 830

Sh heep syndrom me lameness Total Heads % 62 24.00 88 35.22 72 40.00 60 40.00 2 282 33.99

Easilly form Heads % 40 64.5 61 89.7 52.7 38 61.6 37 62.4 176

The indiicators of deensity for neecrobacillosiss in s sheep seems to be relativvely high, buut is comparaable w with figures of other authors a repoorting for this t p problem. Thee autors [9] report that Necrobacillo N osis h have faced shheep in 31.19 % controllled sheep (w with v variations raanging from m 3.32 % to 74.52 % in d different seassons of the year), y others [8] [ encounteered n necrobacillos sis in sheep in 27.38 % of the headss to 1 12,000 headss controlled. Ghimire [33] reported the p presence of infection in sheep s hoovess from 14.911 % to 42.14 % of o the heads,, in flocks where w is pressent thhis infectionn. From stuudy it was observed thann most of sheeep o lameness with of w easily form, f or havee damaged first f s stage and seecond tissuee hooves tabb. 1.From 282 2 h heads of sheep with syyndrome of lameness 176 1 h heads or 62..4% were in the form m of easily, 69 h heads or 24.46 % were with averagge form and 37 h heads or 13.112 % were with w heavily form f lamenesss.

Average foorm Heads % 15 24.19 15 1 17.1 25 3 34.7 14 2 23.3 69 24.46

Heavvily form Heaads 7 122 9 9 377

% 11.2 29 13..6 12..5 15..0 13.1 12

10 00 Heavilyy form Average fo orm Easily form

0 %

%

Easily form

% Average form m

Heavily foorm

Figuree 1: The diistribution off animals accordiing to form off Lameness.

Higher vulnerabbility from m infecttion Nekrobacilar N r was aged 1 to 3 years,w with a maxim mum of o touch in animals agged 2,Figure2 and Tabb.2. Vulnerability V y of lambs aand sheep to o one year was w roughly r equaal (respectiveely 19.1 and 18.1 %). Affter th he age of 2 years the vuulnerability of o animals frrom th he disease comes dow wn. In sheep p aged overr 4 years,the y vulnerability oof the diseaase reduced to 8.2%. 8

Table 2: 2 Frequency Necrobacillossis diseases acccording to ag ge of animals

Flock

Sheep p with syndro ome of lamen ness Diistribution by y age of animals Tootal

A

622

10

16.1

14

22.55

19

30 0.6

10

16.1

5

8.0

>4 4 y 4

B

888

16

18.2

16

18.22

19

21 1.5

23

26.1

11

12.5

3

3.4

C

722

15

20.8

9

12.55

18

25 5.0

12

16.6

8

11.1

10

13.8

D

600

13

21.6

12

20.00

12

20 0.0

12

20.0

6

10.0

6

10.0

Total

2882

54

19.1

51

18.11

68

24 4.1

56

19.8

30

10.6

23

8.2

International Conference C 3 October 2012, Tirana 31

Laamb

%

1 y.

%

2 y.

%

3 y.

%

4 y.

%

% 6.4

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Preliminaryy data on dhe frequency f andd forms of clinnical manifesttation of necroobacillosis in tthe sheep of area a Malishevaa

syndrome s inn sheep wass observed in i 18.43 % of diseased d aniimals and iin the wintter season has h decline d the number of animalss affected by Necrobacillo N sis up to 111.0 % of thee total affeccted animals. a In118sheep(41.84%)) Necrobaco ollosis infecttion was w found inn the rear liimbs hoovess, in 100 caases (35.46%) ( inffection was ffound in the front limbs and a 64 6 sheep (222.69%) infecttion was fou und in the frront and a rear limbbs together,taab.4. In most cases (219 hheads or 77..65 %) suffeered from f a sheeep affected limb. In 53 3 cases (188.79 %)Necrobaco % ollosis infecction was present p in two t limbs. Vulneraability cases of three or four f limbs were w rare, r respectiively in 3 (11.06 %) and d 7 heads (22.48 %), % tab. 5 andd figure 3. .

25 20 15 10 5 0 Laambs 1 years 2 years 3 yearrs 4 years > 4 yyears in  %

Figure2:

Vulnerabbility

animaals

from

Necrobbacillosis diseease, by age, expressed in %.

Animal vulnerabbility from infecttion N Nekrobacillo sis was studiied by monthhs for seasonn in thhe summer, Autumn, Winter W and Spring. S Increease thhe number of animals affeccted by the sis infection encounteredd in the summ N Necrobacillo mer s season with 43.26% ,and in the sprring 27.3 % of a animals affeccted, tab.3. thhe autumn seeason lamenness

Table 3: 3 Vulnerabiliity animals froom Necrobaciillosis according to the seasons Vulnerab bility of anima als accordingg to the season ns

Indicatorr ill

Heads

In %

77

Sp pring % 27.3

Summer Heads H %

Autu umn Heads %

Winter Heads %

122

52

311

43.26

18.43

10.99 9

Table 4: 4 Classificatiion of sheep syyndrome lameeness accordin ng to quantityy of the affecteed limbs Vulneerability of liimbs Sheep with w lamen ness

Front limb bs

Rear limbs

Fron nt and rear

H Heads

%

Hea ads

%

Heads

%

100

355,46

11 18

41,844

64

22.69

2822

Table 5: 5 Classificatiion of sheep syyndrome lameeness accordin ng to vulnerabbility limbs

With easilyy form With m average form With heavilyy form Total

International Conference C 3 October 2012, Tirana 31

176

1600

90.90

69

41

59.42

24

34 4.78

--

0

4

5.8

37

18

48.65

16

43 3.25

3

8.10

--

0

282

2199

77.65

53

18 8.79

3

1.06

7

2.48

Total

Sheep with lameness

From theese In two leegs In thrree legs Head Head d % % s s 13 7..4 -0

I one leg In Heeads

%

In four legs Heead % s 3 1.70

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Krasniqi et al a

5. 5 Referencees

1. 1 Depiazzi LJ, Richardds RB, Hendderson J, Roood JI, Palmeer M & Penhhale WJ: Ch haracterisation of viruleent and benign strains of Bacteroid des nodosus,, Veterinary Microbiolog gy 1991, 266(12):151-1660. In on ne leg In three legs

In two legs In four legs

Figure 3: Distributioon of the num mber of ill individduals affected.

2. 2 Egerton JR, Ghim mire SC, Dhungyel D O OP, Shrestha HK, Joshi H HD, Joshi BR R: Eradication of viruleent foot rot from sheep p and goatss in an endem mic area off Nepal and an evaluation of speciffic vaccinatiion, The Vetterinary Recoord 2002, 1511(10):290-2995.

3. 3 Ghimire SC, Egertton JR.& Dhungyel D O OP: 4 Conclusions 4. Lameness syndromee in sheep Neekrobacilosa we h have met in 282 heads from fr 830 conntrolled or 33.9 % of heads. Most off the sheepp, or 62.4%, halted eassily f form. Vulnerabbility greateer from Neccrobacillosiss is f found in sheeep of age 2 years. Afteer the age of o 2 y years the vullnerability of o animals frrom the diseease c comes down.. In the sheeep of aged ovver 4 years, the v vulnerability of the diseasse reduced too 8.2 %. Increasee the numberr of animals affected by the innfection Nekkrobacillosis meet in the summer seasson w 43.26 % of the affeected animalss. In the winnter with s season there are is a decrease d in the number of a animals affeccted by Necrrobacillosis up u to in 11 % of thhe total affeccted animals. In 77.655 % of cases the sheep were sufferring f from a limb. In 41.84 % of cases diseased sheeep w sufferinng from rear limbs. were

International Conference C 3 October 2012, Tirana 31

Transmiission of viirulent foott rot betweeen sheep an nd goats, Australian Veteerinary Jourrnal 1999, 77( 7(7):450-453..

4. 4 Wassink G: Risk factors associiated with foot f rot in sheep, Vetterinary Record. . 20003, 152:351-3358.

5. 5 Wassink

d interdigiital GJ: Foootrot and dermatittis in sheeep: Farmeers’ practicces, opinions and attitudes, Veterrinary Recoord. 2005,1577: 761-765.

6. 6 Berberi P: P Sëmundjeet e Kafshëv ve Ripërtypëse 2009.

7. 7 Blood DC: D Interdiigital necro obacilosis pp. p “Veterinaary Mediciine” 9th edition e Tindall, London L 20055, 743-746.

Ballier

8. 8 Pugh DG G: Diseases of the foo ot. Sheep and a Goat Meedicine, Ed. Saunders, 20 003, 225-2277.

9. 9 Radostitss M: Veterin nary mediciine, 9th Edittion 2005.

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