http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_M9uPz0yiGvQ/TChysyDaJDI/AAAAAAAAAqs/KNWT8bvqHi4/s1600/carbon‐ nanotube.jpg

Strength y Strongest and stiffest materials in terms of tensile 

strength and elastic modulus. y A multi‐walled carbon nanotube was tested to have a  tensile strength of 63 giga‐pascals (GPa). y Individual CNT shells have strengths of up to ~100GPa y Its specific strength of up to 48,000 kN∙m∙kg−1 is the  best of known materials, compared to high‐carbon  steel's 154 kN∙m∙kg−1.

y Under excessive tensile strain, the tubes will undergo 

plastic deformation. y Although the strength of individual CNT shells is  extremely high, weak shear interactions between adjacent  shells and tubes leads to significant reductions in the  effective strength of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes and  carbon nanotube bundles down to only a few GPa’s. y By applying  high energy electron irradiation, which  cross‐links inner shells and tubes, effectively increases the  strength of these materials to ~60 GPa for multi‐walled  carbon nanotubes and ~17 GPa for double‐walled carbon  nanotube bundles.

y Because of their hollow structure and high aspect 

ratio, they tend to undergo buckling when placed  under compressive, torsional, or bending stress.

http://www.nanocyl.com/CNT‐Expertise‐Centre/Carbon‐Nanotubes

y simple geometrical considerations suggest that carbon 

nanotubes should be much softer in the radial  direction than along the tube axis. Indeed, TEM  observation of radial elasticity suggested that even the  van der Waals forces can deform two adjacent  nanotubes..

Hardness y Standard single‐walled carbon nanotubes can 

withstand a pressure up to 24 GPa without  deformation y Maximum pressures measured using current  experimental techniques are around 55 GPa.  y The bulk modulus of super‐hard phase nanotubes is  462 to 546 GPa, even higher than that of diamond (420  Gpa for single diamond crystal)

Kinetic properties y Multi‐walled nanotubes are multiple concentric 

nanotubes  nested within one another. y An inner nanotube core may slide, almost without  friction, within its outer nanotube shell, thus creating  an atomically perfect linear or rotational bearing.  y Already, this property has been utilized to create the  world's smallest rotational motor. Future applications  such as a gigahertz mechanical oscillator are also  envisaged 

A multi walled Nanotube http://www.nanotech‐now.com/images/multiwall‐large.jpg

Thermal properties y All nanotubes are expected to be very good thermal 

conductors along the tube, exhibiting a property  known as "ballistic conduction“  but good insulators  laterally to the tube axis.  y Measurements show that a SWNT has a room  temperature thermal conductivity along its axis of  about 3500 W∙m−1∙K−1; compare this to copper, a  metal well known for its good thermal conductivity,  which transmits 385 W∙m−1∙K−1. 

y A SWNT has a room temperature thermal 

conductivity across its axis (in the radial direction) of  about 1.52 W∙m−1∙K−1,which is about as thermally  conductive as soil y The temperature stability of carbon nanotubes is  estimated to be up to 2800 °C in vacuum and about  750 °C in air.

Electrical properties y the structure of a nanotube strongly affects its 

electrical properties. For a given (n,m) nanotube, if n =  m, the nanotube is metallic; if n − m is a multiple of 3,  then the nanotube is semiconducting with a very small  band gap, otherwise the nanotube is a moderate  semiconductor.  y However, this rule has exceptions, because curvature  effects in small diameter carbon nanotubes can  strongly influence electrical properties

y Metallic nanotubes can carry an electric current 

density of 4 × 109 A/cm2, which is more than 1,000  times greater than those of metals such as copper. y Because of their nanoscale cross‐section, electrons  propagate only along the tube's axis and electron  transport involves quantum effects. As a result, carbon  nanotubes are frequently referred to as one‐ dimensional conductors. 

Electromagnetic wave absorption y On filling MWNTs with metals, such as Fe, Ni, Co, 

etc., to increase the absorption effectiveness of  MWNTs in the microwave regime y the absorptive properties changed when filled is that  the complex permeability (μr) and complex  permitivity (εr) have been shown to vary depending on  how the MWCNTs are called and what medium they  are suspended in

Defects y The existence of a crystallographic defect affects the 

material properties. Defects can occur in the form of  atomic vacancies. High levels of such defects can lower  the tensile strength by up to 85%.  y The tensile strength of the tube is dependent on its  weakest segment in a similar manner to a chain, where  the strength of the weakest link becomes the  maximum strength of the chain y . Crystallographic defects also affect the tube's  electrical properties. A common result is lowered  conductivity through the defective region of the tube.

y Crystallographic defects strongly affect the tube's 

thermal properties. Such defects lead to phonon  scattering, which in turn increases the relaxation rate  of the phonons. This reduces the mean free path and  reduces the thermal conductivity of nanotube structures.

Pentagon  and heptagon ring instead  of hexagon ring http://ars.els‐cdn.com/content/image/1‐s2.0‐S1359028603000925‐ gr4.jpg

Toxicity y Parameters such as structure, size distribution, 

surface area, surface chemistry, surface charge, and  agglomeration state as well as purity of the samples,  have considerable impact on the reactivity of carbon  nanotubes. y Under some conditions, nanotubes can cross  membrane barriers, which suggests that, if raw  materials reach the organs, they can induce harmful  effects such as inflammatory and fibrotic reactions.  Under certain conditions CNTs can enter human cells  and accumulate in the cytoplasm, causing cell death.

y CNTs were capable of producing inflammation, 

epithelioid granulomas (microscopic nodules),  fibrosis, and biochemical/toxicological changes in the  lungs. y The available data suggests that under certain  conditions, especially those involving chronic  exposure, carbon nanotubes can pose a serious risk to  human health.

Reference •http://www.intechopen.com/books/carbon‐nanotubes‐polymer‐ nanocomposites/polymer‐carbon‐nanotube‐nanocomposites •http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/82/6/1259/pdf/ •en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube •deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.../JAPIAU‐95‐5‐2749‐1.pdf •http://www.unidym.com/files/whitepaper_1430.pdf •nanoscience.bu.edu/nanophotonics05‐files/papers/swan.pdf •http://www.physics.uci.edu/~collinsp/DefectReview_(preprint).pdf •en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_ablation •http://www.nanointegris.com/en/hipco •en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition •https://sites.google.com/site/cntcomposites/production‐methods

Properties of carbon nanotubes -

nanocomposites/polymer-carbon-nanotube-nanocomposites. •http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/82/6/1259/pdf/. •en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube.

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