Control of Tuta absuluta by using several types of insecticides in the plastic house Shahow.M.Ghafoor*, Rukhosh. J.Rashed*, Nadia.S.Wali**, Saadia.M.Nadr**, Tarza.J.Hama** *University of Sulaimani Faculty of Agriculture department of Horticulture ** Research center Sulaimani department of Plant protection. Summary The experiments were carried out in plastic house at Plant protection department of agricultural research center sulaimanya. Four types of insecticides were used for control Tuta absoluta for two years consequently (2013-2014), the insecticide were Avaunt , Zoro super, Endocarp and Trigard . The quantity and quality of yields ,as well as the rate of infestation of Tuta absuluta were measured. The results showed that Avaunt was the best insecticides for control Tuta absuluta followed by Zoro super, Endocarp and Trigard . Key word: - Tuta absoluta, Avaunt , Zoro super, Endocarp , Trigard
Introduction: The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a major pest of processed and fresh tomatoes, both in greenhouses and open field crops (Desneux et al., 2010 and EPPO, 2005). The common name tomato fruit borer has not been used for Tuta absoluta.Tomato fruit borer has been used for other lepidopteron species such as Neoleucinodes elegantalis Guenee (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Agropedia, 2011). This pest has spread rapidly since its introduction to Europe in 2006, and within just a few years its global status has changed completely, from a South American tomato pest into a major threat to world tomato and potato production (Roditakis et al., 2010; Desneux et al., 2011)
It originates from South America and has only recently been introduced to the Mediterranean region (Urbaneja et al., 2007). The maximum increase in capacity of
T. pretiosum on the first host (T. absoluta) was reached at 22°C and on the second host (P. operculella) between 22 and 25°C. Tuta absoluta is multivoltine, and population parameters suggest that it is an rselected species (Pereyra and Sanchez2006). The duration of the developmental cycle mostly depends on environmental conditions, with average development time of 76.3 days at 14C, 39.8 days at 19.7C and 23.8 days at 27.1C (Barrientos et al.1998). Females mate only once a day and are able to mate up to six times during their life span, with a single mating bout lasting 4–5 h. The most prolific oviposition period is 7 days after first mating, and females lay 76% of their eggs at that time, with a maximum lifetime fecundity of 260 eggs per female (Uchoa-Fernandes et al.1995). T. absoluta could become a pest for the potato crop (Pereyra and Sanchez 2006). Since the time of its arrival in Europe, additional plant species have been reported as alternative hosts. It has been reported in a Sicilian green-house of Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) (Tropea Garzia 2009) and has been found in Italy on bean, Phaseolus vulgaris(EPPO 2009) and on Lycium sp.and Malvasp.(Caponero 2009). This indicates that T. Absoluta shows a high propensity to use various plants as secondary hosts, notably species within the Solanaceae. Its introduction in many countries, chemical sprays have been the main method of control used against T. absoluta (Galarza et al., 1984)
Material and Method:
The research was carried out at the Agricultural research center fields Suliamania. The experiments were conducted for two subsequent years 2013 and 2014. Tomato seeds were sowed in pots on 13th of March 2013 and 2014. Emerged seedlings were irrigated every day. A plastic house with dripping irrigation was prepared for planting seedlings. The plastic house was divided into 3 parts, Each part were subdivided into 5 blocks, the total was 15 blocks with 5m length and 0.8m width. The area of each block was 3.2m2, with 0.5m interval between them.
The experiments were included 5 treatments, with 3 replicates for each. Transplanting of seedlings was carried out on 2nd of May 2013 and 2014. The total number of seedlings were 150 i.e. 10 seedlings for each block, seedlings were 49 days old. N.P K. in rate of 17.12.12 respectively was used before planting, the fertilizer were covered by a layer of soil as well as a pesticide of Voozbal 80% (2.5-3gm/litter of water) was applied. One week later seedlings were planted. After seedlings development, on 31st of May 2013 and 2014 seedlings were hanged. On 3rd of June 2013 and 2014 first application of N.P.K. with ratio of 5.52.12 in rate of 2 gm / 1litter water was started. The fertilizer was sprayed on vegetation area of plants, the fertilizer with high ratio of potassium was used to increase flowering ratio. On 4th of July 2013 and 2014 weekly spraying of N.P.K. (31.10.10) with rate 2Kg / liter, was applied. To monitor the emergence of T. absolute three light traps were fixed in three different locations in a plastic house. The first emergence of adults was recorded on 12th and 18th of June 2013 and 2014 respectively. Pesticides were applied on the same dates of the adults’ emergence for both years. The pesticides were as following: 1 – Endocarp rates 50 ml / 100 liter of water (safety period one day). 2 – Trigard rates 225ml / 100 liter of water (safety period three days). 3 – Zoro super rates 30 ml / 100 liter of water (safety period three – seven days). 4 – Avant rates 25 ml / 100 liter of water (safety period one day). The above pesticides were used 5 times with 15 days intervals. The ratio of leaves infections were recorded through experiment period by using this formula number of infected leaves / total number of leaves x After yield production 30 tomato fruits were selected randomly and physical and chemical measurements were carried out. Results of measured parameters were subjected to computerized statistical analysis using X-LSAT package for analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means of treatments were compared using L.S.D. at 5% level.
Result and Discussion:-
1-leaf infestation ratio Pesticide treatment caused significant reduction in Tuta absuluta leaf infestation from Fig (1). It can be seen control gave the highest infestation (73.33) in first year and second year, while the lowest value (13.33%) in first year and (14.33%) in second year were recorded from Avaunt. These results are in agreement with the finding of (Galarza et al., 1984) They noted that the Pesticide sprays have been the main method of control used against T. absoluta .
Leaf Infestation% 80 60 40 20 0
Leaf Infestation%
Fig (1) Effect of pesticide treatment on leaf infestation ratio in first season
Leaf Infestation%
Leaf Infestation%
80 60 40 20 0
Fig (2) Effect of chemical treatment on leaf infestation ratio in second season
2-fruit infestation: However the Pesticides treatment caused significant reduction of fruit infestation ratio of Tuta absuluta in Tomato (Figure2). The highest infestation ratio 77.67%) observed from control treatment while the lowest value (15%) was recorded from Avant treatment in the first year and in the second year The highest infestation ratio
80.00) observed from control treatment while the lowest value (14.66) was recorded Avant.
treatment
Length
Width
avant
6.170 a
7.12 a
andocarp
5.730 a
6.000 b
zorosuper
5.687 a
5.700 bc
Trigard
5.467 ab
5.267 c
control
4.400 b
3.433 d
Table (1) Effect chemical control treatment on some tomato fruit character in first season treatment
Length
Width
avant
6.583 a
7.233 a
andocarp
5.833 ab
6.167 b
zorosuper
5.767 b
5.600 bc
Trigard
5.500 b
5.367 c
control
4.433 c
3.433 d
Table (2) Effect chemical control treatment on some tomato fruit character in second season
Table (1,2) indicates that pesticide treatment had significant effects on the tomato fruit weight the highest value (7.12 g) ,(7.233gm) in first and second years recorded for Avaunt ,while the lowest weight was (3.43 gm) in first and second years recorded for control. Pesticides treatment caused significant of fruit length, the highest fruit length (6.170cm) observed from Avaunt treatment while the lowest value (4.400 cm) was recorded from control treatment in the first season and in the second years The highest fruit length (6.583cm) observed from Avaunt treatment while the lowest value (4.433cm)was recorded control.
Table (3) indicates that pesticides treatment had significant effects on the tomato fruit production,the highest fruit production ( 17.36 kg) observed from Avaunt treatment while the lowest value (12.55kg) was recorded from control treatment in the first year and in the second year The highest fruit production (18.700kg ) observed from Avaunt treatment while the lowest value (12.217 kg)was recorded control. Insecticides Avant Andocarp Zorosuper Trigard Control
Production 1 17.36 a 15.28 ab 14.51 ab 14.50 ab 12.55 b
Production 2 18.700 a 16.100 ab 15.367 bc 15.267 bc 12.217 c
Table (3) Effect of pesticide on production tomato fruit
Reference: Agropedia. 2011. Management of Tomato Fruit Borer. IIT Kanpur, an ICAR National Agricultural Innovation Project Initiative. Accessed January 28, 2011. Barrientos ZR, Apablaza HJ, Norero SA, Estay PP (1998) Temper- atura base y constante termica de desarrollo de la polilla deltomate,Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Cienciae Investigacion Agraria 25:133–137 Caponero A (2009) Solanacee, rischio in serre. Resta alta l’attenzione alla tignola del pomodoro nelle colture protette. Colture Protette 10:96–97 Desneux N. et al., 2010. Biological invasion of European tomato crops by Tuta absoluta: ecology, geographic expansion and prospects for biological control. J. Pest Sci., 83(3), 197-215. Desneux N., Luna M.G., Guillemaud T. & Urbaneja A., 2011. The invasive South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta, continues to spread in Afro-Eurasia and beyond: the new threat to tomato world production. J. Pest Sci., 84(4), 403-408. EPPO (2005) European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Tuta absoluta. Data sheets on quarantine pests. EPPO Bulletin, 35, 434–435.
EPPO (2009) EPPO Reporting service—Pest & Diseases. No 8, Paris, 200908-01. Galarza J. & Larroque O., 1984. Control de Scrobipalpula absoluta (Meyrick) (Lep., Gelechidae) en tomate. Idia, 421-424, 15-18. Meyrick, E. 1917. Descriptions of South American Micro-Lepidoptera. Trans.Ent. Soc. London:1-52. Pereyra PC, Sanchez NE (2006) Effect of two solanaceous plants on developmental and population parameter of the tomato leafminer,Tuta absoluta(Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).Neotrop Entomol 35:671–676.
Roditakis E., Papachristos D. & Roditakis N.E., 2010. Current status of the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta in Greece. EPPO Bull., 40(1), 163-166. Tropea Garzia G (2009) Physalis peruvianaL. (Solanaceae), a host plant of Tuta absoluta in Italy. IOBC/WPRS Bull 49:231–232. Uchoa-Fernandes MA, Della Lucia TMC, Vilela EF (1995) Mating, oviposition and pupation of Scrobipalpula absoluta(Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil 24:159–164 Urbaneja A, Vercher R, Navarro V, Porcuna JL & Garcia-Mari F(2007)La polilla del tomate, Tuta absoluta [The tomato leaf miner: Tuta absoluta]. Phytoma Espana, 194,16–24 (in Spanish).
قةآلضؤكزدني ميَزووي ثةلةثيشةي تةماتة بة بةكارييَهاني ضوار جؤر قزِكةري كينياوي لة خانوي ثالصتيكي محمذشاهوميرزاغفور*,روخوشجوهررشيذقادر*,ناديةسيابخشوالي**,سعذيةمحمود نادر**,ترزه جالل حمه** *سانكؤي صميَناني ,فاكةلَيت سانضتة كشتوكالَيةكاى ,بةشي باخداري** .بةرِيَوبةرايةتي تويَذيهةوةي كشتوكالَي صميَناني ,بةشي ثاراصتين رِووةك
كورتة ئةم تويَذيهةوةية لةخانوي ثالصتيكي ئةجناماى داوة لة بةشي ثاراصتين رووةكي صةنتةري تويذيهةوةي صميَناني .ضوار جؤر لةقزِكةري كينياومياى بةكارييَها بؤ لةناوبزدني ميَزووي ثةلةثيشةي تةماتة
بؤماوةي دووصالَ (. )2014-2013وة
جؤري قزِكةرةكاى ئةظانت ,سؤروصوثةر ,ئيهدؤكارب و تزيطارد .وة بزِ و جؤري بةريةم وة ريَذةي تووش بووى بة ميَزووةكةماى يةلَضةنطاند .لة ئةجنامدا بؤماى دةركةوت كة قزِكةري جؤري ئةظانت باشرتيو جؤ ري قزِكةرة بؤ لةناوبزدني ثةلةثيشةي تةماتة ثاشاى سؤرؤصوثةر ,ئيهدوكارب وتزيطارد .
ميَزوو ي
