Advances In R&D To Address The Livestock Industry Issues Beyond 2020 Pg2
GST and The Livestock Industry Pg2 Feb 2015 Vol: 004 ISSN 2289-6511
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Livestock RFID Profiling
Ayam Kampung MARDI For Local Market Pg3
Launching Of Fast Detection Kit For Salmonella- MicroTEZtm Pg4
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MARDI’s Designer Eggs For Health Enhancement Pg9
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The Future Of Livestock Industry In Malaysia
RUMINANT production faces drastic changes to remain sustainable. Research on locally sourced feed content is key to competitiveness. consumption, due to its universal acceptance with By: Dr. Abu Hasan Md Ali no cultural or religious barriers and also being the Department Of Veterinary Services, Putrajaya cheapest source of meat in the country. The increasing demand for livestock products rowth in human population, income, continues to be a key opportunity for business and urbanisation and industrialisation has led to economic growth, although only a few players, the increasing demand for livestock products. especially the poultry subsector have taken advantage The influx of foreign workers and growth in the of this opportunity effectively. tourism industry has also increased the number of The livestock industry is expected to respond to consumers for livestock products. the growing demand by intensification of production. Per capita consumption of animal protein such as However, this may lead to increasing pressures on meat, milk and eggs continue to rise as society becomes natural resources such as water and land, competition more affluent. Demand for poultry meat and beef is for land between food and non-food production, the expected to increase by more than 5% annually while challenging problems of pollution of air and water, milk, mutton and eggs is expected to grow at least by and climate change. 3% per year. Effective resource management such as water is Poultry meat represents 74% of total meat crucial to meet livestock requirement, reduce wastage
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and mitigate pollutants and degradation of water quality. Some of the possible constrains and challenges are also related to the availability, cost and priority in utilisation of production resources such as land, capital and labour. Requirements by consumers with respect to food quality and safety, taste preference and lifestyle, awareness on the environment and animal welfare put additional constraints to the livestock industry. Integration of food and nutritional security, environmental sustainability and economic opportunity would be the consideration for current and future development of the livestock industry. More on page 3
Organic Farming Scenario In Malaysia by non-government organizations By: Dr. Mohd Norowi Hamid (NGOs) and it has been promoted by Strategic Resources Research Centre, NGOs since the mid-1990s. However MARDI the imports of organic products into the country occurred long before that and consist mostly of organic fruits RGA N IC f a r m i n g u s e s mainly from Australia, New Zealand, almost exclusively biological China, Korea and Japan. and natural materials and The first domestic production was processes to produce food. The sold through a subscription scheme practice aims to protect human that reached more than 500 families health and conserve, maintain or in 1995. The turnover of organic enhance natural resources, with the products, mainly imports, was goal to preserve the quality of the estimated at US$20 million in 2004 environment for future generations and the production at 900 hectares, while being economically sustainable. mainly in fruit and vegetables. Organic farming has grown In early 2000, the government of rapidly throughout the world in recent Malaysia through the Department years. In Malaysia, it was started of Agriculture (DOA), foresee the
O
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emerging and importance of organic industry in the future. DOA decided to take action by establishing and launching the national regulations for the Malaysian Organic Certification Programme known as Sijil Organik Malaysia (SOM) in 2003, to facilitate organic farming in Malaysia and to certify farms based on the requirements of the Malaysian Standard MS1529:2001. The standard strictly sets the requirements for all stages of crop production and to control hazards that affect the environment, food and workers’ health and safety.
More on page 8
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VIEW POINT
GST and The Livestock Industry • • •
animals, drug etc. Farmers/prosessor Wholeseller Retailler
What is the rate in livestock industry? There are three GST rates: zero rate (0%), standard rate (6%), exemption rate. Supplies of the following livestock products are subject to GST at zero rate: • Live animals (cow, buffalo, goat, sheep and swine); • Fresh, chilled or frozen meat and edible offal of cow, buffalo, goat, sheep and pig; • Live poultry (chicken and duck); • Fresh, chilled or frozen meat and edible offal of chicken and duck; • Fresh and salted egg (chicken and duck). By: Noor Rahim Sharif Department Of Veterinary Services, Putrajaya
What is GST? Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a multi-stage tax on domestic consumption. GST is charged on all taxable supplies of goods and services in Malaysia except those specifically exempted. GST is also charged on importation of goods and services into Malaysia.
Who should pay? Consumers and the intermediaries in the production and distribution process should pay the GST. Although the tax is paid throughout the production and distribution chain, only the value added at each stage is taxed, thus avoiding double taxation.
Who are the intermediaries in the livestock industry? The intermediaries in the livestock sector are all the players in the value chain in livestock industry:• Input suppliers such as feed, live
Supplies of the following livestock products are subject to GST at a standard rate: • Supplies of livestock products that are not listed in the above paragraph such as deer meat, turkey, quail, goose and hedgehog. • Further processed products, even the processing of zero rated goods • Animal feed • Supply of non-farming activities such as providing “farm visit”, charges or fee for activities involving livestock/animals such as horse riding.
A Farmer can remain in the exempted category in this scheme as long as his supplies of non-farming activities do not exceed 20% of his total supplies.
Who Should register? The intermediaries whose annual turnover is RM500, 000 and above must register (called Registered Person). However those whose turnover is below the prescribed threshold limit (RM500, 000) could voluntarily registered The GST (also call Registered Person) or register in Flat Rate Scheme (FRS) (called Approved Person).
What are the differences between Registered Person and Approved Person? Registered Person is required to charge GST and can claim back whatever GST paid for the purpose of making a taxable supply. Whereas Approved Person may charge flat rate addition (FRA) on his supply (including zero rated goods) to GST Registered Person only and keep that FRA as a compensation for his input tax on his purchase. Sources: Guide on agriculture, fisheries and livestock industry, Royal Malaysian Customs Department
EDITORIAL Advisor • Dato’ Dr. Sharif Haron (Director General MARDI)
Advances In R&D To Address The Livestock Industry Issues Beyond 2020
MARDI Editorial Team • Dr. Mohamad Roff Mohd Noor • Dr. Ainu Husna MS Suhaimi • Rohani Md Yon • Maheswary Vellupillai • Norhafizah Mohd Yusof
Copywriter • Shamsul Bahari Mohd Yunos
Designer • Sham Hosni
Art Director • Spice Communications Sdn Bhd For enquiries, please contact
Scientia MARDI MARDI Headquarters, Persiaran MARDI-UPM, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Tel : 603-8943 7317 Fax : 603-8984 3664 Email :
[email protected] [email protected]
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“L
ivestock is an important commodity in the agricultural sector giving significant contribution to the national GDP, which increased from 9% in 2008 to 11.7% in 2012 with an ex-farm value of RM14.1 billion in 2013”. These facts were highlighted by Dato’ Dr. Sharif Haron, Director General of MARDI, who delivered a keynote address at the 26th Veterinary Association of Malaysia (VAM) Congress in June 2014. Dr. Sharif is a qualified veterinary surgeon with years of experience in leading edge research on in vitro fertilization and embryo. He further emphasised that over the years, major improvements have been made in the non-ruminant sub-sector compared to the ruminant sub-sector. He pointed out that within a relatively short period of time the non-ruminant sub-sector transformed from a backyard to a highly modern, commercial and efficient enterprise. The ruminant sub-sector, however, is still not well developed in spite of the emphasis and priority it has received from the government in its develop-
ment plans. The livestock sector has generally benefited from innovative research, which in the past was generally funded by public funds but has now shifted towards private sector funds, especially in the non-ruminant sector. He further reiterated that the adoption of innovative technologies alone is not sufficient for the success of any enterprise but requires a conducive ecosystem. This ecosystem was readily established in the non-ruminant subsector, locally as well as worldwide, as opposed to the ruminant sub-sector. Dr. Sharif stressed the need to address priority areas identified by global entities to stay competitive in the global trade liberalisation era. He also suggested that future research should address priority areas such as resource efficiency, responsible livestock farming systems, healthy livestock and people as well as knowledge exchange towards innovation. He was bold enough to raise the notion that despite innovative R&D, it may not be possible to meet all the requirements of the growing population such as the demand for beef. “Perhaps
it is timely to consider alternative means of meeting the energy and protein requirements of the growing population”, suggested Dato’ Dr. Sharif. He further clarified that there is a difference between self-sufficiency level (SSL) of a commodity compared to nutrients. For example, the SSL of beef in the country is 29% but if the SSL is based on protein requirements alone, rather than consumer culinary preferences, the present quantum of protein produced from all sources in the country is more than sufficient to feed the population. He put forward the novel notion of designer foods to meet consumer culinary needs while sustaining production. He cited an example of converting chicken meat to the shape and flavour of other meats, like beef as it is generally easier to grow chicken than beef in a given unit area. He further highlighted that this possibility has already been exploited in the form of mayonnaise (Just Mayo®) made totally from plants without any eggs which went into market in 2013 and was backed by Bill Gates as the advisor for Hampton Creek Foods. Dr. Sharif also suggested that it is time that we venture into new approaches to innovate and think out-ofthe-box and develop such ‘innovative’ food to be well accepted by consumers. The ideas put forward by Dato’ Dr.Sharif Haron was well received by the audience who was exhilarated by his revolutionary thoughts for the future of protein security for the nation.
Keynote Address, by Dato’ Dr. Sharif bin Haron VAM 2014, Putrajaya
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TECHNOLOGY
Livestock RFID Profiling
A MARDI – Telekom Malaysia R&D Research Collaboration
Latest generation of RFID chip design, custom applicator & its application
Extensive hardware deployment
By: Dr. Shanmugavelu Sithambaram Strategic Livestock Research Centre, MARDI
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he use of Radio Frequency Identification or RFID in livestock is not new and there are many products available commercially, but none has been thoroughly tested or developed for local animals. The present animal identification is based on ear tags which can be lost and at times soiled making it difficult to identify animals. The basic concept of the project was to develop a read-write RFID chip that can be inserted under the skin of the animal with ease and read easily with a matched reader. The project, “Development of a RFID-based livestock profiling system”, was a collaborative effort between MARDI and Telecom Malaysia Research & Development Sdn. Bhd. (TMR&D) which was officially signed in 2012. The testing of the concept was initiated in early 2010 at MARDI Kemaman Research Station with both teams allocating their own funds to evaluate its application in cattle. This
•
initial concept was further developed into a research entity after several discussions between MARDI & TMR&D counterparts. The system was evaluated with a prototype RFID chip developed by TMR&D and after several tests, a walk through automatic livestock identification and weight recording system was developed. The system was effective but there were some drawbacks as it required extensive hardware deployment at site and the prototype RFID chip (5mm x 25mm) had to be inserted surgically.
Recent advancements to the system Based on the drawbacks of the prototype, the system was improved with a smaller RFID chip (4mm x 20mm) that can be applied with a customised chip inserter. Furthermore, the extensive hardware deployment was reduced with the use of Bluetooth capable reader enabling its use in farm conditions without power supply. The TMR&D team was brought to the harshest environment with the most difficult to handle animals, at MARDI Kemaman Field Research Station, to
ensure its future success under field applications. The team successfully obtained Intellectual Property rights for the RFID chip and inserter.
Future of the RFID system The project was completed and at present under negotiation for selection of potential partners for commercialisation. All animals at MARDI’s research farm had been inserted with the custom RFID chip for animal performance assessment and inventory management. A number of local farmers have expressed interest in the chip for permanent animal identification, in the wake of theft of livestock, as ear tags can be easily removed. If the RFID identification system can be implemented nationwide, a National Ruminant Database System can be developed and potential genetic resources identified for breed improvement. The on-farm use of this system enables the farmers to identify and separate animals based on their growth rate to optimise feeding management and reduce production costs.
The feed, animal genetics as well as disease information can be communicated via existing networks using mobile tools for improved national ruminant production. As information can also be written into the RFID chip that was developed, animal disease status can be encrypted into the chip enabling the development of an early warning system for notifiable diseases.
The success of the project The project was successful due to the commitment of the project team members which comprised Dato’ Dr. Sharif Haron, Dato’ Dr. Azizan Ab. Rashid, Dr. Marini Ahmad Marzuki from MARDI with Mr. Rohisyam Abdul Rahman, Mr. Harindar Singh Attar Singh, Mr. Rizal Yusob and Mr. Anpijothi Elumalai from TMR&D. There were also other important players besides the main team which included Mr. Abdul Razak Mahmood, Mr. Awis Putih, Mr.Mohd Firdaus Baharuddin, Ms. Nik Siti Mariani, Mr. Mazwan Ismail, Mr. Fadzlirahimi Ismail, Ms. Juliana Yaakub from MARDI and support from Ms. Maimunah Reduan, General Manager and Dr. Gopi Kurup, the CEO of TMR&D.
From front page
The Future Of Livestock Industry In Malaysia Poultry and Ruminant Industries Continue To Expand T he i ndu st r i a l i s e d p ou lt r y production system has enabled the country to be self-sufficient in poultry meat and eggs since the 1980’s. Poultry production units will continue to expand for better economies of scale and profitability. Unlike poultry farming, smallholder ruminant farming is currently dominating ruminant production but this has to change significantly in the future to ensure better productivity and sustainability. Livestock production has to be featured as a business in perpetuity. Opportunities for business and wealth creation should be clearly demonstrated by success stories of industry players. The backyard nature of livestock farming although low in input costs is not sustainable and fragile to disruptions such as diseases and changes in weather conditions. In the future, livestock production is likely to be increasingly characterised by expansion of highly intensive production system and the phasing
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out of smallholder traditional farming system. Food security in animal protein has to be advocated through the setting up of permanent livestock production areas or farms and not depending on low- input systems practiced by smallholders. Depending on the types and systems of livestock production, feed cost is estimated to be 60% to 70% of total production cost. About 70% of feed ingredients are imported ranging from cereal grains, vegetable and animal proteins, minerals, various microingredients and other additives used to improve feed efficiency and growth.
Research & Development The dependency on imports makes the cost of feed and cost of livestock production high in the country. Over the past three decades, local researchers have reported on the availability, nutritive value, optimal inclusion levels and treatment methods to enhance feeding values of many locally available feed ingredients in poultry and ruminant rations. R&D on animal feeds and nutrition should be aggressively pursued not
only to increase efficiency in livestock production but also to reduce the dependency on imports and the impact of changes to the global feed supply. Innovations are needed in all aspects of the livestock industry along the value chain, from pre-production systems to the end-products and markets. Animal feed production systems need to be integrated with breeding and genetics, animal production systems, and linked with the processing industry and retail sectors. The future food chain has to be transparent, with tracking and traceability systems, product and process controls, quality assurance and food safety. There will be more direct business to business and business to society relationships. Management, and in particular information management, will be a decisive production factor. The management of future livestock production systems combines entrepreneurship with responsibility and integrity. These require new knowledge, skills and innovations with holistic approach
of modern management science in livestock production. Market, environment and society are important drivers for the changes that have to take place along the value chain of the livestock industry. Developing livestock farming systems and practices that meet the strict targets set by the market, environment and society are major challenges facing the stakeholders of the livestock industry. Developing inst r uments and incentives that facilitate the implementation of modern livestock farming policies, regulations, systems and practices are equally important. The industry development has to be in line with Malaysia’s vision to be a developed nation by the year 2020, guided by government’s policy initiatives such as the Economic Transformation Programme and the AgroFood Policy. The application of science and technology together with sound management and economic models should be continuously pursued for the development of a modern and sustainable livestock industry.
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TECHNOLOGY
Ayam Kampung MARDI For Local Market By: Azlina Azma Binti Ismail Affendee Strategic Livestock Research Centre, MARDI
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alaysian define ayam kampung as local chicken with brownish or mixed coloured feathers, robust and slender bodies, longer legs compared to the commercial broilers and reared either in free-range or semiintensive systems. Ayam kampung is well known for their slow growth performance, with a market weight of about 1.5 kg at 12 to 16 weeks old, compared to commercial broilers that can reach 2.5 kg in 5 weeks. The development of Ayam Kampung MARDI started way back in 2008. The project was initiated by sourcing kampung chickens from the south, north and central regions of Peninsular Malaysia which were named as strain Alpha, Beta and Gamma respectively. These three sources were brought to MARDI Muadzam Shah Research Station in Pahang for breeding and
Newly hatched Ayam Kampung MARDI
Ayam kampung MARDI
selection. The chickens were kept in an open semi-intensive rearing system and the respective strains were in-bred to produce day old chicks. The respective strains were selected according to their size and physical characteristics and reared as breeder birds to produce day old chicks. The ongoing breeding programme is now at seventh generation.The present Tetta strain was produced by mating
the male and female Beta strain to Alpha strain. At present, MARDI has four strains of kampung chickens in which two strains have good potential for growth while the other two strains for egg production. Ayam Kampung M A R DI are suitable for semi-intensive rearing or free-ranging system under oil palm plantations, rubber or orchard.
The phenotypic features of the kampung chickens are similar to the local chickens in Malaysia but they are more uniform in size. They retain the original characters of kampung chickens such as scavenging and broodiness. The growth rates of Beta and Gamma strains are comparable. Low egg production rate in the kampung chicken has been improved with the development of Alfa and Tetta strains that can achieve 65% and 60% egg production repectively. Ayam Kampung MARDI is capable of delivering high returns because the market price of kampung chicken is more than double that of the crossbred kampung chicken. Their meat is firm and fine due to scavenging activities in semi-intensive or free-range rearing systems, coupled with the provision of a balanced diet. The four strains of Ayam Kampung MARDI were developed to meet the increasing demands for pure village chickens. Compared to the commercial broilers, breeding methods and housing for Ayam Kampung MARDI is much simpler and cheaper.
Eco-friendly Nitrogen Fixing Fertilizer 3-in-1 MARDI – ALL COSMOS N-Fixers
absorption. Effective microorganisms (EM) present in the fertilizers encourage root g rowth, fruiting and stronger shoot production / formation which in turn increases crop production.
Increase Soil Nutrient Absorption
Flow chart of 3 in 1 N-Fixing Fertilizer mass production
By: Nor Fadhilah Abd Halim Strategic Resources Research Centre, MARDI
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itrogen is a strong limiting nutrient in plant growth and plants cannot absorb it from the air although the atmosphere is made up of 78% nitrogen because its molecules are held by strong triple bonds, making them nutritionally unavailable to plants. Plants typically get their nitrogen from two sources, either in fixed form from naturally occurring ammonia or through industrially produced ammonia. Industrial production of ammonia through the Haber-Bosch Protocol is an energ y intensive process and currently the 600 facilities worldwide use between three and five per cent of the world’s natural gas production and fixes 47 million tonnes of nitrogen. Biological systems fix 175 million tonnes of nitrogen a year, clearly indicating that biological conversion is an avenue worth exploring. Biologic a l Nit rogen F i xation (BNF) relies on microorganisms that can fix nitrogen into a usable form. They belong to a group of prokaryotes called diazotrophs that include cyanobacteria (e.g. the highly significant T r icho de sm iu m) , g r e en su l f u r
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bacteria, Azotobacteraceae, Rhizobia and Frankia. This natural process is nature’s version of the energ y intensive Haber-Bosch Protocol. In agricultural terms, the result of the microbial process are biofertilizers that add, conserve and mobilise crop nutrients in the soil for plant uptake. This microbiologically induced efficient management of crop nutrients leads to long term sustainability in crop production. MARDI has isolated 3 free-living n it rogen f i xer s a nd t hey a r e designated as MARDI strain NC4, NC10 and NC11. The isolation and enrichment process were carried out through enrichment and multiplication on solid media. These microbes were selected for their ability to consistently fix atmospheric nitrogen. They survive and fix nitrogen in compost environments. The extent of nitrogen fixation in compost is dependent on the amount of soluble cytochrome protein, which is the energy source for the fixation process. M A R DI a nd A L L C O S MO S BIOTECH HOLDINGS SDN BHD have signed a Memorandum of Agreement for 2 years to develop the prototype of N-fixing fertilizer for field testing. The survival rate of N-fixing bacteria and the effectiveness of
N-fixer fertilizer on the growth and yield of leafy vegetables and rice have also been evaluated and determined. The 3-in-1 MARDI-ALL COSMOS N-fixing fertilizer contains a high concentration of microorganisms which increases the soil pH, improves soil fertility and helps plants to be more resistant to pests and diseases. It is best suited for hilly and problematic soils. The soil conditioner contains 65% organic matter, 30% chemicals and 5% zeolite. It is specifically formulated for all types of crops. This fertilizer is manufactured based on scientific findings on soil and plant nutrition. Chemical materials (N, P, K, Mg, B) are combined with organic matter and microbes for long-term sustainable crop yields. Integrating inorganic and organic fertilizers increases the pH of the soil and thus increases the efficiency of nutrient uptake by the crop. It also enhances the retention of nutrients in the soil in the long term to improve the soil quality.
3 Systems Working In Synergy The organic matter in the 3-in-1 M A R DI-A L L COSMOS N-f i xi ng fertilizer increases plant efficiency a nd ef fe c t ivene s s i n nut r ient
Due to its organic nature, the 3-in-1 MARDI-ALL COSMOS N-fixing fer tilizer helps to increase soil nutrients and improve water retention capacity. This facilitates absorption of minerals such as zinc, magnesium, calcium and manganese. Microorganisms in the fertilizer also helps to loosen the soil, making it healthier to support plant growth and prolong the plant’s productive life.
Incease Fruit Quality The 3-in fertilizer significantly increases the quality of fruits and lowers the nitric acid content in vegetables. Fruits and vegetables are juicier and retain their original f lavour.
Importance of Effective Microorganisms Effective microorganisms (EM) are capable of positively inf luencing decomposition of organic matter such that it reverts into a life promoting process. They are also called EM Technology by proponents and are used to maintain sustainable practices such as farming and sustainable living to support human health and hygiene. The 10 species of microorganisms including MARDI’s free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria contained in the 3-in-1 fertilizers fix nitrogen from the air and soil, dissolve phosphate and potassium to break down organic material for easy and balanced uptake by plant roots, thus improving plant growth and soil structure.
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ACHIEVEMENT
Ethnoveterinary Medicine
An Alternative To Modern Veterinary Drugs
Citrus hystrix (Limau purut)
Morinda citrifolia (Mengkudu)
By: Dr. Mohd Rosly Shaari Strategic Livestock Research Centre, MARDI
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ndiscriminate use of antibiotics in animal production and other chemical veterinary drugs can lead to high antibiotic residues in meat, milk and other animal products which, in turn, can cause health problems to consumers. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics also causes development of multiresistant strains of microbes, which is a threat to human and animal health. In the search for alternative drugs for treatment of animal diseases, in particular bacterial and parasitic infections, ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM) practices may provide answers to some of the problems currently encountered in modern veterinary practices. In Malaysia, studies on the use of phytomedicines in veterinary health care are very limited. For the past decade, MARDI has intensified and strengthened it’s research efforts on EVM, particularly on animal production.
Melastoma malabathricum (Senduduk)
Based on t hei r widespread traditional use, many herbal plants have been screened for their potential as antibacterials, antihelminthics and also for use as antibiotic feed additives and growth promoters in poultry. Antibiotics are widely used as a growth promoter in the livestock industry to improve productivity. These antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) have been used at subtherapeutic levels to promote growth by improving gut health, resulting in better nutrient utilisation and improved feed conversion. The total ban of AGP in the European Union (EU) since January 2006 resulted in an urgent need to search for alternatives for improving animal health without detrimental effects. The study on the use of Citrus hystrix leaves to improve gut health in chicken showed the potential of this plant as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters on broiler performance. The lower mortality rate with inclusion of Citrus hystrix leaves warrants further investigations. Pa rasitic i n fections remai n a constant problem in ruminant production with the prevalence of
Ageratum conyzoides (Rumpai daun lebar)
nematode infection of about 75% in Peninsular Malaysia. Their resistance to antihelmintic drugs such as benzimidazole, levamisole and ivermectin in sheep and goats has become a major point of concern among farmers. As an a lter native, common medicinal plants are used to control helminthiasis on small ruminants such as goats and sheep. Study on the effectiveness of the Hibiscus species, Melastoma malabathricum and Morinda citrifolia against nematodes showed a significant reduction in larvae motility of Haemonchus contortus worms. Another study conducted using Mel a s t om a m al ab athri cum t o evaluate the effects of plant leaves extract on avian coccidia activity showed significant effects on the sporulation activity of Eimeria tenella species parasites which expressed the possibility of its anticoccidial properties. In-vitro study revealed high efficacy of all plants tested and in-vivo investigations are on-going. Many disease conditions in animals are associated with inf lammation especially after parturition. Inclusion of dried Morinda citrifolia at 3% level in
Hibiscus rosa sinensis (Bunga raya)
feed inhibited inflammatory response after parturition as indicated by lower neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio. Another condition that can lead to inflammation is wounding. Traditional EVM makes use of many preparations to treat wounds in livestock animals which could lead to more serious problems. Our study showed that rats treated with Ageratum conyzoides leaves extract exhibited significant decrease in wound size, faster healing time and shorter epithelisation period (by 26%) compared to untreated wound. The healing effects produced was comparable to those of a standard drug, silver sulphadiazine, and thus proven to have wound healing properties which could promote the healing process. Ethnoveterinary information is in danger of extinction because of the current rapid changes in communities all over the world. Promoting the conservation and use of ethnoveterinary medicine does not mean downgrading or ignoring the value of modern medicine and attempting to replace one with the other. However, it does mean recognising that both types have their strengths and in some instances complement each other.
Functional Genomics Approach To Understand Fertility Of Cows 2-Hormonalactions TRH axis
Feeding
Somatotrophic axis
Fluid regulation
3-Brain cell signaling
1-Gene Transcription Transcription factors
Excitatory/Inhibitory neurotransmission
Cell adhesion Oestrogen signalling
Lactation
Stress
Immune response
GnRH neuron development
Reproduction
COORDINATED GnRH release
Synaptic transmission
Ion signalling
Proposed three levels of gene regulation and gene interactions in the hypothalamic control of GnRH in postpartum cows. Thin arrows indicate possible interactions between biological functions. By: Dr. Ainu Husna M S Suhaimi Corporate Communication, International & Quality Division, MARDI
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nimal fertility is very important for cow breeders. Annual breeding is crucial in ensuring profitability but there are many instances where this does not happen for cows that have undergone first calving. Many factors such as post-partum nut rition or lact ation cont rol reproduction can cause cows to experience a very long infertility period and the targeted yearly calving cannot be achieved. Little is understood when it comes to how and why some cows resume estrus
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or fertility earlier than others. In order to unravel these mechanisms, MARDI worked together with Commonwealth Scientific Research Organisation (CSIRO) and University of Queensland to utilise a functional genome approach. Reproduction is controlled centrally with the release of an important reproductive neurohormone, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus of the brain. The key to understanding the central control of reproduction is by understanding how factors integrate and biochemicals interact in regulating the release of this hormone. Uti lisi ng a high-t h roughput technology called microarray, where the expression of 20,000 known cow genes can be profiled as a model, hypothalamic gene expression patterns of cows with
three different reproductive stages were obtained. Observations of 926 genes revealed different gene expression patterns between the three groups of cows. Upon fur ther bioin for matics analysis, a significant number of the genes identified were associated with neuropeptide hormone activity, cell to cell signaling, synaptic transmission and reproductive processes. Analysis of the genes also revealed an association between neuroactive ligand-receptor i nterac tions biolog ic a l pat hway a nd gene networks surrounding an important neurohormone, estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1). Interactions at three levels of gene regulation were observed including of gene transcription, hormonal action and
brain cell-cell signaling. The knowledge obtained will bring us a step closer in understanding hypothalamic control of postpartum r e p r o du c t io n t ow a r d s better management and breeding of beef cows with good reproductive efficiency in the future. The genes that were identified can be further developed into molecular markers to select high quality animals with good postpartum reproductive efficiency. Markers developed in the future can be used for structuring beef and dairy cattle breeding in Malaysia and other tropical countries. This knowledge can be used to develop a decision support system to help farmers achieve good reproductive efficiency in tropical beef and dairy cattle.
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Feb 2015
FOCUS
Ruminant Production: Realigning The Future Through Indigenous Breeds By: Dr. Saadiah Jamli Strategic Livestock Research Centre, MARDI.
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alaysia is blessed with several indigenous breeds of ruminant but improper and non-structural breeding programmes as well as inappropriate and non-specific national livestock policy, has led to their poor development. For the past 40 years, statistics has shown that self-sufficiency level for beef, mutton and milk has remained almost static. The increased demand for livestock products drives the efforts to increase their production. The development of ruminant industry in Malaysia was carried out by occasional introductions of Bos indicus and Bos taurus, but the progress of the development of the industry is rather slow. None of these breeds became well established in our hot and humid tropical climate. Despite a long list of breeds imported into Malaysia for over 40 years, the population of these breeds in Malaysia appears insignificant. Crossbreeding between indigenous and temperate breeds was also carried out to overcome the shortage of ruminant production. However, due to the complexity of the ruminant industry with various limitations, the impact of the programme is insignificant. Nevertheless, the Brahman and its crosses are among the tropical breeds that have adapted effectively. Brahman and its crosses have since had an important role in overcoming the shortage of breeding population experienced by the beef industry. But
with tremendous demands for meat, the high extraction rate had ruled out the breeding initiatives. The prospect for a breed depends, to a great extent, on its economic viability and sustainable production. Looking at the present scenario of the industry and taking economic viability as well as sustainability of the industry into consideration, Malaysia critically needs to develop and focus on specific national breeds and not continue to be dependent on importation of livestock. Long term solution via development of national breeds is crucial for the sake of food security. The breeds identified should be indigenous-based in order to survive and sustain in our hot and humid tropical climate. Current challenges worldwide also may have severe consequences on local ruminant production including global warming, disease threats, diversity erosion, and changes due to socioeconomic factors Breed development intervention, focussing on single productive traits, natural disaster, global political i nstabi lity and i ndiscri mi nate crossbreeding are some of the other challenges to the local ruminant sector. With all these threatening factors, Malaysia is in a critical phase and breeding our own breeds is the only plausible option left. Strategy for mass production and strict enforcement should be implemented over a certain time period to avoid further genetic erosion. In fact, most of our indigenous breeds are already in the list of endangered species (Published by FAO). Eying the potential of indigenous breeds, Kedah-Kelantan cattle and Katjang goats are among the best
Indigenous breed
Beef cattle
Dairy cattle
Meat goat
Imported breed
Kedah-Kelantan
Brahman Hereford Charolais Angus Nelore Bali
Brakmas Charoke
Local Indian Dairy
Friesian Jersey Guernsey Brown Swiss Ayrshire Sahiwal Simmental Australian Milking Zebu
Mafriwal
Katjang
Boer Savanna Kalahari Jamnapari
Germasia
Alpine Toggenburg Saanen
Dairy goat
Sheep
Local developed breed
Dorper Siamese Long tail Barbados Black Belly
Malin
Breeds of ruminant in Malaysia candidates. Kedah-Kelantan and Katjang, both the forgotten and neglected breeds, have huge potential. These breeds have survived over the years despite poor attention, lack of financial support as well as competition with massive importation. Although phenotypically ill-favoured,
especially in terms of body size and weight gain, their survivability under harsh climate and feeding conditions make them the suitable breeds for Malaysia. Their genes and important economic traits such as higher fertility make them sustainable for long term production.
Meat In Malaysia By: Dr. Chubashini Suntharalingam & Muhamad Faireal Ahmad Economics and Technology Management Research Centre, MARDI
M
alaysia’s population growth will mainly occur in urban areas. High growth in urban areas is affiliated with increased wealth and higher purchasing power. As a result of income growth, demand for meat will also grow. Among the three most consumed meat in Malaysia, chicken is sourced locally while beef/buffalo and goat/sheep meat are imported. Chicken meat is the primary protein source for majority of the Malaysian population. Among the three meat produced in Malaysia, i.e., cattle, goat and chicken, chicken meat is the highest and goat meat, the lowest (Figure 1) This is the outcome of a strong partnership between the public and private sectors. The poultry industry has been mainly driven by major structural changes. Large-scale, vertically integrated broiler operations contract grow-out operations to smaller farmers. The Malaysian population is expected to reach 38.5 million in 2040. Based on a constant chicken
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consumption of 40 kg/person, the country would require an estimated 1.5 million tonnes of chicken. Currently, we produce 1.4 million tonnes. Unfortunately, the picture is not the same for beef/buffalo and goat/ sheep meat consumption. Over the last two decades, imports of beef/buffalo meat has increased 2.5 folds, from RM3 billion between 1993 and 2002 to RM7.5 billion between 2003 and 2012. During the same period, imports of goat/sheep meat increased by 2.8 folds, from RM6.3 million to RM18 million. Total imports of beef/buffalo meat were RM3.6 billion between 1993 and 2002 and increased to RM9.3 billion between 2003 and 2012 (Figures 2 and 3) T he i ncreased rate of meat importation warrants caution. Can we afford to continue importing beef/ buffalo and goat/sheep meat to feed our growing population? Perhaps it is time for the Malaysian meat industry to develop innovative strategies to solve these issues and venture into disr uptive -ty pe i n novation t hat requires radical ideas to develop “futuristic” food. A good example is converting chicken meat to the shape and f lavour of other meats, such as beef/buffalo and goat/sheep meat.
Figure 1. Comparison of meat production in Malaysia between 1990, 2000 and 2013
Figure 2. Distribution of Meat Import Value between 2003 and 2012
Figure 3. Distribution of Meat Import Value between 1993 and 2002
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FOCUS
Ruminants Bred In Malaysia
Kedah-Kelantan Cattle
Brakmas Cattle
Bali Cattle
Nellore Cattle
Simmental Cattle
Jersey Cattle
Charoke Cattle
Mafriwal Cattle
Saanen Goat
Boer Goat
Savanna Goat
Malin Sheep
Dorper Sheep
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Katjang Goat
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Feb 2015
COMMERCIALISATION
A Business Opportunity in Silage Production
By: Dr. Ghazali Hussin Station Management Centre, MARDI
S
ilage making has long been practiced in Ma laysia, but at a small scale and using manual conventional method. The first mechanical silage making in Malaysia was introduced by the Department of Veterinary Services with the invention of a mechanical compactor in the year 2000. Later, in 2006 MARDI introduced OTOSIL, the more complete silage production machine. OTOSIL consists of three major components i.e., a chopper, a hydraulic
•
compactor and an inoculants injector. The chopper is powered by an electric motor and produces fine plant material chips of 1-2 cm in length suitable for efficient fermentation and animal intake. After chopping, the chips are blown through the chopper trunk to a cylindrical hopper equipped with an automatic sensor switch. The chips upon touching the sensor will then activate the injector unit which sprays the inoculants. Further, a hydraulic compactor unit compacts the chips into an awaiting PVC drum. The process continues intermittently until the PVC drum is filled with chips. Finally the lid will be installed on top of the PVC
drum to complete the process. The chips are then ensiled for 3 - 4 weeks before feeding to ruminants. OTOSIL increases production rate of oil palm frond (OPF) silage by 63% and subsequently reduces production cost by 27% over the manual method. The quality of silage produced by this system also increases as indicated by the reduction in pH value to 3.9 compared to 4.5 for the manual method. In general, high quality silage has lower pH value. The Machine is very usefu l and practical for all types of silage production and easily transportable to any location. It can be powered either by an electric motor or a diesel engine and can be applied in-situ where processing and utilization of the silage can take place. The invention of OTOSIL assists the livestock producers and feed manufacturers in systematic silage production and feeding activities. This can be done because the technology increases ruminant feed production with subsequent decrease in imported animal feed. Secondly, there is greater interest in trading and demand for new feed between feed manufacturers and ruminant producers by supplementing and adding values to the supply chain in r uminant production. Besides increasing OPF utilisation as ruminant feed, it also increases the utilisation of other ingredients such as PKC, molasses, rice bran and forages. O T OSI L was reg i stered for patenting in 2007 and a patent was granted in 2014 (patent no. MY-151392A). The commercialisation phase was started in 2007, an agreement of licensing technology was signed between MARDI and Choon Heng
Engineering & Co. as fabricator. To date, about 24 units of OTOSIL have been produced and used by the silage entrepreneurs all over Malaysia including Sabah and Sarawak. The Farmers Associations, higher learning lnstitutes and private entrepreneurs are among OTOSI L users. The electric powered OTOSIL is priced at RM32,850.00 while the diesel powered version is priced at RM38,800.00. C u r r e n t l y, i nqui ries and discussions have been made with Indonesia, Palestine and Egypt on the possibility of importing the OTOSIL to their countries. The fabricator agreed to pay MARDI a 10% royalty based on the net sale price of each OTOSIL. So far, about RM55,396.00 has been paid to MARDI. The economic viability of silage production (Oil Palm Frond) using OTOSIL shows that the Internal Rate of Return of 30.1% is higher than the base lending rate (6 –12%) creating a positive net present value of RM241,366.00. The benefit cost ratio is higher and payback period is achieved in a shorter period. Based on the above indicators, oil palm frond silage production is viable and has a commercial potential. On the marketing front, a system similar to cooking gas cylinder deposit system may be suitable with buyers putting down deposit for the plastic drum and they are exchanged for new drums when empty. Other than oil palm frond, the Napier grass, corn and rice straws are also potential materials for silage production in Malaysia. Based on the experience of OTOSIL users, the price of silage can be sold between RM300.00 to RM400.00 per tonne, depending on the plant materials used.
From front page
Organic Farming Scenario In Malaysia Amendments of Food Regulations 1985 In order to prevent the misuse of the organic label, the government through the Ministry of Health made an amendment to the Food Regulations 1985 which was gazetted on 24 August 2009. T hese amend ments set the requirements for any food products to be labelled with the word organic, biological, ecological and biodynamic must comply with the labelling requirements of the Malaysian Standard MS 1529:2001. This system ensures that any agricultural product labelled as organic must obtain SOM certification and this allows consumers to differentiate between organic and non-organic produce in the market. In 2010, there were 42 certified holders occupying 1,130 ha of land under organic farming focussing on vegetable production, fruits, animal husbandry and aquaculture, compared to only 131 ha in 2001. In 2013, the DOA reported that there were a total of 104 farms occupying 1,677.4 ha of land under organic farming with 51 farms having valid certification and 53 farms had renewal certification. Currently, the total number of farms certified are 142 with a total area of 1,757 ha. The majority of organic farmers are in the state of Pahang. The Malaysian Standard MS1529:2001 is currently being reviewed to cater for the tremendous
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Organic vegetables sold in supermarket growth and changes in the organic industry. It is expected to be announced soon.
Product Pricing
In terms of price, organic products are normally marketed at higher prices compared to conventional products due to their limited available supply. The difference in price ranged from about 20% to 200% higher per unit product. As an example, the price of organic tomatoes is about RM17/ kg compared to non-organic tomatoes which are selling at RM4.70/kg. Consumers are willing to pay as high as RM19/kg with an average price of around RM12/kg. Marketing channels of organic products used not only the
conventional system of agriculture and food products but also depend on specific target buyers from the niche markets.
Value Chain of Organic Production Some producers offer door-to-door delivery to those interested to buy their products. Others are selling either through dedicated organic shops, selected hypermarkets such as AEON, Jaya Grocer and TESCO, or directly to the end-users at their own shops or farms. There are a total of 328 operators of organic marketing provider in Malaysia as registered by Organic Alliance Malaysia in 2014 which cover all the
value chain of production. The market value of organic products in Malaysia has been increasing every year by 20-25% growth due to increasing consumers’ demand for functional and healthy foods. The organic agriculture sector has always received government support through the Malaysian government policy in the 8th, 9th and 10th Malaysia Five Year Plan (2000-2015). The AgroFood Policy (Dasar AgroMakanan 2011-2020) encouraged small-scale producers to invest in organic farming to increase their income, protect the environment and promote the country’s exports. This involved a free certification scheme to maintain quality and originality of products in domestic market. In Malaysia, even though the organic farming industry is still considered as small and relatively new compared to other agricultural industries, it is a growing industry with great concern and awareness among consumers about healthy food. Besides, one of the most valuable benefits of organic farming is the environmental safety as it improves the soil quality, promotes biodiversity, enhances food quality and food safety. However, further research is needed on yields in organic agriculture and its mitigation and sequestration potentials towards climatic changes. Other critical points are information provision and institutional structures such as market access.
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9
COMMERCIALISATION
Launching of Fast Detection Kit for SalmonellaMicroTEZTM
Low-cost Antibiotic Residue Detector For Poultry Industry Antibiotic residue detection methods Immuno-gold biosensor strip
ELISA
HPLC
Analysis time
5 minutes
1 hour
1 – 2 days
Operator
Easy to operate and does not require highly skilled operators
Requires highly skilled operators
Requires highly skilled operators
Analysis result
Results displayed in simple digital form by a low-cost handheld reader
Result generated by ELISA analyser
Analysis done by expensive and complicated lab equipment and analysis requires specialised software
(RM1,000 – RM2,000)
Launching of MicroTEZTM by Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry, Dato’ Seri Tajuddin Rahman, on 23 November 2014 at MAEPS By: Dr. Nur Azura Mohd Said & Noor Azlina Masdor, Biotechnology Research Centre, MARDI
T
he Salmonella (MicroTEZTM ) fast detection kit was launched by Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry, Dato’ Seri Tajuddin Rahman, on 23 November last year, in conjunction with MAHA 2014. Among the highlights of the launch was the exchange of Memorandum for Technology Licensing between MARDI and OPHL Holdings (M) Sdn. Bhd which has been given the right to commercialise. The MicroTEZTM kit was developed by a group of researchers from MARDI’s Biotechnology Research Centre and led by Noor Azlina Masdor. The research and development initiative was started in 2005 by an Intensification of Research in Priority Areas (IRPA) Grant from the Ministry of Science Technology and Environment (MOSTE) and was further supported by a RM1.5 million TechnoFund grant from the Ministry of Agriculture and Agro Based Industry (MOA) in 2011. Salmonella is a bacteria that causes food poisoning and such cases of poisoning have the potential of escalating into a serious medical condition and can even be life threatening. Food that is frequently contaminated by Salmonella is not limited to chicken, and can include fruits, vegetables, meats, eggs, dairy products, cakes, chocolates and it can even contaminate cooking utensils such as knives and unhygienic cutting boards. A person infected by Salmonella usually feels nauseated and frequently suffers from vomiting and diarrhea. Delayed treatment can lead to serious complications and even death. Existing methods used by safety labs in Malaysia require growing the bacteria in a gel bed and this takes between five and seven days to yield
The complete MicroTEZTM Kit
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contamination results. Meanwhile imported fast acting commercial kits are very expensive and this imposes a heavy burden on the livestock and food industry when they carry out safety and quality screenings. T his prompted a g roup of researchers at the Biodiagnosis and Biosafety Programme (BT03) at MARDI’s Biotechnology Research Centre to develop this consumer friendly and cost effective quick detection kit using the antibody-antigen technique. This kit will allow food producers and enforcement and monitoring agencies and health laboratories to carry out continuous testing to curb incidents of food poisoning in Malaysia.
Description of Kit Technology The MicroTEZ TM Kit bears a resemblance to pregnancy test strips and relies solely on visual indicators that are visisble to the naked eye without any need for technical equipments and it is capable of detecting Salmonella in as quick as 15 minutes. The quick detection method was developed based on lateral f low technology where the presence of bacteria would be indicated on both the control and test strips while a negative result would be displayed on only one strip, the control strip. This home-grown technolog y is protected with a patent on the technology for the generation of antibody for Salmonella (PI 2010004739) and it’s trade mark of “MicroTEZTM” is also protected under registration (2013000069). With on-going promotional efforts, the product has been introduced to the international market through exhibitions and it successfully attracted interests from Indonesia, Vietnam, Iran and Russia. The consumer-friendly nature of the product and it’s affordability have drawn the attention of foreign stakeholders who are keen to order the kit.
Detection rate
Very high, >85%
(RM20,000 – RM30,000)
(RM250,000 – RM500,000) > 70%
Extremely high, nearly 100%
Advantages of immuno-gold biosensor compared to other methods of detecting antibiotic residue By: Dr Faridah Salam Biotechnology Research Centre, MARDI
M
ALAYSIAN researchers have developed a ground-breaking low-cost method of effectively detecting antibiotic residue levels in poultry. Commercialisation of this research will have the potential of reducing the cost of testing equipment from RM500,000 to as little as RM2,000 and this can have significant impact on consumer health and public confidence in the poultry industry. The system not only save millions in enforcement costs but also allows households to check on antibiotic residue levels and help police the industry. Excessive use of antibiotics in poultry farming is a short cut for ensuring f lock survivability and managed growth rate but it can leak upwards in the food chain and cause various serious health implications including cancer, liver damage and reducing overall effectiveness of the immune system. Highly technical testing is the only way of enforcing the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) allowed in poultry because consumers cannot detect excessive residue from physical attributes such as colour, smell, taste or texture. Current practice relies on costly conventional laboratory work using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods to detect antibiotic residue levels. These methods work well because they are sensitive but require highly prepared samples and high costs. The ground-breaking immuno-gold biosensor testing system relies on immuno-gold biolabelling technology. Com mercia lisation pa r t ner, Deltagate Technologies Sdn. Bhd., plans to develop an immuno-gold biosensorbased Antibiotic Sensor Package Kit. So far the research team has successfully prepared Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) conjugates and applied the BSA antibiotic to rabbits and this led to the development of polyclonal antitetracycline antibodies. They have also successfully
prepared nano-gold antibody particles using colloidal gold and developed the test strips together with the necessary reader. Successful commercialisation and deployment of the immuno-gold strip technology will allow the chicken traders at wet markets and even the public to self-inspect chicken meat to ensure that they are not selling or consuming unsafe, antibiotic-laced poultry products. Apart from the low cost of acquisition and quick results, the simplicity of the testing procedure and the foolproof digital display of the result were key aims of the research programme. Health conscious consumers may use the technology with a high level of confidence that industry accepted results can be obtained either at the point of purchase or at home and this would ensure that farmers and retailers do not sell them chicken that do not comply with their health requirements. The low cost of the technology can allow it to be prevalent at all levels of enforcement from farms to points of distribution to ports of entry and even in markets and restaurants. Compared to HPLC which can cost over RM250,000 in terms of equipment purchase alone, the immuno-gold biostrip test package costs between RM 2,000 – RM2,500 and includes 100 biosensor strips which can last six months if refrigerated at 4oC. While other available systems require between one hour and two days and expensive lab equipment to generate results, the hand-held analyser of the immuno-gold biosensor requires 200 seconds to present industry accepted results. The short time required can lead to improved enforcement productivity while the ease of use can reduce the potential of results manipulation. The system does not require potentially harmful substances or chemicals, which makes it safe for everyone to use and disposal of the test specimen a lot easier. The immuno-gold biosensor will be developed to detect other groups of antibiotics and food contaminants in the poultry industry to help increase food safety levels and ensure the safety of consumers in Malaysia and abroad.
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Feb 2015
SUCCESS STORY
Production of Langkawi Special Organic Rice:
Experiences and Prospects By: Abdul Rahman Abu Bakar Rice and Industrial Crops Research Centre, MARDI
T
he clea n a nd u npol luted environment in the popular tourist island of Langkawi and the existing rice cultivation activities is a combination well suited for growing organic rice. Currently, the island has 1,729 hectares of single-crop paddy. Although the rice is grown inorganically, local farmers are not in the habit of applying high usage of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Organic cultivation of rice was first initiated at Kampung Ewa in 2005. The site was chosen due to the availability of unpolluted water from the neighbouring hills and clean air that surrounds the area. The Langkawi Farmers Association used MARDI’s organic rice interim technology to cultivate a specialty variety, Maswangi during the main season of 2005 on a three-hectare rice field in Kampung Ewa. The first harvest yielded 2.5 tonnes per hectare. During the main season of 2006, the cultivated area increased to eight hectares while yield rose to 3.1 tonnes per hectare. In 2007, the cultivation area grew to 25 hectares with a yield of 2.8 tonnes per hectare. It was proposed that organic rice cultivation in Langkawi should be progressively increased until it exceeded 400 hectares in 2010. Maswangi was selected for organic
rice cultivation because it does not require high inputs and is resistant to major pests and diseases. Maswangi has a desirable aroma and the milled rice can be sold at a high price of RM5 per kilogramme or more. Transplanting is the preferred cultural practice of this single-crop rice grown organically. Standing water throughout the growing season helps to minimise weed infestation. Cattle grazing and green legume cultivation during the off season and compost (4 t/ha) or other organic fertilizer application during the main season, maintained and improved the soil fertility. For pest and disease management, organic insect repellants, such as neem, BTO solution and Nature farming solution were used. An abundance of natural enemies was found in the organic rice fields. In postharvest straw management, no burning of rice straw was practiced. The proposed price of paddy grown organically is RM1,900/tonne (excluding price subsidy). This organic rice is sold as white and brown rice, with the brand name, Beras Langkawi Spesial (Langkawi Special Rice). Maswangi has low G.I. index which helps to control blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. T he ric e i s a l so hig h i n Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), which helps to relieve the person from stress and anxiety. Since this organic rice is available in one kilogram vacuum packages, it is also suitable to be given as a gift. It can be promoted as a product of Langkawi agrotourism.
Variety Maswangi cultivated organically by PPK Langkawi in Kampung Ewa, Langkawi.
One kilogram vacuum packed Beras Langkawi Special (organically grown)
Kampung Ewa, Langkawi, single crop rice area
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SUCCESS STORY
MARDI’s Designer Eggs For Health Enhancement
By: Wong Hee Kum and Mardhati Mohammad, Strategic Livestock Research Centre, MARDI
P
ublic interest and awareness in healthier lifestyle, especially related to chronic diseases and ageing, has increased the demand for functional foods, nutraceuticals and designer foods. This has resulted in the creation of new foods in the marketplace. When eaten regularly as part of a normal diet, these foods can provide a physiological or medical benefit by regulating body functions to protect against or retard the progression of diseases. In addition to new foods designed speci f ica l ly to en hance hea lt h, functional foods can also include traditional, familiar foods which have been highlighted to have new health benefits by recent research findings. For many years, researchers at the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) have worked hard to develop new designer eggs as functional foods knowing that appropriate changes to layer diet can inf luence deposition of certain key nutrients in the eggs. This information is relevant to the
Egg grading machine
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egg industry today because consumers are willing to pay a premium for specialty food products that have enhanced nutritional value. Foreign experts came to Malaysia since late 1994 and 1995 to discuss licensing or selling their technologies to local egg producers. However, the cost of licensing or royalties was very expensive and the conditions to be followed were very stringent. In fact, an inventor of the Canadian designer eggs came to MARDI and expressed i nterest i n licensi ng the technologies to local producers but as indicated earlier, the cost of technology acquisition was expensive. Therefore, MARDI with funds supported by IRPA from 1996-1998 under the Food design and safety programme, embarked on the pathway towards developing our own specialty eggs with a grant of RM101,936.00. The core process involved the production of high levels of Omega-3 fatty acids (ALA and DHA in eggs) usi ng t he com mercia l cor n-soy layer feed, maintaining ‘least cost formulation’ and a balanced diet to meet the layer’s daily nutrient requirements without negative side effects to the layer. T h i s t e ch nolo g y h a s b e e n successfully evaluated on a laboratory scale involving 500 layers producing
400-450 eggs per day. Subsequently a new formulation with the inclusion of vitamin E to stabilise the highly polyunsaturated fats in the eggs was introduced. In 1999 and 2002, MARDITECH Corporation, a subsidiary of MARDI, successfully licensed out two of these technologies, omega-3 egg and selenium egg, to a leading egg producer, LTK (Melaka) Sdn. Bhd. in Malaysia for commercialisation purposes. These eggs have similar appearances, taste, storage quality and cooking versatility as regular eggs and they are the results of work done by researchers at the Strategic Livestock Research Centre, MARDI. The company has thus taken up the technologies and currently markets these products, which shows that it is possible to create a differentiated product with its own niche market. Omega eggs are sold under LTK Omega Plus while selenium eggs are sold under LTK Organic Selenium Plus. Omega Plus Egg was the first ever designer egg produced in the country. At present, designer eggs make up about 5% of the total market in developed countries, and it is estimated that the demand in Malaysia can also increase to this level. B ot h pr o duc t s a r e a l r e ady
penetrating the local and international markets and exported to other countries under the Telur Emas brand. Egg production is around 200,000 - 250,000 per day and as of now, it is estimated that 500 million has already been sold in local and international markets. The initial investment was valued at RM18 million. Omega Plus eggs can contain up to 5 times more omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and 4 times more vitamin E than regular eggs. The consumption of Omega 3 has been claimed to reduce heart disease, hypertension, LDL cholesterol, breast cancer, colon cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, Omega 3 is vital for the development of brain and retina tissues. Selenium and vitamin E content in Selenium Plus eggs is up to 5 and 10 times more than regular eggs respectively. Selenium is a trace element that is essential in small amounts in the human body and is best known as an antioxidant for its role in fertility and prevention against various forms of cancer. Poultry nutritionists have also reported that supplementing chickens’ diets with selenium may help reduce the mutation of bird inf luenza viruses.
Parameter
Omega-3
Regular
Energy (kcal)
74.2
75.0
Protein (g)
6.00
6.00
Total Fat (g)
5.10
5.20
Saturated Fat (g)
1.25
1.35
Monounsaturated Fat (g) 1.60
1.73
Polyunsaturated Fat (g)
1.10
0.79
Total Omega-6 (mg)
790
725
Total Omega-3 (mg)
320
63
w-3 a-Linolenic Acid
236
29
w-3 PA+DPA+DHA (mg)
84
34
Total Vitamin-E (mg)
2.7
0.68
Nutrition information of Omega Plus Egg (Grade: small; average weight 54.5 g)
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Feb 2015
EVENTS
MAHA 2014
By: Dr. Mohd Roff Mohamad Noor & Khairul Fitri Strategic Planning and Innovation Management Division, MARDI
M
alaysia Agriculture, Horticultureand Agro-tourism Show 2014 (MAHA 2014) was successfully held from 20-30 November at Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang (MAEPS), Selangor. The theme, “Agrotechnology – Catalyst for Transformation”, was in alignment with the government’s aspiration of turning the agricultural sector, especially agro-food, into one of
the catalysts for the nation’s economy as well as people’s prosperity. MAHA 2014 kicked-off with the ‘Trade-Days’ event on the 20th November before it was officially launched by Prime Minister, Datuk Seri Najib Tun Haji Abdul Razak on November 22. The exhibition attracted many participants from the public and private sectors as well as international companies to exhibit products, technologies, and innovation related to agriculture. This contributed to the record sales of RM152.5 millions, in which RM52.5 millions came from direct selling while others from loans and bank transactions.
Business matching was valued at RM179.2 millions. More than 2000 booths were prepared and about 1,100 exhibitors took part in various segments. Participants from the ministry, various departments and government agencies were placed in Hall A. International participants and local companies were placed in Hall C, while Small and Medium Enterprises (SME), the State Pavillions, the ‘Laman’, and the Malaysian Popular Dish segment were placed in Hall D. Conferences were also held at Hall D, covering issues like increasing export, business opportunities and domestic
MARDI’S INNOVATION DAY
By: Jurina Jaafar Strategic Planning and Innovation Management Division, MARDI
M
ARDI’s Innovation Day or “Hari Inovasi MARDI” is an annual f lagship event since 2005 comprising different programmes such as MARDI Science and Technology Exhibition (MSTE), MARDI Innovation
Awards and Innovation Seminar. The event is a platform for MARDI researchers and support staff to exhibit their latest findings or inventions by competing for MSTE innovation awards and for recognising those who have succeeded in their research or won medals and awards at local and international innovation competitions. The events reinforce the importance of innovation culture among MARDIans involved in research and development,
technology transfer and operations. MARDI’s Innovation Day 2014 was held at Hall D, Malaysia Agro Exhibition Park Serdang (MAEPS) from November 3 to 5, 2014 with the theme “Driving People’s Economy Through Innovation”. The event included the ninth edition of MSTE , the first MARDI Grassroots Innovation Awards, MARDI Innovation Awards, Plenary Talk and a 360° Dialogue with the Director General. The plenary lecture was delivered by Datuk Mohd Arif Abdul Rahman, Secretary General of the Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry, who highlighted the importance of innovation and how it can contribute to the nation. The MARDI Science and Technology Exhibition (MSTE) 2014 comprises the knowledge and innovation categories and they are in turn divided into seven clusters of research areas. The event attracted 106 participants from the knowledge category and 59 from the innovation category. Out of 59 entries from the innovation category, 10 researchers won gold medals, 30
market for agro-food and agro-based industries. About 40 papers were presented during MAHA 2014 conference event. MAHA 2014 recorded 3.1 million visitors during its 11 days of exhibition. During this time, 9 Memorandums of Understanding/Agreements were exchanged between government agencies and 7 local and 2 international companies. During the closing ceremony, Tan Sri Muhyiddin Mohd Yassin, the Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia, presented 11 awards to various agencies as an appreciation of their efforts in MAHA 2014.
took home silver and 14 were awarded bronze. The knowledge category saw 11 gold, 36 silver and 34 bronze handed to the winners. MSTE 2014 offered two Special Awards for both categories which were Overall Award and Young Scientist Award. Three other special awards were also offered, i.e. Most Innovative Product Award, Most Significant Knowledge Award and Best of The Best Award. The Biotechnology Research Centre was awarded a Director General Special Award for their commitment in the MSTE 2014. The MARDI Grassroots Innovation Award received 20 entries and it was the first innovation competition held for supporting staff. The best 3 winners were given a trophy, certificate and a cash prize. The MARDI Innovation Awards are opened to all sectors; technology transfer and commercialisation, research centres and operational. All winners received trophies, certificates and cash prizes.
MALAYSIAN AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION CHALLENGE (MAgIC) 2014
By: Jurina Jaafar Strategic Planning and Innovation Management Division, MARDI
M
alaysian Agricultural Innovation Challenge (MAgIC) 2014 was Malaysia’s first agriculture and agro-based industry innovation competition and exhibition. It was held at the Malaysia
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Agro Exposition Park Serdang (MAEPS) from 6 to 8 November 2014. It was organised by the Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry and jointly managed by the Malaysian Argriculture Research and Development Institute (MARDI) and the Malaysian Association of Research Scientists (MARS). Entry was opened to all universities, government agencies, private sector companies, individuals, colleges,
polytechnics and schools. The event attracted 10 universities, 6 government agencies, 6 private sector companies, 2 individuals, 3 secondary schools, 1 polytechnic, 1 college and 1 primary school. A total of 205 entries took part and 33 golds, 49 silvers and 92 bronzes with 7 special awards were presented to winners. MARDI submitted 135 entries out of which 16 won gold medals, 30 took home silver and 70 were awarded bronze while one received a special award. The participation also included 10 Technofund projects which were funded by the Ministry of Agricultural and Agro-based Industry. An invention of High-caffeic Acid Drink From Misai Kucing, Orthosiphon Stamenius, by Dr. Suri bin Roowi was offered the Best Innovative Product Award. Associate Professor Dr. Azura Amid from the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) was awarded MAgIC of the Year Award for her invention of Pre-Commercialisation of Recombinant Bromelain For Industrial Usage. The project was a collaboration between IIUM and Rauhon Engineering Sdn. Bhd. The Solar Grass Mower by Norshila Abu Bakar from the Sultan Abdul Halim Muádzam Shah Polytechnic, Jitra, was awarded the MAgIC Promising Innovator
Award. All Cosmos Green Technology Award was given to Professor Dr. Wan Azlina binti Ahmad from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) for her Technofund project entitled ‘Environmental Friendly Bacterial Pigments - Large Scale Production Utilising Agricultural Wastes And Its Application In Biodegradable Plastic and Food Packaging’. This collaboration project with Free The Seed Sdn. Bhd. also received a RM1,000.00 cash prize. The BASF Food Security Award of RM,1000.00 cash prize was awarded to Dr. Mohd Zamani bin Ngali from Universiti Tun Hussein Onn (UTHM?) for his invention of the Granular Fertilizer Boom Sprayer Distribution Transient Simulator. The Malaysian Association of Research Scientists (MARS) also sponsored 2 awards under different categories which were MARS Award for School Category and MARS Award for College and Polytechnics Category. The awards came with a RM500.00 cash prize for each category and were awarded to Sekolah Menengah Sains Sultan Hj Ahmad Shah Kuantan and Kolej Vokasional Pengkalan Chepa, Kelantan. MAgIC will become an annual event that highlights innovations in agriculture and is eagerly awaited by the inventor and innovator in the related field.
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