Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
SOIL TESTING AND FERTILIZER RECOMMENDATION IN ORISSA
Dr.S.K. Nanda Assoc. Professor & OIC Dr. Antaryami Mishra Assoc. Professor Dr. N.K. Pradhan Retd. Professor & Ex OIC & Dr. Y.Muralidharudu Project Co-ordinator AICRP on STCR IISS, Bhopal
Dept. of Soil Science & AgriCULTURAL Chemistry Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology Bhubaneswar-751003, Orissa 2 0 0 8
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Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
CITATION Nanda, S.K., Mishra, A., Pradhan, N.K. and Muralidharudu, Y. (2008) Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa. AICRP-STCR, OUAT, Bhubaneswar Technical Bulletin.
PUBLISHED BY All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Soil Test Crop Response Co-relation, Dept. of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar-751003.
PRINTED BY : NEW AGE PRINTERS G2-26, Indradhanu Market IRC Village, Nayapalli, Bhubaneswar - 751 015 Phone : 09437051621, 09438077621, 09937624580
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Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
Visit us at : ouat.ac.in Tel : 0674-2392677(O), 2560093 (R) 2561606(R) FAX : 91 + 674-2397780 E-mail:
[email protected] ORISSA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY BHUBANESWAR-751003
Prof. D.P. Ray, Ph.D Vice-Chancellor
FOREWORD Soil is the most vital natural resource and is the medium for crop growth. The nutrient supplying capacity of the soil is scientifically assessed through soil testing. ‘Soil Testing service’ made a humble beginning in Orissa with the establishment of a Soil Testing Laboratory under Intensive Agricultural District Programme (IADP) at Sambalpur way back in the year 1958. Since then ten more laboratories have been established under the State Department of Agriculture and eleven more in the Krishi Vigyan Kendras of OUAT. The All India Coordinated Research Project of ICAR on Soil Test Crop Response correlation is operating in OUAT from 1996. This Project is adding value to the fertilizer recommendations based on soil test in different agro-climatic conditions of the State. The project has generated a wealth of information on fertility index of soil at block level and has formulated fertilizer prescription equations for targeted yield of some of the important field and vegetable crops being grown in Orissa. The soil testing laboratories of the State Agriculture Department are adopting recommendations developed by the AICRP on STCR. It is satisfying to note that this project is significantly contributing to enhancement of the quality of soil testing service in the State. I am happy to mention that the scientists working in this project have put in dedicated efforts to compile the available scientific information and are bringing out a technical bulletin on “Soil Testing and Fertilizer recommendation in Orissa”. I hope this technical bulletin will serve as a ready reckoner/ reference material for officers working in Soil Testing Laboratories, State Department of Agriculture, teachers, researchers, students and all those interested in maintenance of soil health for sustained agricultural productivity of the State.
(D.P. Ray)
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Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
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Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
Acknowledgement Its our immense pleasure to express our deep admiration and gratitude to Prof. (Dr.) D. P. Ray, Hon’ble Vice Chancellor, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar for his continuous inspiration and encouragement in execution of AICRP on Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) in the University. We gratefully acknowledge for the valuable guidance and motivation received from Dr. D.Naik, Dean of Research and Dr. P.K. Mahapatra, Dean College of Agriculture in preparation of this bulletin. Our thanks are due to Dr.D.Jena, Professor and Head, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry not only for his keen interest, valuable suggestions and all efforts for smooth functioning of this project but also for going through the manuscript line by line. We are extremely grateful to Dr. A.K.Singh, DDG (NRM), Dr. J.S.Samra, Ex. DDG (NRM), ICAR and Dr. P.D.Sharma, ADG(Soils), ICAR, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi for their critical suggestions for improvement in working of this project. We express our deep sense of gratitude to Dr. A. Subba Rao, Director, Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal and former Project Coordinator (STCR) for his personal endeavour to streamline the work of the project. Our sincere thanks are due to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research for providing financial assistance for continuance of the project and preparation of this bulletin. The authors are thankful to the Soil Chemists of all the State Soil Testing Laboratories for providing the required information and feedback. S.K.Nanda A.Mishra N.K.Pradhan Y.Muralidharudu
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Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
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Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
Contents Sl.No.
Particulars
Page No.
1
Introduction
1
2
The State of Orissa
2
3
Fertility status of Orissa Soil
9
4
General fertilizer recommendations for different crops in Orissa
21
5
Soil Test Based fertilizer recommendations
24
6
Fertilizer recommendation based on STCR targeted yield concept
25
7
STCR Project-State Agriculture Department linkage
33
8
Extension activities
34
9
List of Publications
36
10
Soil testing methods(Annexure-1)
38
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Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
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Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
SOIL TESTING AND FERTILIZER RECOMMENDATION IN ORISSA INTRODUCTION Soil, the sustainer of the whole civilization, is the media of producing food, fiber and fuel for the mankind. Without soil, there is no life on earth. Soil fertility refers to that portion of plant nutrients in the soil that can be absorbed and assimilated by the plants and such available nutrients constitute only a small fraction of the total nutrients contained in the soil. Evaluation of soil fertility by soil testing and application of plant nutrients (manures and fertilizers) on that basis is a must for proper and sustainable management of soil, maximum production of food, fiber and fuel for the well-being of human race without deteriorating soil health. Developing the concept and formulating the scientific basis for soil testing are the most important contributions of soil scientists towards the production of food and fiber. Over the past two and half decades due to the tremendous advancement in the field of electronic and computer based rapid techniques, soil testing has become an easy and powerful tool in the hands of soil scientists for balanced plant nutrients (manures/fertilizers) recommendation for sustainable crop production. Why soil testing is necessary? Fertilizer is one of the most important agricultural inputs for increasing crop productions. The interest in soil fertility research in India has greatly increased since introduction of high yielding varieties of crops in 1965 as a strategy for increasing crop production. Emphasis on multiple cropping and relay cropping to get higher return from the land per unit area per unit time instead of per unit time only began depleting nutrients present in the soil at a much faster rate than before requiring large amount of fertilizer inputs. This necessitated fertilizer use based on soil testing. In the years to come; deficiency of macronutrients and micronutrients will go on intensifying in the land which has to produce more food, fiber, fuel, fodder, fruits etc to meet the requirement of increasing population. Soil testing is now accepted as a valid and precise tool for the recommendation of the fertilizer doses for various crops in India and to that matter in Orissa. But soil testing would become an useful tool only when it is based on intimate knowledge of soil-cropvariety-fertilizer-climate-management interaction. In this regard the targeted yield approach adopted by All India Coordinated Research Project on Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) has been found to be very beneficial which recommends balanced fertilization considering available nutrient status of a particular soil and that too as per the need of the crop. It takes into account nutrient contribution from the soil (Cs); nutrient contribution from the fertilizer (Cf) as well as nutrient uptake by crop (NR). Soil test based fertilizer application is a must for sustainable agriculture. The fertilizer application in the field by farmers without the knowledge of soil fertility status and nutrient requirement of different crops usually leads to adverse effect on soil as well as crops by way of nutrient deficiency or toxicity due to over use or inadequate use of fertilizers. This speaks heavily on the economy of the farmer by way of spending more on fertilizer and getting less
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Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
net return from his land due to low crop production caused by imbalanced use of fertilizers. This indicates the necessity of soil testing for fertilizer recommendation. How fair is soil testing? Soil tests are suitable to predict modification to allow optimum plant growth. To make fertilizer recommendation a success it requires accuracy and details from several sources. First the farmer must send an accurate projection of his expected yield and an accurately taken soil sample to be used for analysis. Second, the laboratory must analyze the soil sample correctly and have good field correlation data on which to evaluate the meaning of that soil’s test data. Third the test evaluator must be trained in the job and know the area for which he makes predictions. Fourth, the farmer must select good seeds, plant on time, and at the correct density, manage the crop adequately and follow the fertilizer recommendation. Finally, the recommendation cannot account for adverse weather (heavy rain, hail, drought, cold periods), pest damage, or poor management. It is easy to imagine from this list that some farmer will not be satisfied with the results they obtain for a given field in a given year. In spite of all these, it is unanimously accepted that there is no substitute for soil test based fertilizer recommendation. The State of Orissa The State of Orissa covering a geographical area of 15.57 million ha lies in the tropical belt in the eastern region of India between 170 47’- 22033’ N latitude and 81031’870.30’E longitude. The climate is characterized by high temperature and medium rainfall. The average annual rainfall of the state is 1500 mm with mean summer and winter temperature 30.30 and 21.30 C, respectively. The physiographic classification of the State is as follows. 1. The Northern Plateau 2. Central table Land 3. Eastern Ghat and 4. Coastal Plain Integrating the effect of landform, topography, climate, soil and crop adaptability, the state has been divided into ten (10) agro climatic zones (Table-1). The soils of Orissa have been divided into 8 broad soil coastal groups such as red, mixed red and yellow, black, laterite, deltaic, alluvial, brown forest soil coastal saline and mixed red and black soils. Taxonomically these 8 broad groups of soil come under 4 orders as: 1. Inceptisols (49 %) 2. Alfisols (35 %) 3. Entisols (10 %) 4. Vertisols (6 %) These four orders are classified into 10 suborders and 18 great groups. Administratively, the state of Orissa has been divided into 30 districts and 314 development blocks.
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3
North Central Plateau
North Eastern Coastal Plain
East and South Cuttack, Jagatsingpur Eastern Coastal Kendrapara, Banki, Puri, Plain Ganjam
North-Eastern Ghat
Eastern Ghat High Land
South Eastern Ghat
Western Undulating
West Central Table Land
Mid-Central Table Land
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Dhenkanal, Angul,
Sambalpur, Bargarh, Bolangir, Sonepur
Kalahandi, Nuapada, Padampur
Koraput, Malkangiri Rayagada, Gajapati
Koraput, Nawarangpur
Khurda, Nayagarh Kandhamal, Boudh
Balasore, Cuttack, Jajpur, Bhadrak
Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar,
Sundargarh
North Western Plateau
1
District
Agro climatic Zone
Sl. No.
1.23
2.41
1.27
0.97
0.95
2.85
2.04
0.95
1.72
1.20
Area (m.ha)
1421
1527
1527
1522
1522
1597
1449
1568
1535
1648
Mean annual rainfall (mm)
38.7
40.0
37.8
34.1
34.1
37.0
39.0
36.0
36.6
38.8
Mean Max Summer temp(oC)
14.0
12.4
11.9
13.2
7.5
10.4
11.5
14.8
11.1
15.0
Mean Min. Winter temp(oC)
Hot and dry subhumid
Hot and moist subhumid
Hot and moist subhumid
Warm and Humid
Warm and Humid
Hot and moist subhumid
Hot andHumid
Moist subhumid
Hot and moist subhumid
Hot and moist subhumid
Climate
Red, lateritic, alluvial (Haplustalfs ,Plinthustalfs, Ochraqualfs)
Lateritic, mixed red and yellow (Haplustalfs, Paleustalfs, Ustochrepts)
Red, Black (Haplustalfs, Rhodustalfs, Chromusterts, Ustorthents)
Red, Black (Haplustalfs, Rhodustalfs, Chromusterts, Ustorthents)
Red laterite (Haplustalfs, Rhodustalfs, Plinthustalfs, Ustorthents)
Red loam, brown forest soils (Haplustalfs, Rhodustalfs, Ustochrepts, Ustorthents)
Deltaic alluvial, saline and laterite (Haplaquepts, Fluvaquents, Ustochrepts, Haplustalfs)
Coastal alluvial and saline (Haplaquepts, Haluaquents)
Red, mixed red and black (Association of Alfisols and Vertisols)
Mixed red and yellow. (Haplistalfs, Paleustalfs, Ustochrepts)
Broad Soil Groups
Table-1: Agro climatic Zones of Orissa, Climate and Broad Soil Groups.
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
Historical background of soil testing in Orissa The soil testing services in Orissa was initiated in the year 1956 with the setting up of a soil testing laboratory at Sambalpur under the Indo-US operational agreement for “Determination of soil fertility and fertilizer use”. During that year 16 laboratories were set up through out the contry under the above programme out of which four soil testing laboratories were set up as model laboratories at Ludhiana, Sambalpur, Banglore and Nagpur. After ten years, 3 more laboratories were set up in 1966 at Semiliguda, Berhampur and Balasore. The Bhubaneswar laboratory was set up in 1977. Then 6 more laboratories were set up in 1980 at Sundargarh, Cuttack, Bolangir, Phulbani, Bhawanipatna and Baripada. At present there are 11 soil testing laboratories working under the State Department of Agriculture with a capacity of analyzing two lakhs soil samples annually. In addition to this there is a mobile soil testing laboratory attached to the Sambalpur soil testing laboratory. Recently 9 soil testing laboratories have been established in Krishi Vigyan Kendras at Keonjhar, Bhanjanagar, Kakatpur, Bargarh,Angul, Ranital, Koraput, Baliapal, Dhenkanal under OUAT besides the advance soil testing laboratories functioning in the Department of Soil Science and Agril. Chemistry and AICRP on STCR at Bhubaneswar. Some useful hints for collections of Composite soil Sample : 1.
The sample should be collected when field is in ploughable conditions.
2.
The area should be divided into sampling units. Usually individual feilds are taken as separate units but when adjacent fields are similar in physiography, colour, texture & previous history of cropping & management they may be included in one unit provided the total area does not exceed two hectares (five acres).
3)
At least 15-20 spots per acre (0.4 hectare) should be located for drawing samples. Where the crops have been planted in rows, the spots should be located in between rows.
4)
For collecting soil from each spot, the surface litter & weeds should be scraped. A uniform core of the soil should be drawn by auger and a thin slice is taken from exposed face of a small pit by means of a khurpi. It should be put in a bucket & in this way samples should be collected from each spot.
5.
The soils collected from all the spots should be mixed & the quantity should be reduced by quartering process.
6.
The soil should be spread on a polythene sheet & allowed to dry under shade avoiding contamination with foreign materials.
7.
About 500gm to 1kg of dried soil sample is put in the sample bag & the bag is labelled. The information sheet is filled in carrying detailed information of sampling size & it is sent to soil testing laboratory along with the soil samples.
Processing of soil samples in the laboratory: When the sample reaches the laboratory it should be entered in the register and a laboratory number should be assigned. Then the sample should be thoroughly air dried and then crushed with a wooden pestle or roller on a hard sheet or on wooden plank. The sample is then screened through a 2mm (8mesh) sieve and the pebbles, stones and roots should be rejected. 250gm of crushed samples is put in a cardboard or polythene pocket with a label slip and the laboratory number written on the pocket.
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Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
Acidic 69%
Saline 6%
5
Medium 60%
Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
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Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
Fig.9 : Soil Reaction status of the soils of Orissa at the Block level.
Fig.10 : Nitrogen status of the soils of Orissa at the Block level.
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Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
Fig.11 : Phosphorus status of the soils of Orissa at the Block level.
Fig.12 : Potassium status of the soils of Orissa at the Block level.
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Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
Soil Test Methods: In the soil testing laboratories five aspects of the soil are generally analysed for giving recommendations to the farmers. These are: i) Soil Reaction (pH) ii) Electrical conductivity (EC) iii) Organic Carbon(percentage)and/or Available Nitrogen(kilogram per hectare). iv) Available Phosphorus (kilogram per hectare) v) Available Potassium (kilogram per hectare) Details of soil testing procedures are appended in Appendix 1 Fertility Status of Orissa Soils: As far as soil reaction is concerned on a district wise basis, 69% soil of Orissa are acidic, 6% saline and rest 25% neutral (Fig 1,5 &9), 60% soils are medium and 40% soils are low in organic carbon (Fig. 2,6 & 10); 73 % are medium and 27% soils are low in available phosphrous (Fig. 3,7 & 11). With respect to available potassium 7% soils are low, 86% are medium and 7% are high (Fig. 4,8 & 12). It is worth mentioning here that the district of Boudh and Phulbani are high where as the districts of Ganjam and Gajpati are low in available potassium content. Such variations in the major available nutrient status among the different districts have a direct bearing on the fertilizer recommendations for different crops in Orissa.The block wise soil fertility index of all the 30 districts of Orissa are presented in Table-2 and in Figures 10 to 12.
Table-2 BLOCK WISE FERTILITY INDEX OF DISTRICTS Sl. No.
Name of the block
Total no.of soil sample
Acidic
pH (% of sample) Neutral
Saline
Organic Carbon
Nutrient Indices Available Phosphorus
Available Potash
1. KHURDA 1
Khurda
2615
81
16
3
1.33
1.97
1.66
2
Begunia
3252
85
10
5
1.2
1.99
1.68
3
Bolgarh
4529
85
13
2
1.21
1.84
1.6
4
Bhubaneswar
2980
84
13
3
1.43
1.98
1.95
5
Jatni
1882
83
14
3
1.4
2.15
1.82
6
Balianta
2547
85
11
4
1.23
1.95
1.77
7
Balipatna
1648
79
19
2
1.3
2.24
1.95
8
Tangi
3160
79
16
5
1.19
1.86
1.74
9
Chilika
2673
83
14
3
1.16
1.91
1.79
10
Banapur
2341
79
16
5
1.17
1.84
1.76
82
14
4
1.26
1.97
1.77
Average
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Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
2. PURI 1
Puri
3309
81
16
3
1.17
2.03
1.74
2
Bramhagiri
2282
85
11
4
1.11
1.94
1.7
3
Krushnaprasad
2692
84
12
4
1.16
1.88
1.72
4
Satyabadi
2673
81
16
3
1.15
2.03
1.79
5
Kanasa
1980
79
17
4
1.26
1.96
1.71
6
Delanga
1426
82
12
6
1.18
1.95
1.86
7
Pipli
1669
82
8
10
1.13
1.93
1.70
8
Nimapara
4316
81
15
4
1.15
2.09
1.65
9
Gop
3011
75
20
5
1.16
2.00
1.74
10
Kakatpur
1637
85
13
2
1.16
2.00
1.75
11
Astaranga
1545
84
13
3
1.18
1.85
1.66
81
14
5
1.16
1.96
1.78
Average 3. NAYAGARH 1
Nayagarh
3634
81
16
3
1.18
1.88
1.62
2
Odagaon
1722
66
30
4
1.21
1.99
1.65
3
Bhapur
2077
83
11
6
1.15
2.36
1.81
4
Khandapada
2453
81
15
4
1.13
1.91
1.68
5
Ranpur
805
90
8
2
1.38
1.93
1.58
6
Daspalla
1588
82
16
2
1.16
1.79
1.84
7
Gania
822
74
24
2
1.12
1.75
1.6
8
Nuagaon
2172
83
13
4
1.22
2.15
1.95
80
17
3
1.19
1.97
1.64
Average 4. CUTTACK 1.
Cuttack Sadar
2610
93
7
-
1.65
1.83
1.96
2.
Baranga
1270
96
4
-
1.58
1.96
1.95
3.
Kantapada
1167
98
2
-
1.53
1.86
1.84
4.
Niali
1159
97
3
-
1.62
1.92
1.55
5.
Salipur
1661
95
5
-
1.50
1.80
1.90
6.
Nischinta Koili
1432
97
3
-
1.60
2.00
2.00
7.
Mahanga
2071
97
3
-
1.60
1.80
1.90
8.
Tangi Choudwar
1683
97
3
-
1.60
1.60
1.90
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Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
9.
Athgarh
2288
96
4
-
1.50
2.00
1.90
10.
Narsinghpur
1747
97
3
-
1.60
1.80
1.90
11.
Baramba
1711
98
2
-
1.63
1.98
1.99
12.
Tigiria
1039
96
4
-
1.64
1.97
1.96
13.
Banki-I
1348
97
3
-
1.60
1.90
1.90
14.
Banki – II (Dampada)
949
95
5
-
1.50
2.00
1.90
95
5
0
1.50
1.88
1.89
Average 5. JAGATSINGHAPUR 1.
Jagatsinghpur
2842
95
5
-
1.60
1.90
1.90
2.
Biridi
1271
93
7
-
1.60
1.94
1.90
3.
Balikuda
1575
94
6
-
1.58
1.93
1.94
4.
Naugaon
895
95
5
-
1.50
1.90
1.80
5.
Raghunathpur
1089
94
6
-
1.63
1.95
1.90
6.
Tirtol
2081
95
5
1.65
1.97
1.90
7.
Erasama
1964
96
4
-
1.60
1.90
1.90
8.
Kujanga
1936
96
4
-
1.50
1.90
1.80
93
7
0
1.50
1.90
1.88
Average 6. JAJPUR 1.
Jajpur
1773
97
3
-
1.62
1.96
1.98
2.
Binjharpur
2545
97
3
-
1.63
1.94
1.88
3.
Dasarathpur
2657
98
2
-
1.59
1.96
1.92
4.
Dharmasala
2332
97
3
-
1.65
1.94
1.91
5.
Barachana
2935
97
3
-
1.63
1.96
2.02
6.
Rasulpur
1784
95
5
-
1.62
1.95
1.92
7.
Bari
1464
94
6
-
1.61
1.91
1.92
8.
Sukinda
1395
92
8
-
1.55
1.95
1.89
9.
Danagadi
1153
94
6
-
1.48
1.87
1.83
10.
Korai
1766
89
11
-
1.63
1.94
1.88
91
9
0
1.20
1.95
1.90
Average
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7. KENDRAPADA 1.
Kendrapada
777
90
10
-
1.50
2.00
2.00
2.
Derabish
1174
95
5
-
1.50
1.90
1.90
3.
Marshaghai
1084
97
3
-
1.60
1.90
2.00
4.
Mahakalapada
1431
98
2
-
1.56
1.98
1.96
5.
Garadapur
991
98
2
-
1.60
1.90
1.90
6.
Pattamundai
1327
93
7
-
1.60
1.90
1.90
7.
Aul.
1251
98
2
-
1.60
1.96
1.92
8.
Raj Nagar
1447
97
3
-
1.60
1.90
1.90
9.
Rajkanika
1124
98
2
-
1.60
1.90
1.90
96
4
0
1.57
1.90
1.93
Average 8. BALASORE 1.
Balasore
3818
37
57
6
1.76
1.16
1.69
2.
Remuna
3137
39
56
5
1.34
1.14
1.91
3.
Baliapal
2573
47
34
19
1.67
1.78
1.68
4.
Jaleswar
319
37
57
6
1.81
1.12
1.84
5.
Basta
2863
51
37
12
1.71
1.60
1.58
6.
Nilgiri
1991
37
60
3
1.73
1.04
1.93
7.
Oupada
1566
37
38
25
1.97
1.52
1.99
8.
Bahanga
2199
45
45
10
1.75
1.10
2.10
9.
Soro
2391
46
51
3
1.68
1.14
1.93
10
Bhogarai
1906
37
54
9
1.80
1.19
2.07
11
Simulia
1843
42
52
6
1.63
1.37
1.75
12
Khaira
2951
43
34
23
1.85
1.05
1.96
42
48
10
1.70
1.25
1.97
Average 9. BHADRAK 1.
Bhadrak
2773
52
46
2
1.85
1.11
2.15
2.
Tihidi
2619
46
50
4
1.83
1.13
2.03
3.
Bonth
1547
48
47
5
1.81
1.15
1.96
4.
Dhamnagar
1992
43
56
1
1.77
1.17
2.03
5.
Chandabali
2663
53
44
3
1.76
1.2
2.04
6.
Bhandaripokhari
1481
48
48
4
1.76
1.08
2.11
7.
Basudevpur
3282
49
47
4
1.69
1.12
1.93
50
48
2
1.64
1.14
2.03
Average
12
Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
10. MAYURBHANJ 1
Moroda
9426
80
20
-
1.54
1.48
2.37
2
Rasgovindapur
7172
81
19
-
1.58
1.47
2.43
3
Baripada
7248
84
15
1
1.60
1.49
2.14
4
Betnoti
14109
76
22
2
1.57
1.43
2.33
5
Shyamakhunta
8693
80
19
1
1.63
1.46
2.29
6
Badsahi
14174
81
19
-
1.61
1.48
2.43
7
Saraskana
9257
80
20
-
1.50
1.43
2.35
8
Bangiriposi
9996
83
15
2
1.56
1.47
2.40
9
Kuliana
7833
80
20
-
1.45
1.39
2.41
10
Suliapada
9874
79
21
-
1.56
1.49
2.36
11
Khunta-I
7982
85
15
-
1.64
1.43
2.37
12
Khunta-II
7806
81
18
1
1.57
1.37
2.41
13
Udala
7289
80
20
-
1.69
1.43
2.31
14
Kaptipada
12470
81
19
-
1.57
1.44
2.32
15
Bisoi
6795
79
20
1
1.61
1.49
2.40
16
Bijatala
5813
80
19
1
1.59
1.47
2.45
17
Rairangpur
5847
81
15
4
1.51
1.46
2.41
18
Kusumi
7534
85
15
-
1.44
1.42
2.36
19
Bahalada
7339
84
15
1
1.51
1.45
2.40
20
Tiring
5362
80
20
1.61
1.50
2.42
21
Jamda
4655
78
20
2
1.45
1.48
2.45
22
Karanjia
8370
80
20
-
1.53
1.44
2.37
23
Jashipur
9105
80
19
1
1.57
1.41
2.43
24
Thakurmunda
8920
84
16
-
1.62
1.49
2.41
25
Raruan
7512
82
16
2
1.5
1.47
2.38
26
Sukruli
6723
80
20
19
1.48
1.45
2.46
81
18
1
1.56
1.45
2.38
Average 11. KEONJHAR 1.
Keonjhar
5628
46
46
8
1.88
1.02
2.44
2.
Champua
4078
23
72
5
1.82
1.18
2.30
3.
Jhumpura
4205
38
60
2
1.86
1.23
2.41
4.
Joda
3946
28
66
6
2.24
1.25
2.5
13
Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
5.
Harichandanpur
3144
31
60
9
1.76
1.02
2.13
6
Ghatagaon
3447
28
67
5
1.87
1.22
2.28
7
Ghasipura
3588
38
57
5
1.83
1.12
2.22
8
Anandpur
5459
24
62
14
1.86
1.42
2.44
9
Hatadihi
5656
32
60
8
1.84
1.21
2.33
10
Telkoi
1753
39
59
2
2.03
1.07
2.26
11
Saharpada
1715
30
64
6
1.99
1.13
2.33
12
Patana
2373
25
65
10
1.73
1.17
2.40
13
Banspal
3487
24
72
4
2.05
1.18
2.53
31
62
7
1.90
1.21
2.36
Average 12. DHENKANAL 1.
Dhenkanal
7618
85
13
2
1.29
1.86
1.68
2.
Gandia
4850
85
11
4
1.16
1.90
1.78
3.
Odapada
4376
83
13
4
1.20
1.81
1.75
4.
Hindol
5117
83
14
3
1.20
1.77
1.84
5.
Kamakhyanagar
3421
81
16
3
1.15
2.02
1.83
6
Parjang
3505
78
16
6
1.39
2.15
1.83
7
Bhuban
2859
79
11
10
1.20
1.93
1.72
8
Kankadahad
1820
81
11
8
1.13
2.13
1.75
82
13
5
1.22
1.95
1.77
Average 13. ANGUL 1.
Angul
4223
81
16
3
1.17
1.8
1.70
2.
Banarpal
3753
79
18
3
1.13
2.01
1.78
3.
Chhendipada
3431
79
15
6
1.29
2.17
1.78
4.
Athamallik
3340
80
17
3
1.30
2.06
1.85
5.
Kishorenagar
3318
75
20
5
1.28
2.08
1.82
6
Talcher
3383
82
17
1
1.20
2.00
1.73
7
Kaniha
3182
81
16
3
1.2
1.96
1.67
8
Pallahada
3707
80
17
3
1.18
1.93
1.89
80
17
3
1.22
2.00
1.78
Average
14
Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
14. SAMBALPUR 1.
Dhankauda
14350
74
24
2
1.60
1.59
2.01
2.
Maneswar
12540
75
23
2
1.43
1.48
2.08
3.
Naktideul
7815
46
35
19
3.04
1.92
2.41
4.
Rairakhol
8450
49
32
19
1.92
1.75
2.05
5.
Jujumura
8210
72
24
4
1.70
1.58
2.56
6.
Rengali
9215
62
29
9
2.80
1.77
2.41
7.
Kuchinda
9614
81
17
2
1.39
1.60
2.45
8.
Jamenkira
7620
79
18
3
2.77
1.53
2.38
9.
Bamara
7863
65
29
6
1.53
1.70
2.48
67
25
8
2.02
1.65
2.31
Average 15. BARGARH, 1.
Bargarh
14763
57
31
12
2.54
1.80
2.51
2.
Bhatli
12809
66
33
1
1.38
1.52
1.55
3.
Sohela
9653
49
37
14
1.62
1.64
2.5
4.
Pailkamal
8645
54
32
14
1.61
1.69
2.54
5.
Jharbandha
8256
52
28
20
1.53
1.42
2.55
6.
Padampur
8719
43
43
14
2.86
1.62
2.32
7.
Barpali
7650
64
28
8
1.66
1.25
2.45
8.
Ambhabana
7450
68
28
4
1.51
1.55
2.33
9.
Gaisolet
5210
48
42
10
1.61
1.44
2.41
10.
Bijepur
6115
41
45
14
2.84
1.83
1.58
11.
Attabra
14460
74
22
4
1.86
1.64
2.32
12.
Bhedan
13383
66
30
4
1.75
1.62
2.54
58
33
9
1.90
1.59
2.3
Average 16. JHARSUGUDA 1
Jharsuguda
7530
70
25
5
2.79
1.73
2.45
2
Lakhanpur
3450
85
12
3
2.79
1.46
2.45
3
Kolabira
3668
59
30
11
1.72
1.88
2.49
4
Laikera
3920
72
21
7
1.51
1.55
2.39
5
Kirimira
3718
82
28
10
2.77
1.59
2.15
70
23
7
2.32
1.54
2.39
Average
15
Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
17. DEOGARH 1.
Reamal
5418
34
40
26
1.69
1.83
2.56
2.
Barkote
5214
67
25
8
2.80
1.71
1.58
3.
Tileibani
4860
67
25
8
2.80
1.59
2.54
56
30
14
2.43
1.71
2.22
Average 18. SUNDERGARH 1
Hemagiri
10940
54
27
19
1.24
1.58
2.32
2
Lephripada
9875
63
27
10
1.30
1.79
2.08
3
Tangarapalli
9800
65
28
7
1.37
1.78
2.17
4
Sundergarh
10065
64
28
8
1.30
1.82
2.18
5
Subdega
9101
64
28
8
1.35
1.61
2.3
6
Balisankara
13414
63
24
13
1.28
1.56
2.23
7
Bargoan
9897
61
30
9
1.32
1.75
2.22
8
Kutra
10524
61
30
9
1.30
1.59
2.24
9
Rajgangpur
10461
61
25
14
1.30
1.67
2.31
10
Kuanrmunda
13984
62
30
8
1.24
1.61
2.25
11
Nuagaon
12733
59
28
13
1.24
1.76
2.33
12
Lathikata
11017
65
25
10
1.32
1.73
2.3
13
Bisra
11374
72
19
9
1.32
1.59
2.27
14
Lahunipada
11100
62
29
9
1.31
1.68
2.22
15
Koida
8085
72
23
5
1.20
1.73
2.31
16
Bonai
8683
65
27
8
1.28
1.64
2.18
17
Gurundia
7158
70
24
6
1.20
1.59
2.15
63.71
26.59
9.71
1.29
1.68
2.24
Average 19. SONEPUR 1
Sonepur
2362
41
52
7
1.80
2.21
2.46
2.
Tarabha
3407
29
45
26
1.72
2.23
2.33
3.
Dunguripali
7043
61
29
10
1.83
2.26
1.92
4.
Binika
2315
52
41
7
1.89
2.37
2.16
5.
Bir Maharaj pur
1622
39
50
11
1.77
2.40
2.45
6
Ullanda
1846
48
38
14
1.59
2.20
2.05
44
43
13
1.77
2.28
2.26
Average
16
Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
20. BOLANGIR 1
Bolangir
3578
31
46
23
1.68
2.46
2.41
2
Puintala
3477
26
46.8
27.2
1.71
2.07
2.15
3
Loisingha
3784
26.4
49.7
23.9
1.59
2.49
2.37
4
Agalpur
3921
44.1
41.8
14.1
1.64
2.39
2.22
5
Tusura
2966
42.3
44.8
12.9
1.54
2.12
2.44
6
Deogaon
5628
52.6
37.9
9.5
1.53
2.20
2.34
7
Titilagarh
5506
41.1
47.5
11.4
1.45
2.31
2.45
8
Saintala
4623
38.3
48.7
21
1.72
2.22
2.44
9
Bangamunda
3996
35
48
17
1.81
1.98
2.49
10
Muribahal
3927
45.2
42.9
11.9
1.67
2.21
2.21
11
Tureikela
2797
37.7
45.1
17.2
1.85
2.34
2.38
12
Patanagarh
4150
50.5
39.5
10
1.76
2.34
2.19
13
Belpada
3291
39
50.5
10.5
1.71
2.31
2.53
14
Khaprakhol
3546
43
43.6
13.4
1.90
2.33
2.48
39
45
16
1.67
2.15
2.36
Average 21. PHULBANI 1.
Phulbani
643
64
34
2
1.18
1.33
2.09
2
Khajuripada
983
71
28
1
1.22
1.35
2.79
3
Phiringia
1214
75
24
1
1.21
1.39
2.97
4
G.Udaygiri
140
80
20
-
1.12
1.30
2.87
5
Chakapad
760
87
11
2
1.17
1.27
2.76
6
Tikabali
1125
64
33
3
1.17
1.35
2.63
7
Raikia
607
72
27
1
1.26
1.42
2.94
8
Baliguda
941
85
15
-
1.23
1.43
2.71
9
Tumudibandha
407
69
27
4
1.11
1.30
2.73
10
Katagarh
566
81
18
1
1.12
1.35
2.95
11
Daringibadi
772
71
2
27
1.24
1.31
2.89
12
Nuagaon
695
76
23
1
1.13
1.36
2.97
74
24
2
1.19
1.35
2.83
Average
17
Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
22. BOUDH 1.
Harbhanga
843
60
34
6
1.38
1.43
2.94
2.
Boudh
2048
58
35
7
1.24
1.36
2.92
3.
Kantamal
867
61
35
4
1.04
1.29
2.94
60
34
6
1.23
1.36
2.93
Average 23. KALAHANDI 1
Bhawanipatna
12817
21
61
18
1.24
1.75
2.34
2
Kesinga
8934
19
50
31
1.40
1.65
2.08
3
Th,Rampur
4506
44
49
7
1.35
1.90
2.00
4
Narla
8314
52
34
14
1.24
1.86
2.04
5
M.Rampur
6377
51
42
7
1.16
2.18
2.04
6
Karlamunda
4169
37
43
20
1.20
2.10
2.13
7
Langigarh
3538
37
56
7
1.44
2.10
2.10
8
Dharmagarh
7284
32
47
21
1.39
1.71
2.20
9
Junagarh
11641
36
47
17
1.27
1.72
2.26
10
Koksara
4700
50
41
9
1.37
1.81
2.11
11
Kalampur
4096
57
37
6
1.41
1.94
2.16
12
Jaipatna
7737
34
54
12
1.75
1.88
2.29
13
Golamunda
7785
27
56
17
1.36
1.87
2.30
38
48
14
1.35
1.73
2.16
Average 24. NUAPADA 1
Khariar
6908
13
46
41
1.37
1.70
2.27
2
Sinapali
7706
30
53
17
1.27
1.79
2.16
3
Nuapada
9011
46
41
13
1.34
1.81
1.95
4
Komna
3102
32
51
17
1.94
1.76
1.77
5
Boden
4289
40
39
21
1.18
1.94
2.49
32
46
22
1.42
1.80
2.09
Average 25. KORAPUT 1
Koraput
1054
87
13
-
1.49
1.78
1.92
2
Semiliguda
1612
86
13
1
1.69
1.74
2.00
3
Pottangi
959
88
12
-
1.92
1.88
2.06
4
Nandapur
1157
84
16
-
1.70
1.78
1.97
18
Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
5
Lamptaput
935
95
4
-
1.55
1.81
1.99
6
Dasamantapur
1062
93
7
-
1.97
1.77
1.94
7
Narayanapatna
929
88
12
-
1.67
2.10
1.88
8
Laxmipur
612
86
10
4
1.84
1.45
2.06
9
Bandhugan
963
88
12
-
1.54
2.08
1.94
10
Jeypore
846
88
12
-
1.59
1.90
2.00
11
Kundra
771
90
10
-
1.65
1.59
1.79
12
Kotapada
883
83
15
2
1.71
1.52
2.01
13
Borigumma
1253
90
10
-
1.73
1.61
2.00
14
Boipariguda
1179
86
14
-
1.90
1.60
1.98
88
12
1.71
1.76
1.97
Average 26. MALKANGIRI 1
Malkanagiri
1137
85
14
1
1.36
1.69
1.67
2
Korakunda
1261
91
9
-
1.71
1.44
1.96
3
Mathili
1301
81
17
2
1.62
1.73
1.97
4
Kalimela
1973
82
14
4
1.73
1.65
1.97
5
Podia
638
79
20
1
1.69
1.69
1.6
6
Borigumma
625
87
13
-
1.89
1.88
1.97
7
Khairput
979
73
26
1
1.88
1.61
1.96
83
17
1.70
1.67
1.87
Average 27. RAYAGADA 1
Raygada
1636
76
22
2
1.72
1.97
2.29
2
Kolnara
1099
75
25
-
1.88
1.80
2.01
3
Kasipur
927
83
17
-
1.83
1.82
2.17
4
Kalyansinghpur
904
77
22
1
1.66
1.79
2.39
5
Gunpur
120
72
26
12
1.74
1.77
2.02
6
Padmapur
156
87
13
-
1.78
1.47
2.03
7
Ramanaguda
113
67
33
-
1.71
1.32
2.01
8
Gudari
81
96
4
-
1.76
1.91
2.11
9
Muniguda
342
86
12
2
1.73
1.31
2.12
10
Bisam Cuttack
322
88
12
-
1.92
1.60
1.99
11
Chandrapur
89
98
2
-
1.89
1.36
1.95
82
18
1.78
1.70
2.10
Average
19
Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
28. NOWRANGPUR 1
Nowrangpur
936
88
12
-
1.56
1.77
2.00
2
Raighar
701
97
3
-
1.99
1.67
1.72
3
Umarkote
579
93
7
-
1.59
1.57
1.91
4
Dabugaon
462
85
14
1
1.68
1.45
1.87
5
Kosagumuda
447
93
7
-
1.66
1.45
1.92
6
Papdahandi
964
80
20
-
2.06
1.60
1.96
7
Nandahandi
1191
77
23
-
1.94
2.08
2.02
8
Chandahandi
514
88
10
2
1.86
1.43
1.96
9
Tentulikhunti
495
90
10
-
1.68
1.58
1.91
10
Jharigaon
1053
85
14
1
1.77
1.41
1.97
88
12
0
1.78
1.60
1.93
Average 29. GANJAM 1
Patrapur
1892
55
35
10
1.20
1.30
1.40
2
Chikiti
1719
67
22
11
1.20
1.30
1.20
3
Rangeilunda
1847
52
34
14
1.30
2.50
1.20
4
Kukudahandi
1514
59
27
14
1.20
1.40
1.40
5
Digapahandi
1497
55
35
10
1.30
1.40
1.40
6
Sankhamunda
2196
54
28
18
1.20
1.40
1.30
7
Chhatrapur
1642
60
26
14
1.20
1.50
1.30
8
Purusotampur
1382
68
27
5
1.10
1.40
1.20
9
Ganjam
1096
70
21
9
1.20
1.30
1.30
10
Hinjlikatu
2564
64
27
9
1.20
1.30
1.30
11
Khalikote
2296
61
30
9
1.20
1.30
1.20
12
Kodala
2296
64
27
9
1.20
1.30
1.20
13
KS Nagar
1897
52
32
16
1.20
1.30
1.20
14
Polosara
2057
65
30
5
1.30
1.50
1.30
15
Aska
1781
65
27
8
1.20
1.30
1.20
16
Dharakota
1489
51
38
11
1.20
1.30
1.30
17
Soroda
1731
51
25
24
1.30
1.40
1.30
18
Seragarh
1596
43
41
16
1.20
1.30
1.30
JN Prasad
2144
68
25
7
1.20
1.30
1.30
19
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Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
20
Bhanjanagar
2309
71
21
8
1.20
1.20
1.20
21
Buguda
2020
60
30
10
1.10
1.20
1.20
22
Belguntha
1747
65
30
5
1.20
1.20
1.20
23
Guma
770
62
23
5
1.20
1.30
1.30
61
28
11
1.26
1.44
1.27
Average 30. GAJAPATI 1.
Nuagaon
836
68
25
7
1.30
1.30
1.30
2.
Rayagada
1406
66
28
6
1.40
1.50
1.40
3.
Mohana
2003
62
30
8
1.30
1.30
1.20
4.
Kasinagar
1134
41
38
21
1.30
1.30
1.20
5.
Gosani
923
57
31
12
1.30
1.30
1.30
6
R.Udayagiri
851
77
21
2
1.30
1.30
1.20
62
29
9
1.32
1.33
1.26
Average
General Fertilizer recommendations for different crops in Orissa Management of the fertility of soils of Orissa demands its build up and sustenance at a high level to produce adequate food for the ever increasing population. Therefore, fertilizer assume a great significance and constitute one of the key inputs for achieving high productivity of crops. Balanced application of fertilizer on the basis of soil testing is the key to achieve the above goal. The present per hectare fertilizer application in different districts of the state is given in Table-3. Table-3 District wise fertilizer consumption (kg/ha) in Orissa Sl. No.
District
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
1
Angul
22
23
22
2
Balasore
73
80
101
3
Bargarh
93
99
94
4
Bhadrak
87
96
103
5
Bolangir
19
21
32
6
Boudh
33
34
41
7
Cuttack
40
37
51
8
Deogarh
33
29
26
9
Dhenkanal
22
19
25
10
Gajapati
26
31
40
11
Ganjam
58
53
48
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Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
12
Jagatsinghpur
32
35
42
13
Jajpur
43
37
54
14
Jharsuguda
80
68
68
15
Kalahandi
38
36
51
16
Kendrapara
25
26
25
17
Keonjhar
24
24
29
18
Khurda
34
31
44
19
Koraput
19
19
30
20
Malkangiri
25
18
25
21
Mayurbhanj
28
28
38
22
Nawapara
18
22
23
Nawarangpur
38
49
70
24
Nayagarh
27
28
29
25
Phulbani
2
4
7
26
Puri
39
51
61
27
Rayagada
23
31
33
28
Sambalpur
86
78
83
29
Sonepur
33
33
34
30
Sundargarh
18
19
25
Average
39
39
47
Fertilizer Recommendation are :
At present three types of fertilizer recommendations are in vogue in the state. They
i)
Blanket recommendation or recommended dose (RD).
ii)
Soil test based fertilizer recommendation and
iii)
STCR concept of fertilizer recommendation.
i)
Blanket recommendations or recommended dose (RD) of fertilizers:
The recommended dose of fertilizers for the three major nutrients (N, P and K) for different crops have been arrived at as a result of different field experimentation in different locations of the state in past. As in the ambiance of any soil test report these are the doses recommended to the farmers, therefore, these doses are also called as Blanket recommendations. The recommend doses (RD) of N, P, K for different major crops of Orissa are given in Table-4.
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Technical Bulletin
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Table 4 Recommended doses of N, P, K for major crops of Orissa (Kg per hectare) Sl. No.
Name of the crops
N
P2O5
K 2O
FIELD CROPS 1
Rice (Kharif)
60
30
30
1
Rice (Rabi)
80
40
40
2
Groundnut
20
40
40
3
Mustard
60
30
30
4
Sesamum
40
20
20
5
Maize
80
40
40
6
Sugarcane
200
60
100
7
Cotton
150
60
60
8
Sunflower
40
40
20
9
Greengram
20
40
40
10
Blackgram
20
40
40
VEGETABLES 11
Brinjal
120
80
100
12
Tomato
120
80
100
13
Potato
120
60
120
14
Lady’s Finger
110
60
80
15
Pumpkin
75
75
75
16
Cauliflower
120
40
60
17
Cabbage
120
40
60
18
Chillies
110
70
75
19
Cowpea
25
50
25
20
Cucumber
50
30
75
21
Onion
120
60
100
22
Potal
120
80
80
23
Peas
30
50
50
24
Raddish
60
50
100
25
Sweet potato
100
75
100
26
Bean
50
80
80
27
Ginger
75
60
100
28
Turmeric
30
30
60
29
Garlic
120
60
120
spices
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Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
ii)
Soil test based fertilizer recommendations:
In order to recommend fertilizer does for different crops on the basis of soil test values, a rating of soil test values for three major nutrients is necessary. They are rated as low, medium and high on the basis of their availability in the soil and the response of crop to applied fertilizers. The terms used for rating are, Very high : Soil test value is much above the critical value. Least probability of response to applied fertilizers. A small maintenance dose may be necessary. High
: Soil test value just above the critical value. Probability of response is low. In addition to the fertility maintenance dose, a small dose may be recommended.
Medium
: Soil test value is just below the critical value. Moderate response to added fertilizer. Recommended doses suggested by a Breeder may be advocated.
Low
: Soil test value is sufficiently below the critical value. Good response to added fertilizer. More than the recommended dose may be advocated.
Very low
: Soil test value is much below the critical value. Probability of response is very high. Higher doses are recommended.
The rate limits adopted by the soil fertility laboratories of the state/country at present are: Very low
Low
Medium
High
Very
Organic Carbon (%)
-
<0.5
0.50-0.75
>0.75
-
Available N (Kg/ha) (Alkaline KMnO4 method)
-
<250
250-500
>500
-
(I) Olsen’s Method
<4
4-9
9-22
22-35
>35
(II) Bray’s Method
<6
6-14
14-40
>40
-
Available K (kg/ha) (AOAC method)
-
>118
118-280
>280
-
Nutrient
Available P (Kg/ha)
Conversion Factor P to P2O5- Multiply by 2.3 K to K2O- Multiply by 1.2 On the basis of the above rating, when the available nutrient content in soil is low, then 25% more than the recommended does of that particular nutrient is to be applied for raising any crop. Accordingly when the available nutrient content is high, then 25% less than the recommended does can be applied. When the nutrient content is medium, recommended does of nutrient for any crop can be applied. This is as follows:
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Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
Soil Test Rating Chart Nutrient Requirement of the crops
Soil Test values of Nutrients
Increase/ Decrease over Recommended dose
1. High
High
(-)25%
2.High
Low
(+)35%
3. Low
High
(-)35%
4. Low
Low
(+)25%
iii) Fertilizer recommendation based on STCR targeted yield concept: The concept of fertilizer prescription equation for desired yields was first given by Truog. In India, Ramamoorthy et.al. established the theoretical basis and experimental proof for the fact that Liebig’s “Law of Minimum” operates equally well for N,P,K. They showed that the relationship between yield of grain and uptake of nutrients followed a linear relationship. For obtaining a given yield, a definite quantity of the nutrient is to be calculated taking into account the efficiency of contribution from soil and fertilizer sources. This forms the basis for fertilizer recommendations for targeted yield of crops. The parameters needed for formulating fertilizer prescription equation for targeted yield are experimentally obtained for a given soil type-crop-agro climatic condition. The parameters are, (i)
Nutrient requirement / removed (NR) in kg per quintal of produce (grain or other economic products)
(ii)
The percent contribution from soil available nutrients (Cs) and
(iii) The percent contribution from the applied fertilizer nutrients (Cf)
These parameters are then transformed to workable equation as follows.
FD =
( NR 100 T) Cf
(Cs STV ) Cf
When STV is soil test value for available nutrients (N, P, K) and
FD = fertilizer dose
The research conducted at OUAT under STCR project has found out the fertilizer prescription equation for Rice, Groundnut, Sesamum, Pumpkin, Lady’s Finger, Brinjal and Potato. Salient Research Results The salient research results along with the fertilizer prescription equations developed in Bhubaneswar center of STCR Project are as follows: 1. The Rice (cv. Lalat) grain yield has increased with increase in graded doses of fertilizer up to 80:40:40 kg N:P2O5:K2O/ha and above that fertilizer dose it has decreased.
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Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
2.
Azospirillium was more effective when applied along with lower doses of inorganic fertilizer (30 kg N/ha) than when it is applied with higher doses of fertilizer in rice. This effect was found both in grain as well as in straw yield of rice.
3.
The highest (1856, 2076, 2384 and 2657) kg/ha pod yield of groundnut (cv. Smruti) was obtained with 30:40:40 kg N:P2O5:K2O per ha in all the fertility gradient strips receiving fertilizer doses of NoPoKo (strip I); N40P20K20 (strip II); N80P40K40 (strip III) and N160P80K80 (strip IV) respectively.
4.
The highest grain yield of sesamum (cv. Nirmala) was achived with application of N40P60K40/ha in all 4 fertility gradient strips i.e. 526,829,976 and 1122 kg/ha of grain respectively in strip I; strip II; strip III and strip IV.
5.
The highest fruit yield of Lady’s finger (cv. BO2) was obtained with application of N135P75K80 kg/ha in all fertility gradient strips (3639, 4246, 4852 and 5516 kg/ha of fruit yield in strip I, Strip II, Strip III and strip IV respectively).
6.
The highest fruit yield of pumpkin (cv. Guamal) was obtained with application of N120P105K80 kg/ha in all fertility gradient strip (5449, 6756, 8546 and 7445 kg of fruit yield in strip I, strip II, strip III and strip IV respectively).
7.
Block wise soil fertility maps for all the 314 blocks of the state have been prepared with respect to soil reaction, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
8.
The fertilizer prescription equation for targeted yield of the following crops have been formulated taking into account the nutrient requirement (NR) in kg/ha of produce; the soil efficiency (Cs) and Fertilizer Efficiency (Cf).
Rice, Groundnut, Sesamum, Lady’s finger, Pumpkin, Potato and Brinjal. These fertilizer prescription equations for targeted yield of the above crops are applicable for red and laterite soils (Inceptisols and Alfisols) with sandy loam, loam and sandy clay loam texture and acidic soil reaction. READY RECKONER OF FERTILIZER DOSES FOR DIFFERENT CROPS. The fertilizer requirement of different crops at varying soil test values for specific yield targets are presented in following tables. These equations are applicable for red and laterate soils (Inceptisols and Alfisols) with sandy loam, loam and clay loam texture and accidic soil reaction. These are applicaple in the district of Khurda, Puri, Nayagarh, Cuttack, Angul, Dhenkanal, Sambalpur, Baragarh, Jharsuguda, Sundergarh. Crop :
Rice (cv. Lalat).
Basic data and fertilizer adjustment equations Nutrient
Basic data NR (kg/q)
Cs (%)
Cf (%)
Fertilizer adjustment equations
N
3.2
53
38
FN = 8.4 T – 1.4 SN
P2O5
1.2
75
24
F P2O5 = 5.0 T – 3.1 S P2O5
K2O
3.2
70
48
FK2O = 6.6 T – 1.5 S K2O
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Technical Bulletin
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Where NR - Nutrient Requirement (Kg/q)
Cs - Soil Efficiency;
Cf Fertilizer Efficiency
T - Targeted yield (Q/ha);
SN - Soil available N (Kg/ha)
SP2O5 - Soil available P2O5 (Kg/ha) SK2O - Soil available K2O (Kg/ha) Ready reckoner of fertilizer doses at varying soil test values for specific yield targets. Available soil
Fertilizer nutrients required (kg ha-1)
nutrients (kg ha-1) N
Targeted yield
Targeted yield
Targeted yield
(40 q ha-1)
(45 q ha-1)
(50 q ha-1)
P2O5
K 2O
P2O5
K 2O
100
30
80
N 196
107
144
N 238
P2O5 132
K 2O 177
N 280
P2O5 157
K 2O 216
120
35
100
168
92
114
210
114
147
252
141
186
140
40
120
140
76
84
182
101
117
224
126
156
160
45
140
112
60
54
154
85
87
196
110
126
180
50
160
84
45
14
126
70
57
168
95
96
200
55
180
56
30
10
98
54
27
140
79
66
220
60
200
28
14
10
70
39
10
112
64
36
230
65
220
14
10
10
56
23
10
98
48
10
240
70
250
10
10
10
42
10
10
84
33
10
250
80
300
10
10
10
28
10
10
70
10
10
(NB : when the calculated fertilizer requirement values are almost zero, a minimum dose, say 20 kg ha-1 for N and 10 kg ha-1 each for P and K are added to the calculated values to bring the dose to a reasonable one). Crop :
Groundnut (cv. Smruti)
Basic data and fertilizer adjustment equations. Nutrient
Basic data
Fertilizer adjustment equations
NR (kg/q)
Cs (%)
Cf (%)
N
7.4
75
16
FN = 4.5 T – 0.4 SN
P2O5
1.3
49
32
F P2O5 = 4.1 T – 1.5 S P2O5
K2O
1.6
21
65
FK2O = 2.5 T – 0.3 S K2O
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Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
Ready reckoner of fertilizer doses at varying soil test values targets. Available soil nutrients (kg ha-1) N
for specific yield
Fertilizer nutrients required (kg ha-1) Targeted yield (15 q ha-1) N
P2O5
K 2O
Targeted yield (20 q ha-1) N
Targeted yield (25 q ha-1)
P2O5
K 2O
P2O5
K 2O
P2O5
K 2O
60
15
50
44
40
23
66
60
35
N 88
80
48
70
20
60
40
32
20
62
53
32
84
72
45
80
25
70
36
24
17
58
46
29
80
64
42
100
30
80
28
17
14
50
39
26
72
58
39
120
35
90
20
10
11
42
32
23
64
50
36
140
40
100
10
10
10
34
25
20
56
42
33
160
45
125
10
10
10
26
18
13
48
34
25
180
50
150
10
10
10
18
11
10
40
26
13
200
60
175
10
10
10
10
10
10
32
18
10
220
70
200
10
10
10
10
10
10
24
10
10
Crop : Sesamum (cv. Nirmala) Basic data and fertilizer adjustment equations. Nutrient
Basic data
Fertilizer adjustment equations
NR (kg/q)
Cs (%)
Cf (%)
N
5.8
23
42
FN = 13.4 T – 0.5 SN
P2O5
2.7
67
22
F P2O5 = 12.3 T – 3.1 S P2O5
K2O
3.0
35
24
FK2O = 12.4 T – 1.4 S K2O
Ready reckoner of fertilizer doses at varying soil test values for specific yield targets.
Available soil nutrients (kg ha-1) N
Fertilizer nutrients required (kg ha-1) Targeted yield (6 q ha-1)
P2O5
K 2O 50
40
90
25
60
35
100
30
70
110
35
120
80
P2O5 12
K 2O
N
Targeted yield (10 q ha-1)
P2O5
K 2O 19
94
36
N
P2O5
K 2O
5
67
5
5
62
21
15
89
45
40
30
5
5
57
6
5
84
30
26
80
25
5
5
52
5
5
79
15
12
40
90
20
5
5
47
5
5
74
5
5
130
45
100
15
5
5
42
5
5
69
5
5
140
50
120
10
5
5
37
5
5
64
5
5
28
20
N
Targeted yield (8 q ha-1)
61
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Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
Crop :
Pumpkin (cv. Guamal)
Basic data and fertilizer adjustment equations. Basic data
Nutrient
NR (kg/q)
Cs (%)
Fertilizer adjustment equations
Cf (%)
N
1.8
45
36
FN = 4.9 T – 1.2 SN
P2O5
0.6
57
21
F P2O5 = 2.7 T – 2.7 S P2O5
K2O
1.7
47
86
FK2O = 2.0 T – 0.5 S K2O
Ready reckoner of fertilizer doses at varying soil test values for specific yield targets.
Available soil nutrients (kg ha-1)
Fertilizer nutrients required (kg ha-1) Targeted yield (50 q ha-1)
Targeted yield (60 q ha-1)
Targeted yield (70 q ha-1)
N
P2O5
K 2O
N
P2O5
K 2O
N
P2O5
K 2O
N
P2O5
K 2O
80
15
60
76
55
40
124
81
60
174
108
80
100
20
80
52
41
30
100
68
50
150
94
70
120
25
100
28
27
20
76
54
40
126
81
60
140
30
120
20
20
20
52
41
30
102
68
50
160
35
140
20
20
20
28
28
20
78
52
40
180
40
160
20
20
20
24
20
20
54
38
30
200
50
180
20
20
20
20
20
20
30
24
20
Crop : Lady’s finger (cv. B.O.2) Basic data and fertilizer adjustment equations. Nutrient
Basic data
Fertilizer adjustment equations
NR (kg/q)
Cs (%)
Cf (%)
N
2.4
40
22
FN = 6.8 T – 1.8 SN
P2O5
0.7
65
34
F P2O5 = 2.2 T – 1.9 S P2O5
K2O
1.6
75
35
FK2O = 4.7 T – 2.1 S K2O
Ready reckoner of fertilizer doses at varying soil test values for specific yield targets.
Available soil nutrients (kg ha-1) N
P2O5 K2O
Fertilizer nutrients required (kg ha-1) Targeted yield (50 q ha-1) N
P2O5
K 2O
Targeted yield (60 q ha-1) N
P2O5
K 2O
Targeted yield (70 q ha-1) N
P2O5
K 2O
140
20
70
88
72
88
156
94
135
224
116
182
150
25
80
70
63
67
138
85
114
206
107
161
160
30
90
62
53
46
120
75
93
188
97
142
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170
35
100
34
44
25
102
66
72
170
88
119
180
40
110
25
34
20
84
56
51
152
78
98
190
45
120
25
25
20
66
47
30
134
69
77
200
50
130
25
15
20
48
37
20
116
60
56
210
55
140
25
15
20
30
28
20
98
51
45
220
60
150
25
15
20
25
15
20
80
42
34
230
70
160
25
15
20
25
15
20
62
24
23
Crop : Brinjal (cv. Utkal Anushree) Basic data and fertilizer adjustment equations. Basic data
Nutrient
Fertilizer adjustment equations
NR (kg/q)
Cs (%)
Cf (%)
N
0.7
22
37
FN = 1.0 T – 0.3 SN
P2O5
0.3
60
38
F P2O5 = 0.7 T – 1.6 S P2O5
K2O
0.5
56
77
FK2O = 4.7 T – 0.7 S K2O
Ready reckoner of fertilizer doses at varying soil test values for specific yield targets. Fertilizer nutrients required (kg ha-1)
Available soil nutrients (kg ha-1)
Targeted yield (200 q ha-1)
Targeted yield (225q ha-1)
Targeted yield(250 q ha-1)
N
P2O5
K 2O
N
P2O5
K 2O
N
P2O5
K 2O
N
P2O5
K 2O
140
20
60
158
108
98
182
126
115
208
143
133
150
25
70
155
100
91
180
118
108
205
135
126
160
30
80
152
92
84
177
110
101
202
127
119
170
35
90
149
84
77
174
102
94
199
119
112
180
40
100
146
76
70
171
94
87
196
111
105
190
45
110
143
68
63
168
86
80
193
102
98
200
50
120
140
60
56
165
78
73
190
94
91
220
55
130
134
52
49
159
70
66
184
86
84
250
60
140
125
44
42
150
62
59
175
78
77
280
65
150
116
36
35
141
54
52
166
70
70
Crop : Potato (cv. Ashoka) Basic data and fertilizer adjustment equations. Nutrient
Basic data
Fertilizer adjustment equations
NR (kg/q)
Cs (%)
Cf (%)
N
0.7
44
39
FN = 1.8 T – 1.1 SN
P2O5
0.2
89
48
F P2O5 = 0.5 T – 1.8 S P2O5
K2O
0.5
65
50
FK2O = 1.1 T – 1.3 S K2O
30
Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
Ready reckoner of fertilizer doses at varying soil test values for specific yield targets. Fertilizer nutrients required (kg ha-1)
Available soil nutrients (kg ha-1)
Targeted yield (250 q ha-1)
Targeted yield (275q ha-1)
Targeted yield(300 q ha-1)
N
P2O5
K 2O
N
P2O5
K 2O
N
P2O5
K 2O
N
P2O5
K 2O
140
20
60
296
89
197
341
102
224
386
114
252
160
25
70
274
80
184
319
93
211
364
105
239
180
30
80
252
71
171
297
84
198
342
96
226
200
35
90
230
62
158
275
75
185
320
87
213
220
40
100
208
53
145
253
66
172
298
78
200
240
45
120
186
44
132
231
57
159
276
69
187
260
50
140
164
35
119
209
48
146
254
60
174
280
55
160
142
26
106
187
39
133
232
51
161
300
60
180
120
17
93
165
30
120
210
42
148
320
65
200
98
8
80
143
21
107
188
33
135
Verification of STCR equations in farmers field The front line demonstrations conducted in farmers’ field have shown the superiority of STCR recommendations over farmers’ practice and soil that based fertilizer recommendations. The results of verification trials in farmers field are presented in the following tables. It was observed that the target achieved was better in case of Rabi Crops in comparison to the Kharif crop. It is because of the controlled irrigation in Rabi Season. Table -5 Grain and straw yield as affected by different treatments under IPNS programme during Kharif and Rabi Sl. No.
Name of the farmers and village
T1 Farmers practice
T2 Soil test based
T3 50 q yield target/ha
T4 50 q Yield target with 10 t FYM/ha
T1 Farmers practice
T2 Soil test based
T3 50 q yield target/ha
T4 50 q Yield target with 10 t FYM/ ha
Siula
Paddy crop (Lalat) Kharif
1.
Sri S. N. Nayak
22
24
30(60%)
32 (64%)
31.4
40.7
54.1(109%)
58.1(116%)
2.
Sri R. Behera
18
23
36(72%)
42(84%}
28.0
35.0
45.0(90%)
50.0(100%)
Siula
Paddy crop (Lalat) Kharif
3.
Sri P. C. Parida
28
36
48(96%)
44(88%)
12
18
27(135%)
28(140%)
4.
Sri B. K. Rout
28
34
36 (72%)
36(72%)
10
14
21(105%)
25(125%)
31
Paddycrop (Lalat) Rabi
Groundnut (AK 12-24) (20 q / ha yield target)
Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
Matiapada
Paddy crop (Lalat) Kharif
Paddy crop (Lalat) Rabi
1.
Sri B. K. Panda
26
35
42(84%)
41(82%)
31.3
42.0
52.6(105%)
54.0(108%)
2.
Sri D. Pati
18
28
40(80)%)
32 (64%)
30.0
38.3
54.0(108%)
58.3(117%)
3.
Sri B. Behera
18
25
36(72%)
41(82%)
28.8
38.1
50.3(101%)
52.3 (105%)
4.
Sri P. C. pradhan
20
24
32 (64%)
36 (72%)
31.8
375
50.0(100%)
51.1(102%)
* Figures in the parentheses indicate % of yield target achieved Table -6 (a) Front line demonstration- Groundnut crop (Pod yield q/ha) (var. Smruti) (Rabi, 2007-08) Sl No.
Name/village name of the farmer
Farmer’s Soil test practice based
STCR recommendation (target – 20 q/ha)
% deviation from target
1
Surendra Nath Nayak, Vill. Siula
13.8
14.6
21.8
+9
2
Laxmidhar Nayak, Vill. Siula
12.8
19.8
22.4
+12
3
Batakrushna Rout, Vill. Siula
13.8
16.8
18.4
-8
4
Bibhuti Nayak, Vill. Siula
11.4
15.4
20.8
+4
5
Gurubari Nayak, Vill. Siula
14.4
18.2
22.6
+13
6
Budha Nath Behera, Vill. Matiapada
12.9
18.4
19.3
-1
Table -6 (b) Front line demonstration- Sesamum crop (vr. Nirmala) (Rabi, 2007-08) Sl No.
Name/village name of the farmer
Farmer’s practice
Soil test based
STCR recommendation (target – 8 q/ha)
% deviation from target
1
Subash Ch. Nayak, Vill. Siula
6.9
7.8
8.6
+7.5
2
Prahalad Rout, Vill. Siula
5.4
6.8
7.9
-1.25
3
Sridhar Pradhan, Vill. Matiapada
5.2
6.5
7.6
-5.0
4
Jayakrushna Rout, Vill. Siula
5.8
7.0
8.2
+2.5
32
Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
STCR Project – State Agricultural Department linkage The scientists of STCR Project regularly attend farmers training organized by the state Agricultural Department. In 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 respectively, five, four, nine and twelve number of such trainings were attended. Farmers soil samples are regularly analysed by the STCR Project and fertilizer recommendations are given to the farmers. In 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 respectively 280, 410, 540, 520, 610 and 390 (till date) numbers of farmers soil samples were analysed and fertilizer recommendations were given by STCR project. The soil testing laboratories of State Agriculture Department are adopting recommending the fertilizer prescription equations developed by STCR Project for crops like rice, groundnut, sesamum and vegetable crops like pumpkin, ladies finger etc. Participation of Scientists of STCR Project in conference/ seminar/ refresher course 1.
International Seminar on Traditional Knowledge, Health and Environment. Jan. 23-24, 2002, OUAT, Bhubaneswar.
2.
Three weeks training on ‘Geographical information system and Data Analysis’. TNAU, Coimbatore, May 05-26, 2003.
3.
Sixty eighth (68th) Annual Convention of Indian Society of Soil Science, CSAUAT, Kanpur, No. 4-8, 2003.
4.
ICAR sponsored Winter School on ‘Characterization and Sustainable Management of acid soils of Eastern India’. OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Nov. 18-Dec. 08, 2003.
5.
ICAR sponsored training on ‘Watershed management for Draught Mitigation’. Water Technology Centre for Eastern Region (ICAR), Bhubaneswar, Sept 17-Oct. 07, 2004.
6.
Sixty ninth (69th) Annual Convention of Indian Society of Soil Science, ANGRAU, Hyderabad, October 27-30, 2004.
7.
National Workshop on Soil Testing and Annual Workshop of AICRP on STCR, IISS, Bhopal 21-24 Jan, 2005.
8.
Seventieth (70th ) Annual Convention of Indian Society of Soil Science, TNAU, Coimbatore, September 28-Oct. 01, 2005.
9.
Regional Workshop on Soil Testing for Eastern States. BCKV., Kalyani, W.B. Feb., 27-28, 2006.
10.
Seventy first (71st ) Annual Convention of Indian Society of Soil Science. OUAT, Bhubaneswar, November 10-13, 2006.
11.
Regional Workshop on Soil Testing for eastern States. OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 15-16, March, 2007.
12.
National Workshop on customized and fortified fertilizers as a source of plant nutrients and annual workshop of AICRP on STCR. IISSS, Bhopal, Sept. 26-29, 2007.
13.
Seventy-second(72nd) Annual Convention of Indian Society of Soil Science, BAU, Kanke, Ranchi, October, 2007.
14.
Regional Workshop on Soil Testing for eastern states, RAU, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar, 21-22 February, 2008.
15
Seventy third (73rd) Annual Convention of Indian Society of Soil Science, UAS, Banglore, Nov. 27-30, 2008.
33
Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
Extension Activities LIST OF FARMERS’ TRAINING / AGRICULTURE OFFICERS’ TRAINING ATTENDED BY THE SCIENTISTS OF STCR PROJECT O.U.A.T., Bhubaneswar Sl. No.
Date
Topic
1.
29.07.05
Judging land suitability for different crops as a tool of Watershed Management in rain fed areas
Minor Irrigation and Water Use Training Centre, Bhubaneswar
Director of Agriculture (State Level Agril. Officers’ Training under NATP)
2
10.08.05
Judging land suitability for different crops as a tool of Watershed Management in rain fed areas
Minor Irrigation and Water Use Training Centre, Bhubaneswar
Director of Agriculture (State Level Agril. Officers’ Training under NATP)
3
18.08.05
Judging land suitability for different crops as a tool of Watershed Management in rain fed areas
Minor Irrigation and Water Use Training Centre, Bhubaneswar
Director of Agriculture (State Level Agril. Officers’ Training under NATP)
4
30.08.05
Judging land suitability for different crops as a tool of Watershed Management in rain fed areas
Minor Irrigation and Water Use Training Centre, Bhubaneswar
Director of Agriculture (State Level Agril. Officers’ Training under NATP)
5
20.01.06
Soil Survey and Land use IMAGE, planning Bhubaneswar
IMAGE, Bhubaneswar
6
20.01.06
Soil Classification
IMAGE, Bhubaneswar
7
24.01.06
The System of Soil fertility State quality classification-A new control laboratory, approach Bhubaneswar
Director of Agriculture (State level Soil Chemists’ training)
8
06.03.06
Soil Survey and Land use IMAGE, planning Bhubaneswar
IMAGE, Bhubaneswar
9
06.03.06
Maintenance of Laboratory OUAT Equipments
OUAT(Short course training on Soil and Water testing for KVK Scientists)
10
07.03.06
Preparation of solutions in OUAT the laboratory
OUAT(Short course training on Soil and Water testing for KVK Scientists)
11
08.03.06
Determination of pH and OUAT Electrical conductivity
OUAT(Short course training on Soil and Water testing for KVK Scientists)
12
09.03.06
Determination of available OUAT Nitrogen and Phosphorus in soil samples
OUAT(Short course training on Soil and Water testing for KVK Scientists)
13
10.03.06
Determination of available OUAT Potassium in soil samples
OUAT(Short course training on Soil and Water testing for KVK Scientists)
14
27.05.06
Soil Survey and Land use IMAGE, planning Bhubaneswar
IMAGE, Bhubaneswar (State level Agril. Input dealers’ training)
15
28.07.06
Soil Survey and Land use IMAGE, planning Bhubaneswar
IMAGE, Bhubaneswar (State level Agril. Input dealers’ training)
15
28.07.06
Soil Survey and Land use IMAGE, planning Bhubaneswar
IMAGE, Bhubaneswar (State level Agril. Input dealers’ training)
16
09.10.06
Soil Resources of Orissa
IMAGE, Bhubaneswar (State level Agril. Input dealers’ training)
34
Place
IMAGE, Bhubaneswar
IMAGE, Bhubaneswar
Trainer Agency
Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
17
10.10.06
Soil texture, structure, soil reaction and electrical conductivity
8
18.03.07
Principles and procedure Naktideul, Rairkhol, of soil sample collection Sambalpur and soil testing for acid soil management
Farmers’ training under NAE for Acid Soil Management (ICAR)
19
19.03.07
Principles and procedure Kulita Nuapali, of soil sample collection Dhankauda, and soil testing for acid soil Sambalpur management
Farmers’ training under NAE for Acid Soil Management (ICAR)
20
20.03.07
Principles and procedure Jamarda, Bargarh of soil sample collection Block, Bargarh and soil testing for acid soil management
Farmers’ training under NAE for Acid Soil Management (ICAR)
21
21.03.07
Principles and procedure Bheden, Bargarh of soil sample collection and soil testing for acid soil management
Farmers’ training under NAE for Acid Soil Management (ICAR)
22
22.03.07
Principles and procedure Tileibani, Deogarh of soil sample collection and soil testing for acid soil KVK, Kirei, management Sundargarh
Farmers’ training under NAE for Acid Soil Management (ICAR)
23
23.03.07
Principles and procedure Tileibani, Deogarh of soil sample collection and soil testing for acid soil CYSD, Himagiri, management Sundargarh
Farmers’ training under NAE for Acid Soil Management (ICAR)
24.
7.2.08
Principles and procedures Nunipada, of soil sample collection Belaguntha,Dist. and soil testing for acid soil Ganjam management
Farmers training under NAE for acid soil management
25.
8.2.08
Principles and procedures Dodenga, of soil sample collection Belaguntha Dist and soil testing for acid soil Ganjam management
Farmers training under NAE for acid soil management
26.
17.3.08
Principles and procedures Sulahi, Kirmira, Dist Farmers training under NAE for of soil sample collection - Jharsuguda acid soil management and soil testing for acid soil management
27.
18.3.08
Principles and procedures Bhanjanagar, Dist. of soil sample collection Ganjam and soil testing for acid soil management
Farmers training under NAE for acid soil management
28.
18.3.08
Principles and procedures Kurnemal, of soil sample collection Lakhanpur, Dist. and soil testing for acid soil Jharg\suguda management
Farmers training under NAE for acid soil management
29.
19.3.08
Principles and procedures Badbasing of soil sample collection Bhanjanagar, Dist. and soil testing for acid soil Ganjam management
Farmers training under NAE for acid soil management
30.
19.3.08
Principles and procedures Bhogapali, of soil sample collection Subdega, Dist. and soil testing for acid soil Sundargarh management
Farmers training under NAE for acid soil management
35
IMAGE, Bhubaneswar
IMAGE, Bhubaneswar (State level Agril. Input dealers’ training)
Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
31.
20.03.08
Principles and procedures D h i a m u n d a , Farmers training under NAE for of soil sample collection Lephripada, Dist. acid soil management and soil testing for acid soil Sundergarh management
List of publications 1.
Pradhan, N. K. and Mishra, A. (2003). Response of groundnut to graded doses of ertilizer in rice-groundnut cropping system in lateritic soils of Orissa. Paper presented in 68th Annual Convention of Indian Society of Soil Science. C.S.A.U.A.T., Kanpur. Nov. 4-8, 2003.
2.
Pradhan, N. K. and Mishra, A. and Jena, B. (2003). Availability of potassium under graded doses of fertilizer in a rice based cropping system in lateritic soil. Paper presented in 27th Annual Convention of Bhubaneswar Chapter of Indian Society of Soil Science, Water Technology Centre for Eastern Region, Bhubaneswar. Oct. 22, 2003.
3.
Sahu, G.C.; Mishra, K.N.; Mishra, A. and Samant, T.(2003).Characterization and classification of soils of Kanchinala Micro-Watershed under coastal agro-eco. system of Orissa for optimum land use. Paper presented in 27th Annual Convention of Bhubaneswar Chapter of Indian Society of Soil Science. WTCER, Bhubaneswar. Oct. 22, 2003
4.
Pradhan, N. K. and Mishra, A. (2004). Effect of biofertilizers alone and in combination with chemical fertilizers under rice-rice cropping system in a lateritic soil of Orissa. Paper presented in 69th Annual Convention of Indian Society of Soil Science. ANGRAU, Hyderabad. October, 27-30, 2004.
5.
Mishra, K. N; Mishra, A; Samanta, T. K. and Sahu, G.C. (2004). Development of perspective land use plan for Kanchinala micro- watershed under coastal agro-ecosystem of Orissa. Paper presented in 28th Annual Convention of Bhubaneswar chapter of Indian Society of Soil Science, CIFA, Bhubaneswar. 14 October, 2004.
6.
Patnaik, H. P; Panda, S; Samal, M. K. and Mishra, A. (2004). Nutritional status of vermicompost in response to oil cakes and earthworm species. Journal Research, O. U. A. T., Bhubaneswar. 22(1):83-86.
7.
Pradhan, N. K.; Mishra, A.; Nayak, B. and Chandra, K. (2004). Uptake of potash by brinjal and chilli with the use of Potash Mobilising Bacteria ( Frateuria aurantia). Paper presented in 28th Annual Convention of Bhubaneswar Chapter of Indian Society of Soil Science, C.I.F.A., Bhubaneswar. Oct. 14, 2004.
8.
Pradhan, N. K. and Mishra, A. (2005). Effect of graded doses of fertilizer on sesamum under rice-sesamum cropping system in a lateritic soil of Orissa. Paper presented in 70th Annual Convention of Indian Society of Soil Science. TNAU, Coimbatore. September 28- October 1, 2005.
9.
Pradhan, N. K. and Mishra, A. (2005). Studies on physico-chemical properties of some soils of iron ore mines area of Keonjhar and Sundergarh districts of Orissa. Paper presented in 29th Annual Convention of Bhubaneswar Chapter of Indian Society of Soil Science. Bhubaneswar. September 21, 2005.
10.
Sahu, G.C. and Mishra, Antaryami (2005).Soils of Orissa and their management. Orissa Review. LXII (4): 56-60..
36
Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
11.
Pradhan, N. K. and Mishra, Antaryami (2006). Soil Test Crop Response studies in Orissa – present scenario and future projections. Paper presented in Regional Workshop on Soil Testing for eastern and north- eastern states of India. BCKV, Kalyani. Feb. 27-28, 2006
12.
Pradhan, N. K. and Mishra, A. (2006). Effect of graded doses of fertilizer on pumpkin under rice-pumpkin cropping system in an Inceptisol of Orissa. Paper presented in 71th Annual Convention of Indian Society of Soil Science. OUAT, Bhubaneswar. November, 10-13, 2006.
13.
Mishra, Antaryami (2007). A review on genesis and taxonomic classification of soils of Orissa. Orissa Review. LXIII (6): 53-56.
14.
Pradhan, N.K.; Mishra, Antaryami.; Padhy, G.P. and Jena, B. (2007). Soil test based fertilizer recommendation for targeted yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) under Rice-Groundnut cropping system in an Inceptisol of Orissa. Environment and Ecology 25(2): 478-480
15.
Nanda, S.K. and Mishra, Antaryami (2007). Effect of graded doses of fertilizer on ladies finger under rice-lady’s finger cropping system in an Inceptisol of Orissa. Paper presented in 72nd Annual Convention of Indian Society of Soil Science, BAU, Kanke, Ranchi, October, 2007.
16.
Mishra, Antaryami (2007). Land suitability classification for different crops. Orissa Review. LXIV (4): 65-68.
17.
Nanda, S.K. and Mishra Antaryami (2008). Effect of graded does of fertilizer on potato under rice - potato cropping system in an Inceptisoil of Orissa. Paper presented in 73rd Annual Convention of Indian Society of Soil Science, UAS, Bangalore, November 27-30, 2008.
18.
Mishra Antaryami; Pradhan, N.K.; Nanda, S.K. and Jena, B.(2008) Soil test based fertilizer recommendation for targeted yield of seasamum (Sesamum indicum) under rice-sesamum cropping system in an Inceptisol of Orissa. Enviornment and Ecology-26 (4a): 1756-1758.
19.
Mishra, Antaryami and Mishra B.B. (2008) Soils of Bargarh district. Orissa Review LXV (4) : 36-38.
Text Book Sahu, G.C.; Mishra, K.N. and Mishra, A. (2005). Soil Classification and Survey. Dept. of Soil Science and Agril. Chemistry, OUAT, Bhubaneswar. Booklet Sahu, G.C.; Mishra, K.N.; Mishra, A.; Samant, T. and Garnayak, L.M.(2005). Development of perspective land use planning in Kanchinala micro- watershed under coastal agro-ecosystem of Orissa. Dept. of Soil Science and Agril. Chemistry, OUAT, Bhubaneswar. Master Degree Thesis Mandhata, Manasi (1997) – Study on availability of phosphorus and potassium under graded doses of fertilizer for rice-pulse cropping system. Jena, Bandita (2000) – Study on availability of phosphorus and potassium under graded doses of fertilizer for rice-rice cropping system. Padhy, Ganesh Prasad (2003) –Soil test based fertilizer recommendation for targeted yield of groundnut under rice-groundnut cropping system. Gogoi, Arunima (2007) – Soil test based fertilizer recommendation for targeted yield of pumpkin under rice-pumpkin cropping system in Inceptisols of Orissa.
37
Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
Annexure-I
(Soil Testing Methods) Soil pH The pH is defined as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration or simply the log or reciprocal of hydrogen ion concentration. Principle: A glass electrode in contact with H+ ion of the solution acquires an electrode potential which
depends on the concentration of H+ ions. This is measured potentiometrically against some reference electrode, which is usually a calomel electrode. The potential difference between glass electrode and calomel electrode is expressed in pH units. Procedure: 10gm of soil is taken in a 50 ml plastic beaker and 20 ml of distilled water is added and
stirred for 30 minutes. Then with help of a pH meter pH reading is taken. 2. Electrical Conductivity (EC):
The electrical conductivity measurement gives the total amount of soluble salts present in the soil and is expressed as dSm-1. As the amount of soluble salts in a solution increases, the electrical conductivity also increases. Principle: This electrical conductivity is measured in terms of the resistance offered to the flow of
current using a conductivity bridge.
Procedure: 10 gms of soil is taken and 20ml distilled water is added to it and stirred well. The solution
is kept for 30 minutes and then the electrical conductivity measurement is taken using a conductivity bridge. 3. Organic carbon:
Principle: Organic carbon present in soil is oxidized by chromic acid in the presence of conc. H2SO4.
Potassium dichromate on reaction with carbon forms CO2. The H2SO4 enables easy digestion of organic matter by rendering heat of dilution. Only a certain quantity of chromic acid is used for oxidation. The excess chromic acid left unused by the organic matter is determined by back titration with 0.5 N ferrous ammonium sulphate using diphenylamine (or ferroin) indicator. Procedure: 1 to 2 gm of soil is taken in a 500ml conical flask; 10ml of 1N K2Cr2O7 is added to it and
shaken well. Then 20ml of cone. H2SO4 is added and mixed by gentle shaking. Then it is allowed to stand for 30 minutes after which 200ml of distilled water is added to it. Then 10ml of phosphoric acid and 1ml of diphenylamine (or ferroin) indicator is added to it. The solution is titrated against 0.5 N ferrous ammonium sulphate ( to a bright parrot green end point in case of diphenyl amine indicator and wine red in case of ferroin indicator). Calculation: % Organic Carbon= 10 (1- S/B) x 0.0039 x 100/w Where B= Blank reading S= Sample Reading W= Weight of soil sample taken % Organic matter = % O.C. x 100/58
38
Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
Available Nitrogen (By Alkaline Permanganate method): Principle: A known weight of soil is mixed with excess of alkaline KMnO4 (Permanganate) and distilled.
Organic matter present in soil is oxidized by the nascent oxygen liberated by KMnO4 in the presence of NaOH and then ammonia is released. This released ammonia is absorbed in boric acid (2%) containing mixed indicator and is converted to ammonium borate. This ammonium borate is titrated against standard H2SO4 Procedure: 20gm of soil is taken in a distillation flask. 30ml of distill water is added just to moist the soil
and 1ml of liquid paraffin is added to avoid frothing, a few glass beads are added to avoid bumping. 100ml of freshly prepared 0.32% KMnO4 and 100 ml of 2.5% NaOH are added to the soil in the distillation flask.100ml conical flask containing approximately 20ml of 2% boric acid with mix indicator is kept below the delivery end of the condenser and the distillation is continued until the release is free of ammonia or about 30ml of distillate is collected. (It can be tested bringing red litmus paper near the outlet of condenser which will turn blue as long as ammonia is being evolved.) The ammonia collected in boric acid is titrated with 0.02 N H2SO4. Calculation: Available N (kg/ha) = R x 0.02 x 1 x 0.014 x 2.24 x 106= R x 31.36 Where R = Volume of 0.02N H2SO4 required for titration. Available Phosphorus: Olsen’s Method: (For Neutral, alkaline and calcareous Soil)
Principle: Phosphorus is extracted from soil with 0.5 M NaHCO3 adjusted to pH8.5 Blue colour in developed
by ascorbic acid method. The intensity of blue colour is measured using spectrophotometer.
Procedure: 2gm of soil is taken in a 100ml Conical flask (or polythene shaking bottle). 20ml of 0.5ml M
NaHCO3 (pH 8.5) and a pinch of Darco G. 60 (to make the extraction colourless) is added. The content is shaken in a mechanical shaker for 30 minutes. The content is filtered through Whatman filter paper No. 42 to another conical flask. 5ml of the filtrate is pipetted out into a 25 ml volumetric flask and 4ml of ascorbic acid reagent (1.056 gm of ascorbic acid dissolved in 200 ml of ammonium molybdate antimony potassium tartarate reagent) is added to it. The volume is made up to 25ml with distilled water. The content is shaken and allowed for few minutes for colour development. The intensity of blue colour is measured in spectrophotometer at 660nm wavelength. A blank is simultaneously run to calibrate the instrument. Using the standard curve, the concentration of P (ppm) is found out. II. Bray’s I Method (For Acid Soils): Principle: The combination of HCL and NH4F extracts acid soluble form of P such as monocalcium
phosphate. The fluoride ion has the special property of complexing Al3+ and Fe3+ ions in acid solution with consequent release of P held in the soil by these ions . The ‘P’ so released into the soil solution is estimated calorimetrically as available P. Procedure: 2 gm of soil is taken in a 100ml conical flask (or polythene shaking bottle.) 20ml of Bray’s
No. 1 extractant (0.03M NH4F + 0.02NHCI) is added to it. The content is shaken in a mechanical shaker for five minutes and than filtered through a Whatman No.42 filter paper. A blank is also simultaneously run. Then 5ml of filtrate is pipetted out into a 25ml volumetric flask. 5ml of chlormolybdic acid reagent is added to it and gently swirled for several times, so that all the CO2 escapes out. Distilled water is added to make the volume up to 20ml. Then 1ml of dilute stannous chloride solution (0.5ml of stannous chloride stock solution diluted to 66ml) is added to it and the volume is made upto 25ml mark and the content is mixed. After colour development the intensity of blue colour is measured in spectrophotometer at 660 nm wavelength.
39
Technical Bulletin
Soil Testing and Fertilizer Recommendation in Orissa
Calculation Available P (kg ha-1) = R
Total volume of extractant Volume of aliquot
1 224 10 6 2.24 Wt. of soil soil Wtof 10 6
Where R= ppm P in the aliquot (to be seen from the curve)
Total volume of extractant 1 224 10 6 R Available Potassium: Volume of aliquot Wt of soil 10 6 Principle: The K+ ion in the exchange sites of clay in the soil is replaced with NH4+ ions thereby K+ ions 6 are released. The concentration K+ ion in the1 solution determined using flame photometer. Total volume of of extractant 224 is10then
R volume of extractant 224 10 6 Total of aliquot soil 10 6 (or polythene shaking bottle) and 25ml Wtof Procedure:R 5gm of soilVolume is taken in a 100 ml conical flask 6
wt. of soil 10the content is shaked in a mechanical shaker for 5 of 1N ammonium acetate is taken added to it and minutes. The contents is filtered through a Whatman No. 42 filter paper. The filterate is aspirated in a flame photometer and reading is recorded.1 The available Totalthe volume of extractant 224 10 6 potassium content is calculated using a standard curve.R 6 Volume of aliquot
Wt of soil
10
Calculation:
224 10 6 Available K (Kgha-1) R Total volume of extractant 2.24 oftaken soil wt.Wt. of soil 10 6 Where R= ppm K in the extract (obtained from standard curve)
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Technical Bulletin
