wdrdê; foaYk ud,dj - 2014 cQks 25 zztaldlD;sl m%,dm (Stereotypes) mqrdúoHd yd Wreu l
- tÉ' Ô' ohdisisrzz
taldlD;sl m%,dm ^Stereotypes) tÉ'cS' ohdisisr'
ixl,am is;shu(
tlu l=,lhla ;=< ish¿ fokd ksrEmkh
ñksia .;s ,laIK ms
ksIam%udK m%jdo fõ
mqoa.,hd ióm ixo¾Nh ;=
taldlD;sl m%jdo
mrSlaIdjg ,la l< fkdyel
WmkHdi f.dv ke.sh fkdyel
wfkld i|yd m%;spdr i|yd n,mdhs wiïNdjH m%ldYk fõ
i;H fyda wi;H fkdfõ ^ks.ukh .uH fkdfõ&
frdnÜ fkdlaia yd Tyqf.a miqìu1 1641 fmnrjdrs 8 jeksod ,kavkfha oS Wm; ,o fkdlaia kef.kysr bkaoshdkq fj<| iud.fus (East India Company) ish mshdg iydh fjñka" fiajh lrk w;r;=r ,xldjg meñKsfha h' 1660 oS fkdlaia Tyqf.a mshd iu. ;j;a 16 fofkl= Wvrg rcqf.a isrlrejka njg m;a úh' túg fkdlaia 19jk úfha miq úh' ish Ôú;fha —u,a iufha˜ fuu wjdikdjka; brKug f.dÿre jQ fkdlaia jir 19la yd udi 6l isr Ôú;h ksu lr ,kavkhg m
nkagdï yryd 1680 iema;eïn¾ 06 osk
tx.,ka;hg <Õd úh' nkagdï yd tx.,ka;h w;r kdúl .ufka oS ish ft;sydisl lD;sh ,shd ksu lr bka jirla ;=< th m%isoaO lr we;'
jy,a fjf
igyka b;d jeo.;a idlaIH
imhhss' ;u kefjs msrsig wu;rj ;j;a 250 la f.k taug fkdlaia tl`. úh' uev.ia;rfha ckhdf.ka jeä m%udKhla bkaÿkSishdkqjka jqj o ksf.%dhsâ jeks wm%sldkq f.da;%slhka o tys úiSh'
fkdlaia msrsñhl= .eyeKshl yd orejkg kshu l< ñ,la ;snqK o
fj<|du isÿ jqfka ukao.dój h' “Knox agreed to carry 250 men, women and children in addition to his crew and provisions for all in the ship. .. A large part of Madagascar population Indonesian by descent. But the other ethnic groups were African aborigines and mainly Negroid. Although Knox “settled the prices one men and women and children slaves” yet “trade came one very slowly”. P 421 thg fya;=j jy¿ka ovhus lr .ekSfus wmyiqjhs' tla jy
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^wmf.a l;sldjg wod, jk f;dr;=re muKla bosßm;a lrñ&
iud.u jy,a fj<|dug msúisfha h'3 fkdlaiaf.a jy,a fj<|du ksid 1665 jk úg fikaÜ fyf,akd jrdh fmros. bkaoshdkq fj<| iud.fï jrdhla njg m;a jQ w;r ,kafoaiska Tjqkg msgùug ksfhda. lrk ;=reu fï ;;a;ajh mej;sK' 4 1684 oS fldñiu (E.I.C) ksl=;a l< ,smshlska mejfikafka" uev.ialrfha ksf.%da f.da;%slhka jy¨ka f,i wf<ú lsÍug Tn ie,iqï lr we;s jHdmdrh yels;dla ÿrg mj;ajd f.k hk f,ihs'5 fojk pd,aia rcq o E.I.C fldñifuka jy¨ka b,a,d mKsúv hjd we;'6 fmda¨iaf.a fï igyk o lshjkak' It was part of Knox‟s duty at St.Helena to make good the long standing shortage of grain by laying out new paddy fields on the Ceylon model. He knew what kind of rice was most likely to flourish. The governor and council were advised, 5 April 1684: “ Capt. Knox that lived twenty years in Ceylon informing us That there is a peculiar sort of rice yet growth best on high and dry lands.”p.424 fyf,akdys oS
fkdlaiag mejreK ;j;a j.lSula kï È.=ld,Sk OdkH yssÕhg
ms
fkdlaiaf.a lD;sh frdn¾Ü í,elafndaka fmrÈ. bkaoshdkq iud.ug 1681 wf.daia;= 10 osk bosßm;a lrkafka fkdlaia i;Hfha ñksid f,i h'7 ,xldj .ek W;=ï i;Huh mrsmQ¾K úia;rhla fkdlaia bosrsm;a lr we;s nj fmfka'8 fkdlaia ;ud ,shQ foa i;Hu jk nj iy;sl jkafka fufia h' My own personal knowledge to be true. (Knox‟s address to Sir William Thompson)
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He (Knox) freely avows that “Two of their captains refused to goe one such a voiage although they offered to pay at the rate of 20 pounds p:head. P. 422 3
^tu& The E.I.C was beginning to slide in to the slave trade from about 1661… St. Helena, one of the beneficiaries under Knox‟s slave running voyages, became an E.I.C port of call from 1665 when the Dutch were finally forced to leave. 5 ^tu& The commission issued to Knox was dated 4 April 1684: “your designed business at Madagascar is to provide a lading to Negroes as many as you can conveniently … 6 King Charles II himself has issued a commission to the E.I.C to obtain slaves for the royal household. ..p.424 7 “We esteem caption Knox a man of truth” . on 10th August 1681 at the court of comities for the East India Company.-Robert Blackbourne. Secretary by the order of the Said Court. P.II.Knox.R.1681) 8 Caption Knox‟s description of the isle of Ceylon which seems to be written with great truth and integrity. (do) 4
ug fuu f;dr;=re ÿka wh tajd i;Hhehs fmdÿfõ úYajdi lrhs'9 fkdlaiaf.a lD;sfha jeä jYfhka we;af;a ´md¥m nj tys fkdfhla ;ekaj, fhdod we;s Tyqf.au joka idlaIH orhs' Wod¦
Tjqka oeka mjik mrsos -And now they say…. th ksr;=re jd¾;d jQ lreKla ksid uu th i;H hehs is;ñ'- It is frequently reported and I suppose is true…. ug oek.kakg ,eìK-‟I‟m informed ,I have asked …. uu wy, ;sfhkjd-I have heard….
isrlrejl= jQ Tyqg ^—i;Hfha ñksidg˜& ;udf.a weiqrg ,enqKq .eñhka lSm fofkl= iemhQ f;dr;=re u; hefmñka —W;=ï i;Huh mßmQ¾K úia;rhla ˜ oSug yels ù we;!! Tyqf.a ,xld úia;rh ;=< 1. foaYh yd tys ksIamdok -Country and product of it. 2. rcq yd Tyqf.a md,kh - King and his government 3. foaYjdiSka" Tjqkaf.a wd.u isß;aúß;a- inhabitants their religion and customs wka;¾.; lr we;' fojk rdcisxy rcqf.a lsisÿ fyd|la fkdolsk fkdlaia oeä oafõY iy.;j rcq .ek ,shhs' rcq udkfhka msïnqK" oafõYfhka msreK" oreKq f,a msmdis;hl= nj fkdlaia lshhs'10 lEfuys o ldufhys o .scq h'11 iQlaIau lmáfhl= jk fudyqg wjYH m%×jhs'12 iajNdjfhka u oreKq jQ úYd, f,i f,a j.=rejk mqoa.,fhls'13 ñksiqkg isfhd,`. uia lEug o ish orejkaf.a uia lEug o kshu lrhs'14 fkdlaiaf.a ,dxlslfhda osjhsfka iajNdúl kshu jeisfhda isxy,fhda h'15 isxy,hka ;rï hqfrdamShhkag iujk fjk;a cd;shla f,dj ke;'16 jeoafoda lsisodl ysifla fkdlm;s17 9
I have received from the inhabitants themselves of such things as are commonly known to be true among them. (Robert Knox. 1681) 10 Under the consideration of his manners will fall his temperance, his ambition and pride, his policy and dissimulation, his cruel and bloody disposition. p 39 11 He is temperate both his diet and his lust. 12 He is crafty, cautious, a great dissembler, no doth he want wisdom p 39 13 He seems to be naturally disposed to cruelty, for he sheds a great deal of blood. 14 …. make them eat their own flesh and their own children. (p39) 15 -Natural proper people of the island which they call Chinhulayas.(P.61)16 No nation in the world do so exactly resemble the Chingulayas as the people of Europe. (P.61) –
isxy,hka bkaoshdkqjkag jvd jeo.;a m%sh ckl ñksia fldgils18 by, isg my,g iEu whl=u jy¨ka fyda jy¨ka jeks fõ'19 ^l¿ ñksiqka jy¨ka f,i wf,ú l< iqÿ ñksil=g tfia fmkSu wreuhla fkdfõ& issrldr cSú;fha oS Tyqg wem Wmldr l< wh kï YsIag ñksiqka jk w;r Tjqyq bkaoshdfõ Tyq okakd whg jvd m%sh ckl h'20 Wvrg ñkssiqka fndreldr" wldreKsl krl .;s we;s wh jqj o my;rg ñksiqka ldreKsl" wjxl" újD;" mfrdam;dÍ" nhdÿ wh fj;s'21 ^my;rg ñksiqka weiqre lsÍug fkdlaiag fkd,eìK' fkdlaiag wem Wmldr lrk úg YsIag jk ñksiqka u Tyqf.ka Kh f.k fkdf.jk úg fndreldr" krl .;s we;s wh fjhs & —fmdfrdkaÿ .ek úYajdi ;eìh fkdyel' fndreldrfhda h' weÕg m;g fkdoekS fndre lSug olaI h'˜22 hehs wj,do k.kafka ta ksihs' tfia jqj o fmdÿfõ iqÿ ñksiqka kï f.!rjKSh wh fj;s"23 isxy,hdf.a iïNjh Ökhg iïnkaO lrk fkdlaia isxy,hdf.a foúhd —nqÿ˜ kue;a;l= nj mjihs'24 fkdlaiag wkqj úu,O¾uiQrsh rcqf.a urKska miqj l=iqudik foaúh wdjdy jqfKa —;sßkekalais˜^f;rekakdkafia& kue;s uydkdysñhka iu.h'25 “Great Truth” uqødj hgf;a hgf;a fkdlaia fndre ,shkafka tf,isks' fkdlaia fufia jrojd ,shQ ;eka i|yd WodyrK ish .Kkska fidhd .; yel' fkdlaiaf.ka miq fid,aodÿjl= jQ frdnÜ m¾isjd,a ^1803&" mQclhl= jQ fcaïia fldaäk¾ ^1807&" úoHd{fhl= jQ fcdaka fâú ^1821&" ñIkdßjrhl= jQ ú,shï udáka ydjâ ^1821& fjf
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Vadda never cut their hair.(P.62) – Sinhalese are a people proper and very well favored than India (63) 19 People from the highest to the lowest slaves or very like slaves. 20 ….Civilized inhabitants whom I am chiefly to treat of they are a people proper and very well favored beyond all people that I have seen in India. (p 63) 21 They of the lowland are kind, pitiful, helpful, and honest and plain…..uplands are ill natured false, unkind…….. 22 -In their promises very unfaithful approving lying in themselves…….p65 No conscience of lying (p.64) 23 The white are generally honorable. P67 24 ^There is another god whom they call Buddha…p72) 25 She afterward married to the chief priest whom in their language they called Tirinanxy. The Trenanx his father ….. p33 18
fcdk;ka f*daíia ^1841&" fykaß ud¾I,a ^1846& pd¾,aia m%svka ^1849&" i¾ fykaß pd,aia ^1850&" fcda¾Ê ndfrda ^1857&" fÊïia tu¾ika fgkkaÜ ^1859& 19jk ishji ;=< fkdlaiaf.a n,mEug ,la jQ fiiq f,aLlhka w;r fjhs¡ ^Gunatilake.1975. p.84) hqfrdamSh weig ,xld iudch fmkqKq wdldrh fmkaùug" f,aLlhka mia fofkl=f.a lD;s mylska26 Wmqgd .;a kso¾Yk mKyla fuys olajñ' fudjqkaf.a lshùï fld;rï w.;s.dó o hkak ;SrKh Tng Ndr lrñ' 1. ,xldfõ yska¥ka hqoldó h'27 2. ^,xldfõ& yska¥yq wdl%uKslfhda fj;s'28 3. jeoaoka wdosjdiSka h29 4. fuu osjhsfka wdosjdiSka jeoafoda muKlau h30 5. ,xldfõ uqia,suqka bkaoshdj wdl%uKh l< uQ.,ajrekaf.ka mej; tkafkda fkdfj;s31 6. ,xldfõ kef.kysr yd W;=f¾ yskaÿ m%cdj yd ^ol=Kq& bkaoshdfõ yskaÿ m%cdj tlu msßils"32 7. yd,ska l=re÷ ;,kafkda h'33 8. is,kslhkg ^my;/áhkg& jvd lekaähkajre ^Wv/áhka& hqoldó h'34 9. jD;a;sh wkqj l=,h ;SrKh l< yel'35 10. Tjqyq^is,kslhka& muK oek l;d ny lr;s' uDÿ .;s mej;=ï iys; h'36 11. is,kslhka jyd fldam .kakd fyda weúiafik iq¿ fkdfõ' f,a j.=rkakg leu;s ke;'37 – 12. Tjqkaf.a wruqKq oeä h' is;k u;k wdldrhg myiqfjka fmd
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^Bertolacci 1817, Cordiner 1807, Parker1909, Blaze1921, John Ferguson1887) Hindoos(Ceylon) are war like (P.17)28 Hindoos are invaders(P.20) – 29 Bedas(Vedda) are true aborigines (P.21)30 The Vedas, or Bedas, who, by all appearances, are the only indigenous nation in the island .(P.40) 31 The Moors who are now established in Ceylon are not descendants of those Moguls who invaded the Peninsula. (P.40) 32 The Hindoos, who occupy the eastern and northern parts of Ceylon, are evidently from the same stock as those who inhabit the opposite coast of the Indian continent. (P. 41)33 Chalias are cinnamon peelers.(P.42)34 Candians are more warlike than the Ceylonese, (P.45) – 35 Occupation distinct caste.(P.43) – 36 They are, in general, very reserved in their address, and mild in their manners. (P. 51) – 37 Ceylonese cannot very easily be roused to resentment and blood shed.(P.51) 38 He(Ceylonese) cannot be diverted from his purpose by the thought or presence of those objects which, in others, by acting upon the imagination.(P.51) Bertolacci .1817 27
14. ikaiqka h uDÿ h miq.dó h' nhdÿ h'40 15. Tjqyq b;d iudcldó h' widudkH f,i wd.ka;=l i;aldrhg leu;s h'41 16. Tjqkf.a m%Odk wdydrh m<;=re h.42 17. f.!rjkSh hqfrdmShhka yd tl fïihl ys| .ekSug fyda wdydr .ekSug ,x;dfõ ñksiqka iqÿiq fkdfõ''43 18. ,xldfõ jeisfhda osjd /h jeä ld,hla t,suyfka .; lr;s'44 19. Tjqkaf.a ir< ieye,a¨ cSú;h i;=kaf.a Ôú;hg jvd ;rula Wiia fjhs45 20¡ yeu ñksil= u ol=Kq w;ska wdydr .kafka w,s we;=ka lEu lkaakd fia h'46 21. kqjr ñksiqka flavEß h, ;rula meyem;a h, kuq;a Wi ke;.47 22. my;a l=,j, wh uq¿ukska u ksrej;ska .uka hhs¡48 23. kqjr ñksiqka wysxil h¡¡ mSvdldÍ fkdfõ'49 24. ta yefudau ÿmam;a h¡50 25. i¾j n,OdrS tlu foúhl= .ek fn!oaOfhda úYajdi lr;s'51 26. jeoafoda ,d ÿUqre ck j¾.hlg wh;a h'52 27. isxy,fhda ,d ly ck j¾.hls'53 28. isxy,hka yd jeoaoka T,sõ ly meye tlu j¾Khka hq;= j¾.fhda h54 29. kqjr isxy,hkaf.a yfï meyeh iys; fou< wh lsisúfgl;a fou< wh w;r olakg
fkd,efí55
30. kqjr^W;=re& m%foaYfha .ïuqkg jvd jeoaokaa Wiska wvq h56 31. ,xldfõ /
Sinhalese are indigent, harmless, indolent, and unwarlike…. p.92 .... equanimity, mildness, bashfulness, timidity. P.92 41 They are extreemely civil, uncommenly hospitable to strangers.p.92 42 Fruit is their principle article of food. p.92 43 No native of Ceylon object to sit at table or eat in company with a respectable Europians. 44 The inhabitants spend by far the greater portion of their time, both night and day, in the open air. P.104 45 ..their life runs on in an easy aparthy , but little elevated above mere animal existence.p.105. 46 . ..every man eat with his right hand in the same manner as the elephant feed himself .. 47 Candians are of a stouter make, and fairer complexion, but not taller. P.131 48 The lower order of the people go almost naked. P.132 49 Candians are innocent and harmless. P,132 50 They all poor. P.133 51 The Buddhist believe in the existence of one supreme god.. p. 148 Cordiner. 1807 52 Vaeddas belong to a light brown race(P.40)53 Sinhalese belong to a light yellow race(P.40) 54 Vaeddas are of one original colour, yellow, with an olive tint. (P. 40) 55 The skin colour of Kandian Sinhalese is never seen in the skins of Tamils.(P.40) 56 The height of the Village Vaddas is less than that of the ordinary northern Kandian villagers (P.41) 40
57
Kinnaras are only one race in Ceylon
with curly hair.(Page 44)
32. lskakre fyj;a l¾udka;hka ,xldfõ my;a u l=,hg wh;a h'58 33. kqjr .ïuqka yd .ï jeoaokaa tlu ;o ÿUqre meyefhka hq;= h"59 34. .ï jeoaokaa msrsisÿ h' losu wej;=ï mej;=ï iys; h60 35. Tjqkaf.a ckl;d kqjr ckl;d yd iu fjhs61 36. jeoaoka meyefhka o isxy,hkg jvd kqjr jeishkg ,x fjhs62 37. j. ñksiqka wÕ=re mq¿iaikafkda h'63 38. msáir jeoafoda yd jkaksjre ks;ru rjqï yeve;s f;davq m<|s;s'64 39 jeoafoda yd jkaksjreka ks;ru rsoS f;davq m<|s;s'65 40.fou< l;d lrK jeoafoda j÷re uia fkdl;s66 41. jeoafoda úfYaIfhka u ,d ly meye;s uv j;=r îug m%sh lr;s'67 42. kqjr jeiafida o fld< msreK fndr osh m%sh lr;s68 43. .ïjeoaoka yd fou< l;d lrk jeoaoka .kakd wdydr fkdfjkia h'69 44.fou¿ fï rfÜ i;=frda h70 45. Tjqyq wdl%uKslfhda h71 46.kef.Kysr ^ì%;dkH& iafldÉjreka fuka fudjqyq ^fou¿& o ixl%uKsl ckmoslhka h72 47. isxy,fhda ñksia ixy;sfha .eyeKqka h73 48. isxy, fn!oaOhkaf.a wdl,amh osùug jvd weúoSu fyd| nj h' weúoSug jvd ys|f.k isàu fyd| h' ksod .ekSu ta ish,a,gu jvd fyd| h74 49. isxy,hskg yuqodjla fyda kdúl yuqodjla ke;75 58
Kinnaras or Karmantayo, the mat-Weavers, the lowest caste in the island. (P. 44) The colour of these people (village Vadda) is the same dark brown as that of the average Kandian villager, (P. 45) 60 Their (village Vadda) villages are clean and neat.(P.45) 61 Their folk-stories are the, same as those of the Kandians. (Page 45) 62 They closely in color than the average Sinhalese. (P. 46) 63 The Waga people, although they are supposed to have been originally only charcoal burners. (P. 46) 64 The Vaddas of the interior and the Wanniyas often have silver rings in their ears. (P. 47) 65 The Vadda of the interior and the Vanniyas often have silver ring in their ears.(page 47) 66 Tamil-speaking Vaddas do not eat Monkeys(Page 51) 67 (Vadda) particularly like water lightly tinged yellow with mud. (p. 53) 68 Kandian villagers also prefer „bora-diya‟, and the water of pools which are covered with a green vegetable growth.(p. 53) 69 All the village Veddas and the Tamil speaking Veddas and the Vanniyas eat the same food. (p.50) Parker.1909 70 Tamils are the enimes of the country (pp 25-26) 71 They are invaders. (pp 25-26) Blaze.1921 72 -Tamils who have been called the “Scotchmen of the East” from their enterprise in migrating and colonizing.( p.46) 73 The Sinhalese have indeed been called the women of human race. P.156 74 Buddhist Sinhalese being “Better walk than to run to sit down than the walk and the best of all go to sleep. P.156 59
50. fn!oaO ëjrhska lshkafka ;uka ud¿ka j;=frka f.dv .kakjd ñi urkafka ke;s nj h76 fcaïia fldaäk¾ lsis úfgl;a Wv/áhka isxy¨ka f,i ie
Sinhalese have no Army or Navy. P.161 -Buddhist fishermen say “We don‟t kill the fish. We take them out of water and they die of themselves. P.161 John Ferguson.1887 77 Galton argued that social morals needed to change so that heredity was a conscious decision, in order to avoid over-breeding by "less fit" members of society and the under-breeding of the "more fit" ones. (Darwin's cousin, Francis Galton, in 1865 and 1869) In Galton's view, social institutions such as welfare and insane asylums were allowing "inferior" humans to survive and reproduce at levels faster than the more "superior" humans in respectable society. Jewish philosopher and historian Hannah Arendt analysed the historical development from a politically indifferent scientific Darwinism via social Darwinist ethics to racist ideology. 76
wkqj l¿ cd;slhka i;=ka fyda i;=kg wdikak fldg ie
i;H ms
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