The Elasmobranch Husbandry Manual: Captive Care of Sharks, Rays and their Relatives
Editors Mark Smith Doug Warmolts Dennis Thoney Robert Hueter
Published by Ohio Biological Survey, Inc. Columbus, Ohio 43221-0370
2004
Ohio Biological Survey Special Publication ISBN-13: 978-0-86727-152-3 ISBN-10: 0-86727-152-3 Library of Congress Number: 2004115835
Publication Director Brian J. Armitage Editorial Committee Barbara K. Andreas, Ph. D., Cuyahoga Community College & Kent State University Brian J. Armitage, Ph. D., Ohio Biological Survey Benjamin A. Foote, Ph. D., Kent State University (Emeritus) Jane L. Forsyth, Ph. D., Bowling Green State University (Emeritus) Eric H. Metzler, B.S., The Ohio Lepidopterists Scott M. Moody, Ph. D., Ohio University David H. Stansbery, Ph. D., The Ohio State University (Emeritus) Ronald L. Stuckey, Ph. D., The Ohio State University (Emeritus) Elliot J. Tramer, Ph. D., The University of Toledo
Literature Citation Smith, M., D. Warmolts, D. Thoney, and R. Hueter (editors). 2004. The Elasmobranch Husbandry Manual: Captive Care of Sharks, Rays and their Relatives. Special Publication of the Ohio Biological Survey. xv + 589 p. Cover and Title Page Illustration by Rolf Williams, The National Marine Aquarium, Rope Walk, Coxside, Plymouth, PL4 0LF United Kingdom Distributor Ohio Biological Survey, P.O. Box 21370, Columbus, Ohio 43221-0370 U.S.A. Copyright © 2004 by the Ohio Biological Survey All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a computerized system, or published in any form or in any manner, including electronic, mechanical, reprographic, or photographic, without prior written permission from the publishers, Ohio Biological Survey, P.O. Box 21370, Columbus, Ohio 432210370 U.S.A. Layout and Design: Printing:
Brian J. Armitage, Ohio Biological Survey The Ohio State University, Printing Services, Columbus, Ohio Ohio Biological Survey P.O. Box 21370 Columbus, OH 43221-0370 www.ohiobiologicalsurvey.org 11-2004—1.5M ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword Eugenie Clark ......................................................................................................................................... iii Introduction Mark F. L. Smith, Doug Warmolts, Dennis Thoney, and Robert Hueter ................................................. v Chapter 1
Elasmobranchs in the Public Aquarium: 1860 to 1930 Thomas J. Koob ........................................................................................................................................ 1
Chapter 2
Species Selection and Compatibility Andy Dehart ........................................................................................................................................... 15
Chapter 3
Collecting Elasmobranchs: Legislation, Permitting, Ethics, and Commercial Collectors Joseph M. Choromanski ........................................................................................................................ 25
Chapter 4
Quarantine and Isolation Facilities for Elasmobranchs: Design and Construction Joseph M. Choromanski ........................................................................................................................ 43
Chapter 5
Design and Construction of Exhibits for Elasmobranchs David C. Powell, Marty Wisner, and John Rupp ................................................................................... 53
Chapter 6
Water Quality and Life Support Systems for Large Elasmobranch Exhibits Peter J. Mohan and Andrew Aiken ........................................................................................................ 69
Chapter 7
Elasmobranch Capture Techniques and Equipment Allan Marshall ........................................................................................................................................ 89
Chapter 8
Elasmobranch Transport Techniques and Equipment Mark F. L. Smith, Allan Marshall, João P. Correia, and John Rupp .................................................... 105
Chapter 9
Identification of Individual Elasmobranchs Allan Marshall ...................................................................................................................................... 133
Chapter 10
Quarantine and Prophylaxis for Elasmobranchs Ray Davis ............................................................................................................................................. 143
Chapter 11
Elasmobranch Acclimatization and Introduction Suzanne M. Gendron and Stephen Menzies ...................................................................................... 151
Chapter 12
Diving with Elasmobranchs: Safety Protocols Vallorie Hodges and Juan Sabalones ................................................................................................. 163
Chapter 13
Learning and Behavioral Enrichment in Elasmobranchs Juan Sabalones, Hans Walters, and Carlos Alberto Bohorquez Rueda ............................................. 169
Chapter 14
Elasmobranch Nutrition, Food Handling, and Feeding Techniques Max Janse, Beth Firchau, and Peter J. Mohan ................................................................................... 183
Chapter 15
Age and Growth of Captive Sharks Peter J. Mohan, Steven T. Clark, and Thomas H. Schmid .................................................................. 201
Chapter 16
Reproduction, Embryonic Development, and Reproductive Physiology of Elasmobranchs Alan D. Henningsen, Malcolm J. Smale, Rod Garner, and Nino Kinnunen ........................................ 227
Chapter 17
Captive Breeding and Sexual Conflict in Elasmobranchs Alan D. Henningsen, Malcolm J. Smale, Ian Gordon, Rod Garner, Raul Marin-Osorno, and Nino Kinnunen ............................................................................................. 237
Chapter 18
Elasmobranch Genetics and Captive Management Edward J. Heist and Kevin A. Feldheim .............................................................................................. 249
Chapter 19
Physiological and Behavioral Changes to Elasmobranchs in Controlled Environments Greg Charbeneau ................................................................................................................................ 261
Chapter 20
Physical Examination of Elasmobranchs Gary Violetta ........................................................................................................................................ 271
Chapter 21
Immobilization of Elasmobranchs M. Andrew Stamper .............................................................................................................................. 281
xiv
Chapter 22
Diagnostic Imaging of Elasmobranchs Mark D. Stetter ..................................................................................................................................... 297
Chapter 23
Elasmobranch Hematology: Identification of Cell Types and Practical Applications Catherine J. Walsh and Carl A. Luer ................................................................................................... 307
Chapter 24
Metazoan Parasites and Associates of Chondrichthyans with Emphasis on Taxa Harmful to Captive Hosts George W. Benz and Stephen A. Bullard ............................................................................................ 325
Chapter 25
Protozoal Diseases of Elasmobranchs Caroline E. C. Goertz ........................................................................................................................... 417
Chapter 26
An introduction to Viral, Bacterial, and Fungal Diseases of Elasmobranchs Scott P. Terrell ...................................................................................................................................... 427
Chapter 27
Histological and Histopathological Examination of Elasmobranchs: Emphasis on the Collection and Preparation of Tissues Joseph M. Groff ................................................................................................................................... 433
Chapter 28
Goiter in Elasmobranchs Gerald L. Crow ..................................................................................................................................... 441
Chapter 29
Pharmacology in Elasmobranchs M. Andrew Stamper, Stephen M. Miller, and Ilze K. Berzins ............................................................... 447
Chapter 30
Necropsy Methods and Procedures for Elasmobranchs Gerald L. Crow and James A. Brock ................................................................................................... 467
Chapter 31
Husbandry of Freshwater Stingrays of the Family Potamotrygonidae Richard Ross ....................................................................................................................................... 473
Chapter 32
Husbandry of Tiger Sharks, Galeocerdo cuvier Andy Dehart ......................................................................................................................................... 483
Chapter 33
Husbandry of Spotted Ratfish, Hydrolagus colliei Helen Tozer and Dominique Didier Dagit ............................................................................................ 487
Chapter 34
Notes on Reproduction of the Zebra Shark, Stegostoma fasciatum, in a Captive Environment Kay Kunze and Lee Simmons ............................................................................................................. 493
Chapter 35
Assessing Reproductive Potential and Gestation in Nurse Sharks (Ginglymostoma cirratum) Using Ultrasonography and Endoscopy: An Example of Bridging the Gap Between Field Research and Captive Studies Jeffrey C. Carrier, Frank L. Murru, Michael T. Walsh, and Harold L. Pratt Jr. .................................... 499
Chapter 36
Record-keeping for Elasmobranch Exhibits Max Janse and Jane Davis ................................................................................................................. 505
Chapter 37
Census of Elasmobranchs in Public Aquariums Beth Firchau, Warren Pryor, and João P. Correia ............................................................................... 515
Chapter 38
Education and Elasmobranchs in Public Aquariums Suzanne M. Gendron ........................................................................................................................... 521
Chapter 39
Research on Elasmobranchs in Public Aquariums Malcolm J. Smale, Raymond T. Jones, João P. Correia, Alan D. Henningsen, Gerald L. Crow, and Rod Garner ......................................................................................................... 533
Appendix 1
Elasmobranchs cited in Elasmobranch Husbandry Manual (sorted by scientific name) ............... 543
Appendix 2
Elasmobranchs cited in Elasmobranch Husbandry Manual (sorted by common name) ............... 546
Appendix 3
Checklist of elasmobranchs (sorted by scientific name) ............................................................... 549
Appendix 4
Checklist of elasmobranchs (sorted by common name) ................................................................ 556
Index 1
Elasmobranch Scientific Names Index ............................................................................................ 561
Index 2
Elasmobranch Common Names Index ............................................................................................. 567
Index 3
Microorganism / Invertebrate Names Index ..................................................................................... 571
Index 4
General Index ..................................................................................................................................... 575
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