The Elasmobranch Husbandry Manual: Captive Care of Sharks, Rays and their Relatives

Editors Mark Smith Doug Warmolts Dennis Thoney Robert Hueter

Published by Ohio Biological Survey, Inc. Columbus, Ohio 43221-0370

2004

Ohio Biological Survey Special Publication ISBN-13: 978-0-86727-152-3 ISBN-10: 0-86727-152-3 Library of Congress Number: 2004115835

Publication Director Brian J. Armitage Editorial Committee Barbara K. Andreas, Ph. D., Cuyahoga Community College & Kent State University Brian J. Armitage, Ph. D., Ohio Biological Survey Benjamin A. Foote, Ph. D., Kent State University (Emeritus) Jane L. Forsyth, Ph. D., Bowling Green State University (Emeritus) Eric H. Metzler, B.S., The Ohio Lepidopterists Scott M. Moody, Ph. D., Ohio University David H. Stansbery, Ph. D., The Ohio State University (Emeritus) Ronald L. Stuckey, Ph. D., The Ohio State University (Emeritus) Elliot J. Tramer, Ph. D., The University of Toledo

Literature Citation Smith, M., D. Warmolts, D. Thoney, and R. Hueter (editors). 2004. The Elasmobranch Husbandry Manual: Captive Care of Sharks, Rays and their Relatives. Special Publication of the Ohio Biological Survey. xv + 589 p. Cover and Title Page Illustration by Rolf Williams, The National Marine Aquarium, Rope Walk, Coxside, Plymouth, PL4 0LF United Kingdom Distributor Ohio Biological Survey, P.O. Box 21370, Columbus, Ohio 43221-0370 U.S.A. Copyright © 2004 by the Ohio Biological Survey All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a computerized system, or published in any form or in any manner, including electronic, mechanical, reprographic, or photographic, without prior written permission from the publishers, Ohio Biological Survey, P.O. Box 21370, Columbus, Ohio 432210370 U.S.A. Layout and Design: Printing:

Brian J. Armitage, Ohio Biological Survey The Ohio State University, Printing Services, Columbus, Ohio Ohio Biological Survey P.O. Box 21370 Columbus, OH 43221-0370 www.ohiobiologicalsurvey.org 11-2004—1.5M ii

Appendix 1. Elasmobranchs cited in Elasmobranch Husbandry Manual (sorted by scientific name).

Scientific Name

Common Name

Scientific Name

Common Name

Aetobatus narinari Aetomylaeus niehofii Alopias superciliosus Alopias vulpinus Amblyraja radiata Anoxypristis cuspidata Apristurus brunneus Aptychotrema bougainvillii Aptychotrema rostrata Asymbolus analis Atelomycterus macleayi Atelomycterus marmoratus Bathyraja abyssicola Bathyraja aleutica Bathyraja interrupta Brachaelurus waddi Callorhinchus callorynchus Callorhinchus capensis Callorhinchus milii Carcharhinus acronotus Carcharhinus altimus Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos Carcharhinus amboinensis Carcharhinus borneensis Carcharhinus brachyurus Carcharhinus brevipinna Carcharhinus dussumieri Carcharhinus falciformis Carcharhinus galapagensis Carcharhinus hemiodon Carcharhinus isodon Carcharhinus leiodon Carcharhinus leucas Carcharhinus limbatus Carcharhinus longimanus Carcharhinus macloti Carcharhinus melanopterus Carcharhinus obscurus Carcharhinus perezi Carcharhinus plumbeus Carcharhinus porosus Carcharhinus signatus Carcharhinus sorrah Carcharhinus tilstoni Carcharias taurus Carcharodon carcharias Centrophorus granulosus Centrophorus harrissoni Centrophorus uyato Centroscyllium fabricii Cephaloscyllium laticeps Cephaloscyllium umbratile Cephaloscyllium ventriosum Cetorhinus maximus Chiloscyllium arabicum Chiloscyllium griseum Chiloscyllium indicum Chiloscyllium plagiosum Chiloscyllium punctatum Chimaera monstrosa Chimaera phantasma Chlamydoselachus anguineus Dalatias licha Dasyatis akajei

spotted eagle ray banded eagle ray bigeye thresher shark thintail thresher shark thorny skate knifetooth sawfish brown cat shark short-snouted shovelnose ray eastern shovelnose ray Australian spotted catshark Australian marbled cat shark coral cat shark deepsea skate Aleutian skate sandpaper skate blind shark cockfish cape elephantfish ghost shark blacknose shark bignose shark graceful shark gray reef shark pigeye shark Borneo shark copper shark spinner shark whitecheek silky shark Galapagos shark Pondicherry shark finetooth shark smalltooth shark bull shark blacktip shark oceanic whitetip shark hardnose shark blacktip reef shark dusky shark Caribbean reef shark sandbar shark smalltail shark night shark spottail shark Australian blacktip shark sand tiger shark white shark gulper shark dumb gulper shark little gulper shark black dogfish Australian swell shark Japanese swell shark swell shark basking shark Arabian carpet shark gray bamboo shark slender bambooshark whitespotted bamboo shark brownbanded bamboo shark rabbit fish silver chimaera frilled shark kitefin shark red stingray

Dasyatis americana Dasyatis brevicaudata Dasyatis brevis Dasyatis centroura Dasyatis chrysonata Dasyatis fluviorum Dasyatis garouaensis Dasyatis izuensis Dasyatis laosensis Dasyatis lata Dasyatis marmorata Dasyatis matsubarai Dasyatis microps Dasyatis pastinaca Dasyatis sabina Dasyatis say Dipturus batis Dipturus laevis Dipturus nasutus Dipturus oxyrinchus Echinorhinus cookei Etmopterus lucifer Etmopterus spinax Eucrossorhinus dasypogon Furgaleus macki Galeocerdo cuvier Galeorhinus galeus Galeus melastomus Ginglymostoma brevicaudatum Ginglymostoma cirratum Glyphis gangeticus Glyphis glyphis (species A) Glyphis sp. (species C) Gymnura altavela Gymnura japonica Gymnura marmorata Gymnura micrura Haploblepharus edwardsii Haploblepharus fuscus Haploblepharus pictus Hemigaleus microstoma Hemiscyllium hallstromi Hemiscyllium ocellatum Hemitriakis leucoperiptera Heterodontus francisci Heterodontus galeatus Heterodontus japonicus Heterodontus mexicanus Heterodontus portusjacksoni Heteroscyllium colcloughi Hexanchus griseus Hexanchus nakamurai Himantura bleekeri Himantura chaophraya Himantura fai Himantura fluviatilis Himantura gerrardi Himantura imbricata Himantura oxyrhynchus Himantura schmardae Himantura signifer Himantura uarnak Himantura undulata Hydrolagus colliei Hydrolagus ogilbyi

southern stingray short-tail stingray whiptail stingray roughtail stingray blue stingray estuary stingray smooth freshwater stingray Izu stingray Mekong stingray brown stingray marbled stingray pitted stingray smalleye stingray common stingray Atllantic stingray bluntnose stingray skate barndoor skate rough skate longnosed skate prickly shark blackbelly lantern shark velvet belly tasseled wobbegong whiskery shark tiger shark tope shark blackmouth catshark short-tailed nurse shark nurse shark Ganges shark speartooth shark northern river shark spiny butterfly ray Japanese butterfly ray California butterfly ray smooth butterfly ray puffadder shyshark brown shyshark dark shy shark sicklefin weasel shark Papauan epaulette shark epaulette shark whitefin topeshark horn shark crested bullhead shark Japanese bullhead shark Mexican horn shark Port Jackson shark bluegray carpetshark bluntnose sixgill shark bigeye sixgill shark Bleeker's whipray freshwater stingray pink whipray Ganges stingray sharpnose stingray scaly whipray marbled whipray chupare stingray white-rimmed whipray honeycomb stingray leopard whipray spotted ratfish Ogilby's ghostshark

543

Appendix 1 (continued). Elasmobranchs cited in Elasmobranch Husbandry Manual (sorted by scientific name).

Scientific Name

Common Name

Scientific Name

Common Name

Hypnos monopterygium Hypogaleus hyugaensis Isistius brasiliensis Isurus oxyrinchus Isurus paucus Lamna ditropis Lamna nasus Leptocharias smithii Leucoraja erinacea Leucoraja naevus Leucoraja ocellata Malacoraja senta Manta birostris Megachasma pelagios Mobula diabola Mobula mobular Mobula munkiana Mustelus antarcticus Mustelus asterias Mustelus californicus Mustelus canis Mustelus henlei Mustelus lenticulatus Mustelus manazo Mustelus mustelus Mustelus norrisi Myliobatis aquila Myliobatis australis Myliobatis californica Myliobatis freminvillii Narcine brasiliensis Narcine entemedor Nebrius ferrugineus Negaprion acutidens Negaprion brevirostris Notorynchus cepedianus Odontaspis ferox Odontaspis noronhai Okamejei kenojei Orectolobus japonicus Orectolobus maculatus Orectolobus ornatus Oxynotus centrina Paragaleus randalli Paratrygon aiereba Paratrygon leopoldi Parmaturus xaniurus Pastinachus sephen Platyrhinoidis triseriata Plesiotrygon iwamae Poroderma africanum Poroderma pantherinum Potamotrygon brachyura Potamotrygon falkneri Potamotrygon henlei Potamotrygon histrix Potamotrygon leopoldi Potamotrygon magdalenae Potamotrygon motoro Potamotrygon ocellata Potamotrygon orbignyi Potamotrygon reticulatus Potamotrygon schroederi Prionace glauca Pristiophorus cirratus

Australian numbfish blacktip topeshark cookiecutter shark shortfin mako longfin mako salmon shark porbeagle barbeled houndshark little skate Cuckoo ray winter skate smooth skate giant manta megamouth shark devil ray devil fish Munk's devil ray gummy shark starry smooth-hound grey smooth-hound dusky smooth-hound brown smooth-hound spotted estuary smooth-hound star-spotted smooth-hound smooth-hound Florida smooth-hound common eagle ray Australian bull ray bat eagle ray bullnose eagle ray Brazilian electric ray electric ray tawny nurse shark sicklefin lemon shark lemon shark broadnose sevengill shark smalltooth sand tiger shark bigeye sand tiger shark spiny rasp skate Japanese wobbegong spotted wobbegong ornate wobbegong angular roughshark Slender weasel shark ceja stingray white-blotched stingray filetail cat shark cowtail stingray thornback guitarfish long-tailed river stingray striped cat shark leopard cat shark short-tailed river stingray largespot river stingray bigtooth river stingray porcupine river stingray white-blotched river stingray Magdalena river stingray ocellate river stingray red-blotched river stingray smooth back river stingray spotted freshwater ray rosette river stingray blue shark longnose sawshark

Pristis clavata Pristis microdon Pristis pectinata Pristis perotteti Pristis pristis Pristis zijsron Pseudocarcharias kamoharai Pseudotriakis microdon Pteroplatytrygon violacea Raja asterias Raja binoculata Raja brachyura Raja clavata Raja eglanteria Raja inornata Raja microocellata Raja miraletus Raja montagui Raja rhina Raja sp. L Raja stellulata Raja texana Raja undulata Rhina ancyclostoma Rhina percellens Rhincodon typus Rhinobatos annulatus Rhinobatos cemiculus Rhinobatos granulatus Rhinobatos horkeli Rhinobatos hynnicephalus Rhinobatos lentiginosus Rhinobatos productus Rhinobatos rhinobatos Rhinobatos typus Rhinoptera bonasus Rhinoptera javanica Rhinoptera neglecta Rhizoprionodon acutes Rhizoprionodon longurio Rhizoprionodon porosus Rhizoprionodon taylori Rhizoprionodon terraenovae Rhynchobatus djiddensis Schroederichthys bivius Schroederichthys chilensis Scoliodon laticaudus Scyliorhinus canicula Scyliorhinus capensis Scyliorhinus retifer Scyliorhinus stellaris Scyliorhinus tokubee Scyliorhinus torazame Scylliogaleus quecketti Somniosus microcephalus Somniosus pacificus Sphyrna lewini Sphyrna mokarran Sphyrna tiburo Sphyrna tudes Sphyrna zygaena Squalus acanthias Squalus megalops Squatina argentina Squatina australis

dwarf sawfish largetooth sawfish smalltooth sawfish large-tooth sawfish common sawfish longcomb sawfish crocodile shark false cat shark pelagic stingray starry ray big skate blonde ray thornback ray clearnose skate California ray small-eyed ray brown ray spotted skate longnose skate Maugaen skate starry skate Roundel skate undulate ray bowmouth guitarfish Chola guitarfish whale shark lesser sandshark blackchin guitarfish sharpnose guitarfish Brazilian guitarfish ringstraked guitarfish Atlantic guitarfish shovelnose guitarfish common guitarfish giant shovelnose ray cownose ray Javanese cownose ray Australian cownose ray milk shark Pacific sharpnose shark Caribbean sharpnose shark Australian sharpnose shark Atlantic sharpnose shark giant guitarfish narrowmouthed catshark redspotted catshark spadenose catshark smallspotted catshark yellowspotted catshark chain dogfish nursehound Izu cat shark cloudy cat shark flapnose houndshark Greenland shark Pacific sleeper shark scalloped hammerhead great hammerhead bonnethead smalleye hammerhead smooth hammerhead spiny dogfish shortnose spurdog Argentine angelshark Australian angelshark

544

Appendix 1 (continued). Elasmobranchs cited in Elasmobranch Husbandry Manual (sorted by scientific name).

Scientific Name

Common Name

Squatina californica Squatina dumeril Squatina guggenheim Squatina japonica Squatina occulta Squatina squatina Stegostoma fasciatum Taeniura lymma Taeniura meyeni Torpedo californica Torpedo marmorata Torpedo nobiliana Torpedo panthera Torpedo torpedo Triaenodon obesus Triakis acutipinna Triakis megalopterus Triakis scyllium Triakis semifasciata Trygonnorhina sp. A (undescribed) Trygonorrhina fasciata Urobatis halleri Urobatis jamaicensis Urogymnus asperrimus Urogymnus ukpam Urolophus aurantiacus Urolophus halleri Urolophus sufflavus Zapteryx exasperata

Pacific angel shark sand devil angular angelshark Japanese angel shark hidden angelshark angelshark zebra shark bluespotted ribbontail ray blotched fantail ray Pacific electric ray marbled electric ray electric ray panther electric ray common torpedo whitetip reef shark sharpfin houndshark sharptooth houndshark banded houndshark leopard shark eastern fiddler ray southern fiddler ray round stingray yellow stingray porcupine ray thorny freshwater stingray sepia stingray Haller's round ray yellowback stingaree banded guitarfish

Scientific Name

545

Common Name

Appendix 2. Elasmobranchs cited in Elasmobranch Husbandry Manual (sorted by common name).

Common Name

Scientific Name

Common Name

Common Name

Aleutian skate angelshark angular angelshark angular roughshark Arabian carpet shark Argentine angelshark Atlantic guitarfish Atlantic sharpnose shark Atllantic stingray Australian angelshark Australian blacktip shark Australian bull ray Australian cownose ray Australian marbled cat shark Australian numbfish Australian sharpnose shark Australian spotted catshark Australian swell shark banded eagle ray banded guitarfish banded houndshark barbeled houndshark barndoor skate basking shark bat eagle ray big skate bigeye sand tiger shark bigeye sixgill shark bigeye thresher shark bignose shark bigtooth river stingray black dogfish blackbelly lantern shark blackchin guitarfish blackmouth catshark blacknose shark blacktip reef shark blacktip shark blacktip topeshark Bleeker's whipray blind shark blonde ray blotched fantail ray blue shark blue stingray bluegray carpetshark bluespotted ribbontail ray bluntnose sixgill shark bluntnose stingray bonnethead Borneo shark bowmouth guitarfish Brazilian electric ray Brazilian guitarfish broadnose sevengill shark brown cat shark brown ray brown shyshark brown smooth-hound brown stingray brownbanded bamboo shark bull shark bullnose eagle ray California butterfly ray California ray

Bathyraja aleutica Squatina squatina Squatina guggenheim Oxynotus centrina Chiloscyllium arabicum Squatina argentina Rhinobatos lentiginosus Rhizoprionodon terraenovae Dasyatis sabina Squatina australis Carcharhinus tilstoni Myliobatis australis Rhinoptera neglecta Atelomycterus macleayi Hypnos monopterygium Rhizoprionodon taylori Asymbolus analis Cephaloscyllium laticeps Aetomylaeus niehofii Zapteryx exasperata Triakis scyllium Leptocharias smithii Dipturus laevis Cetorhinus maximus Myliobatis californica Raja binoculata Odontaspis noronhai Hexanchus nakamurai Alopias superciliosus Carcharhinus altimus Potamotrygon henlei Centroscyllium fabricii Etmopterus lucifer Rhinobatos cemiculus Galeus melastomus Carcharhinus acronotus Carcharhinus melanopterus Carcharhinus limbatus Hypogaleus hyugaensis Himantura bleekeri Brachaelurus waddi Raja brachyura Taeniura meyeni Prionace glauca Dasyatis chrysonata Heteroscyllium colcloughi Taeniura lymma Hexanchus griseus Dasyatis say Sphyrna tiburo Carcharhinus borneensis Rhina ancyclostoma Narcine brasiliensis Rhinobatos horkeli Notorynchus cepedianus Apristurus brunneus Raja miraletus Haploblepharus fuscus Mustelus henlei Dasyatis lata Chiloscyllium punctatum Carcharhinus leucas Myliobatis freminvillii Gymnura marmorata Raja inornata

cape elephantfish Caribbean reef shark Caribbean sharpnose shark ceja stingray chain dogfish Chola guitarfish chupare stingray clearnose skate cloudy cat shark cockfish common eagle ray common guitarfish common sawfish common stingray common torpedo cookiecutter shark copper shark coral cat shark cownose ray cowtail stingray crested bullhead shark crocodile shark Cuckoo ray dark shy shark deepsea skate devil fish devil ray dumb gulper shark dusky shark dusky smooth-hound dwarf sawfish eastern fiddler ray eastern shovelnose ray electric ray electric ray epaulette shark estuary stingray false cat shark filetail cat shark finetooth shark flapnose houndshark Florida smooth-hound freshwater stingray frilled shark Galapagos shark Ganges shark Ganges stingray ghost shark giant guitarfish giant manta giant shovelnose ray graceful shark gray bamboo shark gray reef shark great hammerhead Greenland shark grey smooth-hound gulper shark gummy shark Haller's round ray hardnose shark hidden angelshark honeycomb stingray horn shark Izu cat shark

Callorhinchus capensis Carcharhinus perezi Rhizoprionodon porosus Paratrygon aiereba Scyliorhinus retifer Rhina percellens Himantura schmardae Raja eglanteria Scyliorhinus torazame Callorhinchus callorynchus Myliobatis aquila Rhinobatos rhinobatos Pristis pristis Dasyatis pastinaca Torpedo torpedo Isistius brasiliensis Carcharhinus brachyurus Atelomycterus marmoratus Rhinoptera bonasus Pastinachus sephen Heterodontus galeatus Pseudocarcharias kamoharai Leucoraja naevus Haploblepharus pictus Bathyraja abyssicola Mobula mobular Mobula diabola Centrophorus harrissoni Carcharhinus obscurus Mustelus canis Pristis clavata Trygonnorhina sp. A (undescribed) Aptychotrema rostrata Narcine entemedor Torpedo nobiliana Hemiscyllium ocellatum Dasyatis fluviorum Pseudotriakis microdon Parmaturus xaniurus Carcharhinus isodon Scylliogaleus quecketti Mustelus norrisi Himantura chaophraya Chlamydoselachus anguineus Carcharhinus galapagensis Glyphis gangeticus Himantura fluviatilis Callorhinchus milii Rhynchobatus djiddensis Manta birostris Rhinobatos typus Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides Chiloscyllium griseum Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos Sphyrna mokarran Somniosus microcephalus Mustelus californicus Centrophorus granulosus Mustelus antarcticus Urolophus halleri Carcharhinus macloti Squatina occulta Himantura uarnak Heterodontus francisci Scyliorhinus tokubee

546

Appendix 2 (continued). Elasmobranchs cited in Elasmobranch Husbandry Manual (sorted by common name).

Common Name

Scientific Name

Common Name

Common Name

Izu stingray Japanese angel shark Japanese bullhead shark Japanese butterfly ray Japanese swell shark Japanese wobbegong Javanese cownose ray kitefin shark knifetooth sawfish largespot river stingray largetooth sawfish large-tooth sawfish lemon shark leopard cat shark leopard shark leopard whipray lesser sandshark little gulper shark little skate longcomb sawfish longfin mako longnose sawshark longnose skate longnosed skate long-tailed river stingray Magdalena river stingray marbled electric ray marbled stingray marbled whipray Maugaen skate megamouth shark Mekong stingray Mexican horn shark milk shark Munk's devil ray narrowmouthed catshark night shark northern river shark nurse shark nursehound oceanic whitetip shark ocellate river stingray Ogilby's ghostshark ornate wobbegong Pacific angel shark Pacific electric ray Pacific sharpnose shark Pacific sleeper shark panther electric ray Papauan epaulette shark pelagic stingray pigeye shark pink whipray pitted stingray Pondicherry shark porbeagle porcupine ray porcupine river stingray Port Jackson shark prickly shark puffadder shyshark rabbit fish red stingray red-blotched river stingray redspotted catshark

Dasyatis izuensis Squatina japonica Heterodontus japonicus Gymnura japonica Cephaloscyllium umbratile Orectolobus japonicus Rhinoptera javanica Dalatias licha Anoxypristis cuspidata Potamotrygon falkneri Pristis microdon Pristis perotteti Negaprion brevirostris Poroderma pantherinum Triakis semifasciata Himantura undulata Rhinobatos annulatus Centrophorus uyato Leucoraja erinacea Pristis zijsron Isurus paucus Pristiophorus cirratus Raja rhina Dipturus oxyrinchus Plesiotrygon iwamae Potamotrygon magdalenae Torpedo marmorata Dasyatis marmorata Himantura oxyrhynchus Raja sp. L Megachasma pelagios Dasyatis laosensis Heterodontus mexicanus Rhizoprionodon acutes Mobula munkiana Schroederichthys bivius Carcharhinus signatus Glyphis sp. (species C) Ginglymostoma cirratum Scyliorhinus stellaris Carcharhinus longimanus Potamotrygon motoro Hydrolagus ogilbyi Orectolobus ornatus Squatina californica Torpedo californica Rhizoprionodon longurio Somniosus pacificus Torpedo panthera Hemiscyllium hallstromi Pteroplatytrygon violacea Carcharhinus amboinensis Himantura fai Dasyatis matsubarai Carcharhinus hemiodon Lamna nasus Urogymnus asperrimus Potamotrygon histrix Heterodontus portusjacksoni Echinorhinus cookei Haploblepharus edwardsii Chimaera monstrosa Dasyatis akajei Potamotrygon ocellata Schroederichthys chilensis

ringstraked guitarfish rosette river stingray rough skate roughtail stingray round stingray Roundel skate salmon shark sand devil sand tiger shark sandbar shark sandpaper skate scalloped hammerhead scaly whipray sepia stingray sharpfin houndshark sharpnose guitarfish sharpnose stingray sharptooth houndshark shortfin mako shortnose spurdog short-snouted shovelnose ray short-tail stingray short-tailed nurse shark short-tailed river stingray shovelnose guitarfish sicklefin lemon shark sicklefin weasel shark silky shark silver chimaera skate slender bambooshark Slender weasel shark smalleye hammerhead smalleye stingray small-eyed ray smallspotted catshark smalltail shark smalltooth sand tiger shark smalltooth sawfish smalltooth shark smooth back river stingray smooth butterfly ray smooth freshwater stingray smooth hammerhead smooth skate smooth-hound southern fiddler ray southern stingray spadenose catshark speartooth shark spinner shark spiny butterfly ray spiny dogfish spiny rasp skate spottail shark spotted eagle ray spotted estuary smooth-hound spotted freshwater ray spotted ratfish spotted skate spotted wobbegong starry ray starry skate starry smooth-hound star-spotted smooth-hound

Rhinobatos hynnicephalus Potamotrygon schroederi Dipturus nasutus Dasyatis centroura Urobatis halleri Raja texana Lamna ditropis Squatina dumeril Carcharias taurus Carcharhinus plumbeus Bathyraja interrupta Sphyrna lewini Himantura imbricata Urolophus aurantiacus Triakis acutipinna Rhinobatos granulatus Himantura gerrardi Triakis megalopterus Isurus oxyrinchus Squalus megalops Aptychotrema bougainvillii Dasyatis brevicaudata Ginglymostoma brevicaudatum Potamotrygon brachyura Rhinobatos productus Negaprion acutidens Hemigaleus microstoma Carcharhinus falciformis Chimaera phantasma Dipturus batis Chiloscyllium indicum Paragaleus randalli Sphyrna tudes Dasyatis microps Raja microocellata Scyliorhinus canicula Carcharhinus porosus Odontaspis ferox Pristis pectinata Carcharhinus leiodon Potamotrygon orbignyi Gymnura micrura Dasyatis garouaensis Sphyrna zygaena Malacoraja senta Mustelus mustelus Trygonorrhina fasciata Dasyatis americana Scoliodon laticaudus Glyphis glyphis (species A) Carcharhinus brevipinna Gymnura altavela Squalus acanthias Okamejei kenojei Carcharhinus sorrah Aetobatus narinari Mustelus lenticulatus Potamotrygon reticulatus Hydrolagus colliei Raja montagui Orectolobus maculatus Raja asterias Raja stellulata Mustelus asterias Mustelus manazo

547

Appendix 2 (continued). Elasmobranchs cited in Elasmobranch Husbandry Manual (sorted by common name).

Common Name

Scientific Name

swell shark tasseled wobbegong tawny nurse shark thintail thresher shark thornback guitarfish thornback ray thorny freshwater stingray thorny skate tiger shark tope shark undulate ray velvet belly whale shark whiptail stingray whiskery shark white shark white-blotched river stingray white-blotched stingray whitecheek whitefin topeshark white-rimmed whipray whitespotted bamboo shark whitetip reef shark winter skate yellow stingray yellowback stingaree yellowspotted catshark zebra shark

Cephaloscyllium ventriosum Eucrossorhinus dasypogon Nebrius ferrugineus Alopias vulpinus Platyrhinoidis triseriata Raja clavata Urogymnus ukpam Amblyraja radiata Galeocerdo cuvier Galeorhinus galeus Raja undulata Etmopterus spinax Rhincodon typus Dasyatis brevis Furgaleus macki Carcharodon carcharias Potamotrygon leopoldi Paratrygon leopoldi Carcharhinus dussumieri Hemitriakis leucoperiptera Himantura signifer Chiloscyllium plagiosum Triaenodon obesus Leucoraja ocellata Urobatis jamaicensis Urolophus sufflavus Scyliorhinus capensis Stegostoma fasciatum

Common Name

548

Common Name

Appendix 3. Checklist of elasmobranchs (sorted by scientific name).

Scientific name

Common name

Scientific name

Common name

Aculeola nigra Aetobatus flagellum Aetobatus narinari Aetobatus ocellatus Aetomylaeus maculatus Aetomylaeus milvus Aetomylaeus nichofii Aetomylaeus vespertilio Alopias pelagicus Alopias superciliosus Alopias vulpinus Amblyraja badia Amblyraja doellojuradoi Amblyraja frerichsi Amblyraja georgiana Amblyraja hyperborea Amblyraja jenseni Amblyraja radiata Amblyraja reversa Amblyraja robertsi Amblyraja taaf Anacanthobatis americanus Anacanthobatis borneensis Anacanthobatis donghaiensis Anacanthobatis folirostris Anacanthobatis longirostris Anacanthobatis marmoratus Anacanthobatis melanosoma Anacanthobatis nanhaiensis Anacanthobatis ori Anacanthobatis stenosomus Anoxypristis cuspidata Apristurus acanutus Apristurus aphyodes Apristurus atlanticus Apristurus brunneus Apristurus canutus Apristurus gibbosus Apristurus herklotsi Apristurus indicus Apristurus investigatoris Apristurus japonicus Apristurus kampae Apristurus laurussonii Apristurus longicephalus Apristurus macrorhynchus Apristurus macrostomus Apristurus manis Apristurus microps Apristurus micropterygeus Apristurus nasutus Apristurus parvipinnis Apristurus platyrhynchus Apristurus profundorum Apristurus riveri Apristurus saldanha Apristurus sibogae Apristurus sinensis Apristurus spongiceps Apristurus stenseni Apristurus verweyi Aptychotrema bougainvillii Aptychotrema rostrata Aptychotrema vincentiana Arhynchobatis asperrimus Asymbolus analis Asymbolus vincenti

hooktooth dogfish plain eagle ray spotted eagle ray

Atelomycterus fasciatus Atelomycterus macleayi Atelomycterus marmoratus Atlantoraja castelnaui Atlantoraja cyclophora Atlantoraja platana Aulohalaelurus kanakorum Aulohalaelurus labiosus Bathyraja abyssicola Bathyraja aguja Bathyraja albomaculata Bathyraja aleutica Bathyraja andriashevi Bathyraja bergi Bathyraja brachyurops Bathyraja caeluronigricans Bathyraja diplotaenia Bathyraja eatonii Bathyraja fedorovi Bathyraja griseocauda Bathyraja hesperafricana Bathyraja interrupta Bathyraja irrasa Bathyraja isotrachys Bathyraja lindbergi Bathyraja longicauda Bathyraja maccaini Bathyraja macloviana Bathyraja maculata Bathyraja magellanica Bathyraja matsubarai Bathyraja meridionalis Bathyraja minispinosa Bathyraja multispinis Bathyraja murrayi Bathyraja notoroensis Bathyraja pallida Bathyraja papilionifera Bathyraja parmifera Bathyraja peruana Bathyraja pseudoisotrachys Bathyraja richardsoni Bathyraja scaphiops Bathyraja schroederi Bathyraja shuntovi Bathyraja simoterus Bathyraja smirnovi Bathyraja smithii Bathyraja spinicauda Bathyraja spinosissima Bathyraja trachouros Bathyraja trachura Bathyraja tzinovskii Bathyraja violacea Benthobatis marcida Benthobatis moresbyi Brachaelurus waddi Breviraja claramaculata Breviraja colesi Breviraja marklei Breviraja mouldi Breviraja nigriventralis Breviraja spinosa Callorhinchus callorynchus Callorhinchus capensis Callorhinchus milii Carcharhinus acronotus Carcharhinus albimarginatus

banded sand catshark Australian marbled catshark coral catshark

mottled eagle ray banded eagle ray ornate eagle ray pelagic thresher bigeye thresher thintail thresher broad skate

Arctic skate Jensen's skate thorny skate bigmouth skate

spotted legskate

black legskate knifetooth sawfish

Atlantic ghost catshark brown catshark hoary catshark longfin catshark smallbelly catshark broadnose catshark Japanese catshark longnose catshark Iceland catshark longhead catshark flathead catshark ghost catshark smalleye catshark largenose catshark smallfin catshark spatulasnout catshark deepwater catshark broadgill catshark Saldanha catshark pale catshark South China catshark spongehead catshark Panama ghost catshark Borneo catshark short-snouted shovelnose ray eastern shovelnose ray western shovelnose ray longtail skate Australian spotted catshark gulf catshark

549

New Caledonia catshark Australian blackspotted catshark deepsea skate

Aleutian skate

sandpaper skate

whitebrow skate

pale ray Alaska skate bottom skate richardson's ray

longnose deepsea skate

African softnose skate spinetail ray white skate roughtail skate Okhotsk skate blind torpedo blind shark

plownose chimaera (unesco) Cape elephantfish ghost shark blacknose shark silvertip shark

Appendix 3 (continued). Checklist of elasmobranchs (sorted by scientific name).

Scientific name

Common name

Carcharhinus altimus Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos Carcharhinus amboinensis Carcharhinus borneensis Carcharhinus brachyurus Carcharhinus brevipinna Carcharhinus cautus Carcharhinus dussumieri Carcharhinus falciformis Carcharhinus fitzroyensis Carcharhinus galapagensis Carcharhinus hemiodon Carcharhinus isodon Carcharhinus leiodon Carcharhinus leucas Carcharhinus limbatus Carcharhinus longimanus Carcharhinus macloti Carcharhinus melanopterus Carcharhinus obscurus Carcharhinus perezi Carcharhinus plumbeus Carcharhinus porosus Carcharhinus sealei Carcharhinus signatus Carcharhinus sorrah Carcharhinus tilstoni Carcharias taurus Carcharias tricuspidatus Carcharodon carcharias Centrophorus acus Centrophorus atromarginatus Centrophorus granulosus Centrophorus harrissoni Centrophorus isodon Centrophorus lusitanicus Centrophorus moluccensis Centrophorus niaukang Centrophorus squamosus Centrophorus tessellatus Centrophorus uyato Centroscyllium excelsum Centroscyllium fabricii Centroscyllium granulatum Centroscyllium kamoharai Centroscyllium nigrum Centroscyllium ornatum Centroscyllium ritteri Centroscymnus coelolepis Centroscymnus crepidater Centroscymnus cryptacanthus Centroscymnus owstoni Centroscymnus plunketi Cephaloscyllium fasciatum Cephaloscyllium isabellum Cephaloscyllium laticeps Cephaloscyllium nascione Cephaloscyllium silasi Cephaloscyllium sufflans Cephaloscyllium umbratile Cephaloscyllium ventriosum Cephalurus cephalus Cetorhinus maximus Chaenogaleus macrostoma Chiloscyllium arabicum Chiloscyllium burmensis Chiloscyllium caerulopunctatum

bignose shark graceful shark grey reef shark pigeye shark Borneo shark copper shark spinner shark nervous shark whitecheek shark silky shark creek whaler Galapagos shark pondicherry shark finetooth shark smoothtooth shark (unesco) bull shark blacktip shark oceanic whitetip shark hardnose shark blacktip reef shark dusky shark Caribbean reef shark sandbar shark smalltail shark blackspot shark night shark spottail shark Australian blacktip shark sand tiger shark Indian sand tiger great white shark needle dogfish blackfin gulper shark gulper shark dumb gulper shark lowfin gulper shark smallfin gulper shark Taiwan gulper shark leafscale gulper shark mosaic gulper shark little gulper shark black dogfish granular dogfish bareskin dogfish combtooth dogfish ornate dogfish whitefin dogfish Portuguese dogfish longnose velvet dogfish shortnose velvet dogfish roughskin dogfish plunket shark reticulated swellshark draughtsboard shark Australian swellshark whitefinned swellshark Indian swellshark balloon shark blotchy swell shark swellshark lollipop catshark basking shark hooktooth shark Arabian carpetshark bluespotted bambooshark

Scientific name

Chiloscyllium confusum Chiloscyllium griseum Chiloscyllium hasselti Chiloscyllium indicum Chiloscyllium plagiosum Chiloscyllium punctatum Chimaera cubana Chimaera jordani Chimaera monstrosa Chimaera owstoni Chimaera panthera Chimaera phantasma Chlamydoselachus anguineus Cirrhigaleus asper Cirrhigaleus barbifer Cirrhoscyllium expolitum Cirrhoscyllium formosanum Cirrhoscyllium japonicum Crassinarke dormitor Cruriraja andamanica Cruriraja atlantis Cruriraja cadenati Cruriraja durbanensis Cruriraja parcomaculata Cruriraja poeyi Cruriraja rugosa Cruriraja triangularis Ctenacis fehlmanni Dactylobatus armatus Dactylobatus clarki Dalatias licha Dasyatis acutirostra Dasyatis akajei Dasyatis americana Dasyatis annotata Dasyatis bennetti Dasyatis brevicaudata Dasyatis brevis Dasyatis centroura Dasyatis chrysonota Dasyatis dipterura Dasyatis fluviorum Dasyatis garouaensis Dasyatis geijskesi Dasyatis giganteus Dasyatis guttata Dasyatis izuensis Dasyatis kuhlii Dasyatis laevigatus Dasyatis laosensis Dasyatis lata Dasyatis leylandi Dasyatis longus Dasyatis margarita Dasyatis margaritella Dasyatis marmorata Dasyatis matsubarai Dasyatis microphthalmus Dasyatis microps Dasyatis navarrae Dasyatis pastinaca Dasyatis rudis Dasyatis sabina Dasyatis say Dasyatis sinensis Dasyatis thetidis Dasyatis tortonesei Dasyatis ukpam

550

Common name

grey bambooshark Hasselt's bambooshark slender bambooshark whitespotted bambooshark brownbanded bambooshark chimaera rabbit fish

silver chimaera frilled shark roughskin spurdog mandarin dogfish barbelthroat carpetshark Taiwan saddled carpetshark saddle carpetshark

Cuban legskate smoothnose legskate roughnose legskate

triangular legskate harlequin catshark

kitefin shark red stingray southern stingray plain maskray Bennett's stingray short-tail stingray whiptail stingray roughtail stingray diamond stingray estuary stingray sharpsnout stingray longnose stingray bluespotted stingray Mekong stingray brown stingray painted maskray longtail stingray daisy stingray marbled stingray

smalleye stingray common stingray Atlantic stingray bluntnose stingray thorntail stingray tortonese's stingray

Appendix 3 (continued). Checklist of elasmobranchs (sorted by scientific name).

Scientific name

Dasyatis ushiei Dasyatis zugei Deania calcea Deania histricosa Deania profundorum Deania quadrispinosa Diplobatis colombiensis Diplobatis guamachensis Diplobatis ommata Diplobatis picta Dipturus batis Dipturus bullisi Dipturus campbelli Dipturus chilensis Dipturus crosnieri Dipturus doutrei Dipturus ecuadoriensis Dipturus garricki Dipturus gigas Dipturus gudgeri Dipturus innominatus Dipturus johannisdavisi Dipturus kwangtungensis Dipturus laevis Dipturus lanceorostratus Dipturus leptocauda Dipturus linteus Dipturus macrocauda Dipturus nasutus Dipturus nidarosiensis Dipturus olseni Dipturus oregoni Dipturus oxyrinchus Dipturus pullopunctatus Dipturus springeri Dipturus stenorhynchus Dipturus teevani Dipturus tengu Dipturus trachyderma Discopyge tschudii Echinorhinus brucus Echinorhinus cookei Eridacnis barbouri Eridacnis radcliffei Eridacnis sinuans Etmopterus baxteri Etmopterus bigelowi Etmopterus brachyurus Etmopterus bullisi Etmopterus carteri Etmopterus compagnoi Etmopterus decacuspidatus Etmopterus gracilispinis Etmopterus granulosus Etmopterus hillianus Etmopterus litvinovi Etmopterus lucifer Etmopterus molleri Etmopterus perryi Etmopterus polli Etmopterus princeps Etmopterus pusillus Etmopterus pycnolepis Etmopterus robinsi Etmopterus schultzi Etmopterus sentosus Etmopterus spinax Etmopterus splendidus

Common name

pale-edged stingray birdbeak dogfish rough longnose dogfish arrowhead dogfish longsnout dogfish

ocellated electric ray skate bullis skate blackspot skate barn-door skate violet skate

greenback skate

Kwangtung skate barndoor skate rattail skate sailray rough skate Norwegian skate spreadfin skate longnosed skate slime skate roughbelly skate prow-nose skate prickly brown ray

bramble shark prickly shark Cuban ribbontail catshark pygmy ribbontail catshark African ribbontail catshark New Zealand lanternshark shorttail lanternshark lined lanternshark

combtooth lanternshark broadbanded lanternshark southern lanternshark Caribbean lanternshark blackbelly lanternshark slendertail lanternshark African lanternshark great lanternshark smooth lanternshark

fringfin lanternshark thorny lanternshark velvet belly splendid lanternshark

Scientific name

Etmopterus unicolor Etmopterus villosus Etmopterus virens Eucrossorhinus dasypogon Euprotomicroides zantedeschia Euprotomicrus bispinatus Eusphyra blochii Fenestraja atripinna Fenestraja cubensis Fenestraja ishiyamai Fenestraja maceachrani Fenestraja mamillidens Fenestraja plutonia Fenestraja sibogae Fenestraja sinusmexicanus Furgaleus macki Galeocerdo cuvier Galeorhinus galeus Galeus antillensis Galeus arae Galeus atlanticus Galeus boardmani Galeus cadenati Galeus eastmani Galeus gracilis Galeus longirostris Galeus melastomus Galeus murinus Galeus nipponensis Galeus piperatus Galeus polli Galeus sauteri Galeus schultzi Galeus springeri Ginglymostoma brevicaudatum Ginglymostoma cirratum Glyphis gangeticus Glyphis glyphis Gogolia filewoodi Gollum attenuatus Gurgesiella atlantica Gurgesiella dorsalifera Gurgesiella furvescens Gymnura altavela Gymnura australis Gymnura bimaculata Gymnura crebripunctata Gymnura crooki Gymnura hirundo Gymnura japonica Gymnura marmorata Gymnura micrura Gymnura natalensis Gymnura poecilura Gymnura tentaculata Gymnura zonura Halaelurus alcocki Halaelurus boesemani Halaelurus buergeri Halaelurus canescens Halaelurus clevai Halaelurus dawsoni Halaelurus hispidus Halaelurus immaculatus Halaelurus lineatus Halaelurus lutarius Halaelurus natalensis Halaelurus quagga

551

Common name

brown lanternshark Hawaiian lanternshark green lanternshark tasselled wobbegong taillight shark pygmy shark winghead shark

whiskery shark tiger shark tope shark roughtail catshark Atlantic sawtail catshark Australian sawtail catshark gecko catshark slender sawtail catshark blackmouth catshark mouse catshark broadfin sawtail catshark peppered catshark African sawtail catshark blacktip sawtail catshark dwarf sawtail catshark short-tail nurse shark nurse shark Ganges shark speartooth shark sailback houndshark slender smooth-hound

southern false skate spiny butterfly ray Australian butterfly ray longsnout butterfly ray

Japanese butterflyray California butterfly ray smooth butterfly ray backwater butterfly ray longtail butterfly ray zonetail butterfly ray Arabian catshark speckled catshark blackspotted catshark dusky catshark New Zealand catshark bristly catshark spotless catshark lined catshark mud catshark tiger catshark quagga catshark

Appendix 3 (continued). Checklist of elasmobranchs (sorted by scientific name).

Scientific name

Common name

Scientific name

Common name

Haploblepharus edwardsii Haploblepharus fuscus Haploblepharus pictus Harriotta haeckeli Harriotta raleighana Hemigaleus microstoma Hemipristis elongata Hemiscyllium freycineti Hemiscyllium hallstromi Hemiscyllium ocellatum Hemiscyllium strahani Hemiscyllium trispeculare Hemitriakis abdita Hemitriakis falcata Hemitriakis japanica Hemitriakis leucoperiptera Heptranchias perlo Heterodontus francisci Heterodontus galeatus Heterodontus japonicus Heterodontus mexicanus Heterodontus portusjacksoni Heterodontus quoyi Heterodontus ramalheira Heterodontus zebra Heteronarce bentuviai Heteronarce garmani Heteronarce mollis Heteronarce prabhui Heteroscyllium colcloughi Heteroscymnoides marleyi Hexanchus griseus Hexanchus nakamurai Hexatrygon bickelli Hexatrygon longirostra Hexatrygon taiwanensis Hexatrygon yangi Himantura alcockii Himantura bleekeri Himantura chaophraya Himantura draco Himantura fai Himantura fluviatilis Himantura gerrardi Himantura granulata Himantura imbricata Himantura jenkinsii Himantura krempfi Himantura marginata Himantura oxyrhynchus Himantura pacifica Himantura schmardae Himantura signifer Himantura toshi Himantura uarnak Himantura undulata Himantura walga Holohalaelurus punctatus Holohalaelurus regani Hydrolagus affinis Hydrolagus africanus Hydrolagus alberti Hydrolagus barbouri Hydrolagus colliei Hydrolagus deani Hydrolagus eidolon Hydrolagus lemures Hydrolagus mirabilis

puffadder shyshark brown shyshark dark shyshark smallspine spookfish narrownose chimaera sicklefin weasel shark snaggletooth shark Indonesia speckled carpetshark Papuan epaulette shark epaulette shark hooded carpetshark speckled carpetshark

Hydrolagus mitsukurii Hydrolagus novaezealandiae Hydrolagus ogilbyi Hydrolagus pallidus Hydrolagus purpurescens Hypnos monopterygium Hypogaleus hyugaensis Irolita waitii Isistius brasiliensis Isistius plutodus Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus Isurus oxyrinchus Isurus paucus Lago garricki Lago omanensis Lamiopsis temmincki Lamna ditropis Lamna nasus Leptocharias smithii Leucoraja circularis Leucoraja compagnoi Leucoraja erinacea Leucoraja fullonica Leucoraja garmani Leucoraja lentiginosa Leucoraja leucosticta Leucoraja melitensis Leucoraja naevus Leucoraja ocellata Leucoraja wallacei Leucoraja yucatanensis Loxodon macrorhinus Malacoraja kreffti Malacoraja senta Malacoraja spinacidermis Manta birostris Manta ehrenbergii Manta raya Megachasma pelagios Miroscyllium sheikoi Mitsukurina owstoni Mobula coilloti Mobula diabola Mobula eregoodootenkee Mobula hypostoma Mobula japanica Mobula kuhlii Mobula mobular Mobula munkiana Mobula rochebrunei Mobula tarapacana Mobula thurstoni Mollisquama parini Mustelus antarcticus Mustelus asterias Mustelus californicus Mustelus canis Mustelus dorsalis Mustelus fasciatus Mustelus griseus Mustelus henlei Mustelus higmani Mustelus lenticulatus Mustelus lunulatus Mustelus manazo Mustelus mento Mustelus minicanis Mustelus mosis

spookfish dark ghost shark Ogilby's ghostshark

Japanese topeshark whitefin topeshark sharpnose sevengill shark horn shark crested bullhead shark Japanese bullhead shark Mexican hornshark Port Jackson shark Galapagos bullhead shark whitespotted bullhead shark zebra bullhead shark natal electric ray

bluegray carpetshark longnose pygmy shark bluntnose sixgill shark bigeyed sixgill shark sixgill stingray

Bleeker's whipray freshwater whipray dragon stingray pink whipray sharpnose stingray mangrove whipray scaly whipray pointed-nose stingray blackedge whipray marbled whipray Pacific chupare chupare stingray white-rimmed stingray black-spotted whipray honeycomb stingray leopard whipray dwarf whipray African spotted catshark izak catshark smalleyed rabbitfish African chimaera

spotted ratfish Philippine chimaera blackfin ghostshark large-eyed rabbitfish

552

purple chimaera Australian numbfish blacktip tope southern round skate cookiecutter shark largetooth cookiecutter shark daggernose shark shortfin mako longfin mako longnose houndshark bigeye houndshark broadfin shark salmon shark porbeagle barbeled houndshark sandy ray little skate shagreen ray freckled skate

Maltese ray cuckoo ray winter skate yellowspotted skate sliteye shark Krefft's ray smooth skate roughskin skate giant manta

megamouth shark goblin shark devil ray pygmy devil ray lesser devil ray spinetail mobula shortfin devilray devil fish munk's devil ray Chilean devil ray smoothtail mobula gummy shark starry smooth-hound grey smooth-hound dusky smooth-hound sharptooth smooth-hound striped smooth-hound spotless smooth-hound brown smooth-hound smalleye smooth-hound spotted estuary smooth-hound sicklefin smooth-hound starspotted smooth-hound speckled smooth-hound Arabian smooth-hound

Appendix 3 (continued). Checklist of elasmobranchs (sorted by scientific name).

Scientific name

Common name

Scientific name

Common name

Mustelus mustelus Mustelus norrisi Mustelus palumbes Mustelus punctulatus Mustelus schmitti Mustelus sinusmexicanus Mustelus whitneyi Myliobatis aquila Myliobatis australis Myliobatis californica Myliobatis chilensis Myliobatis freminvillii Myliobatis goodei Myliobatis hamlyni Myliobatis longirostris Myliobatis peruvianus Myliobatis tenuicaudatus Myliobatis tobijei Narcine bancrofti Narcine brasiliensis Narcine brevilabiata Narcine brunnea Narcine entemedor Narcine indica Narcine lingula Narcine maculata Narcine prodorsalis Narcine rierai Narcine tasmaniensis Narcine timlei Narcine vermiculatus Narcine westraliensis Narke capensis Narke dipterygia Narke japonica Nasolamia velox Nebrius ferrugineus Negaprion acutidens Negaprion brevirostris Neoharriotta carri Neoharriotta pinnata Neoharriotta pumila Neoraja africana Neoraja caerulea Neoraja carolinensis Neoraja stehmanni Notoraja asperula Notoraja laxipella Notoraja ochroderma Notoraja spinifera Notoraja subtilispinosa Notoraja tobitukai Notorynchus cepedianus Odontaspis ferox Odontaspis noronhai Okamejei acutispina Okamejei australis Okamejei boesemani Okamejei cerva Okamejei heemstrai Okamejei hollandi Okamejei kenojei Okamejei lemprieri Okamejei meerdervoortii Okamejei pita Okamejei powelli Okamejei schmidti Orectolobus japonicus

smooth-hound narrowfin smooth-hound whitespotted smooth-hound blackspotted smooth-hound narrownose smooth-hound

Orectolobus maculatus Orectolobus ornatus Orectolobus wardi Oxynotus bruniensis Oxynotus caribbaeus Oxynotus centrina Oxynotus japonicus Oxynotus paradoxus Paragaleus leucolomatus Paragaleus pectoralis Paragaleus randalli Paragaleus tengi Parascyllium collare Parascyllium ferrugineum Parascyllium variolatum Paratrygon aiereba Parmaturus campechiensis Parmaturus macmillani Parmaturus melanobranchius Parmaturus pilosus Parmaturus xaniurus Pastinachus sephen Pavoraja alleni Pavoraja nitida Pentanchus profundicolus Platyrhina limboonkengi Platyrhina sinensis Platyrhinoidis triseriata Plesiobatis daviesi Pliotrema warreni Poroderma africanum Poroderma pantherinum Potamotrygon brachyura Potamotrygon castexi Potamotrygon constellata Potamotrygon dumerilii Potamotrygon falkneri Potamotrygon henlei Potamotrygon humerosa Potamotrygon hystrix Potamotrygon laticeps Potamotrygon leopoldi Potamotrygon magdalenae Potamotrygon motoro Potamotrygon orbignyi Potamotrygon reticulatus Potamotrygon schroederi Potamotrygon schuemacheri Potamotrygon scobina Potamotrygon signata Potamotrygon yepezi Prionace glauca Pristiophorus cirratus Pristiophorus japonicus Pristiophorus nudipinnis Pristiophorus schroederi Pristis clavata Pristis microdon Pristis pectinata Pristis perotteti Pristis pristis Pristis zijsron Proscyllium habereri Psammobatis bergi Psammobatis extenta Psammobatis lentiginosa Psammobatis normani Psammobatis parvacauda

spotted wobbegong ornate wobbegong northern wobbegong prickly dogfish Caribbean roughshark angular roughshark

humpback smooth-hound common eagle ray Australian bull ray bat eagle ray bullnose eagle ray southern eagle ray purple eagle ray snouted eagle ray eagle ray Japanese eagle ray Brazilian electric ray brown numbfish giant electric ray

slender electric ray Tasmanian numbfish spotted numbfish vermiculate electric ray banded numbfish Cape numbfish numbray electric numb ray whitenose shark tawny nurse shark sicklefin lemon shark lemon shark sicklefin chimaera

blue ray African pygmy skate smooth deepsea skate

prickly deepsea skate

broadnose sevengill shark smalltooth sand tiger bigeye sand tiger Sydney skate white-spotted skate

thornback skate

Japanese wobbegong

553

sailfin roughshark whitetip weasel shark Atlantic weasel shark slender weasel shark straight-tooth weasel shark collared carpetshark rusty carpetshark necklace carpetshark campeche catshark Mcmillan's cat shark blackgill catshark salamander shark filetail catshark cowtail stingray Allen's skate peacock skate onefin catshark

thornback guitarfish deepwater stingray sixgill sawshark striped catshark leopard catshark

freshwater stingray

ocellate river stingray

blue shark longnose sawshark Japanese sawshark shortnose sawshark Bahamas sawshark dwarf sawfish largetooth sawfish smalltooth sawfish large-tooth sawfish common sawfish longcomb sawfish graceful catshark

Appendix 3 (continued). Checklist of elasmobranchs (sorted by scientific name).

Scientific name

Psammobatis rudis Psammobatis rutrum Psammobatis scobina Pseudocarcharias kamoharai Pseudoraja fischeri Pseudotriakis microdon Pteromylaeus asperrimus Pteromylaeus bovinus Pteroplatytrygon violacea Raja ackleyi Raja africana Raja asterias Raja bahamensis Raja binoculata Raja brachyura Raja cervigoni Raja clavata Raja confundens Raja cortezensis Raja eglanteria Raja equatorialis Raja flavirostris Raja herwigi Raja inornata Raja koreana Raja maderensis Raja microocellata Raja miraletus Raja montagui Raja polyommata Raja polystigma Raja pulchra Raja radula Raja rhina Raja rondeleti Raja rouxi Raja stellulata Raja straeleni Raja texana Raja undulata Raja velezi Raja whitleyi Rajella annandalei Rajella barnardi Rajella bathyphila Rajella bigelowi Rajella caudaspinosa Rajella dissimilis Rajella eisenhardti Rajella fuliginea Rajella fyllae Rajella kukujevi Rajella leopardus Rajella nigerrima Rajella purpuriventralis Rajella ravidula Rajella sadowskii Rhina ancylostoma Rhincodon typus Rhinobatos albomaculatus Rhinobatos annandalei Rhinobatos annulatus Rhinobatos batillum Rhinobatos blochii Rhinobatos cemiculus Rhinobatos formosensis Rhinobatos glaucostigma Rhinobatos granulatus

Common name

crocodile shark false catshark rough eagle ray bull ray pelagic stingray ocellate skate African ray starry ray big skate blonde ray finspot ray thornback ray bigthorn skate Cortez' ray clearnose skate Ecuatorial ray

California ray Madeiran ray small-eyed ray brown ray spotted ray argus skate speckled ray rough ray longnose skate Rondelet's ray starry skate biscuit skate roundel skate undulate ray velez ray wedgenose skate

deepwater ray Bigelow's ray munchkin skate ghost skate

round ray leopard skate

smoothback skate bowmouth guitarfish whale shark Annandale's guitarfish lesser sandshark bluntnose guitarfish blackchin guitarfish speckled guitarfish sharpnose guitarfish

Scientific name

Rhinobatos halavi Rhinobatos holcorhynchus Rhinobatos horkeli Rhinobatos hynnicephalus Rhinobatos irvinei Rhinobatos lentiginosus Rhinobatos leucorhynchus Rhinobatos leucospilus Rhinobatos lionotus Rhinobatos obtusus Rhinobatos ocellatus Rhinobatos percellens Rhinobatos planiceps Rhinobatos prahli Rhinobatos productus Rhinobatos punctifer Rhinobatos rhinobatos Rhinobatos salalah Rhinobatos schlegelii Rhinobatos spinosus Rhinobatos thouin Rhinobatos typus Rhinochimaera africana Rhinochimaera atlantica Rhinochimaera pacifica Rhinoptera adspersa Rhinoptera bonasus Rhinoptera brasiliensis Rhinoptera javanica Rhinoptera jayakari Rhinoptera marginata Rhinoptera neglecta Rhinoptera steindachneri Rhinoraja kujiensis Rhinoraja longi Rhinoraja longicauda Rhinoraja odai Rhinoraja taranetzi Rhizoprionodon acutus Rhizoprionodon lalandii Rhizoprionodon longurio Rhizoprionodon oligolinx Rhizoprionodon porosus Rhizoprionodon taylori Rhizoprionodon terraenovae Rhynchobatus australiae Rhynchobatus djiddensis Rhynchobatus luebberti Rioraja agassizii Rostroraja alba Schroederichthys bivius Schroederichthys chilensis Schroederichthys maculatus Schroederichthys tenuis Scoliodon laticaudus Scyliorhinus besnardi Scyliorhinus boa Scyliorhinus canicula Scyliorhinus capensis Scyliorhinus cervigoni Scyliorhinus comoroensis Scyliorhinus garmani Scyliorhinus haeckelii Scyliorhinus hesperius Scyliorhinus meadi Scyliorhinus retifer Scyliorhinus stellaris Scyliorhinus tokubee

554

Common name

Halavi's guitarfish slender guitarfish Brazilian guitarfish angel fish Atlantic guitarfish whitesnout guitarfish grayspottted guitarfish

fiddlerfish Pacific guitarfish shovelnose guitarfish common guitarfish yellow guitarfish thouin ray giant shovelnose ray spearnose chimaera Pacific spookfish rough cownose ray cownose ray ticon cownose ray Javanese cownose ray Oman cownose ray Lusitanian cownose ray Australian cownose ray Pacific cownose ray

milk shark Brazilian sharpnose shark Pacific sharpnose shark grey sharpnose shark Caribbean sharpnose shark Australian sharpnose shark Atlantic sharpnose shark giant guitarfish African wedgefish white skate narrowmouthed catshark redspotted catshark narrowtail catshark slender catshark spadenose shark polkadot catshark boa catshark smallspotted catshark yellowspotted catshark West African catshark brownspotted catshark freckled catshark whitesaddled catshark blotched catshark chain catshark nursehound

Appendix 3 (continued). Checklist of elasmobranchs (sorted by scientific name).

Scientific name

Scyliorhinus torazame Scyliorhinus torrei Scylliogaleus quecketti Scymnodalatias albicauda Scymnodalatias garricki Scymnodalatias oligodon Scymnodalatias sherwoodi Scymnodon ichiharai Scymnodon macracanthus Scymnodon obscurus Scymnodon ringens Scymnodon squamulosus Somniosus antarcticus Somniosus microcephalus Somniosus pacificus Somniosus rostratus Sphyrna corona Sphyrna couardi Sphyrna lewini Sphyrna media Sphyrna mokarran Sphyrna tiburo Sphyrna tudes Sphyrna zygaena Squaliolus aliae Squaliolus laticaudus Squalus acanthias Squalus acutirostris Squalus blainville Squalus cubensis Squalus japonicus Squalus megalops Squalus melanurus Squalus mitsukurii Squalus rancureli Squatina aculeata Squatina africana Squatina argentina Squatina australis Squatina californica Squatina dumeril Squatina formosa Squatina guggenheim Squatina japonica Squatina nebulosa Squatina occulta Squatina oculata Squatina squatina Squatina tergocellata Squatina tergocellatoides Stegostoma fasciatum Sutorectus tentaculatus Sympterygia acuta Sympterygia bonapartii Sympterygia brevicaudata Sympterygia lima Taeniura grabata Taeniura lymma Taeniura meyeni Temera hardwickii Torpedo andersoni Torpedo bauchotae Torpedo californica Torpedo fairchildi Torpedo fuscomaculata Torpedo mackayana Torpedo macneilli Torpedo marmorata

Common name

cloudy catshark dwarf catshark flapnose houndshark whitetail dogfish

sherwood dogfish largespine velvet dogfish smallmouth velvet dogfish knifetooth dogfish velvet dogfish Greenland shark Pacific sleeper shark little sleeper shark scalloped bonnethead whitefin hammerhead scalloped hammerhead scoophead great hammerhead bonnethead smalleye hammerhead smooth hammerhead smalleye pygmy shark spined pygmy shark spiny dogfish longnose spurdog Cuban dogfish Japanese spurdog shortnose spurdog blacktailed spurdog shortspine spurdog cyrano spurdog sawback angelshark African angelshark Argentine angelshark Australian angelshark Pacific angelshark sand devil Taiwan angelshark Japanese angelshark clouded angelshark smoothback angelshark angelshark ornate angelshark ocellated angelshark zebra shark cobbler wobbegong

round stingray bluespotted ribbontail ray blotched fantail ray

Pacific electric ray

Scientific name

Torpedo microdiscus Torpedo nobiliana Torpedo panthera Torpedo peruana Torpedo semipelagica Torpedo sinuspersici Torpedo tokionis Torpedo torpedo Torpedo tremens Triaenodon obesus Triakis acutipinna Triakis maculata Triakis megalopterus Triakis scyllium Triakis semifasciata Trigonognathus kabeyai Trygonoptera javanica Trygonoptera kaiana Trygonoptera mucosa Trygonoptera ovalis Trygonoptera personata Trygonorrhina fasciata Trygonorrhina guaneria Trygonorrhina melaleuca Typhlonarke aysoni Typhlonarke tarakea Urobatis halleri Urogymnus asperrimus Urogymnus natalensis Urogymnus poecilura Urogymnus ukpam Urolophus armatus Urolophus aurantiacus Urolophus bucculentus Urolophus circularis Urolophus concentricus Urolophus cruciatus Urolophus expansus Urolophus flavomosaicus Urolophus gigas Urolophus jamaicensis Urolophus lobatus Urolophus maculatus Urolophus mitosis Urolophus orarius Urolophus paucimaculatus Urolophus sufflavus Urolophus testaceus Urolophus viridis Urolophus westraliensis Urotrygon aspidura Urotrygon chilensis Urotrygon microphthalmum Urotrygon munda Urotrygon nana Urotrygon reticulata Urotrygon rogersi Urotrygon serrula Urotrygon simulatrix Urotrygon venezuelae Zanobatus schoenleinii Zapteryx brevirostris Zapteryx exasperata Zapteryx xyster

blackspotted electric ray short-tail torpedo ray marbled electric ray

555

Common name

electric ray panther electric ray

marbled electric ray common torpedo torpedo whitetip reef shark sharpfin houndshark spotted houndshark sharptooth houndshark banded houndshark leopard shark

western shovelnose stingaree striped stingaree masked stingaree southern fiddler magpie fiddler ray blind electric ray oval electric ray Haller's round ray porcupine ray backwater butterfly ray longtail butterfly ray thorny freshwater stingray

sandyback stingaree circular stingaree spot-on-spot round ray crossback stingaree wide stingaree patchwork stingaree spotted stingaree yellow stingray lobed stingaree spotted round ray mitotic stingaree coastal stingaree sparsely-spotted stingaree yellowback stingaree common stingaree greenback stingaree brown stingaree spiny-tail round ray Chilean round ray munda round ray dwarf round ray reticulate round ray Rogers' round ray stingray fake round ray

lesser guitarfish banded guitarfish

Appendix 4. Checklist of elasmobranchs (sorted by common name).

Common name

Scientific name

Common name

Scientific name

African angelshark African chimaera African lanternshark African pygmy skate African ray African ribbontail catshark African sawtail catshark African softnose skate African spotted catshark African wedgefish Alaska skate Aleutian skate Allen's skate angel fish angelshark angular roughshark Annandale's guitarfish Arabian carpetshark Arabian catshark Arabian smooth-hound Arctic skate Argentine angelshark argus skate arrowhead dogfish Atlantic ghost catshark Atlantic guitarfish Atlantic sawtail catshark Atlantic sharpnose shark Atlantic stingray Atlantic weasel shark Australian angelshark Australian blackspotted catshark Australian blacktip shark Australian bull ray Australian butterfly ray Australian cownose ray Australian marbled catshark Australian numbfish Australian sawtail catshark Australian sharpnose shark Australian spotted catshark Australian swellshark backwater butterfly ray backwater butterfly ray Bahamas sawshark balloon shark banded eagle ray banded guitarfish banded houndshark banded numbfish banded sand catshark barbeled houndshark barbelthroat carpetshark bareskin dogfish barndoor skate barn-door skate basking shark bat eagle ray Bennett's stingray big skate Bigelow's ray bigeye houndshark bigeye sand tiger bigeye thresher bigeyed sixgill shark bigmouth skate bignose shark bigthorn skate

Squatina africana Hydrolagus africanus Etmopterus polli Neoraja stehmanni Raja africana Eridacnis sinuans Galeus polli Bathyraja smithii Holohalaelurus punctatus Rhynchobatus luebberti Bathyraja parmifera Bathyraja aleutica Pavoraja alleni Rhinobatos hynnicephalus Squatina squatina Oxynotus centrina Rhinobatos annandalei Chiloscyllium arabicum Halaelurus alcocki Mustelus mosis Amblyraja hyperborea Squatina argentina Raja polyommata Deania profundorum Apristurus atlanticus Rhinobatos lentiginosus Galeus atlanticus Rhizoprionodon terraenovae Dasyatis sabina Paragaleus pectoralis Squatina australis Aulohalaelurus labiosus Carcharhinus tilstoni Myliobatis australis Gymnura australis Rhinoptera neglecta Atelomycterus macleayi Hypnos monopterygium Galeus boardmani Rhizoprionodon taylori Asymbolus analis Cephaloscyllium laticeps Gymnura natalensis Urogymnus natalensis Pristiophorus schroederi Cephaloscyllium sufflans Aetomylaeus nichofii Zapteryx exasperata Triakis scyllium Narcine westraliensis Atelomycterus fasciatus Leptocharias smithii Cirrhoscyllium expolitum Centroscyllium kamoharai Dipturus laevis Dipturus chilensis Cetorhinus maximus Myliobatis californica Dasyatis bennetti Raja binoculata Rajella bigelowi Lago omanensis Odontaspis noronhai Alopias superciliosus Hexanchus nakamurai Amblyraja robertsi Carcharhinus altimus Raja confundens

birdbeak dogfish biscuit skate black dogfish black legskate blackbelly lanternshark blackchin guitarfish blackedge whipray blackfin ghostshark blackfin gulper shark blackgill catshark blackmouth catshark blacknose shark blackspot shark blackspot skate blackspotted catshark blackspotted electric ray blackspotted smooth-hound black-spotted whipray blacktailed spurdog blacktip reef shark blacktip sawtail catshark blacktip shark blacktip tope Bleeker's whipray blind electric ray blind shark blind torpedo blonde ray blotched catshark blotched fantail ray blotchy swell shark blue ray blue shark bluegray carpetshark bluespotted bambooshark bluespotted ribbontail ray bluespotted stingray bluntnose guitarfish bluntnose sixgill shark bluntnose stingray boa catshark bonnethead Borneo catshark Borneo shark bottom skate bowmouth guitarfish bramble shark Brazilian electric ray Brazilian guitarfish Brazilian sharpnose shark bristly catshark broad skate broadbanded lanternshark broadfin sawtail catshark broadfin shark broadgill catshark broadnose catshark broadnose sevengill shark brown catshark brown lanternshark brown numbfish brown ray brown shyshark brown smooth-hound brown stingaree brown stingray brownbanded bambooshark brownspotted catshark

Deania calcea Raja straeleni Centroscyllium fabricii Anacanthobatis ori Etmopterus lucifer Rhinobatos cemiculus Himantura marginata Hydrolagus lemures Centrophorus atromarginatus Parmaturus melanobranchius Galeus melastomus Carcharhinus acronotus Carcharhinus sealei Dipturus campbelli Halaelurus buergeri Torpedo fuscomaculata Mustelus punctulatus Himantura toshi Squalus melanurus Carcharhinus melanopterus Galeus sauteri Carcharhinus limbatus Hypogaleus hyugaensis Himantura bleekeri Typhlonarke aysoni Brachaelurus waddi Benthobatis marcida Raja brachyura Scyliorhinus meadi Taeniura meyeni Cephaloscyllium umbratile Neoraja caerulea Prionace glauca Heteroscyllium colcloughi Chiloscyllium caerulopunctatum Taeniura lymma Dasyatis kuhlii Rhinobatos blochii Hexanchus griseus Dasyatis say Scyliorhinus boa Sphyrna tiburo Apristurus verweyi Carcharhinus borneensis Bathyraja pseudoisotrachys Rhina ancylostoma Echinorhinus brucus Narcine brasiliensis Rhinobatos horkeli Rhizoprionodon lalandii Halaelurus hispidus Amblyraja badia Etmopterus gracilispinis Galeus nipponensis Lamiopsis temmincki Apristurus riveri Apristurus investigatoris Notorynchus cepedianus Apristurus brunneus Etmopterus unicolor Narcine brunnea Raja miraletus Haploblepharus fuscus Mustelus henlei Urolophus westraliensis Dasyatis lata Chiloscyllium punctatum Scyliorhinus garmani

556

Appendix 4 (continued). Checklist of elasmobranchs (sorted by common name).

Common name

Scientific name

Common name

Scientific name

bull ray bull shark bullis skate bullnose eagle ray California butterfly ray California ray campeche catshark Cape elephantfish Cape numbfish Caribbean lanternshark Caribbean reef shark Caribbean roughshark Caribbean sharpnose shark chain catshark Chilean devil ray Chilean round ray chimaera chupare stingray circular stingaree clearnose skate clouded angelshark cloudy catshark coastal stingaree cobbler wobbegong collared carpetshark combtooth dogfish combtooth lanternshark common eagle ray common guitarfish common sawfish common stingaree common stingray common torpedo cookiecutter shark copper shark coral catshark Cortez' ray cownose ray cowtail stingray creek whaler crested bullhead shark crocodile shark crossback stingaree Cuban dogfish Cuban legskate Cuban ribbontail catshark cuckoo ray cyrano spurdog daggernose shark daisy stingray dark ghost shark dark shyshark deepsea skate deepwater catshark deepwater ray deepwater stingray devil fish devil ray diamond stingray dragon stingray draughtsboard shark dumb gulper shark dusky catshark dusky shark dusky smooth-hound dwarf catshark dwarf round ray dwarf sawfish

Pteromylaeus bovinus Carcharhinus leucas Dipturus bullisi Myliobatis freminvillii Gymnura marmorata Raja inornata Parmaturus campechiensis Callorhinchus capensis Narke capensis Etmopterus hillianus Carcharhinus perezi Oxynotus caribbaeus Rhizoprionodon porosus Scyliorhinus retifer Mobula tarapacana Urotrygon chilensis Chimaera cubana Himantura schmardae Urolophus circularis Raja eglanteria Squatina nebulosa Scyliorhinus torazame Urolophus orarius Sutorectus tentaculatus Parascyllium collare Centroscyllium nigrum Etmopterus decacuspidatus Myliobatis aquila Rhinobatos rhinobatos Pristis pristis Urolophus testaceus Dasyatis pastinaca Torpedo torpedo Isistius brasiliensis Carcharhinus brachyurus Atelomycterus marmoratus Raja cortezensis Rhinoptera bonasus Pastinachus sephen Carcharhinus fitzroyensis Heterodontus galeatus Pseudocarcharias kamoharai Urolophus cruciatus Squalus cubensis Cruriraja atlantis Eridacnis barbouri Leucoraja naevus Squalus rancureli Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus Dasyatis margarita Hydrolagus novaezealandiae Haploblepharus pictus Bathyraja abyssicola Apristurus profundorum Rajella bathyphila Plesiobatis daviesi Mobula mobular Mobula diabola Dasyatis dipterura Himantura draco Cephaloscyllium isabellum Centrophorus harrissoni Halaelurus canescens Carcharhinus obscurus Mustelus canis Scyliorhinus torrei Urotrygon nana Pristis clavata

dwarf sawtail catshark dwarf whipray eagle ray eastern shovelnose ray Ecuatorial ray electric numb ray electric ray epaulette shark estuary stingray fake round ray false catshark fiddlerfish filetail catshark finetooth shark finspot ray flapnose houndshark flathead catshark freckled catshark freckled skate freshwater stingray freshwater whipray frilled shark fringfin lanternshark Galapagos bullhead shark Galapagos shark Ganges shark gecko catshark ghost catshark ghost shark ghost skate giant electric ray giant guitarfish giant manta giant shovelnose ray goblin shark graceful catshark graceful shark granular dogfish grayspottted guitarfish great hammerhead great lanternshark great white shark green lanternshark greenback skate greenback stingaree Greenland shark grey bambooshark grey reef shark grey sharpnose shark grey smooth-hound gulf catshark gulper shark gummy shark Halavi's guitarfish Haller's round ray hardnose shark harlequin catshark Hasselt's bambooshark Hawaiian lanternshark hoary catshark honeycomb stingray hooded carpetshark hooktooth dogfish hooktooth shark horn shark humpback smooth-hound Iceland catshark Indian sand tiger

Galeus schultzi Himantura walga Myliobatis tenuicaudatus Aptychotrema rostrata Raja equatorialis Narke japonica Torpedo nobiliana Hemiscyllium ocellatum Dasyatis fluviorum Urotrygon simulatrix Pseudotriakis microdon Rhinobatos percellens Parmaturus xaniurus Carcharhinus isodon Raja cervigoni Scylliogaleus quecketti Apristurus macrorhynchus Scyliorhinus haeckelii Leucoraja garmani Potamotrygon laticeps Himantura chaophraya Chlamydoselachus anguineus Etmopterus schultzi Heterodontus quoyi Carcharhinus galapagensis Glyphis gangeticus Galeus eastmani Apristurus manis Callorhinchus milii Rajella dissimilis Narcine entemedor Rhynchobatus djiddensis Manta birostris Rhinobatos typus Mitsukurina owstoni Proscyllium habereri Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides Centroscyllium granulatum Rhinobatos leucospilus Sphyrna mokarran Etmopterus princeps Carcharodon carcharias Etmopterus virens Dipturus gudgeri Urolophus viridis Somniosus microcephalus Chiloscyllium griseum Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos Rhizoprionodon oligolinx Mustelus californicus Asymbolus vincenti Centrophorus granulosus Mustelus antarcticus Rhinobatos halavi Urobatis halleri Carcharhinus macloti Ctenacis fehlmanni Chiloscyllium hasselti Etmopterus villosus Apristurus canutus Himantura uarnak Hemiscyllium strahani Aculeola nigra Chaenogaleus macrostoma Heterodontus francisci Mustelus whitneyi Apristurus laurussonii Carcharias tricuspidatus

557

Appendix 4 (continued). Checklist of elasmobranchs (sorted by common name).

Common name

Scientific name

Common name

Scientific name

Indian swellshark Indonesia speckled carpetshark izak catshark Japanese angelshark Japanese bullhead shark Japanese butterflyray Japanese catshark Japanese eagle ray Japanese sawshark Japanese spurdog Japanese topeshark Japanese wobbegong Javanese cownose ray Jensen's skate kitefin shark knifetooth dogfish knifetooth sawfish Krefft's ray Kwangtung skate large-eyed rabbitfish largenose catshark largespine velvet dogfish largetooth cookiecutter shark largetooth sawfish large-tooth sawfish leafscale gulper shark lemon shark leopard catshark leopard shark leopard skate leopard whipray lesser devil ray lesser guitarfish lesser sandshark lined catshark lined lanternshark little gulper shark little skate little sleeper shark lobed stingaree lollipop catshark longcomb sawfish longfin catshark longfin mako longhead catshark longnose catshark longnose deepsea skate longnose houndshark longnose pygmy shark longnose sawshark longnose skate longnose spurdog longnose stingray longnose velvet dogfish longnosed skate longsnout butterfly ray longsnout dogfish longtail butterfly ray longtail butterfly ray longtail skate longtail stingray lowfin gulper shark Lusitanian cownose ray Madeiran ray magpie fiddler ray Maltese ray mandarin dogfish mangrove whipray

Cephaloscyllium silasi Hemiscyllium freycineti Holohalaelurus regani Squatina japonica Heterodontus japonicus Gymnura japonica Apristurus japonicus Myliobatis tobijei Pristiophorus japonicus Squalus japonicus Hemitriakis japanica Orectolobus japonicus Rhinoptera javanica Amblyraja jenseni Dalatias licha Scymnodon ringens Anoxypristis cuspidata Malacoraja kreffti Dipturus kwangtungensis Hydrolagus mirabilis Apristurus nasutus Scymnodon macracanthus Isistius plutodus Pristis microdon Pristis perotteti Centrophorus squamosus Negaprion brevirostris Poroderma pantherinum Triakis semifasciata Rajella leopardus Himantura undulata Mobula hypostoma Zapteryx brevirostris Rhinobatos annulatus Halaelurus lineatus Etmopterus bullisi Centrophorus uyato Leucoraja erinacea Somniosus rostratus Urolophus lobatus Cephalurus cephalus Pristis zijsron Apristurus herklotsi Isurus paucus Apristurus longicephalus Apristurus kampae Bathyraja shuntovi Lago garricki Heteroscymnoides marleyi Pristiophorus cirratus Raja rhina Squalus blainville Dasyatis guttata Centroscymnus crepidater Dipturus oxyrinchus Gymnura crebripunctata Deania quadrispinosa Gymnura poecilura Urogymnus poecilura Arhynchobatis asperrimus Dasyatis longus Centrophorus lusitanicus Rhinoptera marginata Raja maderensis Trygonorrhina melaleuca Leucoraja melitensis Cirrhigaleus barbifer Himantura granulata

marbled electric ray marbled electric ray marbled stingray marbled whipray masked stingaree Mcmillan's cat shark megamouth shark Mekong stingray Mexican hornshark milk shark mitotic stingaree mosaic gulper shark mottled eagle ray mouse catshark mud catshark munchkin skate munda round ray munk's devil ray narrowfin smooth-hound narrowmouthed catshark narrownose chimaera narrownose smooth-hound narrowtail catshark natal electric ray necklace carpetshark needle dogfish nervous shark New Caledonia catshark New Zealand catshark New Zealand lanternshark night shark northern wobbegong Norwegian skate numbray nurse shark nursehound oceanic whitetip shark ocellate skate ocellated angelshark ocellated electric ray ocellate river stingray Ogilby's ghostshark Okhotsk skate Oman cownose ray onefin catshark ornate angelshark ornate dogfish ornate eagle ray ornate wobbegong oval electric ray Pacific angelshark Pacific chupare Pacific cownose ray Pacific electric ray Pacific guitarfish Pacific sharpnose shark Pacific sleeper shark Pacific spookfish painted maskray pale catshark pale ray pale-edged stingray Panama ghost catshark panther electric ray Papuan epaulette shark patchwork stingaree peacock skate pelagic stingray

Torpedo marmorata Torpedo sinuspersici Dasyatis marmorata Himantura oxyrhynchus Trygonoptera personata Parmaturus macmillani Megachasma pelagios Dasyatis laosensis Heterodontus mexicanus Rhizoprionodon acutus Urolophus mitosis Centrophorus tessellatus Aetomylaeus maculatus Galeus murinus Halaelurus lutarius Rajella caudaspinosa Urotrygon munda Mobula munkiana Mustelus norrisi Schroederichthys bivius Harriotta raleighana Mustelus schmitti Schroederichthys maculatus Heteronarce garmani Parascyllium variolatum Centrophorus acus Carcharhinus cautus Aulohalaelurus kanakorum Halaelurus dawsoni Etmopterus baxteri Carcharhinus signatus Orectolobus wardi Dipturus nidarosiensis Narke dipterygia Ginglymostoma cirratum Scyliorhinus stellaris Carcharhinus longimanus Raja ackleyi Squatina tergocellatoides Diplobatis ommata Potamotrygon motoro Hydrolagus ogilbyi Bathyraja violacea Rhinoptera jayakari Pentanchus profundicolus Squatina tergocellata Centroscyllium ornatum Aetomylaeus vespertilio Orectolobus ornatus Typhlonarke tarakea Squatina californica Himantura pacifica Rhinoptera steindachneri Torpedo californica Rhinobatos planiceps Rhizoprionodon longurio Somniosus pacificus Rhinochimaera pacifica Dasyatis leylandi Apristurus sibogae Bathyraja pallida Dasyatis zugei Apristurus stenseni Torpedo panthera Hemiscyllium hallstromi Urolophus flavomosaicus Pavoraja nitida Pteroplatytrygon violacea

558

Appendix 4 (continued). Checklist of elasmobranchs (sorted by common name).

Common name

Scientific name

Common name

Scientific name

pelagic thresher peppered catshark Philippine chimaera pigeye shark pink whipray plain eagle ray plain maskray plownose chimaera (unesco) plunket shark pointed-nose stingray polkadot catshark pondicherry shark porbeagle porcupine ray Port Jackson shark Portuguese dogfish prickly brown ray prickly deepsea skate prickly dogfish prickly shark prow-nose skate puffadder shyshark purple chimaera purple eagle ray pygmy devil ray pygmy ribbontail catshark pygmy shark quagga catshark rabbit fish rattail skate red stingray redspotted catshark reticulate round ray reticulated swellshark richardson's ray Rogers' round ray Rondelet's ray rough cownose ray rough eagle ray rough longnose dogfish rough ray rough skate roughbelly skate roughnose legskate roughskin dogfish roughskin skate roughskin spurdog roughtail catshark roughtail skate roughtail stingray round ray round stingray roundel skate rusty carpetshark saddle carpetshark sailback houndshark sailfin roughshark sailray salamander shark Saldanha catshark salmon shark sand devil sand tiger shark sandbar shark sandpaper skate sandy ray sandyback stingaree sawback angelshark

Alopias pelagicus Galeus piperatus Hydrolagus deani Carcharhinus amboinensis Himantura fai Aetobatus flagellum Dasyatis annotata Callorhinchus callorynchus Centroscymnus plunketi Himantura jenkinsii Scyliorhinus besnardi Carcharhinus hemiodon Lamna nasus Urogymnus asperrimus Heterodontus portusjacksoni Centroscymnus coelolepis Dipturus teevani Notoraja spinifera Oxynotus bruniensis Echinorhinus cookei Dipturus stenorhynchus Haploblepharus edwardsii Hydrolagus purpurescens Myliobatis hamlyni Mobula eregoodootenkee Eridacnis radcliffei Euprotomicrus bispinatus Halaelurus quagga Chimaera monstrosa Dipturus lanceorostratus Dasyatis akajei Schroederichthys chilensis Urotrygon reticulata Cephaloscyllium fasciatum Bathyraja richardsoni Urotrygon rogersi Raja rondeleti Rhinoptera adspersa Pteromylaeus asperrimus Deania histricosa Raja radula Dipturus nasutus Dipturus springeri Cruriraja parcomaculata Centroscymnus owstoni Malacoraja spinacidermis Cirrhigaleus asper Galeus arae Bathyraja trachura Dasyatis centroura Rajella fyllae Taeniura grabata Raja texana Parascyllium ferrugineum Cirrhoscyllium japonicum Gogolia filewoodi Oxynotus paradoxus Dipturus linteus Parmaturus pilosus Apristurus saldanha Lamna ditropis Squatina dumeril Carcharias taurus Carcharhinus plumbeus Bathyraja interrupta Leucoraja circularis Urolophus bucculentus Squatina aculeata

scalloped bonnethead scalloped hammerhead scaly whipray scoophead shagreen ray sharpfin houndshark sharpnose guitarfish sharpnose sevengill shark sharpnose stingray sharpsnout stingray sharptooth houndshark sharptooth smooth-hound sherwood dogfish shortfin devilray shortfin mako shortnose sawshark shortnose spurdog shortnose velvet dogfish short-snouted shovelnose ray shortspine spurdog shorttail lanternshark short-tail nurse shark short-tail stingray short-tail torpedo ray shovelnose guitarfish sicklefin chimaera sicklefin lemon shark sicklefin smooth-hound sicklefin weasel shark silky shark silver chimaera silvertip shark sixgill sawshark sixgill stingray skate slender bambooshark slender catshark slender electric ray slender guitarfish slender sawtail catshark slender smooth-hound slender weasel shark slendertail lanternshark slime skate sliteye shark smallbelly catshark smalleye catshark smalleye hammerhead smalleye pygmy shark smalleye smooth-hound smalleye stingray smalleyed rabbitfish small-eyed ray smallfin catshark smallfin gulper shark smallmouth velvet dogfish smallspine spookfish smallspotted catshark smalltail shark smalltooth sand tiger smalltooth sawfish smooth butterfly ray smooth deepsea skate smooth hammerhead smooth lanternshark smooth skate smoothback angelshark smoothback skate

Sphyrna corona Sphyrna lewini Himantura imbricata Sphyrna media Leucoraja fullonica Triakis acutipinna Rhinobatos granulatus Heptranchias perlo Himantura gerrardi Dasyatis geijskesi Triakis megalopterus Mustelus dorsalis Scymnodalatias sherwoodi Mobula kuhlii Isurus oxyrinchus Pristiophorus nudipinnis Squalus megalops Centroscymnus cryptacanthus Aptychotrema bougainvillii Squalus mitsukurii Etmopterus brachyurus Ginglymostoma brevicaudatum Dasyatis brevicaudata Torpedo macneilli Rhinobatos productus Neoharriotta pinnata Negaprion acutidens Mustelus lunulatus Hemigaleus microstoma Carcharhinus falciformis Chimaera phantasma Carcharhinus albimarginatus Pliotrema warreni Hexatrygon bickelli Dipturus batis Chiloscyllium indicum Schroederichthys tenuis Narcine rierai Rhinobatos holcorhynchus Galeus gracilis Gollum attenuatus Paragaleus randalli Etmopterus molleri Dipturus pullopunctatus Loxodon macrorhinus Apristurus indicus Apristurus microps Sphyrna tudes Squaliolus aliae Mustelus higmani Dasyatis microps Hydrolagus affinis Raja microocellata Apristurus parvipinnis Centrophorus moluccensis Scymnodon obscurus Harriotta haeckeli Scyliorhinus canicula Carcharhinus porosus Odontaspis ferox Pristis pectinata Gymnura micrura Notoraja asperula Sphyrna zygaena Etmopterus pusillus Malacoraja senta Squatina oculata Rajella ravidula

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Appendix 4 (continued). Checklist of elasmobranchs (sorted by common name).

Common name

Scientific name

Common name

Scientific name

smooth-hound smoothnose legskate smoothtail mobula smoothtooth shark (unesco) snaggletooth shark snouted eagle ray South China catshark southern eagle ray southern false skate southern fiddler southern lanternshark southern round skate southern stingray spadenose shark sparsely-spotted stingaree spatulasnout catshark spearnose chimaera speartooth shark speckled carpetshark speckled catshark speckled guitarfish speckled ray speckled smooth-hound spined pygmy shark spinetail mobula spinetail ray spinner shark spiny butterfly ray spiny dogfish spiny-tail round ray splendid lanternshark spongehead catshark spookfish spotless catshark spotless smooth-hound spot-on-spot round ray spottail shark spotted eagle ray spotted estuary smooth-hound spotted houndshark spotted legskate spotted numbfish spotted ratfish spotted ray spotted round ray spotted stingaree spotted wobbegong spreadfin skate starry ray starry skate starry smooth-hound starspotted smooth-hound stingray straight-tooth weasel shark striped catshark striped smooth-hound striped stingaree swellshark Sydney skate taillight shark Taiwan angelshark Taiwan gulper shark Taiwan saddled carpetshark Tasmanian numbfish tasselled wobbegong tawny nurse shark thintail thresher thornback guitarfish

Mustelus mustelus Cruriraja durbanensis Mobula thurstoni Carcharhinus leiodon Hemipristis elongata Myliobatis longirostris Apristurus sinensis Myliobatis goodei Gurgesiella furvescens Trygonorrhina fasciata Etmopterus granulosus Irolita waitii Dasyatis americana Scoliodon laticaudus Urolophus paucimaculatus Apristurus platyrhynchus Rhinochimaera atlantica Glyphis glyphis Hemiscyllium trispeculare Halaelurus boesemani Rhinobatos glaucostigma Raja polystigma Mustelus mento Squaliolus laticaudus Mobula japanica Bathyraja spinicauda Carcharhinus brevipinna Gymnura altavela Squalus acanthias Urotrygon aspidura Etmopterus splendidus Apristurus spongiceps Hydrolagus mitsukurii Halaelurus immaculatus Mustelus griseus Urolophus concentricus Carcharhinus sorrah Aetobatus narinari Mustelus lenticulatus Triakis maculata Anacanthobatis marmoratus Narcine timlei Hydrolagus colliei Raja montagui Urolophus maculatus Urolophus gigas Orectolobus maculatus Dipturus olseni Raja asterias Raja stellulata Mustelus asterias Mustelus manazo Urotrygon serrula Paragaleus tengi Poroderma africanum Mustelus fasciatus Trygonoptera ovalis Cephaloscyllium ventriosum Okamejei australis Euprotomicroides zantedeschia Squatina formosa Centrophorus niaukang Cirrhoscyllium formosanum Narcine tasmaniensis Eucrossorhinus dasypogon Nebrius ferrugineus Alopias vulpinus Platyrhinoidis triseriata

thornback ray thornback skate thorntail stingray thorny freshwater stingray thorny lanternshark thorny skate thouin ray ticon cownose ray tiger catshark tiger shark tope shark torpedo tortonese's stingray triangular legskate undulate ray velez ray velvet belly velvet dogfish vermiculate electric ray violet skate wedgenose skate West African catshark western shovelnose ray western shovelnose stingaree whale shark whiptail stingray whiskery shark white skate white skate whitebrow skate whitecheek shark whitefin dogfish whitefin hammerhead whitefin topeshark whitefinned swellshark whitenose shark white-rimmed stingray whitesaddled catshark whitesnout guitarfish whitespotted bambooshark whitespotted bullhead shark white-spotted skate whitespotted smooth-hound whitetail dogfish whitetip reef shark whitetip weasel shark wide stingaree winghead shark winter skate yellow guitarfish yellow stingray yellowback stingaree yellowspotted catshark yellowspotted skate zebra bullhead shark zebra shark zonetail butterfly ray

Raja clavata Okamejei lemprieri Dasyatis thetidis Urogymnus ukpam Etmopterus sentosus Amblyraja radiata Rhinobatos thouin Rhinoptera brasiliensis Halaelurus natalensis Galeocerdo cuvier Galeorhinus galeus Torpedo tremens Dasyatis tortonesei Cruriraja triangularis Raja undulata Raja velezi Etmopterus spinax Scymnodon squamulosus Narcine vermiculatus Dipturus doutrei Raja whitleyi Scyliorhinus cervigoni Aptychotrema vincentiana Trygonoptera mucosa Rhincodon typus Dasyatis brevis Furgaleus macki Bathyraja spinosissima Rostroraja alba Bathyraja minispinosa Carcharhinus dussumieri Centroscyllium ritteri Sphyrna couardi Hemitriakis leucoperiptera Cephaloscyllium nascione Nasolamia velox Himantura signifer Scyliorhinus hesperius Rhinobatos leucorhynchus Chiloscyllium plagiosum Heterodontus ramalheira Okamejei cerva Mustelus palumbes Scymnodalatias albicauda Triaenodon obesus Paragaleus leucolomatus Urolophus expansus Eusphyra blochii Leucoraja ocellata Rhinobatos schlegelii Urolophus jamaicensis Urolophus sufflavus Scyliorhinus capensis Leucoraja wallacei Heterodontus zebra Stegostoma fasciatum Gymnura zonura

560