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Trafficking and Forced Prostitution of Palestinian Women and Girls: Forms of Modern Day Slavery
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June 2008
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$FNQRZOHGJPHQW 6$:$$OO7KH:RPHQ7RJHWKHU7RGD\$QG7RPRUURZ has always placed combating Gender-Based Violence as WKHLUXWPRVWSULRULW\7KHLVVXHRIWUDI¿FNLQJRI3DOHVWLQLDQ women is a despicable crime and a human rights abuse, and has for many years remained a hushed taboo. For this reason, we welcome UNIFEM’s efforts to partner with us to compile, develop and release the facts contained within ³7UDI¿FNLQJDQG)RUFHG3URVWLWXWLRQRI3DOHVWLQLDQ:RPHQ and Girls: Forms of Modern Day Slavery”. It is our deepest wish that the powers-that-be sit up and WDNH QRWLFH RI WKH VKRFNLQJ IDFWV FRQWDLQHG LQ WKLV UHSRUW DQG DFNQRZOHGJH WKDW WKHVH DUH WKH WLS RI WKH LFHEHUJ DQG WKDWPDQ\VWHSVQHHGWREHWDNHQWRULJKWWKHDEXVHVDJDLQVW women’s rights- both those detailed, and those we are as \HW XQDZDUH RI :H DQWLFLSDWH ZLWK PXFK KRSHIXOQHVV WKH GD\ ZKHUHLQ 3DOHVWLQLDQ SROLF\PDNLQJ WDNHV RQ ERDUG the important conclusions and recommendations raised in WKLV UHSRUW DQG WRJHWKHU PDNH 3DOHVWLQH D VDIHU SODFH IRU women. 6$:$ DSSODXGV 81,)(0 IRU WKHLU FRPPLWPHQW WR WKLV LPSRUWDQW VWUXJJOH DQG ZLVK WR WKDQN DOO WKRVH LQYROYHG LQ the implementation of this notable achievement.
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Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................5 5(32576758&785( ..........................................................................................................................................6 3$5721( 2%-(&7,9(6$1'0(7+2'2/2*<............................................................................................7 3$577:2 *(232/,7,&$/&217(;7............................................................................................................9 3$577+5(( :20(175$)),&.,1*$1'35267,787,21,17+(237..............................................10 3$57)285 0$33,1*35267,787,21$1'75$)),&.,1*029(0(17,172$1'2872)7+(237 12 3$57),9( %$&.*5281'2)7+(9,&7,06..............................................................................................14 3$576,; &$86(62)75$)),&.,1*$1'35267,787,21.....................................................................15 3$576(9(1 352),/(2)75$)),&.(56 ....................................................................................................16 3$57(,*+7 ³7+(3(53(75$7256´$&$6(678'< ................................................................................17 3$571,1( ³7+(9,&7,06´7:2&$6(678',(6 ......................................................................................18 3$577(1 /(*,6/$7,21$1'62&,(7$/35$&7,&(6..............................................................................20 3$57(/(9(1 5(&200(1'$7,216 ...........................................................................................................22 $11(;...............................................................................................................................................................23 $11(;...............................................................................................................................................................26
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Introduction 7KLVUHSRUWVHHNVWRH[SORUHWKHLVVXHRIWUDI¿FNLQJDVZHOODVSURVWLWXWLRQRIZRPHQDQGJLUOVLQWKH RFFXSLHG 3DOHVWLQLDQ WHUULWRU\ R3W 'XH WR WKH DEVHQFH RI DFFXUDWH LQIRUPDWLRQ VWXGLHV DQG RI¿FLDO UHSRUWV RSHQO\ GHDOLQJ ZLWK WKH WRSLF WKLV EULH¿QJ SDSHU LQWHQWV E\ QR PHDQV WR SUHVHQW LWVHOI DV D FRPSUHKHQVLYHVWXG\EXWUDWKHUDVD¿UVWVWHSWRZDUGVWKHLGHQWL¿FDWLRQRIWKHSUREOHPLQWKHR3W$ great deal still remains to be done even in the area of basic research and documentation. 7UDI¿FNLQJLQSHUVRQVKDVEHHQLGHQWL¿HGE\WKH81Convention Against Transnational Organized &ULPH 6XSSOHPHQWDO 3URWRFRO WR 3UHYHQW 6XSSUHVV DQG 3XQLVK 7UDI¿FNLQJ LQ 3HUVRQV (VSHFLDOO\ Women and Children, as ³WKHUHFUXLWPHQWWUDQVSRUWDWLRQKDUERXULQJRUUHFHLSWRISHUVRQVE\PHDQV of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse RISRZHURURIDSRVLWLRQRIYXOQHUDELOLW\RURIWKHJLYLQJRUUHFHLYLQJRISD\PHQWVRUEHQH¿WVWRDFKLHYH the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation” 7UDI¿FNLQJ 3URWRFRO$UWLFOHDSDJH 1. Although the term exploitation DVXVHGLQWKLVGH¿QLWLRQ encompasses VH[XDO H[SORLWDWLRQIRUFHG ODERXU VODYHU\ VHUYLWXGH DQG UHPRYDO RI RUJDQV WKLV SDSHU ZLOO IRFXV LWV DWWHQWLRQRQWKHWRSLFRIWUDI¿FNLQJIRUVH[XDOSXUSRVHVRQO\DOVRUHIHUUHGDVVH[WUDI¿FNLQJ $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH 7UDI¿FNLQJ 3URWRFRO WUDI¿FNLQJ RFFXUV ZKHQ SHUVRQV DUH UHFUXLWHG WUDQVSRUWHG KDUERXUHGRUUHFHLYHGLQDSURFHVVOHDGLQJWRH[SORLWDWLRQHYHQWKRXJKWKHDFWXDOH[SORLWDWLRQLQWHUPVRI UHVXOWGRHVQRWWDNHSODFHIURPDSODFHRIRULJLQWRD¿QDOSRLQWRUGHVWLQDWLRQ 7RDPRXQWWRWUDI¿FNLQJ DFFRUGLQJWRWKHGHVFULSWLRQJLYHQE\WKH3URWRFROWKHYLFWLPKDVWRVKRZVRPHNLQGRIFRHUFLRQRUGHFHLW or position of vulnerability to demonstrate that they did not give an informed consent to the operation. *HQHUDOO\ VSHDNLQJ LW LV QRZ LQGLVSXWDEOH WKDW WKH WZR FULPHV WUDI¿FNLQJ IRU VH[XDO SXUSRVHV DQG prostitution of women, are intrinsically connected. Reality shows that many girls and women victims DUHEHLQJWUDI¿FNHGZLWKWKHKLGGHQREMHFWLYHRIJHWWLQJWKHPHQJDJHGLQWRIRUFHGSURVWLWXWLRQDFWLYLWLHV :RPHQDUHQRUPDOO\SURPLVHGDEHWWHUOLIHVRPHZKHUHHOVH,QVWHDGRQFHWKH\UHDFKWKH¿QDOGHVWLQDWLRQ WKH\DUHIRUFHGWRVHOOWKHPVHOYHVIRUVH[XQWLOWKH\DUHDEOHWRFRYHUWKHLUGHEWIRUWKHWUDYHOH[SHQVHV :RPHQDQGJLUOVZKRDUHEHLQJWUDI¿FNHGDQGIRUFHGLQWRSURVWLWXWLRQDUHYLFWLPV¿UVWDQGIRUHPRVWRI KXPDQULJKWVYLRODWLRQVDQGIRUWKLVUHDVRQERWKWUDI¿FNLQJDQGIRUFHGSURVWLWXWLRQKDYHEHHQLGHQWL¿HG as a contemporary form of slavery2. There are factors, then, that increase the vulnerability of women DQGJLUOVWREHLQJWUDI¿FNHGDQGIRUFHGLQWRSURVWLWXWLRQVXFKDVSRYHUW\LQHTXDOLW\DQGGLVFULPLQDWLRQ LQFOXGLQJ YLROHQFH DJDLQVW ZRPHQ7KLV EULH¿QJ SDSHU EDVHG RQ FDVH VWXGLHV DWWHPSWV WR VXFFLQFWO\ VSRWOLJKWKXPDQULJKWVYLRODWLRQVIDFHGE\ZRPHQDQGJLUOVYLFWLPVRIWUDI¿FNLQJDQGIRUFHGSURVWLWXWLRQ and factors that increase their vulnerability. ,Q WKH R3W DOWKRXJK WKH LQIRUPDWLRQDERXW WKH WRSLF LV YHU\ VFDUFH DQG LW LV VWLOO FRQVLGHUHG DV WDERR ZLWKLQ WKH 3DOHVWLQLDQ VRFLHW\ WKH SUREOHP LV QRW FRPSOHWHO\ QHZ DQG WKH GHWHULRUDWLQJ SROLWLFDO DQG HQVXLQJVRFLRHFRQRPLFVLWXDWLRQPD\EHFRQWULEXWLQJWRLWVULVH)RUWKH¿UVWWLPHSHRSOHKDYHFKRVHQ WREUHDNWKHVLOHQFHDQGVSHDNRXWDQGWKLVEULH¿QJSDSHUFDQEHVHHQDVD¿UVWVWHSWRVWDUWDQVZHULQJWKH QHHGIRUSURWHFWLQJZRPHQDQGJLUOVYLFWLPVRIWUDI¿FNLQJDQGIRUFHGSURVWLWXWLRQLQWKHR3W
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Report Structure This paper is divided into eleven main parts. 3DUW2QHSURYLGHVDGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHUHVHDUFKREMHFWLYHV WKHPHWKRGRORJ\HPSOR\HGWKHVHOHFWLRQRINH\LQIRUPDQWVIRULQWHUYLHZVDQGWKHFKDOOHQJHVIDFHGE\ the research team3DUW7ZRRXWOLQHVWKHJHRSROLWLFDOFRQWH[WRIWKHR3W3DUW7KUHHGHSLFWVEULHÀ\WKH SUREOHPRIZRPHQWUDI¿FNLQJDQGVH[XDOH[SORLWDWLRQLQWKHR3W 0DSSLQJSURVWLWXWLRQDQGWUDI¿FNLQJPRYHPHQWLQWRDQGRXWRIWKHR3WZDVIXUWKHUSUHVHQWHGLQ3DUW )RXU7KLVSDUWRXWOD\VKRZWUDI¿FNLQJRFFXUVDQGSUHVHQWVDEHWWHUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWUDQVQDWLRQDODQG GRPHVWLFWUDI¿FNLQJZLWKLQWKHR3WDQGLQWR,VUDHO,QWKLVVHFWLRQLWZDVDWWHPSWHGWRPDSWKLVPRYHPHQW EDVHGRQO\RQWKHFDVHVLGHQWL¿HGE\WKHUHVHDUFKWHDP 3DUW)LYHSUHVHQWVLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHEDFNJURXQGRIZRPHQIRUFHGLQWRSURVWLWXWLRQDVLGHQWL¿HGE\ WKHLQWHUYLHZVZLWKODZ\HUVSROLFHRI¿FHUVDQGSLPSV7RFRPEDWWUDI¿FNLQJDQGVH[XDOH[SORLWDWLRQ LW LV HVVHQWLDO WR NQRZ ZKR WKH ZRPHQ DUH ZKHUH WKH\ FRPH IURP 7R XQGHUVWDQG WKH RSHUDWLRQ RI WUDI¿FNLQJDQGVH[XDOH[SORLWDWLRQLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRNQRZLIZRPHQKDYHEHHQVH[XDOO\H[SORLWHGEHIRUH HQWHULQJLQWRSURVWLWXWLRQDQGDWZKDWDJH.QRZOHGJHRIZRPHQ¶VHGXFDWLRQDOVRFLDODQGHFRQRPLFDO EDFNJURXQGLVFUXFLDOWRSURYLGLQJDVVLVWDQFHWRYLFWLPV:LWKLQWKHVDPHFRQFHSWFDXVHVRIWUDI¿FNLQJ and prostitution were also presented in 3DUW6L[. 3DUW6HYHQSURYLGHVWKHSUR¿OHRIWUDI¿FNHUVDVLGHQWL¿HGE\WKHFDVHVWXGLHV&DVHVWXGLHVRIWUDI¿FNHUV DQGWKHWUDI¿FNHGZHUHWDFNOHGLQ3DUW(LJKWDQG1LQH,QDGGLWLRQWKHLVVXHRIKXPDQWUDI¿FNLQJIRUWKH SXUSRVHRISURVWLWXWLRQZDVWDFNOHGIURPDOHJDODVSHFWEDVHGRQWKH3DOHVWLQLDQDQG,VUDHOLOHJLVODWLRQV and societal practices in 3DUW7HQ. )LQDOO\ EDVHG RQ WKH DQDO\VLV RI WKH URRW FDXVHV WKDW PDNH 3DOHVWLQLDQ ZRPHQ YXOQHUDEOH WR VH[ WUDI¿FNLQJDQGWKHIDFWRUVWKDWFRQWULEXWHWRWKHLURQJRLQJVH[XDOH[SORLWDWLRQSROLF\UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV were presented in 3DUW(OHYHQ.
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Part One: Objectives and Methodology 3DUW2QHSURYLGHVDGHWDLOHGRYHUYLHZRIWKHRYHUDOOREMHFWLYHVRIWKLVUHVHDUFKDVZHOODVWKHPHWKRGRORJ\ HPSOR\HGWRLGHQWLI\WKHH[LVWHQFHRIKXPDQWUDI¿FNLQJDQGSURVWLWXWLRQRIJLUOVDQGZRPHQLQWKHR3W DQGPHDVXULQJLWVH[WHQWWKURXJKDQXPEHURIFDVHVWXGLHV
1. Overall objectives 7KHRYHUDOOREMHFWLYHRIWKHVWXG\RQJLUOVDQGZRPHQWUDI¿FNLQJDQGSURVWLWXWLRQLQWKHR3WLVWRDVVLVW 1*2VLQGHYHORSLQJVWUDWHJLHVWRDGGUHVVVXFKPDMRUKXPDQULJKWVYLRODWLRQV%\DVVHVVLQJWKHDFWXDO H[LVWHQFHRIZRPHQWUDI¿FNLQJLQWKHR3WDQGPHDVXULQJLWVH[WHQWVL[FDVHVWXGLHV WZRFDVHVRIIDWKHUV VHOOLQJWKHLUGDXJKWHUVWKUHHFDVHVRIWUDI¿FNHUVDFDVHRIDZRPDQZRUNLQJLQSURVWLWXWLRQ ZHUHWDFNOHG ZLWKWKHDLPRIEUHDNLQJWKHVLOHQFHDURXQGWKHLVVXHZKLOHIRFXVLQJRQSRVVLEOHWUDI¿FNLQJURXWHV IURP WKH:HVW%DQNWR-HUXVDOHP IURP*D]DWR-HUXVDOHP DQGZLWKLQWKH:HVW%DQN
2. Methodology 7R UHDOL]H WKH REMHFWLYHV RI WKLV VWXG\ D QXPEHU RI consecutive and parallel activities were carried out to come XSZLWKDQLQWHJUDWHG¿QDOUHSRUWWKDWLQFOXGHVTXDOLWDWLYH analysis and recommendations for future interventions by the government as well as local and international NGOs. This was initially based on data collection through literature UHYLHZ IDFH WR IDFH LQWHUYLHZV ZLWK NH\ LQIRUPDQWV LGHQWL¿HG E\ WKH UHVHDUFK WHDP$V GHWDLOHG LQ$SSHQGL[ DTXHVWLRQQDLUHZDVDOVRGHYHORSHGWREHXVHGE\¿HOG ZRUNHUV DQG ¿OOHG E\ WUDI¿FNHG ZRPHQ DQG ZRPHQ LQ forced prostitution.
Figure 1: Methodology employed in the study
Literature review 9 face to face interviews
/LWHUDWXUH UHYLHZ A thorough search for grey literature DQGSXEOLVKHGUHSRUWVRQKXPDQWUDI¿FNLQJDQGSURVWLWXWLRQ LQWKHR3WZDVFRQGXFWHG+RZHYHUQRVSHFL¿FVWXGLHVRU UHVHDUFKSDSHUVWDFNOLQJWKHLVVXHFRXOGEHIRXQG7KHRQO\ source of information gathered was from local newspapers about reported case studies of families selling their daughters )DFHWRIDFHLQWHUYLHZVZLWKNH\LQIRUPDQWV DWRWDORI IDFHWRIDFHLQWHUYLHZVZLWKNH\LQIRUPDQWVZHUHFRQGXFWHG WRJHWLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWUDI¿FNLQJFDVHVLGHQWL¿HGE\WKLV VWXG\.H\LQIRUPDQWVLQFOXGHGSROLFHRI¿FHUVWKHODZ\HUV RIWKHYLFWLPVWD[LGULYHUVDQGKRWHORZQHUV
Questionnaire
Figure 2: Type of key informants
Hotel owners
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3. Research challenges and obstacles Various challenges and obstacles were encountered while conducting this study affecting hence data FROOHFWLRQDQGWKHGHSWKRIWKHDQDO\VLV7KHVHFKDOOHQJHVFRXOGEHVXPPDUL]HGDVIROORZV 'LI¿FXOW\DUUDQJLQJIDFHWRIDFHLQWHUYLHZVZLWKWUDI¿FNHGZRPHQDQGZRPHQLQYROYHGLQSURVWLWXWLRQ H[FHSWIRURQHFDVH 'LI¿FXOW\JDWKHULQJLQIRUPDWLRQIURPWKHSROLFHDERXWWKHLVVXH 'LI¿FXOW\DUUDQJLQJPHHWLQJVZLWKSROLFHRI¿FHUVRUSLPSVWRGLVFXVVWKHLVVXHZLWKWKHP 7KUHDWV GLUHFWHG DW WKH UHVHDUFK ¿HOG ZRUNHUV ZKR ZHUH ³DGYLVHG´ WR VWRS WKH UHVHDUFK DQG GDWD collection.
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Part Two: Geopolitical Context :KHQWDFNOLQJWKHLVVXHRIWUDI¿FNLQJLQWKH R3WLWLV¿UVWIXQGDPHQWDOWRXQGHUVWDQGWKH FXUUHQWJHRSROLWLFDOFRQWH[WRIWKH3DOHVWLQLDQ WHUULWRULHV,QWKHODVWIRUW\\HDUV RI,VUDHOLPLOLWDU\RFFXSDWLRQLQWKH3DOHVWLQLDQ WHUULWRULHV WKH*D]D6WULS(DVW-HUXVDOHPDQG WKH :HVW %DQN ,VUDHO KDV SXW LQWR SUDFWLFH a policy of movement restrictions within, as well as in and out of WKH R3W 7KLV KDV LQFOXGHGFKHFNSRLQWVHDUWKPRXQGVWUHQFKHV URDGEORFNVJDWHVE\SDVVURDGVDQGWKH:DOO ,Q WKH 2I¿FH IRU &RRUGLQDWLRQ RI WKH +XPDQLWDULDQ $IIDLUV 2&+$ UHSRUWHG D total of 561 physical obstacles restricting the PRYHPHQWRIDURXQGPLOOLRQ3DOHVWLQLDQV to their basic services and families.1 This policy of movement restriction has led to a current IUDJPHQWHGODQGVFDSHRIWKHR3WZLWKVHYHUDO discrepancies in demographic, economic and HYHQOHJDOWHUPV WKH:HVW%DQNDQGWKH*D]D Strip separated from each other and from East -HUXVDOHPE\WKH6WDWHRI,VUDHO,WKDVDOVR IUDJPHQWHG WKH 3DOHVWLQLDQ FRPPXQLWLHV LQ WKH:HVW%DQNLQWRVHYHUDOVHSDUDWHGFDQWRQV as sub-enclaves have been created. The urban hub of the main towns of Nablus, Ramallah, +HEURQ DQG -HULFKR DUH DOVR GLI¿FXOW WR DFFHVV EHFDXVH RI WLJKW UHVWULFWLRQV -HULFKR IRUH[DPSOHLVHQFLUFOHGE\DGLWFKRQWKUHH VLGHVDQGDOOWUDI¿FLVFKDQQHOOHGWKURXJKWZR FKHFNSRLQWV :LWK WKH H[LVWHQFH RI WKLV FRPSOH[ V\VWHP RI FORVXUH WKH SDVVDJH WKURXJK 3DOHVWLQLDQ FRPPXQLWLHVPHDQVSDVVLQJ¿UVWWKURXJKWKH Israeli authorities. ,Q DGGLWLRQ ,VUDHOL VHWWOHPHQWV LQ WKH :HVW %DQNDUHH[SDQGLQJ6SHFLDOURDGVIRUVHWWOHUV¶ XVH RQO\ DUH EXLOW ZLWKLQ WKH :HVW %DQN FUHDWLQJ WLQ\ HQFODYHV ZKHUH 3DOHVWLQLDQV LQ return struggle to pass through an increasing DUUD\ RI REVWDFOHV MXVW WR PRYH DURXQG WKHLU own communities. 2I¿FH IRU &RRUGLQDWLRQ RI WKH +XPDQLWDULDQ $IIDLUV 2&+$ 2&+$ &ORVXUH 8SGDWH 2FWREHU S KWWS ZZZRFKDRSWRUJGRFXPHQWV &ORVXUH8SGDWH2FWREHUSGI
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Part Three: Women Trafficking and Prostitution in the oPt: A Small-scale Activity 7KLV VHFWLRQ FKDUDFWHUL]HV EULHÀ\ WKH SUREOHP RI ZRPHQ WUDI¿FNLQJ DQG SURVWLWXWLRQ LQ WKH R3W ,QIRUPDWLRQ IRU WKLV section was primarily obtained from interviews with the SROLFHODZ\HUVDQGWD[LGULYHUV /DFN RI VWDWLVWLFDO GDWD *DXJLQJ WKH OHYHO RI WUDI¿FNLQJ DQGSURVWLWXWLRQLQWKHR3WZLWKSUHFLVLRQLVGLI¿FXOWVLQFHLW is not visible but rather an underground problem. Not only are these considered immoral activities but both are regarded DV LOOHJDO XQGHU 3DOHVWLQLDQ DQG ,VUDHOL ODZV2. Estimates of WKH SUREOHP LQ WKH R3W YDU\ JLYHQ WKH OLPLWHG FDVH VWXGLHV appearing only in local newspapers, NGO hotlines and police records. At present, no governmental or non-governmental RUJDQL]DWLRQ 1*2 LV FRPSLOLQJ DFFXUDWH VWDWLVWLFV DQG archiving all received cases in this regard. Moreover, many RIWKHPGHQ\WKHH[LVWHQFHRIWKHSUREOHP7KHUHLVKHQFH DQHYLGHQWODFNRIDFFXUDWHLQIRUPDWLRQDQGRI¿FLDOUHSRUWV WDFNOLQJWKHLVVXH 'XH WR WKH ODFN RI LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG UHVRXUFHV DYDLODEOH LW LV UDWKHU GLI¿FXOW WR YHULI\ DQ\ VWDWLVWLFDO GDWD RQ ZRPHQ WUDI¿FNLQJDQGSURVWLWXWLRQ6XFKLQFLGHQWVDUHRIWHQUHSRUWHG in isolation from one another. Questions about the “who”, ³ZKDW´ DQG ³ZK\´ RI WUDI¿FNLQJ IRU VH[XDO SXUSRVHV DQG prostitution have not been evident. A great deal remains to be done even in the area of basic research and documentation. &DVHV RI WUDI¿FNLQJ DQG SURVWLWXWLRQ DUH PDLQO\ UHSRUWHG in newspaper accounts and police records. It appears that no one has been able to interview even small numbers of ZRPHQZKRKDYHEHHQWUDI¿FNHGRUIRUFHGLQWRSURVWLWXWLRQ /DZHQIRUFHPHQWRI¿FLDOVWRJHWKHUZLWKVRPHVRFLDOVHUYLFH providers, have interviewed girls and women once they were arrested during brothel and local prostitution residence raids RU WKURXJK 1*2 KRWOLQHV +RZHYHU WKHUH DUH FXUUHQWO\ QR UHVHDUFKVWXGLHVRQWKHH[SHULHQFHRIYLFWLPVRIWUDI¿FNLQJ DQGSURVWLWXWLRQLQWKHR3W $VPDOOVFDOHDFWLYLW\'HVSLWHWKHIDFWWKDWWUDI¿FNLQJDQG SURVWLWXWLRQFRQVWLWXWHLOOHJDODFWLYLWLHVLQWKHR3WUHDOLW\VKRZV WKDWWKH\H[LVWDQGWKDWWKH\DSSHDUWRRSHUDWHLQIRUPDOO\RQD VPDOOVFDOHEDVLVUDWKHUWKDQDVDVRSKLVWLFDWHGDQGRUJDQL]HG activity. %DVHGRQWKHFDVHVLGHQWL¿HGE\WKLVVWXG\JLUOVDQGZRPHQ are being facilitated through escort services, brothels in hotels, rented houses, private apartments and even house cleaning FRPSDQLHV7KHUHH[LVWPDQ\RIWKHVHORFDWLRQVWKRXJKWKH\ differ in modus operandi, structure and management. 5HIHU WR 3DUW7HQ LQ WKLV SDSHU IRU IXUWKHU GHWDLOV DERXW WKH LVVXH DV LGHQWL¿HGE\3DOHVWLQLDQDQG,VUDHOLOHJLVODWLRQV
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6RPH EXVLQHVV WKDW HQMR\ OHJDO VWDWXV DUH LQ UHDOLW\ SURVWLWXWLRQ YHQXHV ZKLFK RIIHU VH[XDO VHUYLFHV WR PHQ Our sources have asserted that there are some cases of legally registered hotels and cleaning companies that in reality are clandestine prostitution venues with various forms of illegal prostitution activities offered to men. ³)RUH[DPSOHDFOLHQWFDQFRQWDFWDFOHDQLQJFRPSDQ\ ZKLFKRSHUDWHVDOVRDVDVH[VHUYLFHFRPSDQ\ZKHUHE\D woman is sent to the client to clean the designated house. After cleaning, the woman will also have sex.”3
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11
Part Four:
Mapping Prostitution and Trafficking Movement into and out of the oPt
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Part Five:
Background of the victims
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Age. According to the case studies presented here, most of the victims are in their early 20s, though in some reported cases the victims were as young as 12 and 14, or in their 30s and 40s.
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Place of residence and origin. Many of the women
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Relations with their families. 0RVW RI WKH LGHQWL¿HG
DQG UHVHDUFKHG FDVHV RI WUDI¿FNHG ZRPHQ DQG WKRVH ZRUNLQJ in prostitution have been violently abused by their families, especially their fathers. According to their testimonies, they refer to prostitution as a mean to escape the violence and abuse they face at their homes. The three face-to-face interviews with WUDI¿FNHG ZRPHQ DV ZHOO DV WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW ZRPHQ ZRUNLQJLQSURVWLWXWLRQWKDWZDVJDWKHUHGIURPNH\LQIRUPDQWV have revealed that these women were battered continuously DQGIRUFHGLQWRPDUULDJH HLWKHUOHJDOO\RUXU¿PDUULDJH RURXW of school at an early age for those who didn’t continue their education.5 $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH GH¿QLWLRQ DW :LNLSHGLD KWWS HQZLNLSHGLDRUJ ZLNL1LNDKBXU¿ ³DQ XU¿ PDUULDJH LV D PDUULDJH ZLWKRXW DQ RI¿FLDO FRQWUDFW &RXSOHV UHSHDW WKH ZRUGV ³:H JRW PDUULHG´ DQG SOHGJH FRPPLWPHQW EHIRUH*RG8VXDOO\DSDSHUVWDWLQJWKDWWKHWZRDUHPDUULHGLVZULWWHQDQG WZR ZLWQHVVHV VLJQ LW 0RVW RI WKH ,VODPLF FRXQWULHV GR QRW UHFRJQL]H µ8U¿ PDUULDJHV$ZRPDQFRXOGQRWJHWDµOHJDO¶GLYRUFHVLQFHWKHJRYHUQPHQWGLG QRWUHFRJQL]HWKHOHJDOLW\RIWKHPDUULDJHLQWKH¿UVWSODFH”
14
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Part Six:
Causes of Trafficking and Prostitution
Researches reveal that socio-economic conditions as well as YLROHQFHDQGVH[XDOO\H[SORLWDWLYHUHODWLRQVKLSVH[SHULHQFHG by the victims, either during their youth or marriage by one of the family members, constitute important causes leading WRWKHLUVH[XDOH[SORLWDWLRQ
Socio-economic factors affecting trafficking and prostitution. 3DUWLFXODU VRFLRHFRQRPLF IDFWRUV VXFK as increasing economic insecurity and higher levels of XQHPSOR\PHQWDQGSRYHUW\SOD\DPDMRUUROHHLWKHUSXVKLQJ JLUOVDQGZRPHQLQWRSURVWLWXWLRQRUUHQGHULQJWKHPH[WUHPHO\ YXOQHUDEOHWREHH[SORLWHGE\WKHUHFUXLWHUVDQGWUDI¿FNHUV 'HVSLWH WKLV WKH 3DOHVWLQLDQ SROLFH KDV WUDGLWLRQDOO\ KHOG WKDWWKHPDMRULW\RIZRPHQHQJDJHGLQSURVWLWXWLRQGRLWE\ their own “will” in comparison to a minority who are forced into it due to their dire economical situation and the need for ¿QDQFLDOUHVRXUFHV7KLVDPRXQWVQRWRQO\WRDQLQDFFXUDWH interpretation of the truth but also constitutes a very dangerous YLHZ7KHODFNRIZLOOLQJQHVVE\WKHODZHQIRUFHPHQWRI¿FHUV WRLQYHVWLJDWHDQGSHUVHFXWHWUDI¿FNHUVVRFLHWDOSUDFWLFHVDQG FULPLQDOL]LQJEHKDYLRXUWRZDUGVYLFWLPVDOOWRJHWKHUPDNHV WKH ODWWHU WR NHHS LQ VLOHQFH$OO WKLV KHOS WKH WUDI¿FNHUV WR ZRUNZLWKWRWDOLPSXQLW\
Violence and sexually exploitative relationships. Researches have also proved that some of the victims were HLWKHU GUDZQ LQWR WKH VH[ LQGXVWU\ ZKLOH EHLQJ YHU\ \RXQJ RUKDYHH[SHULHQFHGVH[XDOO\H[SORLWDWLYHUHODWLRQVKLSVE\D member of their family or during their marriage. It is this YXOQHUDELOLW\DQGODFNRISRZHUZKLFKUHQGHUWKHPWKHWDUJHWV RIVH[XDOH[SORLWDWLRQ
Lack of social networks and shelter houses. The ODFNRIVRFLDOQHWZRUNVDQGVKHOWHUKRXVHVLQFRPSDULVRQWR WKHLQFUHDVLQJSUREOHPRIZRPHQWUDI¿FNLQJDQGWKHLUVH[XDO H[SORLWDWLRQ DJJUDYDWH WKH SUREOHP DV YLFWLPV FRXQW ZLWK very few alternatives when facing dire economical situation or violence from their family members. The social stigma of prostitution is also a problem as 3DOHVWLQLDQ ZRPHQ WUDI¿FNHG LQWR ,VUDHO ZKR DUH UHWXUQHG WR WKH R3W PD\ EH RVWUDFL]HG ZLWKLQ WKHLU FRPPXQLWLHV DQG families.
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15
Part Seven:
Profile of Traffickers
According to the 2000 UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, Supplemental Protocol to Prevent, Suppress DQG 3XQLVK 7UDI¿FNLQJ LQ 3HUVRQV (VSHFLDOO\ :RPHQ DQG Children, WUDI¿FNHUV DUH LGHQWL¿HG DV LQGLYLGXDOV HQJDJHG LQ “the recruitment, transportation, harbouring or receipt of SHUVRQVE\PHDQVRIWKHWKUHDWRUXVHRIIRUFHRURWKHUIRUPV of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse RISRZHURURIDSRVLWLRQRIYXOQHUDELOLW\RURIWKHJLYLQJRU UHFHLYLQJRISD\PHQWVRUEHQH¿WVWRDFKLHYHWKHFRQVHQWRID person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation” 7UDI¿FNLQJ3URWRFRO$UWLFOHDSDJH 6. ,QWKHR3WUHVHDUFKLQWHUYLHZVZLWKNH\LQIRUPDQWVKDYHUHYHDOHG WKDW WKH SUR¿OH RI WUDI¿FNHUV KDV EHHQ DOPRVW KRPRJHQRXV 3DOHVWLQLDQ ZRPHQ LQ WKHLU IRUWLHV RU HDUO\ ¿IWLHV ZKR LQ PRVWRIWKHFDVHVKDYHSUHYLRXVO\ZRUNHGLQSURVWLWXWLRQRU KDYHH[SHULHQFHGVH[XDOO\H[SORLWDWLYHUHODWLRQVKLSVE\WKHLU family members and husbands, or have been in dire economic situation which have forced them into prostitution or being the YLFWLPVRIWUDI¿FNLQJIRUVH[XDOSXUSRVHV 6RPH RI WKH RWKHU FRPPRQ DVSHFWV GHWDLOLQJ WKH SUR¿OH RI WUDI¿FNHUV DV LGHQWL¿HG E\ WKH FDVHV IRXQG E\ WKLV UHVHDUFK include the following: 7UDI¿FNHUV WKDW ZHUH LGHQWL¿HG WKURXJK WKLV UHVHDUFK DUH married and their husbands and family are aware about their business. 7KH OHYHO RI HGXFDWLRQ LGHQWL¿HG LV IDLUO\ ORZ 0RVW RI WKHPKDYH¿QLVKHGVHFRQGDU\RUKLJKVFKRRORQO\ $OORIWKHWUDI¿FNHUVLGHQWL¿HGE\RXUVRXUFHVKDYHZRUNHG in prostitution before being pimps and many of the women ZRUNLQJ IRU WKHVH SLPSV DUH ³H[SHFWHG´ LQ FRQVHTXHQFH WR EHFRPH IXWXUH WUDI¿FNHUV +RZHYHU WKHLU HGXFDWLRQDO SUR¿OH LV KLJKHU WKDQ WKH FXUUHQW SLPSV DV PDQ\ RI WKH LGHQWL¿HGFDVHVDUHXQLYHUVLW\JUDGXDWHV
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16
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Part Eight:
“The Perpetrator”
A Case Study 7KLV VHFWLRQ EULHÀ\ SUHVHQWV RQH FDVH VWXG\ UHJDUGLQJ D ZRPDQ WUDI¿FNHU FDOOHG ³:´7KH FDVH JLYHV GHWDLOV RI WKH EDFNJURXQG RI WKH YLFWLPV WUDI¿FNHG WKHLU FOLHQWV WKH W\SH RIPHGLFDOFDUHUHFHLYHGDVZHOODVWKHYLROHQFHH[SHULHQFHG by them. All the information here presented is based on data FROOHFWHGE\¿HOGUHVHDUFKHUVIURPNH\LQIRUPDQWV :RPHQLQSURVWLWXWLRQ0RVWRIWKHZRPHQZRUNLQJIRU: FRPHIURPHGXFDWHGEDFNJURXQGVDQGIDPLOLHVDJHVYDU\LQJ from 16-45 years old, and are mainly university students IURP 3DOHVWLQLDQ FROOHJHV DQG XQLYHUVLWLHV 2XU VRXUFHV LQGLFDWHDOVRWKDWRIWKHZRPHQZRUNLQJZLWK:FRPH IURP-HUXVDOHP7KHPDMRULW\RIWKHPDUHPDUULHGDQGKDYH escaped from their families. It is normal for them to attract RWKHUJLUOVNQRZQE\WKHPLQWRWKLVEXVLQHVV
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Part Nine:
“The Victims”. Two Case Studies
7KLV VHFWLRQ EULHÀ\ SUHVHQWV WZR FDVH VWXGLHV RI WUDI¿FNHG 3DOHVWLQLDQ ZRPHQ 7KH\ GHVFULEH WKH EDFNJURXQG RI WUDI¿FNHG ZRPHQ WKHLU UHODWLRQVKLSV ZLWK WKHLU IDPLOLHV DV ZHOO DV ZLWK WKHLU SLPSV 7KH PDLQ UHDVRQV WKDW IRUFHG WKHP LQWR SURVWLWXWLRQ DUH DOVR WDFNOHG KHUH$OO LQIRUPDWLRQ SUHVHQWHG LQWKHVHFWLRQEHORZLVEDVHGRQIDFHWRIDFHLQWHUYLHZVFRQGXFWHGZLWKWUDI¿FNHGZRPHQE\WKH¿HOG researchers. )LUVWFDVHVWXG\ 3UR¿OHRIDWUDI¿FNHGZRPDQIURP-HUXVDOHP 3ODFHRIELUWK -HUXVDOHP $JH 0DULWDOVWDWXV 0DUULHG 1XPEHURIFKLOGUHQ ,D\HDUROG3DOHVWLQLDQZRPDQZDVIRUFHGLQWRPDUULDJHE\KHUIDWKHUDJDLQVWKHUZLOOZKHQVKHZDV+HU husband raped her on their wedding night and left her bleeding. I. confesses that although she was forced into marriage, she internally was happy to leave her parents’ house as she used to be hit violently by her father on a GDLO\EDVLV,VRUURZIXOO\H[SODLQV³+HZRXOGWLHWKHEHOWRYHUP\QHFNDQGVORZO\WLJKWHQVLWXQWLO,VXIIRFDWHDQG IDLQW+HIRUFHGPHWRVOHHSDWWKHEDVHPHQWDQGVRPHWLPHVOHDYLQJPHIRUDZHHNZLWKRXWIRRG+HIRUFHGPHDOVR WROHDYHVFKRRODIWHUWKHQLQWKJUDGHWRZRUNLQFOHDQLQJKRXVHVIRU,VUDHOLV0\UHODWLRQVKLSZLWKP\PRWKHUZDV JRRGEXWVKHZDVDOVRDEXVHGE\P\IDWKHUHVSHFLDOO\ZKHQVKHWULHVWRKHOSPH´ I. had also to pay the rent for staying with her parents, although the house is owned by her family. She referred to YDULRXVZRPHQRUJDQL]DWLRQVVHHNLQJDVVLVWDQFHEXWQRQHRIWKHPVXFFHHGHGLQKHOSLQJKHU “After I got married, I discovered that my husband is not that different from my father as he also recurred to violence continuously.” ,IHOOLQORYHZLWKKHUEURWKHULQODZ:KHQKHUPRWKHULQODZNQHZVKHKLWKHUEDGO\ZKLFKPDGH,UHIHUWR the Israeli police that imprisoned the husband. I. was then transferred to a safe house, where she continues her HGXFDWLRQ6KHVHHVKHUFKLOGUHQHYHU\ZHHNDQGKDVQRUHODWLRQZKDWVRHYHUZLWKKHUKXVEDQG I. continues to narrate her story and how she met the pimp “After I ran from home for the second time, I met two \RXQJPHQIURP(DVW-HUXVDOHPWKDWRIIHUHGPHWRPRYHWRWKHQRUWKRI,VUDHOZLWKWKHP7KH\SURPLVHGPHWRSXW PHLQFRQWDFWZLWKDZRPDQWKDWZLOOKHOSPHLQ¿QGLQJVKHOWHUDQGHPSOR\PHQW$W¿UVW,PRYHGLQWRD'UX]H family in the north who later introduced me to S., a 30 year old divorced woman who had a 13 year old daughter DQGRZQHGDEURWKHOLQ$NNR:HVKDUHGWKHKRXVHZLWKWZR,VUDHOLZRPHQDQGEHIRUH,OHIWDQRWKHUWZRJLUOVIURP WKHQRUWKFDPHWRZRUNIRU6 I was forbidden to leave the house and all my needs were met by S. I was banned from calling anyone or having DPRELOH,VWDUWHGKDYLQJFOLHQWVEXW6ZRXOGQHYHUJLYHPHDQ\PRQH\6ZRXOGIRUFHPHWRGULQNDOFRKRO WRWKHH[WHQWWKDW,FRXOGQRWUHPHPEHUKRZPDQ\PHQ,KDGWKDWQLJKW%XWXVXDOO\WKLVUDQJHVIURPWR DSSUR[LPDWHO\7KH\KDGWRXVHFRQGRPVEXWVRPHRIWKHPVRPHWLPHVZRXOGVOHHSZLWKPHZLWKRXWKDYLQJDQ\ NLQGRISURWHFWLRQDQG6QHYHUWRRNXVWRDGRFWRULQVWHDGVKHSDLGPRVWDWWHQWLRQWRRXUK\JLHQHDQGVPHOODQG would bring us scented creams, oil and soap. I practiced prostitution for 8 months and when I once refused to sleep with a client, S. called my father. My father FDPHDQGIRXQGPHDQG6¶VGDXJKWHUVOHHSLQJZLWKWZRPHQ$W¿UVW,GLGQ¶WUHFRJQL]HP\IDWKHUDQGZKHQ, UHDOL]HGZKDWZDVKDSSHQLQJ,WULHGWRFRPPLWVXLFLGHE\EUHDNLQJWKHEDWKURRP¶VZLQGRZEXWP\IDWKHUDQGWKH WZRPHQFDXJKWPH:KHQ,FDPHKRPHP\IDWKHUIRUFHGPHWRWDNHRIIDOORIP\FORWKHVDQGKLWPHYLROHQWO\ XQWLO,IDLQWHG:KHQ,EHFDPHEHWWHU,HVFDSHGDQGZHQWWRWKHSROLFHWKDWWUDQVIHUUHGPHWRWKLVFXUUHQWVDIH house.”
18
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6HFRQGFDVHVWXG\ 3UR¿OHRIWZRZRPHQVROGE\WKHLUIDWKHUWKURXJK8U¿PDUULDJH 3ODFHRIUHVLGHQFH +HEURQ $JH DQG \HDUVROG 0DULWDOVWDWXV 0DUULHG 1XPEHURIFKLOGUHQ $DQG6DUHWZRVLVWHUVWKDWKDYHEHHQVROGE\WKHLUIDWKHUUHFXUUHQWO\WR3DOHVWLQLDQPHQLQVLGH,VUDHO WKURXJK8U¿PDUULDJHDWWKHDJHRIDQG\HDUVROG7KHGXUDWLRQRIHDFKXU¿PDUULDJHGRQRWXVXDOO\ last more than 2 to 3 months. In general, the father forces them to get a divorce, he collects the money and the gold that were bought by their husbands, then the two women return to live with their father. 6ZKRLVQRZ\HDUVROGWHOOVWRWKH¿HOGUHVHDUFKHUVKHUVWRU\ZLWKVRUURZ ³,JRWPDUULHGWRDURXQG PHQXQGHUWKH8U¿PDUULDJH$QG,UDQDZD\IURPP\ODVWPDUULDJHDVWKHZLIHRIP\KXVEDQGNQHZ RIP\SUHJQDQF\DQGWULHGWREXUQPH0\EDE\ZDVSXWLQDNLQGHUJDUWHQLQ%HLW-DOODDQG,KDYHQHYHU seen him. As I turn 18 years old, I will have to leave this safe house but I cannot return to my family and KDYHQRSODFHWRJR$\HDUDJRP\UHODWLYHVWRRNPHDQGPDGHPHPDUU\P\FRXVLQDVDPHDQWRSURWHFW PHEXWWKHMXGJHIRUFHGPHWRJHWDGLYRUFHDVWKHUHLVQROHJDOHYLGHQFHRIP\GLYRUFHIURPP\ODVW KXVEDQG$QGDIWHU,JRWWKHGLYRUFHIRUP\ODVW8U¿PDUULDJHP\FRXVLQUHIXVHGWRPDUU\PHDJDLQ´ $ DOVR UDQ DZD\ IURP KHU IDWKHU DQG UHWXUQHG WR VHDUFK IRU KHU ODVW KXVEDQG 6KH NLOOHG KLP DQG LV currently in the prison in Nablus.
19
Part Ten:
Legislation and Societal Practices
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Palestinian legislation and societal practices.'XHWRWKHKLVWRU\RIIRUHLJQRFFXSDWLRQWKHR3W KDVHQGXUHGWKH3DOHVWLQLDQOHJLVODWLRQUHSUHVHQWVWRGD\DFROOHFWLRQRIODZVDSSOLFDEOHWRGLIIHUHQWDUHDV RIWKHR3WLQSDUWLFXODU XQL¿HGODZVWKDWWKH3DOHVWLQLDQ/HJLVODWLYH&RXQFLO 3/& SURPXOJDWHG VLQFH IRUWKHHQWLUHR3W WKH-RUGDQLDQ3HQDO/DZ1R ZKLFKFRQWLQXHVWRDSSO\WRWKH :HVW%DQNDQG WKH(J\SWLDQ3HQDO/DZ1R VWLOODSSOLFDEOHWRWKH*D]D6WULS$WSUHVHQW WKHGUDIWLQJRIDQHZFULPLQDOFRGHIRUWKHR3WLVLQSURFHVVEXWQRLQGLFDWLRQVDUHDYDLODEOHDERXWZKHQ WKH¿QDOGUDIWZLOOEHUHDG\QRUDSUHYLVLRQRQLWV¿QDOL]DWLRQFDQEHPDGHFRQVLGHULQJWKDWWKH3/&LV FXUUHQWO\QRQIXQFWLRQDO7KXVLQUHODWLRQWRSHQDOPDWWHUVWKH-RUGDQLDQDQG(J\SWLDQSHQDOFRGHVDUH still applicable. $QDQDO\VLVRIWKRVHODZVVKRZVWKDWRIIHQGHUVVXFKDVWUDI¿FNHUVEURWKHORZQHUVSHRSOHUHQWLQJRU assisting in establishing brothels and those forcing girls and women to engage into prostitution are punished. The punishment differs according to the type of offence and is detailed as follows: $UWLFOH±7UDI¿FNHUVOHDGLQJRUWU\LQJWROHDGZRPHQLQWRSURVWLWXWLRQDUHSXQLVKHGE\DWHUPRI LPSULVRQPHQWUDQJLQJIURPPRQWKWR\HDUVDORQJZLWKD¿QHUDQJLQJIURPWR-RUGDQLDQ'LQDUV -'V $UWLFOH±7UDI¿FNHUVIRUFLQJZRPHQLQWRVH[XDOSURVWLWXWLRQE\WKHXVHRIWKUHDWVGUXJVRUGHFHLW are punished by a term of imprisonment ranging from 1 to 3 years. $UWLFOH±%URWKHORZQHUVSHRSOHUHQWLQJDVVLVWLQJLQHVWDEOLVKLQJDEURWKHORUZRUNLQJLQRQHDUH LPSULVRQHGXSWRPRQWKVDQGRUZLWKD¿QHRI-'V $UWLFOH±$Q\PDOHIRUFLQJDZRPDQLQWRSURVWLWXWLRQIRU¿QDQFLDOVXSSRUWLVSXQLVKHGE\DWHUPRI imprisonment ranging from 6 months to 2 years. $UWLFOH±$Q\ZRPDQOHDGLQJLQÀXHQFLQJRUIRUFLQJDQRWKHULQWRSURVWLWXWLRQLVLPSULVRQHGIRURQH \HDURUFKDUJHGZLWKD¿QHXSWR-'V Article 315 – Anyone forcing a woman without her consent to practise prostitution or stay in a brothel is punished by a term of imprisonment ranging from 2 months to 2 years. ,QDGGLWLRQUDSHDQGLQGHFHQWDVVDXOWDUHLOOHJDOXQGHUWKH3DOHVWLQLDQFULPLQDOODZWKDWLVEDVHGRQWKH -RUGDQLDQSHQDOFRGHQXPEHURIWKH\HDU 7KHUHLVQRVHSDUDWHODZVSHFL¿FDOO\IRUUDSH8QGHU WKH3DOHVWLQLDQFULPLQDOODZUDSHLVFRQVLGHUHGDVDFULPHRQO\ZKHQLWLPSOLHVDQDFWRIQRQFRQVHQVXDO VH[XDOSHQHWUDWLRQ,QDGGLWLRQDKXVEDQGIRUFLQJVH[RQKLVZLIHLVQRWFRQVLGHUHG³UDSH´$UWLFOHV and 294 of the law state that rape is punishable by 10 years imprisonment if the victim is physically inapt to defend herself, 7 years if she is under 15 years old and 5 years if the aforementioned cases do QRWDSSO\+RZHYHUDFDVHLVQRWOHJDOO\FRQVLGHUHGDVUDSHLIWKHUHZDVFRQVHQWE\WKHYLFWLPRULILWLV done by the husband. 7KH/DZIXUWKHUVWDWHVWKDWDZRPDQFRPPLWWLQJDGXOWHU\LVLPSULVRQHGIRUDSHULRGUDQJLQJIURPVL[ months to two years. Concerning men, however, in order for the act to amount to a crime, it must be
20
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performed in the marital home. ,QWKH3DOHVWLQLDQMXGLFLDOV\VWHPVHWXSFHUWDLQOHJDOSUHYHQWLRQPHDVXUHVWRWDFNOHWKHFDVHVRI IDPLOLHVIRUFLQJWKHLUGDXJKWHUVLQWRPDUULDJHZLWKPHQRXWVLGHWKHR3WDQGVRPHWLPHVLQWRWUDI¿FNLQJ DQGSURVWLWXWLRQ7KH3DOHVWLQLDQMXGJH7D\VHHU7DPLPLFKLHIRIWKH+LJK&RXQFLORI6KDULD-XULVGLFWLRQV KDVLVVXHGDQRUGHU $QQH[ WRDOOMXGLFLDOFRXUWVFRSLHGWRWKH0LQLVWU\RI:RPHQ¶V$IIDLUVWRYHULI\ a set of conditions related to marriage. These are the following: 7KHFRQVHQWRIWKHZRPDQ 7KHZRPDQLVPRUHWKDQ\HDUVROG 7KHFRXSOHKDVDVHFXUHGUHVLGHQFHWROLYHLQDIWHUWKH\JHWPDUULHG $OOPHGLFDOH[DPLQDWLRQVUHTXLUHGIRUWKHPDUULDJHVKRXOGEHFRPSOHWHGDQGWKHPDQVKRXOGQRW KDYH$,'6 -
There are no legal or religious conditions hindering a marriage.
Israeli legislation. 7KH,VUDHOLOHJLVODWLRQUHOHYDQWWRWKHWRSLFDUHWKH3HQDO/DZ DPHQGPHQW WKH/DZIRU&RPEDWLQJ&ULPLQDO2UJDQL]DWLRQVDQGWKH3URKLELWLRQRQ0RQH\/DXQGHULQJ/DZ DPRQJRWKHUV$FFRUGLQJWRWKH3HQDO/DZRI ³6HOOLQJRUSXUFKDVLQJRIDSHUVRQLQRUGHUWRHQJDJH him in prostitution or serving as a middleman in the selling or purchasing of a person for this purpose is punishable by a term of imprisonment of 16 years” and “causing a person to leave the state in which he lives in order to engage in prostitution, is punishable by a term of imprisonment of 10 years.” 7 ,QYHVWLJDWLRQE\WKH,VUDHOLSROLFHUHJDUGLQJDIHORQ\RI³WUDI¿FNLQJLQKXPDQEHLQJVIRUWKHSXUSRVHRI SURVWLWXWLRQ´LVJHQHUDOO\RSHQHGZLWKDFRPSOHWHFKHFNRIWKHZRPHQ¶VVWD\LQ,VUDHO:KHQZRPHQHQWHU LOOHJDOO\LQWR,VUDHOWKH\DUHWDNHQDZD\LPPHGLDWHO\DQGVHQWEDFNWRWKHLUSODFHRIRULJLQ$FFRUGLQJ WR,VUDHOL-XVWLFH6\VWHPWKHFRQVHQWRIWKHZRPHQWRSURVWLWXWHLVLUUHOHYDQWLQYLHZRIWKHSURKLELWLRQ RIWUDI¿FNLQJ 8 ,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHODFNRILQWHUQDWLRQDOO\UHFRJQL]HGERUGHUVEHWZHHQ,VUDHODQGR3WDVZHOO DV WKH ODFN RI FRQWURO RI WKH RFFXSLHG FRXQWU\ RYHU WKH ERUGHUV DUELWUDULO\ GH¿QHG WKH DEVHQFH RI D 3DOHVWLQLDQ6WDWHDQGWKHIUDJPHQWDWLRQRIWKHWHUULWRULDOXQLW\DPRQJWKH:HVW%DQN*D]D6WULSDQG(DVW -HUXVDOHPKDYHDOOOHGWRZHDNO\DQGLQHIIHFWLYHO\FRPEDWLQJWUDI¿FNLQJRIZRPHQ7KHWZRDXWKRULWLHV GRQRWFRPPXQLFDWHRUUHJXODWHSROLFLHVRUVWUDWHJLHVDPRQJHDFKRWKHUWRFRPEDWWUDI¿FNLQJDQGVH[XDO H[SORLWDWLRQRIZRPHQ In this scenario, Israel, as occupying power, not only is responsible for the implementation of the international treaties and conventions it is party to in those areas under its control 9, but also it should QRWREVWUXFWRUKLQGHUWKHPRYHPHQWRI3DOHVWLQLDQVWDNHKROGHUVVXFKDVMXGJHVSROLFHRI¿FHUVODZ\HUV VRFLDOVHUYLFHDQGKHDOWKFDUHSURYLGHUVZLWKLQDQGEHWZHHQWKH:HVW%DQN*D]D6WULSDQG,VUDHOZKHQ trying to carry out their professional duties and responsibilities. The Israeli occupation curtails the right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21
Part Eleven:
Recommendations
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25
Annex 2
26
