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Table of Contents 1

INTRODUCTION

3

2

A DEFINITION OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

4

2.1 Concepts of discourse and discourse systems !"#"# $%&'(')'*(+,*&,-'+.*/0+% !"#"! 2*3/()405,4(-,'(6*3/()405,-'+.*/0+%,+5+)%7+ !"#"9 :*07+,*&,-'+.*/0+%,;,:/(.)'*(+,*&,34(
5 1 8 8

2.2 The concept of face !"!"# :4.%=)>0%4)%('(<,4.)+

7 ?

2.3 Three politeness systems !"9"# $%&%0%(.%,@*3')%(%++,+5+)%7,A=BC,D$E !"9"! G*3'-405,@*3')%(%++,+5+)%7,A=BC,=$E !"9"9 H'%040.>'.43,@*3')%(%++,+5+)%7,ADBC,DI=$E

8 F F F

2.4

Miscommunication in intercultural professional communication

10

2.5

High-context and low-context communication

10

3 3.1

A FRAMEWORK FOR TURN-TAKING Structure of floor

11 11

3.2 Turn-taking from the native's point of view 9"!"# J-K4.%(.5,@4'0+

13 #L

3.3

Overlap and interruptions

15

3.4

Silence

16

3.5 Floor claiming and yielding - Techniques for turn allocation 9"1"# M*(=6%0N43,.*77/('.4)'*( 9"1"#"# O'(%+'.+ 9"1"#"! B40434(
19 #F #F !P !# !#

3.6 Listening behavior 9"8"# Q4.R=.>4((%33'(<,'(,.0*++=./3)/043,.*(6%0+4)'*(

22 !9

3.7

25

4

The notion of turn length

GAMBITS - ROUTINE FORMULAE

26

4.1

Gambits as turn signals

27

4.2

Language learners and non-native speakers

29

4.3 Topic shifts L"9"# J7%0'.4(,4(-,S4+),J+'4(,+)04)%<'%+,)*,'()0*-/.%,4(-,+>'&),)*@'.+ L"9"#"# T(-/.)'6%,4(-,-%-/.)'6%,@4))%0(+ L"9"#"! U*@'.,+>'&)+,'(,N/+'(%++,7%%)'(<+ L"9"#"9 T(+'-%,4(-,*/)+'-%,%(.*/()%0+

5

SOCIALIZATION INTO A DISCOURSE SYSTEM

30 99 99 9L 98

36

5.1

Education, enculturation, acculturation

36

5.2

Primary and secondary socialization

37

5.3

The acquisition of turn-taking

38

6

SUMMARY OF THE THEORETICAL PART

39

7

EMPIRICAL PART

42

7.1

Meetings and negotiations

42

7.2 The European Centre for Modern Languages ?"!"# J(435+'+,*&,-4)4,.*33%.)%-,4),)>%,SVWX ?"!"#"# U'7'(<,'(,7/3)'@40)5,'()%04.)'*( ?"!"#"! Q4.R=.>4((%33'(< ?"!"#"9 U/0(,433*.4)'*(,4(-,)/0(,3%(<)> ?"!"#"L Y47N')+,4(-,)*@'.,+>'&)+

44 LL L1 1# 19 18

7.3 Intercultural Discourse at the European Union ?"9"# U>%,V*77'))%%,*&,)>%,Z%<'*(+ ?"9"! U>%,S/0*@%4(,B403'47%() ?"9"9 W/3)'3'(%,S/0*@%4(,[('*( ?"9"9"# U>%,0%+/3),*&,)>%,'()%06'%\+ ?"9"9"! U>%,0/3%+,&*0,)/0(=)4R'(<,4),+'))'(<+

60 8# 8! 89 8L 88

7.4

70

Comparison between the two discourse systems

8

ENGLISH CONCLUSION

72

9

DEUTSCHE ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

74

10

REFERENCES

78

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2 A definition of intercultural communication U>%, )%07, b'()%0./3)/043, .*77/('.4)'*(b '(.3/-%+, )>%, %()'0%, 04(<%, *&, .*77/('.4)'*(, 4.0*++ N*/(-40'%+, *&, <0*/@+, *0, -'+.*/0+%, +5+)%7+C, &0*7, ./3)/043, <0*/@+, )*, )>%, .*77/('.4)'*( \>'.>,)4R%+,@34.%,N%)\%%(,7%(,4(-,\*7%(",V/3)/0%C,N5,-%&'(')'*(C,'+,4,c+>40%-C,.*(+%(+/43 \45,*&,3'&%c,\>'.>,c@0*6'-%+,)>%,+>40%-,)4.'),R(*\3%-<%,)>4),%(4N3%+,7%7N%0+,)*,/(-%0+)4(4(-, .*77/('.4)%, \')>, %4.>, *)>%0"c, AH4+3%)), #FdF_!P=!#E", T(, 3'(%(%6%0,@40)'.'@4()+,'()0*-/.%,-'&&%0%()

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2.1.3 Forms of discourse – Functions of language J, +%), *&, @0%&%00%-, &*07+, *&, -'+.*/0+%, *&, 4, <0*/@, +%06%, 4+, N4((%0+, *&, '-%()')5, 4(7%7N%0+>'@", J3)>*/<>, 6'0)/4335, 4(5, .*77/('.4)'*(, \'33, >46%, N*)>, 4(, '(&*074)'*(, 4(-, 4 0%34)'*(+>'@, &/(.)'*(C, 4, +>'&), '(, &*./+, 745, *../0, -%@%(-'(<, *(, )>%, ./3)/0%", e>'3% '()%0(4)'*(43, N/+'(%++, ./3)/0%, &*./+%+, *(, )>%, .*77/('.4)'*(, *&, '(&*074)'*(C, j4@4(%+% ./3)/0%, @34.%+, 4, >'<>, 643/%, *(, )>%, .*77/('.4)'*(, *&, +/N)3%, 4+@%.)+, *&, &%%3'(<, A.&" G.*33*(IG.*33*(,#FF1_#9dE",U>%,/+%,*&,4()'=0>%)*0'.43,&*07+,*&,-'+.*/0+%,43+*,-*7'(4)%+,)>% .*0@*04)%,./3)/0%C,'"%",)>%,-'+.*/0+%,+5+)%7,@04.)'+%-,'(,7/3)'(4)'*(43,.*0@*04)'*(+",U>%,'-%4 *&,&*./+%-,'()%04.)'*(,'+,*N6'*/+,'(,)>%,4<%(-4,*&,4,N/+'(%++,7%%)'(%0%,%6%(,4(,')%7 .433%-,*@%(,-'+./++'*( \'33,'(,&4.),N%,%^/4335,@0%-%)%07'(%-,A.&",G.*33*(IG.*33*(,#FF1_#dLE" Y*43=*0'%()%-, -'+.*/0+%, +5+)%7+, 3'R%, )>%, \%+)%0(, .*0@*04)%, ./3)/0%, -%0'6%, &0*7, )>% [)'3')40'4(, '-%*3*<5", J..*0-'(<, )*, )>'+, @>'3*+*@>'.43, 7*6%7%(), 34'-, */), -/0'(<, )>% S(3'<>)%(7%()C,)>%,&0%%C,%^/43,4(-,.0%4)'6%,'(-'6'-/43,'+,+/@@*+%-,)*,&/(.)'*(,4+,4,04)'*(43 %.*(*7'.,%()')5",W*0%*6%0C,)>%,[)'3')40'4(,-'+.*/0+%,+5+)%7,@34.%+,4,>'<>,643/%,*(,@0*<0%++ A.&", G.*33*(IG.*33*(, #FF1_#P!E", G'(.%, )>%, 3'7')%-, 3'4N'3')5, .*7@4(5, '+, )>%, 3%<43, 4(*0<4('a4)'*(43,%]@0%++'*(,*&,)>%,[)'3')40'4(,'-%*3*<5C,'),43+*,&46*0+,%&&'.'%(),-%-/.)'6')5"9,k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

2.2 The concept of face T(, )>%, &'%3-, *&, +*.'*3'(%, (%<*)'4)%-, @/N3'., '74<%C, 7/)/4335 <04()%-, %4.>, *)>%0, N5, @40)'.'@4()+, '(, 4, .*77/('.4)'6%, %6%()"c, AG.*33*(IG.*33*(, #FF1_91E" U>%, '(-'6'-/43,'()%04.)4()+,)>/+,%+)4N3'+>,4(,'()%0@%0+*(43, '-%()')5, N5, 74R'(<, 4++/7@)'*(+ 4N*/), )>%, *)>%0, @40)'.'@4()+", $04\'(<, *(, Q0*\(, 4(-, X%6'(+*(`+, A#F?dI#Fd?E, @04<74)'. )>%*05, *&, @*+')'6%, 4(-, (%<4)'6%, @*3')%(%++C, G.*33*(, 4(-, G.*33*(, A#FF1_98=L#E, -'+)'( N%)\%%(,)\*,)5@%+,*&,&4.%_

A4E The involvement aspect of face_,U>%,'(6*36%7%(),4+@%.),0%&%0+,)*,4,@%0+*(i+,-%+'0%,)* N%,.*(+'-%0%-,4,+/@@*0)'(<,4(-,.*()0'N/)'(<,7%7N%0,*&,+*.'%)5",Q5,N4.R'(<,)>%,*)>%0i+ @*'(),*&,6'%\,*0,N5,+>*\'(<,+57@4)>5,)>%,@40)'.'@4()+,/(-%03'(%,)>%,%3%7%()+,)>%5,433 +>40%" ANE The independence aspect of face_,T&,)>%,'()%04.)4()+,\4(),)*,%7@>4+'a%,)>%'0 '(-'6'-/43')5,4(-,)>%'0,(%%-,)*,0%74'(,&0%%,&0*7,'7@*+')'*(,N5,*)>%0+C,>*\%6%0C,)>%5,\'33 /+%,+)04)%<'%+,*&,'(-%@%(-%(.%",U>%+%,-'+.*/0+%,+)04)%<'%+,'(6*36%,'(-'0%.)(%++,4+,\%33,4+ )>%,/+%,*&,7*0%,&*0743,0%<'+)%0+" $%+@')%, )>%, 4()')>%)'.43, (4)/0%, *&, )>%+%, )\*, +5+)%7+C, '), '+, '7@*0)4(), )*, (*)%, )>4), N*)> '(6*36%7%(),4(-,'(-%@%(-%(.%,7/+),N%,@0*K%.)%-,+'7/3)4(%*/+35,'(,4(5,.*(6%0+4)'*("

2.2.1 Face-threatening acts Q*)>, &4.%+, 745, N%, .>433%(<%-, N5, +*=.433%-, &4.%=)>0%4)%('(<, 4.)+, \>'.>, 40%, 4), )>%, N4+%, *& 7*+), '()%0@%0+*(43, .*(&3'.)+", U>%+%, &4.%=)>0%4)%('(<, 4.)+, .4(, %')>%0, N%, .400'%-, */), '(, 4( /(7')'<4)%-,\45,*0,N%,4..*7@4('%-,N5,0%-0%++'6%,4.)'*(+",J(435a'(<,)>%,0%.%'6%0i+,@*'(),*& 6'%\C, &*0, %]47@3%C, *(%, .4(, .*(+'-%0, 4-6'.%C, *0-%0+, 4(-, 0%^/%+)+, 4, -4(<%0, )*, >'+, *0, >%0 '(-%@%(-%(.%", V0')'.'+7, *0, )>%, -'+@345, *&, *N6'*/+, -'++%()C, N5, .*()04+)C, .4(, )>0%4)%(, )>% 0%.%'6%0`+, '(6*36%7%(), &4.%, A.&", Q0*\(IX%6'(+*(, #Fd?_81=8?E", H*\%6%0C, )>%, .*(.%@), *& @*3')%(%++, -'+./++%-, N%3*\, .4(, N%, /+%-, 4+, 4, 7%4(+, *&, 7')'<4)'(<, +/.>, &4.%=)>0%4)%('(< .*((*)4)'*(+"

2.3 Three politeness systems k(.%, 4, &4.%, 0%34)'*(+>'@, >4+, N%%(, %+)4N3'+>%-, N%)\%%(, )>%, '()%04.)4()+C, '), )%(-+, )*, 0%74'( &4'035, +)4N3%", G.*33*(, 4(-, G.*33*(, -%&'(%, @*3')%(%++, +5+)%7+, 4+, c<%(%043, 4(-, @%0+'+)%() 0%'@+c,A#FF1_L!EC,4(-,)>%(,7*6%,*(,)*,*&&%0,4,3'(%,)>0%%,74K*0,.*7@*(%()+,*&,%6%05,@*3')%(%++,+5+)%7" !

The power factor (+/-P)_, U>'+, &'0+), .*7@*(%(), 0%&%0+, )*, )>%, -'&&%0%(.%, N%)\%%( %<43')40'4(, 4(-, >'%040.>'.43, 0%34)'*(+>'@+", U>%, 34))%0, 40%, /+/4335, '(-'.4)%-, N5, )>% *0<4('a4)'*(,.>40),'(,N/+'(%++,*0,<*6%0(7%()43,+)0/.)/0%+C,4(-,.4(,N%,4NN0%6'4)%-,)*,DP" T&,)\*,@%*@3%,>46%,%^/'643%(),04(R+,'(,)>%'0,*\(,.*7@4('%+,*0,'&,)>%5,40%,&0'%(-+C,)>%5 \'33,N%,.34++'&'%-,4+,;P"

!

Distance (+/-D)_,G%.*(-35C,)>%,-'+)4(.%,&4.)*0,-%)%07'(%+,>*\,.3*+%,)>%,@40)'.'@4()+,40% )*,%4.>,*)>%0",e>'3%,)>%,0%34)'*(+>'@,N%)\%%(,)\*,.3*+%,&0'%(-+,\'33,N%,.>404.)%0'a%-,N5 4, 34.R,*&,-'+)4(.%,A=DEC,)\*, <*6%0(7%()43,*&&'.'43+,&0*7,-'&&%0%(),(4)'*(+,\'33,'(, 7*+) .4+%+, N%, -'+)4(), ADDEC, %6%(, )>*/<>, )>%5, 7'<>), N%, *&, %^/43, @*\%0, \')>'(, )>%'0, *\( +5+)%7+"

!

Weight of imposition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c\>%(,)>%, \%'<>),*&, '7@*+')'*(, '(.0%4+%+C, )>%0%, \'33 N%, 4(, '(.0%4+%-, /+%, *&, '(-%@%(-%(.%, +)04)%<'%+", e>%(, )>%, \%'<>), *&, '7@*+')'*( -%.0%4+%+C, )>%0%, \'33, N%, 4(, '(.0%4+%-, /+%, *&, '(6*36%7%(), +)04)%<'%+"c, AG.*33*(IG.*33*( #FF1_L9E"

G.*33*(, 4(-, G.*33*(, A.&", #FF1_LL=L8E, -'+)'(, N%)\%%(, )>0%%, 74'(, @*3')%(%++, +5+)%7+ \>'.>,40%,N4+%-,*(,)>%+%,&4.)*0+"

2.3.1 Deference politeness system (-P, +D) J3)>*/<>,)>%,@40)'.'@4()+,'(,4,-%&%0%(.%,@*3')%(%++,+5+)%7,40%,.*(+'-%0%-,)*,N%,%^/43C,)>%5 )0%4),%4.>,*)>%0,4),4,-'+)4(.%",U>'+,+577%)0'.43,+5+)%7,'+,4@@0*@0'4)%,&*0,)>%,%]47@3%,*&,)\* @0*&%++*0+,&0*7,)\*,-'&&%0%(),.*/()0'%+,7%%)'(<,4),4,.*(&%0%(.%",U>%'0,.*(6%0+4)'*(,\*/3N%,.>404.)%0'a%-,N5,)>%,7/)/43,/+%,*&,'(-%@%(-%(.%,+)04)%<'%+"

Speaker 1

Independence

Speaker 2

fD$,l,$'+)4(.%,N%)\%%(,)>%,+@%4R%0+g

2.3.2 Solidary politeness system (-P, -D) J, +*3'-405, @*3')%(%++, +5+)%7C, *(, )>%, *)>%0, >4(-C, '+, .>404.)%0'a%-, N5, )>%, @0%64'3'(<, /+%, *& '(6*36%7%(), +)04)%<'%+C, +'(.%, )>%, @40)'.'@4()+, &%%3, (%')>%0, -'+)4(.%, (*0, 4, @*\%0, -'&&%0%(.% N%)\%%(,)>%7"

Speaker 1

Independence

Speaker 2

f=$,l,W'('743,-'+)4(.%,N%)\%%(,+@%4R%0+g

2.3.3 Hierarchical politeness system (+P, +/-D) H%0%, )>%, @40)'.'@4()+, 0%.*<('a%, )>%, -'&&%0%(.%, '(, +)4)/+, )>4), @34.%+, *(%, '(, 4, +/@%0*0-'(4)% @*+')'*(, 4(-, *(%, '(, 4, +/N*0-'(4)%, @*+')'*(", U>%, >'%040.>'.43, @*3')%(%++, +5+)%7, 0%@0%+%()+ 4+577%)0'.43, 0%34)'*(+>'@+C, 0%<40-3%++, *&, )>%, -'+)4(.%, N%)\%%(, )>%, +@%4R%0+", U>%, >'<>%0= 04(R'(<,'(-'6'-/43,/+%+,'(6*36%7%(),+)04)%<'%+C,\>%0%4+,)>%,@40)'.'@4(),'(,)>%,3*\%0,@*+')'*( /+%+,'(-%@%(-%(.%,+)04)%<'%+" Speaker 1 (involvement strategies) Speaker 2 (independence strategies)

2.4 Miscommunication in intercultural professional communication Y%(%04335, +@%4R'('(, 4, .*0@*04)'*(, 40%, >'%040.>'.43C, N/), @/N3'. .*77/('.4)'*(+,40%,.>404.)%0'a%-,N5,+577%)0'.43,+*3'-40')5",V*77/('.4)'*(+,&0*7,@40%() .*7@4(5, )*, +/N+'-'405, 40%, -%)%07'(%-, N5, 4(, 4+577%)0'.43, >'%040.>'.43, &4.%, +5+)%7C, 4()>/+,+>*\,@0%-*7'(4()35,+)04)%<'%+,*&,'(6*36%7%(),A.&",G.*33*(IG.*33*(,#FF1_#d8E" $/%,)*,)>%,+/N)3%,-'&&%0%(.%+,'(,&4.%,643/%+,'(,640'*/+,34(0%4)%('(<, )>4(, '()04./3)/043 .*77/('.4)'*(,430%4-5,'+",V*7@40%-,)*,\%+)%0(,./3)/0%C,%+@%.'4335,'(,)>*+%,*&,)>%,:40,S4+) &4.%, '(, '()%04.)'*(, '+, +4'-, )*, N%, 4, &40, 7*0%, -%3'.4)%, '++/%C, 4(-, )>%, 46%04<%, /('(')'4)%e%+)%0(%0, 745, \')>*/), >%3@, N0%4.>, )>%, 0/3%+, *&, %)'^/%))%, '(, )>%+%, ./3)/0%+", Q%+'-%+C 34(%, @%0+*(i+, @34.%, '(, +*.'%)5" J(435a'(<, 7'+.*77/('.4)'*(, '(, <%(%043C, G.*33*(, 4(-, G.*33*(, A#FF1_LdE, -%0'6%, )>% &*33*\'(<,<%(%043,0/3%_,cWhen two participants -'&&%0,in their assessment of face strategies, it will tend to be perceived as difference in @*\%0"c, T&, 4, +/N*0-'(4)%C, &*0, '(+)4(.%C, .>*+% '(6*36%7%(),+)04)%<'%+,4+,4,\45,*&,4--0%++'(<,>'+,+/@%0'*0C,)>%,34))%0,\*/3-,437*+),.%0)4'(35 4../+%,>'7I>%0,*&,)05'(<,)*,%]%0),@*\%0,*6%0,>'7I>%0" j4((%5IJ0(-), A.&", #FF!_9d=LPE, +/<<%+), )>%, 74'()%(4(.%, *&, @*+')'6%, 0%&%0%(.%, <0*/@+ 4+, 4 \45, *&, N0'-<'(<, +/.>, -'&&%0%(.%+", U>%5, 4-6'+%, '()%04.)4()+, )*, +)0%++, +/.>, 4+@%.)+, *&, )>% +')/4)'*(, 4+, .*77*(, @0*&%++'*(43, *0, @0'64)%, '()%0%+)+, )>4), 40%, +>40%-, N5, 433, @40)'.'@4()+" e>%(, '()%04.)4()+,)*/.>, /@*(, )*@'.+, *)>%0, )>4(, )>%'0, *N6'*/+, .*77*(, '()%0%+)+C, >*\%6%0C )>%5, 40%, 3'R%35, )*, %+)4N3'+>, (%<4)'6%, &047%+, *&, .*77/('.4)'*(", T(, 4(, '()%0./3)/043, .*()%])C -'+./++'(<,04.'43,0%34)'*(+,*0,0%3'<'*/+,)*@'.+,745,'(.0%4+%,)>%,-4(<%0,*&,.*(&3'.)"

2.5 High-context and low-context communication T(, )>%, .*()%]), *&, +@%.'43, -'+.*/0+%, .*77/(')'%+C, )>%, .*(.%@), *&, &4.%, 0%&%0+, )*, )>%, \45+, 4 ./3)/043,<0*/@,*0<4('a%+,')+,+*.'43,0%34)'*(+>'@+",U>%,'-%4,*&,)>%,+%3& @0*K%.)%-,N5,\%+)%0(%0+ .*00%+@*(-+, )*, )>%'0, >'<>35, '(-'6'-/43'+)'., 4(-, +%3&=7*)'64)%-, '-%*3*<5C, \>%0%4+, J+'4(+ &*./+,*(,4,7*0%,.*33%.)'6'+)'.,+%3&,A.&",G.*33*(IG.*33*(,#FF1_98E" H433, A#F?8E, -%6%3*@%-, 4, +.>%7%, )>4), &*./+%+, /@*(, ./3)/043, -'&&%0%(.%+, '(, .*77/('.4)'*( @0*.%++%+", J, >'<>=.*()%]), 7%++4<%C, *(, )>%, *(%, >4(-C, '+, *(%, '(, \>'.>, c7*+), *&, )>%

'(&*074)'*(,'+,%')>%0,'(,)>%,@>5+'.43,.*()%]),*0,'()%0(43'a%-,'(,)>%,@%0+*(C,\>'3%,6%05,3'))3%,'+ '(,)>%,.*-%-C,%]@3'.')C,)04(+7'))%-,@40),*&,)>%,7%++4<%"c,AH433,#F?8_F#E",J,7%++4<%,'(,\>'.> c)>%,74++,*&,'(&*074)'*(,'+,6%+)%-,'(,)>%,%]@3'.'),.*-%cC,*(,)>%,*)>%0,>4(-C,'+,.433%-,4,3*\= .*()%]), .*77/('.4)'*(", V*(+%^/%()35C, 7%7N%0+, *&, 3*\=.*()%]), 4(-, 4), )>%, +47%, )'7% '(-'6'-/43'+)'.,./3)/0%+,)%(-,)*,.*77/('.4)%,'(,4,-'0%.),&4+>'*(",J3)>*/<>,(*,./3)/0%,%]'+)+ 4), %')>%0, %(-, *&, )>%, +.43%C, \%+)%0(, ./3)/0%+, 3'R%, )>%, [GC, Y%074(5, 4(-, G.4(-'(46'4, 40% .*(+'-%0%-, 3*\=.*()%]), ./3)/0%+", T(, 7*+), :40, S4+)%0(, ./3)/0%+C, '(.3/-'(<, )>%, V>'(%+%C j4@4(%+%, 4(-, O*0%4(C, >'<>=.*()%]), 7%++4<%+C, .*33%.)'6'+)'., <*43+, 4(-, 4(, '(-'0%.), 7*-%, *& .*77/('.4)'(<,)%(-,)*,@0%64'3,A.&",Y/-5R/(+)IM'+>'-4,#FFL_!?=9PE"

3 A framework for turn-taking S06'(<,Y*&&74(,A#F?8_!?P=!?#E,0%&%0+,)*,4,)/0(,4),)43R,4+,c4(,*@@*0)/(')5,)*,>*3-,)>%,&3**0C (*), \>4), '+, +4'-, \>'3%, >*3-'(<, ')"c, U>*/<>, 7*+), 0%+%40.>%0+, /+%, )>%, )%07+, )/0( 4(-, &3**0 '()%0.>4(<%4N35C,S-%3+R5,A#FF9_!PFE,74'()4'(+,)>4),)>%,.*(.%@),*&,&3**0,.*00%34)%+,\')>,c)>% 4.R(*\3%-<%-, \>4)b+=<*'(<=*(, \')>'(, 4, @+5.>*3*<'.43, )'7%I+@4.%c", J, &3**0, 745, )>%0%&*0% .*(+'+),*&,+%6%043,)/0(+C,K/+),4+,'),'+,@*++'N3%,)*,)4R%,4,)/0(,\')>*/),>46'(<,)>%,&3**0",J,@%0+*( 745, %6%(, .*()'(/%, )*, .*()0*3, )>%, &3**0, \>'3%, +I>%, '+, (*), )43R'(<", J3)>*/<>, )/0(=)4R'(< 7%.>4('+7+,+%%7,)*,N%,/('6%0+43C,)>%5,40%,+/NK%.),)*,./3)/043,640'4)'*("

3.1 Structure of floor Z%<40-'(<,)>%,+)0/.)/0%,*&,&3**0,4+,)>%,%]@0%++'*(,*&,4,.*<(')'6%,(%)\*0R,.*(+)0/.)%-,N5,)>% @40)'.'@4()+,'(,4,.*(6%0+4)'*(C,H454+>',.34'7+,)>4),)43R,'+,N4+%-,*(,)>'+,.*<(')'6%,(%)\*0R" U>%, .*(.%@), *&, &3**0, 745, N%, &/0)>%0, +/N.4)%<*0'a%-, '()*, )\*, 74'(, )5@%+", J, +'(<3% .*(6%0+4)'*(43, &3**0, 0%6%43+, *(35, *(%, &3**0, '(, )>%, ./00%(), .*(6%0+4)'*(", e>%(%6%0, )\*, *0 7*0%, +'(<3%, .*(6%0+4)'*(43, &3**0+, *../0, +'7/3)4(%*/+35, *(%, 745, 0%&%0, )*, 4, 7/3)'@3% .*(6%0+4)'*(43,&3**0,A.&",H454+>',#FF8_?PE"

Single conversational floor. , U>'+, )5@%, *&, &3**0, '+, -*7'(4)%-, N5, *(35, *(%, '(-'6'-/43C \>%0%4+, )>%, *)>%0, @40)'.'@4()+, 7%0%35, +/@@*0), )>%, +@%4R%0", T(, .*()04+), )*, +/.>, 4, b+'(<3% @%0+*(, &3**0bC, 4, b.*334N*04)'6%, &3**0b, '+, .>404.)%0'a%-, N5, 433, @0%+%(), 7%7N%0+, )4R'(<, @40), '( )>%, *(<*'(<, .*(6%0+4)'*(", T&, )>'+, .*334N*04)'*(, 0%+/3)+, '(, 4, +7**)>, %].>4(<%, *&, )/0(+, 4(.*(6%0+4)'*(43, +5(.>0*(5, '(, <%(%043C, *(%, 745, 0%&%0, )*, 4(, b%(+%7N3%b", V*(6%0+%35C -'+0/@)'*(+, 3'R%, )/0(, &4'3/0%C, '()%00/@)'*(+C, /(%]@%.)%-, )*@'., .>4(<%+, 4(-, +/+@%(+'*(, 40% 7*0%,&0%^/%(),'(,bK*'(),&3**0+b" $%@%(-'(<,*(,)>%,./00%(),+@%%.>,%6%()C,b+'(<3%,@%0+*(,&3**0+b,745,)4R%,)>0%%,-'&&%0%(),&*07+_ J+, )>%, 0*3%, 0%34)'*(+>'@, *&, +@%4R%0, 4(-, 3'+)%(%0, '+, .3%4035, -%&'(%-, '(, 3%.)/0%+C, +%07*(+C -%N4)%+C,*0,0%@*0)+,4),7%%)'(<+C,)>%, 74'(,+@%4R%0,'+,/(3'R%35,)*,N%,'()%00/@)%-,-/0'(<,+/.> +@%%.>, %6%()+", U>'+, &3**0, )5@%, '+, )>%0%&*0%, .433%-, 4, b*(%, @0'7%, +@%4R%0, &3**0"b, J3)>*/<>, 4 b+@%4R%0, 4(-, 4))%(-4(), &3**0b, '+, 7*0%, '()%04.)'6%, )>4(, 4, b*(%, @0'7%, +@%4R%0, &3**0Cb, )>% +%.*(-405, +@%4R%0+, \'33, +)'33, 0%&04'(, &0*7, '()0/-'(<, )>%, @0'7405, +@%4R%0i+, &3**0, +@4.%, )** *&)%(",:/0)>%07*0%C,)>%,.*(.%@)+,*&,b3%++,4.)'6%,'()%04.)'*(,&3**0b,4(-,b4.)'6%,'()%04.)'*(,&3**0b +%06%, )*, '(-'.4)%, )>%, 47*/(), *&, 6%0N43, 4(-, (*(6%0N43, .*77/('.4)'*(, *../00'(<, N%)\%%( @0'7405, 4(-, +%.*(-405, +@%4R%0+", :'(4335C, +@%4R%0+, 745, +*7%)'7%+, .0%4)%, 4 b(*(@0*@*+')'*(43,&3**0"b,JN+*0N%-,N5,>'+,*0,>%0,*\(,)>*/<>)+C,)>%,+@%4R%0,745,7*7%()40'35 /))%0, 6%05, +/NK%.)'6%, 74)%0'43", Y%(%04335C, )>%, *)>%0, '()%04.)4()+, -*, (*), K*'(, +/.>, 4, >'<>35 +%3&=@0%*../@'%-,&3**0,A.&",H454+>',#FF8_?P=?!E"

Multiple conversational floor. T(,)>%,.*/0+%,*&,4,.*(6%0+4)'*(C,)\*,*0,7*0%,.*(6%0+4)'*(43 &3**0+,745,-%6%3*@,\>%(%6%0,@40)'.'@4()+C,@40)'./34035,7%7N%0+,*&,4,340<%0,<0*/@C,+@3'),'()* +/N<0*/@+",U>'+,-'+)0'N/)'*(,'()*,+/N<0*/@+,'+,*&,.*/0+%,+/NK%.),)*,&3/.)/4)'*(C,4(-,@%0+*(+ 745, %^/4335, @40)'.'@4)%, '(, )\*, &3**0+, N5, %+)4N3'+>'(<, N0'-<%+, N%)\%%(, )>%7", J, 7/3)'@3% .*(6%0+4)'*(43, &3**0, 745, %')>%0, .*(+'+), *&, )\*, @40433%3, &3**0+, *0, *&, 4, .*7N'(4)'*(, *&, +'-% &3**0,4(-,74'(,&3**0,A.&",H454+>',#FF8_?9=?8E"

,,,,,,,B0'7%=)'7% ,,,,,,,4),4,)'7% ,,,,,,,&3**0

G'(<3% .*(6%0+4)'*(43 &3**0

,G'(<3% ,@%0+*( ,&3**0

,,,,,,,,X%++= ,,,,,,,,J.)'6% ,,,,,,,,T()%04.)'*(

,,,,,,,G@%4R%0,m ,,,,,,,+/@@*0)%0,&3**0 ,,,,,,,,,J.)'6% ,,,,,,,M*(=@0*@*+')'*(43,,,,,,,,,T()%04.)'*( ,,,,,,,&3**0

:3**0

S(+%7N3% ,V*334N*04)'6% ,&3**0

, ,j*'(),&3**0

,,,

,G'-%,&3**0,m ,74'(,&3**0

W/3)'@3% .*(6%0+4)'*(43 &3**0 ,W4'(,&3**0,'( ,@40433%3

Figure 1: V34++'&'.4)'*(,*&,&3**0,AH454+>',#FF8_?#E"

3.2 Turn-taking from the native's point of view J..*0-'(<,)*,G4.R+C,G.>%<3*&&,4(-,j%&&%0+*(b+,+%7'(43,&047%\*0R,&*0,S(<3'+>,.*(6%0+4)'*( A#F?LI#F?dEC, )/0(+, 745, .*(+'+), *&, 640'*/+, )/0(=.*(+)0/.)'*(43, .*7@*(%()+, +/.>, 4+ +%()%()'43C,.34/+43C,@>04+43,4(-,3%]'.43,/(')+",U>%,%(-,*&,%4.>,)/0(,.*(+)0/.)'*(,/(')C,\>'.> .4(,N%,@0*K%.)%-,N5,)>%,@40)'.'@4()+,'(,)>%,.*(6%0+4)'*(C,.*(+)')/)%+,4,@*'(),\>%0%,+@%4R%0+ 745,.>4(<%",U>'+,@*++'N3%,.*7@3%)'*(,@*'(),'+,.433%-,4,b)04(+')'*(,0%3%64(.%,@34.%bC,*0,UZB A.&",G4.R+,%),43",#F?d_#!E",T(,*0-%0,)*,-%)%.),4,UZBC,@40)'.'@4()+,3**R,*/),&*0,.>4(<%+,'(,)>% @').>,*0,6*3/7%,*&,)>%,6*'.%C,)>%,%(-,*&,4,+5()4.)'.,/(')C,4,7*7%()405,+'3%(.%C,*0,+*7%,+*0) *&,N*-5,7*)'*(",U>%,&*33*\'(<,0/3%+,&*0,)/0(,433*.4)'*(,4..*/(),&*0,4,)04(+&%0,*&,+@%4R%0+>'@ )>4),'+,.>404.)%0'a%-,N5,7'('743,<4@,4(-,*6%034@_

!

U>%,/+%,*&,)>%,c./00%(),+@%4R%0,+%3%.)+,(%]),)%.>('^/%c,0%+/3)+,'(,4,+@%4R%0, .>4(<%",

H46'(<, 0%4.>%-, 4, UZBC, )>%, ./00%(), +@%4R%0, .>**+%+, )>%, (%]), @40)5

>'7I>%0+%3&" !

T&,)>%,)/0(=+*=&40,-*%+,(*),'(6*36%,)>%,/+%,*&,4,c./00%(),+@%4R%0,+%3%.)+,(%]), )%.>('^/%cC,4(5,+@%4R%0,745,.34'7,)>%,(%]),)/0(",U>'+,+%.*(-,0/3%,/+/4335,.*7@%3+ )>%, *)>%0,@40)'.'@4()+,)*,+)40),^/'.R35C,4(-,745,)>/+,3%4-,)*,-'&&'./3)'%+,&*0,+3*\%0, @40)'.'@4()+C,@40)'./34035,'(,'()%0./3)/043,.*77/('.4)'*("

!

U>%,)>'0-,0/3%,4@@3'%+,'&,)>%,(%]),)/0(,'+,(%')>%0,433*.4)%-,N5,)>%,./00%(),+@%4R%0,(*0, N5,+%3&=+%3%.)'*(",U>%,./00%(),+@%4R%0,745C,N/),(%%-,(*)C,.*()'(/%,/()'3,)04(+&%0,'+, %&&%.)%-,4),*(%,*&,)>%,(%]),UZB+,A.&",G4.R+,%),43",#F?d_#9E"

V*(6%0+4)'*(43, )/0(=)4R'(<, '+, N*)>, locally managed 4(-, interactionally managed N5, )>% @40)'.'@4()+", [(3'R%, +@%.'43, (*(=.*(6%0+4)'*(43, +5+)%7+, *@%04)'6%, '(, .%0%7*('%+C .34++0**7+C, '()%06'%\+C, .>4'0%-, 7%%)'(<+, 4(-, +'7'340, +%))'(<+C, )>'+, 7*-%3, &*0, .*(6%0+4)'*( -*%+, (*), +@%.'&5, )/0(, *0-%0, 4(-, )/0(, +'a%, '(, 4-64(.%", T(+)%4-C, 4(5, &%4)/0%, '(, +/.>, 4( c'()%04.)'*(4335,74(4<%-,+5+)%7c,'+,7/3)'34)%04335,+>4@%-,N5,)>%,@40)'%+C,4(-,.*(6%0+4)'*(,'+ 4..*7@3'+>%-,3*.4335,*(,4,)/0(=N5=)/0(,N4+'+,A.&",G4.R+,%),43",#F?d_L!E" U>%, *0<4('a4)'*(, *&, )/0(=)4R'(<, @0*6'-%+, c4(, '()0'(+'., 7*)'64)'*(, &*0, 3'+)%('(<"c, , J+, 4(5 <'6%(, 3'+)%(%0, 7'<>), N%, +%3%.)%-, )*, +@%4R, (%])C, +I>%, 7/+), .*@%, \')>, 0%+@*(-'(<, )*, )>% @0%6'*/+,/))%04(.%+",G'7'34035C,3'+)%(%0+,'()%(-'(<,)*,+%3&=+%3%.),40%,%]@%.)%-,)*,3'+)%(,)*,)>% %(-,*&,)>%,./00%(),/))%04(.%,N%&*0%,)>%5,745,.*7@%)%,&*0,)>%,(%]),)/0(,4),4,UZB"

3.2.1 Adjacency pairs J-K4.%(.5, @4'0+, .4(, N%, -%+.0'N%-, 4+, 4/)*74)'., +%^/%(.%+, .*(+'+)'(<, *&, 4, &'0+), @40), 4(-, 4 +%.*(-,@40)",U>%+%,@40)+,40%,@0*-/.%-,N5,-'&&%0%(),+@%4R%0+",H46'(<,/))%0%-,)>%,&'0+),@40)C,)>% +@%4R%0,'77%-'4)%35,%]@%.)+,>'+I>%0,.*(6%0+4)'*(43,@40)(%0,)*,@0*-/.%,4,+%.*(-,@40),*&,)>% +47%, @4'0", U>%, 7*+), \'-%35, /+%-, 4-K4.%(.5, @4'0+, '(-'.4)%, )>4(R'(<=0%+@*(+%C, 0%^/%+)= 4..%@)4(.%C, 4@*3*<5=7'('7'a4)'*(C, 4(-, ^/%+)'*(=4(+\%0, +%^/%(.%+", Q%+'-%+C, *@%('(< +%^/%(.%+, 4(-, <0%%)'(<+, )5@'.4335, .*()4'(, 4-K4.%(.5, @4'0+C, 4+, )>%, &*33*\'(<, %]47@3%+ '33/+)04)%_

First part J_,H*\,40%,)>'(<+n J_,H*\,54,-*'(bn

Second Part Q_,U>%,/+/43" Q_,V4(b),.*7@34'(",Ah/3%,#FF8_??E

J(5, 4@@40%(), &4'3/0%, *&, )>%, +%.*(-, @40)'.'@4()+, )*, @0*6'-%, )>%, +%.*(-, @40), \'33, 0%+/3), '( .*(6%0+4)'*(43, -5+&3/%(.5", U>%, <0%4), 74K*0')5, *&, 4-K4.%(.5, +%^/%(.%+, 40%, /+%-, 4+ )04(+')'*(43,@*'()+,'(,-'+.*/0+%"

3.3 Overlap and interruptions T(, J(<3*=J7%0'.4(, ./3)/0%C, +7**)>, )04(+')'*(+, &0*7, *(%, +@%4R%0, )*, )>%, (%]), )%(-, )*, N% 643/%-",J3)>*/<>,@40)'.'@4()+,<%(%04335,.*(&*07,)*,)>%,0/3%+,*&,)>%,)/0(=)4R'(<,+5+)%7C,N0'%& *6%034@, 745, *../0, \>%(, )\*, *0, 7*0%, @40)'.'@4()+, .*7@%)%, &*0, )>%, &3**0", e>%(, 4, +%3&= +%3%.)'(<,3'+)%(%0,*6%034@+,\')>,)>%,./00%(),+@%4R%0,4),4,UZBC,&*0,'(+)4(.%C,*(%,*&,)>%7,745 -0*@, */)C, )>%0%N5, 4.R(*\3%-<'(<, )>%, *)>%0b+, 0'<>), )*, )>%, )/0(, A.&", M*&+'(<%0, #FF#_F?=FdE" e>'3%, *6%034@, '+, .*(+'-%0%-, )*, N%, +/@@*0)'6%, 4(-, -*%+, (*), 6'*34)%, )>%, )/0(=)4R'(<, (*07+C '()%00/@)'*(+,c0%&%0,)*,+'7/3)4(%*/+,)43R,)>4),-*%+,(*),*../0,4),*0,(%40,4,UZB"c,AM*&+'(<%0 #FF#_#P!E", V*(+)')/)'(<, 4, )>0%4), )*, )>%, +@%4R%0b+, &4.%C, )>%, )%07, interruption *&)%(, >4+ (%<4)'6%,.*((*)4)'*(+"L H*\%6%0C,\>4),'+,0%<40-%-, 4+, *6%034@@'(<, +@%%.>, '+, ./3)/04335, -%)%07'(%-", U>%, 7*-%3, &*0 )/0(=)4R'(<, +/<<%+)%-, N5, G4.R+, %), 43", '+, N4+%-, *(, 4(, /(-%035'(<, 0/3%, '(, J7%0'.4(, S(<3'+> .*(6%0+4)'*(C, (47%35, )>4), *6%0\>%37'(<35C, *(%, @40)5, )43R+, 4), 4, )'7%", U4((%(, A#Fd#EC, N5 .*()04+)C, &*/(-, )>4), (4)'6%+, *&, M%\, h*0R, V')5C, %+@%.'4335, '(>4N')4()+, *&, S4+), S/0*@%4( j%\'+>, N4.R<0*/(-C, &46*0, .**@%04)'6%, *6%034@, '(, &4.%=)*=&4.%, '()%04.)'*(, c4+, 4, \45, *& +>*\'(<, %()>/+'4+7, 4(-, '()%0%+)C, f"""gc", Q/), )>'+, +)04)%<5, cf"""g, '+, '()%0@0%)%-, N5, (*(=M%\ h*0R%0+, 4+, K/+), )>%, *@@*+')%_, %6'-%(.%, *&, 34.R, *&, 4))%()'*("c, AU4((%(, #Fd#_#9dE" J--')'*(4335C,>'<>='(6*36%7%(),+)53%,'+, .>404.)%0'a%-,N5,&4+)%0,)/0(=)4R'(C,46*'-4(.%,*&,'()%0)/0(,@4/+%+C,4(-,@40)'.'@4)*05,3'+)%(%0+>'@,A.&",U4((%(,#Fd#_#9?E" U>'+,>'<>='(6*36%7%(),+)53% .4(,43+*,N%,&*/(-,'(,4,(/7N%0,*&,*)>%0,./3)/0%+,'(.3/-'(C, G*/)>, J7%0'.4(C, J04NC, 4(-, +*7%, J&0'.4( ./3)/0%+" ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, L

,T()%00/@)'*(+,&*0,)>%,+4R%,*&,.340'&'.4)'*(+C,\>'.>,-*,(*),(%.%++40'35,.*()046%(%,)>%,@0'(.'@3%+,*&,)/0(=)4R'(4@)%0,L"#,A@@",!8=!?E,N%3*\"

$/%, )*, )>%, 6405'(<, )/0(=)4R'(<, 7%.>4('+7+, N%)\%%(, ./3)/0%+, 4(-, 34(%,&*33*\'(<,%]47@3%_,AQ04.R%)'(<,'(-'.4)%+,'()%00/@)'*(+"E J_,W405b+,'(6')%-,/+,)*,3/(.>",$*,54,\4((4,<*n Q_,G/0%",,,,Tb7,(*),N/+5,0'<>),(*\"

e>5,(*)n

J_,,

Tb33,.*7%,N5,'(,4N*/),)>'0)5,7'(/)%+"

,,,,Y**-"

Q_,U>'(R,\%,*/<>)4,N0'(<,,4(5)>'(
,,,,M*C,N/),Tb33,N0'(<,+*7%,\'(%,4(5\45"

J+,4(,J7%0'.4(C,B,0%<40-+,'()%00/@)'*(+,4+,'7@*3')%C,4(-,.*(.3/-%+,)>4),A,'+,4,0/-%,@%0+*(" AC, >*\%6%0C, .*7%+, &0*7, T04(C, 4, ./3)/0%, \>%0%, '()%00/@)'*(+, +'<(43, &0'%(-3'(%++",A, 7%0%35 )04(+&%0+,)>%,0/3%+,<*6%0('(<,.*(6%0+4)'*(,'(,>'+,*0,>%0,(4)'6%,34("

3.4 Silence $'+.*/0+%,4(435+)+,>46%,+>*\(,)>4),-'&&%0%(),.*(.%@)+,*&,)'7'(<,.4(,3%4-, )*, .0*++=./3)/043 @04<74)'., &4'3/0%, 4(-, +)%0%*)5@'(<", U>'+, .>4@)%0, \'33, )>%0%&*0%, N%, .*(.%0(%-, \')>, (*(= @>*(4)'*(+,4),UZB+,4+,\%33,4+,)/0(='()%0(43,&*07+,*&,+'3%(.%,'(,640'*/+,./3)/0%+" H454+>', A#FF8_L#E, .*'(%-,)>%,)%07, b)/0(, /))%04(.%, +@4.%b, '(, *0-%0, )*, -%+.0'N%, +>*0), @4/+%+ -/0'(<,/))%04(.%+",J+,&*0,)>%,&/(.)'*(,*&,)>'+,+@4.%C,+>%,-'+)'(%+,N%)\%%(,)>%,.*(.%@)+ *&, b'()04)/0(, +@4.%b, 4(-, b'()%0)/0(, +@4.%b", e>'3%, )>%, 34))%0, @4/+%+, 0%34)%, )*, UZB+, 4(-, )>/+ *../0,4),)/0(, %].>4(<%+C,'()04)/0(,+@4.%+, 0%&3%.),@4/+%+, 4,+@%4R%0,.0%4)%+,&*0,+*7%,@0'64)% 0%4+*(,-/0'(<,>'+,*0,>%0,)/0(",G/.>,@4/+%+,745,N%,-/%,)*,c4,640'%)5,*&,@%0+*(43,&4.)*0+,+/.> 4+, 3*++, *&, \*0-+C, +%40.>, &*0, 4, @0*@%0, \*0-C, >%+')4)'*(C, 4N+%(.%, *&, 4, +.0'@)C, %7@4)>'. '(6*36%7%()C,4(-,)%7@*0405,-'+)04.)'*("c, AH454+>',#FF8_L1E", X*(<,'()04)/0(,@4/+%+,*(,)>% @40), *&, )>%, ./00%(), )/0(, >*3-%0, 7'<>), %(.*/04<%, *)>%0, @40)'.'@4()+, )*, *6%034@, )>%, +@%4R%0b+ @4/+%",G'(.%,)>'+,R'(-,*&,+%3&=+%3%.)'*(,-*%+,(*),)4R%,@34.%,4),4,UZBC,'),745,N%,.*(.%'6%-,4+ 4(,'()%00/@)'*(",T00%3%64(),)/0(=)4R'(<,-/0'(<,'()04)/0(,+@4.%+,7'<>),%6%(,N%,4++*.'4)%-,\')> c+'3%(),+'7/3)4(%*/+,)43RcC,N%.4/+%,)>%,'()%00/@)'*(,7'<>),4.)'64)%,.%0)4'(,)4.'),'-%4+,'(,)>% +@%4R%0b+, 7'(-", G/.>, &%%3'(<+, 745, '(.3/-%, @%0.%@)'*(+, +/.>, 4+, cTb7, (*), &'('+>%-, 5%)Cc, *0 cTb7,)>'(R'(<"c,A'N'-"E,M%6%0)>%3%++C,'()%04.)4()+,43\45+,>46%,)>%,.>4(.%,)*,.*()0'N/)%,)*,)>% +7**)>, @0*<0%++, *&, )>%, .*(6%0+4)'*(, 4(-, )*, @0%6%(), '00%3%64(), )/0(=)4R'(<, N5, %7@3*5'(< N4.R=.>4((%3, +'<(43+C, +>*0), ^/%+)'*(+, *0, .*77%()+C, 4(-, (*(6%0N43, +/@@*0)'6%, N%>46'*0 +)04)%<'%+",A.&",'N'-"E

G4.R+, %), 43", A#F?LI#F?dE, -'+)'(, N%)\%%(, )>0%%, )5@%+, *&, -'+.*()'(/*/+, )43R, '( .*(6%0+4)'*(_,<4@+C,34@+%+,4(-,@4/+%+",M*&+'(<%0,A#FF#_FL=F1E,>4+,-%+.0'N%-,4,<4@,4+,c)>% +'3%(.%, N%)\%%(,)>%,%(-,*&,*(%,)/0(, 4(-,+*7%,3'+)%(%0, +%3&=+%3%.)'(<, &*0, )>%, (%]), )/0("c, T&C >*\%6%0C,4,./00%(),+@%4R%0,+)*@+,4),+*7%,UZBC,4(-,(*,+@%4R%0,'+,\'33'(<,)*,+)40),*0,.*()'(/%C )>%, %(+/'(<, +@4.%, *&, (*()43R, \'33, N%, .433%-, 4, 34@+%", T&, )>%, ./00%(), +@%4R%0, >4+, 430%4-5 +%3%.)%-, 4, (%]), +@%4R%0C, )>%, -%345, N%&*0%, )>%, +%3%.)%-, +@%4R%0b+, )/0(, N%<'(('(<, \'33, N% @%0.%'6%-,4+,4,@4/+%", Q%+'-%+C, 4,+'3%(.%, 40'+'(<,-/0'(<,)>%,.*/0+%,*&,4,@40)'.'@4()b+,)/0(, '+ 43+*,.*(+'-%0%-,4,@4/+%" J+,7%()'*(%-,4N*6%C,)>%,b(*,<4@C,(*,*6%034@b,+)0/.)/0%,*&,-'+.*/0+%,'+,'(<04'(%-,'(,J(<3*= J7%0'.4(, ./3)/0%", S6%(, '(, '()04./3)/043, %(.*/()%0+C, @%0+*(+, \')>, 4, +3*\%0, @4.%, 4), )/0(= )4R'(<, \'33, 0%%, &3**0, )*, +@%4R", V*00%+@*(-'(<35C, )>%, &4+)%0, +@%4R%0, c'+ -*'(<, 433, *&, )>%, )43R'('7+%3&, *0, >%0+%3&C, f"""gc, AG.*33*(IG.*33*( #FF1_81E", J7*(<, )>%, &4.)*0+, .*()0'N/)'(<, )*, )>%, 3%(<)>, *&, '()%0)/0(, @4/+%+C, '()%0@%0+*(43 &4.%, 0%34)'*(+>'@+, @345, 4(, %++%()'43, 0*3%", T(, <%(%043C, c3*(<%0, @4/+%+, 40%, 4++*.'4)%-, \')> '(-%@%(-%(.%, @*3')%(%++, +)04)%<'%+C, \>'3%, +>*0)%0, @4/+%+, 40%, 4++*.'4)%-, \')>, '(6*36%7%() @*3')%(%++,+)04)%<'%+"c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o/4>C, 4, 0%.%(), W4345+'4(, '77'<04()C, \4+, 0%&%00%-, )*, J3%]C, 4(, J7%0'.4( .*/(+%3*0", [(4../+)*7%-, )*, )>%, 04)>%0, %])%(-%-, +'3%(.%+, '(, J+'4(, .*77/('.4)'*(C, J3%] 34/(.>%-,'()*,3*(<,7*(*3*%,.*/(+%3'(<,+%++'*(",o/4>C,>*\%6%0C,\4+,7%0%35 \4')'(<,+*7%\>4),3*(<%0,N%&*0%,)4R'(<,>'+,)/0(C,@40)35,N%.4/+%,>%,.*(+'-%0%-,)>%,.*/(+%3*0 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 ,J,./3)/0%,4++'7'34)*0,'+,.*7@*+%-,*&,4,+%0'%+,*&,+>*0),%@'+*-%+,*&,'()%0./3)/043,.*(&3'.)",U>%+%,'(.'-%()+C,+/.> 4+,cU>%,Z%3/.)4(),V*/(+%3%%c,-%+.0'N%-,4N*6%C,40%,/+%-,'(,'()%0./3)/043,)04'('(<,@0*<0477%+,A.&",$47%( #FF9p,V/+>(%0,4(-,Q0'+3'(,#FF8E"

)*,N%,4(, 4/)>*0')5,&','()%04.)4()+,\%0%,N%.*7'(<,'(.0%4+'(<35,/(.*7&*0)4N3%C )>%,.*/(+%3'(<,+%++'*(,&4'3%-" J7%0'.4(+, <%(%04335, .*(+'-%0,)43R,4,7%4(+, *&, 4..*7@3'+>'(<, 7/)/43, /(-%0+)4(-'(%'0,'(-'6'-/43')5",T(,.*()04+),)*,J7%0'.4(+C,j4@4(%+%,643/%,+'3%(.%",J+ 7%7N%0+, *&, )>%, j4@4(%+%, ./3)/0%, )>%5, %7@>4+'a%, <0*/@, >407*(5, 4(-, N%3'%6%, )>4), *(%b+ &%%3'(<+, .4((*), N%, .*(6%5%-, )>0*/<>, )43R", T(, *)>%0, \*0-+C, )>%+%, -'&&%0%(.%+, .4(, N% 4++*.'4)%-,\')>,)>%,-'7%(+'*(,*&,,individualism versus collectivism"8 U>'+,(%<4)'6%,4))')/-%,)*\40-+,)43R,'(,j4@4(,43+*,4..*/()+,&*0,)>%,/(&*./+%-,4(-,&04<7%()%(4)/0%,*&,j4@4(%+%,.*(6%0+4)'*(,A.&",h474-4,#FF!_9d=LPE",T(,4--')'*(,)*,)>%,+*.'*3'(%0%&*0%,%]@%0'%(.%,-'&&'./3)'%+,'(,.0*++=./3)/043,.*77/('.4)'*(,A.&",h474-4,#FF!_LLE" J..*0-'(<, )*, G.*33*(, 4(-, G.*33*(, A.&", #Fd#_!1=!8EC, 7'+.*77/('.4)'*(, '(, J)>4N4+R4(= S(<3'+>, '()%04.)'*(+, '+, 4), 3%4+), @40)35, -/%, )*, -'&&%0%(), .*(.%@)+, *&, )'7'(<, N%)\%%(, )/0(+" S(<3'+>, +@%4R%0+C, *(, )>%, *(%, >4(-C, )*3%04)%, '()%0)/0(, @4/+%+, *&, *(%, +%.*(-, 4), 7*+)" J)>4N4+R4(, T(-'4(+C, *(, )>%, *)>%0, >4(-C, 40%, /+%-, )*, +3'<>)35, 3*(<%0, @4/+%+, N%)\%%( +%()%(.%+",j/+),N%&*0%,)>%,J)>4N4+R4(,+@%4R%0,'+,@0%@40%-,)*,.34'7,>'+I>%0,)/0(C,)>%,S(<3'+>= +@%4R'(<, @40)'.'@4(), \'33, 430%4-5, >46%, .*()'(/%-, )*, )43R", :*0, )>%, J)>4N4+R4(C, \4')'(<, >'+ 0%, *&, )'7%, 7%4(+, )>4), +I>%, c.4(, (%6%0, <%), 4, \*0-, '(, %-<%\'+%"c, G'7'34035C J)>4N4+R4(, '()04)/0(, @4/+%+, )%(-, )*, N%, 3*(<%0, 4+, \%33", U>%, S(<3'+>, +@%4R%0, '+, )>%0%&*0% 3'R%35, )*, '()%00/@), >'+, .*(6%0+4)'*(43, @40)(%0C, 4++/7'(<, )>4), )>%, (*(=@>*(4)'*(, '(-'.4)%+, 4 UZB", J+, 4, 0%+/3)C, )>%, J)>4N4+R4(, '+, .*(+'-%0%-, /(4N3%, )*, +45, 4, \>*3%, .*>%0%(), '-%4C, 4(S(<3'+>, +@%4R%0+,745,N%,+)%0%*)5@%-, 4+,%<*.%()0'.",J+, &*0, -'+.*/0+%, @4))%0(+C, J)>4N4+R4( &4.%,0%34)'*(+>'@+,40%,.>404.)%0'a%-,N5,3*\,@*\%0,-'&&%0%(.%+,4(-,4,>'<>,-'+)4(.%,N%)\%%( 7%7N%0C, '"%", N5, 4, -%&%0%(.%, @*3')%(%++, +5+)%7", W*+), J(<3*=J7%0'.4(+C, >*\%6%0C, @0%&%0, 4 +*3'-405,@*3')%(%++,+5+)%7,A.&",G.*33*(IG.*33*(,#Fd#_#?FE"

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8 ,+%%,V>4@)%0,!"1C,@@",d=F"

3.5 Floor claiming and yielding - Techniques for turn allocation J&)%0,%]@34'('(<,)>%,<%(%043,&047%\*0R,*&,)/0(=)4R'(4(<%", J33, .*77/('.4)'6%, .*-%+, >46% %3%7%()+, )>4), 4.), 4+, )/0(, +'<(43+", X'+)%(%0+, \>*, \4(), )*, +%3&=+%3%.), 745, '-%()'&5, UZB+, N5 4(435a'(<,)>%,+@%4R%0b+,/))%04(.%+,&*0,@0*+*-'.C,+5()4.)'.,4(-,+%74()'.,./%+",V*(6%0+%35C,4 ./00%(), +@%4R%0, 745, '7@3%7%(), &3**0, 433*.4)'*(, >'7I>%0+%3&", V*(6%0+4)'*(43'+)+, %7@3*5, 4 \'-%, 04(<%, *&, -%6'.%+, '(, *0-%0, )*, (%<*)'4)%, &3**0, +>'&)C, '(.3/-'(<, %])043'(
3.5.1 Non-verbal communication T(,*0-%0,)*,%(+/0%,4,+7**)>,%].>4(<%,*&,+@%4R'(<,)/0(+C,+@%4R%0+,745,-'+@345,turn,signalsC )>/+, 5'%3-'(<, )>%, &3**0, )*, 4(, 4/-')*0", G'(.%, 4, +/N+)4()'43, @40), *&, )>%, +*.'43, 7%4('(<, *&, 4 7%++4<%, '+, .*(6%5%-, 6'4, (*(6%0N43, .>4((%3+C, )>'+, .*77/('.4)'6%, .*-%, >4+, 4(, '7@4.), *( '()%0./3)/043,'()%04.)'*(+,4+,\%33,A.&",G'(<%3'+,#FFL_!?L=?1E",J3)>*/<>,)>%,/+%,*&,(*(6%0N43 ./%+,'+,/('6%0+43,4(-,'((4)%C,)>%'0,7%4('(<,'+,./3)/0%=N*/(-"

3.5.1.1 Kinesics j*>(,Y*+3'(<,A#Fd#_#89E,-%+.0'N%+,R'(%+'.+ 4+,c433,)>*+%,7%4('(<&/3,<%+)/0%+,*0,+%^/%(.%+ *&,<%+)/0%+,\>'.>,0%43'a%,'()%04.)'6%,&/(.)'*(+,'(,&4.%=)*=&4.%,.*77/('.4)'6%,+')/4)'*(+"c Y4a%,@345+,4,@*\%0&/3,0*3%,'(,&4.%=)*=&4.%,'()%04.)'*(",B%*@3%,%(<4<%-,'(,.*(6%0+4)'*(,745 3**R,4),*(%,4(*)>%0,)*,.**0-'(4)%,)/0(=)4R'(%,%(-,*&,>'+I>%0,)/0(C,)>%,+@%4R%0,745,)05 )*,%+)4N3'+>,%5%,.*()4.),\')>,4(*)>%0,@40)'.'@4()",T(,e%+)%0(,./3)/0%C,<4a%,'+,)>%0%&*0%,/+%4+,4,7%4(+,*&,+%3%.)'(<,)>%,(%]),+@%4R%0,\>*,'+,)>%(,/(-%0,.*(+'-%04N3%,@0%++/0%,)*,)4R%,)>% )/0(",T&,)>%,3'+)%(%0,46*'-+,%5%,.*()4.)C,>*\%6%0C,+I>%,+>*\+,)>4),+I>%,'+,(*),\'33'(<,)*,+@%4R (%]), A.&", Y*+3'(<, #Fd#_#88E", U>'+, 0%34)'*(+>'@, N%)\%%(, 3'(*,.4((*),/+%,%5%,.*()4.),)* 4()'.'@4)%,)/0(,%].>4(<%"

Q*-5,@*+)/0%,'+,4(*)>%0,&4.)*0,'(&3/%(.'(<,)/0(,+>'&)",T&,4(,4/-')*0,+/--%(35,.>4(<%+,>'+I>%0 @*+)/0%,-/0'(<,4,)/0(C,+I>%,7'<>),\4(),)*,4.>'%6%,4,7/)/43')5,*&,<4a%,4(-,+/N+%^/%()35,<4'( )>%, &3**0", U>'+, )/0(, +'<(43, '+, 4, +)0'R'(<, &%4)/0%, *&, .34++0**7, -'+.*/0+%, \>%0%, @/@'3+, 40% %]@%.)%-,)*,04'+%,4(,407,\>%(%6%0,)>%5,\'+>,)*,<%),4,)/0(",G7433,.>'3-0%(,&0%^/%()35,@/33,)>% <407%()+,*&,4-/3)+,&*0,)>%,+47%,0%4+*(,A.&",Y*+3'(<,#Fd#_#?9E",U4R'(<,4,N0%4)>,4(-,3%4('(< &*0\40-,745,43+*,'(-'.4)%,4,-%+'0%,&*0,4,)/0(",e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e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j4@4(%+%,3'+)%(%0+,745,.3*+%,)>%'0,%5%+,)*,+'<(43,4))%()'*( A.&",G'(<%3'+,#FFL_!d1E"

3.5.1.2 Paralanguage - Prosody U>%, .*(.%@), *&, , paralanguage >4+, N%%(, -%&'(%-, 4+, &*33*\+_, cU>%, )%07, @40434(4), 4..*7@4(5, 34(% 6*.43'a4)'*(+,)>4),0%@34.%,*0,+/@@3%7%(),+@%%.>",Q*)>,40%,.400'%-,*(,)>%,6*.43,.>4((%3+,N/) 40%,(*(6%0N43"c,A$47%(,#Fd?_#88E",B4043'(,4+,@').>,04(<%C,@').>,.*()0*3 4(-,0>5)>7,.*()0*3,-*,(*),*(35,'(&*07,/+,4N*/),)>%,%7*)'*(43,+)4)%,*&,)>%,+@%4R%0C,N/),)>%5 43+*, .*(+)')/)%, )/0(, +'<(43+", S^/4335C, @0*+*-'., @>%(*7%(4, .4(, +%06%, 4+, <**-, )/0(=5'%3-'(< ./%+",Q0*4-35,-%&'(%-C,)>%,)%07,b@0*+*-5b,.*6%0+,(*(=<04774)'.43,&%4)/0%+,+/.>,4+,3*/-(%++C )%7@*C,'()*(4)'*(C,0>5)>7C,@4/+'(4+,'-%()'&'%-,amplitude shift 4+,4,0%+*/0.%,&*0,+@%4R%0+,)*,0%
.*(6%0+4)'*(43,'()%04.)'*(",T(,.4+%,*&,+'7/3)4(%*/+,+@%%.>,+@%4R%0+,745,04'+%,)>%,47@3')/-% 3%6%3,*&,)>%'0,/))%04(.%+,'(,*0-%0,)*,<4'(,*0,>*3-,)>%,&3**0",G7**)>,+@%4R%0,%].>4(<%,.4(,43+* N%,&4.'3')4)%-,N5,4,-*\(=+)%@,'(,@').>,*(,)>%,@40),*&,)>%,+@%4R%0"

3.5.1.3 Nonverbal cues in intercultural discourse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dP_?!=?9E" :/0)>%07*0%C, Y/7@%0a, A#Fd!_#!P=#!FE, >4+, 0%@*0)%-, .*(+'-%04N3%, -'&&%0%(.%+, '(, @0*+*-5 N%)\%%(, .*77/(')'%+, \>%0%, S(<3'+>, '+, +@*R%(, 4+, 4, (4)'6%, 34(%,[(')%-,G)4)%+C,&*0,'(+)4(.%C,745,>46%,)*,.*@%,\')>,@0*N3%7+,'( '()%0%)>('., .*77/('.4)'*(", B0*+*-5, 745, 43+*, )/0(, */), )*, N%, 4(, 47N'", T&, (*(=(4)'6%, +@%4R%0+, >46% 4..%()+, '(, )>%'0, @0*(/(.'4)'*(, *&, \*0-+C, '), \'33, *&)%(, N%, -'&&'./3), )*, '-%()'&5, +%()%(.%, 4(.34/+%,N*/(-40'%+"

3.5.2 Non-professional interpreting T(, '()%0./3)/043, '(^/'05C, )>%, 0*3%, *&, '()%0@0%)%0+, '(, 7/3)'%)>('., .*(6%0+4)'*(, >4+, 3*(<, N%%( (%<3%.)%-", T&, )>%, @40)'%+, -*, (*), +>40%, 4, .*77*(, 34(*\%6%0C, 4 @0*&%++'*(4335,)04'(%-,@%0+*(,'+,/+/4335, 4++'<(%-,)>%,)4+R,*&,@0*.%++'(<,3*(<%0,+)0%).>%+, *& -'+.*/0+%,'(,'(+)')/)'*(43'a%-,+%))'(<+",J3)%0(4)'6%35C,)>%,0*3%,*&,)>%,b3'(*, >4@@%(+, )*, N%, N'3'(*, >4+, (*), N%%(, %+@%.'4335 )04'(%-, &*0, )>'+, &/(.)'*(", U>'+, )5@%, *&, -'+.*/0+%, '+, '(%6')4N35, 4&&%.)%-, N5, )>%, .*(+)04'()+ <*6%0('(<, )/0(=)4R'(<", J--')'*(4335C, )>%, 7%-'4)*0, 7'<>), N%, N'4+%-, )*\40-+, *(%, *&, )>% @0'7405, '()%03*./)*0+C, 4(-, )>%, -'&&'./3)5, *&, )04(+7'))'(<, .%0)4'(, @*3')%(%++, +)04)%<'%+, 7'<>) 3%4-,)*,@*)%()'4335,&4.%=)>0%4)%('(<,+')/4)'*(+"

G'(.%, O(4@@=B*))>*&&IO(4@@, A#Fd?E, 40%, @40)'./34035, '()%0%+)%-, '(, (*(=@0*&%++'*(43 '()%0@0%)'(<, 4+, 4, R'(-, *&, '()%0./3)/043, .*77/('.4)'*(C, )>%5, )4@%-, 4, .*/@3%, *&, 7%-'4)*0= +')/4)'*(+,'(6*36'(<,+@%4R%0+,*&,O*0%4(,4(-,+@%4R%0+,*&,Y%074(",J+,)>%'0,-4)4,'(-'.4)%+C,') '+, %++%()'43, &*0, )>%, 7%-'4)*0, )*, 4++'+), '(, %+)4N3'+>'(<, .*77*(, <0*/(-, N5, 0%(-%0'(<, )/0(= '(')'43,%]@0%++'*(+,*&,@*3')%(%++",H*\%6%0C,)>'+,@0*.%-/0%,7'<>),43+*,-'+0/@),.*(6%0+4)'*(43 +5(.>0*(5_,k(.%,)>%,+@%4R%0,>4+,@4++%-,*(,>'+,)/0(,)*,)>%,7%-'4)*0C,+I>%,'77%-'4)%35,3*+%+ )>%,*@@*0)/(')5,)*,4--,4,.*()0'N/)'*(,*&,>'+I>%0,*\(",e>'3%,4(*)>%0,'()%04.)4(),.*()'(/%+,)* )43RC, )>%, *0'<'(43, +@%4R%0, 7'<>), %]@%0'%(.%, &0/+)04)'*(, '&, +I>%, '+, /(4N3%, )*, 0%.34'7, >'+I>%0 )/0(", U05'(<, )*, @0%6%(), 7'+/(-%0+)4(-'(<+C, )>%, (*(=@0*&%++'*(43, '()%0@0%)%0, '+, )>/+, \%33= 4-6'+%-, )*, %^/43'a%, )/0(=)4R'(<, *@@*0)/(')'%+, N%)\%%(, )>%, @40)'.'@4()+, A.&", O(4@@= B*))>*&&IO(4@@,#Fd?_#d#=!P#E"

3.6 Listening behavior G@%4R%0=4/-')*0,'()%04.)'*(,-*%+,(*),*(35,)4R%,@34.%,4),@*++'N3%,@*'()+,*&,+@%4R%0,%].>4(<%C N/), 43+*, -/0'(<, +@%4R'(<, )/0(+", U>%+%, b4/-')*0, N4.R=.>4((%3, +'<(43+bC, >*\%6%0C, -*, c(*) .*(+)')/)%, 4, +@%4R'(<, )/0(, *0, 4, .34'7, *&, )>%, )/0("c, A$/(.4(, #F?9_#88E", k(, )>%, .*()0405C 3'+)%(%0+,7'<>),/+%,N4.R=.>4((%3,./%+,\>%(,)>%5,\4(),)*,R%%@,)>%,.*77/('.4)'*(,.>4((%3 *@%(, 4(-, 46*'-, )4R'(<, 4, )/0(", G@%4R%0+C, *(, )>%, *)>%0, >4(-C, 7'<>), 0%35, *(, +/.>, *..4+'*(43 '()%0K%.)'*(+C,)**",T&,)>%,./00%(),&3**0,>*3-%0,\4()+,)*,)4R%,4(,%])%(+'6%,)/0(,\')>*/),4(5*(%b+ 3*+'(<,&4.%C,+I>%,'+,.*(+)4()35,0%^/'0%-,)*,7*(')*0,)>%,3'+)%(%0+b,4))%()'*(",U>'+,'+,.*77*(35 4.>'%6%-,N5,+%%R'(<,+)%4-5,%5%,.*()4.),A.&",H454+>',#FF8_#PLE" $/(.4(,A.&",#F?9_#88=8?E,>4+,'-%()'&'%-,-'&&%0%(),&*07+,*&,N%>46'*0,)>4),%(4N3%,)>%,3'+)%(%0 )*,%]@0%++,&%%-N4.R,4(-,+/@@*0)" !#"

m-hm. U>'+,%]@0%++'*(,.*6%0+,4,640'%)5,*&,6%0N43'a%-,+'<(43+,+/.>,4+,i7=>7`C,i0'<>)`C i5%4>`C,i5%+,^/')%`C,iT,+%%`C,i+/0%35`C,*0,i)>4)b+,)0/%`"

!!"

Sentence completions. T(,)>'+,.4+%,)>%,4/-')*0,\*/3-,@0*6'-%,4,N0'%&,.*7@3%)'*(,*&, )>%,@0%6'*/+,+%()%(.%C,N/),)>%,+@%4R%0,\*/3-,)>%(,.*()'(/%,\')>,>'+,)/0(,4+,'&, /('()%00/@)%-",S]47@3%_ S_,i""",%6%()/4335C,'),\'33,.*7%,-*\(,)*,7*0%,.*(.0%)%,'++/%+,"""`p A_,iJ+,+>%,<%)+,7*0%,.*7&*0)4N3%"` S_,i4(-,T,&%3),)>4),"""`,A$/(.4(,#F?9_#88E

!9"

Request for clarification. G/.>,0%^/%+)+,/+/4335,.*()4'(,4,&%\,\*0-+,*0,@>04+%+", S]47@3%_ S_,i""",+*7%>*\,)>%5b0%,N%))%0,4N3%,)*,.*@%,\')>,')"` A_,ih*/,7%4(,)>%+%,4(]'%)'%+C,.*(.%0(,\')>,')n` S_,iB*++'N3%,)>4),*)>%0,@%*@3%,>46%,"""`,A$/(.4(,#F?9_#88E

!L"

Brief restatement. U>'+,+*0),*&,N4.R=.>4((%3,N%>46'*0,0%+)4)%+,)>%,'77%-'4)%35, @0%.%-'(<,)>*/<>),&*07/34)%-,N5,)>%,+@%4R%0",S]47@3%_ S_,i""",>46'(<,)*,@'.R,/@,)>%,@'%.%+`p A_,i)>%,N0*R%(,-'+>%+C,5%4>`p S_,iN/),)>%(,4,6%05,"""`,A$/(.4(,#F?9_#8?E

!1"

Head nods and shakes. U>%+%,+'<(43+,745,N%,/+%-,43*(%,*0,)*<%)>%0,\')>,)>%,6%0N43, N4.R=.>4((%3,@4))%0(+"

3.6.1 Back-channelling in cross-cultural conversation U>*/<>,+*7%,&*07,*&,3'+)%('(<,N%>46'*0,'+,@0*N4N35,.*77*(,'(,433,./3)/0%+,4(-,34(4((%33'(<, -'&&%0, +'<('&'.4()35", e>'3%, J7%0'.4(, S(<3'+>, +@%4R%0+ <%(%04335, 0%3%<4)%, 3'+)%('(<, )*, @4++'6%, 0%.%'6'(, <0%4), '7@*0)4(.%, )* 3'+)%('(<,N%>46'*0",U>'+,'+,0%&3%.)%-,'(,)>%,%]'+)%(.%,*&,)>%,&*3R=7%)4@04<74)'.,)%07,aizuchi \>'.>, 3')%04335, 7%4(+, c7/)/43, >477%0'(%0, \*0-+C, aizuchi -%+.0'N%+,)>%,'()%04.)'*(43,\*0R,-*(%,N5,4/-')*0+,'(,4,.*(6%0+4)'*(C,4(-,N4.R=.>4((%3+,40% '(-%%-,/+%-,6%05,&0%^/%()35,'(,j4@4(%+%,.*(6%0+4)'*(+",j4@4(%+%,'()%04.)'*(,'+,)>/+,%]@%.)%)*,N%,)>%,.*33%.)'6%,\*0R,*&,N*)>,+@%4R%0A+E,4(-,3'+)%(%0A+EC,4(-,)>'+,@0'(.'@3%,4<4'(,+)0%++%+ )>%, ./3)/043, 643/%, *&, '()%0-%@%(-%(.%C, '"%", )>%, .*33%.)'6%, '(, .*()04+), )*, )>%, '(-'6'-/43 -'7%(+'*(" J7%0'.4(+,40%,7*+),3'R%35,)*,'(+%0),N4.R=.>4((%3+,4),@*++'N3%,.*7@3%)'*(,@*'()+C,@4/+%+,*0 @>04+%,N*/(-40'%+",G/.>,)*R%(+,40%,)>%0%&*0%,7%4(),)*,%(.*/04<%,)>%,+@%4R%0,)*,.*()'(/%,>'+ *0, >%0, %])%(-%-,)/0(",j4@4(%+%,3'+)%(%0+C,*(,)>%,*)>%0,>4(-C,)%(-,)*,/+%, .*(+'-%04N35, 7*0% N4.R=.>4((%33'(<,+'<(43+,+'7/3)4(%*/+35,\')>,)>%,+@%4R%0b+,/))%04(.%+",T&,7%7N%0+,*&,)>%+% )\*,./3)/0%+,)04(+&%0,)>%'0,)'7'(<,@0'(.'@3%+,&*0,3'+)%('(<,'()*,4,&*0%'<(,34(%+%,@0'(.'@3%+,'(,'()%0%)>('.,%(.*/()%0+C,7'+.*77/('.4)'*(,7'<>),40'+%",G/.>,@0*N3%7+ 7'<>),%6%(,'7@35,+)%0%*)5@%+,-%+.0'N'(<,J7%0'.4(+,4+,'(4))%()'6%,4(-,+%3&'+>C,4(-,j4@4(%+% 4+, '7@4)'%(), 4(-, '(+.0/)4N3%", e>4)`+, 7*0%C, J7%0'.4(+, 7'<>), 7'+'()%0@0%), )>%, 47*/(), *&

N4.R=.>4((%3, +'<(43+, -'+@345%-, N5, j4@4(%+%, +@%4R%0+, 4+, 0%@%4)%-, &3**0, .34'7+, A.&", W'33%0 #FF#_##L=##dp,.&",h474-4,#FF!_#1#=#1!E" J+,&40,4+,)>%,@0%&%00%-,)5@%,*&,N4.R=.>4((%3,+'<(43,'+,.*(.%0(%-C,J7%0'.4(,S(<3'+>,+@%4R%0+ +%%7,)*,&*./+,*(,.%0)4'(,.*()%()=+@%.'&'.,+'<(43+,3'R%,cU>4)b+,)*/<>I\*(-%0&/3I'()%0%+)'(<"cC cS]4.)35"cC, *0, ch%4>C, Tb6%, 0%4-, )>4)"c, AH454+>', #FF8_#FdE", V*(6%0+%35C, j4@4(%+%, 3'+)%('(< N%>46'*0, '+, N4+%-, *(, N0'%&, /))%04(.%+, +/.>, 4+, cunI5%4>C, 5%+Cc, csoo, sooI5%+C, 5%+cC, caaI/> >/>"c Z*N'(,G.40.%334,A.&",#FF!_##F=#!9E,>4+,(*)%-,)>4),W%]'.4(,+@%4R%0+,*&,G@4('+>,43+*,)%(-,)* /+%,N*)>,7*0%,4(-,-'&&%0%(),N4.R=.>4((%3,./%+,)>4(,S(<3'+>,+@%4R%0+",U>%,\'-%+@0%4-,/+% *&, repetition 4+, 4, N4.R=.>4((%3, +'<(43, '(, &4.), .*()04+)+, \')>, )>%, S(<3'+>, @4))%0(+", T(, )>% &*33*\'(<,%]47@3%C,)>%,&3*\,*&,'()%04.)'*(,'+,-'+0/@)%-,-/%,)*,)>%,/+%,*&,0%@%)')'*(_ V*()%])_,W,4(-,j,40%,-'+./++'(<,)>%'0,74K*0+",AW,'+,)>%,X!,+@%4R%0,4(-,j,'+,)>%,X#,+@%4R%0"E W_, ,,,,,,,,,,,,j_, , W_,

""",Tb7,4,K/('*0,'(,@+5.>*3*<5 B+5.>*3*<5n h%+",B+5.>*3*<5

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V*7@40%-, )*, S(<3'+>, .*(6%0+4)'*(+C, exchanged back channel cues *../0, 7*0%, *&)%(, '( G@4('+>,'()%04.)'*(+_ V*()%])_,G,4(-,X,40%,)43R'(<,4N*/),)>%'0,74K*0+"

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G_,

Qué que te gustaría estudiar?

,

,e>4),\>4),\*/3-,5*/,3'R%,)*,+)/-5n

X_

E Deseo estudiar ciencia política

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,[>,,T,\4(),)*,+)/-5,@*3')'.43,+.'%(.%"

G_

Sí?

,

,h%+

X_

Sí

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G_

Muy bien

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,2%05,<**-

X_

Uhum Me gusta ,[>/7,T,3'R%,')",,AG.40.%334,#FF!_##F=#!PE

U>%, )>'0-, -'&&%0%(.%, N%)\%%(, G@4('+>, 4(-, S(<3'+>, +@%4R%0+, .*(.%0(+, )>%, &0%^/%(.5, *& consecutive back channel cuesC,)>4),'+C,c)>%,/+%,*&,+%6%043,N4.R,.>4((%3,./%+,.*(+%./)'6%35 '(, )>%, +47%, )/0("c, AG.40.%334, #FF!_#!!E", J<4'(C, G@4('+>, +@%4R%0+, )%(-, )*, /+%, )>'+, R'(-, *& 3'+)%('(<,N%>46'*0,7*0%,*&)%("

3.7 The notion of turn length X*(<, )/0(+, 40%, /+/4335, .*((%.)%-, \')>, &4.%, +46'(<, +)04)%<'%+, 4(-, (%<4)'6%, @*3')%(%++, *( N%>43&,*&,N*)>,+@%4R%0,4(-,3'+)%(%0,A.&",Q0*\(,4(-,X%6'(+*(,#F?dI#Fd?E",G>*0),)/0(+C,*(,)>% *)>%0, >4(-C, 40%, 4++*.'4)%-, \')>, 4-K4.%(.5, @4'0+", W'.>4%3, V35(%, A#FFL_#PFE, +/<<%+)+, 4 (/7N%0,*&,&4.)*0+,)>4),<%(%04335,.*'(.'-%,\')>,3*(<,)/0(+_ ! )>%,+@%4R%0,'+,'()%00/@)%-,*(35,N5,N4.R=.>4((%33'(< ! 4,340<%,(/7N%0,*&,\*0-+,'(,)>%,/))%04(.% ! )>%,.*7@3%]')5,*&,40,4.)+,*&)%( '(.3/-'(<,K/+)'&'.4)'*(E ! +/..%++,'(,)/0(,74'()%(4(.%,4(-I*0,'(,@0%6%()'(<,)/0(,4@@0*@0'4)'*(",f"""g U>%,34+),)\*,+)04)%<'%+,>46%,N%%(,-%+.0'N%-,4+,&*33*\+_ U/0(,74'()4'('(<,=, U/0(,4@@0*@0'4)'(<,=,

J,R%%@+,)>%,)/0(C,\>%)>%0,Q,\4()+,'),*0,(*)" J,\4()+,)*,74'()4'(,)>%,)/0(,N/),Q,)4R%+,')",AV35(%,#FFL_F#E"

W%)>*-+,+/.>,4+,c'(.0%4+%,'(,6*3/7%C,'(.0%4+%,'(,+@%%-C,-%.0%4+%,'(,+@%%-,\')>,*0,\')>*/) %3*(<4)'*(C,0'+'(<,'()*(4)'*(C,0%@%)')'*(C,4--0%++'(<,4,@%0+*(,N5,(47%C,4(-,)>%,/+%,*&,b%]./+% 7%bc,AV35(%,#FFL_#P1=#P8E,+%%7,)*,N%,7*+),%&&%.)'6%,'(,)>'+,0%+@%.)" J(435a'(<, >'+, .*0@/+, *&, %].>4(<%+, 0%.*0-%-, '(, 4, 7/3)'./3)/043, J/+)043'4(, \*0R, +%))'(4),3*(<,)/0(+,40%,(*),(%.%++40'35,3'(R%-,)*,4,<**-,R(*\3%-<%,*&,S(<3'+>",U>% 3%(<)>, *&, )/0(+, '+C, )*, 4, 340<%, %])%()C, ./3)/0%=-%@%(-%()", e>'3%, G*/)>%4+), J+'4(+, )**R @0%-*7'(4()35,+>*0),)/0(+C,6'0)/4335,433,)>%,S/0*@%4(+C,X4)'(,J7%0'.4(+C,4(-,G*/)>,J+'4(+ '(, )>%, +47@3%, )**R, 3*(<, )/0(+", Z%&%00'(<, )*, )>%, +)04)%<'%+, *&, )/0(, 74'()4'('(<, 4(4@@0*@0'4)'(4), V%()043, S/0*@%4(+, 4(-, G*/)>, J+'4(+, \%0%, 7*+) +/..%++&/3, '(, R%%@'(<, )>%'0, )/0(+", [+'(<, )>%, )%.>('^/%+, *&, )%7@*, '(.0%4+%, *0, %6%(

+'7/3)4(%*/+, +@%%.>, '(, *0-%0, )*, 74'()4'(, )>%'0, )/0(+C, V%()043, 4(-, G*/)>%0(, S/0*@%4(+ %7@>4+'a%, )>%, .*()%(), *&, )>%'0, 7%++4<%+", G*/)>=%4+), J+'4(+C, N5, .*()04+)C, @0%&%0, +3*\%0 +@%%.>,'(.3/-'(<,%3*(<4)'*(C,4,+)04)%<5,\>'.>,0%&3%.)+,)>%'0,.*(.%0(,&*0,&4.%,+46'(<,4(-,&*07 A.&",V35(%,#FFL_#ddE"

4 Gambits - Routine formulae S6%05-45, .*(6%0+4)'*(, +%%7+, )*, 4N*/(-, \')>, 0*/)'(%, &*07/34%C, '"%", c>'<>35 .*(6%()'*(43'a%-, @0%@4))%0(%-, %]@0%++'*(+, \>*+%, *../00%(.%, '+, )'%-, )*, 7*0%, *0, 3%++ +)4(-40-'a%-, .*77/('.4)'*(, +')/4)'*(+"c, AV*/374+, #Fd#_!=9E", T(, >'+, @+5.>*3'(, )*, 0*/)'(%+C, S0'., O%33%0, A#F?FI#Fd#E, &*./+%+, *(, 0*/)'(%+, .433%-, b.*(6%0+4)'*(43 +)04)%<5, +'<(43+b, \>'.>, +)0/.)/0%, .*(6%0+4)'*(43, @0*.%-/0%, '(, <%(%043, 4(-, )/0(=)4R'(<, '( @40)'./340", G*7%, *&, )>%+%, -'+.*/0+%, +)04)%<'%+, 40%, 0%@0%+%()%-, '(, )>%, &*07, *&, +%7'=&']%%]@0%++'*(+, .433%-, b<47N')+b", O%33%0, -%&'(%+, <47N')+, 4+, cf"""g, 4, .%0)4'(, +%), *&, +'<(43+, '(, )>% .*(6%0+4)'*(43'+)b+, +@%%.>C, /+%-, )*, '()0*-/.%, 3%6%3, +>'&)+, \')>'(, )>%, .*(6%0+4)'*(C, *0, )* @0%@40%,3'+)%(%0+,&*0,)>%,(%]),)/0(,'(,)>%,3*<'.43,40'+, 0%+%40.>, @4@%0C, \>'.>, '+, N4+%-, *(, 4, .*33%.)'*(, *&, 4N*/), 1PP, <47N')+, .*77*(35 %7@3*5%-,'(,M*0)>,J7%0'.4(,S(<3'+>,+@%%.>C,O%33%0,A.&",#Fd#_FLE,'-%()'&'%+,)>%,&*/0,74'( &/(.)'*(+,*&,<47N')+_ !

J.)'(<, 4+, semantic introducersC, <47N')+, +/<<%+), )>%, *6%0433, &047%\*0R, '(, \>'.>, )>% )*@'.,'+,+/@@*+%-,)*,N%,@34.%-",S]@0%++'*(+,3'R%,cU>%,\45,T,3**R,4),')c,*0,cT,>46%,0%4+*( )*,N%3'%6%c,+%06%,)*,@0%+%(),4,@%0+*(43,6'%\C,K/+),4+,4,@'%.%,*&,/(@3%4+4(),0%43'+7,7'<>) N%,'()0*-/.%-,N5,@>04+%+,+/.>,4+,ce>%)>%0,\%,3'R%,'),*0,(*)C,"""c,*0,cU*,N%,0%43'+)'.C,"""c"

!

U>%, +%.*(-, &/(.)'*(, *&, <47N')+, 0%34)%+, )*, )>%, social context *&, )>%, .*(6%0+4)'*(", U>% N4+'.,7*6%+,*&,)/0(=)4R'(%,\'+>,)*,%(-,4 .*(6%0+4)'*(,.4(,N%,+'<(43%-,N5,<47N')+"

!

W*0%*6%0C,)>%5,745,'(-'.4)%,4,@40)'.'@4()b+,state of consciousness",J+,*/)3'(%-,4N*6%C,4 @%0+*(, .4(, +>*\, >'+I>%0, \'33'(<(%++, )*, 0%.%'6%, '(&*074)'*(, N5, /+'(<, %]@0%++'*(+, 3'R% ch%+C, Tb7, 3'+)%('('+, 4))')/-%, .*()04+)+, +>40@35, \')>, )>%, &4.%= )>0%4)%('(<, .*77%()+, cTb7, (*), 0%4335, '()%0%+)%-, '(, )>4)Cc, *0, %6%(, ce>5, -*(b), 5*/, K/+) 3%46%,7%,43*(%c"

!

:'(4335C, )>%, communicative control &/(.)'*(+, *&, <47N')+, 04(<%, &0*7, @4/+%, &'33%0+C, '"%"

>%+')4)'*(+, +/.>, 4+, c5*/, R(*\c, 4(-, c5*/, +%%Cc, )*, +@%.'43, <47N')+, .>%.R'(<, )>% .*()'(/*/+,&3*\,*&,.*77/('.4)'*(",J7*(<,74(5,*)>%0+C,)>%,@>04+%+,cJ0%,5*/,\')>,7%c 4(-,cT+,)>4),.3%40nc,40%,0%'+,@/0@*+%" Y47N')+, .4(, %')>%0, &/3&'33, *(35, *(%, *&, )>%+%, &/(.)'*(+, *0, .*7N'(%, 640'*/+, +)04)%<'%+", U>% 740R%-,%]@0%++'*(,cTb-,3'R%,)*,4--,+*7%)>'(<,)*,)>4)cC,&*0,'(+)4(.%C,\'33,)>/+,-%)%07'(%,)>% +%74()'., &047%, *&, +/NK%.)=%]@4(+'*(, 4(-, )>%, +*.'43, .*()%]), *&, )/0(, .34'7'(<, 4), )>%, +47% )'7%",A.&",'N'-"E",T(,4(5,+')/4)'*(C,&4.)*0+,+/.>,4+,)>%,4@@0*@0'4)%,-%<0%%,*&,@*3')%(%++,4(-,)>% +'a%,*&,)>%,4/-'%(.%,43+*,4..*/(),&*0,)>%,@0%.'+%,+/0&4.%,+)0/.)/0%,)>4),<47N')+,)4R%"

4.1 Gambits as turn signals T(, )>%, 0%74'(-%0, *&, )>'+, .>4@)%0, T, \'33, .*(.%()04)%, *(, )>%, \45, <47N')+, .4(, '(&3/%(.%, )>% @0*.%++, *&, )/0(=)4R'(<", T), +%%7+, )>4), *6%0), )/0(=)4R'(<, +'<(43+, 40%, ^/')%, &0%^/%(), '(, &*0743 7/3)'@40)5, -'+./++'*(+, \>%0%, )>%, +'<(43'(<, *&, +*.'43, .*()%]), 7'<>), N%, 4, 7*0%, .*7@3%] @0*.%-/0%",T(,'(&*0743,-54-'.,-'+.*/0+%C,>*\%6%0C,)>%,@40)'.'@4()+,40%,7*0%,3'R%35,)*,0%+*0) )*,(*(6%0N43,./%+,A.&",O%33%0,#Fd#_#P#E" O%33%0, A'N'-"E, +/<<%+)+, )>%, &*33*\'(<, )/0(=)4R'(<, <47N')+C, @/))'(<, )>%'0, N4+'., +'<(43'(< &/(.)'*(+,'()*,N04.R%)+_ !#"

fT,\4(),)*,>46%,4,)/0(g_,cW45,T,'()%00/@),5*/,&*0,4,7*7%()Cc,cV4(,5*/,+@40%,4, 7'(/)%Cc,cTb-,3'R%,)*,+45,+*7%)>'(46%,+*7%)>'(<,)*,+45,*(,)>4),)**"c

!!"

fT,\4(),)*,R%%@,75,)/0(g_,ce4'),4,+%.*(-Cc,ce%33C,3%)b+,+%%,(*\Cc,ce>4),T,\*/3-,+45, '+""","c

!9"

fT,\4(),)*,4N4(-*(,75,)/0(g_,cU>4)b+,4N*/),433,T,>46%,)*,+45,*(,)>4)Cc,cU>4)b+,4N*/), ')"c

!L"

fT,-*(b),\4(),)*,)4R%,4,)/0(g_,cT,>46%,(*)>'(<,)*,+45,*(,)>4)Cc,cTb33,@4++,*(,)>4)"c

!1"

fe>5,-*(b),5*/,)4R%,4,)/0(g_,cG*C,\>4),-*,5*/,)>'(R,*&,)>4)nCc,cJ(-,\>4),4N*/), 5*/nCc,ce>4),>46%,5*/,<*),)*,+45,*(,)>4)n"c

!8"

fT,\4(),)*,3%46%,)>%,.*(6%0+4)'*(43,<0*/@g_,cT)b+,N%%(,('.%,)43R'(<,)*,5*/Cc,cTb-,N%))%0, (*),)4R%,/@,4(5,7*0%,*&,5*/0,)'7%"c

V*(+'-%0'(<, )>%, '7@*0)4(), 4+@%.), *&, &4.%=+46'(<, +)04)%<'%+, '(, N*)>, '()04./3)/043, 4(-

'()%0./3)/043,'()%04.)'*(+C,4,+@%4R%0b+,+*.'43,+)4)/+,'+C,'(,7*+),.4+%+C,7%0%35,'7@3'%-,'(,+/.> +@%.'&'., <47N')+", J, +@%4R%0, .>**+'(<, 4, @>04+%, 3'R%, cH%0%b+, \>4), \%b33, -*c, 7'<>)C, -%+@')% >'+I>%0, 3%4-%0+>'@,0*3%C,74'(35, -04\, )>%, 3'+)%(%0+b, 4))%()'*(, )*, )>%, @34(, &*0, 4.)'*(, )>4), +I>% '()%(-+,)*,7%()'*(,'(,>'+I>%0,)/0(,A.&",O%33%0,#Fd#_#P!E" T(, 4--')'*(, )*, <47N')+, &047'(<, )>%, @40)'./340, +*.'43, .*()%]), *&, 4, .*()0'N/)'*(C communication control signals @%0&*07,4(,'7@*0)4(),-'+.*/0+%,&/(.)'*(,'(,%(+/0'(<,)>4),)>% .*77/('.4)'*(,.>4((%3+,40%,*@%(",O%33%0b+,4(435+'+,*&,)>'+,.4)%<*05,'(.3/-%+,&*/0,)5@%+,*& <47N')+_ !#"

f$*,5*/,/(-%0+)4(-I>%40,7%ng_,cJ0%,5*/,&*33*\'(<,7%nCc,cV4(,5*/,>%40,7%nCc,cT+, )>4),.3%40nCc,cZ'<>)n"c

!!"

fT,/(-%0+)**-I>%40-,5*/g_,ckR45Cc,cG/0%Cc,cJ(-,+*n"c

!9"

fT,-'-,(*),/(-%0+)4(-I>%40,5*/g_,cB40-*(,7%nCc,ce*/3-,5*/,7'(-,0%@%4)'(<,)>4)nCc, cG*005C,T,-'-(b),<%),)>4),34+),@40)"c

!L"

fh*/, 7/+), >46%, 7'+/(-%0+)**-, 7%I(*), >%40-, 7%, 0'<>)g_, cU>4)b+, (*), \>4), T, +4'-Cc ce>4), T, 0%4335, +4'-, '+, )>'+Cc, ce>4), Tb6%, N%%(, )%33'(<, 5*/, 433, 43*(<, '+, """, "c, AO%33%0 #Fd#_#PLE"

Q5, /+'(<, *0, 46*'-'(<, +/.>, <47N')+, .*(6%0+4)'*(43'+)+, *&)%(, 4--0%++, )>%, -%3'.4)%, '++/%, *& '()%00/@)'*(+", H*\%6%0C,requests for clarification, +>*/3-, (*), N%, )0%4)%-, 4+, '()%00/@)'*(+, 4+ )>%5, 745, .*()0'N/)%, )*, )>%, +)%4-5, @0*<0%++'*(, *&, )>%, .*(6%0+4)'*(", T(, '()%0./3)/043 .*77/('.4)'*(C, \>%0%, -'43*, 6405'(<, -%<0%%+, *& 34(46'(<,/(-%0+)**-,+*7%)>'(<",T(,)>'+,.4+%C,)>%,+@%4R%0,745,>%3@,)>%,4/-')*0,)*,+46%,&4.%,N5 0%+*0)'(<, )*, %64+'6%, -%6'.%+, +/.>, 4+, cTb7, 4&04'-, )>%0%, +%%7+, )*, >46%, N%%(, 4, +3'<>) 7'+/(-%0+)4(-'(<"c, *0, cG*005C, T, @0*N4N35, >46%(b), 74-%, 75+%3&, .3%40"c, AG.>74)a%0IH40-)= W4/)(%0, #FdF_F9E", J3)%0(4)'6%35C, )>%, 3'+)%(%0, .4(, /+%, *(%, *&, )>%, &*33*\'(<, .*(&'07'(< -%6'.%+_,cWhat you are saying is..., Do I understand you to mean..., Am I reading you right, when...?, You mean...?, I think you are saying..., *0, In other words...c, Ae40->4/<> #Fd1_#9LE",J+R'(<,@0*N'(<,^/%+)'*(+,4(-,0%&3%.)'(<,N4.R,&%%3'(<+,4(-,%7*)'*(,745,'(,&4.) N%, /+%-, 4+, 4, &4.%, +)04)%<5, *&, '(6*36%7%()C, )>4), '+C, )*, +>*\, %7@4)>5C, 4+, \%33", [(3'R% '()%00/@)'*(+,&*0,)>%,+4R%,*&,.340'&5'(<,+)4)%7%()+C,.*00%.)'*(+ /+/4335,.>433%(<%,)>%,+@%4R%0 4(-,.*(+)')/)%,@*)%()'43,&4.%=)>0%4)%('(<,4.)+",G'(.%,.*00%.)'*(+,7'<>),.4/+%,)>%,0%34)'*(+>'@ N%)\%%(,)>%,.*(6%0+4)'*(43'+)+,)*,-%)%0'*04)%C,)>%5,+>*/3-,N%,/+%-,+@40'(<35"

T(,*0-%0,)*,0%+'+),'()%00/@)'*(+C,+@%4R%0,745,%')>%0,.4005,*(,)43R'(<,3*/-%0,*0,)>%5,745,0%+*0) )*,4,.%0)4'(,+%),*&,<47N')+",H*-<+*(,4(-,H*-<+*(,A#FF!_#?!E,+/<<%+),)>%,&*33*\'(<,@>04+%+_ cTb-,3'R%,)*,K/+),&'('+>,)>%,@*'(),Tb7,74R'(46%(b),^/')%,&'('+>%-,5%)C,f"""g"c J..*0-'(<,)*,)>%,)/0(=)4R'(<,0/3%+,4+,*/)3'(%-,N5,G4.R+,%),43"C,4(5,3'+)%(%0,7'<>),N%,+%3%.)%)*,+@%4R,(%])",V>4'0@%0+*(+,'(,7%%)'(<+,7'<>),43+*,4--0%++,.%0)4'(,@40)'.'@4()+,N5,(47%,4('(6')%,.*()0'N/)'*(+,N5,/+'(<,%]@0%++'*(+,+/.>,4+,c"""C,\*/3-,5*/,3'R%,)*,.*77%(),*(,)>'+nCc c"""C, @%0>4@+, 5*/, \*/3-, 3'R%, )*, .*7%, '(, >%0%nCc, ce>4), 40%, 5*/0, 6'%\+, *(, )>4)C, """nc AG.>74)a%0IH40-)=W4/)(%0,#FdF_ddE",U>'+,@40)'.'@4(),745,N%,6%05,'()%0%+)%-,'(,R%%@'(<,)>% &3**0C, N/), +I>%, 745, *..4+'*(4335, (%%-, 4, 3'))3%, 7*0%, )'7%, )*, <4)>%0, >'+I>%0, )>*/<>)+, 4(-%6%3*@, )>%,40% *)>%0,@40)'.'@4()+,&0*7,.34'7'(<,)>%,)/0(,)>%7+%36%+,A.&",e40->4/<>,#Fd1_#L!E" H46'(<,4.^/'0%-,)>%,0'<>),)*,4,)/0(C,)>%,+@%4R%0,\'33,.*()'(/%,)43R'(<,/()'3,+I>%,6*3/()40'35 0%3'(^/'+>%+,)>%,&3**0,4<4'(", T&,)>%,+@%4R%0,\'+>%+, )*, )4R%, 4, 04)>%0, %])%(-%-, )/0(C, +I>%, .4( &'0+), @0%@40%, >'+I>%0, .*(6%0+4)'*(43, @40)(%0+, '(, *0-%0, )*, @0%6%(), '()%00/@)'*(+", e40->4/<> A#Fd1_#1PE, 3'+)+, 4, (/7N%0, *&, .>0*(*3*<'.43, 4(-, <04774)'.43, -%6'.%+_, cFirst of all *0, To begin withC,&*33*\%-,N5,Then, After that, Next, Second, 4(-,+*,*("c,Y47N')+,3'R%,cI just have a few comments, There are three points I want to make, *0 I have a couple of observations about thatc, +%06%, )>%, +47%, @/0@*+%", U>%+%, @>04+%+, .4(, >%3@, )*, .0%4)%, 4, .*>%+'6%, 4(.*>%0%(),4..*/()C,N/),)>%,+@%4R%0,7/+),+)'33,N%,.40%&/3,(*),)*,7*(*@*3'a%,)>%,.*(6%0+4)'*(" :'(4335C, $%N*04>, G.>'&&0'(, .34++'&'%+, discourse markersC, '"%", csequentially dependent %3%7%()+,\>'.>,N04.R%),/(')+,*&,)43Rc,A#FFL_9#EC,3*.4)%-,4),)>%,N%<'(('(<,*&,)/0(+",e>'3%,)>% )/0(='(')'43,740R%0+,and 4(-,so .4(,<%(%04335,N%,&*/(-,4),@*++'N3%,.*7@3%)'*(,@*'()+,'(,)>% '()%04.)'*(C,butC,4,)/0(='(')'43,740R%0,*&,.*()04+)C,*&)%(,'(-'.4)%+,-'+4<0%%7%()",X'R%,and 4(soC,)>%,740R%0,well %7@>4+'a%+,4,.**@%04)'6%,4))')/-%,A.&",G.>'&&0'(,#FFL_##dE",U/0(='(')'43 but,'+,'(,&4.),3'R%35,)*,.*()046%(%,.**@%04)'6%,)/0(=)4R'(/+,43+*,/+%-,N5,+@%4R%0+ )*,.>433%(<%,4(-,'()%00/@),*)>%0+b,/))%04(.%+,A.&",G.>'&&0'(,#FFL_#?LE"

4.2 Language learners and non-native speakers $'+.*/0+%, 4(435+)+, 4<0%%, )>4), <47N')+, 4(-, 0*/)'(%, &*07/34%, -%+%06%, 4))%()'*(, '(, &*0%'<( 34('(<", J@40), &0*7, -'+)'('(<, 4(, %3*^/%(), +@%4R%0C, )>%, 4.^/'+')'*(, *&

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$%+@')%, )>%, 0%./00'(<, /+%, *&, )*@'., .>4(<%+, 4(-, -'<0%++'*(+C, +@%4R%0+, N4+'.4335, %7@>4+'a% )*@'.,.*()'(/')5",T),'+,(*),/(/+/43,&*0,)*@'.+,)*C,7%)4@>*0'.4335,+@%4R'(%,4'0bC,4('()%04.)4()+,7'<>),0%&%0,)*,)>%+%,)*@'.+,N5,/+'(<,@>04+%+,+/.>,4+,remind me to ask you about """C don’t forget to tell me later about """C,,just now you mentioned that """,",T(,&4.)C,<47N')+ >%3@, +@%4R%0+, )*, N/'3-, N0'-<%+, )>4), %+)4N3'+>, .*>%0%(.%, N%)\%%(, 640'*/+, )*@'.+", U>% 3'('+,@/0@*+%,'(.3/-%,)>%,&*33*\'(<,%]@0%++'*(+_,that reminds me of """p,aproposp,talking about """p,well, that’s that, now then, in that connection I would like to turn to", W*0%*6%0C, 4, 34.R, *&, .*>%0%(.%, N%)\%%(, +/..%++'6%, )*@'.+, .4(, N%, 6%'3%-, *0 7')'<4)%-", H%0%, )>%, S(<3'+>, 34(
4.3.1 American and East Asian strategies to introduce and shift topics 4.3.1.1 Inductive and deductive patterns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i+, (*), 0%4335 .%0)4'(,>*\,)>%,<*6%0(7%(),\'33,0%4.),'(,)>%,0/(=/@,)*,#FF?C,4(-,+'(.%,T,)>'(R,4 .%0)4'(, 47*/(), *&, .4/)'*(, '(, .*77'))'(<, )*, U2, 4-6%0)'+%7%(), '+, (%.%++405 N%.4/+%, *&, )>%, %]@%(+%", G*C, T, +/<<%+), )>4), \%, -%345, 74R'(<, */0, -%.'+'*(, /()'3 4&)%0,X%<.*,74R%+,')+,-%.'+'*(",AG.*33*(IG.*33*(,#FF1_#E"

J, \%+)%0(, N/+'(%++74(C, *(, )>%, *)>%0, >4(-C, )%(-+, )*, *@%(, )>%, -'+./++'*(, \')>, )>% '()0*-/.)'*(,*&,)>%,74'(,@*'(),4(-,)*,@*+)@*(%,&/0)>%0,%]@34(4)'*(+,/()'3,34)%0" T,+/<<%+),)>4),\%,-%345,74R'(<,*/0,-%.'+'*(,/()'3,4&)%0,X%<.*,74R%+,')+,-%.'+'*(" U>4)i+, N%.4/+%, T, )>'(R, 4, .%0)4'(, 47*/(), *&, .4/)'*(, '(, .*77'))'(<, )*, U2 4-6%0)'+%7%(), '+, (%.%++405, N%.4/+%, *&, )>%, %]@%(+%", T(, 4--')'*(, )*, )>4)C, 7*+), *& */0, @0*-/.)'*(, '+, -*(%, '(, V>'(4, (*\C, 4(-, ')i+, (*), 0%4335, .%0)4'(, >*\, )>% <*6%0(7%(),\'33,0%4.),'(,)>%,0/(=/@,)*,#FF?",AG.*33*(IG.*33*(,#FF1_!E"

U>'+, 4+@%.), *&, &4.%\*0R, >4+, .*(+'-%04N3%, 047'&'.4)'*(+, &*0, .0*++=./3)/043, .*77/('.4)'*(C N%.4/+%, 4,V>'(%+%,+@%4R%0, \*/3-C, @0%+/74N35C, (*), %]@%.), >'+, .433%0, )*, N%<'(, '77%-'4)%35 \')>, )>%, )*@'., 4(-, 745, )>%0%&*0%, @45, +*7%\>4), 3%++, 4))%()'*(, )*, ')", J3)>*/<>, N*)> .*(6%0+4)'*(43'+)+, 745, 0%7%7N%0, %]4.)35, )>%, +47%, -%)4'3+, *&, 4, .*(6%0+4)'*(C, )>%5, \'33 4+.0'N%, -'&&%0%(), 643/%+, )*, )>%, ')%7+", T(, 4(, %]47@3%, <'6%(, N5, G.*33*(, 4(-, G.*33*(, A.&" #FF1_1EC, )>%,J7%0'.4(,N/+'(%++74(,W0,Z'.>40-+*(, 4(-,W0,e*(%,0%@0%+%()4)'6%, *&, 4 V>'(%+%, .*7@4(5C, &4'3, )*, /(-%0+)4(-, %4.>, *)>%0", J), )>%, %(-, *&, )>%'0, .*(6%0+4)'*(C, W0 Z'.>40-+*(, '(6')%+, W0, e*(<, &*0, 3/(.>", W0, e*(<, 4))4.>%+, +*7%, +'<('&'.4(.%, )*, )>'+ '(6')4)'*(C,4(-,'+,)>%(,-'+4@@*'()%-,N%.4/+%,W0,Z'.>40-+*(,(%6%0,0%&%0+,)*,'),4(5,7*0%",:*0 W0,Z'.>40-+*(C,>*\%6%0C,%]@0%++'(<,4(,'(6')4)'*(,4),)>%,%(-,*&,4,.*(6%0+4)'*(,7%0%35,+>*\+ )>4),>%,>4+,%(K*5%-,)>%,7%%)'(<",U>%+%,4++/7@)'*(+,&*07,@40),*&,*/0,N4.R<0*/(-,R(*\3%-<% 4(-,40%,)>/+,'7@3'.')" J+,'()0*-/.'(<,*(%`+,)*@'.,'+,4(,'(6*36%7%(),@*3')%(%++,+)04)%<5C,)>%,@%0+*(,\>*+%,)*@'.,'+ N%'(<, -'+./++%-, \'33, )%(-, )*, /+%, +>*0)%0, )/0(, %].>4(<%, @4/+%+", U>4)`+, )>%, 0%4+*(, \>5C, '( '()%0./3)/043, .*77/('.4)'*(C, -%-/.)'6%, -'+.*/0+%, @4))%0(+, *&)%(, N%.*7%, 7*(*3*%,0'<>),)*,'()0*-/.%,>'+I>%0,)*@'.C,)>%,+@%4R%0,@0%&%0+ +>*0)%0,)/0(,%].>4(<%,@4/+%+",J+,4,.*(+%^/%(.%C,+I>%,0%<4'(+,)>%,&3**0,4),%4.>,@*++'N3%,@*'() *&,)04(+')'*(,A.&",G.*33*(IG.*33*(,#FF1_?d=?FE"

4.3.1.2 Topic shifts in business meetings T(, 4, +)/-5, *&, J7%0'.4(, 4(-, j4@4(%+%, N/+'(%++, -'+.*/0+%C, H40/, h474-4, A.&", #FF!_88=8FE .*7@40%+, )>%, +)04)%<'%+, 7%7N%0+, *&, )>%+%, )\*, ./3)/0%+, /+%, '(, *0-%0, )*, +>'&), )*@'.+", T( J7%0'.4(,7%%)'(<+C,@40)'.'@4()+,)%(-,)*,'(6*R%,4,@0%-%)%07'(%-,4<%(-4",T(,4..*0-4(.%,\')> )>%,4<%(-4C,J7%0'.4(,*&&'.%0+,40%,%]@%.)%-,)*,'(-'6'-/4335,*@%(,)>%'0,*\(,)*@'.+",J+,)>%+%

%]47@3%+,+>*\C,-'+.*/0+%,740R%0+,4(-,&'33%-,@4/+%+,40%,)>%,@0%64'3'(<,3'(
,,,,,,, ,,,

#,,,,all right &'0+),-%43,)*-45,'+,W*00*\r !,,,,uhms,",a:nds,)>%,*)>%0,-%43C,)>4),T`6%,+)40)%-,)*,\*0R,*(,'+,B>%3@+s 9,,,,sor,*_(,uh:ms,",*(,Y400'+*(s,>*3-'(<+C,)>4)`+,)>%,-%43,\%,+*3-,*/),*&,4, ,,,,,, .*/@3%,*&,,\%%R+,4<*r L,,,,oks,uhms,",well uhm:s,",75,-%43=,H'(R3%5=C,'),'+,4,.*7@3'.4)%-,-%43r Ah474-4,#FF!_8FE

T(,+>*0)C,J7%0'.4(,*&&'.'43+,0%&%0,)*,-'+.*/0+%,740R%0+,'(,*0-%0,)*,.>%.R,)>%'0,0'<>),)*,*@%( )*@'.+,4),4,.%0)4'(,@*'(),'(,)>%,-'+./++'*(" T(, .*()04+), )*, J7%0'.4(, N/+'(%++7%(C, j4@4(%+%, *&&'.%0+, 40%, K*'()35, 0%+@*(+'N3%, &*0, )>%'0 )04(+4.)'*(+",U>%,j4@4(%+%,@04.)'.%,*&,<0*/@,74(4<%7%(),4(-,.*(+%(+/+,-%.'+'*(,74R'(<,'+ 0%&3%.)%-, '(, )*@'., *@%('(<+, 4+, \%33", $/%, )*, )>%, 34.R, *&, 4(, 4<%(-4C, 4(5, @40)'.'@4(), >4+ N4+'.4335, <*), )>%, .>4(.%, )*, *@%(, 640'*/+, )*@'.+, A.&", h474-4, #FF!_?P=?#E", G.*33*(, 4(G.*33*(,A.&",#FF1_d#EC,>*\%6%0C,%7@>4+'a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j4@4(%+%,*&&'.%0+,%7@3*5,+'3%(.%,4(-,7%)4.*77%()+,4+,4,7%4(+,*&,+>'&)'(< )*@'.+", J+, )43R, '+, <%(%04335, 6'%\%-, /(&46*04N35, '(, )>'+, ./3)/0%C, +'3%(.%+, 4+, 3*(<, 4+, %'<>) +%.*(-+,745,*../0,N%)\%%(,)>%,.*(.3/+'*(,*&,*(%,)*@'.,4(-,)>%,'()0*-/.)'*(,*&,)>%,(%]),A.&" h474-4, #FF!_??=d#E", J7%0'.4(+C, *(, )>%, *)>%0, >4(-C, 40%, 7*0%, 3'R%35, )*, /+%, &*07/34'. %]@0%++'*(+,'(+)%4-_ # ! 9 L

V04'< that’s all T,>46%r O40%( 4(5\45C,T,-*(`),R(*\C,4>,that’s all T`6%,<*)r X5(( 4(5\45s,that’s it *(,)>%,-%43r,4(-,)>%(s,+*,T,)>'(R,that’s it *(, )>%,@4@%0,)>4),\%`6%,<*),'(,)>%,740R%)r X5(( 5%4>s,/>>,+*,)>4)=,that’s it=,')`+,VXkG%-,*(,*/0,N**R+,&*0,0'<>), (*\s

T(,'()%0./3)/043,.*77/('.4)'*(C,'),745,N%,0%34)'6%35,-'&&'./3),&*0,J7%0'.4(+,)*,.*@%,\')>,)>% j4@4(%+%, +)04)%<5, *&, (*(.*(&0*()4)'*(, 4(-, +'3%(.%", G'(.%, )>%, 34))%0, -*, (*), .3*+%, *&&, )*@'.+

6%0N4335C, J7%0'.4(+, 7'<>), @%0.%'6%, )>%7, 4+, %64+'6%", e>4)`+, 7*0%C, .*(&0*()4)'*(43, )*@'.+ 40%,@0%&%04N35,-0*@@%-,'(,j4@4(%+%,-'+.*/0+%,A.&",h474-4,#FF!_dF=F#E"

4.3.1.3 Inside and outside encounters U>%,@%0%(('43,/(%4+'(%++,J+'4(+,4(-,e%+)%0(%0+,&%%3,'(,)>%'0,7/)/43,.*(6%0+4)'*(+,745C,'( 74(5, .4+%+C, -%0'6%, &0*7, *(, )>%+%, -'&&%0%(), +)04)%<'%+", M%6%0)>%3%++C, )>%, -%-/.)'6%, @4))%0( 43+*, %7%0<%+, '(, S4+), J+'4(, .*/()0'%+", H%0%, *0-'(405, .*(6%0+4)'*(+, N%)\%%(, &0'%(-+C, &*0 '(+)4(.%C,34.R,)>%,%])%(-%-,@%0'*-,*&,&4.%\*0R,A.&",G.*33*(IG.*33*(,#FF1_d9E",T(,4--')'*(,)* +/.>,.3*+%,0%34)'*(+>'@+C,G.*33*(,4(-,G.*33*(,7%()'*(,+*=.433%-,*/)+'-%,%(.*/()%0+,4+,.4+%+ &*0,4N0/@),)*@'.,'()0*-/.)'*(",U>%+%,%(.*/()%0+C,3'R%,N/5'(<,4,)'.R%),&*0,4,7/+%/7C,<%))'(<,4 +%4), '(, 4, 0%+)4/04(), *0, -%@*+')'(<, 7*(%5, '(, 4, N4(RC, 40%, -%&'(%-, 4+, +')/4)'*(+, \>%0%, c)>% @40)'.'@4()+, >46%, (*, -%43'(<+, \')>, %4.>, *)>%0, N%+'-%+, '(, )>'+, +'(<3%, )04(+4.)'*("c AG.*33*(IG.*33*(,#FF1_dPE" Q5,.*()04+)C,'(+'-%,%(.*/()%0+,\')>,&47'35,7%7N%0+,4(-,.3*+%,'()'74)%+,40%,.>404.)%0'a%-,N5 4,+)0*(<,.*(.%0(,&*0,&4.%,0%34)'*(+>'@+",S6%(,'(,)>%,\%+)C,4,+')/4)'*(,'(,\>'.>,*(%,'()%(-+,)* N*00*\,4,340<%,+/7,*&,7*(%5,&0*7,4,&0'%(-,\'33,N%,<*6%0(%-,N5,.40%&/3,@0*@0'%)5,4(-,)>/+ .*00%+@*(-,)*,)>%,'(-/.)'6%,@4))%0(,A.&",G.*33*(IG.*33*(,#FF1_d#E"

5 Socialization into a discourse system G*.'43'a4)'*(C, '"%", )>%, @0*.%++, *&, 3%40('(<, ./3)/0%C, '+, 4..*7@3'+>%-, @0'740'35, )>0*/<>, )>% @0%&%00%-, &*07+, *&, -'+.*/0+%", h*/(<, .>'3-0%(, 4.^/'0%, N*)>, .*77/('.4)'6%, 4N'3')'%+, 4(./3)/043, (*07+, +'7/3)4(%*/+35", T(&4()+, 40%, +)'33, 4N3%, )*, %(<4<%, '(, 74(5, -'&&%0%(), )5@%+, *& %]@%0'%(.%", T(, )>%, .*/0+%, *&, )>%'0, +*.'43'a4)'*(C, >*\%6%0C, )>%5, 40%, <04-/4335, '+,)*)43,+%),*&,@*++'N3%,N%>46'*0+C,4(-,)>%5,3%40(,)>%,3'7')%-,+%),*&,N%>46'*0+,)>4),40% .*(+'-%0%-,4..%@)4N3%,4(-,'7@*0)4(),'(,)>%'0,*\(,./3)/0%,A.&",Q0'+3'(,#FF9_F1E"

5.1 Education, enculturation, acculturation U>%,)%07,b%-/.4)'*(b '+,/+%-,&*0,&*074335,+)0/.)/0%-,)%4.>'(<,4(-,3%40('(<",bS(./3)/04)'*(b *0 b+*.'43'a4)'*(b 0%&%0+, )*, '(&*0743, )%4.>'(<, 4(-, 3%40('(<", V*(+'-%0'(<, )>%+%, @0*.%++%+, '(, )>% .*()%]),*&,4,.*0@*04)'*(C,)>%,47*/(),*&,&*0743C,+.>**3%-,%-/.4)'*(,'+,4,+'<('&'.4(),7%4+/0%

/+%-,'(,+%))'(<,K*N,0%^/'0%7%()+",k(.%,4,(%\,%7@3*5%%,>4+,N%%(,>'0%-C,+I>%,'+,%]@%.)%-,)* N%.*7%,4,&/33,7%7N%0,*&,)>%,.*7@4(5`+,-'+.*/0+%,+5+)%7",:'0+)35C,)>'+,'+,4.>'%6%-,N5,7%4(+ *&,+*.'43'a4)'*(C,'"%",N5,*N+%064)'*(,4(-,)05'(<,)*,74).>,*)>%0,@%*@3%`+,N%>46'*0",G%.*(-35C )>%, .*7@4(5, 745, @0*6'-%, &*0743, )04'('(<, +%++'*(+C, >4(-N**R+, 4(-, @*3'.5, +)4)%7%()+, A.&" G.*33*(IG.*33*(,#FF1_#LF=#1PE" bJ../3)/04)'*(b '+,4,6%05,(%<4)'6%,)%07C,N%.4/+%,'),c0%&%0+,)*,)>%,@0*.%++,N5,\>'.>,4,-*7'(4() ./3)/0%, .*7%+, )*, +/@@34(), )>%, ./3)/0%, *&, @%*@3%, *6%0, \>'.>, '), >4+, .*7%, )*, %]%0.'+%, ')+ @*\%0"c,AG.*33*(IG.*33*(,#FF1_#?FE",T(,0%.%(),5%40+C,74(5,%7@3*5%%+,*&,+7433%0,.*7@4('%+ )>4),>46%,N%%(,'(6*36%-,'(,7%0<%0+,4(-,)4R%=*6%0+,>46%,%]@%0'%(.%-,4../3)/04)'*(C,+'(.%,)>% @40%(), .*7@4(5, /+/4335, )0'%+, )*, %(&*0.%, ')+, *\(, .*0@*04)%, ./3)/0%, )>0*/<>*/), ')+, 7%0<%+5+)%7"

5.2 Primary and secondary socialization bB0'7405, +*.'43'a4)'*(b .*(+'+)+, *&, )>%, @0*.%++%+, )>0*/<>, \>'.>, 4, .>'3-, <*%+, '(, )>%, %403'%+) +)4<%+,*&,N%.*7'(<,4,7%7N%0,*&,>'+I>%0,./3)/0%",U>%,-'+.*/0+%,+5+)%7+,)>0*/<>,\>'.>,\% %()%0,)>0*/<>,@0'7405,+*.'43'a4)'*(,>46%,4,\%'<>%-,4-64()4<%,*6%0,4(5,\%,%()%0,'(,34)%0,'( 3'&%C, 4+, 5*/(<, .>'3-0%(, 4.^/'0%, .*77/('.4)'6%, 4N'3')'%+, \')>'(, 4, -'+)'(.), ./3)/043, .*()%])" U>%, @0*.%++%+, *&, +*.'43'a4)'*(, )>4), )4R%, @34.%, \>%(, 4, .>'3-, N%<'(+, )*, 7*6%, */)+'-%, )>% &47'35C, <*%+, )*, +.>**3, 4(-, '()%04.)+, \')>, *)>%0, .>'3-0%(, .4(, N%, 4++'<(%-, )*, b+%.*(-405 +*.'43'a4)'*(b,A.&",G.*33*(IG.*33*(,#FF1_#1P=#1#E" T(, '()%0./3)/043, @0*&%++'*(43, .*77/('.4)'*(C, )>%0%, 40%, 4, (/7N%0, *&, \45+, '(, \>'.> 7%7N%0+>'@, '(, 4, .*0@*04)%, -'+.*/0+%, +5+)%7, .4(, .*7%, '()*, +%0'*/+, .*(&3'.), \')>, )>% -'+.*/0+%, +5+)%7+, *&, , *(%`+, @0'7405, +*.'43'a4)'*(", U>%, 4N*6%, 7%()'*(%-, [)'3')40'4( -'+.*/0+%, +5+)%7?, >4+, N%%(, 4-*@)%-, N5, 7*+), '()%0(4)'*(43, .*0@*04)'*(+, 4+, )>%'0, N4+'. '-%*3*<5", e>'3%, \%+)%0(, .>'3-0%(, 43+*, 0%.%'6%, )>%'0, @0'7405, +*.'43'a4)'*(, '()*, +/.> '(-'6'-/43'+)'., 643/%+C, 4, 340<%, (/7N%0, *&, J+'4(, %7@3*5%%+, >46%, *(35, 0/(, 4.0*++, )>'+ '-%*3*<5, '(, )>%, +.>**3+, )>%5, >46%, 4))%(-%-", T&, )>%5, >46%, N%%(, %(./3)/04)%-, '()*, )>% V*(&/.'4(, '-%*3*<5C, &*0, '(+)4(.%C, )>%5, \'33, )%(-, )*, %7@>4+'a%, '()%0@%0+*(43, 4(-, &47'35 0%34)'*(+>'@+, 4(-, )>%, +/..%++, *&, )>%, <0*/@", G'(.%, )>%5, \'33, 0%<40-, )>%, '(-'6'-/43'+)'. '-%*3*<5, 4+, +*7%)>'(<, &*0%'<(C, )>%5, \'33, *(35, /+%, '), &*0, '(+)0/7%()43, @/0@*+%+, A.&" G.*33*(IG.*33*(,#FF1_#dPE" ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ? ,+%%,V>4@)%0,!"#"9C,@",L"

5.3 The acquisition of turn-taking J+,M'('*,4(-,G(*\,A.&",#FF8_#L8E,@%0+/4+'6%35,40'3-0%(,.4(,74+)%0,)/0(=)4R'(<,&4'035 %4035C, \>%0%4+, *)>%0, .*(6%0+4)'*(43, +R'33+, +/.>, 4+, 74'()4'('(<, )*@'., 0%3%64(.%C, *N+%06'(< 0/3%+,*&,)'7'(<,4(-,*N3'<4)'*(+,)*,0%+@*(-,40%,-%6%3*@%-,34)%0" $%6%3*@'(<, 4, +*0), *&, b@0*)*=.*(6%0+4)'*(bC, @40%()+, @0*-/.%, 4, 3*), *&, +*=.433%-, turnabouts \>%(,.*(6%0+'(<,\')>,)>%'0,'(&4()+",V*(+)0/.)'(<,4,)/0(,&*0,)>%,N4N5C,@40%()+,-*,(*),7%0%35 4+R, 4, ^/%+)'*(C, N/), '77%-'4)%35, @0*6'-%, )>%, 0%^/'0%-, 4(+\%0, 4+, \%33", U>'+, @>%(*7%(*( 4..*/()+, &*0, )>%, &4.), )>4), )>%, 74'(, <*43, *&, 4(, 4-/3), '(, 4-/3)=.>'3-, .*(6%0+4)'*(, '+ %(.*/04<'(<,)>%,.>'3-,)*,)4R%,>'+,*0,>%0,)/0(",T(,4-/3)=4-/3),.*(6%0+4)'*(C,*(,)>%,*)>%0,>4(-C @%*@3%,/+/4335,.*7@%)%,&*0,)/0(+,A.&",V*/3)>40-,#Fd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b+,)/0(",G'(.%,.>'3-0%(,+@%4R,04)>%0,+3*\35,4(-,-5+&3/%()35,@40%()+C,N5,.*()04+)C,)05 )*,@0*)%.),)>%,.>'3-b+,)/0(" [(3'R%, J7%0'.4(, 7'--3%=.34++, 7*)>%0+, 4(-, &4)>%0+C, \>*, 6'%\, )>%'0, .>'3-0%(, 4+ .*(6%0+4)'*(43, @40)(%0+C, 4-/3)+, '(, 74(5, *)>%0, ./3)/0%+, -*, (*), .*(+'-%0, .>'3-0%(, )*, N% 4@@0*@0'4)%, .*(6%0+4)'*(43, @40)(%0+", U>%+%, .>'3-0%(`+, +*.'43'a4)'*(, @0*.%++, '+, 7*0%, *0, 3%++ 0%+)0'.)%-,)*,K/+),3'+)%('(<,)*,)>%'0,(4)'6%,34(%+% .>'3-0%(,40%,7*0%,3'R%35,)*,'(')'4)%,.*(6%0+4)'*(+,\')>,@%%0+,)>4(,\')>,<0*\(=/@+,A.&",Q0'+3'( #FF9_#L!E"

J..*0-'(<, )*, Q3/7=O/3R4, 4(-, G>%&&%0, A#FF9_!PdEC, J7%0'.4(, @40%()+, 4))4.>, <0%4) '7@*0)4(.%,)*,+*.'43'a'(<,)>%'0,.>'3-0%(,'()*,J7%0'.4(,)43R=0%,)>%,c.*00%.)c,/+%,*&,34(%,\45,N'-+,&*0,)/0(+ 40%, 4..*7@3'+>%-, '(, )>%+%, )\*, ./3)/0%+C, J7%0'.4(, .>'3-0%(, )%(-, )*, 74R%, 7*0%, %]@3'.') 0%^/%+)+, &*0, )/0(+C, +/.>, 4+, c$4--5C, .4(, T, +45, +*7%)>'('3-0%(,)%(-,)*,@0%@40%,)>%,<0*/(-,&*0,)>%,%(+/'(<,)43R N5,/))%0'(<,4,.3%4035,%]@0%++%-,@0%=%].>4(<%,7*6%_,c$4--5C,-*, 5*/,R(*\,\>4),>4@@%(%)*-45nc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a4)'*(C, 0%+%40.>%0+, 43+*, &*/(-, )>4), '(, j4@4(, *(35, L @%0.%(),*&,4-/3)+,&%3),)>4),.*77/('.4)'*(,+R'33+,\%0%,47*(<,)>%,7*+),'7@*0)4(),)>'(<+,&*0 .>'3-0%(, )*, 3%40(", V*(6%0+%35C, @40%()+, '(, V>'(4, 4(-, '(, )>%, [G, +)0%++, )>%, '7@*0)4(.%, *& .*77/('.4)'*(, +R'33+, '(, .>'3-0%(b+, /@N0'(<'(<", T(, 4..*0-4(.%, \')>, )>%'0, ./3)/04335, +@%.'&'. 643/%+C,!?,@%0.%(),*&,V>'(%+%,@40%()+,4(-,9d,@%0.%(),*&,J7%0'.4(,4-/3)+,.34'7%-,)*,&*./+ *(,)>%,+@%4R%0b+,4N'3')5,)*,%]@0%++,>'7I>%0+%3&,.3%4035",j4@4(%+%,.*(6%0+4)'*(43'+)+C,>*\%6%0C )%(-, )*, %7@>4+'a%,)>%,3'+)%(%0b+,0%+@*(+'N'3')5,4(-,N347%,)>%,3'+)%(%0, '&, 7'+.*77/('.4)'*( 40'+%+,A.&",Q0'+3'(,#FF9_#18E"

6 Summary of the theoretical part X4('.3%, &*0, ./3)/043, '()%04.)'*(", Q*)> '()%0./3)/043, 4(-, '()04./3)/043, -'+.*/0+%, '+, .>404.)%0'a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

'(6*36%7%(), 40%, 7*0%, 3'R%35, )*, N%, /+%-", J+, 4, 0%+/3)C, %4.>, +@%4R%0, \'33, &%%3, ^/')%, &0%%, )* '()0*-/.%,)*@'.+,*(,)>%,4++/7@)'*(,)>4),N*)>,+@%4R%0+,4(-,>%40%0+,+>40%,7%7N%0+>'@,'(,)>% +47%,+*.'43C,*0,4),3%4+),-'+.*/0+%C,<0*/@",:'(4335C,'(,4(,4+577%)0'.43,>'%040.>'.43,+5+)%7,)>% /+%,*&,%')>%0,'(6*36%7%(),*0,'(-%@%(-%(.%,+)04)%<'%+,-%@%(-+,*(,)>%,@*+')'*(,4(-,@*\%0,*& )>%,'(-'6'-/43+,.*(.%0(%-" G4.R+C, G.>%<3*&&, 4(-, j%&&%0+*(b+, A#F?LI#F?dE, +5+)%74)'.+, *&, )/0(=)4R'(<, &*0, S(<3'+> .*(6%0+4)'*(,.%()0%+,40*/(-,)>%,(*)'*(,*&,b)04(+')'*(,0%3%64(.%,@34.%+b,AUZB+EC,'"%",)>%,%(-,*& 4, )/0(, .*(+)0/.)'*(, /('), \>'.>, 745, N%, @0*K%.)%-, N5, )>%, @40)'.'@4()+", J..*0-'(<, )*, )>% b./00%(), +@%4R%0, +%3%.)+, (%]), )%.>('^/%bC, )>%, +@%4R%0, -%+'<(4)%+, )>%, (%]), @40)5, \>*, '+, )>%( %]@%.)%-,)*,)4R%,)>%,)/0(",T&,)>'+,&'0+),0/3%,'+,(*),'(6*R%-C,4(5,3'+)%(%0,745,.34'7,)>%,)/0(",T( .4+%, )04(+&%0, *&, +@%4R%0+>'@, '+, (*), %&&%.)%-, 4), 433C, )>%, ./00%(), +@%4R%0, >4+, )>%, 0'<>), )* .*()'(/%, >'+I>%0,)/0(",U>'+,&047%\*0R,+/<<%+)+,)>4),)/0(,+>'&)+,'(6*36%,>40-35, 4(5, <4@+, *0 *6%034@+",e>%0%4+,)>'+,7*-%3,<%(%04335,4@@3'%+,)*,J(<3*=G4]*(,./3)/0%C,*)>%0,./3)/0%+,7'<>) )*3%04)%, *6%034@, *0, '()04=, 4(-, '()%0)/0(, +'3%(.%+", T()%0./3)/043, 7'+/(-%0+)4(-'(<+, 745, 43+* 40'+%, -/%, )*, 6405'(<, %]@%.)4)'*(+, .*(.%0('(<, N4.R=.>4((%33'(<", j4@4(%+%, ./3)/0%C, &*0 '(+)4(.%C, '(+'+)+, *(, N4.R=.>4((%3, +'<(43+, )*, N%, /+%-, .*(+'+)%()35C, \>'3%, J7%0'.4(, S(<3'+> +@%4R%0+,40%,7*0%,3'R%35,)*,'(+%0),)>%7,4),UZB+" k(.%,+I>%,>4+,0%4.>%-,4,UZBC,4,./00%(),+@%4R%0,\'33,-'+@345,\>%(,+I>%,'()%(-+,)*,>4(-,*6%0 )>%,&3**0C,4(-,*)>%0,@40)'.'@4()+,745,N'-,N5,0%.*<('a%-,+'<(43+,&*0,0'<>)+,)*,+@%4R",G/.>,)/0( +'<(43+, 04(<%, &0*7, R'(%+'., 4(-, @4043'(%+%, @0%@4))%0(%-, 0*/)'(% &*07/34%,40%,.*77*(35,%7@3*5%-,'(,*0-%0,)*,'()0*-/.%,+%74()'.,&047%+C,'(-'.4)%,)>%,+*.'43 .*()%]), *0, 4, @40)'.'@4()b+, +)4)%, *&, .*(+.'*/+(%++C, *0, )*, &/3&'3, 4, .*77/('.4)'6%, .*()0*3 &/(.)'*(",G'7'34035C,)>%5,>%3@,+@%4R%0+,)*,'(')'4)%,-'<0%++'*(+,4(-,)*@'.,+>'&)+" Z%<40-'(<, )>%, )>%*0%)'.43, @4))%0(+, *&, )/0(=)4R'(4), @%*@3%, '()/')'6%35 /(-%0+)4(-,\>%(,4(-,>*\,)*,)4R%,4,)/0(,'(,4,.*(6%0+4)'*(",T(,'()%0./3)/043,.*77/('.4)'*(C '()%04.)4()+, 7'<>), )>%0%&*0%, +@%4R, 4, &*0%'<(, 34(%, -'+.*/0+%, @4))%0(, *&, )>%'0 %4035,34(, )>%, '(>%0%(), 47N'% +'<('&'.4(),)04')+,*&,*)>%0,./3)/0%+",T(+)%4-,*&,%7@>4+'a'(<,)>%,*)>%0,'()%04.)4()+b,.*774(*&, 4, 34(C, )>%5, +>*/3-, 4))%7@), )*, '(.0%4+%, )>%, +>40%-, R(*\3%-<%, N%)\%%(, )>% ./3)/0%+",Q5,3**R'(<,&*0,-'&&%0%(.%+,and .*77*(43')'%+,N%)\%%(,-'+.*/0+%,+5+)%7+C,)>%5,.4( 46*'-, +)%0%*)5@'(<, A.&", G.*33*(IG.*33*(, #FF1_!1#E", k(35, '&, )>%, @40)'.'@4()+, '(, 4 .*77/('.4)'6%, %6%(), 0%74'(, 4\40%, *&, )>%, &4.), )>4), 7%7N%0+>'@, '(, 4, .%0)4'(, -'+.*/0+%

+5+)%7, 43+*, %()4'3+, 4, .%0)4'(, .*77/('.4)'6%, N%>46'*0, \'33, )>%5, 74(4<%, )*, '7@0*6%, )>%'0 @%0+*(43,4(-,@0*&%++'*(43,'()%0./3)/043,.*()4.)+",U>%+%,+R'33+,745,N%,4.^/'0%-,N5,4))%(-'(< .*/0+%+,4(-,N5,0%4-'(<,)04'('(<,N**R+,*(,'()%0./3)/043,.*77/('.4)'*("

7 Empirical part J+,75,74'(,'()%0%+),'(,)>'+,@4@%0,'+,'(,&4.%=)*=&4.%,.*(6%0+4)'*(+,\')>'(,+@%%.>,%6%()+,+/.> 4+, 7%%)'(<+C, (%<*)'4)'*(+C, 4(-, +'7'340, @0*&%++'*(43, +%))'(<+C, T, .*()4.)%-, 4, (/7N%0, *& '()%0(4)'*(43,*0<4('a4)'*(+C,4+R'(<,)>%7,&*0,4,.>4(.%,)*,*N+%06%,'()%0./3)/043,'()%04.)'*(,'( @04.)'.%",U>%,S/0*@%4(,V%()0%,&*0,W*-%0(,X4(*@", G**(, 4&)%0\40-+C, T, <*), )>% *@@*0)/(')5, )*, *N)4'(, &/0)>%0, -4)4, '(, )>%, .*/0+%, *&, 4(, '()%0(+>'@, 4), )>%, V*77'))%%, *&, )>% Z%<'*(+C,4(,'(+)')/)'*(,*&,)>%,S/0*@%4(,[('*(,'(,Q0/++%3+IQ%3<'/7" W5,4(435+'+,\'33,N%,N4+%-,*(,)>%,&*33*\'(<,>5@*)>%+%+_ "

V*(6%0+4)'*(+,N%)\%%(,(4)'6%,4(-,(*(=(4)'6%,+@%4R%0+,40%,.>404.)%0'a%-,N5,7*0%, &0%^/%(),-'&&'./3)'%+,)>4(,.*(6%0+4)'*(+,N%)\%%(,(4)'6%,+@%4R%0+"

"

H'<>35,@0*&'.'%(),(*(=(4)'6%,+@%4R%0+,*&,S(<3'+>,+)'33,/+%,.%0)4'(,6%0N43,4(-,(*(= 6%0N43,+)04)%<'%+,&*0,)/0(=.34'7'(<,4(-,)/0(=)4R'(<,'(,)>%,+47%,\45,'(,\>'.>,)>%5,40% %7@3*5%-,'(,)>%'0,(4)'6%,34(
"

U>%,+/..%++&/3,/+%,*&,<47N')+,4(-,7%)43'(%, +@%4R%0b+,R(*\3%-<%,*&,S(<3'+>",T(,&*0743,+%))'(<+C,<47N')+,40%,/+%-,)*,4,340<%0 %])%()C,\>%0%4+,)>%,47*/(),*&,N4.R=.>4((%33'(<,'+,.*(+'-%04N35,0%-/.%-"

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T(,4--')'*(C,)>%,.>4'0@%0+*(b+,'(&3/%(.%,*(,)>%,@0*.%-/0%,*&,)>%,'()%04.)'*(,'+,<0%4)%0, 4),)>%,&*0743,+'))'(<+,4),)>%,S[,)>4(,4),)>%,04)>%0,'(&*0743,\*0R+>*@+,4),)>%,SVWX"

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U>%, '()%0(43, N*-'%+, *&, )>%, VkZ, .*(+'+), *&, )>%, B3%(405, J++%7N35C, )>%, Q/0%4/, 4(-, )>% .*77'++'*(+", U>%, +%6%(, +@%.'43'a%-, .*77'++'*(+, 40%, 0%+@*(+'N3%, &*0, -04&)'(<, )>%, VkZb+ *@'('*(+,A.&",>))@_II\\\".*0"%/"'()p,.&",G)0%'(a,#FF8_#P9=#PLE" k(, ')+, *\(, '(')'4)'6%C, )>%, VkZ, 4-*@)%-, 4(, ck@'('*(, *(, T()%0./3)/043, S-/.4)'*(c, AV-Z #FLIF8:TMEC,>'<>3'<>)'(<,)>%,0*3%,*&,'()%0./3)/043,%-/.4)'*(,'(,@0*7*)'(<,)>%,'()%<04)'*(,'( +*.'%)5,*&,433,.')'a%(+",V*(+'-%0'(<,)>4),)>%0%,'+,4,)%(-%(.5,'(,+*7%,W%7N%0,G)4)%+,&*0,3*\ 3%6%3+, *&, 4.>'%6%7%(), 4(-, >'<>, 3%6%3+, *&, %].3/+'*(, &*0, %)>('., 7'(*0')5, @/@'3+C, )>%, VkZ \4()+, )*, +/@@*0),)>%+%,.')'a%(+b,@40)'.'@4)'*(,'(, )>%, )04'('(<, +5+)%7+, 4(-, )>%, 34N*0, 740R%)" U*,@0%6%(),740<'(43'a4)'*(C,'()%0./3)/043,%-/.4)'*(,+>*/3-,N%,@0*6'-%-,4+,%4035,4+,@*++'N3% +)40)'(<, 4), @0%=+.>**3, 3%6%3, 4(-, .*()'(/'(<, )>0*/<>*/), @%*@3%b+, 3'6%+, &*33*\'(<, 4, 3'&%3*(< 3%40('(<,4@@0*4.>",U>%,VkZ,+)0*(<35,0%.*77%(-+,'(.0%4+%-,+/@@*0),&*0,)>%,-'++%7'(4)'*( *&, N%+), @04.)'.%, 4(-, %]@%0'%(.%, '(, )>'+, &'%3-, )>0*/<>, 3*.43, 4(-, 0%<'*(43, (%)\*0R+", Q*)> )%4.>%0+, 4(-, @40%()+, +>*/3-, N%, '(6*36%-, '(, '()%0./3)/043, %-/.4)'*(C, %(+/0'(<, )>4), +@%.'&'. 3'(('., .*77/(')'%+, 40%, )4R%(, '()*, 4..*/()", G'7'34035C, )>% VkZ, \%3.*7%+, '()%0./3)/043, %-/.4)'*(43, 4.)'*(, \')>'(, S[=@0*K%.)+, 3'R%, GkVZJUSG, 4(XSkMJZ$k",T),*0<4('a%-C,'(,.**@%04)'*(,\')>,)>%,V*77'++'*(C,)>%,.*(&%0%(.%,*(,Social Cohesion, Intercultural Education and the Role of Subnational Units, )>4), )**R, @34.%, '( U>%++43*('R', *(, !F, 4(-, 9P, G%@)%7N%0, #FF?", :/0)>%07*0%C, )>%, VkZ, '++/%-, 4, .*/@3%, *& -*./7%()+, *(, )>%, @0*7*)'*(, *&, 3'(%3-, -/0'(<, )>% @3%(405, 4++%7N35,*&,)>%,V*77'))%%,*&,)>%,Z%<'*(+",U>%,4'7,*&,)>'+,:*0/7,'+, )*, -04\, )>% 4))%()'*(, *&, )>%, S/0*@%4(, T(+)')/)'*(+, )*, )>%, 4--%-, 643/%, )>4), ./3)/043, <0*/@+C, @40)'./34035 7'(*0')5,./3)/0%+C,.4(,N0'(<,)*,)>%,/(')5,*&,S/0*@%"

7.3.2 The European Parliament U>%, S/0*@%4(, B403'47%(), ASBE, '+, )>%, *(35, -%7*.04)'.4335, %3%.)%-, '()%0(4)'*(43, '(+)')/)'*(" T)+,8!8,W%7N%0+,%]%0.'+%,-%7*.04)'.,.*()0*3,4),S/0*@%4(,3%6%3C,>%3@'(<,)*,-04&)C,47%(-,4(4-*@),S/0*@%4(,34\+,4(-,)>%,4((/43,N/-<%)",U>%,B403'47%()b+,3%<'+34)'6%,@*\%0,.*7@0'+%+ &*/0, @*++'N3%, @0*.%-/0%+_, .*(+/3)4)'*(C, .**@%04)'*(, @0*.%-/0%C, .*=-%.'+'*(, @0*.%-/0%, 4()>%,4++%(),@0*.%-/0%",U>%,S/0*@%4(,B403'47%(),'+,%^/4335,'(6*36%-,'(,)>%,-%&%(+%,*&,>/74( 0'<>)+C, 4(-, '), >4+, 0%34)'*(+, \')>, 433, )>%, \*03-b+, -%7*.04)'.4335, %3%.)%-, @403'47%()+", T( 4--')'*(C,S/0*@%4(,.')'a%(+,.4(,%]%0.'+%,)>%'0,0'<>),*&,@%)')'*(,N5,+/N7'))'(<,)>%'0,0%^/%+)+ 4(-, <0'%64(.%+, *(, 74))%0+, \')>'(, )>%, S/0*@%4(, [('*(b+, K/0'+-'.)'*(", U>%, *7N/-+74(, '+

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7.3.3.1 The result of the interviews T()%06'%\'(<,N%)\%%(,!P,4(-,!1,+)4&&,7%7N%0+,4),)>%,Vk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

)*(%,*)>%0,@%0+*(C,)**",G'7'34035C,'(&*0743,7%%)'(<+,40%,>%3-,'(,4,.*77*(,lingua francaC, N/), '(, 74(5, .4+%+, )>'+, lingua franca .*'(.'-%+, \')>, )>%, 74'(, \*0R'(<, 34('+,.4+%C,4,.*33%4%7,'(,4,34(%5,N*)>,/(-%0+)4(-C,N/),)>%,4--0%++%%,\*/3-,.>**+%,)* 4(+\%0,'(,4,-'&&%0%(),lingua franca" J),)>%,N%<'(('(<,*&,)>'+,.>4@)%0,T,@0*@*+%-,)>%,>5@*)>%+'+,)>4),(*(=(4)'6%,+@%4R%0+,\%0%,4),4 -'+4-64()4<%,'(,'()%0./3)/043,%(.*/()%0+C,%+@%.'4335,4+,&40,4+,)>%,/+%,*&,@*3')%(%++,+)04)%<'%+ 4(-,<47N')+,'+,.*(.%0(%-",U>0%%=^/40)%0+,*&,)>%,%7@3*5%%+,T,'()%06'%\%-,4N*/),)>'+,74))%0 4),)>%,VkZ,.*(&'07%-,75,4++/7@)'*(C,@*'()'(<,*/),)>4),'),\4+,-'&&'./3),4),)'7%+,)*,%]@0%++ .%0)4'(,3%<43,)%07+,'(,4,&*0%'<(,34(%,&4.)*0+,*&,)'7%,4(-,+)0%++,+%%7,)*,@345,4,0*3% 4+, \%33", J+R%-, '&, )>%+%, @0*N3%7+, >4-, 4(, '7@4.), *(, )>%, /+%, *&, <47N')+, N5, (*(=(4)'6% +@%4R%0+C,)>%,*@'('*(+,\%0%,7*0%,640'%-",G*7%,.*33%4%,*(%,>4(-C,\%0%,.*(6'(.%)>4), )>%0%, \4+, 4, 3*), *&, '()%0./3)/043, bR(*\=>*\b, '(, )>%, VkZ", J, 34.R, *&, <47N')+, \*/3)>%0%&*0%, (*), 4&&%.), )>%, 3%6%3, *&, @*3')%(%++, %]@0%++%-, '(, )>%, '()%04.)'*(", J, (/7N%0, *&, +)4&& 7%7N%0+C,*(,)>%,*)>%0,>4(-C,4-7'))%-,)>4),(*(=(4)'6%,+@%4R%0+,+*7%)'7%+,+%%7%-,+>*0),4(>40+>C,%6%(,'&,)>%5,-'-,(*),'()%(-,)*,.*(6%5,)>'+,'7@0%++'*(",G/0@0'+'(<35C,*(%,*&&'.'43,+4')>4), (*(=(4)'6%+, *&)%(, /+%, <47N')+, 4+, 4, 7%4(+, )*, <4'(, )'7%, 4(-, 4+, 4, +*0), *&, c@*3')'.43 \%4@*(c" J3)>*/<>,'(,@04.)'.%,)>%,(/7N%0,*&,34(%,3%6%3,*&,.*77'))%%,7%%)'(<+,*&,)>% SB, 4(-, )>%, Vk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a%,)>%,&'(4(.'43,.>433%(<%+C,N/),43+*

)>%, &4.), )>4), )04(+34)'*(+, *&)%(, -'&&%0, &0*7, )>%, *0'<'(43, )%])", G/.>, 7'+)4R%+, 745, .0%4)% 7'+/(-%0+)4(-'(<+,)*,)>%,%])%(),)>4),7%%)'(<+,*..4+'*(4335,'(6*36%,3*(<,-'+./++'*(+,4N*/) )>%, .*00%.), )04(+34)'*(, *&, .%0)4'(, )%07+, '(, 4, -*./7%()", J+, 4, 0%+/3)C, T, *N+%06%-, 7%%)'(<+ \>%0%, )>%, .>4'0@%0+*(, )0'%-, )*, 0%+*36%, )>%, @0*N3%7, N5, +/<<%+)'(<, )*, c6*)%, *(, )>%, G@4('+> 6%0+'*(,*&,)>%,)%])C,4(-,(*),)>%,$4('+>,*(%"c U>%+%, -'&&'./3)'%+, 7'<>), N%, %]4.%0N4)%-, N5, %(340<%7%(), )*\40-+, )>%, %4+)", J@40), &0*7, )>% 0%+/3)'(<, .*+)+C, )>'+, 7'<>), 43+*, N%, -%)0'7%()43, )*, %&&'.'%(.5", U>4)b+, \>5, )>%, (/7N%0, *& \*0R'(<, =, 4(-, @%0>4@+, 43+*, *&&'.'43, =, 34(%, @0*.%++, *& %(340<%7%()",U>%,0%+/3),*&,75,'(^/'0'%+,4N*/),)>'+,^/%+)'*(,\4+,@40)'./34035,+)0'R'(<_,FPv,*& )>%, %7@3*5%%+, T, '()%06'%\%-, >*@%-, )>4), )>%, S[, \*/3-, '()0*-/.%, 4, 3'7')%-, (/7N%0, *& 34(%, .*/0+%, *&, %4+)%0(, %(340<%7%()", J..*0-'(<, )*, )>%+%, *&&'.'43+C, S(<3'+>, 4(:0%(.>, \*/3-, -%&'(')%35, N%, .>*+%(, 4+, *&&'.'43, 34(, 4(-, 4 G346*('.,34(),>46%,4,.>4(.%,*&,N%'(<,<04()%-,)>'+,+)4)/+,4+,\%33",k(%,@40)'.'@4() '(,)>%,+)/-5,+/<<%+)%-,'()0*-/.'(<,S+@%04()*"

7.3.3.2 The rules for turn-taking at sittings U43R,4),7%%)'(<+,'(6*36'(<,4,340<%,(/7N%0,*&,@40)'.'@4()+,'+,-'&&'./3),)*,74(4<%,/(3%++,)>%0% '+,4,@4))%0(,)*,\>'.>,%6%05*(%,'+,\'33'(<,)*,+/N+.0'N%,'(,4-64(.%",J..*0-'(<,)*,Z/3%,#P1,*& )>%,SBb+,Z/3%+,*&,B0*.%-/0%#!C,)/0(+,745,*(35,N%,4++'<(%-,N5,)>%,.>4'0@%0+*(,*&,)>%,+'))'(<" W%7N%0+, 40%, +/@@*+%-, )*, 4--0%++, )>%, .>4'0C, 4(-, 40%, &*0N'--%(, )*, -%@40), &0*7, )>%, +/NK%.)" J3)>*/<>, 4, +@%4R%0, 7/+), (*), N%, '()%00/@)%-, +I>%, 745C, N5, 3%46%, *&, )>%, .>4'0@%0+*(C, 433*\ 4(*)>%0, @40)'.'@4(), '(, )>%, +'))'(<, )*, @/), )*, >'7I>%0, 4, ^/%+)'*(, *(, 4, .%0)4'(, @*'(), '(, >'+I>%0 +@%%.>",U>%,&*33*\'(<,%]47@3%,+>433,'33/+)04)%,>*\,@40)'.'@4()+,@04.)'+%,)>%+%,0/3%+_ V>4'0@%0+*(_

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+*3'-40')5",J+,4,0%+/3)C,N*)>,)>%,@>5+'.43,+@4.%,4(-,)>%,@*\%0,-'+)4(.%,N%)\%%(,@40)'.'@4()+ 40%,6%05,+7433" k(35, '&, '()%04.)'*(,'+,.>4'0%-,N5,*(%,*&,)>%,.*=*0-'(4)*0+,-*%+, )>%, +)0/.)/0%, *&, )/0(=)4R'(< 0%+%7N3%,)>%,+5+)%7,%7@3*5%-,4),)>%,SB,4(-,)>%,VkZ",T(+)%4-,*&,+%3&=+%3%.)'(<,&*0,)>%,(%]) )/0(C,@40)'.'@4()+,\4'),&*0,)>%,'(')'4)'6%,*&,)>%,.>4'0@%0+*(,\>*,'+,0%+@*(+'N3%,&*0,433*.4)'(< )>%, 0'<>), )*, +@%4R", U>%, -4)4, T, .*33%.)%-, +%%7+, )*, .*(&'07, )\*, >5@*)>%+%+, T, +)4)%-, 4), )>% N%<'(('(<,*&,)>'+,%7@'0'.43,@40)_,T(,&*0743,7%%)'(<+C,@40)'.'@4()+,40%,7*0%,0%3/.)4(),)*,+%(N4.R=.>4((%3,+'<(43+C,\>%0%4+,<47N')+,4(-,7%)43'(%, SVWXC, (4)'6%, +@%4R%0+, *&, S(<3'+>, 43+*, )%(-, )*, '(+%0), 7*0%, <47N')+", J+ 0%&3%.)%-, N5, )>%, +%4)'(<, 4004(<%7%()C, )>%, 0*3%, *&, .>4'0@%0+*(+, '+, (%6%0)>%3%++, 7/.>, 7*0% '7@*0)4(),4),)>%,S[" J+, &*0, )>%, @0%64'3'(<, )%.>('^/%+, *&, )/0(, 433*.4)'*(C, R'(%+'., 4+@%.)+, 40%, @4047*/(), \')>'( N*)>,-'+.*/0+%,+5+)%7+",$/%,)*,)>%,-'+)4(.%,'(6*36%-C,>*\%6%0C,)>%,'7@4.),*&,%5%,.*()4.),'+ (%<3'<'N3%,4),)>%,S[C,N/),(*),4),)>%,SVWX",W%7N%0+,*&,)>%,SBC,&*0,'(+)4(.%C,-%@3*5, 6%05 -'&&%0%(), <%+)/0%+,+/.>,4+,04'+'(<,)>%'0,407+,'(,*0-%0,)*,.34'7,)>%,&3**0,*0,.*7@%)'(<, &*0, 4 )/0(,N5,+\').>'(<,*(,)>%'0,7'.0*@>*(%+,4+,^/'.R35,4+,@*++'N3%",U>%,34))%0,)%.>('^/%,745,43+* 3%4-, )*, -'+0/@)'*(+,'(,)/0(=)4R'(<",J),)>%,\*0R+>*@+,*0<4('a%-,N5,)>%,SVWXC, N5, .*()04+)C '(-'6'-/43,4(-,./3)/043,-'&&%0%(.%+,4..*/(),&*0,'()%0)/0(,+'3%(.%+",T&,'()04)/0(,@4/+%+,*../0,'( )>'+,+%))'(%5,40%,7*0%,3'R%35,)*,N%,'()%00/@)%-",J+,75,34+),>5@*)>%+'+,+/<<%+)%-C,-%345+ 4),SB,4(-,VkZ,+'))'(<+,40%,'(,&4.),*&)%(,.4/+%-,N5,)>%,+5+)%7,*&,+'7/3)4(%*/+,'()%0@0%)4)'*( 04)>%0,)>4(,N5,./3)/043,-'&&%0%(.%+" T(,+>*0)C,)>%,+5+)%74)'.+,*&,)/0(=)4R'(<,4),)>%+%,)\*,*0<4('a4)'*(+,+>*\,740R%-,.*()04+)+",T( N*)>, .4+%+C, >*\%6%0C, '), '+, %++%()'43, &*0, @40)'.'@4()+, )*, N%, &47'3'40, \')>, )>%, 0%+@%.)'6%, &4.% 0%34)'*(+>'@+,4(-,)>%, %]@3'.'), *0, '7@3'.'), 0/3%+, &*0, )/0(, 4(-, )*@'., +>'&)+, '(, *0-%0, )*, @0%6%() '()%0./3)/043,7'+.*77/('.4)'*("

8 English conclusion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j/+), 4+, '()%0@%0+*(43, &4.% 0%34)'*(+>'@+C, >*\%6%0C, )>%+%, +)04)%<'%+, 40%, +/NK%.), )*, ./3)/043, 640'4)'*(+", k(, )>%, 3%6%3, *& '()%0@%0+*(43, .*77/('.4)'*(C, j4@4(%+%C, &*0, '(+)4(.%C, )%(-, )*, N%, %])0%7%35, *N3'<'(<, 4N*/) &4.%",T(,)>%,e%+)C,)>%,-%-/.)'6%,0>%)*0'.43,@4))%0(,4(-,%<43')40'4(,0%34)'*(+>'@+,@345,4,7*0% '7@*0)4(), 0*3%", J@40), &0*7, &*./+'(<, *(, >'<>=.*()%]), .*77/('.4)'*(C, 7%7N%0+, *&, :40 S4+)%0(, ./3)/0%+, +%%7, )*, N%, 7*0%, -'+@*+%-, )*, \*0R'(<, '(, .*33%.)'6%, %(6'0*(7%()+, )>4( e%+)%0(%0+", T(, 4--')'*(, )*, +/.>, '()%0./3)/043, ^/%+)'*(+, *&, @*3')%(%++C, )>%0%, 40%, )5@%+, *& -'+.*/0+%, '(, \>'.>, )>%, '()%04.)'*(43, +)0/.)/0%, ')+%3&, +%%7+, )*, .0%4)%, @0*N3%7+", W%-'4)*0 -'+.*/0+%C, '"%", %+)4N3'+>'(<, /(-%0+)4(-'(<, \')>, )>%, >%3@, *&, 4, (*(=@0*&%++'*(43, '()%0@0%)%0C +%06%+,4+,4,<**-,%]47@3%,&*0,)>'+,R'(-,*&,-'&&'./3)5" e>'3%, H454+>', A#FF8E, '+, 74'(35, .*(.%0(%-, \')>, +)0/.)/0'(<, +'(<3%, 4(-, 7/3)'@3% .*(6%0+4)'*(43,&3**0+C,G4.R+,%),43",A#F?LI#F?dE,-%&'(%-,)>%,0/3%+,&*0,)/0(,433*.4)'*(",B*'()+ \>%0%,+@%4R%0+,745,.>4(<%,'(,.*(6%0+4)'*(,40%,.433%-,transition relevance places,AUZB+E" J), %4.>, *&, )>%+%, UZB+C, @40)'.'@4()+, 745, .>**+%, (*), )*, )4R%, 4, )/0(, *0, )*, )4R%, 4, )/0(, \')> -%345",V*(6%0+4)'*(,.4(,)>/+,N%,.*()'(/*/+,*0,-'+.*()'(/*/+",G.*33*(,4(-,G.*33*(,A#Fd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10 References Q%.R=U%])%,A#FF1E",Europa-Recht",#9)>,%-",Wz(.>%(_,-)6" Q3/7=O/3R4C, G>*+>4(4C, 4(-, H4-4++, G>%&&%0, A#FF9E", U>%, W%)4@04<74)'., $'+.*/0+%, *& J7%0'.4(=T+04%3', :47'3'%+, 4), $'((%0", T(, O4+@%0C, Y4N0'%3%C, %-", Interlanguage Pragmatics",M%\,h*0R_,k]&*0-,[B_,#F8=!!9" Q*0(C, j*4.>'7, 4(-, e'3&0'%-, G.>z))%, A#FF1E", Eurotexte: Textarbeit in einer Institution der EG",G)/-'%(,a/0,-%/)+.>%(,G@04.>%,#",UzN'(<%(_,Y/()%0,M400,2%034<" Q0*\(C,B%(%3*@%C,4(-,G)%@>%(,V",X%6'(+*(,A#F?dE",[('6%0+43+,'(,34(%(*7%(4",T(,Questions and politeness: strategies in social interaction",S",Y**-5C %-",M%\,h*0R_,V47N0'-<%,[('6%0+')5,B0%++",Z%@/N3'+>%-,'(,#Fd?",Politeness: Some universals in language use",V47N0'-<%_,V47N0'-<%,[B" Q/N3')aC, e*3&047, A#FddE", Supportive Fellow-Speakers and Cooperative Conversations" J7+)%0-47_,j*>(,Q%(K47'(+,B/N3'+>'(<,V*7@4(5" V35(%C,W'.>4%3,A#FFLE",Inter-cultural communication at work: Cultural values in discourse" V47N0'-<%_,V47N0'-<%,[B" V*/374+C,:3*0'4(,A#F?FE",ck(,)>%,+*.'*3'(%, '-%4, *&, )>%, (4)'*(43, 34(%,G*.'*3*<5,*&,X4(%, H4%0+" V*/3)>40-C,W43.*37,A#Fd1E",An Introduction to Discourse Analysis",X*(<74(_,X*(-*(" V/+>(%0C, O%((%)>C, 4(-, Z'.>40-, e", Q0'+3'(, A#FF8E", Intercultural Interactions: A Practical Guide",!(-,%-"C,U>*/+4(-,k4R+_,G4<%,B/N3'.4)'*(+" $47%(C,X*/'+%,A#Fd?E",Culture Learning: The Fifth Dimension in the Language Classroom"

Z%4-'(/+%))+_,J--'+*(=e%+3%5,B/N3'+>'(<,V*7@4(5" $/(.4(C, G)40R%5C, j0", A#F?9E", ck(, )>%, +)0/.)/0%, *&, +@%4R%0=4/-')*0, '()%04.)'*(, -/0'(< +@%4R'(<,)/0(+"c,Language in Society !_,#8#=#dP" S-%3+R5C, V40*3%, A#Fd#E", ce>*b+, <*), )>%, &3**0nc, Language in Society #P_, 9d9=L!#" Z%@/N3'+>%-, '(, U4((%(C, $%N*04>C, %-", A#FF9E", Gender and Conversational Interaction",M%\,h*0R_,k]&*0-,[B_,#dF=!!?" S/0*@%4(, V*77/(')'%+, A#FF?E", European Union: Consolidated Treaties", X/]%7N*/0<_ k&&'.%,&*0,k&&'.'43,B/N3'.4)'*(+,*&,)>%,S/0*@%4(,V*77/(')'%+" S/0*@%4(, V*77/(')'%+, A#FF?E", European Union: Treaty of Amsterdam", X/]%7N*/0<_ k&&'.%,&*0,k&&'.'43,B/N3'.4)'*(+,*&,)>%,S/0*@%4(,V*77/(')'%+" :04()+')+C, J(<%3'R4, A#FF8E", Intercultural Business Communication: A contrastive study of politeness in business letters",$'@3*740N%'),O403=:04(a%(+=[('6%0+')w),Y04a" Y*&&74(C,S06'(<,A#F?8E",cZ%@3'%+,4(-,Z%+@*(+%+"c,Language in Society 1_,!1?=9#9" Y*3-N%0'&)_,J,7%.>4('+7,&*0,)>%,4&&'3'4)'*(,*&,/))%04(.%+,'( .*(6%0+4)'*(43,'()%04.)'*(",T(,G.>%(R%'(,#F?d_,#FF=!#d" Y*+3'((, A#Fd#E", O'(%+'.+, '(, -'+.*/0+%", T(, V*/3)>40-C, W43.*37C, 4(-, W40)'( W*()<*7%05C,%-+",,Studies in Discourse Analysis",X*(-*(_,Z*/)3%-<%_,#1d=#d9" Y0'.%C,H"B",A#F8?E",X*<'.,4(-,.*(6%0+4)'*(",T(,William James Lectures",H40640-,[('6%0+')5" X4)%0,'(,V*3%C,B"C,4(-,j",W*0<4(C,%-+",A#F?1E",Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts. M%\,h*0R_,J.4-%7'.,B0%++_,L#=1d" Y/-5R/(+)C, e'33'47, Q"C, 4(-, U+/R4+4, M'+>'-4, A#FFLE", Bridging Japanese/North American Differences", V*77/('.4)'(<, S&&%.)'6%35, '(, W/3)'./3)/043, V*()%])+, #", U>*/+4(k4R+_,G4<%,B/N3'.4)'*(+" Y/7@%0aC,j*>(,j",A#Fd!E",Discourse strategies", G)/-'%+, '(, T()%04.)'*(43, G*.'*3'(*0,Q**R+I$*/N3%-45",Z@)",#FdF" H4+3%))C,Q%)>,A#FdFE",V*77/('.4)'*(,4(-,X4('(,4,V/3)/043,V*()%])" T(, U'(<=U**7%5C, G)%334, 4(-, :%3'@%, O*0a%((5C, %-+",Language, Communication and Culture: Current Directions",M%\N/05,B40R_,G4<%,B/N3'.4)'*(+" H454+>'C,Z%'R*,A#FF8E",Cognition, Empathy, and Interaction: Floor Management of English

and Japanese Conversation",J-64(.%+,'(,$'+.*/0+%,B0*.%++%+,XT2",M*0\**-C,M"j"_ JN3%],B/N3'+>'(<,V*0@*04)'*(" H*-<+*(C,B>'3C,4(-,j4(%,H*-<+*(,A#FF!E",Effective Meetings",X*(-*(_,V%()/05,Q/+'(%++" T()%0(%)_,>))@_II./3)/0%".*%"&0I%.73I'(-%]~%">)7" T()%0(%)_,>))@_II\\\".*0"%/"'()" T()%0(%)_,>))@_II\\\"%/0*@403"%/"'()" T()%0(%)_,>))@_II\\\"%/0*@4)%47"..".%.IGY!I(" j4((%5C,Z'.>40-,e"C,4(-,H*0+),J0(-),A#FF!E", T()04./3)/043,)4.),6%0+/+,'()%0./3)/043,)4.)", T( e4))+C, Z'.>40-, j"C, G4.>'R*, T-%C, 4(-, O*(04-, S>3'.>C, %-+", Politeness in Language: Studies in its History, Theory and Practice",Q%03'(_,W*/)*(,-%,Y0/5)%0_,!#=L#" O%33%0C, S0'., A#F?FE", cY47N')+_, V*(6%0+4)'*(43, G)04)%<5, G'<(43+"c, Journal of Pragmatics 9"9IL_,!#F=!9d",Z%@/N3'+>%-,'(,V*/374+,#Fd#_,F9=##L" O(4@@C, O403&0'%-C, 4(-, J((%3'%, O(4@@=B*))>*&&, A#Fd?E", T(+)%4-, *&, 4(, '()0*-/.)'*(_ V*(.%@)/43,'++/%+,'(,4(435a'(<,'()%0./3)/043,.*77/('.4)'*(",T(,O(4@@,%),43",#Fd?_,#= #9" O(4@@C,O403&0'%-C,4(-,J((%3'%,O(4@@=B*))>*&&,A#Fd?E",U>%,74(,A*0,\*74(E,'(,)>%,7'--3%_ $'+.*/0+43,4+@%.)+,*&,(*(=@0*&%++'*(43,'()%0@0%)'(<",T(,O(4@@,%),43",#Fd?_,#d#=!##" O(4@@C, O403&0'%-C, e%0(%0, S(('(<%0C, 4(-, J((%3'%, O(4@@=B*))>*&&C, %-+", A#Fd?E", Analyzing Intercultural Communication", G)/-'%+, '(, J()>0*@*3*<'.43, X'(46'*0, '(, .*(6%0+4)'*(+, N%)\%%(, j4@4(%+%, 4(J7%0'.4(+", T(, Q3*774%0)C, j4(C, 4(-, j%&, 2%0+.>/%0%(C, %-+", The Pragmatics of International and Intercultural Communication", J7+)%0-47_, j*>(, Q%(K47'(+ B/N3'+>'(<,V*7@4(5_,###=#9P" M'('*C, J(4)C, 4(-, V4)>%0'(%, S", G(*\, A#FF8E", Pragmatic development", Q*/3-%0_, e%+)6'%\ B0%++" M*&+'(<%0C,Z*N%0),S",A#FF#E",Everyday Conversation",T()%0@%0+*(43,V*77)%])+,#",M%\N/05 B40R_,G4<%,B/N3'.4)'*(+" B'()*C, $46'-, A#FFLE", Interculturele Communicatie: Dubbel perspectief door de driestappenmethode voor het doeltreffend overbruggen van cultuurverschillen", Q*>(

G)4&3%/,24(,X*<>/7_,H*/)%(I$'%<%7" G440'*C,J'K4,A#FdPE",T()%04.)'*(43,4.)'6')'%+,'(,-'+.*/0+%,N%)\%%(,(4)'6%,4(-,:'(('+>,+@%4R%0+ *&,S(<3'+>",T(,G4K464404C,O40'C,4(-,j44RR*,X%>)*(%(C,%-+",Papers in Discourse and Contrastive Discourse Analysis", j56w+R53w, V*()04+)'6%, G)/-'%+, 1", [('6%0+')5, *& j56w+R53wC,$%@40)7%(),*&,S(<3'+>_,1?=d!" G4.R+C,H406%5C,S74(/%3,J",G.>%<3*&&C,4(-,Y4'3,j%&&%0+*(,A#F?LE",cJ,G'7@3%+),G5+)%74)'.+ &*0,)>%,k0<4('a4)'*(,*&,U/0(,U4R'(<,'(,V*(6%0+4)'*("c,T(,X4(%-,'(,G.>%(R%'(,#F?d_,?=11" G.40.%334C, Z*N'(, V", A#FFPE", V*77/('.4)'*(, $'&&'./3)'%+, '(, G%.*(-, X4(%(, $", O04+>%(C, %-+", Developing Communicative Competence in a Second Language",G%0'%+,*(,T++/%+,'(,G%.*(-,X4(",Q*+)*(_,H%'(3%,m,H%'(3% B/N3'+>%0+_,99?=919" G.40.%334C, Z*N'(, V", A#FF!E", T()%0%)>('., V*(6%0+4)'*(, 4(-, G%.*(-, X4((,Q%(K47'(+,B/N3'+>'(<,V*7@4(5_,#PF=#9?" G.>%(R%'(C,j'7C,%-",A#F?dE",Studies in the organization of conversational interaction",M%\ h*0R_,J.4-%7'.,B0%++" G.>'&&0'(C, $%N*04>, A#Fd?E",Discourse Markers", G)/-'%+, '(, T()%04.)'*(43, G*.'*3'(74)a%0C, H4((%+C, 4(-, Y%03'(-%, H40-)=W4/)(%0, A#FdFE", How to master meetings, negotiations, presentations. e'%(_,G%06'.%=:4.>6%034<" G.*33*(C,Z*(,4(-,G/a4((%,Q"O",G.*33*(,A#Fd#E",Narrative, Literacy and Face in Interethnic Communication", J-64(.%+, '(, $'+.*/0+%, B0*.%++%+, 2TT", M*0\**-C, M"j"_, JN3%] B/N3'+>'(<,V*0@*04)'*(" G.*33*(C, Z*(, 4(-, G/a4((%, e*(<, G.*33*(, A#FF1E", Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach",k]&*0-_,Q34.R\%33" G'(<%3'+C, U%-, A#FFLE", M*(6%0N43, V*77/('.4)'*(, '(, T()%0./3)/043, T()%04.)'*(+", T(, Q0'+3'(C Z'.>40-, e"C, 4(-, U*7*R*, h*+>'-4C, %-+", Improving intercultural interactions: Modules for cross-cultural training programs", U>*/+4(-, k4R+C, V43'&"_, G4<%

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