COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN AND ASSESSMENT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY(CSR) INITIATIVES IN BUKIDNON Eva N. Mendoza1,*, Angela Grace T. Bruno2, Alisa M. Cabacungan3

ABSTRACT While there are already efforts on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) by the agro-industrial companies in Bukidnon, there is still a need to assess whether such initiatives are relevant and responsive to the needs of communities. Hence, this study described and explored the nature of community participation in, and assessment of CSR initiatives of the agroindustrial companies in the province. Through qualitative methods (e.g., Focus Group Discussions and In-depth Interviews), it was found out that communities were grateful to the companies for providing them services such as livelihood projects, scholarships, school buildings, road repairs, and medical missions. However, they recognized their relatively limited participation in the formulation and implementation of CSR initiatives. Thus, companies have to develop mechanisms for communities’ active participation in the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of CSR for more responsive and relevant programs/projects. Company-LGU partnership also needs to be strengthened for more sustainable CSR programs/projects. Keywords: community participation, assessment, corporate social responsibility, agro-industrial companies

1,*

Associate Professor I, Department of Behavioral Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, CMU (Corresponding Author: [email protected]) 2 Assistant Professor IV, Department of Environmental Science, College of Forestry and Environmental Science, CMU 3 Assistant Professor III, Department of Behavioral Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, CMU

49

INTRODUCTION Agro-industrialization in the province of Bukidnon is evidently growing. Based on the 2005 land cover map of Bukidnon generated by the Environmental Science for Social Change (ESSC) and the Bukidnon LGU, pineapple plantation occupies 2.06%, banana plantation has 0.43%, and sugarcane covers 7.18% of the total area of Bukidnon. While this change in the province may have contributed to the economic development, it also posed some social, cultural, and ecological challenges (Mendoza, 2009). Hence, agro-industrial companies need to be responsive to such challenges. One way to address these challenges is through the companies’ Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). World Bank defines CSR as "the commitment of business to behave ethically and to contribute to sustainable economic development by working with all relevant stakeholders, to improve their lives in ways that are good for business, the sustainable development agenda, and society at large" (Baker, 2004, p. 2). There may already be efforts of companies in the province with regards to CSR. However, it is important to assess whether these CSR initiatives are responsive to the needs of communities. Thus, it is necessary to describe the extent of participation of the communities in the CSR initiatives of the agro-industrial companies in the province. Craig and Mayo (1995) quoted the “Brundtland Commission’s conclusion that one of the main prerequisites of sustainable development is securing effective citizen’s participation” (p. 2). Maclagan (2002) contended that corporate social responsibility needs to be “understood as a process, through which individuals’ moral values and concerns are articulated” (p. 43). He noted, “such a process should be participative, involving employees (and perhaps other stakeholders), and that through such a participative process, matters of social responsibility may be identified in the expectations and moral claims of an organization’s stakeholders” (p. 43). Moreover, it could be noted, “while the issue of the role of the private sector in development is very much on the agenda of donors and governments, mainstream Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) debates continue to neglect questions with regard to the accountability of companies to the communities in which they invest” (Newell, 2005, p. 541).

50

Kapelus (2002) mentioned that as mining companies, especially in the developing countries, came up with corporate social responsibility strategies, “a prominent place is given to their relationship with local communities” (p. 275). Thus, quality participation of communities in CSR initiatives is found to be requisite to more responsive and sustainable activities of companies related to CSR. Objectives of the Study This study generally aims to describe the nature of community participation in and assessment of CSR initiatives of the agro-industrial companies in Bukidnon. Specifically, it seeks to describe and explore the nature of participation of communities in the CSR initiatives, the communities’ and LGU officials’ assessment of the CSR initiatives of the agro-industrial companies, and communities’ and LGU’s expected role in the CSR initiatives. METHODOLOGY This study is descriptive and exploratory. To generate in-depth responses, it employed qualitative techniques in collecting data on CSR such as Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), and In-depth Interviews. It is conducted in the province of Bukidnon, particularly in the municipalities of Quezon, Don Carlos, and Lantapan, and in Valencia City, last August, 2011- March, 2012. Three major agro-industrial companies were purposely selected to represent the three major cash crops in the province: banana, sugarcane, and pineapple. Seven FGDs among selected community beneficiaries of CSR initiatives of the three companies were conducted separately. There were 5-15 beneficiaries or an average of seven participants for each FGD. In-depth interviews among local officials were also conducted to generate information about their views on the CSR initiatives of the three companies. Company officials, especially those who are in-charge of CSR, were also interviewed to validate the responses of the CSR beneficiaries and local officials. The data generated were subjected to descriptive analysis. Specifically, a thematic analysis was employed in analyzing the transcribed qualitative responses to determine the patterns and themes of these responses. 51

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Participation of Communities in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Initiatives Participation in the Formulation of CSR Initiatives Integrating CSR initiatives in the Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) for land rental between the company and the landowners facilitated the participation of the community particularly the latter. During the process of MOA formulation, the communities were consulted through a meeting set by the company representatives regarding their possible requests or demands. Communities even went to the National Commission of Indigenous People (NCIP) to ask for assistance in coming up with their demands to be stipulated in the MOA. These demands include scholarship program for their children and youth as well as livelihood activities to augment their income. In many cases, livelihood projects are not specifically identified, but the CSR initiatives were all indicated in the MOA. However, in the formulation of training activities, the beneficiaries of one of the companies revealed that they were not consulted. They were not asked about the skills that need to be trained. Instead, the company complied with the suggestion of their foundation that provided for the funding of such training activities e.g. hair cutting, hair styling, reflexology, vinegar making, and mushroom culture. The company directly sent an invitation to the selected beneficiaries. In the case of the livelihood project provided specifically to women’s organizations by one of the companies, a representative (from the company) informed the barangay captain and the members of the organizations that the company has proposed a project that would benefit them. The women were asked if they wanted to have the “paper balling”4 as a livelihood project. It may not be their choice, but the fact that the company is offering them something that could give them a source of income, they accepted the offer.

4 Paper balling is forming ball-shaped papers to be used in covering the tips of young pineapple plant to prevent it from extreme sunlight.

52

On the other hand, one of the companies has a more participatory and systematic mechanism in its initial steps of formulating its CSR initiatives. The company conducted a study by generating data of the barangay profile and identifying the poorest households in the target community beneficiaries. According to one of the FGD participants, “gipangutana ang among panginabuhi, nganong ing’ani among kinabuhi nga pobre mi, unsay mga problema namu. Gi interview mi nila sa among panginabuhi, lumad ba mi diri, unsay among mga income ana…” [They (the company) asked us about our source of living, why we are poor, and what our problems are. They interviewed us about our means of livelihood, asked us if we are indigenous here, and about our sources of income…]. The company likewise conducted consultations and validation of the data generated from the survey and seconhdary sources among leaders in the community. However, the company simply provided the target beneficiaries with two choices of livelihood projects. They were asked to choose between duck raising and vegetable gardening. However, the target beneficiaries were not asked about other choices. One FGD participant related, “…Wala sila nangutana sa amo kay naa naman ilang gihatag.” (They did not ask us because they have already given us something…). Instead, the CSR representative of the company came up with the idea of raising ducks as a livelihood project. She went to the target community and told them that she was looking for a possible livelihood project for them. Participation in the Implementation of CSR Initiatives In cases where CSR initiatives are not institutionalized, the company operates on a demand-driven basis. For instance, community initiated and directly requested the company, through a resolution, to provide them with services and facilities like a basketball court, a classroom, and materials for bakery and even for transportation during burial. Likewise, a fisher folk association solicited from the company which consequently provided them with financial support for their trainings. They also solicited from the company some amount for their activities during Charter Day celebration particularly for prizes of winners of their contests (e.g. boat racing). They also requested the company to provide them with some amount (e.g., P20,000.00) to support for the formation of their organization. When they were not able to do fishing because of “fish kills” in 2003, they also requested the company to provide them with employment.

53

There were also instances when communities played a role in the implementation of the CSR projects. Company shouldered the expenses in the construction of a basketball court and classrooms and the community provided the labor. In another case, the company directly provided materials (non-cash) worth P10,000.00 for the operation of bakery, the beneficiaries likewise provided labor and other inputs. Aside from the financial support, one of the companies also provided a “boom truck” during coastal “clean up” of the river. Consequently, the community participated in the said clean up activity.

In the “paper balling” project, the beneficiaries prepared the supporting documents (e.g., BIR, OR, registration, etc.) notarized by a public attorney before they started with the project; spent for the transportation cost for bringing the paper supply from the company’s main office to their area; and hired a staff to monitor their operations and finances who acted as a liaison between the cooperative and the company (particularly in securing the supplies for paper balling and the payment). Beneficiaries in one of the companies’ CSR projects attempted to come up with strategies to cope with problems that arise during its implementation. Specifically, they established an association to address conflicts that emerged between them and their neighbors. Similarly, in the study on CSR of Del Monte Philippines (Del Monte Philippines Corporate Sustainability, 2010), it was revealed that they established partnership with selected local farmers and entrepreneurs. Likewise, Del Monte Philippines introduced community leaders, family heads, women and out-of-school youth and families of employees in the Philippines to agro-technical skills that can help them gain employment, start businesses and augment family income. The study of Romero (2008) on CSR reveals that smaller enterprises help their immediate community (neighborhood, barangay or parish) than large corporations. Romero further cited that the CSR programs of Halo Heavenly D’lites are focused on education (e.g. scholarships, book donations), environment (e.g. promotion of solid waste management) and health categories (health and sports categories).

54

Assessment of Communities on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Initiatives Community’s Assessment on the Formulation of CSR Initiatives According to the beneficiaries of skills trainings, the company should have conducted training needs assessment. It is difficult for them to undergo training that does not reflect their interest. They could have suggested other skill trainings (e.g. masonry) which they considered being more helpful to them. However, they also commended the company on certain skill training that they underwent particularly hair cutting because it is useful to them. Other beneficiaries also expressed their limited involvement in the identification of livelihood project. However, the community did not assert their interest to be consulted. They were simply happy and grateful that they were considered as beneficiaries of a project. An FGD participant related, “excited mi ma’am oi, excited man gani ‘ng gahatag, kami pa ba nga gadawat…” (we are excited ma’am, the giver is even excited, how much more us as recipients…). On the other hand, although the beneficiaries were grateful to one of the companies for sending them to a seminar for free, they were later quite frustrated because they were not oriented with the possible problems that they may encounter, particularly in raising ducks. Beneficiaries of another project in the same company also mentioned that the kind of training given to them was the company’s idea. However, even if the company did not inform them of the motorcycle repair training that they participated in, they were so grateful to the company. They were happy because, as beneficiaries, they were given allowances while undergoing their training. More so, they were thankful to the company because the training might provide them with an opportunity to learn and develop a skill that will be useful for them. Community’s Assessment on the Implementation of CSR Initiatives The beneficiaries of one of the companies expressed gratitude for its support. They were grateful particularly for the construction of a basketball court and classroom. They found these structures very helpful in their community. They could have recreational activities because of the basketball court. The motivation of their children to go to school also increased. However, they also mentioned certain limitations in the implementation of some CSR efforts. First, the scholarship support given by the company was less than the agreed amount in the MOA which is Php 5,000.00 per semester. Second, the requirement for qualified scholars (e.g., weighted grade average of 85) is quite difficult to comply. Third, there is no monitoring by the company. Fourth, after the training, the beneficiaries were not given further support to make use of their newly acquired skills. 55

In the “paper balling” project, the women beneficiaries are also grateful to the company for the said source of livelihood. Their income from “paper balling” and making of pillows and bedding is really of help in meeting their basic household needs. According to one of the members, “… bahin sa ako mam, nalipay jud ko kaayo nga nia ni nga mga livelihood nga programa tungod kay, pareho nako karon mam tigulang na, akong bana tigulang na pod…nalipay jud ko kay usa pod ni nakatabang sa ako nga makapalit mi ug bugas, mga panud-an…” (…for me ma’am, I am really happy that there is this livelihood program because, just like me who is now old, and my husband is also old…I am really happy because it has become our means to buy milled rice and viands…). The beneficiaries were also thankful to the company because through the livelihood projects they availed (e.g. making of bags, pillows, and bedding), they were able to discover their talents and skills. Moreover, it was observed that the women were able to come up with a strategy in the implementation of the livelihood activity particularly the sewing of bags, and pillows. Specifically, those who do not have the skill in sewing or making such items would just let those who have the skill make the orders. However, the former may also earn from the sales because each member is entitled to a supply of foam and plastic scrub. An FGD participant explained: “pareho sa ako mam, kay dili man ko kabalo motahi, unya naay order sa ako unlan, ipatahi nako sa iyaha, mubayad lang ko…” [just like me ma’am, since I do not know how to sew and then I’ve got orders of pillows, I would just let her (the one who knows how to sew) sew it, then I would pay her…]. On the other hand, the women beneficiaries revealed that though it is the company that determined the project, they were grateful of the opportunity to have a source of income. Some of them were even able to build a house and/or buy appliances. They greatly appreciated the said project because it gave an opportunity for women who used to play or gamble (e.g. game cards), to start earning. The project also allowed them to have an alternative activity other than the routine household chores that often cause them boredom. Since they do the “paper balling” together in one place, they have the opportunity to chat and enjoy each other, and share their problems and experiences to one another. Their additional income also enabled them to buy things for themselves which had somehow enhanced their well-being and self-esteem. Hence, it is just fine for the women beneficiaries even if it is the company that formulated the project.

56

People in the community were thankful to one of the companies because of the free medical services it afforded them (though limited in number): teeth extraction, circumcision, and giving of free medicines and vitamins. In addition, beneficiaries (parents and scholars) of the selective scholarship program were grateful to the company for such opportunity (monetary assistance and transportation services). LGU Officials’ Assessment on CSR Initiatives

From the point of view of the LGU officials, the companies made contributions to each of their municipalities particularly in tax revenue. One of the companies was even considered as the “biggest or major taxpayer” in their municipality with about 20 million pesos per year or around 50% of their tax revenues. The said company contributed a lot in the Real Property Tax which was spent mostly for the local school board budget (e.g., teachers’ salary, classroom). The informants were grateful to the companies because they also extended other support, which they considered being very significant to their respective municipalities (e.g., employment, scholarships, and classrooms or school buildings). Likewise, they appreciated the companies’ active participation and their giving of cash donations during significant activities in the municipality such as fiestas, charter day celebrations, and other cultural activities. Aside from financial support, they also provided non-cash donations and lend some of their machineries (e.g. fire hoses, fire trucks) when the municipality needed them. The informants also appreciated the company’s support to women’s organizations by providing them livelihood projects and skills trainings. They were also grateful for the company’s commitment to support the rehabilitation of the water system in the municipality, and the medical and dental missions conducted by the company. They further revealed that so far, the company granted the request of the LGU whenever they asked for it. For instance, it provided medicines for their clinics. It also provided some livelihood and infrastructure support (e.g. road maintenance, water system) through the intervention of the LGU. However, in one municipality, LGUs expressed that there was a lack of coordination between LGU and the company in terms of the implementation of the company’s projects in the community. Although the company was active in its social services and environmental management, there was no venue for their coordination.

57

Suggested Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives Based on output of interviews and FGDs, communities and LGU appreciate the assistance of companies through the CSR initiatives. Table 2 presents the summary of their recommendations, which are more directed towards basic social services, particularly livelihood, education and health. Table 1. Community and LGU suggestions on CSR Initiatives of companies COMMUNITY

LGU



Scholarship





Skills training (e.g. welding, mechanics, painting, masonry, and furniture making)

Support for quality education





Provision of materials and equipment for livelihood

Technical skills training, particularly farming



Training on agri-entrepreneurship



Employment/job from companies



Training for out-of-school youths



Animal raising



Medical missions



Small-scale business



Feeding programs



Seed/start-up capital





Building for livelihood activities

Facilities and infrastructures for education and recreation



Financial support for identified livelihood



Literacy program and health services and facilities for IPs



Farm inputs



Livelihood trainings



Maintenance of barangay roads

Community Recommendations In one of the three companies, the beneficiaries wanted to have the scholarship assistance continued. However, they mentioned that the assistance needs to be increased. They want the company to provide for the full payment of tuition fees. They also requested for more flexible criteria in selecting beneficiaries like lowering the average of 85 set by the company.

58

Aside from hair cutting, they also suggested training of other skills such as welding, mechanics, painting, masonry, and furniture making. Consequently, they would want that during the training, they are provided with a subsidy allowance. They likewise expected from the company further assistance after the training so that they could make use of their skills they acquired from the training. For instance, they would be provided with materials (e.g., scissors, barbershop, etc.) for hair cutting. They also suggested that training for the adolescents or out-of-school youths should also be conducted. In another community, beneficiaries expected that after training on motorcycle repair, they would be employed in the company. They anticipated that the company would employ them eventually so they could also apply the skills they learned. Respondents from the three companies suggested for livelihood projects such as animal raising (e.g., cow, chicken, pig, and goat) and smallscale business (rice selling). They believed that venturing into animal raising and small-scale business is productive and less difficult. They wanted that these projects would be implemented as a family enterprise rather than as a communal enterprise. The respondents prefer to raise hogs because this venture is compatible with household chores. They could also assure that they can find ways to provide the feeds of the hogs. They also choose to raise cattle because they have available area where they could pasture the cattle. For hog and goat raising, they wanted that the company would provide them even just one head for each of a few households as an initial activity. Once the initial beneficiaries or those who could avail first of the project are able to increase the number of heads, they would share the others to other members. For instance, out of five piglets, three will be left for the initial beneficiaries, and the other two, including the sow (mother swine), will be given to the other members in the community, so that they can also start raising hogs. Beneficiaries in the two companies also suggested bakery as a livelihood source because of its absence in the area. Thus, they consider it as an opportunity to engage in this business. They suggested that this would be managed by their women’s organization. However, they acknowledged that they still lack the skills in managing a bakery.

59

The female beneficiaries also wanted to continue with the food processing project because they were trained for it. However, they needed a bigger amount of capital in pursuing it because processing food (e.g., pineapple jam, chorizo, candy, marmalade, tart, etc.) is quite expensive. Their other concerns (aside from the expensive ingredients) include the availability of bottle containers which can only be bought in Cagayan de Oro City, problem on the space where they can cook, need for a building to accommodate all their current livelihood activities (e.g., paper balling, food processing, and making of pillows), and the needed support for a potential market of their produce on a wholesale basis. The fisher folks wished that the company would provide them with necessary materials for fishing such as boat and fish nets, financial support for their proposal on “smoked fish” processing, trainings on other livelihood activities. For the few who were cultivating farmland, they expected the company to support them in buying farm inputs like fertilizers. They also expected the company to provide them (at least one member of their household) a job that would fit their qualification or skill. There were also respondents who preferred to receive cash (as they could keep it from being seen and from being envied by their neighbors) which they could invest for a possible project. For example, they planned to buy or get back their previous farmland, but for the mean time, they could just rent it. One of the FGD participants commented, “…kay mas sayon man kana nimu tago’an nga dili ka masinahan sa imung isig katao…” (… because it is easy for you to keep it so that you will not be envied by others…). LGU Recommendations One of the informants emphasized that the company needs to be greatly involved in improving the quality of education in the municipality. Specifically, the company is expected to extend financial support for school buildings and trainers for the offering of technical courses. The company is also expected to support the LGU’s plan to develop agro-entrepreneurship. The LGU officials identified the need for trainings on technical skills (e.g. post-harvest practices, marketing, etc.), especially for the small scale farmers in their municipality.

60

In one of the companies, the LGU officials suggested skills development specifically for the out-of-school youths. They also suggested for medical missions as well as free feeding for children. The company is also expected to continue supporting for the establishment of school buildings, hospitals or clinics, day care centers, playground and sports facilities. They also specifically mentioned of projects for the IPs since a significant number of the residents in the municipality belong to the said ethnic group. They expect the company to support for literacy programs and health services and facilities (e.g. ambulance for cases of emergency) for IPs. They also suggested some livelihood projects for the latter such as animal raising, and tree planting. The company is also expected to help the LGU in the maintenance of barangay roads especially in far flung barangays where IPs are mostly located. Surprisingly, the informants in one of the companies mentioned that their LGU was quite hesitant to ask for more from the company. They contend that there may be no need of any legal mechanism of the LGU to require the company of any CSR program. According to one of the LGU officials, “murag maulaw man mi mag demand sa ila kay insakto man ilang papers…we are not asking much kay negosyo baya pod na…, mocooperate man jud sila if we have requests…” (we are ashamed to demand from them because they have complete papers…we are not asking much because it is also a business…, anyway, they also cooperate if we have requests). Expected Roles of Communities and LGUs in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Initiatives Communities’ Roles in CSR The respondents promise to manage well and sustain whatever project that the companies will extend to them. One FGD participant related, “ampingan gyud namu ma’am, himuon namu nga handumanan… kuan ba antusan gyud namu ma’am…” (we would really take care of it ma’am, we will consider it as our memorabilia…we would really endure with it ma’am…). Another FGD participant also mentioned, “kung naa silay matabang, paningkamotan jud na namo nga malahutay ba, mapadayon siya.” (if they (the company) have something to offer us, we would really do our best to sustain it).

61

They also promise to the company that they will not only sustain the project, but they will also improve and develop it. They also promised to abide with the policies set by the company. The respondents revealed that they could assure the company that they will take care of whatever benefits offered to them. LGU Roles in the CSR The LGU officials/informants gave an assurance for policy and institutional support of the LGU to whatever CSR initiatives of the company. The LGU sees its role in maintaining peace and order in the community for the smooth operation of agro-industries in their locality. They may also share counterpart for projects depending on the availability of their funds. They specifically mentioned that the LGU could provide space for buildings. In the case of one of the companies, the LGU officials pointed out that the LGU is expected to initiate and mobilize activities for the company’s implementation of its CSR initiatives. Surprisingly, the informants admitted that they are passive on the said role. They revealed that they did not have the political will on this matter. Thus, they mentioned that they (or LGU officials, especially the mayor) should require the company to submit a report on their CSR accomplishments upon renewal of their permit. They also need to have legislative support in the form of a resolution requesting the mayor for the implementation of the said requirement. Fox, Ward, and Howard (2002) mentioned that the public sector agencies played a vital role in providing an enabling environment for CSR such as mandating, facilitating, partnering and endorsing. Specifically, the public sector agencies are involved in the following activities: setting and ensuring compliance with minimum standards, public policy role of business, corporate governance, Pro-CSR certification, and Pro-CSR reporting and transparency.

62

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS There is relatively limited participation of the communities and LGUs in the formulation and implementation of CSR initiatives. Thus, success and sustainability of CSR initiatives especially on livelihood projects are challenged. On the other hand, the companies lack systematic preparations for CSR projects, e.g. feasibility studies, social acceptability surveys, etc.; while the communities lack assessment on projects introduced and offered to them. Hence, a systematic and participatory mechanism was less likely employed from conceptualization to implementation, and evaluation of CSR initiatives. Nevertheless, the communities and LGUs acknowledged the efforts of the companies. They appreciated the CSR initiatives offered to them. They also recognized their role in the realization of such programs/projects. Based from the findings of this study, we recommend that companies have to develop mechanisms for communities’ active participation in the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of CSR for more responsive and relevant programs/projects. A company-LGU partnership also needs to be strengthened for more sustainable CSR programs/projects. In addition, we suggest that companies would tap technical experts (e.g. from the academe, NGOs, POs) for objective assessment and feedback mechanisms of CSR programs/projects. We likewise recommend that researchers will conduct further investigation, particularly a quantitative study on CSR of agri-industrial companies in the province to have a bigger sample or scope, and to validate the results of this study. A similar study (but wider in scope) may also be conducted, with consideration on the perspectives of companies, other than communities and LGUs.

63

LITERATURE CITED Baker, M. (2004). Corporate social responsibility - What does it mean? Retrieved from http://www.mallenbaker.net/csr/definition.php Craig, G. & Mayo, M. (1995). Community empowerment: A leader in participation and development. London, UK, New Jersey, & USA: Zed Brooks Ltd. Del Monte Philippines Corporate Sustainability. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.delmontepacific.com/Website/ Content.aspx?i=15 Environmental Science for Social Change (ESSC) and the Local Government of Bukidnon. (2005). Land Cover Map of Bukidnon. Fox, T., Ward, H. & Howard, B. (2002). Public sector roles in strengthening corporate social responsibility: A baseline study. Retrieved from http://wopared.par1.net/senate/committee/corporations_ctte/ completed_inquiries/2004-07/corporate_responsibility/submissions/ sub63_attach1.pdf Kapelus, P. (2002). Mining, corporate social responsibility, and the community: The case of Rio Tinto, Richards Bay Minerals, and the Mbonambi. Journal of Business Ethics, 39, 275-296. Maclagan, P. (2002). Corporate social responsibility as a participative process. Business Ethics: A European Review, 8(1), 43–49. Newell, P. (2005). Citizenship, accountability, and community: The limits of the CSR agenda. International A ffairs, 81(3), 541–557. Romero, P. (2008). Newsbreak survey: Y es, SMEs do CSR. Retrieved from http://www/newsbreak.com.ph/csr/survey_smes_analysis1.html

64