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5 82 99 38 6 75 91 17 39 29

100 41 80 74 24 44 26 85 92 54

37 96 9 16 67 52 11 53 7 68

97 65 42 35 1 34 84 89 95 49

14 31 72 51 73 21 61 27 79 18

43 60 64 15 25 62 50 78 55 94

30 71 12 98 46 88 22 2 45 19

66 87 32 36 20 47 76 93 56 69

81 3 8 63 33 83 4 70 13 90

23 59 48 58 10 40 57 28 86 77

gwJ‘g§ñH¥$V‘² &

{MÌnXH$mof: &

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a“d„r

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2

{H«$¶m: &

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कासते

जिघ्रति

e¥Umo{V

H¥$f{V

{ZîH$mg¶{V

‘W{V/‘ÏZm{V

{^Z{Îm

àjmb¶{V

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g: nwéf: gm H$Ý¶m VX² AnË¶§ àW‘: Vm¡ nwéfm¡ nwéf: Vo H$Ý¶o Vo AnË¶o Vo nwéfm: Vm: H$Ý¶m: Vm{Z AnË¶m{Z ‘Ü¶‘: Ëd§ nwéf: ¶wdm§ ¶y¶§ CÎm‘: Ah§ nwéf: Amdm§ d¶§

} } }

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JÀN>{V

a‘Vo

AJÀN>V²

Aa‘V

JÀN>V:

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AJÀN>Vm‘²

Aa‘oVm‘²

JÀN>pÝV

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AJÀN>Z²

Aa‘ÝV

JÀN>{g JÀN>W: JÀN>W JÀN>m{‘ JÀN>md: JÀN>m‘:

a‘go a‘oWo a‘Üdo a‘o a‘mdho a‘m‘ho

AJÀN>: AJÀN>V‘² AJÀN>V AJÀN>‘² AJÀN>md AJÀN>m‘

Aa‘Wm: Aa‘oWm‘² Aa‘Üd‘² Aa‘o Aa‘md{h Aa‘m‘{h

• ñ‘aV H$maH$m{U & H$maH$m{U {d^³V¶: 1. H$Vm© àW‘m 2. H$‘© 3. H$aU‘²

{ÛVr¶m V¥Vr¶m

4. gåàXmZ‘²

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CXmhaUm{Z AmewVmof: Jm¶{V & a{gH$m ImX{V & ¶mZ§ Mb{V & gwYm§ew: ‘oK§ ní¶{V & amOm Ah§ ‘wIoZ dXm{‘ & ajH$:

(~mb) {bI{V & (ar‘m) dX{V & (nU©) nV{V & (godH$) Amˆ¶{V & (XÊS>) VmS>¶{V &

‘mVm nwÌm¶ ^moOZ§ n[adof¶{V & Y{ZH$: (¶mMH$) YZ§ XXm{V & 5. AnmXmZ‘² n#m‘r ñ¶yVmV² dó§ nV{V & (d¥j) ’$b§ nV{V & (AmH$me) Vmo¶§ nV{V & 6. A{YH$aU‘² gá‘r N>mÌm: dJ} Cn{depÝV & IJm: (d¥j) Hy$OpÝV & ‘Ëñ¶m: (ZXr) VapÝV & * fð>r {d^p³V: Z {H«$¶mnXgå~pÝYZr & AV: gm Z H$maH${d^p³V: & 4

àW‘: nmR>: &

gwðw> J¥hrV: Mm¡a: &

àW‘: KQ>H$: &

XodXÎm: Zm‘ H$mo@{n Y{ZH$: AmgrV² & EH$Xm Vñ¶ YZñ¶yV: bwá>: & Vñ¶ J¥ho fS>² ^¥Ë¶m: AmgZ² & Vofw Ed EH$: Mm¡a: ñ¶mV², B{V Vñ¶ ‘V‘² & Mm¡a§ J«hrVw§ g: dra~b§ gmhmæ¶‘² A¶mMV & dra~b: AdXV², ""{‘Ì! AÚ gm¶L²>H$mbo Vd gdm©Z² ^¥Ë¶mZ² ‘‘ J¥h§ àof¶'' B{V&

¶Wm{ZpíMV§ gd} godH$m: dra~bñ¶ J¥h‘² AmJVm: & dra~boZ nyd©‘od gd}fm§ H¥$Vo g‘mZmoÞV¶: ¶{ï>H$m: AmZrVm: & g: godH$mZ² AdXV², ""^mo: ní¶ÝVw, EVm: ‘m¶m¶{ï>H$m: & Vmgw EH$m§ ¶{ï>H$m§ ñdrH¥$Ë¶ gd©¡: XodXÎmñ¶ J¥h§ JÝVì¶§, œ: à^mVo nwZamJÝVì¶‘² & ¶oZ Ho$Zm{n YZñ¶yV: Mmo[aV: ñ¶mV² Vñ¶ ¶{ï>H$m A“x{b‘mÌ§ XrKm© ^{dî¶{V &'' amÌm¡ gd} ^¥Ë¶m: gwIoZ {ZÐm‘² AHw$d©Z² F$Vo EH$ñ‘mV² & g: A{MÝV¶V², ""œ: àmV: ‘‘ Mm¡¶ª àH${Q>V§ ^doV² & AV: Ah‘² AYwZm Ed ‘‘ ¶{ï>H$m‘² A“x{b‘mÌ§ H$V©¶m{‘ &'' B{V {MÝV{¶Ëdm VWm H¥$Ëdm g: gwIoZ gwßV: &

AÝ¶oÚw: bKw¶{ï>H$m§ ÑîQ‰>¡d dra~boZ Mm¡a: gå¶H²$ kmV: J¥hrV: M & AnamYr ^¥Ë¶: dra~bñ¶ nmX¶mo: n{VËdm ñdñ¶ AnamY‘² A“rH¥$VdmZ² YZñ¶yV§ M àË¶{n©VdmZ² &

5

^mfmä¶mg:

1. C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MZwV & 1. H$ñ¶ YZñ¶yV: bwá: ? (A) XodXÎmñ¶ (Am) dra~bñ¶ (B) ^¥Ë¶ñ¶ > (B©) Z¥nñ¶ 2. J¥ho H${V ^¥Ë¶m: AmgZ² ? (A) n#m (Am) gá (B) fS²> (B©) EH$: 3. dra~b: H$ñ¶ {‘Ì‘² ? (A) ^¥Ë¶ñ¶ (Am) Y{ZH$ñ¶ (B) ¶{ï>H$m¶m:> (B©) Mm¡añ¶ 4. "œ: ‘‘ Mm¡¶ª àH${Q>V§ ^doV² &' B{V {MÝVm H$ñ¶ {MÎmo Om¶Vo? (A) Xmgñ¶ (Am) dra~bñ¶ (B) Y{ZH$ñ¶> (B©) Z¥nñ¶ 2. H$: H§ dX{V ? 1. ""ní¶ÝVw EVm: ‘m¶m¶{ï>H$m: &'' 2. ""{‘Ì, AÚ gm¶L²>H$mbo Vd gdm©Z² ^¥Ë¶mZ² ‘‘ J¥h§ àof¶ &'' 3. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶V CÎma§ {bIV & dra~boZ Mm¡a: H$W§ J¥hrV: ? 4. ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV & 5. {déÕmW©H$eãXmZm§ ¶w½‘§ {MZwV {bIV M & {deofU‘² {deoî¶‘² nyd©‘² JVm: XrKm© OmJ¥V: g‘mZmoÞV¶: YZñ¶yV: gdm©Z² Mm¡a: ^¥Ë¶: õñdm gwá: ñdm‘r bwá: ¶{ï>H$m: Y{ZH$: níMmV² AmJVm: X[aÐ: J¥hrV: ^¥Ë¶mZ² 6. nmR>mV² g‘mZmW©H§$ eãX§ {MËdm aoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V & 1) 2) YZmT>ç: nmQ>ƒa: ñVoZ: YZdmZ²

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4)

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aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² &

qH$ H¥$Ëdm ?

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nmR>embm§ JÀN>{V M & {dÚm{ZHo$VZ‘²

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‘mVm

nmH§$ H$amo{V

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EVm¡

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ZV©³¶:

{e{jH$m‘² AZ‘Z²

AZ¥Ë¶Z² M &

ZV©³¶: { e{jH$m§ ZËdm AZ¥Ë¶Z² &

n{R>Ëdm, H¥$Ëdm, {b{IËdm, ZËdm BË¶oVm{Z nyd©H$mbdmMH$-ËdmÝV-Aì¶¶m{Z & 7

AÛ¡V:

d¥j‘² Amamoh{V

d¥Õm Xod§ àmW©¶Vo

AÛ¡V: d¥j‘² Améø Cn{de{V & {ZÐm§ H$amo{V M &

d¥Õm Xod§ àmÏ¶© {ZÐm§ H$amo{V & hñVm¡ àjmb¶V:

nwéfm¡

Cn{de{V M &

^moOZ§ Hw$éV: M &

nwéfm¡ h ñVm¡ àjmë¶ ^moOZ§ Hw$éV: & Améø, àmÏ¶©, àjmë¶ BË¶oVm{Z nyd©H$mbdmMH$-ë¶~ÝV-Aì¶¶m{Z & ew^Xm

AmnU§ JÀN>{V

YZ§ XXm{V

nwñVH$‘² AmZ¶{V nR>{V M &

ew^Xm AmnU§ JËdm YZ§ XÎdm nwñVH$‘² AmZr¶ nR>{V & dmŠ¶m{Z {Zarú¶ ^oX‘² AdJÀN>V 1. gmYd: ’$bm{Z XÎdm {ZJ©ÀN>pÝV & 1. gmYd: ’$bm{Z àXm¶ {ZJ©ÀN>pÝV & 2. d¥Õm Xod§ ZËdm H$m¶©‘² Ama^Vo & 2. d¥Õm Xod§ àUå¶ H$m¶©‘² Ama^Vo & 3. AmajH$m: Mm¡a§ VmS>{¶Ëdm H$mamJ¥h§ Z¶pÝV & 3. AmajH$m: Mm¡a§ gÝVmS>ç H$mamJ¥h§ Z¶pÝV & 4. YZ§ öËdm Mm¡a: nbm{¶V: & 4. YZ‘² AnöË¶ Mm¡a: nbm{¶V: & 8

gå^mfmnÌ‘²

1. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & ImX{V gpå‘ë¶ {n~{V ñ‘¥Ëdm gpå‘b{V Im{XËdm ñ‘a{V àmß¶ àmßZmo{V nrËdm

2. JUÛ¶o {bIV & CŠËdm, nyO{¶Ëdm, gånmÚ, g§öË¶, Y¥Ëdm, Ym{dËdm, à{dí¶, ñZmËdm, CÈ>r¶, {Z‘Á¶, AdVr¶©, CËWm¶, Améø, CËnË¶, {gŠËdm, pñWËdm, M{bËdm, {ZînrS>ç, CX²KmQ>ç, {ZîH$mñ¶

3. nyd©H$mbdmMH$¶mo: Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm XrKª dmŠ¶§ Hw$éV &

‘H©$Q>: d¥jmV² -----no{Q>H$m§-----Q>mo{nH$m§ ----- ‘ñVHo$ ------ d¥j‘² Amamoh{V & 4. {^Þ‘² Aì¶¶§ {MZwV & 1. a{jËdm, C{fËdm, Cn{Xí¶, CßËdm 2. {Z‘ÝÍ¶, dpÝXËdm, nam{OË¶, gå^y¶ 3. VrËdm©, AZwkm¶, gwßËdm, ‘Ëdm, 4. JU{¶Ëdm, à¶wÜ¶, àJm¶, A{^{fÀ¶ H«$sS>m - nyd©H$mbdmMH$¶mo: Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm A{VXrKª dmŠ¶§ dXV &

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² &

qH$ H$Vw©‘² ?

¶wdH$: {MÌnQ>J¥h§ JÀN>{V {MÌnQ>§ ní¶{V M & ¶wdH$: {H$‘Wª {MÌnQ>J¥h§ JÀN>{V? ¶wdH$: {MÌnQ>§ Ðï§w> {MÌnQ>J¥h§ JÀN>{V &

9

• •

~mbH$m: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>Z² Ob§ M A{n~Z² & ~mbH$m: {H$‘Wª J¥h‘² AmJÀN>Z² ? ~mbH$m: Ob§ nmVw§ J¥h‘² AmJÀN>Z² & N>mÌm¡ nwñVH$mb¶‘² AJÀN>Vm‘² & {H$‘W©‘²? N>mÌm¡ n{R>Vw§ nwñVH$mb¶‘² AJÀN>Vm‘² & ‘oKm ’o$ZH§$ ñdrH$amo{V & {H$‘W©‘² ? ‘oKm dóm{U àjmb{¶Vw§ ’o$ZH§$ ñdrH$amo{V & Ðïw>§, nmVw§, n{R>Vw§, àjmb{¶Vw‘² BË¶oVm{Z hoËdW©H$-Vw‘ÝV-Aì¶¶m{Z &

nR>V AdJÀN>V M 1. ewZH$m: Im{XVw‘² BÀN>pÝV & 2. Ah§ d³Vw‘² EoÀN>‘² & 3. ^madmhH$: ^ma§ dmoTw>§ e³Zmo{V & 4. Vm: Zm¶©: é{Ma§ n³Vw§$ e³ZwdpÝV & 5. OZm: ^moOZ§ H$Vw©‘² Ama^ÝV & gå^mfmnÌ‘²

1. hoËdW©H§$ ¶moO{¶Ëdm g§dmX§ nya¶V & qgh: - ao ‘yfH$, XÊS>¶m{‘ Ëdm‘² & ‘yfH$: - ^mo:, Ah§ (J‘²) BÀN>m{‘ & ‘w#mVw ‘m‘² & qgh: - {H$‘Wª ‘w#mm{‘ ? Ah§ {ZÐm‘¾: Amg‘² & Ëd¶m ‘‘ {ZÐm^“: H¥$V: & ‘yfH$: - ‘hmamO, EH$dma§ ‘w#mVw & gL²>H$Q>H$mbo Ah‘{n Vd gmhmæ¶§ (H¥$) AmJÀN>m{‘ & naÝVw BXmZt ‘‘ ~mÝYdmZ² (Ñe²) JÀN>m{‘ & H¥$n¶m ‘w#mVw & 2. MVwWª nX§ {bIV & 1. Ì¡-ÌmVw‘² :: J¡ 2. {‘b²² -‘o{bVw‘² :: {bI² 3. nyO² - nyO{¶Vw‘² :: H$W² 4. hZ² - hÝVw‘² :: ‘Z² 5. b^²-bãYw‘² :: a^² 6. ~wY² - ~moÕþ‘² :: ¶wY² 7. ñ‘¥-ñ‘Vw©‘² :: H¥$ 8. Ñe²-Ðïw>‘² :: ñn¥e² -

3. $YmVmo: hoËdW©H$‘² Aì¶¶§ à¶wÁ¶ dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV & 1. e¥Jmb: Ðmjm’$b‘² (ImX²) CËnV{V & 2. H$mH$: Ob§ (nm-{n~²) KQ>o Cn{de{V & 3. e¥Jmb: ‘m§gIÊS>§ (b^²) H$mH$ñ¶ ñVwqV H$amo{V & 4. ^r‘§ (hZ²) Xþ¶m}YZ: H$nQ>‘² AH$amoV² & 5. eeH$: {ZÐm§ (H¥$) AJÀN>V² & 6. g: nÌ§ ({bI²) boIZr§ ñdrH$amo{V & 10

{ÛVr¶: nmR>: &

Aì¶¶‘mbm &

(H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²)

^mfmgw ‘w»¶m ‘Ywam {Xì¶m Jrdm©U^maVr & Vñ¶m§ {h H$mì¶§ ‘Ywa§ Vñ‘mX{n gw^m{fV‘² && gw^m{fV§ Zm‘ emo^Z§ ^m{fV‘² & g§ñH¥$Vgm{hË¶o {dnwbm{Z gw^m{fVm{Z gpÝV & AënmjaËd§ gw^m{fVmZm§ d¡{eïç‘² & ‘Ywam{U Jo¶m{Z AW©nyUm©{Z EVm{Z gw^m{fVm{Z & gw^m{fVmZm§ nR>ZoZ dmUr gwg§ñH¥$Vm {ZXm}fm M ^d{V & d³V¥ËdH$bm¶m§ {ZnwUVmgånmXZmW©‘² CËH¥$ï>>-{Z~ÝYboIZmWª M Vm{Z AVrd Cn¶w³Vm{Z & AV: B¶§ gw^m{fVmZm§ ‘mbm N>mÌ¡: Adí¶§ H$ÊRo> YmaUr¶m &

lmoVw§ H$Um£, d³Vw‘mñ¶§ gwhmñ¶§ K«mVw§ K«mU§ nmX¶w½‘§ {dhVw©‘² & Ðïw>§ ZoÌo hñV¶w½‘§ M XmVw§ Ü¶mVw§ {MÎm§ ¶oZ g¥ï>§ g nmVw &&1&&

[¶oZ lmoVw§ H$Um£, d³Vw§ gwhmñ¶‘² Amñ¶§, K«mVw§ K«mU§, {dhVwª nmX¶w½‘§, Ðïw>§ ZoÌo, XmVw§ hñV¶w½‘§ Ü¶mVw§ M {MÎm§ g¥ï>§ g: (B©œa:) nmVw &]

JwUm: Hw$d©pÝV XÿVËd§ Xÿao@{n dgVm§ gVm‘² & Ho$VH$sJÝY‘mK«m¶ ñd¶‘m¶mpÝV fQ²nXm: &&2&&

[Xÿao dgVm‘² A{n gVm§, JwUm: XÿVËd§ Hw$d©pÝV & (¶Wm) fQ²>nXm: Ho$VH$sJÝY‘² AmK«m¶ (‘YwnmZm¶) ñd¶‘² Am¶mpÝV &]

^wŠËdm V¥Um{Z ewîH$m{U nrËdm Vmo¶§ Obme¶mV² & Xþ½Y§ ¶ÀN>pÝV bmoHo$ä¶mo YoZdmo bmoH$‘mVa: &&3&&

[YoZd: ewîH$m{U V¥Um{Z ^w³Ëdm Obme¶mV² Vmo¶§ nrËdm bmoHo$ä¶: Xþ½Y§ ¶ÀN>pÝV & (Vm:) bmoH$‘mVa: (Ibw) &]

AH¥$Ëdm nagÝVmn‘² AJËdm Ib‘pÝXa‘² & AZwËg¥Á¶ gVm§ dË‘© ¶Ëñdën‘{n VX² ~hþ &&4&&

[nagÝVmn§ Z H¥$Ëdm, Ib‘pÝXa§ Z JËdm, gVm§ dË‘© Z CËg¥Á¶ ¶V² ñdën‘² A{n (bä¶Vo) VX² ~hþ (dV©Vo) &]

¶ñ¶ fð>r MVwWu M {dhñ¶ M {dhm¶ M & Ah§ H$W§ {ÛVr¶m ñ¶mV², {ÛVr¶m ñ¶m‘h§ H$W‘² &&5&&

[¶ñ¶ (H¥$Vo) {dhñ¶ (B{V) fð>r, {dhm¶ (B{V) MVwWu, Ah§ H$W§ M (B{V) {ÛVr¶m ñ¶mV² (Vñ¶) Ah§ {ÛVr¶m (nËZr) H$W§ ñ¶m‘² ?]

àmaä¶Vo Z Ibw {d¿Z^¶oZ ZrM¡: àmaä¶ {d¿Z{dhVm {da‘pÝV ‘Ü¶m: & {d¿Z¡: nwZ: nwZa{n à{VhÝ¶‘mZm: àmaãY‘wÎm‘OZm Z n[aË¶OpÝV &&6&&

[{d¿Z^¶oZ Ibw ZrM¡: (H$m¶ª) Z àmaä¶Vo & (H$m¶ª) àmaä¶ {d¿Z{dhVm: (^yËdm) ‘Ü¶m: {da‘pÝV & {d¿Z¡: nwZ: nwZ: à{VhÝ¶‘mZm: A{n CÎm‘OZm: àmaãY§ (H$m¶ª) Z n[aË¶OpÝV &]

11

ñWmZ^«ï>m Z emo^ÝVo XÝVm Ho$em ZIm Zam: & B{V {dkm¶ ‘{V‘mZ² ñdñWmZ§ Z n[aË¶OoV² &&7&&

[ñWmZ^«ï>m: XÝVm:, Ho$em:, ZIm: Zam: M Z emo^ÝVo B{V {dkm¶ ‘{V‘mZ² (Za:) ñdñWmZ§ Z n[aË¶OoV² &]

X¡d‘odo{V g{#mÝË¶ Z ñdmoÚmoJ§ ZañË¶OoV² & AZwÚ‘oZ H$ñV¡b§ {Vboä¶: àmáw‘h©{V &&8&&

[X¡d‘² Ed B{V g{#mÝË¶ Za: ñdmoÚmoJ§ Z Ë¶OoV² & AZwÚ‘oZ {Vboä¶: V¡b§ H$: àmáw‘² Ah©{V ?]

AÝd¶aMZm - gm{hË¶aMZm {ÛYm nÚm JÚm M& Jo¶m N>ÝXmod¥Îm~Õm nÚaMZm & AmXm¡ H$V¥©nX§ nümV² H$‘©nX§ AÝVo {H«$¶mnX‘² B{V gabm H«$‘~Õm JÚaMZm & A¶§ nXH«$‘: nÚo Z Ñí¶Vo & AV: H$Xm{MV² nÚ§ Xþ~mo©Y§ ^d{V & nÚñ¶ nX{d^mJ§ H¥$Ëdm {dH$sUm©{Z nXm{Z g§¶moÁ¶ nwZ: gabH«$‘oU H¥$Vm aMZm Zm‘ AÝd¶: & AW©~moYñ¶ gab§ gmYZ§ Zm‘ AÝd¶: & AZwdmXmW©‘{n bm^Xm¶H$: AÝd¶mä¶mg: & ¹${MV² nÚo ¶o eãXm: Z dV©ÝVo VmZ² H$ën{¶Ëdm AW©nyUm© dmŠ¶aMZm ^d{V & nÚñW§ {H«$¶mnX‘² ApÝdî¶ H$: H$Vm©, qH$ H$‘© B{V àíZmZ² H¥$Ëdm AÝd¶: H$aUr¶: & ¶WmAÌ {H$§ {H«$¶mnX‘² ? drjVo & H$: drjVo ? Za: & H$sÑe: bmo^m{dï>mo Zamo {dÎm§ drjVo Z Vw g‘Q>‘² & Za: ? bmo^m{dï>: & bmo^m{dï>: Za: {H$§ drjVo ? {dÎm‘² & {H$§ Xþ½Y§ ní¶{V ‘mOm©amo Z VWm bJwS>mh{V‘² && Z drjVo ? g‘Q>‘² & ‘mOm©a: qH$ ní¶{V ? Xþ½Y‘² & qH$ Z ní¶{V ? bJwS>mh{V‘² & AÝd¶: ¶Wm bmo^m{dï>: Za: {dÎm§ drjVo, g‘Q>§ Vw Z drjVo VWm ‘mOm©©a: Xþ½Y§ ní¶{V, bJwS>mh{V§ Vw Z ní¶{V & ^mfmä¶mg:

ûcmoH$: 2 1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & A) Ho$ XÿVËd§ Hw$d©pÝV ? Am) Ho$ Ho$VH$s‘² Am{OK«pÝV ? 2. gË¶§ dm AgË¶§ {bIV & A) g‚mZm: XÿVËd§ Hw$d©pÝV & Am) fQ²>nXm: ñd¶‘² Am¶mpÝV & B) g‚mZm: Ho$VH$sJÝY‘² Am{OK«pÝV & 3. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {MZwV {bIV M & g‚mZm:, ^«‘am:, AmJÀN>pÝV & 4. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & JwUm:, Xÿao, Am¶mpÝV &

ûcmoH$: 11. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & A) B©œaoU lmoVw§ qH$ XÎm‘² ? Am) Amñ¶§ H$sÑe‘² ? B) B©œaoU {dhVwª qH$ XÎm‘² ? 2. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & qH$ XÎm‘² qH$ H$Vw©‘²? {H$‘W©‘² ? H$Um©¡ XÎmm¡ lmoVw‘² ldUmW©‘²/ldUm¶ Amñ¶§ XÎm‘² d³Vw‘² dMZmW©‘²/dMZm¶ K«mU§ XÎm‘² K«mUmW©‘²/ nmX¶w½‘§ XÎm‘² /{dhmam¶ ZoÌo XÎmo Ðïw>‘² /Xe©Zm¶

3. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & A H$U©: Amñ¶‘² K«mU‘² nmX: ZoÌ‘² hñV: nmVw Am H$a: ajVw bmoMZ‘² lmoÌ‘² VwÊS>‘² Zm{gH$m MaU: 12

ûcmoH$: 3 1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & A) YoZd: qH$ ^w³Ëdm Xþ½Y§ ¶ÀN>pÝV ? Am) YoZd: Obme¶mV² qH$ {n~pÝV ? B) bmoH$‘mVa: H$m: ? 2. ûcmoH$mV² ËdmÝV-Aì¶¶o {MËdm {bIV & 3. dm³¶V: H$Vm©, H$‘© {H«$¶mnX§ M ApÝdî¶V {bIV M & Xþ½Y§ ¶ÀN>pÝV YoZd: & 4. EH$dMZo n[adV©¶V & bmoH$‘mVa: YoZd: ewîH$m{U V¥Um{Z ImXpÝV & ûcmoH$: 4 1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & A) ‘ZwOoZ qH$ Z H$V©ì¶‘² ? Am) ‘ZwOoZ Hw$Ì Z JÝVì¶‘² ? B) ‘ZwOoZ {H$‘² AZwgV©ì¶‘² ? 2. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & YmVw: ËdmÝV/ë¶~ÝVê$n‘² ZÄm²ê$n‘² H¥$ AH¥$Ëdm J‘²-JÀN²> JËdm CV² + g¥O² AZwËg¥Á¶ 3. ûcmoH$mV² AYmoXÎmeãXmZm§ H¥$Vo g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {MËdm {bIV & J¥h‘², Xþï>:, ‘mJ©:, ñVmoH$‘², ^y[a & ûcmoH$: 5 1. ûcmoH$mV² ë¶~ÝV-Aì¶¶m{Z {MZwV & 2. ¶mo½¶§ ê$n§ {MZwV & A) fð>r- {dhñ¶/Xodñ¶ & Am) MVwWu- {dhm¶/Johm¶ & B) àW‘m- Ah‘²/H$W‘² & ûcmoH$: 6 1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & A) Ho$ H$m¶ª Z àma^ÝVo ? Am) Ho$ ‘Ü¶o {da‘pÝV ? B) Ho$ àmaãY§ H$m¶ª Z n[aË¶OpÝV ?

2. ‘ÄOyfmV: C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm ñVå^nyaU§ Hw$éV & ZrMm: ‘Ü¶‘m: CÎm‘m: H$m¶©‘² H$m¶©‘² (Z n[aË¶Á¶pÝV, H$m¶m©V², Z àma^ÝVo, {da‘pÝV) 3. ûcmoH$mV² àW‘m{d^³Vo: VWm V¥Vr¶m{d^³Vo: ê$nm{U {MZwV {bIV M & 4. nXn[aM¶§ Hw$éV & ‘ybYmVw: bH$ma: nwéf: dMZ‘² {da‘pÝV n[aË¶OpÝV 5.dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & àmaä¶, {d¿Z¡: & ûcmoH$: 7 1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & A) ñWmZ^«ï>m: Ho$ Ho$ Z emo^ÝVo ? Am) {H$§ {dkm¶ ‘{V‘mZ² ñdñWmZ§ Z n[aË¶OoV² ? 2. g‘mZmW©H$eãX¡: dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV & ñWmZ^«ï>m: XÝVm: Ho$em: ZIm: Zam: Z emo^ÝVo & 3. ûcmoH$mV² àW‘m{d^³Vo: ê$nm{U {MËdm {bIV & ûcmoH$: 8 1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & A) Za:$qH$ Z Ë¶OoV² ? Am) AZwÚ‘oZ qH$ àmáw§ Z e³¶Vo ? 2. gË¶‘² AgË¶§ dm B{V {bIV & A) Za: X¡d§ g{#mÝV¶oV² & Am) Za: CÚ‘§ g{#mÝV¶oV² & B) {Vboä¶: V¡b§ àmß¶Vo & 3. A‘aH$mofnL²>p³V§ {bIV & X¡d‘², Za: & 4. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {MZwV {bIV M & bãYw‘², Ambñ¶‘² & 5.dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & g{#mÝË¶, {Vboä¶: &

13

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & A b¥

B E

dUm©Zm§ gmhM¶©‘²&

Eo

Añ‘mH$§ {^Þm{Z CƒmaUñWmZm{Z ¶y¶§ OmZrW & d¶§ gd} gh¡d {Vð>m‘…& Añ‘mH§$ nañnagmhM¶ª amoMH$‘² & ¶Xm Añ‘mgw Û¶mo… AVrd g{ÞH$f©… ^d{V VXm ¶X² Üd{Zn[adV©Z§ ^d{V g… Ed gpÝY…&

F$

C Amo

Am¡

Amd¶mo… g§¶moJoZ AmH$ma… ^d{V& ¶WmZ + ApñV = ZmpñV&

Amd¶mo: g{ÞH$f©… B©H$mao n[aU‘Vo & ¶Wm- a{d + BÝÐ: = adrÝÐ: &

Amd¶mo… A{n D$H$ma… ^d{V & ¶Wm-^mZw+CX¶: = ^mZyX¶: &

Amd¶mo… g§¶moJoZ G H$ma: ^d{V & ¶Wm- ‘mV¥+F$U‘² = ‘mV¦U‘² &

(A¶§ g‘mZmZm§ dUm©Zm§ XrK©ê$n… gpÝY… & AV… g… gdU©XrK©gpÝY… B{V CÀ¶Vo &)

A C

¶{X Amd¶mo: A{Ve{¶V: g{Þ{Y: V{h© Amd¶mo: ñWmZo EH$ma: Cn{Vð>{V & ¶Wm JU+B©e: BË¶ñ¶ CƒmaU§ JUoe: & Amd¶mo: g§¶moJoZ Eo B{V gpÝYê$n: AmXoe: ^d{V & ¶Wm- gXm + Ed B{V gX¡d &

Amd¶mo: g{ÞH$f©ñ¶ n[aUm‘ê$noU Û¶moa{n ñWmZo "AmoH$ma…' Am¶m{V & ¶Wm- bå~+CXa… B{V bå~moXa…&

Amd¶mo: g§¶moJoZ Am¡ B{V gpÝYê$n: AmXoe: ^d{V & ¶Wm- J“m+AmoK: B{V J“m¡K: &

¶Xm ‘‘ g§¶moJ… ñdaoU ^d{V (B/B© dO©{¶Ëdm) VXm ‘‘ n[adV©Z§ "¶²' B{V dU} ^d{V & ¶Wm- H$amo{‘ + Ah‘² B{V H$amoå¶h‘² &

ñdaoU gh (C/D$ dO©{¶Ëdm) g§¶moJoZ ‘‘ ñWmZo "d²' B{V dU©: Am¶m{V & ¶Wm- Ibw + EVV² B{V IëdoVV² &

Ed‘² Añ‘mH§$ {‘W: à^md: Ñí¶Vo & ¶Wm ñdagpÝY: VW¡d {dgJ©gpÝY: ì¶ÄOZgpÝY: M A{n ^dV: & gpÝYê$noU ¶X² Üd{Zn[adV©Z‘² Añ‘mgw ^d{V V{Ûf¶H$m: {Z¶‘m: dV©ÝVo & ¶{X VX² Üd{Zn[adV©Z§ gwðw> Z AdJV§, gpÝY{Z¶‘m: Z n{R>Vm: V{h© AWm©d~moYZ§ Z ^d{V &

14

V¥Vr¶: nmR>: &

YÝ¶m¡ Vm¡ XmV¥¶mMH$m¡ & ‘hmH${dH$m{bXmg{da{MV§ aKwd§e‘² B{V ‘hmH$mì¶§ à{gÕ‘od & VÌ

• JwéX{jUm{df¶o n#m‘o gJ} ‘hmamOñ¶ aKmo: OrdZo K{Q>V§ àg“§ H${d: dU©¶{V & aKw: {díd{OV²Ho$fm§ H$Wm: lwVm: ? ¶k‘² AH$amoV² & Apñ‘Z² ¶ko g: gdª YZ§ XmZê$noU A¶ÀN>V² [a³VH$mof: M • Ho$ XmZdram: à»¶mVm: ?

A^dV² & VXm Ed H$m¡Ëg: Zm‘ ¶wdm N>mÌ: VÌ Am¶mV: & Jwado X{jUm§ XmVw§ g: YZ‘² EoÀN>V² & g Ed àg“: AÌ d{U©V: &

H$pñ‘¨píMV² VnmodZo daVÝVw: Zm‘ F${f: AmgrV² & g: AÜ¶mnZo {ZnwU: àH¥$Ë¶m X¶mbw: M AmgrV² & Vñ¶ Aml‘o ~hd: ‘oYm{dZ: ~Q>d: AmgZ² & Vofw H$píMV² H$m¡Ëg: Zm‘ ~Qw>: AmgrV² & {dÚmÜ¶¶Z§ g‘mß¶ JwéX{jUm§ XmVw‘wËgwH$: H$m¡Ëg: Jwé‘² CnmJÀN>V² & g{dZ¶§ M ñdñ¶ BÀN>m§ Jwado AH$W¶V² & Vñ¶ dM: lwËdm Jwé: C³VdmZ², ""dËg H$m¡Ëg, Vd AÜ¶¶ZoZ god¶m M ^¥e§ àrVmo@pñ‘ & AÝ¶m§ H$m‘{n X{jUm§ ZoÀN>m{‘ & JÀN>, ñdpñV Vwä¶‘² &'' JwéUm daVÝVwZm {Zdm[aV: A{n H$m¡Ëg: dma§dma§ X{jUm§ XmVw‘² EoÀN>V² & VXm V§ nar{jVw§ daVÝVw: AH$W¶V² - ""Ëd¶m ‘‘ gH$memV² MVwX©e{dÚm: AYrVm: & AV: MVwX©eH$mo{Q>gwdU©‘wÐm: AmZ¶ &'' Jwamo: dMZ§ lwËdm H$m¡Ëg: {MÝVmHw$b: OmV: & "EVmdVr: gwdU©‘wÐm: Hw$V: AmZ¶m{Z ? ‘hmamO§ aKw§ {dhm¶ Z H$mo@{n EVmdVr: ‘wÐm: XmVw§ g‘W©: & AV: "aKw§ à{V JÀN>m{‘' B{V {dMm¶© H$m¡Ëg: aKmo: g‘rn‘² AJÀN>V² & {Xp½dO¶mZÝVa§ aKw: "{díd{OV²'ZmpåZ ¶ko Aeof§ YZ§ XmZê$noU A¶ÀN>V² & [a³VhñV§ aKw§ X¥îQ‰>m H$m¡Ëg: {Zd¥Îm: & aKw: V‘² Amhÿ¶ AmJ‘Zñ¶ à¶moOZ‘² An¥ÀN>V² & VXm H$m¡Ëg: AdXV² ""aKmo, Ah§ JwéX{jUmWª MVwX©eH$mo{Q>gwdU©‘wÐm: Jwado XmVw{‘ÀN>m{‘ & {H$ÝVw ^dmZ² nyd©‘od gd©ñdXmZ‘² AH$amoV² & AV: Ah‘² AÝ¶Ì JÀN>m{‘ &'' aKw: AdXV², ""ho H$m¡Ëg, {Vð> & ‘‘ ¶kembm¶m§ {dlm‘§ Hw$é & Ah§ {ZíM¶oZ Vd gmhmæ¶§ H$amo{‘ &'' H$m¡Ëgñ¶ Jwé^³Ë¶m à^m{dV: aKw: Hw$~oa‘mH«$mÝVw§ g‘ën‘² AH$amoV² & Hw$~oa: aKmo: ^¶mV² AmH«$‘UmV² nyd©‘od à^yVm§ gwdU©d¥{ï>‘H$amoV²& VV² X¥îQ‰>m gÝVwï>: aKw: H$m¡Ëg‘² Amhÿ¶ gdª gwdUª Vñ‘¡ XmVw‘¡ÀN>V² & {H$ÝVw {Z:ñn¥h: H$m¡Ëg: AdXV² - ""^mo: amOZ², Ah§ Ho$db§ JwéX{jUmWª MVwX©eH$mo{Q>gwdU©‘wÐm: A{^bfm{‘ & Z dmÄN>m{‘ A{YH$‘² &'' amOm gd©ñd§ XmVw‘² EoÀN>V² {H$ÝVw ¶mMH$: A{YH$‘mXmVw§ Z Aä¶bfV² & AZoZ àg“oZ XmZeya: aKw: VWm {Z[aÀN>: H$m¡Ëg: M Ûmd{n gmHo$VOZmZm§ (A¶moÜ¶mdm{gZm§) H¥$Vo nyOZr¶m¡ A^dVm‘² & 15

^mfmä¶mg:

1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & A) daVÝVw: F${f: H$sÑe: AmgrV² ? Am) H$m¡ËgoZ H${V {dÚm: AYrVm: ? B) H$m¡Ëg: H$ñ¶ {eî¶: AmgrV² ? B©) aKmo: ¶kñ¶ Zm‘ {H$‘² ? C) H$: ñdU©d¥{ï>‘² AH$amoV² ? 2. àý{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV & A) daVÝVw: AÜ¶mnZo {ZnwU: & Am) aKw: H$m¡Ëgñ¶ ^³Ë¶m à^m{dV: & 3. A) g‘yhoVa§ nX§ {MZwV {bIV M & $ H$) ¶k:, H«$Vw:, gáVÝVw: daVÝVw: & J) {dk:, Ak:, A{^k:, nQw>: & L>) Hw$~oa:, ¶mJ:, YZm{Yn:, YZX: &

I) nO©Ý¶:, dfm©, Ñ{ï>:, d¥{ï>: & K) ú‘m^¥V², ¶mMH$:, dZr¶H$:, ‘mJ©U: &

Am) {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & $à^yV‘², g‘rn‘² & 4. dm³¶§ ewÕ§ Hw$éV & A) Ah§ ‘wÐm: Jwé§ XmVw§ EoÀN>‘² &

Am) daVÝVw: H$m¡Ëg‘² AH$W¶V² &

5. nmR>mV² CH$mamÝVZm‘m{Z {deofUm{Z M {MËdm {bIV & 6. ‘ÄOyfmV: C{MV¡: Aì¶¶¡: H$moï>H§$ nya¶V & nyd©H$mbdmMH§$ ËdmÝV‘² nyd©H$mbdmMH§$ ë¶~ÝV‘²

hoËdW©H§$ Vw‘ÝV‘²

(CnJå¶, lwËdm, ÑîQ‰>m, Amhÿ¶, XmVw‘², AmXmVw‘², nar{jVw‘², {dhm¶, g‘mß¶) ‘m¡{IH$H$m¶©‘² - $¶WmH«$‘§ dXV & A) H$m¡Ëgñ¶ aKw§ à{V J‘Z‘² & Am) Jwamo: MVwX©e‘wÐmUm§ ¶mMZm & B) Hw$~oaoU H¥$Vm gwdU©d¥{ï>: & B©) aKmo: Hw$~oa-AmH«$‘Uñ¶ g‘ën: & C) H$m¡Ëgñ¶ AÜ¶¶ZoZ Jwé: àrV: & hg>V ZÝXV ! gpÝYa{n {dZmoXm¶... nwam ‘hmamï´>ofw àOm{hVXj: H$mo@{n Z¥n: AmgrV² & Vñ¶ ‘{hfr g§ñH¥$V^mfmàdrUm {dXþfr M & EH$Xm Vm¡ Ob{dhmamWª {H${#mV² aå¶§ Obme¶‘JÀN>Vm‘² & ObH«$sS>m¶m§ ‘¾: Z¥n{V: ‘{hî¶m§ Ob{~ÝXÿZ² joáw§ àma^V & amkt e¡Ë¶‘² A~mYV & AV: gm b‚m¶m Z¥n§ g§ñH¥$V^mf¶¡dmdXV², ""‘moXH¡$ñVmS>¶ ‘m‘²&'' Vñ¶m: VX² dMZ§ lwËdm M{H$V: amOm godH§$ gwdU©ñWmë¶m§ ‘moXH$mZmZoVw‘m{XeV² & ¶Xm g: V¡b©Kw‘YwaJmobH¡$: amkt VmS>{¶Vw‘¡ÀN>V² VXm gm pñ‘Vnyd©H$‘JXV², ""^mo amOZ², e¡Ë¶§ ‘m§ ~mYoV B{V {MÝV{¶Ëdm "‘m CXH¡$: VmS>¶ ‘m‘²', Ob{~ÝXþ{^: (CXH¡$:) ‘m Ìmg¶, B{V d³VwH$m‘mg‘² &'' ^yn{Va{n Cƒ¡: h{gËdm A^UV², ""‘moXH$eãXldUoZ AÝ¶Wm J¥hrV§ ‘¶m & VoZ A¶§ n[ahmgàg“: CØÿV: &''

16

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² &

qH$ H$adm{U?

gyMZm:

N>mÌm: - AmMm¶}, Z‘mo Z‘:& {e{jH$m - Z‘mo Z‘: & gwà^mV‘² & Cn{deV & gm¡a^: VZ¶: M - AmMm¶}, A{n ‘mO©¶md ’$bH$‘²? {e{jH$m: - Adí¶‘² & ‘mO©¶V‘² & gwdMZ‘{n {bIV‘² & ZraOo, dmVm¶Z‘² CÓmQ>¶ & AVrd Cî‘m ~mYVo & A{¶ ‘¥Xþbo, ì¶OZm{Z Mmb¶ & YraO: - AmMm¶}, A{n à{dem{Z dJ©‘²? {e{jH$m - Am‘² AmJÀN> & ñWmZo Cn{de & lmÝV: Ñí¶go & {H${#mV² Ob§ {n~ & A{¶ N>mÌm:, AYwZm Ah§ àýmZ² n¥ÀN>m{‘ & gå¶H²$ {d{MÝË¶ CÎmaV ¶y¶‘² & H$mobmhb: ‘mñVw & EH$: Ed CÎma§ dXVw & • H¥${V:- 1. g§dmX§ n{R>Ëdm ñ’w$Q>eãXmZm‘² AW©‘² AdJÀN>V & V‘² AW©‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ n#mXe dmŠ¶m{Z nR>V & n#mXe dmŠ¶m{Z & (nañ‘¡nX‘² AmË‘ZonX§ M) 1. g:/^dmZ² ImXVw/b^Vm‘² & 2. Vm¡/^dÝVm¡ ImXVm‘²/b^oVm‘²& 3. Vo/^dÝV: ImXÝVw/b^ÝVm‘²& 1. gm/^dVr ImXVw/b^Vm‘²& 2. Vo/^dË¶m¡ ImXVm‘²/b^oVm‘²& 3. Vm:/^dË¶: ImXÝVw/b^ÝVm‘²& 1. VV² ImXVw/b^Vm‘²& 2. Vo ImXVm‘²/b^oVm‘²& 3. Vm{Z ImXÝVw/b^ÝVm‘²& 4. Ëd§ ImX/b^ñd & 5. ¶wdm§ ImXV‘²/b^oWm‘²& 6. ¶y¶§ ImXV/b^Üd‘²& 7. Ah§ ImXm{Z/b^¡ & 8. Amdm§ ImXmd/b^mdh¡ & 9. d¶§ ImXm‘/b^m‘h¡ & EVofw dmŠ¶ofw {d{dY{H«$¶mnXmZm‘² Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm nwZ: dXV ñ‘aV M & • H¥${V:- 2. $H¥${Vn{ÌH$m¶m§ ¶m: {d{dYm: gyMZm: gpÝV, Vm: EH$Ì {bIV & ¶Wm- JÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & 3. J¥ho dm nmR>embm¶m§ dm gyMZm: bmoQ²bH$mao Xr¶ÝVo, Vmgm§ gL²>J«h§ Hw$éV & ¶Wm- Cn{deV, nR>V, {bIV BË¶mX¶: & 17

gå^mfmnÌ‘²

1. dmŠ¶m{Z nya¶V & (dY©Vm‘², Jm¶m‘, ¶ÀN>, Amamohmd, nR>Vw, VaV, IZV‘², a‘ñd, b^oVm‘²) 1. Aå~, ^moOZ§ & 7. ¶wî‘mH§$ gwI§ 4. ¶y¶§ Obo & 2. g: nmR>§ & 5. Amdm‘² Am‘«d¥j§ & 8. N>mÌm¡ ¶e: 3. d¶§ JrV§ & 9. Ëd§ ñdmÜ¶m¶o & 6. ¶wdm§ ^yq‘ 2. ^dmZ²/^dVr-ñWmZo Ëd§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm dmŠ¶m{Z {bIV & 1. ^dmZ² AÌ Cn{deVw & 2. ^dVr ~ÝYZ§ ‘w#mVm‘² & 4. ^dmZ² erK«§ n¥ÀN>Vw & 5. ^dÝV: ^Ðm{U ní¶ÝVw &

nR>V-~moYV

VV² Ëd‘² A{g &

& & &

3. ^dVr àmW©¶Vm‘² & 6. ^dË¶: nmH§$ nMÝVw &

Jm¶V-ZÝXV

CÔmbH$: ídoVHo$Vmo: {nVm & ídoVHo$Vw: CÔmbH$ñ¶ nwÌ: & EH$Xm {nVm CÔmbH$: nwÌ§ ídoVHo$Vw‘² An¥ÀN>V²- ""gm¡å¶, A{n VV² OmZm{g ¶ñ¶ kmZoZ gdª kmV§ ^d{V ?'' nwÌ: - Z OmZm{‘, {nV: & H¥$n¶m H$W¶Vw & {nVm - ObnyUª nmÌ§ ‘w{ï>{‘V§ bdU§ M AmZ¶ & (nwÌ: VWm H$amo{V &) {nVm - Ob§ bdU§ M {‘l¶ & nwÌ: - {‘{lV§ {nV: & {nVm - AYwZm ObmV² bdU§ n¥W³Hw$é & nwÌ: - VV² H$Vwª Z eŠZmo{‘ {nV: & {nVm - AñVw & Cn[a^mJñW§ Ob§ Z{bH$¶m AmñdmX¶ & VV² H$W‘² ApñV ? nwÌ: - bdU‘¶‘² ApñV, VmV & {nVm - ‘Ü¶^mJñW§ Ob§ Z{bH$¶m AmñdmX¶ & VV² H$W‘² ApñV ? nwÌ: - VX² A{n bdU‘² ApñV & {nVm - Ob§ ~{h: {jßËdm AmJÀN> & nwÌ: - {jnm{‘ VmV &(Ob§ {jßËdm AmJÀN>{V) {nVm - Obo bdU§ gd©Ì ì¶má§ Ibw ? nwÌ: - Am‘², VmV & {nVm - VW¡d ~«÷ OJV: H$maU‘² AV: gd©Ì ì¶má‘² & ¶Wm Ëd§ Obo ì¶má§ bdU§ Ðïw>§ Z eŠZmo{f VW¡d Ëd§ gd©Ì ì¶má§ ~«÷ Ðïw>§ Z nma¶{g & {H$ÝVw VV² gd©Ì ApñV & VXod kmVì¶‘² & H¥${V: - JÚm§eV: bmoQ²>ê$nm{U {MZwV & (ídoVmídVa-Cn{ZfX: A¶§ g§dmX: &) 18

{d‘mZ¶mZ§ aM¶m‘ & amKd ! ‘mYd ! grVo ! b{bVo ! {d‘mZ¶mZ§ aM¶m‘ & Zrbo JJZo {dnwbo {d‘bo dm¶w{dhma§ H$adm‘ &&1&& CÞVd¥j§ Vw“§ ^dZ‘² & H«$mÝËdmH$me§ Ibw ¶m‘ & H¥$Ëdm {h‘dÝV§ gmonmZ§ MpÝXabmoH§$ à{dem‘ &&2&& ewH«$íMÝÐ: gy¶m} Jwé[a{V J«hmZ² {h gdm©Z² JU¶m‘ & {d{dYm: gwÝXaVmampíMËdm ‘m¡p³VH$hma§ aM¶m‘ &&3&& Aå~wX‘mbm‘² Aå~a^yfm‘² AmXm¶¡d {h à{V¶m‘ & Xþ:{IV-nr{S>V-H¥${fH$OZmZm§ JUofw hfª OZ¶m‘ &&4&& -S>m°. {dídmg:, ~|Jbwê$ &

boIZH$m¡eb‘²-1 {Z~ÝY§ nya¶V & 1) H$m{bXmg: "H$m{bXmg:' {eamo‘{U: Bd & Vñ¶ gm{hË¶o gáVmaH$m Bd àH$meÝVo & VoZ Hw$‘magå^d‘², aKwd§e‘² B{V ‘hmH$mì¶o a{MVo & ‘mb{dH$m{¾{‘Ì§ {dH«$‘mod©er¶§ VWm A{^kmZemHw$ÝVb{‘{V ZmQ>H$m{Z {b{IVdmZ² & Vñ¶ ‘oKXÿV§ Zm‘ H$mì¶§ ^mfmgw AZy{XV‘² & gh Vñ¶ Z¡H$m: à{gÕm: & (‘ÄOyfm - g§ñH¥$VH${dfw, H$Wm:, g:, gáH¥$V¶:, {d{dYmgw, Ûo, amOVo, ^moOamOoZ) 2) JUoemoËgd: - ^mÐnX‘mgñ¶ MVwW} JUoemoËgd: & VXm Z¡Ho$fw J¥hofw ñWmnZm ^d{V & Ef: CËgd: Hw$Ì{MV² gmY£H${XZmË‘H$:, Hw$Ì{MV² n#m dm gá dm Xe {XZmË‘H$: & AZÝVa§ ‘yV}: {dgO©Z§ {H«$¶Vo & bmoH$‘mÝ¶-{VbH$-‘hmoX¶oZ gmd©O{ZH$JUoemoËgd: AmaãY: & ^³Vm: Xþdm©L²>Hw$a¡:, nwîn¡:, {‘ï>¡: M JUoe§ & (‘ÄOyfm - Obme¶o, {XZo, ‘moXH¡$:, Ama^Vo, JUoe‘yV}:, nyO¶pÝV) g§dmX§ nya¶V & 1) ‘mVm - A{¶ H¡$bmg, erK«‘² & H¡$bmg: - Aå~ ! AÚ {dam‘{XZ: Ibw ! {à¶{XZ: & Ëdam ‘mñVw & ‘mVm - gËda§ XÝVYmdZ§ ñZmZm{XH§$ g‘mn¶ & AÚ ~{hJ©ÝVì¶§ Ibw & H¡$bmg: - , {H$‘Wª ~{h: ? ‘mñVw ^mo: & ‘mVm - H¡$bmg, A{n {dñ‘¥V‘² ? AÚ OÝ‘{XZ‘² & VÌ¡d JÝVì¶‘² & AV: A{dbå~§ ñZmËdm, Zd¶wVH§$ Y¥Ëdm g‚m: ^d & H¡$bmg: - ^mo: ! gË¶‘od ! {dñ‘¥V§ ‘¶m & gËda§ H$amo{‘ & ‘mV:, Cnhmaê$noU qH$ ? ‘mVm - AZÝVa§ {MÝV¶md: & Ëdañd BXmZr‘² & (‘ÄOyfm - Z¶md, ‘mV:, C{Îmð>, {nV¥ì¶ñ¶, H¥$Ëdm, ‘‘, {gÕVm§) 2) ew^‘² - Z‘ñVo lr‘Z² !> Ah§ ZmJnyaZJa§ JÝVw‘² BÀN>m{‘ & {M{Q>H$m§ Xo{h & {M{Q>H$m{dH«o$Vm - Ho$Z JÝVw‘² BÀN>{g ? ew^‘² - "nwUo-ZmJnya-Jar~aW' aob¶mZoZ BÀN>m{‘ & {M{Q>H$m{dH«o$Vm - Efm & qÌeV² Xo{h & ew^‘² - J¥øVm‘² & lr‘Z², EVñ¶ aob¶mZñ¶ H$: ApñV ? {M{Q>H$m{dH«o$Vm - EVV² aob¶mZ‘² fS²> dmXZo ZmJnyaZJa§ & ew^‘² & (‘ÄOyfm - nwUoZJamV², YÝ¶dmX:, ê$ß¶H$m{U, g‘¶:, JÀN>{V, JÝVw‘², aob¶mZoZ, H¥$n¶m, {M{Q>H$m, àmV:) 19

‘ÄOyfmV: ¶mo½¶eãXmZ² ¶moO{¶Ëdm {MÌdU©Z§ nya¶V & 1) ajm~ÝYZ‘²{MÌ{‘X‘² & ^«mVm AmgZo Cn{dï>: & Vñ¶ g‘rno dV©Vo & ^{JZr ajmgyÌ§ hñVo J¥hrËdm {Vð>{V & gm VV² gÿÌ§ hñVo {gÕm & ‘mVm ní¶{V & XrnñWm{bH$m ñWm{nVm & n¥ð>V: {^{ÎmH$m{MÌ§ gwImgÝX‘² A{n Ñí¶oVo & Am{b{IVm ApñV & n[aV: (Cnhma:, ajm~ÝYZñ¶, ~Õw§, a“d„r, AmZÝXoZ, AmgZ‘², ^«mVw:, nrR>o) ²

ñWmZH$‘

~g ZmJnya-

2) ~gñWmZH$‘² EVV² {MÌ‘² & ~gñWmZHo$ ¶m{ÌH$m: ~g¶mZ§ àVrjÝVo & VÌ Ûo ‘{hbo, EH$m ~m{bH$m, EH$: nwéf: M & {dH«o$Vm {dH«$sUrVo & ~m{bH$m ní¶{V & nmœ} gpÝV & ‘mJ} {ÌM{H«$H$m {ÛM{H«$H$m M & EH$ñ¶m: g‘rno EH$‘² AnË¶§ {dÚVo & ‘mVm AnË¶m¶ {d‘mZ§ & (d¥jm:, {Vð>pÝV, Xe©¶{V, {dH«o$Vma§, H$H©$Q>r:, ‘{hbm¶m:, YmdV:, ~gñWmZH$ñ¶ )

nR>V AdJÀN>V ! np‘VÛ¶§ nR>V & 1. ZmpñV {dÚmg‘mo ~ÝYw: & ZmpñV = Z + ApñV & (A + A = Am) 2. Zañ¶m^aU§ ê$n‘² & Zañ¶m^aU§ = Zañ¶ + Am^aU‘² (A + Am = Am) Û¶mo: Aja¶mo: EH$ÌrH$aU‘² Zm‘ gpÝY: & 1. gdU©XrK©gpÝY: & Am) B/B© + B/ B© = B© A) A/Am + A/Am = Am 1. nR>{V + B{V = nR>Vr{V & 1. Zd + A{n = Zdm{n & 2. + Bd = ZXrd & 2. + AÌ = VWmÌ & 3. n[a + = narjm & 3. boIZñ¶ + = boIZñ¶me¶: & B) C/D$ + C/D$ = D$ 1. Jwé + CnXoe: = Jwê$nXoe: & 2. + CËgmh: = dYyËgmh: & 3. + D$Om© = ^mZyOm© &

B©) F$/G + F$/G = G 1. ‘mV¥ +F$U‘² = ‘mV¦U‘² & 2. {nV¥ + = {nV¦V‘² & 3. ^«mV¥ + = ^«mV¦f^: & 20

ñdamUm§ g¥{ï>: &

^mfmgyÌ‘² - 1 (A) Zm‘m{Z & ñdamÝVeãXmZm§ ^oXm: AH$mamÝV: AmH$mamÝV: BH$mamÝV: B©H$mamÝV: CH$mamÝV: D$H$mamÝV: F$H$mamÝV:

nw§{b“‘² Xod H${d ^mZw A) {nV¥ Am) H$V©¥

ór{b“‘² ‘mbm ‘{V ZXr YoZw dYy A) ‘mV¥ Am) ñdg¥

Znw§gH${b“‘² dZ dm[a ‘Yw -

{MÌ‘² AH$mamÝV: eãX: g‘mZmW©H$: CH$mamÝV: eãX:

Xod: à^w:

gy¶©: ^mZw:, ghòm§ew:

dmV: dm¶w:

d¥j: Vé:

{ejH$: Jwé:

gÎd: new:

MÝÐ: BÝXþ:, {h‘m§ew:

d§er doUþ:

{MÌ‘² AH$mamÝV:/B©H$mamÝV: eãX:

g‘mZmW©H$: CH$mamÝV: eãX:

nR>V ^oX‘² AdJÀN>V M & gy¶©: Zm‘ VoOmoJmob: & gy¶©ñ¶ dU©Z§ F$½doXo dV©Vo & gy¶m©V² gd} àH$me§ b^ÝVo & gy¶ª n[aV: gd} J«hm: ^«‘pÝV & gy¶}U J«h‘ÊS>b§ emo^Vo & gy¶} AVrd D$Om© dV©Vo & gy¶©: Añ‘mH§$ XodVm & gy¶m©¶ Z‘:& ho gy¶©, aj ‘m‘² &

^mZw: Zm‘ VoOmoJmob: & ^mZmo: dU©Z§ F$½doXo dV©Vo & ^mZmo: gd} àH$me§ b^ÝVo & ^mZw§ n[aV: gd} J«hm: ^«‘pÝV & ^mZwZm J«h‘ÊS>b§ emo^Vo & ^mZm¡ AVrd D$Om© dV©Vo & ^mZw: Añ‘mH§$ XodVm & ^mZdo Z‘:& ho ^mZmo, aj ‘m‘² & 21

^mZw (gy¶©:)- "C'H$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ CH$mamÝVZm‘m{Z & EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: ^mZw: ^mZy ^mZd: àW‘m ^mZw‘² ^mZy ^mZyZ² {ÛVr¶m ^mZwZm ^mZwä¶m‘² ^mZw{^: V¥Vr¶m ^mZdo ^mZwä¶m‘² ^mZwä¶: MVwWu ^mZmo: ^mZwä¶m‘² ^mZwä¶: n#m‘r ^mZmo: ^mÝdmo: ^mZyZm‘² fð>r ^mZm¡ ^mÝdmo: ^mZwfw gá‘r ho ^mZmo ho ^mZy ho ^mZd: gå~moYZ‘² ^mZwdV² AÝ¶o eãXm: - ‘Zw, AUw, {dîUw, gmYw, BÝXþ, new, dmé, à^w, Jwé BË¶mX¶: &

YoZw (Jm¡:) "C'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² YoZw: YoZy YoZd: YoZw‘² YoZy YoZy: YoÝdm YoZwä¶m‘² YoZw{^: YoZdo/YoÝd¡ YoZwä¶m‘² YoZwä¶: YoZmo:/YoÝdm: YoZwä¶m‘² YoZwä¶: YoZmo:/YoÝdm: YoÝdmo: YoZyZm‘² YoZm¡/YoÝdm‘² YoÝdmo: YoZwfw ho YoZmo ho YoZy ho YoZd: YoZwdV² AÝ¶o eãXm: - VZw, M#mw, a‚mw, hZw BË¶mX¶: &

‘Yw "C'H$mamÝV§ Znw§gH${b“§ Zm‘ EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: ‘Yw ‘YwZr ‘Yy{Z àW‘m ‘Yw ‘YwZr ‘Yy{Z {ÛVr¶m ‘YwZm ‘Ywä¶m‘² ‘Yw{^: V¥Vr¶m ‘YwZo ‘Ywä¶m‘² ‘Yþä¶: MVwWu ‘YwZ: ‘Ywä¶m‘² ‘Ywä¶: n#m‘r ‘YwZ: ‘YwZmo: ‘YyZm‘² fð>r ‘Yw{Z ‘YwZmo: ‘Ywfw gá‘r ho ‘Ymo, ‘Yw ho ‘YwZr ho ‘Yy{Z gå~moYZ‘² ‘YwdV² AÝ¶o eãXm:- dñVw, Aå~w, OmZw, Xmé BË¶mX¶: & CH$mamÝV-{deofUm{Z & X¶mbw, H¥$nmbw, ñZohmbw, ào‘mbw &

BÀN>mW©H$-CH$mamÝV-{deofUm{Z & ¶Wm-kmVw‘² BÀN>m {Okmgm & {Okmgm ¶ñ¶ ApñV g: {Okmgw: & Ed§ - nmVw‘² BÀN>m ({nnmgm) ¶ñ¶ ApñV g:/gm {nnmgw:, ^mo³Vw‘² BÀN>m (~w^wjm) ¶ñ¶ ApñV g:/gm ~w^wjw:, {dOoVw‘² BÀN>m ({d{OJrfm) ¶ñ¶ ApñV g:/gm {d{OJrfw: & H$Vw©‘² BÀN>m ({MH$sfm©) ¶ñ¶ ApñV g:/gm {MH$sfw©: &

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

1. ¶mo½¶ê$n§ ¶moO¶V & 1. ‘hmXod: n{V: & (new) 2. ho , aj ‘m‘² & (à^w) 3. gd} kmZ§ nyO¶pÝV & ({Okmgw) 4. Vñ‘¡ Z‘: & (Jwé) 5. ZmaX: eaU§ JÀN>{V & ({dîUw) 6. H¥$frdbñ¶ g‘rno n#m gpÝV & (YoZw) 7. ‘¶yañ¶ XrKm© & (M#mw) 9. ag: ‘Ywa: & (Bjw) 8. {h‘mb¶ñ¶ {h‘mÀN>m{XVm{Z & (gmZw)10. nyU} ZoÌo & (Alw) 2. MVwWª nX§ {bIV & 1) eå^w - eå^wZm :: {eew 3) Aå~w - Aå~y{Z :: dñVw -

& &

2) YoZw - YoÝdm :: a‚mw 4) hZw - hZy: :: VZw - 22

& &

3 Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & Zm‘ê$n‘² àm{Vn{XH$‘²

AÝV:

{b“‘²

{d^{³V:

dMZ‘²

1. nídmo: 2. gmYm¡ 3. {Okmgw{^: 4. Vê$Um‘² 5. Xmê${U

F$H$mamÝVZm‘m{Z & A) gå~ÝYdmMH$m{Z nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² {nV¥ (OZH$:) ‘mV¥ (OZZr) ^«mV¥ (ghmoXa:) Xþ{hV¥ (H$Ý¶m) Xod¥ (nË¶w: ^«mVm) ¶mV¥ (Xodw: nËZr) Om‘mV¥ (H$Ý¶m¶m: n{V:) ZZmÝÑ (nË¶w: ^{JZr) • >Z¥ (‘Zwî¶:) "A' àH$ma: - {nV¥ "F$'H$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {nVm {nVam¡ {nVa: {nVa‘² {nVam¡ {nV¦Z² {nÌm {nV¥ä¶m‘² {nV¥{^: {nÌo {nV¥ä¶m‘² {nV¥ä¶: {nVw: {nV¥ä¶m‘² {nV¥ä¶: {nVw: {nÌmo: {nV¦Um‘² {nV[a {nÌmo: {nV¥fw ho {nVa²,{nV: ho {nVam¡ ho {nVa: "Am' àH$ma: (YmVwV: {Z{‘©Vm{Z) YmVw: Zm‘ 1. H¥$ H$V¥© 2. ö hV¥© 3.Zr-Z¶² ZoV¥ 4. aj² a{jV¥ 5. lw lmoV¥

Am) YmVwV: {Z{‘©Vm{Z H$V¥© XmV¥ ZoV¥ d³V¥ hV¥© {dYmV¥ lmoV¥ A{^ZoV¥ ¶moÕ¥ ~moÕ¥ • g{dV¥

(nw§)(gy¶©:), ñdg¥ (ór.)(^{JZr), Zá¥ (nw§.) (nm¡Ì:/Xm¡{hÌ:) ‘mV¥ "F$'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘

{d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² àW‘m ‘mVm {ÛVr¶m ‘mVa‘² V¥Vr¶m ‘mÌm MVwWu ‘mÌo n#m‘r ‘mVw: fð>r ‘mVw: gá‘r ‘mV[a gå~moYZ‘² ho ‘mVa²,‘mV: AW©: ¶: H$amo{V & ¶: ha{V & ¶: Z¶{V & ¶: aj{V & ¶: e¥Umo{V & 23

{ÛdMZ‘² ‘mVam¡ ‘mVam¡ ‘mV¥ä¶m‘² ‘mV¥ä¶m‘² ‘mV¥ä¶m‘² ‘mÌmo: ‘mÌmo: ho ‘mVam¡

nw§. àW‘m E. d. H$Vm© hVm© ZoVm a{jVm lmoVm

~hþdMZ‘² ‘mVa: ‘mV¦: ‘mV¥{^: ‘mV¥ä¶: ‘mV¥ä¶: ‘mV¦Um‘² ‘mV¥fw ho ‘mVa:

ór. àW‘m E. d. H$Ìu hÌu ZoÌr a{jÌr lmoÌr

H$V¥© "F$'H$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: H$Vm© H$Vm©am¡ H$Vm©a: àW‘m H$Vm©a‘² H$Vm©am¡ H$V©¦Z² {ÛVr¶m ho H$V©:, ho H$V©a² ho H$Vm©am¡ ho H$Vm©a: gå~moYZ‘² V¥Vr¶mV: gá‘rn¶©ÝV§ eãXê$nm{U {nV¥dV² ^dpÝV & Ed‘² Ed "Am'àH$maH$mUm§ eãXmZm§ ê$nm{U ^dpÝV & "Am' àH$maH$mUm§ ór{b“eãXmZm§ ê$nm{U ZXrdV² ^dpÝV & ¶Wm H$Ìu "B©'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: H$Ìu H$Í¶m£ H$Í¶©: àW‘m H$Ìu‘² H$Í¶m¡© H$Ìu: {ÛVr¶m ho H${Ì© ho H$Í¶m£ ho H$Í¶©: gå~moYZ‘² 1. {Z~ÝY§ nya¶V & - JUoeñ¶ Hw$Qw>å~‘² & 1) eL²>H$a: JUoeñ¶ ------& ({nV¥) 2) nmd©Vr JUoeñ¶ -------& (‘mV¥) 3) H$m{V©Ho$¶: JUoeñ¶ ------& (^«mV¥) 4) -----(‘mV¥) nmd©Ë¶m: AmXoe‘² EVm¡ -----nmb¶V: & (^«mV¥) 5) ‘mVm‘hñ¶ {h‘mb¶ñ¶ EVm¡ AmXem¡© ------ & (ZßV¥)

(Am) gd©Zm‘m{Z & àW‘nwéfdmMH$m{Z VX², ¶X², EVX², BX‘², ^dV² ‘Ü¶‘nwéfdmMH$‘² ¶wî‘X² CÎm‘nwéfdmMH$‘² Añ‘X² àýmW©H$‘² {H$‘² "BX‘²' gd©Zm‘ nw§{b“‘² "BX‘²' gd©Zm‘ ór{b“‘² EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² A¶‘² B‘m¡ B‘o àW‘m B¶‘² B‘o B‘m: B‘‘²/EZ‘² B‘m¡/EZm¡ B‘mZ²/EZmZ² {ÛVr¶m B‘m‘²/EZm‘² B‘o/EZo B‘m:/EZm: AZoZ/EZoZ Amä¶m‘² E{^: V¥Vr¶m AZ¶m/EZ¶m Amä¶m‘² Am{^: Añ‘¡ Amä¶m‘² Eä¶: MVwWu Añ¶¡ Amä¶m‘² Amä¶: Añ‘mV² Amä¶m‘² Eä¶: n#m‘r Añ¶m: Amä¶m‘² Amä¶: Añ¶ AZ¶mo:/EZ¶mo: Efm‘² fð>r Añ¶m: AZ¶mo:/EZ¶mo: Amgm‘² Apñ‘Z² AZ¶mo:/EZ¶mo: Efw gá‘r Añ¶m‘² AZ¶mo:/EZ¶mo: Amgw 24

"BX‘²' gd©Zm‘ Znw§gH${b“‘² EH$dMZ‘² BX‘² BX‘²/EZV²

{ÛdMZ‘² B‘o B‘o/EZo

~hþdMZ‘² B‘m{Z B‘m{Z/EZm{Z

{d^{³V: àW‘m {ÛVr¶m

(V¥Vr¶mV: gá‘rn¶©ÝVm{Z ê$nm{U nw§{b“gÑem{Z & )

^dV² AmXamW©H§$ gd©Zm‘ &

^dV² - nw§{b“‘² EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: ^dmZ² ^dÝVm¡ ^dÝV: àW‘m ^dÝV‘² ^dÝVm¡ ^dV: {ÛVr¶m ^dVm ^dX²ä¶m‘² ^d{Ø: V¥Vr¶m ^dVo ^dX²ä¶m‘² ^dX²ä¶: MVwWu ^dV: ^dX²ä¶m‘² ^dX²ä¶: n#m‘r ^dV: ^dVmo: ^dVm‘² fð>r ^d{V ^dVmo: ^dËgw gá‘r ho ^dZ² ho ^dÝVm¡ ho ^dÝV: gå~moYZ‘²

^dV² - ór{b“‘²(^dVr) EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ^dVr ^dË¶m¡ ^dVr‘² ^dË¶m¡ ^dË¶m ^dVrä¶m‘² ^dË¶¡ ^dVrä¶m‘² ^dË¶m: ^dVrä¶m‘² ^dË¶m: ^dË¶mo: ^dË¶m‘² ^dË¶mo: ho ^d{V ho ^dË¶m¡

~hþdMZ‘² ^dË¶: ^dVr: ^dVr{^: ^dVrä¶: ^dVrä¶: ^dVrZm‘² ^dVrfw ho ^dË¶:

* Ho$db§ àW‘nwéfñ¶ {H«$¶mnXoZ gh Cn¶wÁ¶Vo {H$ÝVw ‘Ü¶‘nwéfñ¶ Xe©H$‘² & ¶Wm H$V¥©nX‘² ^dmZ²/^dVr Ëd‘²

bQ²>bH$ma: JÀN>{V JÀN>{g

bL²>bH$ma: AJÀN>V² AJÀN>:

bmoQ²>bH$ma: JÀN>Vw JÀN>

{d{Y{bL²>bH$ma: JÀN>oV² JÀN>o:

CnnX{d^³V¶: (Aì¶¶m{Z) & H$m{ZMZ Aì¶¶m{Z {d{eï>-{d^p³Vê$n‘² AnojÝVo & Vm{Z AY: {Z{X©ï>m{Z & 1. A{^V: = ({ÛVr¶m) ^mZw‘² A{^V: J«hm: ^«‘pÝV & 2. n[aV: = ({ÛVr¶m) ‘mVa§ n[aV: JUoe: àX{jUm§ H$amo{V & 3. C^¶V: = ({ÛVr¶m) ZXr‘² C^¶V: joÌm{U {dÚÝVo & 4. à{V = ({ÛVr¶m) gm¶L²>H$mbo dËg: YoZw§ à{V doJoZ JÀN>{V & 5. {dZm = ({ÛVr¶m/V¥Vr¶m/n#m‘r) MÝÐ‘g‘²/MÝÐ‘gm/MÝX‘g: {dZm {Zem Z emo^Vo & 6. gh = (V¥Vr¶m) {nÌm gh A{ZHo$V: AmnU§ JÀN>{V & 7. Ab‘² = (V¥Vr¶m) Ab§ {ZÐ¶m & Ab§ ^rË¶m & Ab§ dmVm©bmnoZ & 8. Z‘: = (MVwWu) JUnV¶o Z‘: & Jwado Z‘: & ‘éVo Z‘:& ‘hmbúå¶¡ Z‘: & 9. ~{h: = (n#m‘r) J¥hmV² ~{h: ‘mVm AmJVm & 10. H¥$Vo = (fð>r) ñdgw: H¥$Vo ~ÝYw: Cnhma‘² AmZ¶{V & 11. g‘rno = (fð>r) ZJañ¶ g‘rno CÚmZ§ dV©Vo& 25

(B) YmVwgm{YVm{Z Aì¶¶m{Z & YmVwgm{YVm: Zm‘ YmVw‘ybH$m: eãXm: & {H«$¶mnX‘² nR² - nR>{V nyO² - nyO¶{V a‘² - a‘Vo d¥V² - dV©Vo

Zm‘ nR>Z‘², nmR>: nyOZ‘², nyOm a‘m , a‘U‘² dV©Z‘², d¥{Îm:

{deofU‘² n{R>V ny{OV aV d¥Îm

Aì¶¶‘² n{R>Ëdm gånyÁ¶ aËdm d{V©Vw‘²

Aì¶¶‘² & ì¶¶: Zm‘ n[adV©Z‘² & ¶pñ‘Z² eãXo n[adV©Z§ Z ^d{V, Zm‘ ¶: eãX: {Ìfw {b“ofw, {Ìfw dMZofw A{n M gdm©gw {d^{³Vfw g‘mZ: Ed ^d{V, g: eãX: "Aì¶¶‘²' B{V CÀ¶Vo & ¶Wm1. ~m{bH$m Xod§ ZËdm nR>{V & 2. JUoe§ ZËdm Ëd§ JÀN>{g & 3. AmMm¶ª ZËdm N>mÌm: dJª à{depÝV & AÌ H$V¥©nXmZwgma§ {H«$¶mnX§ n[adV©Vo & na§ "ZËdm' BË¶pñ‘Z² ê$no n[adV©Z§ Z ^d{V & AV: VX² Aì¶¶‘² & YmVwgm{YVm{Z Aì¶¶m{Z

nyd©H$mbdmMH$Û¶‘²

ËdmÝV‘² ë¶~ÝV‘² ( Ëdm + AÝV‘² ) ( ë¶n² + AÝV‘² )

hoËdW©H$‘² Vw‘ÝV‘² ( Vw‘²+AÝV‘² )

‘ybYmVw: + ³Ëdm (Ëdm) CngJ©: + ‘ybYmVw: + ë¶n² (¶) ‘ybYmVw: + Vw‘wZ² (Vw‘²) nyd©H$mbdmMH$-Aì¶¶-Û¶‘² & • ËdmÝVaMZm 1) am‘: embm§ JÀN>{V & am‘: dJª à{de{V & AÌ EH$: Ed H$Vm© & (am‘:), {H«$¶mÛ¶‘² (J‘Z{H«$¶m, àdoe{H«$¶m) nydª H¥$Vm {H«$¶m J‘Zñ¶ & AV: JÀN>{V B{V {H«$¶mnX§ nyd©H$mbdmMH$‘² ApñV & J‘² YmVmo: AJ«o Ëdm-àË¶¶‘² Cn¶wÁ¶ Aì¶¶ê$n§ ^d{V - JËdm & am‘: embm§ JËdm dJª à{de{V & 2) ‘¡{Wbr nwpñVH$m¶m§ {bI{V & VËnümV² àý§ n¥ÀN>{V & AdYo¶‘² ‘¡{Wbr nwpñVH$m¶m§ {bpIËdm àý§ n¥ÀN>{V & ËdmÝV/ë¶~ÝVaMZmg‘¶o "A{n' "VXZÝVa§', • ë¶~ÝVaMZm 1) ZraO: dJª à{de{V & VXZÝVa‘² AmgZo Cn{de{V & "VV:', "M', "AW', "AZÝVa§', "VËnümV²' BË¶mX¶: eãXm: {ZîH$mg{¶Vì¶m: & ZraO: dJª à{dí¶ AmgZo Cn{de{V & {ÛVr¶dm³¶ñW§ H$V©¥nX§ (Zm‘ gd©Zm‘ dm) A{n 2) ^maVr AmgZo Cn{de{V nwpñVH$m¶m§ {bI{V M & {ZîH$mg{¶Vì¶‘² & ^maVr AmgZo Cn{dí¶ nwpñVH$m¶m§ {bI{V & 26

hoËdW©H$‘² Aì¶¶‘² & hoVw + AW©H$‘² = hoËdW©H$‘² & hoVw: Zm‘ C{Ôï>‘² & hoËdW©H$‘² Aì¶¶§ {H«$¶m¶m: C{Ôï>§ H$W¶{V & 1) am‘: n{R>Vw§ embm§ JÀN>{V & am‘: {H$‘Wª embm§ JÀN>{V? n{R>Vw‘² & 2) Xod§ nyO{¶Vw§ ‘mVm Xodmb¶§ JÀN>{V & ‘mVm {H$‘Wª Xodmb¶§ JÀN>{V ? Xod§ nyO{¶Vw‘² & 3) N>mÌm: Io{bVw§ H«$sS>m“U§ JÀN>pÝV & N>mÌm: {H$‘Wª H«$sS>m“U§ JÀNpÝV ? Io{bVw‘² & nR>V ñ‘aV & YmVd: ³Ëdm ë¶n² Vw‘wZ² YmVd: ³Ëdm ë¶n² Vw‘wZ² Xm XÎdm àXm¶ XmVw‘² dh² D$T²>dm {Zdø dmoTw>‘² nm nrËdm {Znr¶ nmVw‘² dg² C{fËdm {Zdñ¶ d{gVw‘² ñWm pñWËdm CËWm¶ ñWmVw‘² dX² C{XËdm àmoÚ/AZyÚ d{XVw‘² km kmËdm {dkm¶ kmVw‘² H$W² H$W{¶Ëdm [dH$Ï¶ H$W{¶Vw‘² J¡ JrËdm àJm¶ JmVw‘² Mwa² Mmoa{¶Ëdm A{^Mmo¶© Mmoa{¶Vw‘² Ü¶¡ Ü¶mËdm AZwÜ¶m¶ Ü¶mVw‘² jb² jmb{¶Ëdm àjmë¶ jmb{¶Vw‘² {O {OËdm {d{OË¶ OoVw‘² aM² aM{¶Ëdm {daMæ¶ aM{¶Vw‘² Zr ZrËdm AmZr¶ ZoVw‘² JU² JU{¶Ëdm {dJUæ¶ JU{¶Vw‘² lw lwËdm CnlwË¶ lmoVw‘² nyO² nyO{¶Ëdm gånyÁ¶ nyO{¶Vw‘² ^y ^yËdm AZw^y¶ ^{dVw‘² Kwf² Kmof{¶Ëdm g”moî¶ Kmof{¶V‘² H¥$ H¥$Ëdm CnH¥$Ë¶ H$Vw©‘² Z¥V² Z{V©Ëdm A{^Z¥Ë¶ Z{V©Vw‘² ñ‘¥ ñ‘¥Ëdm {dñ‘¥Ë¶ ñ‘Vw©‘² H«$ÝX² H«$pÝXËdm AmH«$ÝÚ H«$pÝXVw‘² g¥ g¥Ëdm AZwg¥Ë¶ gVw©‘² nR²> n{R>Ëdm AZwnR>ç n{R>Vw‘² {Xe² {XîQ²dm Am{Xí¶ Xoïw>‘² {bI² {b{IËdm {dbo»¶ {b{IVw‘² Ñe² ÑîQ‰> m gÝÑí¶ Ðïw>‘² hg² h{gËdm {dhñ¶ h{gVw‘² àÀN>² n¥îQ‰>m Amn¥ÀNç àïw>‘² dÝX² dpÝXËdm AZwdÝX¶ dpÝXVw‘² ñn¥e² ñn¥îQ‰>m g§ñn¥í¶ ñàïw>‘² J«h² J¥hrËdm gL²>J¥ø J«hrVw‘² {gM² {g³Ëdm A{^{fÀ¶ go³Vw‘² J‘² JËdm AmJå¶ JÝVw‘² ‘wM² ‘w³Ëdm {d‘wÀ¶ ‘mo³Vw‘² Z‘² ZËdm àUå¶ ZÝVw‘² dM² C³Ëdm àdmÀ¶ d³Vw‘² a‘² aËdm AmaË¶ aÝVw‘² np‘VÛ¶§ nR>V AdJÀN>V ! ñdamUm§ g¥{ï>: & 1. ‘mVod aj{V {nVod {hVo {Z¶wL²>³Vo$& ‘mVod = ‘mVm + Bd & {nVod = {nVm + Bd & 2. {H«$¶m{g{Õ: gÎdo dg{V ‘hVm§ ZmonH$aUo & ZmonH$aUo = Z + CnH$aUo & 2. JwUgpÝY: & B) A/Am + F$/G = Aa² Am) A/Am + C/D$ = Amo A) A/Am + B/B© = E 1. JUoe + CËgd: = JUoemoËgd: & 1. Xod + F${f: = Xod{f©: & 1. Xod + BÝÐ: = XodoÝÐ: & = ‘h{f©: & = d¥jñ¶moÜd©‘² & 2. ‘hm + 2. + Bd = MpÝÐHo$d & 2. d¥jñ¶ + 27

EVX{n ñ‘aUr¶‘² 1. B©emZ: embm§ JËdm •

ËdmÝV§/ë¶~ÝV‘² Aì¶¶§ {ZîH$mg¶V & nR>{V & 2. ‘hoÝÐ: Io{bËdm bQ²>bH$ma: à.nw.E.d.

J‘² (1n.n.)+ ³Ëdm

B©emZ: embm§ JÀN>{V

3. Améf: J¥h‘² AmJå¶ Am+J‘² (1n.n.) +ë¶n²

‘hoÝÐ: AIobV²

bL>²>bH$ma:

bQ²>bH$ma: à.nw.E.d.

^moOZ§

à.nw.E.d.

H$amo{V&

4. Ah§ Xod§ àUå¶

bQ²> bH$ma:

Iob²(1n.n.)+ ³Ëdm

à.nw.E.d.

Améf: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>{V ^moOZ§ H$amo{V M & bQ²> bH$ma: à.nw.E.d.

bL>²>bH$ma:

Iob²(1n.n.)+ ³Ëdm

nR>{V M &

bQ²>bH$ma: à.nw.E.d.

J¥h‘² AmJÀN>V² &

Ah§ Xod§ àU‘m{‘

bQ²> bH$ma:

bQ²> bH$ma:

à.nw.E.d.

C.nw.E.d.

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

1. nyd©H$mbdmMH$-YmVwgm{YV-Aì¶¶m{Z Cn¶wÁ¶ dmŠ¶m{Z {bIV & 1. g: JÀN>{V & (ImX²) 2. Am{XË¶: Jwé‘² (AZw + g¥) XoemÝVa‘² Ad«OV² & 3. ~«÷Xod: dmë‘r{H$‘² (Cn + {Xe²) AdXV² & 4. ^³V: {dîUw§ (ñ‘¥) VnûMaU§ H$amo{V & 5. ~mbH$: B©ûda§ (Ü¶¡) Aä¶mg§ àma^Vo & 6. qgh§ (Ñe²) ‘wHw$b: ^rV: & 7. Zm¡H$m‘² (Am + Zr) AO¶: àdmg‘² Ama^V & 2. hoËdW©H$-Aì¶¶m{Z à¶wÁ¶ dmŠ¶§ nwZ{b©IV & 1. ^mJ©d: (ñZm) J“mZXt JÀN>{V & 2. JX©^: (J¡) Ama^V amÌm¡ & 3. YZ§ (b^²) gmo‘XÎm: ‘hmZJa‘² AgaV² & 4. àý§ (àÀN²) g: Y¡¶}U AJ«o AmJÀN>V² & 3. ËdmÝV§/ë¶~ÝV‘² Aì¶¶§ {ZîH$mg¶V & 1. Xrnoe: JrV§ ñ‘¥Ëdm Jm¶{V & 2. gwdUm© àmV: CËWm¶ J«m‘‘² AJÀN>V² & 3. N>mÌm: CÎma§ {b{IËdm ñ‘apÝV & 4. amYm Xþ½Y§ nrËdm ’$b§ ImXVw & 5. H${d: H$mì¶§ {daMæ¶ Jm¶oV² & 28

à.nw.E.d.

J¥h‘²

AmJÀN>V² M &

bL>²>bH$ma: à.nw.E.d.

Z¥Ë¶m{‘& bQ²> bH$ma: C.nw.E.d.

Z¥Ë¶m{‘ M & bQ²> bH$ma: C.nw.E.d.

(B©) bmoQ²>bH$ma: & 1) am‘: nmR>§ nR>{V & (bQ²bH$ma:) (dV©‘mZH$mb:) 2) am‘: nmR>‘² AnR>V² & (bL²>bH$ma:) (àW‘^yVH$mb:) dmŠ¶Û¶o H$mbñ¶ ~moY: ^d{V & AYwZm EVm{Z CXmhaUm{Z nR>V & 1. àVrH$, Ëd‘² C{Îmð> & (AmXoe:) 2. H$mbo df©Vw nO©Ý¶: & (Anojm) 3. gd} gwpIZ: ^dÝVw & (ew^me§gm) 4. A{n Ah§ dJª à{dem{Z ? (AZw‘{V:) EVm{Z gdm©{U dmŠ¶m{Z H$mb§ Z ~moY¶pÝV & na‘² AmXoe:, BÀN>m, ew^me§gZ‘², AZw‘{V: BË¶mXrZ² ^mdmZ² H$W¶pÝV & AV: Vm{Z "AW©' B{V àH$maofw JÊ¶ÝVo & AW©Û¶‘² - AmkmW©: (bmoQ²bH$ma:), {dÜ¶W©: ({bL²>bH$ma:) & nañ‘¡nX‘² bmoQ²>àË¶¶m: & (AmkmW©àË¶¶m:) AmË‘ZonX‘² E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. Vw Vm‘² AÝVw àW‘: Vm‘² BVm‘² AÝVm‘² V‘² V ‘Ü¶‘: ñd BWm‘² Üd>‘² Am{Z Amd Am‘ CÎm‘: Eo Amdh¡ Am‘h¡ ‘Ü¶‘nwéf-EH$dMZñ¶ àË¶¶: "{h' ApñV & {H$ÝVw JUmZm§ àW‘{d^mJo (1, 4, 6, 10) Vñ¶ bmon: ^d{V & nR²> (1 n. n.) a‘² (1 Am. n.) E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nR>Vw nR>Vm‘² nR>ÝVw àW‘: a‘Vm‘² a‘oVm‘² a‘ÝVm‘² nR> nR>V‘² nR>V ‘Ü¶‘: a‘ñd a‘oWm‘² a‘Üd‘² nR>m{Z nR>md nR>m‘ CÎm‘: a‘¡ a‘mdh¡ a‘m‘h¡ Z¥V² (4 n. n.) ‘Z² (4 Am. n.) E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. Z¥Ë¶Vw Z¥Ë¶Vm‘² Z¥Ë¶ÝVw àW‘: ‘Ý¶Vm‘² ‘Ý¶oVm‘² ‘Ý¶ÝVm‘² Z¥Ë¶ Z¥Ë¶V‘² Z¥Ë¶V ‘Ü¶‘: ‘Ý¶ñd ‘Ý¶oWm‘² ‘Ý¶Üd‘² Z¥Ë¶m{Z Z¥Ë¶md Z¥Ë¶m‘ CÎm‘: ‘Ý¶¡ ‘Ý¶mdh¡ ‘Ý¶m‘h¡ {bI² (6 n. n.) {Xe² (6 Am. n.) E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. {bIVw {bIVm‘² {bIÝVw àW‘: {XeVm‘² {XeoVm‘² {XeÝVm‘² {bI {bIV‘² {bIV ‘Ü¶‘: {Xeñd {XeoWm‘² {XeÜd‘² {bIm{Z {bImd {bIm‘ CÎm‘: {Xe¡ {Xemdh¡ {Xem‘h¡ nyO² (10 n.n.) ‘ÝÌ² (10 Am. n.) E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nyO¶Vw nyO¶Vm‘² nyO¶ÝVw àW‘: ‘ÝÌ¶Vm‘² ‘ÝÌ¶oVm‘² ‘ÝÌ¶ÝVm‘² nyO¶ nyO¶V‘² nyO¶V ‘Ü¶‘: ‘ÝÌ¶ñd ‘ÝÌ¶oWm‘² ‘ÝÌ¶Üd‘² nyO¶m{Z nyO¶md nyO¶m‘ CÎm‘: ‘ÝÌ¶¡ ‘ÝÌ¶mdh¡ ‘ÝÌ¶m‘h¡ 29

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

1. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & {H«$¶mnX‘² ‘ybYmVw: JU:, nX‘² bH$ma: nwéf: dMZ‘² 1. j‘ñd --bmoQ²> --2. b^Vm‘² -1 Am.n. ---3. Z¥Ë¶ÝVw ----~hþdMZ‘² 4. aM¶ aM² ----5. CÎmaV CV² + V¦-Va² ----6. {bIV -6 n.n. ---7. Jm¶m‘ --bmoQ²> --8. ^dÝVw ---àW‘nwéf: -2. AmkmW©-ê$nm{U {MZwV {bIV M & 1) ho am{YHo$, ’$bm{Z JU¶ & 2) Aå~, A{n AmnUmV² emH$m{Z AmZ¶m{Z ? 3) AmMm¶}, A{n d¶§ H«$sS>m“Uo H«$sS>m‘ ? 4) ¶y¶§ amï´>ÜdO§ gd©Xm dÝXÜd‘² & 5) N>mÌm¡ àmW©Zm§ ñ‘aVm‘² & nR>V AdJÀN>V ! ñdamUm§ g¥{ï>: & np‘VÛ¶§ nR>V & 1. godm Z {H${#mXñVr{V {^jm Z¡d M Z¡d M & Z¡d = Z + Ed 2. aWñ¶¡H§$ MH«§$ ^wOJ¶{‘Vm: gá VwaJm: & aWñ¶¡H$‘² - aWñ¶ + EH$‘² & 3) d¥{ÕgpÝY: & Am) A/Am + Amo/Am¡ = Am¡ A) A/Am + E/Eo = Eo 1. ‘‘ + AmoO: = ‘‘m¡O: & 1. Z + EVX² = Z¡VX² & 2. Vd + = Vdm¡Xm¶©‘² & 2. ‘‘ + = ‘‘¡íd¶©‘² & np‘VÛ¶§ nR>V & 1. ¶moJjo‘§ dhmå¶h‘² & dhmå¶h‘² = dhm{‘ + Ah‘² & 2. AñË¶wÎmañ¶m§ {X{e XodVmË‘m {h‘mb¶mo Zm‘ ZJm{YamO: & AñË¶wÎmañ¶m§ = ApñV + CÎmañ¶m‘² & 4. ¶U²gpÝY: & A) B/B© + {dOmVr¶: ñda: = ¶² & Am) C/D$ + {dOmVr¶: ñda: = d² & 1. B{V + A{n = BË¶{n & 1. Ibw + EVV² = IëdoVV² & 2. H$amo{‘ + = H$amoå¶h‘² & 2. ‘Zw + = ‘ÝdÝVa‘² & B) F$/G + {dOmVr¶: ñda: = a² & 1. {nV¥ + Amkm = {nÌmkm & 2. ‘mV¥ + = ‘m{ÌÀN>m & 30

gwJ‘g§ñH¥$V‘² & g‘¶:& {ÛVr¶: KQ>H$: &

n#mmoZ-{ÛdmXZ‘²

XemoZ-{ÌdmXZ‘²

nÄMm{YH$-nÄMdmXZ‘² Xem{YH$-fS²>dmXZ‘²

qde{V-A{YH$Aï>dmXZ‘²

n#m qde{V-A{YH$ZddmXZ‘²

n#m{Ì§eV²-A{YH$XedmXZ‘²

MËdm[a¨eV²-A{YH$EH$mXedmXZ‘²

CXmhaUmZwgma§ K{Q>H$m¶ÝÌo g‘¶{ZX}eZ§ Hw$éV & 1) N>mÌ: àmV:H$mbo n#mm{YH$fS²>dmXZo C{Îmð>{V & 3) qdeË¶{YH$-n#mdmXZo N>mÌ: H«$sS>m“Uo Iob{V &

2) N>mÌ: XemoZXedmXZo nmR>embm§ JÀN>{V & 4) XemoZgádmXZo N>mÌ: gm¶§àmW©Zm§ H$amo{V &

g‘¶‘² Aja¡: {bIV nR>V M & 1) AM©H$: Xodmb¶§ (4.50) dmXZo JÀN>{V & 2) AÜ¶mnH$: H$jm§ (11.05) dmXZo à{de{V & 3) gm¶L²>H$mbo (6.20) dmXZo gy¶m©ñV: ^d{V& 4) d¶§ gd} amÌm¡ (8.40) dmXZo ^moOZ§ Hw$‘©:& 5) XÿaXe©Zo e{Zdmgao gm¶L²>H$mbo (7.00) dmXZo g§ñH¥$VdmVm©dbr-H$m¶©H«$‘ñ¶ àgmaU§ ^d{V & 6) d¶‘² AmH$medmÊ¶m§ à{V{XZ§ àmV: (6.55) dmXZo g§ñH¥$VdmVm©: lmoV§w e³Zw‘: &

&&lr:&& Añ‘mH§$ {dÚmb¶ñ¶ dm{f©H$moËgdñ¶ H$m¶©H«$‘n{ÌH$m & 7.30 - N>mÌmUm‘² AmJ‘Z‘² & 7.45 - g^mJ¥ho ‘obZ‘² & 8.10 - A{VWrZm‘² AmJ‘Z‘² & 8.15 - XrnàÁdmbZ§ emaXmnyOZ§ M & 8.30 - A{VWrZm§ ñdmJV‘² &

8.45 - gm§ñH¥${VH$H$m¶©H«$‘m: & 9.45 - A{VWrZm§ ^mfU‘² & 10.10 -àYmZmMm¶©ñ¶ CnXoe: & 10.30 - nm[aVmo{fH${dVaU‘² & 12.05 - H$m¶©H«$‘g‘m{á: &

31

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² &

qH$ Hw$¶m©V²? qH$ ^doV²?

OZm… AmÐª ewîH§$ M AdH$a§ n¥WH²$ {jno¶w…&

ûd… Ah§ nwñVH$‘² AmZ¶o¶‘² & n#mXedm³¶m{Z nR>V & 1. g:/^dmZ² nR>oV²/a‘oV & 4. gm/^dVr nR>oV²/a‘oV & 7. VV² nR>oV²/a‘oV & 10. Ëd§ nR>o…/a‘oWm… & 13. Ah§ nR>o¶‘²/a‘o¶ &

Ëd§ ^«‘UÜd{ZZm A{YH$g‘¶§ Z H«$sS>o…&

AÚ Amaä¶ d¶‘² Am{XZ§ nR>o‘ &

EV§ Vmb§ ¶wdm§ nwZ…nwZ… dmX¶oV‘² & Amdm§ ’$bHo$ gw^m{fV§ {bIod & 2. Vm¡/^dÝVm¡ nR>oVm‘²/a‘o¶mVm‘² & 3. Vo/^dÝV: nR>o¶w:/a‘oaZ² & 5. Vo/^dË¶m¡ nR>oVm‘²/a‘o¶mVm‘²& 6. Vm:/^dË¶: nR>o¶w:/a‘oaZ² & 8. Vo nR>oVm‘²/a‘o¶mVm‘²& 9. Vm{Z nR>o¶w:/a‘oaZ² & 11. ¶wdm§ nR>oV‘²/a‘o¶mWm‘² & 12. ¶y¶§ nR>oV/a‘oÜd‘² & 14. Amdm§ nR>od/a‘od{h & 15. d¶§ nR>o‘/a‘o‘{h & nR>V AdJÀN>V !

ñdamUm§ g¥{ï>: & np‘VÛ¶§ nR>V & 1. Ûm{d‘m¡ nwéfm¡ bmoHo$ jaümja Ed M & Ûm{d‘m¡ = Ûm¡ + B‘m¡ & 2. ‘mVm{nVam{dh ‘‘ Z ñV:, EH$mH$s Ibw {IÞmo@h‘² & ‘mVm{nVam{dh - ‘mVm{nVam¡ + Bh & 5. A¶m{XgpÝY: & A) E/Eo + H$mo@{n ñda: = A¶²/Am¶² Am) Amo/Am¡ + H$mo@{n ñda: = Ad²/Amd² 1. g‘rno + Ed = g‘rn¶od / g‘rn Ed & 1. Ûm¡ + Ed = Ûmdod & 2. H¥$Vo + = H¥$V¶m¶m{h / H¥$V Am¶m{h & 2. Vm¡ + = Vmd{n & 3. + A{n = ‘Ë¶m¶{n / ‘Ë¶m A{n & 3. + A{n = C^md{n & 4. Vñ‘¡ + = Vñ‘m¶{n / Vñ‘m A{n & 4. + AmñVm‘² = gwöXmdmñVm‘² &

32

MVw W©: nmR>:&

{dÜ¶W©‘mbm &

(H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²)

gw^m{fVm{Z g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m: d¡{eîQ>çnyUm©{Z nÚaËZm{Z & gw^m{fVm{Z Añ‘mH§$ ‘Z: aÄO¶pÝV, Añ‘mH§$ kmZ§ dY©¶pÝV, H$W§ ì¶dhma: H$aUr¶:, qH$ H$V©ì¶§, qH$ M Z H$aUr¶‘² B{V gå¶H²$ ~moY¶pÝV &

gwImWu MoV² Ë¶Oo{ÛÚm§ {dÚmWu MoV² Ë¶OoËgwI‘² & gwIm{W©Z: Hw$Vmo {dÚm Hw$Vmo {dÚm{W©Z: gwI‘² &&1&& [ gwImWu MoV² {dÚm§ Ë¶OoV² & {dÚmWu MoV² gwI§ Ë¶OoV² & gwIm{W©Z: {dÚm Hw$V: ? {dÚm{W©Z: gwI§ Hw$V: ?]

Ñ{ï>nyV§ Ý¶goV² nmX§ dónyV§ {n~oV² Ob‘² & gË¶nyVm§ dXoV² dmUt ‘Z:nyV§ g‘mMaoV² &&2&& [ Ñ{ï>nyV§ nmX§ Ý¶goV² & dónyV§ Ob§ {n~oV² & gË¶nyVm§ dmUt dXoV² & ‘Z:nyV§ g‘mMaoV² &]

YZ‘bãY§ H$m¬oV, bãY§ ajoV² à¶ËZV: & a{jV§ dY©¶oV² gå¶H²$, d¥Õ§ VrW}fw {Z{jnoV² &&3&& [AbãY§ YZ§ H$mL²>joV & bãY§ (YZ§) à¶ËZV: ajoV² & a{jV§ (YZ§) gå¶H²$ dY©¶oV²& d¥Õ§ (YZ§) VrW}fw {Z{jnoV² &]

AH«$moYoZ O¶oV² H«$moY‘² AgmYw§ gmYwZm O¶oV² & O¶oV² H$X¶ª XmZoZ O¶oV² gË¶oZ MmZ¥V‘² &&4&& [AH«$moYoZ H«$moY§ O¶oV² & gmYwZm AgmYw§ O¶oV² & XmZoZ H$X¶ª O¶oV² & gË¶oZ M AZ¥V‘² O¶oV² &]

Xþ:Io Xþ:Im{YH$mZ² ní¶oV² gwIo ní¶oV² gwIm{YH$mZ² & AmË‘mZ§ emoH$hfm©ä¶m§ eÌwä¶m{‘d Zmn©¶oV² &&5&& [Xþ:Io Xþ:Im{YH$mZ² ní¶oV² & gwIo gwIm{YH$mZ² ní¶oV² & (‘mZd:) eÌwä¶m‘² Bd emoH$hfm©ä¶m‘² AmË‘mZ§ ZAn©¶oV²&]

àË¶h§ àË¶dojoV Zaü[aV‘mË‘Z: & {H$Þw ‘o new{^ñVwë¶§ {H$Þw gËnwéf¡[a{V &&6&& [Za: AmË‘Z: M[aV§ àË¶h§ àË¶dojoV qH$ Zw ‘o (M[aV§) new{^: Vwë¶‘²? qH$ Zw (‘o M[aV§) gËnwéf¡: (Vwë¶‘²) B{V &]

~H$d{ƒÝV¶oXWm©Z² qghdƒ namH«$‘oV² & d¥H$dƒmdbwånoV eedƒ {d{ZînVoV² && 7&& [(Z¥n:) ~H$dV² AWm©Z² {MÝV¶oV² qghdV² M namH«$‘oV² & d¥H$dV² AdbwånoV eedV² M {d{ZînVoV² &] ^mfmä¶mg:

ûcmoH$: 11) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & (A) {dÚmWu qH$ Ë¶OoV² ? (Am) gwImWu qH$ Ë¶OoV²? 2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & 1) Ë¶Oo{ÛÚm‘² 2) Ë¶OoËgwI‘² 3) Hw$Vmo {dÚm 4) Hw$Vmo {dÚ{W©Z:

3. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & 1) {dÚm 2) {dÚmWu 4. àíZ{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV & (A) gwImWu {dÚm§ Z b^Vo & (Am) {dÚmWu gwI§ Z b^Vo & 33

ûcmoH$: 2. 1) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & (A) H$sÑe§ Ob§ {n~oV² ? (Am) H$sÑet dmUr§ dXoV² ? 2. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {MËdm {bIV & dmH²$, n{dÌ‘², F$V‘², CXH$‘² &

ûcmoH$: 5 1) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & A) Xþ:Io H$mZ² ní¶oV²? Am) gwIm{YH$mZ² H$Xm ní¶oV² ? 2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & eÌwä¶m{‘d, Zmn©¶oV² &

3. ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV & {deofU‘² Ñ{ï>nyV: dónyV‘² ‘Z:nyV‘² gË¶nyVm

3 {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & gwI‘², A{YH$‘², emoH$:, eÌw: &

{deoî¶‘² dmUr AmMaU‘² nmX: Ob‘²

4) OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V & {d{Y{bL²>{H«$¶mnXm{Z

ûcmoH$: 31. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & (A) ‘ZwO: H$sÑe§ YZ§ H$m¬oV ? (Am) d¥Õ§ YZ§ Hw$Ì {Z{jnoV²? 2. H«$‘mZwgma§ aM¶V & 1) YZñ¶ ajU‘² & (3) YZñ¶ BÀN>m &

(2) VrW}fw XmZ‘² & (4) YZñ¶ dY©Z‘² &

3. nXn[aM¶§ {bIV & ‘ybYmVw: bH$ma: H$mL²>joV ajoV² {Z{jnoV²

nwéf:

dMZ‘²

ûcmoH$: 4 1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & A) H«$moY§ Ho$Z O¶oV²? Am) XmZoZ qH$ O¶oV²? B) gË¶oZ qH$ O¶oV²? 2. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & H«$moY:, AgmYw:, gË¶‘², XmZ‘² & 3. ûcmoH$mV² V¥Vr¶mÝVnXm{Z {MËdm {bIV & 4. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & MmZ¥V‘² &

ûcmoH$: 6 1) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & A) àË¶h§ qH$ àË¶dojoV ? Am) M[aV§ Ho$Z Vwë¶§ ‘m@ñVw ? B) M[aV§ Ho$Z Vwë¶‘² AñVw ? 2. gpÝY§ Hw$éV & A) new{^: + Vwë¶‘² Am) {H$‘² + Zw B) gËnwéf¡: + B{V B©) Za: + M[aV‘² 3 g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZm§ ¶w½‘§ {MZwV & A àË¶h‘² , Za:, M[aV‘², new:, Vwë¶:, gËnwéfm: Am dV©Z‘², ‘¥J:, à{V{XZ‘², ‘ZwO:, g‚mZm:, g‘: ûcmoH$: 7 1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & A) Z¥n: AWm©Z² H$W§ {MÝV¶oV² ? Am) Z¥n: H$W§ namH«$‘oV² ? B) Z¥n: H$W‘² AdbwånoV ? B©) Z¥n: H$W§ {d{ZînVoV² ? 2. {bL²>bH$mañ¶ {H«$¶mnXm{Z {MZwV & 3. ûcmoH$mV² newÛ¶§ {MZwV {bIV M & 4. gpÝY¨ Hw$éV & A) eedV² + M Am) M + AdbwånoV B) {MÝV¶oV² + AWm©Z² & 34

" {H«$¶mnX§ qH$ H$W¶{V?-1

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² &

"{H«$¶mnX‘²' B{V dm³¶ñ¶ ‘hÎdnyU©‘² A“‘² & ~mbH$: J«ÝW§ nR>{V & B{V dm³¶o "nR>{V' B{V {H«$¶mnX‘² & VoZ H$ñ¶ ~moY: ^d{V ? (1) nR>Zñ¶ {H«$¶m P P (2) nañ‘¡¡nX‘² (3) àW‘: nwéf: P

AYwZm EVm{Z dm³¶m{Z nR>V & (1) ~mbH$: J«ÝW§ nR>{V & (2) ~mbH$m¡ J«ÝW§ nR>V: & (3) ~mbH$m: J«ÝW§ nR>pÝV & (4) Ah§ J«ÝW§ nR>m{‘ & (5) Ëd§ J«ÝW§ nR>{g & EVofw dm³¶ofw {H«$¶mnX§ H$V¥©nXñ¶ nwéf§ dMZ§ M AZwga{V & ¶{X H$V¥©nX§ n[adV©Vo V{h© {H«$¶mnX‘² A{n n[adV©Vo AV: H$V¥©àYmZm{Z dm³¶m{Z B‘m{Z &

P P (6) YmVmo: JU{dH$aU‘² P (7) H$Vw©: nwéf: dMZ§ M ? (4) EH$dMZ‘² (5) bQ²>bH$ma:

"nR>{V' B{V {H«$¶mnXñ¶ ldUoZ¡d H$Vm© àW‘nwéfñ¶ EH$dMZo B{V km¶Vo & VW¡d "nR>m{‘' B{V nXoZ H$Vm© CÎm‘nwéfñ¶ EH$dMZo B{V ñnï>§ ^d{V & Ed§ {H«$¶mnXoZ H$V¥©nXñ¶ nwéfñ¶ dMZñ¶ A{n ~moY: ^d{V &

H$V¥©dmÀ¶: à¶moJ: & (H$V©[a à¶moJ:) H$Vm© H$‘© {H«$¶mnX‘² àW‘m {d^p³V: {ÛVr¶m {d^p³V: H$V©¥nXñ¶ nwéfdMZmZwgma‘² 2) d¶§ J«ÝW§ nR>m‘: &

(1) ‘Yþam gwYmIÊS>mZ² AmZ¶{V & ‘Ywam gwYmIÊS>mZ² AmZ¶{V & H$Vm© H$‘© {H«$¶mnX‘² àW‘m à.nw. E.d.

{ÛVr¶m

d¶§ H$Vm© àW‘m

à.nw. ~.d.

C.nw. ~.d.

J«ÝW§ H$‘©

nR>m‘: & {H«$¶mnX‘²

{ÛVr¶m C.nw. ~.d.

{H«$¶mnX§ H$V¥©nX‘² AZwga{V & AV: H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ {H«$¶mnX‘² BX‘² &

{H«$¶mnX§ H$V¥©nX‘² AZwga{V & AV: H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ {H«$¶mnX‘² BX‘² &

35

n#m‘: nmR>: & qH$ {‘Ï¶m? qH$ dmñVd‘²? AmYw{ZH§$ VÝÌkmZ§ ‘mZdñ¶ H¥$Vo ^m¡{VH${dH$mgñ¶ {dñVrUª joÌ‘² CX²KmQ>¶{V B{V Vw gË¶‘od & VWm{n VÝÌkmZgmYZmZm‘² AË¶{YH$mo@n¶moJ: ZyVZmZ² àíZmZ², {d¿ZmZ² gm‘m{OH$g‘ñ¶m: M {Z‘m©{V & {‘Ï¶m VWm M dmñVd‘² EV¶mo: ‘Ü¶o ^oX: kmVì¶: Añ‘m{^:& AmYw{ZH$H$mbñ¶ B¶‘odmdí¶H$Vm & - bo{IH$m - lr‘Vr ‘w½Ym [ag~yS> &

•

Mb^mf: {d¿Z: CV daXmZ‘² ? • ¶{X Mb^mf: Z ^doV²?

(Ì¶moXedfu¶m VZ¶m gwImgÝXo Cn{dí¶ EHo$Z hñVoZ Hw$Hw©$[aH$m§ ImX{V & AnaoU hñVoZ Mb^mf§ Mmb¶{V & VXmZt ÛmaKpÊQ>H$m‘² AmH$Ê¶© ‘mVm Ûma‘² CÓmQ>¶{V & VZ¶m¶m: g»¶m¡ Ûmao Ed pñWËdm Vm‘² Amˆ¶V: &) lw{V: - VZ¶o, gËda§ H«$sS>Zm¶ AmJÀN>, ~{h: Iobm‘: & VZ¶m - Ah§ J¥ho Ed Iobm{‘ & amOgr - qH$ Iob{g ? VZ¶m - (Mb^mf§ Xe©{¶Ëdm) EVpñ‘Z² Mb^mfo ¶{ï>H$ÝXþH$H«$sS>m, nmXH$ÝXþH$H«$sS>m, dmhZH«$sS>m, nÌH«$sS>m, MVwa“H«$sS>m, BË¶mX¶: gdm©: H«$sS>m: gpÝV & $$H«$sS>m“U§ JËdm IobZñ¶ Amdí¶H$Vm Ed ZmpñV & Ah§ Z AmJÀN>m{‘ & (g»¶m¡ H«$sS>mWª {ZJ©ÀN>V: & ‘mVm nmH$J¥h§ JÀN>{V & VZ¶m Mb^mfo ¶wÕH«$sS>m¶m§ ‘¾m &) VZ¶m - (ñdJV‘²) EVñ¶m§ H«$sS>m¶m‘² Ef: g¡{ZH$: ‘¥V: Ana: M ‘maUr¶: & ..... gd} g¡{ZH$m: ‘¥Vm: & ho@@ .....{OV§ ‘¶m & Iob: g‘má: & (VZ¶m nmH$J¥h§ JÀN>{V &) Aå~, ~w^w{jVm Apñ‘ & ‘mVm - VZ¶o, ‘‘ Mb^mfo EVm{Z N>m¶m{MÌm{U ní¶ & (VZ¶m ImÚnXmWm©Zm§ N>m¶m{MÌm{U ní¶{V &) VZ¶m - ‘mV:, {nÂPm, nmd^mOr, {gObg© BË¶mXr{Z ImÚm{Z ÑîQ‰>m bmbm{¶V§ ‘o ‘wI‘²& H¥$n¶m {H$‘{n ¶ÀN>Vw & ‘mVm - Mb^mfo Ñï>dVr Ibw ? AYwZm ImÚnXmWm©Zm‘² Amdí¶H$Vm Ed ZmpñV & Ah§ Z ¶ÀN>m{‘ & VZ¶m - Mb^mfo ^moOZ§ ÑîQ‰>m ~w^wjm emÝVm H$W§ ^doV² ? ‘mVm - ¶{X EVV² gË¶§, V{h© H$W§ Z OmZm{g ¶V² Mb^mfoU H«$s{S>Ëdm ì¶m¶m‘: Z ^d{V? ñdmñÏ¶ajU§ Z ^d{V ? VZ¶m - na§ ‘mV:, ‘ø§ amoMVo VV² Mb^mfoU H«$sS>Z‘² & ‘mVm - VZ¶o, ¶X² ¶X² amoMVo VV² VV² gdª ñdmñÏ¶H$a§, {hVH$a‘², Amamo½¶nyUª Z ^d{V & gå¶H²$ H«$sS>m, nm¡{ï>H$‘² AÞ§, amÌm¡ {ZÐm Amamo½¶m¶ ^d{V & Mb^mfo Am^mgmË‘H§$ {dœ§ Z dmñVd‘² & VZ¶m - V{h© qH$ Mb^mfñ¶ Cn¶moJ: Ed Z H$aUr¶: & ‘mVm - VWm Z & Amdí¶H$VmZwgma§ ¶mo½¶: Cn¶moJ: H$aUr¶: Ed & {H$ÝVw A{V gd©Ì dO©¶oV² & VZ¶m - Am‘² ‘mV:& BV: na§ Mb^mfñ¶ ¶mo½¶‘² Cn¶moJ§ H$amo{‘ & 36

^mfmä¶mg:

1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & A. Mb^mfo H$m: H«$sS>m: gpÝV ? B. qH$ qH$ ÑîQ‰>m VZ¶m¶m: ‘wI§ bmbm{¶V‘² ?

Am. Mb^mfo H$sÑe§ {dœ‘² ? B©. ñdmñÏ¶ajUm¶ qH$ {H$‘² Amdí¶H$‘² ?

2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & A) ‘mVm VZ¶m¶m: {dMman[adV©Z§ H$W§ H$amo{V ? Am) qH$ {‘Ï¶m ? qH$ dmñVd‘² ? B{V nmR>ñ¶ VmËn¶ª {bIV & 3. àíZ{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV & H$) Ah§ J¥ho Ed Iobm{‘ & I) ì¶m¶m‘§ H¥$Ëdm Amamo½¶§ dY©Vo & 4. A) gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & $H$) VXod = + Ed & I) ZmpñV = Z + & Am) H$mbdMZn[adV©Z§ Hw$éV & 1) Ah§ Z AmJÀN>m{‘ & (bL²>bH$mao n[adV©¶V &) 2) ~w^w{jVm Apñ‘ & (~hþdMZo n[adV©¶V &) 3) g»¶m¡ H«$sS>mWª à{VJÀN>V: & (EH$dMZo {bIV &) 4) EVm{Z N>m¶m{MÌm{U ní¶ & (CÎm‘nwéfo n[adV©¶V &) B) eãXñ¶ dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & 1) Ûma‘² 2) ñdmñÏ¶‘² 3) ~w^wjm 4) nm¡{ï>H$‘² B©) ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & {deoî¶‘² {deofU‘² 1. ~w^wjm 1. nm¡{ï>H$‘² 2. g¡{ZH$m: 2. emÝVm 3. Iob: 3. Am^mgmË‘H$‘² 4. AÞ‘² 4. g‘má: 5. {dœ‘² 5. ‘¥Vm: C) nmR>mV² ËdmÝV-ë¶~ÝV-Vw‘ÝV-Aì¶¶m{Z {MZwV {bIV M & 5. ËdmÝVnX§ {ZîH$mñ¶ dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV & A) amÌm¡ erK«§ {ZÐm§ H¥$Ëdm àmV:H$mbo erK«‘² C{Îmð>m{‘ & Am) ÛmaKpÊQ>H$m‘² AmH$Ê¶© ‘mVm Ûma‘² CÓmQ>¶{V & 6. A) g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {MZwV & ^Q>:, H«$sS>m, OZZr, jwYm, ñdmn: & Am) {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & g‘má:, ñdmñÏ¶‘², Am^mgmË‘H$‘², ‘¥V: & 7. Mb^mfÛmam Û¶mo: {‘Ì¶mo: g§dmX§ {bIV &

37

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² &

~mb: Ob§ {n~{V &

N>mÌm: IobpÝV &

H$: H¥$VdmZ² ? H$m H¥$VdVr?

~mb: Ob§ nrVdmZ² &

N>mÌm: Io{bVdÝV: &

‘{hbm {jn{V &

‘{hbm {jádVr &

Vm: àjmb¶pÝV &

Vm: àjm{bVdË¶: &

AZre: JÀN>{V &

AZre: JVdmZ² &

d¶§ nR>m‘: &

d¶§ n{R>VdÝV: &

Xrnm Z¥Ë¶{V & Xrnm Z{V©VdVr &

N>mÌm: {bIpÝV &

N>mÌm: {b{IVdË¶: &

nrVdmZ², JVdmZ², Io{bVdÝV:, n{R>VdÝV: BË¶mXr{Z ^yVH$mbdmMH$m{Z ³VdVw-àË¶¶mÝV-{deofUm{Z & gå^mfmnÌ‘²

1. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & 1. {ejH$m: 2. ~m{bH$m: 3. ajH$: 4. {~S>mbr

gwádVr & à{dï>dÝV: & ny{OVdË¶: & Vm{S>VdmZ² &

2. ewÕ§ dm AewÕ‘²? 1. qgh: V§ hVdmZ² & 2. Vo ~mbH$m: AÞ§ Z Ë¶³VdÝV: & 3. Amn{UH$: Xod§ ZVdVr & 4. EVm: AÚ H«$s{S>VdÝV: & 5. Ah§ emH$m{Z H${V©VdmZ² & 38

3. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & ImX{V H$amo{V dX{V ní¶{V Jm¶{V {‘b{V Cn{de{V C{Îmð>{V ñ‘a{V Z¶{V ¶ÀN>{V nyO¶{V ñZm{V àmßZmo{V b^Vo

g: Im{XVdmZ² H¥$VdmZ²

Vo Im{XVdÝV: H¥$VdÝV:

gm Im{XVdVr H¥$VdVr C³VdVr

Vm: Im{XVdË¶: H¥$VdË¶:

Ñï>dÝV: JrVdË¶: {‘{bVdmZ² Cn{dï>dÝV: CpËWVdË¶: ñ‘¥VdVr ZrVdmZ² XÎmdË¶: ny{OVdÝV: ñZmVdVr àmádmZ² bãYdË¶:

4. n[aÀN>oXo ³VdVw-ê$nm{U AYmoaopIVm{Z Hw$éV & Xrnmd{b-CËgdg‘¶: AmgrV² & OZm: J¥hm{U ñdÀN>rH¥$VdÝV: & ‘mVm {‘ï>mÞm{Z H¥$VdVr & OZH$: ZyVZdóm{U H«$sVdmZ² {H$ÝVw ñ’$moQ>H$m{Z Z AmZrVdmZ² & ^{JZr gwÝXat a“d„r‘² Am{bpIVdVr & ‘{hbm: ‘¥ÔrnmZ² à‚dmë¶ ñWm{nVdË¶: & Ah§ {‘Ì¡: gh ^«‘UmWª ~{h: JVdmZ² & gd©Ì hf©: àH$me: M & 5. bL²>bH$mañ¶ ñWmZo ³VdVw-ê$nm{U ¶moO{¶Ëdm n[aÀN>oX§ {bIV & JVo a{ddmgao d¶§ gd} ^«‘UmW©‘² AJÀN>m‘ & ‘mVwb: {d{dY’$bm{Z AmZ¶V² & ^«mVa: H«$sS>mgm{hË¶§ g‘{MÝdZ²& {nV¥ì¶m Hy$ß¶: Anya¶V & AÝ¶o ¶mZoZ AJÀN>Z² & Ah§ ‘‘ {nÌm gh {ÛM{H«$H$¶m AJÀN>‘² & VÌ d¶§ {d{dYm: H«$sS>m: AH«$sS>m‘ & ‘mVwbmZr ‘Ywa§ JrV‘² AJm¶V² & ^{JÝ¶: A{n ~hÿ{Z JrVm{Z AJm¶Z² & ‘Ü¶m•o ‘mVm H$Q>‘² AñWmn¶V² ^moOZgm{hË¶§ M AaM¶V & nR>V AdJÀN>V !

ñdamUm§ g¥{ï>: &

gpÝY{dJ«h§ H¥$Ëdm n[aÀN>oX§ {bIV & Ah§ H¥$fH$: & ZmpñV Añ‘mH§$ OrdZo pñWaVm & VWm{n Am{XZ§ d¶§ joÌo lmå¶m‘: & AYwZm Vw {d{dYm{Z ¶ÝÌmÊ¶{n ghm¶H$m{Z ^dpÝV & VÁkmZm§ H¥${f{df¶H§$ ‘mJ©Xe©Z‘² Aß¶wn¶w³V‘² & AmH$medmÊ¶¡d d¶§ H¥${f{df¶H$mZ² H$m¶©H«$‘mZ² AmH$U©¶m‘: & EVoZ¡d d¶§ {dH${gVm: ^dm‘: & BV: Aß¶{YH§$ gmhmæ¶‘² Amdí¶H$‘² Ed & VÝÌkmZoZmh§ n[anyU©: & Ah‘{n Xoeñ¶ {dH$mgm¶¡d lmå¶m{‘ & ¶V: H¥${f{dH$mgoZ¡d amï´>§ d¡^d§ {dÝXVr{V {Z{üV‘² & 39

fð>: nmR>: &

drad{ZVm {dínbm&

F$½doXmV² CX²Y¥Vm AVrd AØþVm amo‘m#mH$m[aUr M Efm H$Wm órUm§ gm‘Ï¶ª Xe©¶{V (F$.1.116.15)& eó{H«$¶m{demaXm¡ A{œZrHw$‘mam¡ àJVd¡ÚH$VÝÌkmZñ¶ ‘ybmYmam¡ ñV: & {dínbm¶m: M[aÌ§ àoaUmXm¶H§$ Ibw gd}fm§ H¥$Vo & - gå^mfUgÝXoe-‘m{gH$mV² &

• •

H$m AÝ¶m ¶wÕ{ZnwUm amkr à{gÕm? H$: ¶wÕàg“: ¶wî‘m{^: g{dñVa§ lwV: dm n{R>V: ? • A{n lwVm: Am¶wd}Xñ¶ ‘mhmËå¶{df¶H$m: H$Wm:? • Ho$ à{gÕm: Am¶wd}XmMm¶m©: ?

IobamO: Zm‘ H$píMV² Z¥n: & {dínbm Vñ¶ nËZr & gm ¶Wm ‘hm{dXþfr AmgrV², VW¡d aUHw$ebm A{n AmgrV² & IobamO: A{n eya: namH«$‘r M AmgrV² & g: {dínb¶m gh gwIoZ Ord{V ñ‘ & AW H$Xm{MV² eÌd: IobamOñ¶ amÁ¶o AmH«$‘U§ H¥$VdÝV: & ‘hV² ¶wÕ‘² AmaãY‘² & goZm¶m: Zm¶H$: IobamO: aUa“§ à{dï>dmZ² & {dínbm A{n aUa“§ à{dï>dVr & ^wd‘² AdVrUm© Mm‘wÊS>oœar Bd gm eÌyUm§ g§hma§ H¥$VdVr & Vñ¶m: em¡¶ª namH«$‘§ M ÑîQ‰>m eÌd: A{n M{H$Vm: A^dZ² & "Efm aUa“mV² ¶mdV² Z {Zdm¶©Vo VmdV² O¶: gd©Wm Z àmß¶Vo' B{V {MÝV{¶Ëdm eÌwg¡{ZH$m: ¶wJnV² AmH«$å¶ Vm‘² AdéÕdÝV: & eÌwg¡{ZH$m: Vo AgL²>»çm: AmgZ², {dínbm Vw EH$m{H$Zr ! VWm{n Vñ¶m: ‘Z{g Z ^r{Vboe: A{n AmgrV² & àË¶wV {ÛJw{UVoZ CËgmhoZ ¶wÕ§ H¥$VdVr & ¶wÕg‘¶o eÌwg¡{ZH$m: Vñ¶m: EH§$ nmX§ H${V©VdÝV: & AZÝVa‘² "BV: na‘² EVñ¶m: H$maUmV² nrS>m Z ^{dî¶{V' B{V {ZU©¶§ H¥$Ëdm Vo {e{~a§ à{VJVdÝV: & ¶Ú{n {dínbm¶m: nmX: ^¾: VWm{n gm hVmoËgmhm Z OmVm & M¡VÝ¶‘y{V©: gm dram“Zm Ed AmgrV² & "œ: ‘¶m ¶wÕ§ H$aUr¶‘² Ed' B{V {Z{üË¶ gm nmX§ nwZ: àmáw‘² EoÀN>V² & AV: gm {ZübV¶m Cn{dí¶ A{œZrHw$‘ma¶mo: Ü¶mZ§ H¥$VdVr & Vñ¶m: 40

^³Vo$: H$maUmV² A{œZrHw$‘mam¡ bmoh¶w³V§ nmX§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm Vm§ ¶Wmnydª H¥$VdÝVm¡ & EVñ‘mV² {dínbm ¶Wmnydª M{bVw§ ¶wÕ§ H$Vwª M g‘Wm© OmVm & AZÝVa{XZo àmV: gm ‘hVm CËgmhoZ aUa“‘² AmJVdVr & aUa“o Vm§ ÑîQ‰>m Ed eÌwg¡{ZH$m: M{H$Vm: ^rVm: M & Vñ¶m: Xe©Z‘mÌoU Ed Vofm§ Y¡¶ª Zï>§ OmV‘² & gm ¶Xm Am¶wYàhma‘² AmaãYdVr VXm Vo gd©Wm hVmoËgmhm: OmVm: & {dínbm eÌyZ² H$Xbrd¥jmZ² Bd brb¶m H${V©VdVr & ghóm{YH$m: g¡{ZH$m: V¶m g§öVm: & Ed§ {dínbm¶m: em¡¶©ñ¶ H$maUV: Vpñ‘Z² ¶wÕo IobamOñ¶ Ed O¶: A^dV² & drad{ZVm {dínbm ^Ìm© gh aUa“§ à{dí¶ em¡¶}U ¶wÕ§ H¥$VdVr & nmXH$V©ZmZÝVa‘{n A{œZrHw$‘ma¶mo: AZwJ«hoU nmX§ nwZ: àmßVdVr eÌyZ² g§öVdVr M & EVoZ gmhgoZ gm doXdmL²>‘¶o ~hþYm àe§{gVm & {dínbm¶m em¡¶ª VWm M ApídZrHw$‘ma¶mo: eë¶{H«$¶mH$m¡eb§ ñ‘aÝVw B{V Añ‘mZ² Cn{Xe{V B{Vhmg: & ^mfmä¶mg:

1. C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm [a³VñWmZm{Z nya¶V & A) eÌd: & (H¥$VdmZ²/H¥$VdÝV:) Am) IobamO: & (à{dï>dÝV:/à{dï>dmZ²) B) {dínbm & (à{dï>dmZ²/à{dï>dVr) B©) gm ¶wÕ§ & (H¥$VdmZ²/H¥$VdVr) C) eÌwg¡{ZH$m: & (AdéÕdÝVm¡/AdéÕdÝV:) D$) g¡{ZH$m: {e{~a§ & (JVdÝV:/JVdÝVm¡) E) eÌwg¡{ZH$m: nmX§ & (H${V©VdÝV:/H${V©VdÝVm¡) Eo) gm aUm“U‘² & (AmJVdË¶m¡/AmJVdVr) Amo) {dínbm Ü¶mZ‘² & (AmaãYdmZ²/AmaãYdVr) Am¡) A{œZrHw$‘mam¡ Vm§ ¶Wmnydª & (H¥$VdÝVm¡/H¥$VdË¶m¡) 2. ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV & A 1. bmoh¶w³V‘² Am 1. ¶wÕ‘²

2. dram“Zm 3. ^rVm: 2. eÌwg¡{ZH$m: 3. IobamO:

4. ‘hV² 4. nmX‘²

5. eya: 5. {dínbm

3. AYmoXÎmofw {deofUofw ¶m{Z {deofUm{Z {dínbm§ Z dU©¶pÝV Vm{Z n¥WwH²$ Hw$éV & M{H$Vm:, àe§{gVm, ^rVm, g‘Wm©, {Zübm, EH$m{H$Zr, M¡VÝ¶‘y{V©:, AdéÕm, Mm‘wÊS>oœar, ‘hm{dXþfr, aUHw$ebm, eya:, Zm{¶H$m, Xþ:{IVm & 4. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV & 1. {dínbm¶m: em¡¶©ñ¶ dU©Z§ Hw$éV & 2. {dínbm A{œZrHw$‘ma¶mo: Ü¶mZ§ {H$‘Wª H¥$VdVr ? 41

5. nmR>mV² YmVwgm{YV-Aì¶¶m{Z {MZwV n¥W³Hw$éV M & 6. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ nmR>mV² {bIV& A[a:, MaU:, dr¶©‘², g“a:, aUm“U‘², ajH$m:, npÊS>Vm, drú¶, doXZm, AJ{UVm: & 7. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ nmR>mV² {bIV & {‘Ì‘², H$mVaVm, Ag‘Wm©, H$mVa:, namO¶: & 8. [a³VñWmZ§ nya¶V & nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² n{V: ^rV: Zm{¶H$m aUHw$eb: EH$mH$s g‘Wm© eyam hVmoËgmhm amOm

‘m¡{IH$H$m¶©‘²-AYmoXÎm§ H$m¶ª $Ho$Z H¥$V‘² B{V {bIV & (A) goZm¶m: Zm¶H$Ëdñ¶ ñdrH$aU‘² & (Am) amÁ¶o AmH«$‘U‘² & (B) IobamOñ¶ níMmV² aUa“§ àdoe: & (B©) O¶§ àmáw§ ¶wJnV² AmH«$‘U‘² & (C) {ÛJw{UV-CËgmhoZ ¶wÕ‘² & (D$) EH$nmXH$V©Z‘² & (E) {e{~a§ àË¶mJ‘Z‘² & (Eo) {dínbm¶m: Xe©Z‘mÌoU Y¡¶©ZmeZ‘² & (Amo) ghòm{YH$g¡{ZH$mZm‘² g§haU‘² & (Am¡) Am¶wYàhmaoU CËgmhZmeZ‘² & Jm¶V ZÝXV ! YrdaJmZ‘² Zm¶H$: - Am¶m{h ao@@ ! Am¶m{h ao@@ ! Am¶m{h ao@@ ! {dhm¶{g gamJ-apí‘-MÝÐ‘m: VZmo{V gmÝÐ-amo{M-‘ÄOw-MpÝÐH$m: {gÝYwamdKmo{fVm: amoXgrH$ÝXam: ¶mÝVw ¶mZnmÌMmbH$m: gYrdam: &&Am¶m{h&& AZw¶m{¶Z: - ¶m{h ao ! ¶m{h ao ! ¶m{h ao ! ¶m{h ao ! ¶m@@{h&& Zm¶H$: - MÝÐhmg‘{‚mVm Vm‘gr {à¶m gd©-Xoh-H$mpÝV-nwÄO-‘ÄOw-dëJZm {Zübm {d^mgVo VmabmoMZm ¶mÝVw ¶mZnmÌMmbH$m: gYrdam: &&Am¶m{h&& AZw¶m{¶Z: - ¶m{h ao ! ¶m{h ao ! ¶m{h ao ! ¶m{h ao ! ¶m@@{h&& Zm¶H$: - gmJaoU Mwpå~Vm MpÝÐH$m ‘wXm amOVo {dbmg-hmg-bmñ¶-{M{ÌVm am{JUrd ^mgVo amJa{ÄOVm ¶mÝVw ¶mZnmÌMmbH$m: gYrdam: &&Am¶m{h&& AZw¶m{¶Z: - ¶m{h ao ! ¶m{h ao ! ¶m{h ao ! ¶m{h ao ! ¶m@@{h&& -lr. n[a{jV² e‘m©

42

ñdamUm§ g¥{ï>: & IobV ZÝXV ! ~w{ÕOmb§ nya¶V & 1. A + B = 2. Am + A = 3. A + B© = 4. B + A = 5. B© + A = 6. A + D$ = 7. A + A = 8. D$ + A = 9. A + Eo = 10. A + C = 11. A + F$ = 12. A + Am¡ = 13. C + A = 14. A + Amo = 15. F$ + A = 16. A + E =

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² &

CnnX{d^³V¶: (YmVd:)&

1. J‘² = ({ÛVr¶m) nmÊS>dm: hpñVZmnwa‘² AJÀN>Z² & 2. Hw$n² = (MVwWu) ‘mVm {eedo H$Xm{n Z Hw$ß¶oV² & 3. H«w$Y² = (MVwWu) ñdm{‘Zr ^¥Ë¶m¶ H«w$Ü¶{V & 4. Xm-¶ÀN²> = (MVwWu) {eî¶m: Jwado X{jUm§ ¶ÀN>ÝVw & 5. H$W² = (MVwWu) Aßgagm¡ XodoÝÐm¶ d¥ÎmmÝV‘² AH$W¶Vm‘² & 6. aj² = (n#m‘r) H¥$îU: g‘Q>mV²/AmnX: JmonmbmZ² aj{V & 7. {d + a‘² = (n#m‘r) Ëd§ d¥WmH$bhmV² {da‘ & 8. pñZh² = (gá‘r) d¶§ ^«mV¥fw pñZøo‘ & 9. éM² = (MVwWu) ZaoÝÐm¶ ì¶m¶m‘: amoMVo & 10. ñn¥h² = (MVwWu) Jm¡ar Hw$ÊS>bm¶ ñn¥h¶{V &

JUoem¶ ‘moXH$m: amoMÝVo & JUoe: ‘moXHo$ä¶: ñn¥h¶{V &

{edm¶ {~ëdnÌm{U amoMÝVo & ‘hmbúå¶¡ H$‘b§ amoMVo & {ed: {~ëdnÌoä¶: ñn¥h¶{V & ‘hmbú‘r: H$‘bm¶ ñn¥h¶{V &

Ef: {Z{Ib: & {Z{Ibm¶ qH$ qH$ amoMVo? {dÚm{ZHo$VZ‘²²

{Z{Ibm¶

bÈx>H$m: amoMÝVo &

embm amoMVo &

nwñVH$m{Z amoMÝVo & J{UVg§ñH¥$Vo amoMoVo &

Efm H$mí‘ram & H$mí‘ram H$ñ‘¡/H$ñ¶¡ ñn¥h¶{V ?

H$mí‘ram

H$ÊR>hmam¶ ñn¥h¶{V & eeH$mä¶m§ ñn¥h¶{V & ObH«$sS>m¶¡ ñn¥h¶{V & doUdo ñn¥h¶{V & 43

gá‘: nmR>: &

¶moJ‘mbm &

¶moJmMaUoZ ‘mZdOrdZ§ {Zam‘¶§, gwÝXa§, XrKª ñdñW§ M ^d{V & emar[aH$-‘mZ{gH$AmpË‘H$-~bgånmXZmWª ¶moJ: AVrd bm^àX: Ed & "g§¶w³Vamï´>‘hmg^¶m'(UNO) OyZ‘mgñ¶ EH$qde{V{XZmL²>H$: (21 OyZ) {dœ¶moJ{Xdg: Kmo{fV: & àñVwV: nÚm§e: "hR>¶moJàXr{nH$m'ZmåZ: J«ÝWmV² CÕ¥V: ApñV & n#mXeo eVHo$ ñdmË‘mam‘-¶moJr-‘hmoX¶oZ Ef: J«ÝW: a{MV: & J«ÝWñ¶ ^mfm AVrd gabm gw~moYm M ApñV & g‘mYmZm¶ gm¡»¶m¶ ZramoJËdm¶ OrdZo & ¶moJ‘odmä¶goV² àmkmo ¶Wme{³V {ZaÝVa‘² && &&1&&

• ì¶m¶m‘oZ Ho$ bm^m: ^dpÝV? • ¶y¶§ H$m{Z ¶moJmgZm{Z OmZrW ?

hR>ñ¶ àW‘m“ËdmX AmgZ§ nyd©‘wÀ¶Vo & Hw$¶m©ÎmXmgZ§ ñW¡¶©‘mamo½¶§ Mm“bmKd‘² &&1&& [hR>ñ¶ àW‘-A“§ VmdV² AmgZ§ VV² àW‘‘² CÀ¶Vo & AmgZ§ ñW¡¶©‘² Amamo½¶‘² A“bmKd§ M Hw$¶m©V² &]

dm‘moê$n[a X{jU§ M MaU§ g§ñWmß¶ dm‘§ VWm Xjmoê$n[a n{ü‘oZ {d{YZm Y¥Ëdm H$amä¶m§ ÑT>‘² A“xð>m¡ öX¶o {ZYm¶ [M~wH§$ ZmgmJ«‘mbmoH$¶oX² EVX² ì¶m{Y{dZmeH$m[a ¶{‘Zm§ nÙmgZ§ àmoÀ¶Vo &&2&& [dm‘-D$é-Cn[a X{jU§ MaU§ g§ñWmß¶, Xj-D$é-Cn[a dm‘§ MaU§ g§ñWmß¶ npíM‘oZ {d{YZm H$amä¶m§ ÑT>‘² A“xð>m¡ Y¥Ëdm, öX¶o {M~wH§$ {ZYm¶, ZmgmJ«‘² AmbmoH$¶oV² & EVX² ¶{‘Zm§ ì¶m{Y{dZmeH$m[a nÙmgZ§ àmoÀ¶Vo]

nmXm“xð>m¡ Vw nm{Uä¶m§ J¥hrËdm ldUmd{Y & YZwamH$f©U§ Hw$¶m©X² YZwamgZ‘wÀ¶Vo&&3&& [nm{Uä¶m§ nmXm“wð>m¡ J¥hrËdm ldUmd{Y YZwamH$f©U§ Hw$¶m©V² (VV²) YZwamgZ‘² CÀ¶Vo &]

àgm¶© nmXm¡ ^w{d XÊS>ê$nm¡ Xm¡ä¶mª nXmJ«{ÛV¶§ J¥hrËdm & OmZyn[aÝ¶ñVbbmQ>Xoemo dgo{XX§ n{ü‘VmZ‘mhþ: &&4&& [^w{d nmXm¡ XÊS>ê$nm¡ àgm¶©, Xm¡ä¶mª (hñVmä¶m‘²) nXmJ«{ÛV¶§ J¥hrËdm OmZyn[a Ý¶ñVbbmQ>Xoe: dgoV² & BX§ n{ü‘VmZ‘² Amhþ: &]

dm‘moé‘ybm{n©VXjnmX§ OmZmo~©{hd}{ï>Vdm‘nmX‘² & àJ¥ø {Vð>oV² n[ad{V©Vm“: lr‘Ëñ¶ZmWmo{XV‘mgZ§ ñ¶mV² &&5&& [dm‘moé-‘ybm{n©V-XjnmX§, OmZmo: ~{h: do{ï>V-dm‘nmX§-àJ¥ø n[ad{V©Vm“: {Vð>oV² (VV²) lr‘Ëñ¶ZmWmo{XV‘mgZ§ ñ¶mV² &]

44

CÎmmZ§ eddX² ^y‘m¡ e¶Z§ VÀN>dmgZ‘² & edmgZ§ l‘ha§ {MÎm{dlmpÝVH$maH$‘² &&6&& [^y‘m¡ CÎmmZ§ eddV² e¶Z§ VV² edmgZ‘² & edmgZ§, l‘ha§, {MÎm{dlmpÝVH$maH$‘² (ApñV) &]

AË¶mhma: à¶mgü àOënmo {Z¶‘mJ«h: & OZg“ü bm¡ë¶§ M fS²>{^¶m}Jmo {dZí¶{V && [AË¶mhma:, à¶mg:, àOën:, {Z¶‘mJ«h: OZg“: bm¡ë¶§ M fpS²>^: ¶moJ: {dZí¶{V &]

1. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & A) edmgZ§ H$W§ {hVH$a§ ^d{V ? B) nÙmgZñ¶ dU©Z§ H$W§ H¥$V‘² ?

^mfmä¶mg:

Am) ‘Ëñ¶oÝÐmgZñ¶ H¥$qV dU©¶V & B©) ¶moJmgZ¡: Ho$ bm^m: ^dpÝV ?

2. Omb{MÌ§ nya¶V & AË¶mhma: AmgZàH$mam:

¶moJ-{dZmeH$maUm{Z

YZwamgZ‘²

3. {MÌm{U ÑîQ‰>m AmgZZm‘m{Z ApÝdî¶V {bIV M &

nR>V ~moYV !

¶moJoZ {MÎmñ¶ nXoZ dmMm§ ‘b§ earañ¶ M d¡ÚHo$Z & ¶mo@nmH$amoV² V§ àda§ ‘wZrZm§ nVÄOqb àmÄO{bamZVmo@pñ‘ &&

nmXm¡ hñVm¡ OmZwZr Ûo CaümW bbmQ>H$‘² & Aï>m“oZ ñn¥eoX² ^yq‘ gmï>m“àU{Vü gm && Am{XË¶ñ¶ Z‘ñH$mamZ² ¶o Hw$d©pÝV {XZo {XZo & OÝ‘mÝVaghòofw Xm[aÐç§ ZmonOm¶Vo && 45

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nyd©nX‘² gy`© Zrb

CÎmanX‘² CX`: H$ÊR>:

51

nXñ` àYmZËd§ {H«$`mnXoZ {gÜ`{V & àYmZËdoZ g_mgmZm§ MËdma: àH$mam: & ¶Wm 1. 2. 3. 4.

nyd©nX_²    

CÎmanX_²    

AW©àYmZËd_² nyd©nXàYmZ: CÎmanXàYmZ: C^`nXàYmZ: AÝ`nXàYmZ:

g_mgàH$ma: Aì``r^md: VËnwéf: ÛÝÛ: ~hþd«r{h:

CXmhaU_² à{V{XZ_² XeaWnwÌ: am_bú_Um¡ ZrbH$ÊR>:

C^¶nXmW©àYmZ: ÛÝÛ: g‘mg: & 1. BVaoVaÛÝÛ: g‘mg: & {dÚm{ZHo$VZ‘²

MÝÐgy¶m£ MÝÐ: M gy`©: M &

~mbH$~m{bH$m: ~mbH$m: M ~m{bH$m: M&

BVa + BVa- {^ÞnXm{Z EH$Ì à`wÁ`ÝVo AÌ & 2. g‘ñVnX§ {ZË`§ {ÛdMZo ~hþdMZo dm & 4. {dJ«ho à{VnX§ àW_m {d^p³V: ¶moOZr¶m & 6. g‘ñVnX§ ~hþdMZo MoV² à{VnX‘² AWm©Zwgma‘² &

d¥jbVm: d¥jm: M bVm: M &

1. bKweãX: (Ý¶yZñda¶w³V: eãX:) àW‘: ^doV² & 3. g‘ñVnXñ¶ {b“‘² CÎmanXmZwgma‘² & 5. {dJ«ho, à{VnX§ "M' B{V Aì¶¶‘² Cn`mo³Vì`_² & 7. g‘ñVnX§ {ÛdMZo MoV² à{VnX‘² EH$dMZ‘² &

H¥${V: 1 - {MÌ§ ÑîQ‰>m g_ñVnXm{Z {bIV & nÌnwînm{U & H¥${V: 2 - {MÌ§ ÑîQ‰>m g_mg{dJ«h§ {bIV &

ñH$ÝX: M JUoe: M & 52

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

{MÌ§ ÑîQ‰>m g‘ñVnX§ g_mg{dJ«h§ M {bIV &

2. g_mhma: ÛÝÛ: &

_yfH$‘mOm©a_² & (OmVd¡aËd_²) _yfH$: M _mOm©a: M EV`mo: g_mhma: &

hñVnmX_² & (earamd`dm:) hñVm¡ M nmXm¡ M EVofm§ g_mhma: &

`yH$m{bj_² & (gyú_Ordm:) `yH$m: M {bjm: M EVmgm§ g_mhma: &

h[aÐmHw$L²>Hw$‘‘² & ({ZË¶gmhM¶©‘²) h[aÐm M Hw$L²>Hw$‘§ M EV¶mo: g‘mhma: &

Xþ½YeH©$a‘² & (gmhM¶©‘²) Xþ½Y§ M eH©$am M EV¶mo: g‘mhma: & 53

{VbJwS>_² & ({ZË¶gmhM¶©‘²) {Vbm: M JwS>: M EVofm§ g_mhma: &

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & gL²>»¶m{deofUm{Z - 1 & V¥Vr¶: KQ>H$: & g§dmX‘² B‘§ nR>V & [J«rî‘mdH$meo Xm¡{hÌm: Xm¡{hÍ¶: M ‘mVm‘øm gh Ho$db§ g§ñH¥$VoZ dmVm©bmn§ Hw$d©pÝV & ‘mVm‘hr Voä¶: g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m: {deofmZ² H$W¶{V &] ‘mVm‘hr - Añ‘mH§$ ~më¶H$mbo XÿaXe©Zo EH$mË‘Vm¶m: EH§$ JrV‘² AmgrV² & VX² Jm¶m‘: EH$m MQ>H$m, AZoH$müQ>H$m: & YmÝ¶‘² AÎmw‘² Am¶mVmüQ>H$m: &&

gwYoÝXþ: - ‘mVm‘hr JVg‘¶o Ëd¶m MVwañ¶ H$mH$ñ¶ H$WmJrV§ lm{dV‘² & EH$: H$mH$: V¥fmnr{S>V: & Ob§ Z b^Vo Xÿao Xÿao && VÌ EH$: H$mH$: B{V C³V‘² & AYwZm AÌ EH$m MQ>H$m B{V dX{g & n¥Wm - Am‘² & VWm M "EH§$ JrV‘²' BË¶{n C³V‘² & V{h© {H$‘W©‘² AÌ EH$:, EH$‘² B{V ^oX: ? doUw: - ({MÝV{¶Ëdm) h§.. ‘¶m kmV‘² & ¶Wm EH$: ~mb:, EH$m ~mbm, EH$§ dZ‘² & ‘mVm‘hr - ~hþ gå¶H²$ doUmo & gwYoÝXþ: - V{h© EH$: MfH$:, EH$m boIZr, EH§$ ’o$ZH$‘² & A{n ¶mo½¶‘oVV² ? ‘mVm‘hr - ~mT>‘² & gå¶H²$ AdJV§ Ëd¶m & BVmo@{n EH$‘² AmL²>½b-~mbJrV§ ¶y¶§ Jm¶W ñ‘ & A{n ñ‘aW? Ûm¡ bKy hñVm¡ Vm{bH$mdmXZm¶ & Ûm¡ bKy nmXm¡ J‘ZmJ‘Zm¶ & Ûo bKy ZoÌo Z^moXe©Zm¶ &... n¥Wm - ‘mVm‘{h, AdJV§ ‘¶m & VWm M Ûm¡-Ûo EV¶mo: ^oXmo@{n kmV: & ¶Wm Ûm¡ nwéfm¡, Ûm¡ Xrnm¡ & doUw: - Ûo ’$bo, Ûo CÚmZo & gwYoÝXþ: - ‘{hbmÛ¶§ dm ÐmoUrÛ¶‘² B{V H$W§ d³Vì¶‘² ? ‘mVm‘hr - Ûo ‘{hbo Ûo ÐmoÊ¶m¡ dm & BXmZr‘h§ gL²>»¶me¥L²>Ibm§ dXm{‘ & H$W¶V {H$‘oVV² ? Ì¶: {Vò: Ìr{U & MËdma: MVò: MËdm[a && gwYoÝXþ: - (h{gËdm) ‘¶m AdJV‘² & Ì¶: d¥jm:, {Vò: ‘{jH$m:, Ìr{U ’$bm{Z &... n¥Wm - {Vð> ao & AJ«o Ah§ dXm{‘ & MËdma: ‘wZ¶:, MVò: YoZd:, MËdm[a dmhZm{Z & ‘mVm‘hr - gwemo^Z‘² & MmUmjm: ¶y¶‘² & doUw: - BV: na§ d¶§ EH$V: MVw:n¶©ÝV§ gL²>»¶mê$nm{U nR>m‘: & ‘mVm‘hr - gmYw & gmYw & 54

EH$V: MVw:n¶©ÝV§ gL²>»¶mê$nm{U EH $({ZË¶‘² EH$dMZ‘²) nw§. ór. Znw§. EH$: EH$m EH$‘² EH$‘² EH$m‘² EH$‘² EHo$Z EH$¶m EHo$Z EH$ñ‘¡ EH$ñ¶¡ EH$ñ‘¡ EH$ñ‘mV² EH$ñ¶m: EH$ñ‘mV² EH$ñ¶ EH$ñ¶m: EH$ñ¶ EH$pñ‘Z² EH$ñ¶m‘² EH$pñ‘Z²

{d^p³V: àW‘m {ÛVr¶m V¥Vr¶m MVwWu n#m‘r fð>r gá‘r

nw§. Ûm¡ Ûm¡ Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘² Û¶mo: Û¶mo:

{Û ({ZË¶§ {ÛdMZ‘²) ór. Ûo Ûo Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘² Û¶mo: Û¶mo:

Znw§. Ûo Ûo Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘² Û¶mo: Û¶mo:

{Ì ({ZË¶§ ~hþdMZ‘²) MVwa² ({ZË¶§ ~hþdMZ‘²) nw§. ór. Znw§. {d^p³V: nw§. ór. Znw§. Ì¶: {Vò: Ìr{U àW‘m MËdma: MVò: MËdm[a ÌrZ² {Vò: Ìr{U {ÛVr¶m MVwa: MVò: MËdm[a {Ì{^: {Vg¥{^: {Ì{^: V¥Vr¶m MVw{^©: MVg¥{^: MVw{^©: {Ìä¶: {Vg¥ä¶: {Ìä¶: MVwWu MVwä¶©: MVg¥ä¶: MVwä¶©: {Ìä¶: {Vg¥ä¶: {Ìä¶: n#m‘r MVwä¶©: MVg¥ä¶: MVwä¶©: Ì¶mUm‘² {Vg¥Um‘² Ì¶mUm‘² fð>r MVwUm©‘² MVg¥Um‘² MVwUm©‘² {Ìfw {Vg¥fw {Ìfw gá‘r MVwfw© MVg¥fw MVwfw© gL²>»¶mê$nm{U {b{IËdm dm³¶m{Z nya¶V & A) (4) ‘{hbmä¶: VÊSw>bmZ² AmZ¶ & Am) Vofw (3) Véfw IJm: ZrS>m{Z AaM¶Z² & B) (1) H$no: Q>mo{nH$m n{VVm & B©) EVmgw (2) H¥$Vr {bIÝVw & C) (3) ^wdZmZm§ g‘yh: Zm‘ {Ì^wdZ‘² & D$) (1) Xmgr gÝXoe§ H${WVdVr & E) V¶mo: (2) nañna‘obZ§ Z AmgrV² & Eo) (1) ZJao g: dg{V ñ‘ & Amo) (2) A{n H$dr H$mì¶‘² AnR>Vm‘² & Am¡) H$Wm‘oVm‘² (4) N>mÌoä¶: H$W¶ & A§) Ah§ (3) Mm¡amZ² Aní¶‘² & H$) d¶§ (4) JrVm{Z Jm¶m‘: & I) g: (4) doXmZ² AYrVdmZ² & J) d¶§ (2) ZoÌmä¶m§ ní¶m‘: & K) {ed: (3) ZoÌ¡: ní¶{V & hgV ZÝXV ! 1) ZrVm - AmMm¶} gm Jm¡ar {H$‘{n Z H$amo{V & Am{XZ§ Cn{dí¶ Ho$db§ ì¶Wª g‘¶¶mnZ§ H$amo{V & {e{jH$m - AñVw & {H$ÝVw Ëd§ H$W‘² EVV² OmZm{g ? ZrVm - Ah§ Vw gd©Xm, Vm‘od ní¶m{‘ Ibw ! 2) {e{jH$m - N>mÌm:, ø: ^yVH$mb: nm{R>V: {H$b? AYwZm {‘{hH$o, ^yVH$mbñ¶ EH$‘² CXmhaU§ H$W¶ & {‘{hH$m - AmMm¶}, Ah§ Vw ø: AZwnpñWVm Amg‘² & {e{jH$m - CÎm‘§ {‘{hHo$ ! Ëd¶m gå¶H² ^yVH$mb: kmV: ! 55

Zd‘: nmR>: &

gyp³VgwYm &

(H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²)

g§ñH¥$V^mfm gw^m{fV¡: g‘bL²>H¥$Vm Ibw & gw^m{fVoä¶: CÕ¥Vm: Z¡H${dYm: g§ñH¥$Vgy³V¶: Z Ho$db§ g§ñH¥$Vo, A{n Vw AÝ¶^mfmñd{n ‘m{‘©H$V¶m CËñ’y$V©V¶m M Cn¶wº$m: Ñí¶ÝVo & àm¶: OZm: gånyUª gw^m{fV§ Z ñ‘apÝV naÝVw gy³V¶: Vofm§ {OˆmJ«o {VðpÝV & ^mfmd¡^d§ dY©¶ÝË¶: EVmÑí¶: gy³V¶: N>mÌ¡: gå¶H²$ n{R>Vì¶m: ñ‘V©ì¶m: M &

Z Mmoahm¶ª Z M amOhm¶ª Z ^«mV¥^mÁ¶§ Z M ^maH$m[a & ì¶¶o H¥$Vo dY©V Ed {ZË¶§ {dÚmYZ§ gd©YZàYmZ‘² &&1&& [{dÚmYZ§ Mmoahm¶ª Z (ApñV), amOhm¶ª Z, ^«mV¥^mÁ¶§ Z, ^maH$m[a (A{n) Z (ApñV) & ì¶¶o H¥$Vo A{n (VV²) {ZË¶§ dY©Vo Ed & (gË¶‘od {dÚmYZ§) gd©YZàYmZ‘² (ApñV) & ] A¶§ {ZO: namo do{V JUZm bKwMoVgm‘² & CXmaM[aVmZm§ Vw dgwY¡d Hw$Qw>å~H$‘² &&2&& [bKwMoVgm§ (H¥$Vo) A¶§ {ZO: na: dm B{V JUZm (ApñV) & CXmaM[aVmZm§ (H¥$Vo) Vw dgwYm Ed Hw$Qw>å~H$‘² (ApñV)&] namonH$mam¶ ’$bpÝV d¥jm: namonH$mam¶ dhpÝV ZÚ: & namonH$mam¶ XþhpÝV Jmd: namonH$mamW©{‘X§ eara‘² &&3&& [d¥jm: namonH$mam¶ ’$bpÝV & ZÚ: namonH$mam¶ dhpÝV & Jmd: namonH$mam¶ XþhpÝV & BX§ eara§ namonH$mamW©‘² (Ed ApñV) &] OmS>ç§ {Y¶mo ha{V {g#m{V dm{M gË¶§ ‘mZmoÞqV {Xe{V nmn‘nmH$amo{V & {MÎm§ àgmX¶{V {Xjw VZmo{V H$s{Vª gËg“{V: H$W¶ qH$ Z H$amo{V nw§gm‘² &&4&& [gËg“{V: {Y¶: OmS>ç§ ha{V, dm{M gË¶§ {g#m{V, ‘mZmoÞqV {Xe{V, nmn‘² AnmH$amo{V, {MÎm§ àgmX¶{V, {Xjw H$s{Vª VZmo{V & H$W¶ ! (gm gËg“{V:) nw§gm§ qH$ ({hV§) Z H$amo{V ?]

¶Ì Zm¶©ñVw nyÁ¶ÝVo a‘ÝVo VÌ XodVm: & ¶Ì¡VmñVw Z nyÁ¶ÝVo gdm©ñVÌm’$bm: {H«$¶m: &&5&& [¶Ì Zm¶©: nyÁ¶ÝVo VÌ XodVm: a‘ÝVo & ¶Ì Vw EVm: Z nyÁ¶ÝVo VÌ gdm©: {H«$¶m: A’$bm: (^dpÝV) & ] MmVH${óMVwamZ² n¶:H$UmZ² ¶mMVo ObYa§ {nnmg¶m & gmo@{n nya¶{V {díd‘å^gm hÝV hÝV ‘hVm‘wXmaVm &&6&& [(¶Xm) MmVH$: {nnmg¶m ObYa§ {ÌMVwamZ² n¶:H$UmZ² ¶mMVo (VXm) g: (‘oK:) A{n {díd‘² Aå^gm nya¶{V & hÝV hÝV ({H$¶Vr Efm) ‘hVm‘² CXmaVm !] Vo eV§ {h d¶§ n#m ñdH$s¶o {dJ«ho g{V & na¡ñVw {dJ«ho àmáo d¶§ n#mm{YH§$ eV‘² &&7&& [¶w{Y{ð>a: dX{V - ñdH$s¶o {dJ«ho g{V Vo eV§ d¶§ {h n#m (ñ‘:) & na¡: {dJ«ho àmáo Vw d¶§ n#mm{YH§$ eV§ (ñ‘:) &] nR>H$: nmR>H$ü¡d ¶o MmÝ¶o emódmMH$m: & gd} ì¶g{ZZmo ko¶m ¶: {H«$¶mdmÝg npÊS>V: &&8&& [nR>H$: nmR>H$: (VWm) M ¶o AÝ¶o emódmMH$m: (gpÝV, Vo) gd} ì¶g{ZZ: ko¶m: & (¶V:) ¶: {H«$¶mdmZ² g: (Ed) npÊS>V: (ApñV) &]

56

^mfmä¶mg:

ûcmoH$: 1 1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & A) H¡$: YZ§$Z õr¶Vo ? Am) Ho$fw YZ§ Z {d^Á¶Vo ? B) gd©YZàYmZ§ {H$‘² ? 2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & {dÚmYZ§ ì¶¶o H¥$Vo H$W§ dY©Vo ? 3. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & dY©V Ed & 4. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & Mmoa:, ^ma:, {ZË¶‘², {dÚm, YZ‘², àYmZ‘² & 5. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & ì¶¶:, {ZË¶‘², àYmZ‘² & ûcmoH$: 2 1. gpÝY¨ Hw$éV & (A) na: + dm + B{V (Am) dgwYm + Ed 2. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & A) "A¶§ {ZO:, A¶§ na:' B{V Ho$fm§ JUZm ? Am) Ho$fm§ H¥$Vo dgwYm Ed Hw$Qw>å~H$‘² ^d{V? 3. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & bKwMoVg: CXmaMoVg: OZm: H$W‘² A{^kmVì¶m: ? 4. ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV A ñdr¶‘² {MÝVZ‘² AÝ¶: n¥{Wdr Am JUZm dgwYm {ZO: na: ûcmoH$: 3 1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & A) namonH$mam¶ d¥jm: qH$ Hw$d©pÝV ? Am) namonH$mam¶ ZÚ: qH$ Hw$d©pÝV ? B) H$m: namonH$mam¶ XþhpÝV ? B©) eara§ {H$‘W©‘² ? 2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & namonH$ma: Zm‘ {H$‘² ? Ho$ namonH$ma‘¾m: ? 3. EH$dMZo n[adV©¶V & A) d¥jm: ’$bpÝV & Am) ZÚ: dhpÝV &

4. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & d¥jm:, ZÚ:, eara‘² & 5. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & CnH$ma:, na: & ûcmoH$: 4 1. [a³VñWmZ§ nya¶V & A) gËg“{V: {Y¶: OmS>ç§ & Am) gËg“{V: dm{M {g#m{V & B) gËg“{V: {Xe{V & B©) gËg“{V: nmn‘² & C) gËg“{V: {MÎm§ & D$) gËg“{V: {Xjw VZmo{V & 2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & gËg“{V: OrdZo qH$ qH$ H$amo{V? ûcmoH$: 5 1. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & Zm¶©ñVw, ¶Ì¡Vm:, EVmñVw, VÌm’$bm:, gdm©ñVÌ & 2. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & A) XodVm: Hw$Ì a‘ÝVo ? Am) {H«$¶m: Hw$Ì A’$bm: ^dpÝV ? 3. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & "¶Ì Zm¶©: nyÁ¶ÝVo '& B{V gyp³V§ ûcmoH$ñ¶ AmYmaoU ñnï>rHw$éV & 4. EH$dMZo n[adV©¶V & A) Zm¶©: nyÁ¶ÝVo & Am) XodVm: a‘ÝVo & B) EVm: Z nyÁ¶ÝVo & B©) gdm©: {H«$¶m: A’$bm: & 5. "Zmar' BË¶W©‘² A‘aH$mofnpL²>³V§ {bIV & ûcmoH$: 6 1. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & A) MmVH$: + = MmVH${óMVwamZ² & Am) gmo@{n = + A{n & B) {dœ‘² + Aå^gm = & B©) ‘hVm‘² + = ‘hVm‘wXmaVm & 57

3. ûcmoH$mV² gL²>»¶mdmMH$m{Z {MZwV {bIV M & ûcmoH$: 8 1. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & A) nmR>H$ü¡d = + M + & Am) MmÝ¶o = + AÝ¶o & B) ì¶g{ZZmo ko¶m: = + ko¶m: & B©) {H«$¶mdmÝg npÊS>V: = {H«$¶mdmZ² + + npÊS>V: & 2. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & A) Ho$ ì¶g{ZZ: C³Vm: ? Am) H$: npÊS>V: CÀ¶Vo ? 3. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & nmpÊS>Ë¶§ H$pñ‘Z² dV©Vo ? ¶WmW©: npÊS>V: H$: ? 4. gw^m{fVmV² g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & dmMH$:, AÜ¶mnH$:, emó{dX:, H$m¶©H$Vm©, {dÛmZ², ~moÕì¶m: &

2. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & A) MmVH$: n¶:H$UmZ² H§$ ¶mMVo ? Am) ObYa: Ho$db§ MmVH$ñ¶ V¥îUm§ emå¶{V CV gånyU©{dœñ¶? B) ‘hVm‘² CXmaVm H$ñ¶ Ñï>mÝVoZ km¶Vo ? 3. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & ‘hVm‘² CXmaVm ûcmoHo$ H$W§ d{U©Vm ? 4. ê$nn[aM¶§ Hw$éV & Aå^gm, ‘hVm‘², {nnmg¶m, n¶: 5. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV & MmVH$: n¶g: H$UmZ² ObYa§ ¶mMVo & 6. A‘aH$mofnpL²>³V§ {bIV & ObYa:, Aå^: ûcmoH$: 7 1. $‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & "d¶§ n#mm{YH§$ eV‘²' B{V gyp³V¨ ñnï>rHw$éV & 2. ûcmoH$mV² gáå¶ÝVnXm{Z {MZwV {bIV M &

nR>V AdJÀN>V !

{dgJ©gpÝY:

{díd§ {dgJ©ñ¶ & AdJ«hg{hV: AmoH$maê$n: (gmo@h‘²) A{dH$mar ( ÈÇ H$, I ÈÇ n, ’$) (H$: na:) bmonr (gy¶© Bd) a² ê$n: (V¡a{n)(Xod¡Z©)

{dgJm}@h‘² AmoH$maê$n: (am‘mo JÀN>{V>) g² ê$n: (XodñVWm>)

f² ê$n: (~mbîfð:>)

e² ê$n: (h[aíeoVo) 58

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² &

gL²>»¶m{deofUm{Z - 2 &

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gL²>»¶mê$nm{U gL²>»¶mê$nm{U {b{IËdm dm³¶m{Z nya¶V & ({ZË¶§ ~hþdMZ‘²) 1. VÌ (5) ~mbHo$fw H$bh: CX²^yV: & 2. (6) {~S>mb¡: EH$: Ed ‘yfH$: Ñï>: & ff² Aï>Z² ZdZ² 3. (7) XrnmZm‘² EH$m Amd{b: J¥ho Ñí¶Vo & fQ²>/fS²> Aï> / Aï>m¡ Zd 4. (9) amÌrUm§ g‘yh: Zm‘ ZdamÌ‘² & fQ²>/fS²> Aï> / Aï>m¡ Zd 5. A{n OmZm{g (7) F$frUm§ Zm‘m{Z ? fS²>{^:> Aï>{^:/ Zd{^: 6. H$m{V©Ho$¶: (6) ‘wI¡: dX{V {H$‘² ? Aï>m{^: 7. amdUñ¶ (10)‘ñVHo$ä¶: {H$arQ>m: n{VVm: & fS²>ä¶: Aï>ä¶:/ Zdä¶: 8. (8) bú‘rfw H${V Zm‘m{Z OmZm{g ? Aï>mä¶: 9. amOm (9) F${fä¶: XmZ§ XÎmdmZ² & fS²>ä¶: Aï>ä¶:/ Zdä¶: 10. (6) dñVwä¶: (3) dñVy{Z Aï>mä¶: Amdí¶H$m{Z & Aï>mZm‘² ZdmZm‘² 11. Añ‘m{^: (8) ^ynVrZm§ M[aÌm{U fÊUm‘² fQ²>gw/ Aï>gw/ Zdgw n{R>Vm{Z & fQ²>Ëgw Aï>mgw 59

{d^p³V: àW‘m {ÛVr¶m V¥Vr¶m MVwWu n#m‘r fð>r gá‘r

Xe‘>: nmR>: &

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XmZ§ Zm‘ {H$‘² ? {H$‘² Cn¶moJeyÝ¶ñ¶ dñVwZ: Ë¶mJ:"XmZ‘²' B{V H$W{¶Vw§ e³¶Vo?

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A¶mMV & ¶‘: AmZÝXoZ dam¡ àm¶ÀN>V² & VV: V¥Vr¶daê$noU Z{MHo$Vm: AmË‘kmZ‘² A¶mMV & Vñ¶ àmW©Zm§ lwËdm ¶‘: M{H$V: & Z H$mo@{n ‘Ë¶©: AÚn¶©ÝV§ VX² kmVwH$m‘: & Aënd¶g: ~mbñ¶ H$W{‘d àJë^m kmZV¥îUm ? ¶‘: {d{dYàbmo^Z¡: Z{MHo$Vg§ V¥Vr¶damV² {Zdma{¶Vw§ àm¶VV & {H$ÝVw {ZíMb: Z{MHo$Vg: {ZU©¶: & AÝVo da§ XmVw§ dMZ~Õ: ¶‘: Vñ‘¡ km{ZZm‘{n Xþb©^‘² AmË‘kmZ‘² Cnm{XeV² & ^mfmä¶mg:

1. EH$dm³¶ooZ CÎmaV & A) dmOldm: H$: ? Am) X{jUm¶m§ qH$ ¶ÀN>oV² B{V {Z¶‘: ? B) dmOldg: nwÌ: H$: ? B©) V¥Vr¶daê$noU Z{MHo$Vm: {H$‘² A¶mMV ? C) ~mb: Z{MHo$Vm: H${V {XZm{Z ¶mdV² ¶‘ñ¶ àVrjm‘² AH$amoV² ? 2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & A) Z{MHo$Vm: ¶‘nwa§ {H$‘W©‘² AJÀN>V² ? Am) Ho$ Ì¶: dam: Z{MHo$Vgm ¶m{MVm: ? ‘m¡{IH$H$m¶©‘²

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{díd§ {dgJ©ñ¶ &

• ‘m ‘Zmo ‘Ywnmo ‘oKmo ‘Únmo ‘H©$Q>mo ‘éV² & ‘{jH$m ‘ËHw$Umo ‘Ëñ¶mo ‘H$mam Xe M#mbm: && ‘Z: + ‘Yþn: + ‘oK: + ‘Ún: + ‘H©$Q>: + ‘éV² & ‘ËHw$U: + ‘Ëñ¶: + ‘H$mam: & AmoH$maê$n: {dgJ©: ‘H$mam: + Xe & bmonr {dgJ©: • g {h ^d{V X[aÐmo ¶ñ¶ V¥îUm {dembm & ‘Z{g M n[aVwï>o H$mo@W©dmZ² H$mo X[aÐ: && X[aÐ: + ¶ñ¶ AmoH$maê$n: {dgJ©: H$: + X[aÐ:

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({dgJ©ñ¶ n[adV©Z§ {ZarjÜd‘² &)

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61

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2) Añ‘m{^: H$Vm© V¥Vr¶m

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{H«$¶mnX§ H$‘©nX‘² AZwga{V & AV: H$‘©dmÀ¶§ {H«$¶mnX‘² BX‘² &

nR>V ~moYV !!

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62

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‘Zg: ñdÀN>Vm &

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• ñdÀN>Vm gd©Xm earañ¶ AWdm

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^mfmä¶mg:

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2. ñZmZñ¶ {deoî¶‘²

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Aä¶mg:

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{díd§ {dgJ©ñ¶ &

• Ëd§ ~«÷m Ëd§ {dîUwñËd§ éÐñËd‘² BÝÐñËd‘² A{¾ñËd§ dm¶wñËd§ gy¶©ñËd§ MÝÐ‘mñËd§ ~«÷^y^w©dññdamo‘² && {dîUw: {dîUwg² éÐ: éÐg² A{¾: A{¾g² g²ê$n: {dgJ©: dm¶w: dm¶wg² gy¶©: gy¶©g² MÝÐ‘m: MÝÐ‘mg²

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64

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H¥$Vo {^Þ^mfmgw Ho$$ eãXm: à¶w³Vm: ? • ¶wî‘mH§$ J¥ho/{dÚmb¶o Ho$ eãXH$mofm: gpÝV ? • Ho$ eãXgL²>J«hm: ¶wî‘m{^: n{R>Vm: ?

A‘aH$mof: & g§ñH¥$V^mfm AVrd g‘¥Õm ^mfm & EH$ñ¶ eãXñ¶ ^dpÝV Z¡Ho$ g‘mZmW©H$eãXm: & ¹${MV² EH$ñ¶ eãXñ¶ {d{dYm: AWm©: A{n ^dpÝV & AÜ¶oV¦Um§ gwI~moYm¶ g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZm§ nÚ‘¶t aMZm§ H¥$Ëdm n{ÊS>VA‘aqghoZ A‘aH$mof: J«{WV: & A‘aH$mofnR>ZoZ H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUoZ M eãXkmZ§ ^d{V & {d{dYeãXmZm§ dm³¶o à¶moJoU eãXà^wËd§ {gÜ¶{V & ¶Woï>§ J¥†ÝVw eãXaËZm{Z Añ‘mV² eãXaËZmH$amV² & A‘aH$mofàe§gm H$doa‘aqghñ¶ H¥${Vaofm gw{Z‘©bm & AmMÝÐVmaH§$ ñWo¶mV² Zm‘{b“mZwemgZ‘² &&

(N>mÌm: J«ÝWmb¶o {d{dYm{Z nwñVH$m{Z ní¶pÝV AÜ¶m{nH$m§ àíZmZ² M n¥ÀN>pÝV &) Z¶Z: - AmMm¶}, H$m Efm {^Þm {dembm H$nm{Q>H$m ? Ahmo ! {H$¶ÝV: {d{dYm: H$mofm: EVñ¶m§ dV©ÝVo ! AÜ¶m{nH$m - Am‘², gd}fm§ emómUm‘² AÜ¶¶ZmW©‘² EVo H$mofm: Amdí¶H$m: & gw‘oYm - H$mof: Zm‘ {H$‘² ? AÜ¶m{nH$m - H$mof: Zm‘ gL²>J«h: & ¶Wm d¶§ {dÎmH$mofo YZñ¶ gL²>J«hU§ Hw$‘©: VW¡d ^mfmH$mofo eãXmZm§ gL²>J«h: ^d{V & lo¶m - H$: Vñ¶ Cn¶moJ: ? AÜ¶m{nH$m - gw¶mo½¶: àíZ: & gå^mfUo boIZo M ^mfmà^wËd-n«mßË¶Wª VW¡d Z¡Ho$fm§ {df¶mUm§ kmZàmßË¶Wª eãXgånÎmo: gL²>J«hU‘² AVrd Amdí¶H$‘² & Añ‘mH§$ J«ÝWmb¶o g§ñH¥${VH$mofm:, M[aÌH$mofm:, {dídH$mofm: gw^m{fVH$mofm: M BË¶mX¶: ~hd: H$mofm: dV©ÝVo & Vofw "A‘aH$mof:' Zm‘ H$üZ {deof: H$mof: & ñdßZrb: - A‘aH$mof: ? "A‘aH$mof:' B{V Zm‘ {H$‘W©‘² ? qH$ {dÚVo Apñ‘Z² H$mofo ? AÜ¶m{nH$m- Ef: g§ñH¥$VeãXmZm§§ gL²>J«hJ«ÝW: & A‘aqgh: Zm‘ npÊS>V: EVñ¶ aM{¶Vm & AV: H$mofñ¶ Zm‘ "A‘aH$mof:' B{V & nwamVZH$mbo ¶Xm N>mÌm: AÜ¶¶ZmWª JwéHw$b§ à{depÝV ñ‘ VXm AÜ¶¶Zmaå^o Vo A‘aH$mof§ H$ÊR>ñW§ Hw$d©pÝV ñ‘ & AYwZm A{n VW¡d àdV©Vo & Am¶m© - (gmü¶©‘²) qH$ H$mof: H$ÊR>ñWrH$Vwª e³¶: ? VoZ H$: bm^: ^d{V ? AÜ¶m{nH$m - AW {H$‘² ! nÚ‘¶: Ef: J«ÝW: Jo¶: & AV: ûcmoH$mZm§, gw^m{fVmZm§ nR>Z‘² Bd Vñ¶ H$ÊR>ñWrH$aU‘² AVrd gwb^‘² & VÌ EH$ñ¶ eãXñ¶ H¥$Vo Z¡Ho$ g‘mZmW©H$eãXm: dV©ÝVo & ¹${MV² EH$ñ¶ eãXñ¶ Z¡Ho$ {^Þm: AWm©: A{n dV©ÝVo & AV: Vñ¶ nR>ZoZ Añ‘mH§$ eãXgån{Îm: d¥qÕ JÀN>{V & Añ‘mH§$ ñ‘aUep³V: YmaUm>ep³V: M dY}Vo, CƒmaU‘{n ewÕ§ ^d{V & Z¶Z: - d¶‘{n A‘aH$mof§ H$ÊR>ñW§ Hw$¶m©‘ & Vpñ‘Z² H${V ûcmoH$m: gpÝV ? 65

AÜ¶m{nH$m - CngmY©ghò§ (1500) ûcmoH$m: gpÝV & VÌ Ìr{U H$mÊS>m{Z gpÝV & AV: "{ÌH$mÊS>H$mof:' B{V EVñ¶ Ana§ Zm‘ & VWm "Zm‘{b“mZwemgZ‘²' B{V ZmåZm A{n {d»¶mV: Ef: H$mof: & gw‘oYm - "Zm‘{b“mZwemgZ‘²' B{V eãXñ¶ H$: AW©: ? AÜ¶m{nH$m- VX{n Añ¶ J«ÝWñ¶ Ana§ d¡{eîQ>ç‘² & AÌ Z Ho$db§ g‘mZmW©H$eãXm: A{n Vw Vofm§ {b“{ZX}e: H¥$V: & VoZ ^mfm¶m: AmH$bZ§ à¶moJ: M gwH$a: ^d{V & ñdßZrb: - AmMm¶}, VoZ d¶§ g§ñH¥$VH$mì¶m{Z ZmQ>H$m{Z M {dZm¶mg§ n{R>Vw§ e³Zw‘: Ibw & AÜ¶m{nH$m - {Zü¶oZ ! V{h© BV:na§ gd£: A‘aH$mofñ¶ nR>Z‘² Adí¶§ H$V©ì¶‘od & ^mfmä¶mg:

1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & A) H$mofm: {H$‘W©‘² Amdí¶H$m: ? B) H$: A‘aH$mofñ¶ aM{¶Vm ? C) A‘aH$mofo H${V ûcmoH$m: gpÝV ?

Am) H$mof: Zm‘ {H$‘² ? B©) A‘aH$mofñ¶ H$ÊR>ñWrH$aU§ H$ñ‘mV² gwb^‘² ? D$) A‘aH$mofñ¶ {H$‘² AÝ¶V² Zm‘Û¶‘² ?

2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m {bIV & 1. "A‘aH$mof'- H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUoZ Ho$ bm^m: ^dpÝV ? 3. àý{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV & 1. d¶§ {dÎmH$mofo YZñ¶ gL²>J«h§ Hw$‘©: & 2. A‘aH$mof: g§ñH¥$VeãXmZm§ gL²>J«hJ«ÝW: & 4. A) eãXñ¶ dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & (1) gL²>J«h§ (2) à¶moJ: (3) dV©ÝVo (4) ¹${MV² Am) ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & {deoî¶‘² {deofU‘² 1. H$nm{Q>H$m 1. gwb^‘² 2. H$mofJ«ÝW: 2. {dembm 3. H$ÊR>ñWrH$aU‘² 3. {^Þm: 4. AWm©: 4. nÚ‘¶: 5. gyMZmZwgma§ dmŠ¶n[adV©Z§ Hw$éV & 1. N>mÌm: A‘aH$mof§ H$ÊR>ñW§ Hw$d©pÝV ñ‘ & ("ñ‘' {ZîH$mg¶V) 2. VoZ H$: bm^: ^d{V ? (~hþdMZo {bIV &) 3. d¶‘{n A‘aH$mof§ H$ÊR>ñW§ Hw$¶m©‘ & (EH$dMZ§ Hw$éV &) 6. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & H$mof:, A‘aH$mof:, {d»¶mV:, gwb^‘² & 7. dm³¶§ ewÕ§ Hw$éV & 1. J«ÝWmb¶o H$mofm¶ H¥$Vo EH$m {dembm H$nm{Q>H$m {dÚVo & 2. N>mÌm: J«ÝWmb¶o {d{dY§ nwñVH$m{Z ní¶pÝV & 3. A‘aH$mofo {Vò: H$mÊS>m{Z gpÝV & 66

Ì¶moXe>: nmR>: &

ga‘m¶m: erb‘² & doXdmL²>‘¶o AmJVm H$Wm Efm & nwam nU¶: Zm‘ Agwam: XodmZm§ gdm©: YoZy: ñdXoe‘nmhaZ² & YoZyZm‘² AÝdofUmWª gwnU©: B{V XodmZm§ godH$: JéS>: nUrZm§ Xoe§ JV: & VÌ nUrZm‘² Cnhma¡: de: JéS>: YoZyZm§ {df¶o Z {H$‘{n AH$W¶V² & VoZ ñdm{‘Ðmoh: H¥$V: & AV: Xod¡: nwZ: ga‘m Zm‘ ewZr ào{fVm & {Z^©¶V¶m gwXÿa§ ‘mJ©‘² A{VH«$å¶, agmZXr‘² CÎmr¶© gm nUrZm§ Xoe§ àmám & n{U{^: H¥$V‘² Am{VÏ¶§ V¶m Z ñdrH¥$V‘² & à{V{Zd¥Î¶ Xodoä¶: gdª d¥ÎmmÝV‘² AH$W¶V² & Vñ¶m: ñdm{‘^³Ë¶m àgÞoZ BÝÐoU, Vñ¶¡ da: àXÎm: JéS>m¶ M emn: & ñdm{‘^ºo$: H$V©ì¶nmbZñ¶ Jm¡adH$Wm Zm‘ BX§ nmodmS>mJrV‘² & nmodmS>m B{V à{gÕ: ‘hmamï´>r¶: bmoH$H$bmàH$ma: & draagàYmZ‘² BX§ nmodmS>mJrV§ a{MV‘² ApñV npÊS>>V-à^mH$a-^mVI§S>o B{V AmYw{ZH$g§ñH¥$VboIH$d¶}U & • •

em{ha: - g^m¶m§ XodamO BÝÐ: {MÝV¶{V H$: ào{fVì¶: & {H$L²>H$amo Z¡H$mo@{n Ñï>: ¶mo ^doV² gXm ñdm{‘{Zð>: && Jm¶H$d¥ÝX: - VXm? em{ha: - godm¶m§ VËnam, XodJU{à¶m, {Z¶w³Vm JmoYZàmßË¶W©‘² & ‘KdVm Amkám ga‘m, àpñWVm XodewZr ga‘m ho Or Or Or Or && Jm¶H$d¥ÝX: - àpñWVm XodewZr ga‘m ho Or Or Or Or Or em{ha: - VXm ‘mJ} Ñï>m, VQ>éhVê$Ënm{Q>Zr agm Obm¡Kg‘¥X²Ü¶m n¥Wwba^gm ¶m{V gagm && agm§ ÑîQ‰>m ga‘¶m {MpÝVV‘² ""Adí¶§ JÀN>o¶§ ZXr ¶{X ^doV² AÚ gwghm & AVñVm§ ¶mMo@h§ {dZ¶dMgm Z‘«{eagm && ago, Hw$é H¥$nm‘² & Ob§ VdoX‘² & ‘hmJ^ra‘² & Hw$éîd JmY‘² & ¶oZ Vao¶‘² & na§ M Vra‘² & Ah§ d«Oo¶‘² &'' 67

àm{UZm§ MmVw¶©H$Wm: H$m: ? H$pñ‘Z² {MÌnQ>o H$ñ¶m§ H$Wm¶m§ dm àm{UZm H¥$V§ gmhmæ¶§ d{U©V‘² ApñV ?

ñdm{‘Z: emo^ZH$m¶m©W©‘², Am¶©JU‘“bH$m¶m©W©‘² & Jm¶H$d¥ÝX: - Am¶©JU‘“bH$m¶m©W©‘² & ho Or Or Or Or && agm CdmM - ""Ah§ M loð>m, Ëd§ Vw jwÐm Z {h ËdXWª, Obàdmh‘² & H$amo{‘ Aën‘², Anga Anga &&'' lwËdm VX² dmŠ¶§ ga‘¶m J{O©V‘² &'' ""ní¶ ‘o gm‘Ï¶ª, H$m¶©{Zð>mgm‘Ï¶©‘² B{V CŠËdm gm Obo AnVV² em{ha: - gm JVm na§ Vra‘² & agm gm AYmo‘wIr ^yVm & b‚m¶m åbmZ‘wIr OmVm & jwÐ¶m H$W§ nam^yVm & ní¶{V jwÐewZt ga‘m‘² & Jm¶H$d¥ÝX:- ní¶{V jwÐewZt ga‘m‘² & ho Or Or Or Or Or && JÚ‘² - Ed§ ga‘m naVra§ àmám & BV: ní¶{V, VV: ní¶{V db§ n¥ÀN>{V, nUrZ² n¥ÀN>{V && dZ§ JÀN>{V, Jwhm§ à{de{V & Jwhm¶m§ n{U{^¶©X² éÕ§ à^mo: JmoYZgd©ñd‘² & g‘má‘ÝdofUH$m¶ª, g‘má‘ÝdofUH$m¶©‘² && Jm¶H$d¥ÝX: - à‘w{XVm BÝÐewZr ga‘m ho Or Or Or Or Or && JÚ‘² ga‘¶m YoZd: ApÝdï>m: & EVm§ dmVm©‘² BÝÐ§ d³Vw§ àpñWVm gm & na§ db¡: gm Adamo{YVm & Jm¶H$d¥ÝX:- ho ga‘o, ho ga‘o, Xþ½Y§ {n~Vw, X{Y ImXVw & K¥V§ {n~Vw, AÌ {Vð>Vw JmoYZñ¶ ^mJ§ Vwä¶§ XÙ: && ga‘m - go{dH$m Zmh§ bmo^ñ¶, go{dH$m Zmh§ ‘mohñ¶ & Jm¶H$d¥ÝX: - go{dH$m ñdm{‘Z: BÝÐñ¶ & ho Or Or Or Or Or & go{dH$m ñdm{‘Z: BÝÐñ¶ & ho Or Or Or Or Or & JÚ‘² - AÝVo n{U{^: ga‘m {ZpÝXVm & ""Efm ga‘m Omé ImX{V & Efm ga‘m Omé ImX{V &'' ga‘¶m {H${#mV² VÞ lwV‘² & A{n{hV§ XrKª H$U©Û¶‘² & ""d¥ÎmmÝV§ d³Vw§$ J‘Z‘ma^o &'' àpñWVm gË¶{à¶m ga‘m & Jm¶H$d¥ÝX: - àpñWVm XodewZr ga‘m & ho Or Or Or Or Or && (eãXmWm©: - JmY‘² = AJ^ra‘², n¥Wwba^gm = AVrd doJoZ, db‘² = nUrZm‘² Ana§ Zm‘, Omé = jwÐmÞ‘², ‘KdmZ² = BÝÐ:) ^mfmä¶mg:

‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & (1) ga‘m¶m: H$V©ì¶nmbZo Ho$ {d¿Zm: A^dZ² ? (2) ga‘m H$V©ì¶nmbZo {d¿ZmZ² H$W§ Va{V ? (3) nU¶: ga‘m¶m: {ZÝXm§ H$Xm AHw$d©Z² ? (4) nU¶: ga‘m§ {H$‘Wª {ZÝXpÝV ? 68

boIZH$m¡eb‘²-3 ‘ÄOyfmV: eãXmZ² ¶moO{¶Ëdm g§dmX§ nya¶V & g§dm{XZr , A{n AÚ ½bmZ: A{g ? VmbdmÚ‘² - A{¶, AÚ g§ñH¥$V{XZñ¶ H$m¶©H«$‘: A^dV² & VÌ JrVJm¶Zg‘¶o ~hþ Vm{S>V: dm{XV: M Apñ‘ & g§dm{XZr - Am‘² & Ah‘{n VÌ & ~mb¡: g§dm{XZr-VmbdmÚg§dmX: & gh ñdaVmb¶w³Vm Ah‘{n AJm¶‘² & VmbdmÚ‘² - naÝVw Ëd§ Z ½bmZm A{g & Vd dXZ‘² C„g{V & g§dm{XZr - {‘Ì, Ëdm§ VmS>¶pÝV AV: Ëd§ ½bmZ: ^d{g ‘m§ Vw AVrd dmX¶pÝV AV: Ah§ ‘Ywa§ Jm¶m{‘ & BX§ ‘‘ ahñ¶‘² & ‘ÄOyfm - (hmñ¶¶w³V§, hmñ¶ñ¶, gwöX², dmXH$m:, A^d‘² , H$mo‘bV¶m, ~mbmZm§, embm¶m§) ‘ÄOyfmV: eãXmZ² ¶moO{¶Ëdm {Z~ÝY§ nya¶V & g“UH$: - BXmZtVZo H$mbo g“UH$: ^moOZ‘² Bd & g“UH$ñ¶ gmhmæ¶oZ ~hÿ{Z gwH$am{U OmVm{Z & JUZH$m¶ª ^dVw dm AÝdofU§, g: VyU©‘od H$m¶ª H$amo{V & AYwZm Vñ¶ ^«‘U^mf:, Q>°~¶ÝÌ‘², A‘g“UH$: ê$nm{U àM{bVm{Z & ¶{X AmÝVOm©bgw{dYm {dÚwXwnbpãY: dm Z ñV: V{h© H$m¶ª Z ^d{V & VXm Aghm¶: ^d{V & Vñ¶ AË¶{YH$mon¶moJoZ Amamo½¶{df¶H$m: àmXþ^©dpÝV & {H$ÝVw Vñ¶ gmhmæ¶oZ Añ‘mH§$ àJ{V: Ed & (AmÝVOm©bo, ‘Zwî¶:, Amdí¶H$:, H$m¶m©{U, EVm{Z, gw¶mo½¶oZ, g‘ñ¶m:, g“UH$ñ¶ ) nR>V AdJÀN>V ! • {edmo@h§ {edmo@h§ {edñdê$nmo@h‘² & H$mo@h§ H$mo@h§ H$mo@h§ gmo@h§ gmo@h§ gmo@h‘² & {ed: Ah‘² AdJ«hg{hV: AmoH$maê$n: {edñdê$n: Ah‘² & {dgJ©: H$: Ah‘² g: Ah‘²

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^mfmgyÌ‘² - 3 (A) ì¶ÄOZmÝVZm‘m{Z

Añ‘m{^: ñdamÝVZm‘m{Z n{R>Vm{Z & AYwZm ì¶ÄOZmÝVZm‘m{Z Ðï>ì¶m{Z & AÌ ApÝV‘§ ì¶ÄOZ§ {H$‘²? 1. gw‘Zg² - g² 2. Aßgag² - g² 3. {dÛg² - g² 4. {Xe² - e² 5. àmd¥f² - f² 6. d{UO² - O² 7. dmM² - M² 8. ^y^¥V² - V² 9. amOZ² - Z² 10. {Ja² - a² 11. dréY² - Y² 12. gwöX² - X² ì¶ÄOZmÝV‘² n§w. ór. Znw§. ì¶ÄOZmÝV‘² n§w. ór. Znw§. VH$mamÝV‘² ‘éV² g[aV² OJV² gH$mamÝV‘² MÝÐ‘g² Aßgag² n¶g² ‘éV² "V'H$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ & g[aV² "V'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ & EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² ‘éV² ‘éVm¡ ‘éV: àW‘m g[aV² g[aVm¡ g[aV: ‘éV‘² ‘éVm¡ ‘éV: {ÛVr¶m g[aV‘² g[aVm¡ g[aV: ‘éVm ‘éX²ä¶m‘² ‘é{Ø: V¥Vr¶m g[aVm g[aX²ä¶m‘² g[a{Ø: ‘éVo ‘éX²ä¶m‘² ‘éX²ä¶: MVwWu g[aVo g[aX²ä¶m‘² g[aX²ä¶: ‘éV: ‘éX²ä¶m‘² ‘éX²ä¶: n#m‘r g[aV: g[aX²ä¶m‘² g[aX²ä¶: ‘éV: ‘éVmo: ‘éVm‘² fð>r g[aV: g[aVmo: g[aVm‘² ‘é{V ‘éVmo: ‘éËgw gá‘r g[a{V g[aVmo: g[aËgw ho ‘éV²/X² ho ‘éVm¡ ho ‘éV: gå~moYZ‘² ho g[aV²-X² ho g[aVm¡ ho g[aV: ‘éV² Bd AÝ¶o eãXm: - ^y^¥V², ‘hr^¥V², g[aV² Bd AÝ¶o eãXm: - V{S>V², ¶mo{fV², ú‘m^¥V², {XZH¥$V², {díd{OV², BÝÐ{OV² B.& {dÚwV² BË¶mX¶: & gwöX² (nw§) gånX² (ór) dréY² (ór) BË¶mXr{Z X/Y H$mamÝVeãXê$nm{U A{n ‘éV²/g[aV² Bd & OJV² "V'H$mamÝV§ Znw§gH${b“§ Zm‘ & MÝÐ‘g² "g'H$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ & EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² OJV² OJVr OJpÝV àW‘m MÝÐ‘m: MÝÐ‘gm¡ MÝÐ‘g: OJV² OJVr OJpÝV {ÛVr¶m MÝÐ‘g‘² MÝÐ‘gm¡ MÝÐ‘g: OJVm OJX²ä¶m‘² OJ{Ø: V¥Vr¶m MÝÐ‘gm MÝÐ‘moä¶m‘² MÝÐ‘mo{^: OJVo OJX²ä¶m‘² OJX²ä¶: MVwWu MÝÐ‘go MÝÐ‘moä¶m‘² MÝÐ‘moä¶: OJV: OJX²ä¶m‘² OJX²ä¶: n#m‘r MÝÐ‘g: MÝÐ‘moä¶m‘² MÝÐ‘moä¶: OJV: OJVmo: OJVm‘² fð>r MÝÐ‘g: MÝÐ‘gmo: MÝÐ‘gm‘² OJ{V OJVmo: OJËgw gá‘r MÝÐ‘{g MÝÐ‘gmo: MÝÐ‘:gw, MÝÐ‘ñgw ho OJV² ho OJVr ho OJpÝV gå~moYZ‘² ho MÝÐ‘: ho MÝÐ‘gm¡ ho MÝÐ‘g: OJV² Bd AÝ¶: eãX: - {d¶V²

MÝÐ‘g² Bd AÝ¶o eãXm: - Xwdm©gg², doYg², dZm¡H$g², {Xdm¡H$g², Z{MHo$Vg², dmOldg², aOg² BË¶mX¶: & 70

Aßgag² "g'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ & n¶g² "g'H$mamÝV§ Znw§gH${b“§ Zm‘ & EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² Aßgam: Aßgagm¡ Aßgag: àW‘m n¶: n¶gr n¶m§{g Aßgag‘² Aßgagm¡ Aßgag: {ÛVr¶m n¶: n¶gr n¶m§{g Aßgagm Aßgamoä¶m‘² Aßgamo{^: V¥Vr¶m n¶gm n¶moä¶m‘² n¶mo{^: Aßgago Aßgamoä¶m‘² Aßgamoä¶: MVwWu n¶go n¶moä¶m‘² n¶moä¶: Aßgag: Aßgamoä¶m‘² Aßgamoä¶: n#m‘r n¶g: n¶moä¶m‘² n¶moä¶: Aßgag: Aßgagmo: Aßgagm‘² fð>r n¶g: n¶gmo: n¶gm‘² Aßga{g Aßgagmo: Aßgañgw gá‘r n¶{g n¶gmo: n¶:gw,n¶ñgw ho Aßga: ho Aßgagm¡ ho Aßgag: gå~moYZ‘² ho n¶: ho n¶gr ho n¶m§{g Aßgag² Bd AÝ¶: eãX: - Cfg² & n¶g² Bd AÝ¶o eãXm: - Vng², Aå^g², VoOg², AmoOg², Z^g², ¶eg², òmoVg², V‘g², ‘Zg², d¶g², dmgg², gag², Z‘g², MoVg² & {OkmgmnÌ‘²

1. C{MV{b“mZwgma§ n¥W¸w$éV &

2. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & nw§. ór. Znw§. EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: --------OJpÝV àW‘m --V¥Vr¶m (¶mo{fV², ^y^¥V², {XZH¥$V², {dÚwV², {d¶V², ú‘m^¥V², V{S>V²) Aßgagm --‘éËgw gá‘r 3. ¶mo½¶§ ê$n§ {bIV & -^y^¥Vmo: -fð>r 1. amOm Zm‘ ----- (ú‘m^¥V²) & g[aV: --n#m‘r 2. ----- (g[aV²) Ob§ erVb‘² & -VoOgr -{ÛVr¶m 3. Am¶wd}X: ----- (OJV²) {d»¶mV: & --Cfñgw gá‘r 4. dfm©H$mbo ------ ({d¶V²) V{S>V² àH$meVo & 5.--- (‘éV²) gmhmæ¶oZ --- ({dÚwV²) {Z‘u¶Vo & 4. ‘hV² B{V VH$mamÝV§ {deofU§ n{R>Ëdm Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² ‘hmZ² Z¥n: ‘hmÝVm¡ Z¥nm¡ ‘hmÝV: Z¥nm: ‘hmZ² Jwé: ‘hmÝVm¡ --- ‘hmÝV: --‘hmZ² H${d: ‘hmÝVm¡ H$dr ‘hmÝV: H$d¶: ‘hmZ² --‘hmÝVm¡ F$fr ‘hmÝV: --‘hVr {ebm ‘hË¶m¡ {ebo ‘hË¶: {ebm: ‘hVr --‘hË¶m¡ --- ‘hË¶: Zm¶©: ‘hVr ZXr ‘hË¶m¡ ZÚm¡ ‘hË¶: ZÚ: ‘hVr YoZw: ‘hË¶m¡ --- ‘hË¶: --‘hV² ZJa‘² ‘hVr ZJao ‘hmpÝV ZJam{U ‘hV² --‘hVr {dído ‘hmpÝV --‘hV² dñVw ‘hVr dñVwZr ‘hmpÝV dñVy{Z ‘hV² ga: ‘hVr --- ‘hmpÝV --71

5. C{MV{b“mZwgma§ n¥W¸w$éV & nw§.

ór.

Xþdm©gg², Cfg², Vng², Aå^g², VoOg², AmoOg², Z^g², ¶eg², òmoVg², doYg², d¶g², dmgg², n¶g², MoVg², ‘Zg² &

Znw§.

6. ¶mo½¶§ ê$n§ {bIV & F$frUm§ ----- (VoOg²) {Xì¶‘² & ----- (Vng²) Vo gm‘Ï¶ª àmßZwdpÝV & ----- (Z^g²) Bd A‘¶m©{XVm Vofm§ Ñ{ï>: & Ho$MZ F$f¶: ----- (d¶g²) d¥Õm:, A{n M Ho$MZ ----- (Vng²) d¥Õm: & Vofm§ ----- (MoVg²) Hw$gw‘mV² A{n ‘¥Xÿ{Z & Vofm§ gm‘Ï¶©ñ¶ ----- (òmoVg²) ApñV Vofm§ Vnü¶m© & Vo {d‘bm{Z ----- (dmgg²) n[aYma¶pÝV & ----- (àË¶wfg²) gËda‘² CËWm¶ Vo ----- (Vng²) AmMapÝV & YÝ¶mñVo F$f¶: &

(Am) gd©Zm‘m{Z &

"gd©' nw§{b“§ gd©Zm‘ & EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² gd©: gdm¡© gdo© gd©‘² gdm£ gdm©Z² gd}U gdm©ä¶m‘² gd£: gd©ñ‘¡ gdm©ä¶m‘² gd}ä¶: gd©ñ‘mV² gdm©ä¶m‘² gd}ä¶: gd©ñ¶ gd©¶mo: gd}fm‘² gd©pñ‘Z² gd©¶mo: gd}fw ho gd© ho gdm£ ho gd}

"gd©' ór{b“§ gd©Zm‘ & {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² àW‘m gdm© gd} {ÛVr¶m gdm©‘² gd} V¥Vr¶m gd©¶m gdm©ä¶m‘² MVwWu gd©ñ¶¡ gdm©ä¶m‘² n#m‘r gd©ñ¶m: gdm©ä¶m‘² fð>r gd©ñ¶m: gd©¶mo: gá‘r gd©ñ¶m‘² gd©¶mo: gå~moYZ‘² ho gd} ho gd}

"gd©' Znw§gH${b“§ gd©Zm‘ & EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² gd©‘² gd} gd©‘² gd} gd}U gdm©ä¶m‘² gd©ñ‘¡ gdm©ä¶m‘² gd©ñ‘mV² gdm©ä¶m‘² gd©ñ¶ gd©¶mo: gd©pñ‘Z² gd©¶mo: ho gd© ho gd}

{d^{³V: àW‘m {ÛVr¶m V¥Vr¶m MVwWu n#m‘r fð>r gá‘r gå~moYZ‘²

~hþdMZ‘² gdm©{U gdm©{U gd£: gd}ä¶: gd}ä¶: gd}fm‘² gd}fw ho gdm©{U

72

~hþdMZ‘² gdm©: gdm©: gdm©{^: gdm©ä¶: gdm©ä¶: gdm©gm‘² gdm©gw ho gdm©:

"AÝ¶V²' "na' M B{V gd©Zm‘Û¶§ "gd©'eãX: Bd ^d{V & "AÝ¶V²' gd©Zm‘nXñ¶ Znw§gH${b“o Vw àW‘m¶m§ {ÛVr¶m¶m§ gå~moYZo M AÝ¶V²/AÝ¶X² AÝ¶o AÝ¶m{Z Ed§ ê$nm{U ^dpÝV &

(B) YmVyZm§ {ÛVr¶: g‘yh: & EVm{Z CXmhaUm{Z nR>V &

~mbH$: g§ñH¥$V§ nR>{V / AYrVo &

‘mVm Ob§ ¶ÀN>{V / XXm{V &

gm¡a^: Am‘«§ ImX{V / AíZm{V & gañdVr ‘m§ ajVw/nmVw &

í¶m‘: d¶ñ¶§ dX{V / ~«yVo &

d¥Õ: JrV‘² AmH$U©¶{V/e¥Umo{V &

AÌ dm³¶ofw {H«$¶mnXÛ¶§ ní¶V & V¶mo: AW©: g‘mZ: {H$ÝVw JUm¡ {^Þm¡ & Vñ‘mV² {dH$aUo A{n {^Þo & ImX{V = ImX² + A + {V (ImX² 1 n. n.) AíZm{V = Ae² + Zm + {V (Ae² 9 n. n.) nR>{V ajVw ¶ÀN>{V dX{V AmH$U©¶{V

nR²> (1 n. n.) aj² (1 n. n.) Xm-¶ÀN²> (1 n. n.) dX² (1 n. n.) Am + H$U©² (10 C. n.)

AYrVo nmVw XXm{V ~«yVo e¥Umo{V

A{Y + B (2 Am. n. ) nm (2 n. n.) Xm (3 C. n.) ~«y (2 C. n.) lw-e¥ (5 n. n.)

Aï>‘rH$jm¶m‘² Añ‘m{^: 1, 4, 6, 10 BË¶ofm§ JUmZm§ ê$nn[aM¶: Ñï>: & Vofm§ {dH$aUm{Z A, ¶, A, A¶ B{V EVm{Z AH$mamÝVm{Z & YmVyZm§ {ÛVr¶g‘yho 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 JUm: gpÝV & Vofw Ho$fm{#mV² {ZË¶à¶w³VmZm§ YmVwê$nmUm‘² AÜ¶¶Z‘² AÌ H$aUr¶‘² ApñV & YmVyZm§ àW‘: g‘yh: YmVyZm§ {ÛVr¶: g‘yh: YmVw: JU: {dH$aU‘² CXmhaU‘² YmVw: JU: {dH$aU‘² CXmhaU‘² nR²> 1 A nR>{V Ag² 2 ApñV Z¥V² 4 ¶ Z¥Ë¶{V Xm 3 {ÛËdê$n‘² XXm{V {bI² 6 A {bI{V eH²$ 5 Zw e³Zmo{V H$W² 10 A¶ H$W¶{V ^wO² 7 Z ^wZp³V H¥$ 8 C H$amo{V km 9 Zm OmZm{V 73

àË¶¶m: bQ²>bH$ma: nañ‘¡nX‘² AmË‘ZonX‘² E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. {V V: ApÝV àW‘: Vo AmVo {g W: W ‘Ü¶‘: go AmWo {‘ d: ‘: CÎm‘: E dho bL²>bH$ma: nañ‘¡nX‘² AmË‘ZonX‘² E.d. V² : A‘²

{Ûd. Vm‘² V‘² d

~.d. AZ² V ‘

nwéf: àW‘: ‘Ü¶‘: CÎm‘:

E.d. V Wm: B

{Ûd. AmVm‘² AmWm‘² d{h

bmoQ²>bH$ma: nañ‘¡nX‘² AmË‘ZonX‘² E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. Vw Vm‘² AÝVw àW‘: Vm‘² AmVm‘² {h V‘² V ‘Ü¶‘: ñd AmWm‘² Am{Z Amd Am‘ CÎm‘: Eo Amdh¡ {d{Y{bL²>bH$ma: nañ‘¡nX‘² AmË‘ZonX‘² E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ¶mV² ¶mVm‘² ¶w: àW‘: B©V B©¶mVm‘² ¶m: ¶mV‘² ¶mV ‘Ü¶‘: B©Wm: B©¶mWm‘² ¶m‘² ¶md ¶m‘ CÎm‘: B©¶ B©d{h E.d. ApñV A{g Apñ‘ E.d. AñVw E{Y Agm{Z

Ag² (2 n.n.) bQ²>bH$ma: bL²>bH$ma: {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ñV: gpÝV àW‘: AmgrV² AmñVm‘² ñW: ñW ‘Ü¶‘: Amgr: AmñV‘² ñd: ñ‘: CÎm‘: Amg‘² Amñd bmoQ²>bH$ma: {d{Y{bL²>bH$ma: {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ñVm‘² gÝVw àW‘: ñ¶mV² ñ¶mVm‘² ñV‘² ñV ‘Ü¶‘: ñ¶m: ñ¶mV‘² Agmd Agm‘ CÎm‘: ñ¶m‘² ñ¶md 74

~.d. AVo Üdo ‘ho ~.d. AV Üd‘² ‘{h ~.d. AVm‘² Üd‘² Am‘h¡ ~.d. B©aZ² B©Üd‘² B©d{h

~.d. AmgZ² AmñV Amñ‘ ~.d. ñ¶w: ñ¶mV ñ¶m‘

$H¥$ (8 C.n.) nañ‘¡nX‘² bQ²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘² E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. H$amo{V Hw$éV: Hw$d©pÝV àW‘: Hw$éVo $$Hw$dm©Vo $$Hw$d©Vo H$amo{f Hw$éW: Hw$éW ‘Ü¶‘: Hw$éfo $$Hw$dm©Wo Hw$éÜdo H$amo{‘ Hw$d©: Hw$‘©: CÎm‘: Hw$d} Hw$d©ho Hw$‘©ho nañ‘¡nX‘² bL²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘² E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. AH$amoV² AHw$éVm‘² AHw$d©Z² àW‘: AHw$éV AHw$dm©Vm‘² AHw$d©V AH$amo: AHw$éV‘² AHw$éV ‘Ü¶‘: AHw$éWm: AHw$dm©Wm‘² AHw$éÜd‘² AH$ad‘² AHw$d© AHw$‘© CÎm‘: AHw${d© AHw$d©{h AHw$‘©{h nañ‘¡nX‘² bmoQ²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘² E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. H$amoVw Hw$éVm‘² Hw$d©ÝVw àW‘: Hw$éVm‘² Hw$dm©Vm‘² Hw$d©Vm‘² Hw$é Hw$éV‘² Hw$éV ‘Ü¶‘: Hw$éîd Hw$dm©Wm‘² Hw$éÜd‘² H$adm{U H$admd H$adm‘ CÎm‘: H$ad¡ H$admdh¡ H$adm‘h¡ nañ‘¡nX‘² E.d. {Ûd. Hw$¶m©V² Hw$¶m©Vm‘² Hw$¶m©: Hw$¶m©V‘² Hw$¶m©‘² Hw$¶m©d

{d{Y{bL²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘² nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. àW‘: Hw$duV Hw$du¶mVm‘² ‘Ü¶‘: Hw$duWm: Hw$du¶mWm‘² CÎm‘: Hw$du¶ Hw$dud{h

~.d. Hw$duaZ² Hw$duÜd‘² Hw$du‘{h

eH²$ (5 n.n.) bQ²>bH$ma: bL²>bH$ma: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. e³Zmo{V e³ZwV: e³ZwdpÝV àW‘: Ae³ZmoV² Ae³ZwVm‘² e³Zmo{f e³ZwW: e³ZwW ‘Ü¶‘: Ae³Zmo: Ae³ZwV‘² e³Zmo{‘ e³Zwd: e³Zw‘: CÎm‘: Ae³Zd‘² Ae³Zwd

~.d. Ae³ZwdZ² Ae³ZwV Ae³Zw‘

bmoQ²>bH$ma: {d{Y{bL²>bH$ma: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. e³ZmoVw e³ZwVm‘² e³ZwdÝVw àW‘: e³Zw¶mV² e³Zw¶mVm‘² e³Zw{h e³ZwV‘² e³ZwV ‘Ü¶‘: e³Zw¶m: e³Zw¶mV‘² e³Zdm{Z e³Zdmd e³Zdm‘ CÎm‘: e³Zw¶m‘² e³Zw¶md

~.d. e³Zw¶w: e³Zw¶mV e³Zw¶m‘

~.d. Hw$¶w©: Hw$¶m©V Hw$¶m©‘

75

E.d. e¥Umo{V e¥Umo{f e¥Umo{‘

bQ²>bH$ma: lw (e¥) (5 n.n.) bL²>bH$ma: {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. e¥UwV: e¥ÊdpÝV àW‘: Ae¥UmoV² Ae¥UwVm‘² Ae¥ÊdZ² e¥UwW: e¥UwW ‘Ü¶‘: Ae¥Umo: Ae¥UwV‘² Ae¥UwV e¥Uwd:/e¥Êd: e¥Uw‘:/e¥Ê‘: CÎm‘: Ae¥Ud‘² Ae¥Uwd/Ae¥Êd Ae¥Uw‘/Ae¥Ê‘

bmoQ²>bH$ma: {d{Y{bL²>bH$ma: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. e¥UmoVw e¥UwVm‘² e¥UwdÝVw àW‘: e¥Uw¶mV² e¥Uw¶mVm‘² e¥Uw e¥UwV‘² e¥UwV ‘Ü¶‘: e¥Uw¶m: e¥Uw¶mV‘² e¥Udm{Z e¥Udmd e¥Udm‘ CÎm‘: e¥Uw¶m‘² e¥Uw¶md

~.d. e¥Uw¶w: e¥Uw¶mV e¥Uw¶m‘

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

¶mo½¶§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm {bIV & 1. N>mÌm: ¶e: & (àmßZmoVw, àmßZwdÝVw) 2. Ah§ ~mb: & (Apñ‘, ñ‘:) 3. gm nmH§$ & (Hw$éVo, Hw$d©Vo) 4. g: JmVw§ & (e³Zmo{‘, e³Zmo{V) 5. AmMm¶©: nmR>embm‘² &(A¶mV², A¶w:) 6. Ëd§ g§ñH¥$VoZ gå^mfU§ & (Hw$é, H$amoVw) 7. A{n Ah§ àdoe§ ? (H$admdh¡, H$ad¡) 8. ‘mbmH$ma: nwînm{U & ({MZmo{V, {MÝdpÝV) 9. eya: namH«$‘oU {dO¶§ àmáw§ & (e³Zmo{V, e³ZwdpÝV)

$(B©) H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ H$‘©dmÀ¶§ M & {H«$¶mnXÛ¶‘²

H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘² (H$V©[a)

H$‘©dmÀ¶‘² (H$‘©{U)

(H$Vm© àYmZ:) (H$‘© àYmZ‘²) àYmZËdmV² H$V¥©nXñ¶ àW‘m àYmZËdmV² H$‘©nXñ¶ àW‘m ¶Wm - ~mbH$: J«ÝW§ nR>{V & ~mbHo$Z J«ÝW: nR>çVo & H$: nR>{V ? ~mbH$: & H$: nR>çVo ? J«ÝW: & à¶moJ: H$Vm© H$‘© {H«$¶mnX‘² H$V¥©dmÀ¶: àW‘m {d^p³V: {ÛVr¶m {d^p³V: H$V¥©nXñ¶ nwéfdMZmZwgma‘² H$‘©dmÀ¶: V¥Vr¶m {d^{³V: àW‘m {d^{³V: H$‘©nXñ¶ nwéfdMZmZwgma‘² H$‘©dmÀ¶m{Z {H«$¶mnXm{Z 1) nm - nm¶Vo & (2 n.n.) km - km¶Vo & • Ü¶¡ - Ü¶m¶Vo & • Ì¡ - Ìm¶Vo &

2) nm - nr¶Vo & (1 n.n.) ‘m - ‘r¶Vo & Xm - Xr¶Vo & 3) {O - Or¶Vo & {M - Mr¶Vo & 76

Zr - Zr¶Vo & àr - àr¶Vo & • J¡ - Jr¶Vo & 4) lw - ly¶Vo & ñVw - ñVy¶Vo &

5) H¥$ - {H«$¶Vo & ö - {õ¶Vo & 6) V¦ - Vr¶©Vo & ñ‘¥ - ñ‘¶©Vo & 7) Z‘² - Zå¶Vo &

8)

¶‘² - ¶å¶Vo & J‘² - Jå¶Vo & {bI² - {b»¶Vo & Ñe² - Ñí¶Vo & ImX² - ImÚVo & nR²> - nR>çVo & ‘wM² - ‘wÀ¶Vo &

9) nyO² - nyÁ¶Vo & JU² - JÊ¶Vo & H$W² - H$Ï¶Vo & aM² - aÀ¶Vo & VS²> - VmS>çVo & Mwa² - Mmo¶©Vo & d¥ - dm¶©Vo &

Y¥ - Ym¶©Vo & Kwf² - Kmoî¶Vo & jmb² - jmë¶Vo & ‘ÝÌ² - ‘ÝÍ¶Vo & 10) X§e² - Xí¶Vo & J«ÝW² - J«Ï¶Vo & 11) dX² - CÚVo &

dh² - CøVo & dn² - Cß¶Vo & dM² - CÀ¶Vo & ˆo - hÿ¶Vo & 12) àÀN>² - n¥ÀN>çVo & J«h² - J¥øVo & ~«y - CÀ¶Vo &

H$‘©dmÀ¶{H«$¶mnXgyÌ‘² = ‘ybYmVw: + ¶ + AmË‘ZonXr¶H$mbmW©àË¶¶: &

Ñe² - ní¶² (1 n.n.) H$‘©dmÀ¶: bQ²>bH$ma: (dV©‘mZH$mb:) E. d. {Ûd. g:/gm/VX² Vm¡/Vo/Vo Ëd‘² ¶wdm‘² Ah‘² Amdm‘² n#mXe dm³¶m{Z & EH$dMZ‘² 1. am‘oU g: Ñí¶Vo & 4. am‘oU gm X¥í¶Vo & 7. am‘oU VV² X¥í¶Vo & 10. am‘oU Ëd§ >Ñí¶go & 13. am‘oU Ah§ Ñí¶o &

~. d Vo/Vm:/Vm{Z ¶y¶‘² d¶‘²

nwéf: àW‘: ‘Ü¶‘: CÎm‘:

{ÛdMZ‘² 2. am‘oU Vm¡ Ñí¶oVo & 5. am‘oU Vo X¥í¶oVo & 8. am‘oU Vo X¥í¶oVo & 11. am‘oU ¶wdm§ Ñí¶oWo & 14. am‘oU Amdm§ Ñí¶mdho &

E. d. Ñí¶Vo Ñí¶go Ñí¶o

{Ûd. Ñí¶oVo Ñí¶oWo X¥í¶mdho

~. d. Ñí¶ÝVo Ñí¶Üdo Ñí¶m‘ho

~hþdMZ‘² 3. am‘oU Vo X¥í¶ÝVo & 6. am‘oU Vm: X¥í¶ÝVo & 9. am‘oU Vm{Z X¥í¶ÝVo & 12. am‘oU ¶y¶§ Ñí¶Üdo & 15. am‘oU d¶§ Ñí¶m‘ho &

"g: Ñí¶Vo' B{V dm³¶ñ¶ AW©: "g: ní¶{V' B{V Z & A{n Vw AÝ¶: H$mo@{n V§ ní¶{V & (am‘oU) g: Ñí¶Vo B{V AW©: & AÌ g: B{V H$‘©nX§, Z Vw H$V©¥nX‘² & H$‘©dmÀ¶-ê$nm{U AÝ¶bH$maofw A{n ^dpÝV & {OkmgmnÌ‘²

[a³VñWmZ§ nya¶V & à¶moJn[aM¶§ M {bIV & 1. Z¥Ë¶§ {H«$¶Vo & (Aßgag²) 2. gwdUm© JU¶{V & (nwîn) 3. ^³Vm: B©ída§ & (nyO¶{V/nyO¶pÝV) 4. {MÌnQ>: Ñí¶Vo & (Añ‘X²) 5. ~mbH$m: ’$bm{Z & (b^o/b^ÝVo)

6. dÝXo ‘mVa‘² & (Añ‘X²) 7. am{YH$¶m Ëd§ & (Amhÿ¶Vo/Amhÿ¶go) 8. am‘m¶U§ aÀ¶Vo & (dmë‘r{H$) 9. Ob§ {n~{g & (¶wî‘X²) 10. {ejHo$U d¶‘² & (Cn{Xí¶ÝVo/ Cn{Xí¶m‘ho)

77

(C) VËnwéf: 1. {d^{³VVËnwéf: & 1) IJm: dZ§ JVm: & 2) V¥U¡: a{MVm{Z Vofm§ ZrS>m{Z & 3) d¥jofw IJmZm§ {Zdmgm¶ ZrS>m{Z gpÝV & 4) nO©Ý`mV² a{jVm: IJm: AmZÝXpÝV & 5) IJmZm§ OrdZ§ l_¡: n[anyU©_² & 6) ñdH$m`} {ZaVm: IJm: Ü`o`erbm: & 1. dZ§ JVm: = dZJVm: & ({ÛVr`m {d^{³V:) 2. V¥U¡: a{MVm{Z = V¥Ua{MVm{Z & (V¥Vr`m {d^{³V:) 3. {Zdmgm` ZrS>m{Z = {ZdmgZrS>m{Z & (MVwWu {d^{³V:) 4. nO©Ý`mV² a{jVm: = nO©Ý`a{jVm: & (n#m_r {d^{³V:) 5. IJmZm§ OrdZ_² = IJOrdZ‘² & (fð>r {d^{³V:)6. ñdH$m`} {ZaVm: = ñdH$m`©{ZaVm: & (gá_r {d^{³V:) AÌ àW_nX§ {ÛVr`nXoZ H$`m{MV² {d^ŠË`m g§`wÁ`Vo & AV: Ef: g‘mg: "{d^p³VVËnwéf:' B{V CÀ`Vo & g_mgàH$ma: {ÛVr`m VËnwwéf:

g‘ñVnX‘² d¥jm{lV: &

CÎmanXmZm_² CXmhaUm{Z Amd{b: {lV, Am{lV, embmJ_Z‘², H«$_àmá:, JV, AmnÞ, ^yJV:, ^y{_JV:, AVrV, àmá H¥$îUm{lV:, JwUmVrV:, gwImnÞ: &

g‘mg{dJ«h: embm§ J‘Z‘², H«$‘§ àmá:, ^wd§ JV:, ^yq‘ JV:, H¥$îU‘² Am{lV:, JwUmZ² AVrV:, gwI‘² AmnÞ: &

d¥j‘² Am{lV: (‘H©$Q>:) & V¥Vr`m VËnwéf:

MVwWu VËnwéf:

Ho$e{dhrZ:

gånÞ, a{hV, hrZ, {dH$b, d{O©V, `w³V, gÑe, AmT>ç

Ho$e¡: {dhrZ:/a{hV: & XmZno{Q>H$m AW©_²

XmZm¶ no{Q>H$m &

YZgånÞ:, ~w{ÕhrZ:, MaU{dH$b:, eH©$am{‘{lV:, {MÝVmg_m, ~XagÑe:, dU©{_{lV:, YZmT>ç: &

YZoZ gånÞ:, ~wX²Ü¶m hrZ:, MaUoZ {dH$b:, eH©$a¶m {‘{lV:, {MÝV¶m g‘m, ~XaoU gÑe:, dU£: {‘{lV:, YZoZ AmT>ç: &

XoemW©_², H$Ý`mW©_², {dhmamW©_², ajUmW©_², {eënmb`:, VnmodZ_², J«ÝWmb`:, H$m`©e{³V: Hw$ÊS>b{haÊ¶‘², KQ>‘¥{ÎmH$m &

Xoem¶ B{V, H$Ý¶m¶¡ B{V, {dhmam¶ B{V, ajUm¶ B{V, {eënoä¶: Amb¶:, Vngo dZ‘², J«ÝWoä¶: Amb¶:, H$m¶m©¶ e{º$:, Hw$ÊS>bmä¶m‘² {haÊ¶‘², KQ>m¶ ‘¥{ÎmH$m &

78

n#m_r VËnwéf:

fð>r VËnwéf:

hñVn{VV‘² &

hñVmV² n{VV‘² & (H$adó‘² ) d¥jemIm &

_w³V, ^rV, ÌmV, n{VV, a{jV

àXÿfU_w³V:, XmZdÌmV:, àXÿfUmV² ‘w³V:, XmZdmV² Agwa^rVm, d¥jn{VV_², ÌmV:, AgwamV² ^rVm, d¥jmV² n{VV‘², gnm©V² gn©a{jV: & a{jV: &

{à`, H¥$Vo

N>mÌ{à`: _ËH¥$Vo, g_wÐe{³V:, am_m`U_², {dÚwËàdmh:, gy`m}X`:, XeaWnwÌ:, {nÌmkm &

N>mÌmUm§ {à¶:, ‘‘ H¥$Vo, g‘wÐñ¶ ep³V:, am‘ñ¶ A¶Z‘², {dÚwV: àdmh:, gy¶©ñ¶ CX¶:, XeaWñ¶ nwÌ:, {nVw: Amkm &

Hw$eb, aV, àdrU, _¾, ì`J«, »`mV, {d{XV, em¡ÊS>

H$bmHw$eb:, H«$sS>mnQw>:, H$m¶©aV:, àOmdËgb:, J{UVVÁk:, ^wdZ{d{XV:, OJËà{gÕ: &

H$bm¶m§ Hw$eb:, H«$sS>m¶m§ nQw>:, H$m¶} aV:, àOmgw dËgb:, J{UVo VÁk:, ^wdZo {d{XV:, OJ{V à{gÕ: &

d¥jñ¶ emIm & gá_r VËnwéf:

Z¥Ë¶{ZnwUm &

Z¥Ë¶o {ZnwUm &

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

1. g‘ñVnX§ {bIV & 1. H$ënZm‘² AVrV: & 2. J«m‘§ JV: & 3. hñVoZ {b{IV‘²& 4. gå^mfUo MVwa: & 5. Obñ¶ {~ÝXw:& 6. kmZñ` bmbgm & 7. H$mH$m¶ ~{b: & 8. MmoamV² ^¶‘² & 9. ^mfm¶m: Aä¶mg: & 2. AYmoXÎmmZ² eãXmZ² nR>V & EVo eãXm: g‘mgo H$m§ {d^p³V_² AnojÝVo B{V {bIV & 1. AmT>ç, 2. JV, 3. ÌmV, 4. em¡ÊS>, 5. AW©_², 6. _w³V, 7. gÑe, 8. {dH$b, 9. {à`, 10. {d{XV 3. [a³VñWmZm{Z nya¶V & g‘ñVnX‘² VnmodZ‘² ----ZoÌhrZ: Z¥nH$Ý¶m

g‘mg{dJ«h: ----{MÝVm¶m: ‘w³V: ZoÌmä¶m§ hrZ: Z¥nñ¶ H$Ý¶m 79

g‘mgàH$ma: MVwWu VËnwéf: n#m‘r VËnwéf: ---------

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² &

Ho$Z H¥$V‘² ?

MVwW©: KQ>H$: &

‘mVm à^mVo H$m¶m©b¶§ JÀN>{V & J‘ZmV² nydª gm ‘ÝXmam¶ H$aUr¶m{Z H$m¶m©{U H$W¶{V & H$m¶m©Um‘² Amd{b: Vw àXrKm© AmgrV² & AYwZm gm¶L²>H$mb g‘¶: & ‘mVw: àË¶mJ‘Zg‘¶: & ‘ÝXma: {H$pÄMV² ^rV: ¶V: gdm©{U H$m¶m©{U Z g‘mám{Z & (‘mVm à{de{V) ‘mVm - ""ao ‘ÝXma, H$m¶m©Um‘² Amdqb Xe©¶ gËda‘² &'' Amd{b: H¥$V‘²/Z H¥$V‘² e¶ZJ¥hñ¶ ñdÀN>Vm P e¶ZJ¥h§ ñdÀN>rH¥$V‘²& EVV² gdª Ho$Z H¥$V‘² /Z H¥$V‘² ? J¥ho ObnyaU‘² P Ob§ ny[aV‘²& ‘ÝXmaoU & AdH$ajonU‘² P AdH$a: {já:& ‘ÝXmaoU H$m¶ª H¥$V‘² & àmVame^jU‘² P àmVame: ^{jV:& ‘mÌm H$m¶ª XÎm‘² & O J¥h§ Z ‘m{O©V‘²& J¥h‘mO©Z‘² ~mboZ Ob§ nrV‘² & O d¥jofw Ob§ Z {g³V‘²& d¥jofw Ob{g#mZ‘² Añ‘m{^: nwñVH$m{Z n{R>Vm{Z& Xþ½Ymb¶mV² Xþ½YH«$¶U‘² P Xþ½Ymb¶mV² Xþ½Y§ H«$sV‘²& ‘{hb¶m AdH$a: {já: & O dm¶wMw{„: Z ñdÀN>rH¥$Vm & dm¶wMw„o: ñdÀN>Vm Vm{^: dóm{U àjm{bVm{Z & O {dÎmH$mofmV² YZ-AmhaU‘² {dÎmH$mofmV² YZ§ Z AmöV‘²& N>mÌm{^: nwpñVH$m: {b{IVm: & ñdmÜ¶m¶: P ñdmÜ¶m¶: H¥$V: & [a³VñWmZ§ nya¶V & 1. ‘mYdoZ nÌ‘² 3. d¥Õ¶m Xodm: 5. CÎm‘¡: H$m¶©‘² 7. JwéUm X{jUm

gå^mfmnÌ‘²

& (AmZrV:/AmZrV‘²) 2. ‘H©$Q>oZ Q>mo{nH$m: & (J¥hrV‘²/J¥hrVm:) & (àm{W©Vm:/àm{W©V:) 4. ¶wî‘m{^: ZmQ H§$ & (Ñï>:/Ñï>‘²) & (AmaãYm/AmaãY‘² 6. YoZw{^: V¥Um{Z & (^w³V‘²/^w³Vm{Z) & (¶m{MVm¡/¶m{MVm) nR>V ~moYV & am{ÌJ©{‘î¶{V ^{dî¶{V gwà^mV‘² ^mñdmZwXoî¶{V h{gî¶{V nL²>H$Olr: & BËW§ {d{MÝV¶{V H$mofJVo {Ûao’o$ hm hÝV hÝV Z{bZt JO C‚mhma && H$íMZ ^«‘a: ‘YwnmZo ‘¾: gm¶L²>H$mb§ ¶mdV² H$‘bH$mofo Ed {Vð>{V & ¶Xm am{Ì: OmVm VXm H$‘bXbm{Z {Z‘r{bVm{Z & H$mof~ÕoZ ^«‘aoU {MpÝVV‘², am{Ì: Vw J{‘î¶{V & A{MamXod gwà^mV§ ^{dî¶{V & gy¶©Xod: CXoî¶{V & nwZíM H$‘{bZr à’w${„Vm ^{dî¶{V & Ah§ M H$‘bH$mofmV² ‘w³V: ^{dî¶m{‘ & nwZ: ñdmVÝÍ¶§ bßñ¶o & {H$ÝVw hm hÝV ! H$mofJV: ^«‘a: ¶mdV² BËW§ {MÝV¶{V VmdXod H$íMZ JO¶yW: VÌ Am¶mV: & Vofw EHo$Z JOoZ Z{bZr CËnm{Q>Vm & ^«‘a: Vw H$‘bH$mofo Ed {Z~Õ: & Ahmo X¡dr {d{MÌm J{V: & 80

MVwX©e>: nmR>: & H$mì¶emó{dZmoX: &

(H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²)

g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m§ gw^m{fVmZm§ ‘hm^mÊS>ma§ {dÚVo & H$m{ZMZ gw^m{fVm{Z M‘ËH¥${VnyUm©{Z & Vofm‘² AWm©d~moY: Z gab: & àho{bH$m:, Hy$Q>àíZm: g‘ñ¶mny{V©: M EVo àH$mam: Añ‘mH§$ H¥$Vo ‘pñVîH$ImÚ‘² Ed & gw^m{fVmZm§ aMZm hmñ¶agnyUm© öÚm M & AV: Ed EVo H$mì¶àH$mam: dmMH$mZm§ ‘Z: {dZmoX¶pÝV &

• àho{bH$m •

Zm‘ {H$‘² ? AÝ¶^mfmgw H$m: àho{bH$m: ¶y¶§ OmZrW?

gmjam {dnarVmüoX² amjgm Ed Ho$db‘² & gagmo {dnarVmo@{n gagËd§ Z ‘w#m{V &&1&& d¥jmJ«dmgr Z M n{jamO: {ÌZoÌYmar Z M eybnm{U: & Ëd½dóYmar Z M {gÕ¶moJr Ob§ M {~^«Þ KQ>mo Z ‘oK: &&2&& VmVoZ H${WV§ nwÌ nÌ§ {bI ‘‘mk¶m & Z VoZ {bpIV§ nÌ§ {nVwamkm Z b{”Vm &&3&& Z Vñ¶m{XZ© Vñ¶mÝV: ¶mo ‘Ü¶o Vñ¶ {Vð>{V & Vdmß¶pñV ‘‘mß¶pñV ¶mo OmZm{V g npÊS>V: &&4&& ‘¥J‘rZg‚mZmZm§ V¥UObgÝVmof{d{hVd¥ÎmrZm‘² & bwãYH$Yrda{newZm {ZîH$maUd¡[aUmo OJ{V &&5&& J“m¶mü#mbVao dm[a{U à{V{~på~V‘² & emo^Vo VmaH$m¶w³V§$ eVMÝÐ§ Z^ñVb‘² &&6&& ¶X²d³Ì§ ‘whþarjgo Z Y{ZZm§ ~«yfo Z MmQy>Z² ‘¥fm Z¡fm§ Jd©dM: e¥Umo{f Z M VmZ² àË¶me¶m Ymd{g & H$mbo ~mbV¥Um{Z ImX{g na§ {ZÐm{g {ZÐmJ‘o VÝ‘o ~«y{h Hw$a“ Hw$Ì ^dVm qH$ Zm‘ Vá§ Vn: &&7&&

ñnï>rH$aU‘² ûcmoH$: 1 - gmjam: B{V nX§ {dnarVH«$‘oU n{R>V§ MoV² "amjgm:' B{V ^d{V & na§ "gag:' B{V nX‘² ¶WmZwH«$‘§ dm {dnarVH«$‘oU n{R>V§ MoV² "gag:' BË¶od ^d{V & AÌ H${dH$ënZm Ed§ H${dH$m¡eb§ {d^m{V & ûcmoH$: 2 - g: d¥jñ¶ AJ«o dg{V {H$ÝVw n{jamO: JéS>: Z & Vñ¶ Ìr{U ZoÌm{U gpÝV {H$ÝVw g: eybnm{U: eL²>H$a: Z& g: dëH$bgÑe§ dó§ Yma¶{V {H$ÝVw g: {gÕ¶moJr Z& g: Ob§ Yma¶{V {H$ÝVw g: Z KQ>: Z M ‘oK: & Añ¶ CÎma§ dV©Vo Zm[aHo$b’$b‘² & ûcmoH$: 3 - VmVoZ H${WV§, ""ho nwÌ, ‘‘ Amk¶m nÌ§ {bI&'' VoZ nwÌoU nÌ§ Z {b{IV‘² & VWm{n {nVw: Amkm Z b{”Vm& AW©g“{V: Z Ñí¶Vo& ¶{X "Z VoZ'B{V EH$nX§ {H«$¶Vo MoV² " ZVoZ' B{V nXoZ AW©~moY: ^d{V & ZVoZ Zm‘ Z‘«ñd^mdoZ nwÌoU nÌ§ {b{IV‘² & A{n M {nVw: Amkm Z b{”Vm&

81

ûcmoH$: 4 - Hy$Q>àíZ: A¶‘² & Añ¶ CÎma‘² - Vñ¶ Am{X: Z, Vñ¶ AÝV: Z, Vñ¶ ‘Ü¶o ¶: {Vð>{V ( VV² ) Vd A{n ApñV, ‘‘ A{n ApñV& ûcmoH$: 5 - ‘¥Jm: V¥Um{Z ImXpÝV & ‘Ëñ¶m: Obo {dhapÝV & gmYd: gÝVmof§ ¶ÀN>pÝV & na‘² Apñ‘Z² OJ{V bwãYH$m: ‘¥JmZ², Yrdam: ‘Ëñ¶mZ² VWm Xþï>m: gmYyZ² {ZîH$maU‘od nrS>¶pÝV & AÌ ¶WmgL²>»¶-AbL²>H$ma: {dÚVo & ûcmoH$: 6 - eVMÝÐ§ Z^ñVb‘² & B{V H$mMZ g‘ñ¶m dV©Vo & AmH$meo MÝÐmUm§ eV§ H$W§ e³¶Vo? BË¶ofm g‘ñ¶m & g‘ñ¶mny{V©: - J“mZÚm: Ob§ H$„mob¶wº§$ {dÚVo & ¶Xm JJZo VmaH$m: MÝÐ‘m: M {dbgpÝV VXm MÝÐ‘g: eV§ à{V{~å~m{Z J“mZÚm: Obo Ñí¶ÝVo & VXm H${d: H$ënZm§ H$amo{V, "Z^: eVMÝÐ‘²' Bd Ñí¶Vo & ûcmoH$: 7 - ho Hw$a“, ¶V² Ëd§ Y{ZH$mZm§ d³Ì§ ‘whþ: Z B©jgo, ‘¥fm MmQy>Z² Z ~«yfo, Efm§ Jd©dM: Z e¥Umo{f, àË¶me¶m M VmZ² à{V Z Ymd{g & H$mbo ~mbV¥Um{Z ImX{g na§ {ZÐmJ‘o {ZÐm{g & VV² ‘o ~«y{h, ^dVm qH$ Zm‘ Vn: VßV‘² ? Efm Hw$a“mÝ¶mop³V: dV©Vo & g‚mZmZ² C{Ôí¶ Efm AÝ¶mop³V:&

ûcmoH$: 1 1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & A) {dn¶©¶: H$pñ‘Z² eãXo X¥í¶Vo ? Am) {dn¶©¶: H$pñ‘Z² eãXo Z X¥í¶Vo ? B) ‘mZdm: H$sÑem: ^do¶w: ? B©) ‘mZdm: H$sÑem: Z ^do¶w:?

^mfmä¶mg:

3. ¶mo½¶§ n¶m©¶§ {MZwV A) n{jamO: d¥jmJ«o (dg{V/Z dg{V) & Am) KQ>: Ìr{U ZoÌm{U (Yma¶{V/Z Yma¶{V) & B) eybnm{U: Ob§ ({~^{V© / Z {~^{V©) & B©) Zm[aHo$b§ Ëd½dó§ (Yma¶{V/Z Yma¶{V) & 4. g‘mZmW©H$eãX¶w½‘§ {MZwV {bIV M & n{jamO:, eybnm{U:, Ob‘², ‘oK:, eL²>H$a:, d¥j:, {gÕ¶moJr, JéS>:, Vé:, Vmo¶‘², ObX:, Vnñdr &

2. H$moï>H§$ nya¶V & gmja: ‘ZwO: $gag: ‘ZwO: ----(gagËd‘², amjgËd‘², {dnarVËd‘²)

ûcmoH$: 3. 1. H$: H§$ dX{V? "nÌ§ {bI &' 2. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & A) Ho$Z Amkm XÎmm? Am) Ho$Z Amkm Z b{”Vm & B) nÌ§ Ho$Z {b{IV‘² ? 3. {deofU-{deoî¶-ApÝdqV nya¶V &

3. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & amjg:, gag: 4. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & A) {dnarVmo@{n = Am) {dnarVmüoV² = ûcmoH$: 2. 1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & A) d¥jmJ«dmgr H$: ? Am) H$: n{jamO: ? B) H$: {ÌZoÌYmar ? B©) H$: eybnm{U: ? C) H$: Ob§ {~^{V© ? D$) H$: Ëd½dó§ Yma¶{V ?

{deofU‘²

{deoî¶‘² nwÌ:

{b{IV‘² 4. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & ‘‘mk¶m, {nVwamkm 5. ûcmoH$mV² "³V' àË¶¶mÝVê$nm{U (H$.^y.Ym.{d.) {MZwV {bIV M &

2. eãXg‘yhñ¶ H¥$Vo EH§$ g§joneãX§ {bIV & A) ¶: d¥jñ¶ AJ«^mJo {Zdg{V Am) n{jUm§ amOm B) ¶ñ¶ Ìr{U ZoÌm{U B©) eyb§ nmUm¡ ¶ñ¶ g: C) ¶: Ëd½dó§ Yma¶{V -

ûcmoH$: 4. 1. H«$‘mZwgma§ aM¶V & A) {Ì-Aja¶w³Vo eãXo "¶' ‘Ü¶o {Vð>{V & 82

Am) eãXñ¶ Amaå^o "Z' {dÚVo & B) eãXñ¶ AÝVo A{n "Z' {dÚVo &

2. {deofU¡: OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V &

2. àmá‘² CÎma‘² 3. gpÝY¨ Hw$éV & A) Vñ¶ + Am{X: (A + Am) Am) Vñ¶ + AÝV: (A + A) B) Vd + A{n (A + A) B©) A{n + ApñV (B + A)

Z^ñVb‘²

3. {deofU§ {bIV & 1) dm[a{U & 2) Z^ñVb‘² & 4. JL²>Jm B{V eãXñ¶ A‘anL²>p³V§ {bIV &

4. ûcmoH$mV² fîR>çÝVnXm{Z {MZwV {bIV M & ûcmoH$: 5. 1. Vm{bH$mny{Vª Hw$éV & V¥Ud¥Îmo: d¡ar ^d{V Obd¥Îmo: d¡ar ^d{V gÝVmofd¥Îmo: d¡ar ^d{V ‘ÄOyfm-(g‚mZñ¶,Yrda:,bwãYH$:,‘¥Jñ¶,‘rZñ¶, {newZ:)

ûcmoH$: 7. 1. [a³VñWmZ§ nya¶V & A) Ëd§ Y{ZZm§ ‘whþ: Z B©jgo & Am) Ëd§ ‘¥fm MmQy>Z² Z & B) Ëd§ Efm§ Z e¥Umo{f & Z Ymd{g & 2. AYmoXÎmdm³¶m{Z ûcmoH$ñW-g‘mZmW©H$-eãX¡: B©) Ëd§ VmZ² à{V C) Ëd§ H$mbo ~mbV¥Um{Z & nwZ: {bIV & {ZÐm{g & A) h[aU: eînm{U ^j¶{V VWm{n ì¶mY: Vñ¶ eÌw: D$) Ëd§ F$) ho Hw$a“, VX² ~«y{h & ^d{V& Am) ‘Ëñ¶: Ob§ {n~{V VWm{n Yrda: Vñ¶ [anw: G ) ^dVm qH$ Zm‘ Vn: & ^d{V & 2. àíZ{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV & B) gËnwéf: {Z:ñn¥h: dV©Vo VWm{n XþO©Z: Vñ¶ A[a: A) Ëd§ Y{ZZm§ d³Ì§ ‘whþ: Z B©jgo& ^d{V & Am) Ëd§ {ZÐmJ‘o {ZÐm{g & ûcmoH$: 6. 3. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {MZwV {bIV M & 1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & dXZ‘², AgË¶‘², eîn‘², ñdmn:, ‘¥J:, ní¶{g A) H$ñ¶m: ZÚm: dU©Z§ gw^m{fVo dV©Vo? 4. ûcmoH$mV² fîR>çÝVnXo {MZwV {bIV M & Am) eVMÝÐ§ Z^ñVb§ Hw$Ì emo^Vo ? ¶{X -- V{h© H«$sS>m - (JUH$m¶ª H$aUr¶‘² & ) EHo$Z JUoZ "¶{X' Cn¶wÁ¶ EH¡$H§$ dm³¶§ boIZr¶‘² & AÝ¶oZ JUoZ "V{h©' B{V nX§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm EH¡$H§$ dm³¶§ boIZr¶‘² & "¶{X' {M{Q>H$m: n¥WH²$ ñWmn{¶Vì¶m: & "V{h©' {M{Q>H$m: n¥WH²$ ñWmn{¶Vì¶m: & {ejHo$U H$m@{n EH$m "¶{X' {M{Q>H$m n{R>Vì¶m & AZÝVa§ "V{h©' {M{Q>H$m n{R>Vì¶m & ¶X² dm³¶§ Vñ‘mV² àmß¶Vo VX² AW©nyUª ^doV² dm Z B{V Z ÐîQ>ì¶§ Ho$db§ h{gVì¶‘² & ¶Wm - ¶{X Ah§ {^f½dam ^{dî¶m{‘ V{h© ned: Z{V©î¶pÝV & J J J 83

n#mXe>: nmR>: & ‘ZmoamÁ¶ñ¶ ’$b‘² & nwam A‘ae{³V: Zm‘ amOm AmgrV² & Vñ¶ nwÌm: {ddoH$a{hVm: emó{d‘wImü & ‘ZmoaÄOH$-H$Wm‘mÜ¶‘oZ {dîUwe‘m© Zm‘ npÊS>V: VmZ² Zr{Vemónma“VmZ² AH$amoV² & VXWª • {XdmñdßZ: Zm‘ {H$‘²? a{MVmZm§ H$WmZm§ gL²>J«h: Ed "n#mVÝÌ‘²' B{V ZmåZm {d»¶mV: & (1) {‘Ì^oX: • "¶Wm {MpÝVV§ VW¡d (2) {‘Ìgåàm{á: (3) H$mH$mobwH$s¶‘² (4) bãYàUme: (5) Anar{jVH$maH$‘² B{V A^dV²' B{V H$Xm{MV² Vm{Z n#m VÝÌm{U & Anar{jVH$maH$mV² ñdrH¥$Vm àñVwVH$Wm & AZw^yV§ dm ? AYrVo ¶ BX§ {ZË¶§ Zr{Vemó§ e¥Umo{V M & Z nam^d‘mßZmo{V eH«$mX{n H$XmMZ &&

H$pñ‘§{üV² ZJao H${üV² ñd^mdH¥$nUmo Zm‘ H$mo@{n {^jwH$: à{Vdg{V ñ‘ & VoZ {^j¶m àmáoZ g³Vw{nï>oZ H$be: gåny[aV: & V§ M KQ>§ ZmJXÝVo a‚dm ~X²Üdm Vñ¶mYñVmV² H$Q>§ àgm¶© gVV§ V{Ûf¶o {MÝV¶Z² g: gwá: & g: A{MÝV¶V² ""¶Ën[anyUm}@¶§ KQ>ñVmdV² g³Vw{nï>oZ dV©Vo & ¶{X Xþ{^©j§ ^d{V V{h© Añ¶ {dH«$¶UoZ ê$ß¶H$mUm§ eV§ àmßñ¶m{‘ & VVñVoZ Ah‘² AOmÛ¶§ H«o$î¶m{‘ & VV: fmÊ‘m{gH$-àgddemV² Vmä¶m§ ¶yW: ^{dî¶{V & VVmo@Om{^: à^yVm: YoZy: J«hrî¶m{‘, YoZw{^: ‘{hfr:, ‘{hfr{^: dS>dm:, dS>dmàgdV: à^yVm: Aûdm: ^{dî¶pÝV & Vofm§ {dH«$¶UmËà^yV§ gwdUª àmßñ¶m{‘ & gwdU}Z MVw:emb§ J¥h§ gånËñ¶Vo & VV: H${üV² Y{ZH$: àmád¶ñH$m§ ê$nmT>çm§ H$Ý¶m§ ‘ø§ Xmñ¶{V & Amd¶mo: nwÌ: ^{dî¶{V & Vñ¶mh§ gmo‘e‘}{V Zm‘ H$[aî¶m{‘ & VV: g: OmZwMbZ¶mo½¶: ^{dî¶{V & EH$Xm gmo‘e‘m© ‘m§ Ñï>‰>m ‘Ëg‘rn‘² AmJ{‘î¶{V & VVmo@h§ H$monm{dï>: A{^Ymñ¶m{‘ ^m¶m©‘², ""J¥hmU ~mbH$‘²'' B{V & gm@{n ‘‘ dMZ§ Z lmoî¶{V & VmdËH$mbo H$üZ Hw$¸w$a: VÌ AmJ{‘î¶{V & gmo‘e‘m© Vñ‘mV² ^rV: ^{dî¶{V & VVmo@h§ g‘wËWm¶ bJwS>oZ V§ Hw$¸w$a§ VmS>{¶î¶m{‘ &'' Ed§ ñdßZ‘¾: Ü¶mZpñWV: g: VW¡d bJwS>àhma‘² AH$amoV² & VoZ bJwS>àhmaoU g³Vw{nï>oZ nyU©: g: KQ>: ^¾: A^dV² & ñd^mdH¥$nU: g: nmÊSw>aVm‘² AJÀN>V² & AV: ~«dr{‘ AZmJVdVt {MÝVm‘gå^mì¶m§ H$amo{V ¶: & g Ed nmÊSw>a: eoVo gmo‘e‘©{nVm ¶Wm && ^mfmä¶mg:

1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & 1. {^jwH$ñ¶ Zm‘ {H$‘² ? 3. gmo‘e‘m© H$ñ‘mV² ^rV: ^{dî¶{V? 5. gmo‘e‘©{nVw: Zm‘ {H$‘²?

2. ñd^mdH¥$nUoZ KQ>: Hw$Ì ~Õ:? 4. g³Vw{nï>oZ nyU©: KQ>: H$ñ‘mV² H$maUmV² ^¾: ? 6. ñd^mdH¥$nUoZ H$Q>: Hw$Ì àgm[aV: ? 84

2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & 1. ñd^mdH¥$nU: {H$‘Wª nmÊSw>aVm‘² AJÀN>V²? 2. "A{n {XdmñdßZXe©Z§ ¶mo½¶‘² ?' B{V H$Wm¶m: AmYmaoU {bIV & 3. àý{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV & 1. ñd^mdH¥$nU: AOmÛ¶§ H«o$î¶{V & 2. A¶§ KQ>: g³Vw{nï>oZ nyU©: & 4. (A) gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & 1) Vñ¶mYñVmV² (2) gmo‘e‘}{V (3) VVmo@h‘² & (Am) dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & (1) Xþ{^©j‘² (2) ê$nmT>çm‘² (3) Ü¶mZpñWV: (4) ñd^mdH¥$nU: (B$) gyMZmZwgma§ dmŠ¶n[adV©Z§ Hw$éV & 1. H${üV² Y{ZH$: ñdH$Ý¶m§ ‘ø§ Xmñ¶{V & (bQ²>bH$mao n[adV©¶V &) 2. ~mbH$ñ¶ gmo‘e‘m© B{V Zm‘ H$[aî¶m{‘ & (H$V¥©nXñWmZo "g:' ¶moO¶V &) 3. gmo‘e‘m© ‘‘ g‘rn‘² AmJ{‘î¶{V & ("‘‘' ñWmZo "{nV¥'eãXñ¶ ¶mo½¶ ê$n§ {bIV &) 4. EH$: ‘Zwî¶: à{Vdg{V ñ‘ & (ñ‘ {ZîH$mg¶V) 5. Ah§ bJwS>oZ Hw$¸w$a§ VmS>{¶î¶m{‘ & (b¥Q²>ñWmZo {bL²>à¶moJ§ Hw$éV) 5. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & H¥$nU:, Xþ{^©j‘², Aœ:, YoZw:, gwdU©‘², Hw$¸w$a: & 6. g‘ñVnX§ Hw$éV & ñd^mdoZ H¥$nU:, H$monoZ Am{dï>:, bJwS>ñ¶ àhma: & 1) ^¶mV² + ‘w³V: - ^¶mÝ‘w³V: & ‘¥V² + ‘¶ya: - ‘¥Ý‘¶ya: &

nR>V AdJÀN>V ! ì¶ÄOZmZm§ {dñVma: & 4) Vpñ‘Z² + Ed = Vpñ‘Þod & BZ² + AÝV = BÞÝV &

õñd: ñda: Z² H$mo@{n ñda: = Þ dJr©¶ì¶ÄOZ‘² + AZwZm{gH$‘² = dJu¶-AZwZm{gH$‘² fQ²> + ‘mg: = fÊ‘mg: & (nyd©‘²) (níMmV²) dmH²$ + ‘¶‘² - dmL²>‘¶‘² & Vpñ‘Z² + CËgdo = Vpñ‘ÞwËgdo & 2) Vñ‘mV² + M = Vñ‘mƒ & Hw$d©Z² + AmgrV² = Hw$d©ÞmgrV² & {dÛV² + OZ: ={dÛ‚mZ: & 5) gV² + AmMma: = gXmMma: & Vw + Mw = Mw eamV² + A{n = eamX{n & (Mw = M dJ©:) (Vw = V dJ©:) AdH$mamV² + M = AdH$amƒ & EVV² + O¶: = EV‚m¶: & 3) ‘V² + ea: = ‘ÀN>a: & lr‘V² + e‘a: = lr‘ÀN>‘a: &

V² + e² = M²

N²>

dJu¶ì¶ÄOZ‘² + ñda:/‘¥Xþì¶ÄOZ‘²=V¥Vr¶ì¶ÄOZ‘² fQ²> + {dH$mam: = fS²>{dH$mam: & Vñ‘mV² + Ed = Vñ‘mXod & 6) VX² + H¥$Vo = VËH¥$Vo & jwY² + nrS>m = jwËnrS>m

dJu¶ì¶ÄOZ‘² + H$R>moaì¶ÄOZ‘² = àW‘ì¶ÄOZ‘² fS²> + H$ma: = fQ²>H$ma: & ‘¥X² + gm{YV‘² = ‘¥Ëgm{YV‘² &

VV² + lmoVw‘² = VÀN´>moVw‘² & JÀN>oV² + {ed: = JÀN>opÀN>d: &

85

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² &

{deofU-{dñVma: &

Ydb: MÝÐ: AmH$meo dV©Vo & Ah§ à{V{XZ§ Ydb§ MÝÐ§ ní¶m{‘, Vwî¶m{‘ M & YdboZ MÝÐoU Z^: {d^m{V & MH$moam: Ydbm¶ MÝÐm¶ ñn¥h¶pÝV & YdbmV² MÝÐmV² {H$aUm: òdpÝV & ny{U©‘m¶m§ Ydbñ¶ MÝÐñ¶ gm¡ÝX¶©‘² Anydª Ibw & ho Ydb MÝÐ, erVbVm§ à¶ÀN> gd}ä¶: & ¶{„“§ ¶X²dMZ§ ¶m M {d^p³V{d©eoî¶ñ¶ & V{„“§ VX²dMZ§ g¡d {d^p³V{d©eofUñ¶m{n && g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m§ ¶Wm {deoî¶ñ¶ {b“§, dMZ§ {d^³V¶: M n[adV©ÝVo VW¡d {deofUo A{n n[adV©Z§ ^d{V & nw§{b“‘² {ZnwU: ~mbH$: {ZnwU§ ~mbH$‘² {ZnwUoZ ~mbHo$Z {ZnwUm¶ ~mbH$m¶ {ZnwUmV² ~mbH$mV² {ZnwUñ¶ ~mbH$ñ¶ {ZnwUo ~mbHo$ ho {ZnwU ~mbH$ Ed‘od {ÛdMZñ¶ VWm

ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘² {ZnwUm ~m{bH$m {Z{~S>‘² AaÊ¶‘² {ZnwUm§ ~m{bH$m‘² {Z{~S>‘² AaÊ¶‘² {ZnwU¶m ~m{bH$¶m {Z{~S>oZ AaÊ¶oZ {ZnwUm¶¡ ~m{bH$m¶¡ {Z{~S>m¶ AaÊ¶m¶ {ZnwUm¶m: ~m{bH$m¶m: {Z{~S>mV² AaÊ¶mV² {ZnwUm¶m: ~m{bH$m¶m: {Z{~S>ñ¶ AaÊ¶ñ¶ {ZnwUm¶m§ ~m{bH$m¶m‘² {Z{~S>o AaÊ¶o ho {ZnwUo ~m{bHo$ ho {Z{~S> AaÊ¶ ~hþdMZñ¶ ê$nm{U ^dpÝV &

EH$dMZ‘² Hw$eb: d¡‘m{ZH$: d¡‘m{ZH$‘² Hw$eboZ d¡‘m{ZH$m¶ Hw$ebmV² d¡‘m{ZH$ñ¶ Hw$ebo Hw$eb

Hw$eb: d¡‘m{ZH$: & {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² Hw$ebm¡ d¡‘m{ZH$m: d¡‘m{ZH$m¡ Hw$ebmZ² Hw$ebmä¶m§ d¡‘m{ZH¡$: d¡‘m{ZH$mä¶m§ Hw$eboä¶: Hw$ebmä¶m§ d¡‘m{ZHo$ä¶: d¡‘m{ZH$¶mo: Hw$ebmZm§ d¡‘m{ZH$¶mo: d¡‘m{ZHo$fw d¡‘m{ZH$m¡ Hw$ebm:

{d^p³V: àW‘m {ÛVr¶m V¥Vr¶m MVwWu n#m‘r fð>r gá‘r gå~moYZ‘²

{d^p³V: àW‘m {ÛVr¶m V¥Vr¶m MVwWu n#m‘r fð>r gá‘r gå~moYZ‘²

Ed‘od "MVwa: ~mbH$:', "CÎm‘: H${d:', "{Z{~S>§ dZ‘²', "XrKm© ZXr', "‘oYm{dZr ~m{bH$m', "nwamVZr H$Wm', "{à¶: gwöX²', "ñZohmbw: {nVm', "aå¶m Cfm:' BË¶ofm§ {deofU-{deoî¶-¶w½‘mZm§ ê$nm{U dXÝVw &

86

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

{deofU-{deoî¶¶mo: ¶w½‘§ nya¶V & nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘² {d^p³V: n{dÌ: Obme¶: (n{dÌ) ZXr (n{dÌ) J“mOb‘² àW‘m (ZyVZ) ‘ÊS>n‘² ZyVZm§ ^mfm‘² (ZyVZ) ‘pÝXa‘² {ÛVr¶m g‘¥ÕoZ (H$mof) (g‘¥Õ) naåna¶m g‘¥ÕoZ (ZJa) V¥Vr¶m (H$mo‘b) ñd^mdm¶ H$mo‘bm¶¡ (bVm) (H$mo‘b) nwînm¶ MVwWu namYrZmV² (Cnm¶) (namYrZm) ~wX²Ü¶m: (namYrZ) OrdZmV² n#m‘r (CÎm‘) nwéfñ¶ CÎm‘m¶m: (n{ÌH$m) CÎm‘ñ¶ (d¥ÎmnÌ) fð>r (ñWyb>) nwÌo ñWybm¶m‘² (H$Ý¶m) (ñWyb>) nmÌo gá‘r ho (loð>) F$fo ho loðo> (VnpñdZr) ho (loð>) Am¡fY‘² gå~moYZ‘² dm³¶m{Z nya¶V & 1. ({demb) d¥jñ¶ AY: n¹$m{Z (’$b‘²) AnVZ²& 2. (d¥Õ) {nVm‘ø¡ (gagm) H$Wm: amoMÝVo & 3. {ZnwU¶m (Jm{¶H$m) gh Ah§ (ldUr¶) JrV§ Jm¶m{‘ & 4. ‘¥Ê‘¶o (nmÌ‘²) (erVb) Ob§ {dÚVo & nR>V ~moYV & • [MV², MZ ¶wVm{Z {deofUm{Z = [MV², MZ EVX² àË¶¶Û¶‘² A{Z{üVVm§ Xe©¶{V & "{H$‘²' BË¶ZoZ gh V¶mo: Cn¶moJ: ^d{V & (H$: + {MV²) H${üV² Z¥n:, ({H$‘² + MZ) {H$#mZ ZJa‘² & (Ho$Z + {MV²) Ho$Z{MV² ‘w{ZZm & (H$ñ¶ + {MV²) H$ñ¶{MV² ‘ZwOñ¶ & ApñV H${üV² Z¥n: & g: H$pñ‘¨{üV² ZJao AQ>{V ñ‘ & Ho$Z{MV² ‘w{ZZm g: AmhÿV: & ‘w{Z: An¥ÀN>V², ""{H$‘² ApÝdî¶{g ‘hmamO?'' Z¥n: H${#mV² H$mb§ {d{MÝË¶ AdXV², ""Z {H$‘{n& ‘‘ H$‘ U§ hñVmV² n[a^«ï>‘²& VX² Ed ApÝdî¶m{‘ &'' F${f: C³VdmZ², ""ho amOZ², ^dmZ² Vw Z¥n: & AÝ¶V² {H$‘{n H$‘U§ Yma{¶Vw§ e³Zmo{f & VWm{n H$‘U{df¶o {H$‘W©‘² EVmdV² {MÝVZ‘² ? àË¶wV ^dV: amÁ¶o {H$¶ÝV: OZm: ~w^w{jVm:, Ho$MZ X[aÐm: Ho${MV² amoJnr{S>Vm: M & H$müZ ‘{hbm: CÚmoJoZ {dZm {ZamYmam: & H¡${üX² ~mbH¡$: {ejU§ Ë¶³V‘² & Ho$fm#mZ {eeyZm‘² AÞm{X{df¶o ‘hVr XþadñWm & Ho$fwMZ {d^mJofw Obì¶dñWm Z g‘rMrZm & EVofm§ H¥$Vo {H$‘{n Hw$é & H$‘U{df¶o {MÝVm§ ‘m Hw$é & amÁ¶ñ¶ ì¶dñWm Z¥nñ¶ na§ H$V©ì¶‘² &'' nR>V AdJÀN>V ! 7) {ZgJm©V² + bä¶Vo = {ZgJm©„ä¶Vo & EVX² + bdU‘² = EV„dU‘² &

V²/X² + b²

ì¶ÄOZmZm§ {dñVma: &

8) Apñ‘Z² + bmoHo$ = Apñ‘>>±„moHo$ & J«ÝWmZ² + {bI{V = J«ÝWm±{„I{V &

b²

CV² + bg{V = C„g{V & H$Xm{MV² + bãY‘² = H$Xm{M„ãY‘² &

Z² + b² VmZ² + bmoH$mZ² = Vm±„moH$mZ² & XodmZ² + bg{V = Xodm±„g{V &

87

± b²

fmoS>e>: nmR>: &

ñdmJV§ VnmoYZm¶m: &

amÁ¶m{^foH$mXZÝVa§ lram‘MÝÐM[aV§ ¶pñ‘Z² ZmQ>Ho$ dV©Vo VX² ZmQ>ç‘² CÎmaam‘M[aV‘² & ^d^y{V… Zm‘ ‘hmH${d… Añ¶ ZmQ>H$ñ¶ aM{¶Vm& Añ¶ ZmQ>H$ñ¶ {ÛVr¶o AL²>Ho$ dV©Vo A¶§ dZXodVm-AmÌo¶r g§dmX…&

• Ho$ AÜ¶¶ZàË¶yhm…? • ¶wî‘mH$‘² AÜ¶¶Zo ¶{X

{d¿Zm… AmnVpÝV V{h© ¶y¶§ H$W§ VmZ² {ZamHw$éW?

(ZonÏ¶o) ñdmJV§ VnmoYZm¶m…& (VV… à{de{V AÜdJdofm Vmngr) dZXodVm - Am¶}, H$m nwZ: AÌ^dVr? qH$ à¶moOZ§ XÊS>H$maÊ¶àdoeñ¶? AmÌo¶r - Apñ‘Z² àXoeo ~hd… AJñË¶mX¶… ‘wZ¶… {ZdgpÝV& Voä¶… doXmÝV{dÚm‘² A{YJÝVw‘² AÌ AmJVm & dmë‘r{H$‘hfo}… Aml‘mV² Bh AmJVmpñ‘ & dZXodVm - Ahmo Amü¶©‘² ! AÝ¶o ‘wZ¶… doXmÝVkmZmWª dmë‘r{H$‘² F${f‘² CnJÀN>pÝV& H$W‘² AÌ^dVr Vñ¶ Aml‘mV² AÌ AQ>{V? AmÌo¶r - VÌ AÜ¶¶Zo ‘hmZ² AÜ¶¶ZàË¶yh… CËnÞ…& ^Jd{V, Ho$Zm{n XodVm{deofoU XmaH$Û¶‘wnZrV‘² & Hw$ebdm¡ B{V V¶mo… Zm‘Zr& EH$mXedfm©{U ¶mdV² ^JdVm dmë‘r{H$Zm YmÌr Bd nmo{fVm¡ a{jVm¡ M& CnZ¶Z§ H¥$Ëdm Ì¶r{dÚm‘{n AÜ¶m{nVm¡& A{VàXráàkm‘oYo V¶mo…& Z Añ‘mÑem… gm‘mÝ¶m… N>mÌm… Vmä¶m§ gh AÜ¶oVw§ eŠZwdpÝV& ¶V…,

88

{dVa{V Jwé… àmko {dÚm§ ¶W¡d VWm OS>o Z Ibw V¶mokm©Zo eq³V H$amoË¶nhpÝV dm& ^d{V {h nwZ^©y¶mZ² ^oX… ’$b§ à{V VÚWm à^d{V ew{M{~©å~J«mho ‘{UZ© ‘¥Xm§ M¶… && dZXodVm - A¶‘Ü¶¶ZàË¶yh…? AmÌo¶r- AÝ¶ü& dZXodVm- AW Ana: H$…? AmÌo¶r- AW¡H$Xm g… ‘h{f©… ‘mÜ¶pÝXZgdZm¶ V‘gmZXrVra‘² AJÀN>V² & VÌ d¥jo EH§$ H«$m¡#m¶w½‘‘² AmgrV² & ghgm ì¶mYoZ V¶mo… EH$… ~mUoZ {dÕ…& ^y‘m¡ n{VV§ {Züoï>§ ghMa§ ÑîQ‰>m H«$m¡#mr ì¶bnV²& Vñ¶m: H$éU§ {dbmn§ lwËdm AH$ñ‘mV² ‘hf}: ‘wImV² AZwïw>n²N>ÝXgm AlwVnydm© X¡dr dmUr ñ’w$[aVm "‘m {ZfmX, à{Vð>m§ Ëd‘J‘… emœVr… g‘m…......' dZXodVm - {MÌ‘²& AmåZm¶mV² AZÝVa‘² ZyVZ… N>ÝXgm‘² AdVma…& AmÌo¶r- VoZ {h nwZ… g‘¶oZ ^JdmZ² ~«÷Xod: VÌ Am{d^y©V: "‘hf}, à~wÕ… A{g& aM¶ am‘M[aV‘²'& B{V AmXoe~Õ… g: dmë‘r{H$: am‘m¶UaMZm¶m§ ‘¾: ApñV & Vñ‘mV² ~«dr{‘, BXmZt VÌ AÜ¶¶Z‘gå^d‘²& dZXodVm - ¶wÁ¶Vo & AmÌo¶r - {dlmÝVmpñ‘ ^Ðo& gåà{V AJñË¶ml‘ñ¶ ‘mJª H$W¶ & ^mfmä¶mg:

1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & (1) AmÌo¶r dmë‘r{H$‘hf}: Aml‘mV² XÊS>H$maÊ¶§ {H$‘W©‘² AmJVm? (2) XmaH$Û¶ñ¶ Zm‘Zr Ho$ ? (3) dmë‘r{H$: ‘mÜ¶pÝXZgdZm¶ Hw$Ì AJÀN>V² ? (4) H«$m¡#¶m: {dbmn§ lwËd>m ‘hf}: ‘wImV² H$sÑer dmUr àg¥Vm ? (5) ~«÷Xod: dmë‘r{H$§ {H$‘² Am{XeV² ? 2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m {bIV & (1) AmÌoæ¶m: àW‘: AÜ¶¶ZàË¶yh: H$: ? (2) ~«÷XodoZ ""aM¶ am‘M[aV‘²'' B{V dmë‘r{H$:$ {H$‘W©‘² Am{Xï>: ? 3. àíZ{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV & (1)AmÌo¶r dmë‘r{H$‘hf}: Aml‘mV² XÊS>H$maÊ¶‘² AmJVm& (2) ì¶mYoZ H«$m¡#m: ~mUoZ {dÕ: & 89

(3) AÝ¶o ‘wZ¶: doXmÝVkmZmWª dmë‘r{H$G {f‘² CnJÀN>pÝV & 4. A) eãXñ¶ dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & (1) AJñË¶: (2) dmë‘r{H$: (3) AZwïw^² (4) doXmÝV‘² Am) H$mbdMZn[adV©Z§ Hw$éV & (1) ‘wZ¶: dZàXoeo {ZdgpÝV & (EH$dMZo n[adV©¶V &) (2) aM¶ am‘M[aV‘² & ({bL²>bH$mao n[adV©¶V &) B) {deofU-{deoî¶-‘obZ§ Hw$éV & {deoî¶‘² 1) ghMa: 2) {dbmn: 3) Hw$ebdm¡ 4) dmUr$

{deofU‘² 1) nmo{fVm¡ 2) AlwVnydm© 3) H$éU: 4) {ZíMoï>:

^mfmgyÌ‘² - 4 (A) b¥Q²>bH$ma: ({ÛVr¶: ^{dî¶ËH$mb:) & AÚ - dV©‘mZH$mb: Ah§ nR>m{‘ & ~mbH$m: IobpÝV & ‘mVm ¶ÀN>{V & Ëd§ Z‘{g & am‘: ‘w#m{V &

ø: -^yVH$mb: œ: - ^{dî¶ËH$mb: Ah‘² AnR>‘² & Ah§ n{R>î¶m{‘ & ~mbH$m: AIobZ² & ~mbH$m: Io{bî¶pÝV & ‘mVm A¶ÀN>V² & ‘mVm Xmñ¶{V & Ëd‘² AZ‘: & Ëd§ Z§ñ¶{g & am‘: A‘w#mV² & am‘: ‘moú¶{V & ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & ê$nm{U n{R>î¶m{‘ Io{bî¶pÝV Xmñ¶{V Z§ñ¶{V ‘moú¶{V J{‘î¶{V dú¶{V àú¶m{‘ àmßñ¶{V YmVd: à+Amn² ‘wM² J‘²> dM² Xm àÀN>² Z‘² Iob² nR²>

b¥Q²>àË¶¶m: & (^{dî¶ËH$mbàË¶¶m:)

E.d. J{‘î¶{V J{‘î¶{g J{‘î¶m{‘

nañ‘¡nX‘² {Ûd. ~.d. ñ¶V: ñ¶pÝV ñ¶W: ñ¶W ñ¶md: ñ¶m‘: J‘² (1 n.n.) {Ûd. ~.d. J{‘î¶V: J{‘î¶pÝV J{‘î¶W: J{‘î¶W J{‘î¶md: J{‘î¶m‘:

E.d. Z{V©î¶{V Z{V©î¶{g Z{V©î¶m{‘ E.d. àú¶{V àú¶{g àú¶m{‘

Z¥V² (4 n. n.) {Ûd. ~.d. Z{V©î¶V: Z{V©î¶pÝV Z{V©î¶W: Z{V©î¶W Z{V©î¶md: Z{V©î¶m‘: àÀN>² (6 n. n.) {Ûd. ~.d. àú¶V: àú¶pÝV àú¶W: àú¶W àú¶md: àú¶m‘:

E.d. ñ¶{V ñ¶{g ñ¶m{‘

nwéf: CÎm‘: ‘Ü¶‘: àW‘:

E.d. ñ¶Vo ñ¶go ñ¶o

nwéf: CÎm‘: ‘Ü¶‘: àW‘:

E.d. bßñ¶Vo bßñ¶go bßñ¶o

nwéf: CÎm‘: ‘Ü¶‘: àW‘: nwéf: CÎm‘: ‘Ü¶‘: àW‘: 90

AmË‘ZonX‘² {Ûd. ñ¶oVo ñ¶oWo ñ¶mdho b^² (1 Am.n.) {Ûd. bßñ¶oVo bßñ¶Wo bßñ¶mdho

~.d. ñ¶ÝVo ñ¶Üdo ñ¶m‘ho ~.d. bßñ¶ÝVo bßñ¶Üdo bßñ¶m‘ho

‘Z² (4 Am. n.) E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. ‘§ñ¶Vo ‘§ñ¶oVo ‘§ñ¶ÝVo ‘§ñ¶go ‘§ñ¶oWo ‘§ñ¶Üdo ‘§ñ¶o ‘§ñ¶mdho ‘§ñ¶m‘ho ‘wM² (6 Am. n.) E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. ‘moú¶Vo ‘moú¶oVo ‘moú¶ÝVo ‘moú¶go ‘moú¶oWo ‘moú¶Üdo ‘moú¶o ‘moú¶mdho ‘moú¶m‘ho

{MÝV² (10 n. n.) E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. {MÝV{¶î¶{V {MÝV{¶î¶V: {MÝV{¶î¶pÝV {MÝV{¶î¶{g {MÝV{¶î¶W: {MÝV{¶î¶W {MÝV{¶î¶m{‘ {MÝV{¶î¶md: {MÝV{¶î¶m‘:

nwéf: CÎm‘: ‘Ü¶‘: àW‘:

dm³¶m{Z nR>V & 1. d¶§ gm¶§H$mbo CÚmZ§ J{‘î¶m‘: & 2. ‘‘ nwñVH§$ ‘ø§ H$Xm Xmñ¶{g ? 3. ~mbH$m: Á¶oð>mZ² Z§ñ¶pÝV & 4. N>mÌm: CÎm‘mZ² A‘mZ² àmßñ¶pÝV & 5. "qgh, O¥å^ñd ! XÝVmZ² Vo JU{¶î¶m{‘ & 6. naœ: ‘‘ ‘mVm‘hr ‘‘ J¥h‘² AmJ{‘î¶{V &

JU² (10 Am. n.) E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. JU{¶î¶{V JU{¶î¶V: JU{¶î¶pÝV JU{¶î¶{g JU{¶î¶W: JU{¶î¶W JU{¶î¶m{‘ JU{¶î¶md: JU{¶î¶m‘:

7. ànaœ: ‘mVwb: {ÛM{H«$H$m§ àXmñ¶{V & 8. AmJm{‘{Z df} Añ‘mH§$ embm¶m§ gwdU©‘hmoËgd: gånËñ¶Vo & 9. A{J«‘o ‘mgo narjm ^{dî¶{V & 10. AmJm{‘{Z df} Ah§ MÝÐ¶mZo Cndoú¶m{‘ & 11. A{J«‘§ ¶wJ§ VÝÌkmZoZ Ed nyUª ^{dî¶{V &

{OkmgmnÌ‘²

• Añ‘mH§$ {‘Ì‘² A{J«‘o ‘mgo H$Ý¶mHw$‘mat J{‘î¶{V & g: VÌ qH$ qH$ H$[aî¶{V B{V {MÝV{¶Ëdm dm³¶m{Z nya¶V & 1. AÛ¡V: A{J«‘o e{Zdmgao ¶mÌmaå^§ & (H¥$) 2. {d‘mZ¶mZoZ g VÌ AÝ¶oÚw: & (à + Amn²) 3. àW‘§ H$Ý¶mHw$‘marpñWV§ Xodmb¶§ g: & (Ñe²-ní¶²) 4. Vñ‘mV² g‘wÐVra§ & (¶m) 5. VÌñW§ gy¶m©ñV‘² & (Ad + bmoH²$)

nR>V AdJÀN>V !

10) n[a + N>oX: - n[aÀN>oX: & Vé + N>m¶m = VéÀN>m¶m & õñd: ñda: + N> = ÀN> ‘mV¥ + N>m¶m = ‘mV¥ÀN>m¶m & {d + N>oX: = {dÀN>oX: &

9) VmZ² + MmoamZ² = Vm§ümoamZ² & {d¿ZmZ² + M = {d¿Zm§ü & Z²+ M²/N²>/Q²>/R²>/V²/W²

•

ì¶ÄOZmZm§ {dñVma: &

(AZwñdma:), : ({dgJ©:)

~hÿZ² + VñH$amZ² = ~hÿ§ñVñH$amZ² & EVmZ² + N>mÌmZ² = EVm§ûN>mÌmZ² & 91

{H«$¶mnXê$nm{U &

YmVw:(JU:, nX‘²) nR²> (1 n.n.) Xm (1 n.n.) nm (1 n.n.) J¡ (1 n.n.) Ü¶¡ (1 n.n.) Zr (1 C.n.) n.n. Zr (1 C.n.) Am.n. ñ‘¥ (1 n.n.) ö (1 C.n.) n.n. ö (1 C.n.) Am. n. a^² (1 Am.n.) Z¥V² (4 n.n.) H«w$Y² (4 n.n.) ‘Z² (4 Am.n.) {bI² (6 n.n.) àÀN²> (6 n.n.) {Xe² (6 C.n.) n.n. {Xe² (6 C.n.) Am.n. ‘wM² (6 C.n.) n.n. ‘wM² (6 C.n.)Am.n. nyO² (10 C.n.)n.n.

bQ²> nR>{V ¶ÀN>{V {n~{V Jm¶{V Ü¶m¶{V Z¶{V Z¶Vo ñ‘a{V ha{V haVo a^Vo Z¥Ë¶{V H«w$Ü¶{V$ ‘Ý¶Vo {bI{V n¥ÀN>{V {Xe{V {XeVo ‘w#m{V ‘w#mVo nyO¶{V

bL²> AnR>V² A¶ÀN>V² A{n~V² AJm¶V² AÜ¶m¶V² AZ¶V² AZ¶V Añ‘aV² AhaV² AhaV Aa^V AZ¥Ë¶V² AH«w$Ü¶V² A‘Ý¶V A{bIV² An¥ÀN>V² A{XeV² A{XeV A‘w#mV² A‘w#mV AnyO¶V²

bmoQ²> nR>Vw ¶ÀN>Vw {n~Vw Jm¶Vw Ü¶m¶Vw Z¶Vw Z¶Vm‘² ñ‘aVw haVw haVm‘² a^Vm‘² Z¥Ë¶Vw H«w$Ü¶Vw ‘Ý¶Vm‘² {bIVw n¥ÀN>Vw {XeVw {XeVm‘² ‘w#mVw ‘w#mVm‘² nyO¶Vw

{d{Y{bL²> nR>oV² ¶ÀN>oV² {n~oV² Jm¶oV² Ü¶m¶oV² Z¶oV² Z¶oV ñ‘aoV² haoV² haoV a^oV Z¥Ë¶oV² H«w$Ü¶oV² ‘Ý¶oV {bIoV² n¥ÀN>oV² {XeoV² {XeoV ‘w#moV² ‘w#moV nyO¶oV²

b¥Q²> n{R>î¶{V Xmñ¶{V nmñ¶{V Jmñ¶{V Ü¶mñ¶{V Zoî¶{V Zoî¶Vo ñ‘[aî¶{V h[aî¶{V h[aî¶Vo aßñ¶Vo Z{V©î¶{V H«$moËñ¶{V ‘§ñ¶Vo bo{Iî¶{V àú¶{V Xoú¶{V Xoú¶Vo ‘moú¶{V ‘moú¶Vo nyO{¶î¶{V

H$‘©{U nR>çVo Xr¶Vo nr¶Vo Jr¶Vo Ü¶m¶Vo Zr¶Vo Zr¶Vo ñ‘¶©Vo õr¶Vo õr¶Vo aä¶Vo Z¥Ë¶Vo H«w$Ü¶Vo ‘Ý¶Vo {b»¶Vo n¥ÀN²>¶Vo {Xí¶Vo {Xí¶Vo ‘wÀ¶Vo ‘wÀ¶Vo nyÁ¶Vo

nyO² (10C.n.)Am.n.

nyO¶Vo

AnyO¶V

nyO¶Vm‘²

nyO¶oV

nyO{¶î¶Vo

nyÁ¶Vo

ñn¥h² (10 C.n.)n.n. ñn¥h²(10C.n.)Am.n. Mwa² (10 C.n.) n.n. Mwa² (10C.n.)Am.n.

ñn¥h¶{V ñn¥h¶Vo Mmoa¶{V Mmoa¶Vo

Añn¥h¶V² Añn¥h¶V AMmoa¶V² AMmoa¶V

ñn¥h¶Vw ñn¥h¶Vm‘² Mmoa¶Vw Mmoa¶Vm‘²

ñn¥h¶oV² ñn¥h¶oV Mmoa¶oV² Mmoa¶oV

ñn¥h{¶î¶{V ñn¥h{¶î¶Vo Mmoa{¶î¶{V Mmoa{¶î¶Vo

ñn¥øVo ñn¥øVo Mmo¶©Vo Mmo¶©Vo

Ag² (2 n.n.) eH²$ (5 n.n.) lw (5 n.n.) H¥$ (8 C.n.) n.n. H¥$ (8 C.n.) Am.n. km (9 C.n.) n.n. km (9 C.n.) Am.n.

ApñV e³Zmo{V e¥Umo{V H$amo{V Hw$éVo OmZm{V OmZrVo

AmgrV² Ae³ZmoV² Ae¥UmoV² AH$amoV² AHw$d©V AOmZmV² AOmZrV

AñVw e³ZmoVw e¥UmoVw H$amoVw Hw$éVm‘² OmZmVw OmZrVm‘²

ñ¶mV² e³Zw¶mV² e¥Uw¶mV² Hw$¶m©V² Hw$duV OmZr¶mV² OmZrV

^{dî¶{V eú¶{V lmoî¶{V H$[aî¶{V H$[aî¶Vo kmñ¶{V kmñ¶Vo

^y¶Vo e³¶Vo ly¶Vo {H«$¶Vo {H«$¶Vo km¶Vo km¶Vo

92

B) ^yVH$mbdmMH$-YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z &

C³V

A¶§ "H¥$' YmVmo: Obme¶: & AÌ H${V ‘Ëñ¶m: n[a{MVm: ¶wî‘mH$‘²?

n¥ï>dV² a{MVdV² kmVdV² C³VdV² a{jVdV² H¥$VdV² n{R>VdV² bãYdV²

kmV

a{jV H¥$V bãY n{R>V n¥ï> a{MV

³V-^mÊS>‘² ³VdVw ^mÊS>‘² am‘oU nmR>: n{R>V: & am‘: nmR>§ n{R>VdmZ² & am‘oU H${dVm n{R>Vm & grVm nmR>§ n{R>VdVr & am‘oU H$mì¶§ n{R>V‘² & N>mÌm: nmR>§ n{R>VdÝV: & am‘oU nmR>m: n{R>Vm: & ‘{hbm: nmR>§ n{R>VdË¶: & grV¶m H${dVo n{R>Vo & Ah§ nmR>§ n{R>VdmZ² & Añ‘m{^: H$mì¶m{Z n{R>Vm{Z & Ëd§ nmR>§ n{R>VdVr & ¶Wm H$‘©nX§ n[adV©Vo, ¶Wm H$V¥©nX§ n[adV©Vo, VWm {H«$¶mgyMH§$ {deofU‘² A{n n[adV©Vo & VWm {H«$¶mgyMH§$ {deofU‘² A{n n[adV©Vo & EVX² {H«$¶mnXmV² {^Þ‘² & "n{R>V' B{V "³V' àË¶¶mÝVê$n‘² (H$‘©dmÀ¶§ ^yV. YmVw. {deofU‘² = ‘ybYmVw: + V) VWm M "n{R>VdV²' B{V "³VdVw' àË¶¶mÝVê$n‘² (H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ ^yV. YmVw. {deofU‘² = ‘ybYmVw: + VdV²) & YmVw: ³V ³VdVw YmVw: ³V ³VdVw YmVw: ³V ³VdVw ê$n‘² ê$n‘² ê$n‘² ê$n‘² ê$n‘² ê$n‘² {jn² {já {jádV² nm nrV nrVdV² nyO² ny{OV ny{OVdV² Amn² Amá AmádV² nm nmV nmVdV² ^j² ^{jV ^{jVdV² {O {OV {OVdV² Ym {hV {hVdV² ^yf² ^y{fV ^y{fVdV² Zr ZrV ZrVdV² J¡ JrV JrVdV² AW©² A{W©V A{W©VdV² lw lwV lwVdV² Ü¶¡ Ü¶mV Ü¶mVdV² jb² jm{bV jm{bVdV² H¥$ H¥$V H¥$VdV² H$W² H${WV H${WVdV² VS²> Vm{S>V Vm{S>VdV² ñ‘¥ ñ‘¥V ñ‘¥VdV² XÊS²> XpÊS>V XpÊS>VdV² Kwf² Kmo{fV Kmo{fVdV² ö öV öVdV² JU² J{UV J{UVdV² Mwa² Mmo[aV Mmo[aVdV² 93

YmVw:

³V ³VdVw YmVw: ê$n‘² ê$n‘² Ñe² Ñï> Ñï>dV² nR²> {Xe² {Xï> {Xï>dV² {bI² ñn¥e² ñn¥ï> ñn¥ï>dV² dÝX² g¥O² g¥ï> g¥ï>dV² ‘wM² X§e² Xï> Xï>dV² Ë¶O² Bf² Bï> Bï>dV² ^wO² àÀN²> n¥ï> n¥ï>dV² ~wY² Ze² Zï> Zï>dV² a^² J«ÝW² J«{WV J«{WVdV² b^² ‘ÝW² ‘{WV ‘{WVdV² bw^² ê$nm{U AdbmoH$¶V & H$‘©dmÀ¶§ ^yV. YmVw. {deofU‘² n{R>V: n{R>Vm¡ n{R>Vm: n{R>Vm n{R>Vo n{R>Vm: n{R>V‘² n{R>Vo n{R>Vm{Z EVm{Z ê$nm{U Xod, ‘mbm, dZ Bd &

³V ê$n‘² n{R>V {b{IV dpÝXV ‘w³V Ë¶³V ^w³V ~wÕ aãY bãY bwãY

(nw§.) (ór.) (Znw§.)

AYmoXÎmm{Z dm³¶m{Z nR>V, ^oX‘² AdJÀN>V & Ho$Z/H$¶m H¥$V‘² & 1. AM©Ho$U Xod: ny{OV: & 2. AM©Ho$U Xodr ny{OVm & 3. AM©Ho$U X¡dV§ ny{OV‘² & 4. {nVm‘øm H$Wm H${WVm & 5. MmbHo$Z ê$ß¶H$m{U J{UVm{Z & 6. H¥$frdboZ gñ¶m{Z Cám{Z &

³VdVw ê$n‘² n{R>VdV² {b{IVdV² dpÝXVdV² ‘w³VdV² Ë¶³VdV² ^w³VdV² ~wÕdV² aãYdV² bãYdV² bwãYdV²

YmVw: ‘Z² VZ² hZ² a‘² J‘² dM² dX² dh² J«h² ¶O²

³V ê$n‘² ‘V VV hV aV JV C³V C{XV D$T> J¥hrV Bï>

³VdVw ê$n‘² ‘VdV² VVdV² hVdV² aVdV² JVdV² C³VdV² C{XVdV² D$T>dV² J¥hrVdV² Bï>dV²

H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ ^yV. YmVw. {deofU‘² n{R>VdmZ² n{R>VdÝVm¡ n{R>VdÝV: (nw§.) n{R>VdVr n{R>VdË¶m¡ n{R>VdË¶: (ór) n{R>VdV² n{R>VdVr n{R>VdpÝV (Znw§.) EVm{Z ê$nm{U ^dV², ZXr, OJV² Bd & H$: H¥$VdmZ² / H$m H¥$VdVr ? 1. AM©H : Xod§ ny{OVdmZ² & 2. AM©H$: Xodr§ ny{OVdmZ² & 3. AM©H$: X¡dV§ ny{OVdmZ² & 4. {nVm‘hr H$Wm§ H${WVdVr & 5. MmbH$: ê$ß¶H$m{U J{UVdmZ² & 6. H¥$frdb: gñ¶m{Z CádmZ² &

{OkmgmnÌ‘² 1. "³V' àË¶¶mÝVê$n¡: [a³VñWmZm{Z nya¶V & 1. OZ¡: nyOm & (H¥$) 2.{ejHo$U nmR>: Cƒ¡: & (nR²>) 3. {eî¶oU X{jUm & (Xm) 4. AZ¶m H$Wm & (aM²) 5. {~S>mboZ jra§ & (nm) 6. ‘¶m {MÌ§ & (Ñe²) 2. "³VdVw' àË¶¶mÝVê$n¡: [a³VñWmZm{Z nya¶V & 1. nwéf: H$m¶ª & (H¥$) 2.‘{hbm em{Q>H$m§ & (Y¥) 3. Xodm: ^³VmZ² & (aj²) 4. Ah§ {MÌm{U & (Ñe²) 5. H${d: H${dVm§ & ({bI²) 94

H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘² &

&& A‘aH$mof: &&

amOm - amOm amQ²> nm{W©d: ú‘m^¥Þ¥n^yn‘hr{jV: & Jwé: - CnmÜ¶m¶mo@Ü¶mnH$mo@W ñ¶m{ÞfoH$m{XH¥$X²Jéw : & Zm{gH$m - ³br~o K«mU§ JÝYdhm KmoUm Zmgm M Zm{gH$m & ZoÌ‘² - bmoMZ§ Z¶Z§ ZoÌ‘rjU§ Mjwa{jUr & H$U©: - H$U©eãXJ«hm¡ lmoÌ§ lw{V: ór ldU§ ld: & fQ²>nX:{Ûao’$nwîn{bS²>^¥“fQ>nX^«‘amb¶: & ‘mZdm: - ‘Zwî¶m ‘mZwfm ‘Ë¶m© ‘ZwOm ‘mZdm Zam: & X¡d‘² X¡d§ {Xï>§ ^mJYo¶§ ^m½¶§ ór [Z¶{V{d©{Y: & {ZnwU: - àdrUmo {ZnwUm{^k{dk{ZîUmV{e{jVm: & ¶k: - ¶k: gdmo@Üdamo ¶mJ: gáVÝVw‘©I: H«$Vw: & Hw$~oa: - Hw$~oañÍ¶å~H$gImo amOamOmo YZm{Yn: & ¶mMH$: - dZr¶H$mo ¶mMZH$mo ‘mJ©Umo ¶mMH$m{W©Zm¡ & ‘mJ©: - A¶Z§ dË‘© ‘mJm©ÜdnÝWmZ: nXdr g¥{V: & g¡{ZH$: - ^Q>m ¶moYmü ¶moÕma: goZmajmñVw g¡{ZH$m: & {ZÐm - ñ¶m{ÞÐm e¶Z§ ñdmn: ñdßZ: g§doe BË¶{n & ~w{Õ: - ~w{Õ‘©Zrfm YrfUmYr: àkm eo‘wfr ‘{V: & hf©: - ‘wX² àr{V: à‘Xmo hf©: à‘moXm‘moXgå‘Xm: & dM>: - ì¶mhma Cp³Vb©{nV§ ^m{fV§ dMZ§ dM: & eÌw: - [anm¡ d¡[agßZm[a{ÛfX²ÛofUXþö©X: & Hw$¸w$a: - H$m¡bo¶H$: gma‘o¶: Hw$¸w$amo ‘¥JX§eH$: & H¥$nU: - H$X¶} H¥$nUjwÐqH$nMmZ{‘V§nMm: & emo^Z‘² gwÝXa§ ê${Ma§ Mmé gwf‘§ gmYw emo^Z‘² & ‘{bZ‘² ‘br‘g§ Vw ‘{bZ§ H$ƒa§ ‘bXÿ{fV‘² & à^yV‘² - à^yV§ àMwa§ àmÁ¶‘X^«§ ~hþb§ ~hþ & nyU©‘² - g‘J«§ gH$b§ nyU©‘IÊS>§ ñ¶mXZyZHo$ & nwÌ: - AmË‘OñVZ¶: gyZw: gwV: nwÌ: {ó¶m§ Ëd‘r & ¶‘: - H¥$VmÝVmo ¶‘wZm^«mVm e‘Zmo ¶‘amS²> ¶‘: & {XZ: - Kòmo {XZmhZr dm Vw ³br~o {Xdgdmgam¡ & amjg:-amjg: H$m¡Un: H«$ì¶mV² H«$ì¶mXmo@òn Amea:& eL²>H$a: eå^ware: newn{V: {ed: eybr ‘hoœa: & ‘oK: A^«§ ‘oKmo dm[admhñV{S>ËdmZ² dm[aXmo@å~w^¥V²& ‘rZ: - n¥Wwamo‘m Pfmo ‘Ëñ¶mo ‘rZmo d¡gm[aUmo@ÊS>O: & Z^: - Z^mo@ÝV[aj§ JJZ‘ZÝV§ gwadË‘© I‘² & ‘{hbm - ór ¶mo{fX“Zm ¶mofm Zmar gr‘pÝVZr dYy: & OJV² - {ÌîdWmo OJVr bmoH$mo {dï>n§ ^wdZ§ OJV² & df© - g§dËgamo dËgamo@ãXmo hm¶Zmo@ór eaËg‘m: & ew^‘² - œ:lo¶g§ {ed§ ^Ð§ H$ë¶mU§ ‘“b§ ew^‘² &

{dJ«h: &

amOm, amQ²>, nm{W©d:, ú‘m^¥V², Z¥n:, ^yn:, ‘hr{jV² & CnmÜ¶m¶:, AÜ¶mnH$:, {ZfoH$m{XH¥$V², Jwé: & K«mU‘², JÝYdhm, KmoUm, Zmgm, Zm{gH$m& bmoMZ‘², Z¶Z‘², ZoÌ‘², B©jU‘², Mjw:, A{j: & H$U©:, eãXJ«h:, lmoÌ‘², lw{V:, ldU‘², ld: & {Ûao’$:, nwîn{bQ²>, >^¥“:, fQ>²nX:, ^«‘a:, A{b: & ‘Zwî¶m:, ‘mZwfm:, ‘Ë¶m©:, ‘ZwOm:, ‘mZdm:, Zam: & X¡d‘², {Xï>‘², ^mJYo¶‘², ^m½¶‘², [Z¶{V:, {d{Y: & àdrU:, {ZnwU:, A{^k:, {dk:, {ZîUmV:, {e{jV: & ¶k:, gd:, AÜda:, ¶mJ:, gáVÝVw:, ‘I:, H«$Vw: & Hw$~oa:, Í¶å~H$gI:, amOamO:, YZm{Yn: & dZr¶H$:, ¶mMZH$:, ‘mJ©U:, ¶mMH$:, AWu & A¶Z‘², dË‘©, ‘mJ©:, AÜdm, nÝWm:, nXdr g¥{V: & ^Q>m:, ¶moYm:, ¶moÕma:, goZmajm:, g¡{ZH$m: & {ZÐm, e¶Z‘², ñdmn:, ñdßZ:, g§doe: & ~w{Õ:, ‘Zrfm, YrfUm, Yr:, àkm, eo‘wfr, ‘{V: & ‘wX², àr{V:, à‘X:, hf©:, à‘moX:, Am‘moX:, gå‘X: & ì¶mhma:, Cp³V:, b{nV‘², ^m{fV‘², dMZ‘², dM: & [anw:, d¡ar, gnËZ:, A[a:, {ÛfX², ÛofU:, Xwö©X² & H$m¡bo¶H$:, gma‘o¶:, Hw$¸w$a:, ‘¥JX§eH$: & H$X¶©:, H¥$nU:, jwÐ:, qH$nMmZ:, {‘V§nM: & gwÝXa‘², ê${Ma‘², Mmé, gwf‘‘², gmYw, emo^Z‘² & ‘br‘g‘², ‘{bZ‘², H$ƒa‘², ‘bXÿ{fV‘² & à^yV‘², àMwa‘², àmÁ¶‘², AX^«‘², ~hþb‘², ~hþ & g‘J«‘², gH$b‘², nyU©‘², AIÊS>‘², AZyZH$‘² & AmË‘O:, VZ¶:, gyZw:, gwV:, nwÌ: & H¥$VmÝV:, ¶‘wZm^«mVm, e‘Z:, ¶‘amQ>²,> ¶‘: & Kò:, {XZ‘², Ah:, {Xdg:, dmga: & amjg:, H$m¡Un:, H«$ì¶mV², H«$ì¶mX:, Aòn:, Amea:& eå^w:, B©e:, newn{V:, {ed:, eybr, ‘hoœa: & A^«‘², ‘oK:, dm[admh:, V{S>ËdmZ², dm[aX:, Aå~w^¥V²& n¥Wwamo‘m, Pf:, ‘Ëñ¶:, ‘rZ:, d¡gm[aU:, AÊS>O: & Z^:, AÝV[aj‘², JJZ‘², AZÝV‘², gwadË‘©, I‘² & ór, ¶mo{fV², A“Zm, ¶mofm, Zmar, gr‘pÝVZr, dYy: & OJVr, bmoH$:, {dï>n‘², ^wdZ‘², OJV² & g§dËga:, dËga:, AãX:, hm¶Z:, eaX², g‘: & œ:lo¶g‘², {ed‘², ^Ð‘², H$ë¶mU‘², ‘“b‘², ew^‘²&

95

eãXH$mof… & (nmR>mZwgma‘²)

1. g¥ðw> J¥hrV: Mm¡a: & 1) YZñ¶yV… (nw§.) 2) ‘m¶m¶{ï>H$m (ór) 3) AL²>Jw{b‘mÌ‘² (Znw§) 2. Aì¶¶‘mbm & 1) AënmjaËd‘² (Znw§.) 2) Amñ¶‘² (Znw§.) 3) K«mU‘² (Znw§.) $4) g¥ï>‘² ({deo.Znw§.) 5) fQ²>nX… (nw§.) 6) Ho$VH$sJÝY: (nw§.) 7) AmK«mVw‘² (Aì¶¶) 8) nagÝVmn: (nw§.) 9) dË‘©Z² (Znw§.) 10) {ÛVr¶m (ór) 11) ñWmZ^«ï… (nw§.) 12) AZwÚ‘: (nw§.) 13) AmöË¶ (A.) 3. YÝ¶m¡ Vm¡ XmV¥¶mMH$m¡ & 1) àH¥$Ë¶m (ór) 2) nQw>… (nw§.) 3) ^¥e‘² (A.) 4) ñdpñV (A.) 5) gH$memV² (A.)6) namd{V©Vw‘² (A.) 7) AmH«$mÝVw‘² (A.) 8) à^yVm (ór) 4. {dÜ¶W©‘mbm & 1) MoV² (Aì¶¶) 2) Hw$V… (Aì¶¶) 3) AZ¥V‘² (Aì¶¶) 4) H$mL²>joV ({H«$.) 5) gå¶H²$ (A.) 6) àË¶h‘² (A.) 7) d¥H$: (nw§.) 8) AdbwånoV ({H«$.) 5. qH$ {‘Ï¶m? qH$ dmñVd‘²? 1) ‘ÝWZ‘² (Zn§w.) 2) gwImgÝX… (nw§.)3) Mb^mf… (nw§.) -

4) ÛmaKpÊQ>H$m (ór) 5) ¶{ï>H$ÝXþH$H«$sS>m (nw§.) 6) bmbm{¶V‘² ({deo.) 7) ~w^wjm (ór) 8) Am^mgmË‘H$‘² (Znw§.) 6. drad{ZVm {dínbm & 1) ^wd‘² (ór) 2) ¶wJnX² (A.) 3) àË¶wV (A.) 4) BV…na‘² (A.) 5) Am¶wYàhma… (nw§.) 6) H$Xbrd¥j… (nw§.) 7) g§öV… ({deo.) 7. ¶moJ‘mbm & 1) CÎmmZ‘² (Zn§w.) 2) OmZw (Zn§w.) 3) ì¶mo‘ñW‘² (nw§.)4) nm{U… (nw§.) 5) àOën: (nw§.) 6) AÝVam¶… (nw§.) 8. {nZ²H$moS>²-àdV©H$… ‘hmZ² g§ñH¥$Vk…& 1) AmL²>½b^mfm (ór) 2) Xþ~m}Y‘² (Znw§.) 3) àË¶yhm… (nw§.) 4) {dÛÛaoÊ¶… (nw§.) 9. gyp³VgwYm & 1) ^«mV¥^mÁ¶‘² (Znw§.) 2) JUZm (ór) 3) XþhpÝV (YmVwê$n) 4) OmS>ç‘² ({deo.) 5) hÝV - (A.) 6) {dJ«ho - (nw§.) 7) na: (nw§.) 8) ì¶g{ZZ² (nw§.) 10. {nV¥^³V… Z{MHo$Vm: & 1) bm{bV… (nw§.) 2) H«$moYmdoe… (nw§.) 3) {Zdma{¶Vw‘² (A.) 11. ‘Zg… ñdÀN>Vm & 1) hR>‘² (Znw§.) 2) CV (A.)-

96

3) bKw^ma‘² (Znw§.) 4) AmÐ©… (nw§.) 5) em{Q>H$m#mb‘² (Znw§.) 6) {H$¶ÝV… (A.) 7) aOH$… (nw§.) 8) MÝXZ’o$ZH$‘² (Znw§.) 9) ì¶mn¥V‘² (A.) 12. A‘aH$mof… & 1) AÜ¶oV¥ (nw§.) 2) ¶Woï>‘² (A.) 3) AmMÝÐVmaH$‘² (Znw§.) 4) AZwemgZ‘² (Znw§.) 5) {dZm¶mg‘² (A.) 13. ga‘m¶m… erb‘² & 1) Cnhma… (nw§.) 2) {H$L²>H$a… (nw§.) 3) ‘KdmZ² (nw§.) 4) VQ>éhVé: (nw§.) 5) Obm¡K… (nw§.) 6) n¥Wwba^gm (ór) 7) {dZ¶dMgm (ór) 8) åbmZ‘wIr (ór) 9) naVra‘² (Znw§.) 10) db: (nw§.) 11) Omé (Znw§.) 14. H$mì¶emó{dZmoX: & 1) ‘pñVîH$ImÚ‘² (Znw§.) 2) gag‘² (Znw§.) 3) n{jamO… (nw§.) 4) eybnm{U: (nw§.) 5) {~^«V² ({deo.) 6) bwãYH$: (nw§.) 7) Yrda: (nw§.) 8) {newZ… (nw§.) 9) M#mbVa… (nw§.) 10) d³Ì‘² (Znw§.) 11) MmQy>Z² (A.) 12) ‘¥fm (A.) 13) àË¶mem (ór.) 14) ~mbV¥U‘² (Znw§.) 15) ‘whþ: (A.) 16) Hw$a“: (nw§.) -

15. ‘ZmoamÁ¶ñ¶ ’$b‘² & 1) AYrVo ({H«$.) 2) eH«$… (nw§.) 3) g³Vw:$(nw§.) 4) ZmJXÝV: (nw§.) 5) dS>dm (ór.) 6) ¶yW‘² (nw§.) 7) ‘{hfr (ór.) 8) {dH«$¶U‘² (Znw§.) -

9) MVw…emb‘² (Znw§.) 10) àmád¶ñH$m (ór.) 11) OmZwMbZ¶mo½¶… (nw§.) 12) lmoî¶{V ({H«$.) 13) nmÊSw>aVm (ór.) 14) eoVo ({H«$.) 16. ñdmJV§ VnmoYZm¶m…& 1) ZonÏ¶‘² (Znw§.) 2) AÜdJdofm (ór.) -

3) A{YJÝVw‘² (A.) 4) A{VàXráàkm‘oYo (ór) 5) Añ‘mÑe… (nw§.) 6) OS>… (nw§.) 7) ‘¥Xm (ór.) 8) AmåZm¶… (nw§.) 9) gdZ‘² (Znw§.) 10) {ZfmX: (nw§.) -

KQ>H$narjm 1 àmê$n‘² A‘m: 20 (nmR> 1, 2, 3, ^mfmgyÌ‘² 1) à. 1. A) 1) {MÌ§ X¥îQ‰>m Zm‘m{Z {bIV (3 V: 2) 1 2) gL²>»¶m: Aja¡: /AL²>H¡$: {bIV (3 V: 2) 1 à. 1. Am) JÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & (2 JÚm§em¡) & 8 1) EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & (1) 2) gË¶‘² AgË¶§ dm/C{MV§ H$maU§/ H$: H§$ dX{V ? (1) 3) JÚm§emV² g‘mZmW©H§$/{déÕmW©H§$ eãX§ {MZwV & (1) 4) Ûo ËdmÝV/ë¶~ÝV/Vw‘ÝV-Aì¶¶nXo/{d^³Ë¶ÝVnXo {MZwV & (1) à. 2 A)nÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & 3 1. nÚm§e:-1 H$ñ¶m{n EH$ñ¶ ûcmoH$ñ¶ AZwdmX§ ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m {bIV &(2 V: 1) (2) 2. nÚm§e:-2 EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & (1) AWdm 2 g‘mZmW©H$m¡/{déÕmW©H$m¡ eãXm¡ {MZwV &(1) Am) ûcmoH§$ nyUª ewÕ§ M {bIV & (2 V: 1) 2 à. 3. ì¶mH$aU‘² & 5 A) Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & (3 V: 2) (Zm‘-gd©Zm‘-{H«$¶mnXVm{bH$m) (2) Am) Aì¶¶mZm§/YmVyZm‘² Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm dm³¶m{Z {bIV & (3 V: 2) (2) B) dm³¶§ ewÕ§ Hw$éV & (2 V: 1) (1) *** Zd‘r H$jm-‘yë¶‘mnZ‘² & àW‘§/{ÛVr¶§ gÌ‘² - (100 A‘m:) boIZnarjm (80 A‘m:) ‘m¡pIH$s narjm (10 A‘m:) l ^mfU‘² - 2 A‘m¡& Amew^mfU‘²/ l ldU‘² - 2 A‘m¡& (lwVboIZ‘² 4 eãXm:) {MÌ§ Xe©{¶Ëdm dU©Z‘²/gå^mfU‘² & l dmMZ‘² - 2 A‘m¡& (n{R>VJÚm§e:/nyaH$gm{hË¶‘² l H$ÊR>ñWrH$aU‘² - 4 A‘m:& àmW©Zm, ¶Wm- nR>V ~moYV...) ûcmoH$nR>Z‘², Vm{bH$mnR>Z‘² (Zm‘, (dUm}ƒmam:, g²/f², Z²/U² ^oXm: Ðï>ì¶m:) gd©Zm‘, {H«$¶mnX‘²), gd©bH$maofw AÝ¶-A‘m: (10 A‘m:) = KQ>H$narjm + boIZnwpñVH$m & n#mXedmŠ¶m{Z & 97

Zd‘r H$jm H¥${Vn{ÌH$m-àmê$n‘² gånyU©-g§ñH¥$V‘² àW‘: {d^mJ: - gwJ‘g§ñH¥$V‘² & (5) 1) A) {MÌ§ ÑîQ‰>m Zm‘m{Z {bIV & (5 V: 4) ({MÌnXH$mofV: 5 {MÌm{U) 1)

2)

3)

4)

AL²>H$m: (80 ) g‘¶: - 3 hmoam: 2

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Am) gL²>»¶m: Aja¡: A‘¡: dm {bIV& (3 V: 2)(àW‘gÌ‘²-1 V: 50, {ÛVr¶gÌ‘²-51 V: 100) 1 B) Aja¡: g‘¶boIZ§ Hw$éV & (5 V: 4) 2 {ÛVr¶: {d^mJ: - JÚ‘² & (21) 2) A) JÚm§e: 1 - JÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm {Z{X©ï>m: H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & (àW‘gÌ‘² - 1, 3, 5, 6) 7 Am) JÚm§e: 2 - JÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm {Z{X©ï>m: H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & ({ÛVr¶gÌ‘² 10, 11, 12, 15) 7 (50-80 eãX{‘Vm¡ JÚm§em¡ Ano{jVm¡ &) H¥$V¶: - H$) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & (3 V: 2) ({Ìfw EH$: àíZ: nmR>ñ¶ Zm‘{df¶o àïw>§ e³¶Vo &) (2) I) gË¶‘² AgË¶§ dm/ H$: H§$ dX{V/C{MV§ H$maU§ {MËdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV & (1) J) gpÝY¨/gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & (nyd©nX§/CÎmanX§/MVwW©nX§/{dJ«h§ {bIV&) (1) K) gyMZmZwgma§ H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & (4 V: 3) (3) (1$) eãXñ¶ dU©{dJ«h§ $Hw$éV & (Ho$db‘² 1) (2) àíZ{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV & (Ho$db‘² 1)

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(3) bH$ma§ {bIV &(Ho$db‘² 1) (4>) ËdmÝV/ë¶~ÝV/Vw‘ÝV/{d^³Ë¶ÝVê$nm{U& (Ho$db‘² 1) (5>) {deofU-{deoî¶-gå~ÝY: & (ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV/JÚm§eV: {MZwV/MVwW©nX§ {bIV &) (6) g‘mZmW©H§$/{déÕmW©H$eãX§ {MZwV & (Ho$db‘² 1) B) JÚm§e: 3 - ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m AZwdmX§ Hw$éV & (5/6 dm³¶m{Z) (àW‘gÌ‘²-8 {ÛVr¶gÌ‘² - 16) 5 B©) ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV & (2 V: 1) (àW‘gÌ‘² - 1, 3, 5, 6) ({ÛVr¶gÌ‘² - 10, 11, 12, 15) 2 (àñVmdZm Ano{jVm &)

V¥Vr¶: {d^mJ: - nÚ‘² & (16) 3) A) nÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & (àW‘gÌ‘²-2, 4 {ÛVr¶gÌ‘²-9, 14) (2/3 ûcmoH$m: àï>ì¶m: &) 4 H$) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & (3 V: 2) (2) I) gyMZmZwgma§ H¥$Vr Hw$éV & (3 V: 2) (2) (1$) {deofU-{deoî¶-gå~ÝY: & (2) ËdmÝV/ë¶~ÝV/Vw‘ÝV/{d^³Ë¶ÝV§ nX§ {MZwV & (3) bH$ma§ {bIV & (4) g‘mZmW©H§$/{déÕmW©H§$ eãX§ {MZwV & (5>) àíZ{Z‘m©U§ Hw$éV & (AYmoaoIZ‘² Amdí¶H$‘²) Am) nÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V & (àW‘gÌ‘²-2, 4, 7 {ÛVr¶gÌ‘²-9, 14) 2 B) nÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m AZwdmX§ Hw$éV & (2 V: 1)(àW‘gÌ‘²-2, 4 {ÛVr¶gÌ‘²-9, 14) 2 B©) [a³VñWmZm{Z nya{¶Ëdm AÝd¶§ nwZ{b©IV & (ûcmoH$: Z XmVì¶: &) (àW‘gÌ‘²-4 {ÛVr¶gÌ‘²-9) 2 C) ûcmoH$m¡¡ ewÕm¡ nyUm£ M {bIV & (3 V: 2) (àW‘gÌ‘²-2, 4 {ÛVr¶gÌ‘²-9, 14) 4 D$) ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV & (2 V: 1) (àW‘gÌ‘²-7 {ÛVr¶gÌ‘²-13)(àñVmdZm Ano{jVm &) 2

98

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KOMATSU PC1250-8, PC1250SP-8, PC1250LC-8 HYDRAULIC ...

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