All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
fiz; vf/koDrk] bl ijh{kki;ksxh lkexzh dk mís'; vkidks vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk dh rS;kjh esa lgk;rk iznku djuk gSA leLr lkexzh esa 20 fo"k;ksa dk lekos'k gSA blls igys fd vki izdYi dks i<+uk 'kq: djs]a ge vki ls fuosnu djsx a s fd vki vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk ls lacaf/kr bl xkbM dk v/;;u djsAa ;g vkidks ijh{kk dh rS;kjh esa lgk;rk iznku djsxh] bldh lgk;rk ls vki vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk ls lacaf/kr y{; dk Bhd rjg ls fu/kkZj.k dj ik,sxk] vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk ekSfyd ;ksX;rkvksa dk ijh{k.k gsA bldk mís'; Hkkjr esa fof/k O;olk; ds fy, U;wure ekud r; djuk gSA vkbZ;s vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk dh lajpuk rFkk dk;Ziz.kkyh ij ppkZ djrs gSaA vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk dh dk;Ziz.kkyh v-Hk-ck-i- esa 100 cgqfodYih; iz'uksa dk lekos'k gksxk] ;g iz'u ckj dkWmfly vkQ bafM;k }kjk lq>k;s 3 o"khZ; o 5 o"khZ; ikB~;Øe ds fo"k;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gSaA bu fo"k;ksa dks nks Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA igyh Js.kh esa ewy ;k vk/kkj fo"k;ksa dks j[kk x;k gSA tks dh fof/k ds cgqr cM+k Hkkx gS rFkk nwljh Js.kh esa fof/k O;olk; ls tqM+s uohu fo"k;ksa dks LFkku fn;k x;k gSA ijh{kk i= esa izFke Js.kh esa fo"k;ksa esa ls de ls de lkr iz'u izR;sd fo"k; ij vk/kkfjr gksxsA f}rh; Js.kh ds leLr fo"k;ksa esa ls 23 iz'u fy, tk,saxsA ;s 23 iz'u f}rh; Js.kh ds de ls de ikWp fo"k;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gksaxsA izFke Js.kh ds fo"k;ksa ds iz'u i= ds Hkkx ,d gksaxs rFkk f}rh; Js.kh ds fo"k;ksa ds iz'u iz'u i= ds Hkkx f}rh; esa gksxAas Js.kh izFke o Js.kh f}rh; ds fo"k; fuEufyf[kr gSA
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All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
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fo’k; oSdfYid fookn lek/kku flfoy izfØ;k lafgrk ,oa ifjlhek vf/kfu;e laoS/kkfud lafonk dkuwu fØfeuy ykW&I % Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk vijk/k izfØ;k lafgrk izk:i.k] vfHkopu rFkk vfHkgaLrkrj.k lk{; fof/k fof/k”kkL= fof/kd vkpkj ,oa vf/koDrkvksa dh vkpkjlafgrk lEifr dkuwu Js.kh I I iz”kklfud dkuwu dEiuh ykW i;kZoj.k ykW ifjokj ykW ekuo vf/kdkj dkuwu Je rFkk vkS|kSfxd dkuwu vid`R; fof/k dkjk/kku ds fl)kUr yksd vUrjkZ’Vªh; dkuwu
dqy iz”u 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 dqy 23 iz”u] ;g iz”u Js.kh 2 ds de ls de ik¡p fo’k;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gksx a As
vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk dh lajpuk cgqfodYih; iz'uksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA ¼vFkkZr~ lgh fodYi dks OMR 'khV esa fpfUgr djuk gksxk½ ;g iz'u Kku rFkk rdZ ij vk/kkfjr gksxsA rkfd vkidks vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk i= gy djus ds fy, 3 ?k.Vk 30 feuV dk le; iznku fd;k tk,xkA vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk vksiu cqd iz.kkyh ij vk/kkfjr gSA vFkkZr~ lkexzh] fdrkcs gLrfyf[kr uksV~l] Treatises rFkk ijh{kk mi;ksxh ijUrq vki dks fo|qr midj.k tsls fd ySiVkWi] eksckbZy Qksu] jsfM;ksa esa ykus dh vkKk ugha gSa ijh{kk ifj.kke mRrj iqfLRdkvksa dh tkWp ds
vki viuh lgk;rk ds fy, ikB~; lkexzh Hkh ijh{kk esa yk ldrs gSa VªkUlfloj] istj vkfn ijh{kk dsUnz i'pkr~ ?kksf"kr fd;k tk,xkA blesa
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
flQZ ;g crk;k tk,xk fd ijh{kkFkhZ fof/k O;olk; ds fy, ;ksX; gS ;k ugha ¼vFkkZr~ ijh{kkFkhZ ijh{kk esa mRrh.kZ gqvk gS ;k ugha½ fdlh Hkh izdkj ds izfr'kr ij lsUVkby Rank] rFkk vadksa dh ?kks"k.kk ugha dh tk,xhA ijh{kk ifj.kke ?kksf"kr gksus ds rhl fnol ds Hkhrj lQy vf/koDrkvksa dks ckj dkWmfly bafM;k ds ps;jeSu }kjk gLrk{kfjr izek.k i= tkjh fd;k tk,xkA vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk dh rS;kjh ds fy, dqN lq>ko vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kkdk mís'; ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa dh dkuwu dh le> dk ijh{k.k djuk gS u fd muds fu;eksa dks d.BLfk djus dh ;ksX;rk dkA vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk ds 100 iz'u Kku rFkk rdZ dh Js.kh esa foHkkftr gksaxsA Kkr vk/kkfjr rFkk rdZ vk/kkfjr iz'uksa ds uewus fuEufyf[kr gSaA Kku vk/kkfjr iz'u ¼Js.kh ^A* iz'u½ Js.kh ^A* iz'u vkidh fof/k dh le> dk ijh{k.k gS] mnkgj.k ds fy, iz'u % fuEufyf[kr esa ls ml fodYi dks pqfu;s tks] Indra Sawhney Vs Union of India AIR 1993 SC 477) ds ekeys esa Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 14 dks mfpr :i ls O;kf[kr djrk gSA fodYi & vuqPNsn 32 ds v/khu mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk fjV tkjh djus ds vf/kdkj dks vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk esa Hkh fujLr ugha fd;k tkrk gSA & flQZ uSlfxZd O;fDr gh ukxfjd ekus tkrs gSa rFkk flQZ uSlfxZd O;fDr;ksa dks gh lafo/kku ds vUrxZr ewy vf/kdkj izkIr gSA &
vkijkf/kd vUos"k.k ekeys esa Narcolepsy ds iz;ksx fu"ks/k gS
& Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 14 ds vuqlkj leku yksxksa ds lkFk leku O;ogkj gks rkfd vleku O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk vleku O;ogkj gksA & ^vkj{k.k* ds izko/kku ij Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vUrxZr fu"ks/k gS D;ksafd ;g lekurk ds vf/kdkj vuqPNsn 14 dk mYy?ku gSA lgh mRrj 'd' rkfdZd iz'u ¼Js.kh B iz'u½ Js.kh B ds iz'u rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ds ijh{k.k ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSa] rFkk lkFk gh lkFk ;g vkidh le> {kerk dk ijh{k.k gSA mnkgj.k
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
A ,d vf/koDrk dks X Private Limited us U;k;ky; esa dEiuh dk izfrfuf/kRo djus ds fy, lEidZ fd;kA ;fn X izkbosV fyfeVsM ;g dsl gkjrh gS rks mls Hkkjh gtkZuk nsuk iM+sxk rFkk lEHkor og viuk ykblsal Hkh [kks nsA X izkbosV daiuh iwjh rjg ls Y izkbosV fyfeVsM dh lgk;d daiuh gS rFkk vf/koDrk A Y izkbosV fy- dk funsZ'kd gSA
fodYi & vf/koDrk A ekeys esa izfrfuf/kRo dj ldrk gS D;ksafd mlds X B izkbosV fyfeVsM esa /ku laca/kh fgr ugha gSA & vf/koDrk A ekeys esa izfrfuf/kRo ugha dj ldrs D;ksafd os Y izkbosV fy- ds funsZ'kd gksus ds ukrs X izkbosV fy- ds deZpkjh ekus tk ldrs gSaA & vf/koDrk A ds ekeys esa /ku lac/a khr fgr fufgr gS D;ksafd ,d foijhr ifj.kke X izkbosV fydks izHkkfor djsxk rFkk blls Y izkbosV fy- izR;{k :i ls izHkkfor gksxh ftldk dh A funs'kd gSA & vf/koDrk A ekeys dk izfrfuf/kRo dj ldrs gSa D;ksafd og izR;{k ls X izkbosV fy- ds funs'kd in ij ugha gSA & vf/koDrk A dks ekeys esa dksbZ vkfFkZd fgr ugha gS] D;ksafd Y izkbosV fy- dk X izkbosV fy- ls fHkUu O;kikfjd fgr gks ldrs gSaA vr% X ds fo:) fojks/k fu.kZ Y ij izHkko ugha MkysxkA lgh tokc C X izkbosV fyfeVsM ds fo:) foijhr fu.kZ; ds dkj.k dEiuh viuk ykblsl a [kks ldrh gS ftlls Y dks izR;{k :i ls izHkkfor gks ldrh gS rFkk pwafd X iw.kZ :i ls Y dh lgk;d gSA vr% A ds ekeys
esa /ku laca/kh fgr gSA vc iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd bu iz'uksa dk lgh tokc dSls fn;k tk,\ blesa dqN lk/kkj.k fu;e vkidh lgk;rk dj ldrs gSaA fu;e 1 & le>s vfirq dBLFk u djsa vf/koDrkvksa ds fy, vko';d gS fd os ijh{kk mi;ksxh lkexzh ds fu;eksa dks dBLFk u djsa vfirq mUgsa le>us dk iz;kl djs]a bl izi= dh le> vkidks iz'uksa dk tokc nsus esa enn dj ldrh gSA fu;e 2 & iz'u dks /;ku ls i<+aAs dbZ ckj ge iz'u dks fcuk iwjk i<+]s tokc nsus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA d`Ik;k ,slk u djs]a D;ksfa d ,slk u djus ij vki iz'u rkfd fl)kar csgrj
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
fu;e 3 & d`Ik;k ;g /;ku j[ksa dh iz'uksa dk tokc nsus ds fy, vius ikl fuf'pr le; gSA ;g vko';d gS fd iz'uksa ds lgh tokc fn;s tk,sa ijUrq ;g Hkh vko';d gS fd T;knk ls T;knk iz'uksa ds lgh tokc fn, tk,A vkidks rhu ?k.Vk rhu feuV dks mfpr
igys ds 05 feuV esa iz'u i= dh Ldsfa uax djds ;g lqfuf'pr dj ys]a fd mlesa iwjs 100 iz'u
&
vxys 2 ?k.Vksa 30 feuV Hkkx 1 ij yxk;saA
&
'ks"k le; esa ls 50 feuV Hkkx II iz'ui= ds Hkkx II esa yxk;s
& vafre 05 feuV esa ;g lqfuf'pr djsa dh vkius mRrj iqfLrdk esa leLr vko';d lwpuk izfo"V dj fns gSA ;g vko';d gS fd vki vH;kl iz'ui= dks gy dj le; izca/k djus dk iz;kl djsAa fu;e 4 & vius detksj i{k dks tkus rFkk mls lQy djsA tc vki AIBE dh rS;kjh djsx a s rks ik,sxs fd vkids dqN {ks= detksj gS] tgk¡ vkidks vad gkfly djus esa ijs'kkuh gks ldrh gSA ;gh vkids detksj i{k gSA detksj i{k izR;sd O;fDr ds vyx&vyx gks ldrs gSaA ;g tkuuk dh dkSu lk {ks= ;k i{k vkiuk detksj gS cgqr vko';d gSA vc vxyk pj.k ml detksj i{k dks etcwr djuk gSA leL;kvksa ds fu/kkZj.k esa lVhd jgs & D;k ;g xfr dk iz'u gS\ vkids fy, vko';d gS fd vki izR;sd iz'u ij r; le; nks feuV gh [kpZ djs vU;Fkk vki ladV esa vk ldrs gSaA blds fy, vko';d gSA fd vki igys iz'uksa ds NksVs&NksVs lsV~l ds lkFk vH;kl djsAa & D;k leL;k fof/k ds fdlh fo'ks"k {ks= ls gS\ ml iz'u fo'ks"k dks var esa gy djus ds fy, j[ks rFkk 'ks"k iz'ui= dks gy j[kuk tkjh j[ksa rFkk vUr esa vkdj ml iz'u dks gy djsAa & D;k vkidks tYnh ls iz'u i<+us esa ijs'kkuh vkrh gSA dbZ ckj leL;k iz'u i= esa u gksdj dgha vkSj gksrh gSA bl ekeys esa vkidks ,d vke lek/kku fudkyuk gksxk vkidks viuh dh vko';drk gS d`Ik;k v[kckj] ukscy vkfn i<+As
Reading Speed
ds Åij dke djus
& D;k vkidks yxkrkj rhu ?k.Vs rhl feuV è;ku dsfUnzr djus esa leL;k gksrk gS vkidh dYiuk ls ijs ;g ,d T;knk O;kid leL;k gSA AIBE bl ifjis{; esa dkQh dfBu ijh{kk gS D;ksafd yxkrkj rhu ?k.Vk rhl feuV /;ku yxkuk vklku ugha gSA bldk ,d vke mRrj ^vH;kl* gS] ijUrq vki iz;kl djs dh mckm gksus dh fLFkfr esa tYnh ls vius eu dks okil fo"k; ij yxk;saA v/;;u ds le; nksLrksa ds lkFk v/;;u djs]a lkewfgd v/;;u dk iz;kl djsAa
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
;g lHkh lq>ko ;k lykg izR;sd O;fDr ds ifjis{; esa dk;Z ugha djrh gS] vkidks bl ij iz;kl djuk gksxkA ;fn dksbZ leL;k vkids ekxZ esa :dkoV gS rks ml ij fopkj dj mls nwj djsAa ijh{kki;ksxh lkexzh ds iz;ksx lac/a kh xkbM ;g lkexzh fu;eksa] fl)kUrksa rFkk n`"Vkarksa dk ladyu gSA izdYi dk mís'; vHkh rd vkius tks Hkh i<+k gS ;k lh[kk gS mldk LFkkiUu djuk fcYdqy ugha gS vfirq bldk mís'; vkids fof/k ds ewy Kku dks fQj ls rktk djuk gSA d`I;k vki www.barcouncilofindia.org ij fu;fer visit djsAa ;gk¡ ekWMy iz'ui= rFkk vU; egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh miyC/k gSA
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk vè;;u lkexzh fo"k; 1% oSdfYid fookn lek/kku Hkkjr ds lafo/kku (^^lafo/kku**) dk vuqPNsn 39d jkT; dks funsZ'k nsrk gS fd og lqfuf'pr djsxk fd fof/kd ra= bl izdkj dke djs fd leku volj ds vk/kkj ij U;k; lqyHk gks vkSj og] fof'k"Vr;k] ;g lqfuf'pr djuss ds fy, fd vkfFkZd ;k fdlh vU; fu;kZsX;rk ds dkj.k dksbZ ukxfjd U;k; izkIr djus ds volj ls oafpr u jg tk,] mi;qDr fo/kku ;k Ldhe }kjk ;k fdlh vU; jhfr ls fu%'kqYd fof/kd lgk;rk dh O;oLFkk djsxkA mPpre U;k;y; us Hkh lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 21 esa fufgrkFkZ ds :i esa ^^Rofjr U;k; ds vf/kdkj** dk mYys[k fd;k gSA (gqlSujk [kkrwu cuke fcgkj jkT;] ,vkbZvkj 1979 ,llh 1360) bl nkf;Ro dks fuHkkus ds fy, laln us fofHkUu oSdfYid fookn lek/kku (^^,Mhvkj**½ O;oLFkkvksa dks ekU;rk nh gS] tSls ekè;LFke~] lqyg] eè;LFkrk] ,oa U;kf;d iz.kkyh dks lqn`<+ cukus ds fy, yksd vnkyrA flfoy izfØ;k lafgrk] 1908 ¼^^lafgrk**½ dh /kkjk 89 Li"V :i ls ,Mhvkj ds ekè;e ls fooknksa ds fuiVkjs dk izko/kku djrh gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 89¼1½ esa izko/kku gS fd tgka U;k;ky; dks ;g izrhr gksrk gS fd fuiVkjs ds ,sls rRo fo|eku gSa tks i{kdkjksa dks Lohdk;Z gks ldrs gSa] ogka U;k;ky; fuiVkjs ds fuca/kuksa dks fuf'pr djsxk vkSj mUgsa i{kdkjksa dks muds laijh{k.k ds fy, nsxk vkSj i{kdkjksa ds laijh{k.k dks izkIr djus ds i'pkr~] U;k;ky; laHkkfor fuiVkjs ds fuca/kuksa dks iqu% fuf'pr djsxk vkSj mUgsa ekè;LFke~] lqyg] eè;LFkrk rFkk U;kf;d fuiVkjk] ftlesa yksd vnkyr ds ekè;e ls fuiVkjk 'kkfey gS] ds fy, fufnZ"V djsxkA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 89¼2½ esa izko/kku gS fd tgka fookn dks bl rjg fufnZ"V fd;k x;k gS% & ekè;LFke~ vFkok lqyg ds fy,] ekè;LFke~ ,oa lqyg vf/kfu;e] 1996 ¼^^vf/kfu;e 1996**½ ds izko/kku ykxw gksx a ]s ekuks iapkV ;k lqyg ds fy, dk;Zokgh ml vf/kfu;e ds izko/kkuksa ds varxZr fuiVkjs ds fy, fufnZ"V dh x;h gks; & yksd vnkyr ds fy,] U;k;y; mls fof/kd lsok izkf/kdj.k vf/kfu;e] 1987 ¼^^vf/kfu;e 1987**½ dh /kkjk 20 dh mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds izko/kkuksa ds vuqlkj yksd vnkyr dks fufnZ"V djsxk vkSj ml vf/kfu;e ds lHkh vU; izko/kku yksd vnkyr dks bl izdkj fufnZ"V fookn ds lacU/k esa ykxw gksaxs; & U;kf;d fuiVkjs ds fy,] U;k;ky; mls mi;qDr laLFkku ;k O;fDr dks fufnZ"V djsxk vkSj ,sls laLFkku ;k O;fDr dks yksd vnkyr gksuk ekuk tk,xk vkSj vf/kfu;e 1987 ds vU; lHkh izko/kku ykxw gksx a ]s ekuks fookn ml vf/kfu;e ds izko/kkuksa ds v/hu yksd vnkyr dks fufnZ"V fd;k x;k gks; & eè;LFkrk ds fy,] U;k;ky; i{kdkjksa ds eè; le>kSrk izofrZr djsxk vkSj ,slh izfØ;k dk vuqlj.k djsxk] tSlk fd fofgr fd;k tk;A lafgrk ds vkns'k 10 fu;e 1d esa izko/kku gS fd LohÑfr vkSj izR;k[;ku dks vfHkfyf[kr djus ds i'pkr~] U;k;y; i{kdkjksa dks U;k;ky; ds ckgj fuiVkjs ds fdlh rjhds dks pquus dk funs'k nsxk] ftlds fy, i{kdkjksa }kjk fodYi fn;k tk ldrk gSA lafgrk dk vkns'k 10 fu;e 1[k lqyg Qksje vFkok izkf/kdkjh ds le{k mifLFkfr dh frfFk fu;r djus dk izko/kku djrk gS] tcfd vkns'k 10 fu;e 1x esa lqyg ds iz;klksa dh foQyrk ds ifj.kkeLo:i fufnZ"V i{kdkjksa ds iqu% U;k;ky; ds le{k mifLFkfr gksus dk izko/kku gSA lafgrk fofHkUu vU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh ,Mhvkj gsrq izko/kku djkrh gSA vkns'k 32&d] tks dqVqEc ls lEcU/k j[kus okys fo"k;ksa ls lEcfU/kr oknksa ls lac) gS] ,sls ekeyksa esa fookn ds fuiVkjs ds fy, i{kdkjksa dh lgk;rk djus dks
U;k;ky; dk nkf;Ro ekurk gS] tgka ,slk djuk ekeys dh izÑfr vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls lqlaxr gks] rFkk mls ,sls mn~ns'; ds fy, dY;k.k fo'ks"kK ls lgk;rk ysus esa l{ke cukrk gSA blh rjg] vkns'k 27] fu;e 5¼[k½ esa izko/kku gS fd ,sls izR;sd okn ;k dk;Zokgh esa ftlesa ljdkj vFkok viuh inh; gSfl;r esa dk;Z djus okyk dksbZ yksd vf/kdkjh i{kdkj gS] U;k;ky; dk ;g dÙkZO; gksxk fd og okn dh fo"k;&oLrq ds ckjs esa fuiVkjk djkus esa i{kdkjksa dh lgk;rk djus ds fy, gj laHko iz;kl izFker% djs] tgka ,slk djuk ekeys dh izÑfr vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls lqlaxr gksA
ekWMy flfoy izfØ;k oSdfYid fookn lek/kku fu;e
vf/kfu;e 1996 ,oa vf/kfu;e 1987 ,slh fLFkfr dk mYys[k ugha djrk gS tgka U;k;ky; i{kdkjksa ls] ekè;LFke~] lqyg vFkok yksd vnkyr uked ,Mhvkj O;oLFkkvksa esa ls fdlh ,d dk p;u djus ds fy, dgrk gSA vr% ;s vf/kfu;e lafgrk dh /kkjk 89 ds varxZr fufnZ"V fd;s tkus ds i'pkr~ dh fLFkfr esa ykxw gksrs gaSA ¼lsye vf/koDrk ckj ,lksfl,'ku cuke Hkkjr la?k] ,vkbZvkj 2005 ,l lh 3353½ lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 21 esa fufgr ^^Rofjr U;k; ds vf/kdkj** ds ifjizs{; esa] rFkk yksd eqdneksa esa mfpr] Rofjr vkSj lLrk U;k; miyC/k djkus ds fy, mPpre U;k;y; us mPp U;k;ky;kssa dks Hkkjrh; fof/k vk;ksx }kjk rS;kj fd;s x;s ekWMy flfoy izfØ;k oSdfYid fookn lek/kku fu;eksa dks viukus dks dgk gSA ¼lsye vf/koDrk ckj ,lksfl,'ku cuke Hkkjr la?k] ,vkbZvkj 2005 ,l lh 3353½ Hkkjrh; fof/k vk;ksx }kjk rS;kj fd;s x;s ekWMy flfoy izfØ;k oSdfYid fookn lek/kku fu;e i{kdkjksa dks fuiVkjs ds oSdfYid izk:iksa ¼ekWMy½ dk p;u djus ds funs'k nsus dk izko/kku djrs gSaA muds fodYi dks fuiVkjs ds fdlh fo'ks"k izk:i ds :i esa dk;kZfUor djus ls igys] U;k;ky;ksa dks] ,sls lqlaxr dkjdksa ij è;ku nsrs gq, ftUgsa i{kdkjksa }kjk mBk;k tkuk
gS] i{kdkjksa ds fy, ,slk ekxZn'kZu djus ds funs'k gSa ftls oss Bhd le>saA fu;e U;k;ky; }kjk fuiVkjs ds fofHkUu izk:iksa dks fufnZ"V djus dh izfØ;k dk izko/kku djrs gSa] lkFk gh ,Mhvkj O;oLFkkvksa ds ekè;e ls fookn fuiVkus esa foQyrk ds ifj.kkeLo:i fufnZ"V i{kdkjksa dh U;k;ky; okilh] vkSj iqu% U;k;ky; ds le{k mifLFkfr gksus dk izko/kku djrs gSaA ¼lsye vf/koDrk ckj ,lksfl,'ku cuke Hkkjr la?k] ,vkbZvkj 2005 ,l lh 3353½ mPp U;k;ky;ksa dks lafgrk ds Hkkx 5 ds v/hu] ,slh jhfr dks 'kkfey djrs gq, ftlesa ,Mhvkj O;oLFkkvksa esa ls fdlh ,d dk p;u djus dk fodYi gks] fu;e cukus dh vuqefr gSA mPp U;k;ky;ksa }kjk bl rjg cuk, x;s fu;e ifjokj U;k;ky; vf/kfu;e] 1984 ds varxZr cuk;s x;s fu;eksa ds fy, iwjd gSaA ¼lsye vf/koDrk ckj ,lksfl,'ku cuke Hkkjr la?k] ,vkbZvkj 2005 ,l lh 3353½ ekè;LFke~ ekè;LFke~ ,d U;k; fu.kZ;u izfØ;k gS tgka i{kdkj vkius fookn dks fu.kZ; ds fy, ,d rVLFk rhljs i{k ¼eè;LFk½ ds le{k izLrqr djrs gSaA ;|fi izfØ;k ,oa lk{; ds fu;eksa ds ifjisz{; esa ,d eè;LFk dks ,d U;k;k/h'k ls vf/kd yphykiu izkIr ugha gksrk gS] ekè;LFke~ izfØ;k eqdnesckth dh izfØ;k ds leku gksrh gSA ,d fof/kekU; ekè;LFke~ ls igys ,d ,slk ekè;LFke~ djkj gksuk vko';d gS tks fd Hkkjrh; lafonk vf/kfu;e] 1872 ¼^^lafonk vf/kfu;e**½ ds vuq:i fof/kekU; gksuk pkfg,A djkj ds i{kdkj lafonk vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 11 ,oa 12 ds v/hu lafonk djus esa l{ke gksus pkfg,A ,d fyf[kr djkj dh oS/kkfud vko';drkvksa] fo|eku vFkok Hkfo"; ds fookn] vkSj mUgsa ekè;LFke~ dks fufnZ"V djus dh ea'kk ¼/kkjk 7] vf/kfu;e 1996½ ds vfrfjDr] fdlh djkj dks
ekè;LFke~ djkj ekuus ds fy, izLrqr dh tkus okyh vU; fo'ks"krk,a gSa% & ekè;LFke~ djkj esa izko/kku vo'; gksuk pkfg, fd ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k dk fu.kZ; djkj ds i{kdkjksa ij ckè;dkjh gksxk; & i{kdkjksa ds vf/kdkjksa dk fu.kZ; djus ds fy, ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k dh vf/kdkfjrk ;k rks i{kdkjksa dh lgefr ls] ;k U;k;ky; ds vkns'k ls] dkuwu ls] ftlds izko/kku ;g Li"V djrs gkas fd fookn dks ekè;LFke~ ds v/khu fd;k tk,xk; & djkj esa ;g vo'; izko/kku gksuk pkfg, fd i{kdkjksa ds ewy vf/kdkj ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k }kjk fuf'pr fd;s tk,axs; & ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k dks] nksuksa i{kksa ds izfr fu"i{krk dh leku izfrc)rk j[krs gq,] i{kdkjksa ds vf/kdkj fu"i{k ,oa U;kf;d
¼ds- ds- eksnh cuke ds- ,u- eksnh] ,vkbZvkj 1998 ,llh 1297; Hkjr Hkw"k.k clay cuke mÙkj izns'k y?kq m|ksx fuxe] ,vkbZvkj 1999 ,llh 899; mÙkj izns'k jktdh; fuxe fyfeVsM cuke banqj ¼ih½ fyfeVsM] ,vkbZvkj 1996 ,llh 1373½ & fdlh ekè;LFke~ djkj dks ljdkj ds lkFk i=kpkj djds lafonk cukuk laHko gSA ¼ih ch jk; cuke Hkkjr la?k] ,vkbZvkj 1973 ,llh 908½ fdUrq ljdkj ds lkFk i=kpkj djds cuh ,slh lafonk esa Hkh lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 299 ds varxZr ljdkj dh vksj ls lafonk esa 'kkfey gksus ds fy, fof/kor izkf/kÑr vf/kdkjh dks
izfo`"V djuk gksxkA bl rjg ls izkf/kÑr u gksus okys O;fDr }kjk dh xbZ lafonk 'kwU; gksxhA ¼iatkc jkT; cuke vkse izdk'k] ,vkbZvkj
1988 ,llh 2149½
ekè;LFke~ ,oa fo'ks"kK vo/kkj.k ^fo'ks"kK vo/kkj.k* ls vk'k; fdlh fookn dks fdlh ,sls rhljs Lora= i{k dks fufnZ"V djuk gS tks fookn ds fuiVkjs esa viuh n{krk dk mi;ksx djrk gSA ,slk vo/kkj.k] ewY;kadu] ckSf)d lEink] ;k ys[kk laca/kh fooknksa ds vo/kkj.k ds fy, lgk;d gSA fo'ks"kK dks vius vo/kkj.k ds fy, dkj.k crkus dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA ;|fi] fo'ks"kK vo/kkj.k ekè;LFke~ iapkV ds leku ykxw ugha gksrk gSA u gh bls fdlh U;k;ky; esa pqukSrh nh tk ldrh gSA ;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, fd ,d djkj ekè;LFke~ dks vuqè;kr djrk gS u fd fo'ks"kK vo/kkj.k] U;k;ky;ksa us fuEufyf[kr ij cy fn;k gS% & Hkfo"; esa fooknksa ls cpus dh ea'kk ds foijhr ,d ^fu#fir fookn* dh ekStwnxhA & vf/kdj.k ;k bl izdkj p;fur Qksje vius le{k lqlaxr lk{; ,oa i{kdkjksa }kjk mlds le{k fd;s x;s fuosnu dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, U;kf;d :i ls dk;Z djsxkA & fu.kZ; i{kdkjksa ij ckè;dkjh gksxkA & i{kdkjksa }kjk izLrqr dh x;h 'kCnkoyh fu.kZ;kRed ugha gks ldrh gSA djkj ds vk'k; vkSj mís'; dk ijh{k.k djuk iM+rk gSA 'kCnkoyh ^^eè;LFk** ;k ^^eè;LFke~** izcks/kd gSa] fdUrq lnSo fu.kZ;kRed ughaA n`"Vkar% ,d ifjokj ds nks lewg vius xgu fooknksa ,oa er Hksnksa ds lek/kku ds fy, ,d lgefr&Kkiu ij igqaprs gSaA bl Kkiu dk izklafxd [k.M nksuksa lewgksa ds eè; vkxs fdlh fooknksa dks jksdus dk mYys[k djrk gS] lgefr okys Hkkxksa esa lEifÙk;ksa ds foHkktu ds laca/k esa ukekafdr fudk; }kjk muds ewY;kadu fd;s tkus ds i'pkr rFkk vU; ukekafdr fudk; }kjk foHkktu dh ,d ;kstuk ds varxZr ;g vU; fdlh ,slh leL;kvksa ds fu"iknu dk mYys[k djrk gS tks djkj ds dk;kZUo;u esa mRiUu gks
ldrh gSaA bls foÙkh; fuxe ds vè;{k ds fu.kZ; gsrq NksM+rs gq,] tks vU; iz'u dk fofu'p; djus ds fy, vU; O;fDr dks euksuhr djus dk gdnkj gSA ;g [k.M fdlh U;kf;d vo/kkj.k ;k lk{; ds vfHkys[ku dks vuqèk;kr ugha djrk gSA bls fo'ks"kK vo/kkj.k dk ekeyk ekuk x;k gS u fd ekè;LFke~ dk] ;|fi i{kdkj vius i=kpkj esa ^ekè;LFke~* 'kCnkoyh dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA ¼ds- ds- eksnh cuke ds- ,ueksnh] ,vkbZvkj 1998 ,llh 1297½
laLFkkxr ekè;LFke~ i{kdkjksa ds eè; fdlh lafonk esa izk;% ,d ekè;LFke~ [kaM gksrk gS tks iwoZ fu/kkZfjr fu;eksa ds varxZr ekè;LFke~ izfØ;k dks iz'kkflr ,oa lapkfyr djus ds fy, ,d laLFkk dks inkfHkfgr djrk gSA bl izdkj dh laLFkkvksa ds mnkgj.k] baVjuS'kuy pSEclZ vkWQ dkWelZ ¼vkbZlhlh½ dk ekè;LFke~ U;k;ky;] yanu dksVZ vkWQ baVjuS'kuy vkfcZUVªs'ku ¼,y lh vkbZ ,½] ,oa vesfjdu vkfcZUVªs'ku ,lksfl,'ku ¼,,,½ gSaA laLFkk dh iz'kklfud ykxr] tks dkiQh gks ldrh gS] cM+h fpark dk fo"k; ugha gksuh pkfg,] laLFkkxr n`f"Vdks.k dks lkekU;r% rjthg nh tkrh gSA muds fy, tks mls ogu dj ldrs gS] laLFkkxr ekè;LFke~ ds ykHk gS% & iwoZ LFkkfir ,oa leqfpr mi;qDr fu;e ,oa izfØ;k,a] tks lqfuf'pr djrs gSa fd ekè;LFke~ rRdky izkjEHk gksrk gS vkSj lqxerk ls dk;Z djrk gS; & iz'kklfud ,oa rduhdh lgk;rk; & ;ksX; ,oa vuqHkoh eè;LFk; & laLFkk }kjk eè;LFkksa dh fu;qfDr] i{kdkjksa dks bldk fuonu djuk pkfg, ; & ekè;LFkeksa ds lapkyu ds fy, HkkSfrd lqfo/kk,a ,oa lgk;d lsok,a; & vfuPNqd i{kdkjksa dks ekè;LFke~ ds lkFk vkxs c<+us ds fy, izksRlkgu esa lgk;rk; & lqxe ekU;rk ,oa izorZu lqfuf'pr djrs gq, vafre leh{kk ,oa fof/kekU; iapkV; & dk;kZRed ykHk tks lqfuf'pr djrs gSa lnSo mfpr è;ku fn;k tkrk gS; vkSj
& ;fn fu;qDr dks pqukSrh nh tkrh gS] ;k dksbZ eè;LFk bLrhiQk ns nsrk gS] ;k cny fn;k tkrk gS] rks lgkjs ds fy, eè;LFkksa ds iSuy dh miyC/rk; laLFkkxr ekè;LFke~ ls izkFkfed gkfu% & ;g /heh ,oa dBksj O;oLFkk gS; & lqfo/kkvksa ds mi;ksx ,oa lsokvksa ds fy, iz'kklfud 'kqYd cM+h jde laca/h fooknksa esa cgqr vf/kd gks ldrs gSa] fo'ks"k:i ls tgka 'kqYd fookfnr jde ls lacaf/kd gksAa fookfnr jde de gksus ij laLFkkxr 'kqYd fookfnr jde ls vf/kd gks ldrs gSa_ rFkk laLFkk dh ukSdj'kkgh vfrfjDr ykxr vkSj foyEc dk dkj.k cu ldrh gSA
rnHkZ ekè;LFke~ ^rnHkZ ekè;LFke~* ,dek=k ml fo'ks"k ekeys ds fy, l`ftr fu;eksa ds lkFk Lo;a i{kdkjksa ¼vkSj u fd dksbZ vtuch ;k laLFkk½ }kjk iz'kkflr ,d dk;Zokgh gSA i{kdkj ekè;LFke~ ds leLr igyqvksa ds laca/k esa [kqn O;oLFkk djrs gSa] ftuesa dkuwu] ekè;LFke~ ds lapkyu gsrq fu;e] eè;LFk ds p;u dh jhfr] ekè;LFke~ dk LFkku] Hkk"kk] ,oa vafre vkSj lcls egRoiw.kZ ekè;LFke~ ds ekè;e ls fuiVk;s tkus okys eqís ,oa nk;jkA ;fn i{kdkj lg;ksx dh Hkkouk ls ,d ekè;LFke~ n`f"Vdks.k viukrs gSa] rks rnFkZ dk;Zokfg;ka vf/kd yphyh] mi;qDr] lLrh ,oa laLFkkxr ekè;LFke~ dh vis{kk vf/kd Rofjr gks ldrh gSaA rnFkZ ekè;LFke~ ls gkfu;ka% & mPp Lrjh; i{kdkj fu;a=.k ftlesa var rd i{kdkj lg;ksx dh vko';drk gksrh gS] D;ksafd iwoZ LFkkfir fu;e ugha gksrs gSa] i{kdkj fuf"Ø; ekè;LFke~ [kaMksa okyk elkSnk rS;kj djus dk tksf[ke mBkrs gSaA [kaM izk;% yEcs fooj.k okys] 'kk;n gh dHkh O;kogkfjd gksus okys vkSj fofHkUu O;k[;kvksa ds fy, vfr laons u'khy ,oa eqdnesckth dh vksj ys tkus okys gksrs gSa;
& ekè;LFke~ iapkV vizorZuh; jg tkrk gS] ;fn xyr izfØ;k ij lgefr cuh gS vkSj mls viuk;k x;k gS; & blesa lwphc) lquokbZ] 'kqYdksa ,oa vuqokndksa dh layXurk ds fy, iz'kklfud fuxjkuh dk vHkko jgrk gS; rFkk blesa i;kZIr lqfo/kkvksa ,oa volajpuk dk vHkko jgrk gSA rnFkZ ekè;LFke~ dks laLFkkxr ekè;LFke~ ls iw.kZ :i ls vyx djus dh vko';drk gSA i{kdkj fdlh laLFkk ds iw.kZ ls v/khu gq, fcuk mlds fu;eksa dks viukus dk p;u dj ldrs gSaA blds foijhr i{kdkj fdlh laLFkk dks ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ksa ds iz'kklu gsrq inkfHkfgr dj ldrs gS; fdUrq blds fu;eksa dh iz;ksT;rk dks NksM+ ldrs gSaA i{kdkjksa dks lkekU;r% dsoy eè;LFk dh fu;qfDr gsrq laLFkk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA tgka rnFkZ ekè;LFke~ esa i{kdkj vius [kqn ds fu;e viukrs gSa] muds fy, vius ekeys esa ljk- va- O;k- fo- vk- ¼la;qDr jk"Vª varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj fof/k vk;ksx½ vkn'kZ fof/k viukus dk fodYi lnSo [kqyk gSA
vk/kkj ij iapkV nsrs gq, ekè;LFke~ izfØ;k dks QkLV Vªd s cuk ldrk gSA
oS/kkfud ekè;LFke~
cksV fcYMlZ ,aM baftfu;lZ fyfeVsM] ,vkbZvkj 1999 MhbZ,y 44½
cM+h la[;k esa ,sls dsnzh; ,oa jkT; vf/kfu;e ekStnw gaS] tks mu vf/kfu;eksa ds varxZr vkus okys ekeyksa ds lac/a k esa mRiUu gksus okys fooknksa esa fo'ks"k :i ls ekè;LFke~ ds fy, izko/kku djrs gSaA fo|qr vf/kfu;e] 1910 ,oa fo|qr ¼vkiwfrZ½ vf/kfu;e] 1948 ,sls vf/kfu;eksas ds mnkgj.k gSaA pawfd ,sls fdlh ekè;LFke~ dks vf/kfu;e 1996 }kjk Hkh fu;af=r fd;k tk;sxk] ,sls fo/kkuksa esa oS/kkfud ekè;LFke~ ds fy, izko/kku ,d ekè;LFke~ djkj ekuk tkrk gSA ¼fxzM dkiksZjs'ku vkWQ mM+hlk cuke bafM;u pSat Økses fyfeVsM] ,vkbZvkj 1998 vksvkjvkbZ 101½
QkLV Vªd s ekè;LFke~@dsoy nLrkost ekè;LFke~ i{kdkjksa dks lger gksuk pkfg, fd dksbZ Hkh ekSf[kd lquokbZ vk;ksftr ugha dh tk,xh] ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k vius okn ds i{k esa i{kdkjksa }kjk tek fd;s x;s nLrkostksa ds
vf/kfu;e 1996 ds varxZr ekè;LFke~ ekè;LFke~ vf/kfu;e] 1940] ekè;LFke~ ¼izksVksdky ,oa vfHkle;½ vf/kfu;e] 1937 ,oa fons'kh iapkV ¼igpku ,oa izorZu½ vf/kfu;e] 1961 esa 'kkfey ekè;LFke~ ij dkuwuksa dks vf/kfu;e 1996 us fujflr dj fn;kA vf/kfu;e 1996 ns'kh ekè;LFke~] varjkZ"Vªh; okf.kfT;d ekè;LFke~ vkSj fons'kh ekè;LFke~ iapkVksa ds izorZuksa ls lacaf/kr fof/k dks lesfdr vkSj la'kksf/kr djus ds fy, rFkk lqyg ls lacfa /kr fof/k dks Hkh ifjHkkf"kr djus ds fy, gS] l- jk- va- O;k- fo- vk- ¼la;qDr jk"Vª varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj fof/k vk;ksx½ vkn'kZ fof/k dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq,A ;|fi vknZ'k fof/k ,oa fu;e vf/kfu;e 1996 ds Hkkx ugha curs gSa] fdUrq vf/kfu;e 1996 esa izko/kkuksa ij Vhdk djus ds fy, lkg;d gSaA ¼Hkkjr la?k cuke bZLV dksLV
vf/kfu;e 1996 ,Mhvkj dh fn'kk esa ,d cM+k dne gSA ekè;LFke~ vf/kfu;e] 1940 ds v/khu vfHkfuf.kZr oknksa dks vf/kfu;e 1996 ds varxZr fu.kZ; ds fy, vkus okys ekeyksa ds vo/kkj.kk esa lrdZrk ls ykxw djuk iM+rk gSA ¼QeZ v'kksd
VªMlZ cuke xq:eq[k nkl lywtk] ¼2004½ 3 ,llhlh 155½ vf/kfu;e 1996 ds izko/kkuksa dk fuoZpu Lora= ,oa ekè;LFke~ vf/kfu;e] 1940 ds v/khu LFkkfir fl)krksa ds lanHkZ ds fcuk gksuk pkfg,A ¼lqanje Qkbusl a fyfeVsM cuke ,u bZ
ih lh bafM;k fyfeVsM] ,vkbZvkj 1999 ,l,l 565½
ekè;LFke~ vf/kfu;e] 1940 nk;j djus ,oa iapkV nsus dh izfØ;k dks U;k;ky; dk fu;e gksus dk izko/kku djrk gS; tks fd ,d vfHkfu.kZ; gS] iapkV nsus ds ckn ,oa blds dk;kZUo;u ls igysA pwafd vf/kfu;e 1996 dk mn~ns'; fookn dks Rofjr ,oa oSdfYid lek/kku
miyC/k djkuk gS] izfØ;k dk vf/kfu;e 1996 esa mYys[k ugha fd;k x;k gSA ;gka rd fd fdlh fons'kh iapkV ds izorZu ds fy, i`Fkd dk;Zokfg;ksa dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gS] ,d iapkV dks U;k;y; dk fu;e ;k vfHkfuZ.k; cukus gsrq mlds izoZru ds fofu'p; ds fy,] vkSj nwljh mlds ckn dk;kZUo;u ds fy,A fons'kh iapkV dk izorZu djus okyk U;k;ky; ,d dk;Zokgh esa lEiw.kZ ekeys dk laKku ys ldrk gSA ¼QLVZ Ms ykWlu fyfeVsM cuke
ftany ,DliksV~lZ fyfeVsM] ,vkbZvkj 2001 ,llh 2293½ vf/kfu;e 1996 dk izkjaHk ;|fi vf/kfu;e 1996 dks ekè;LFke~ ,oa lqyg vè;kns'k dh fujarjrk ds :i esa 16 vxLr 1996 dks jk"Vªifr dh vuqefr feyh] fdUrq ;g 25 tuojh 1996 ls ykxw gqvk ekuk x;k tksfd og frfFk gS tc vè;kns'k dks ykxw fd;k x;k FkkA ¼QLVZ Ms ykWlu fyfeVsM cuke ftany
,DliksV~lZ fyfeVsM] ,vkbZvkj 2001 ,llh 2293½ blfy, ekè;LFke~ vf/kfu;e] 1940] ds izko/kku mu ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ksa ds fy, ykxw jgsaxs tks 25 tuojh 1996 ls igys izkjaHk gqbZA
¼'ksV~Vht daLVªD'ku dks- ¼ih-½ fyfeVsM cuke dksad.k jsyos daLVªD'ku] ¼1998½ 5 ,llhlh 599½ vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 85 ¼2½¼d½ esa izko/kku gS fd ekè;LFke~ vf/kfu;e] 1940 ds fujLr gksrs gq, Hkh blds mica/k] ,slh ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ksa ds laca/k esa] tks vf/kfu;e 1996 ds 25 tuojh 1996 dks izkjaHk ls iwoZ vkjaHk gqbZ Fkha] rc rd ykxw gksx a s tc rd fd i{kdkjksa }kjk vU;Fkk djkj u fd;k x;k gksA /kkjk 21 ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;kas ds izkjaHk gsrq vU; frfFk fuf'pr djus ds fy, i{kdkjksa dks ,d fodYi dk izko/kku djrh gSA vr% ;fn ekè;LFke~ esa i{kdkj lger gks tkrs gSa fd ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ka 25 tuojh 1996 ds ckn izkjaHk gksuh pkfg,] rks vf/kfu;e 1996 ds mica/k yxw gksx a As ,sls ekeyksa esa tgka ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ka vf/kfu;e 1996 ds ykxw gksus ls igys izkjaHk gks
pqdh Fkha] rFkk eè;LFkksa ds le{k yfEcr gSa] ogka i{kdkj bl ij lger gksus ds fy, Lora= gSa fd vf/kfu;e 1996 ,slh ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ksa ij ykxw gksxkA ¼FkkbZlsu bLVkgy;wfu;u
th,ech,p cuke Hkkjrh; bLikr izkf/kdj.k] ¼1999½ ,llhlh 334½ ns'kh ekè;LFke~ vfHkO;fDr ^^ns'kh ekè;LFke~** dks vf/kfu;e 1996 esa ifjHkkf"kr ugha fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjr esa vk;ksftr ekè;LFke~] ftldk fu.kZ; bl vf/kfu;e ds Hkkx 1 ds varxZr ns'kh iapkV gS] ns'kh ekè;LFke~ gSA ¼/kkjk 2¼2½ & /kkjk 2 ¼7½½ vr% ns'kh ekè;LFke~ og gS tks Hkkjr esa ?kfVr gksrk gS] tgkaa i{kdkj Hkkjrh; gksrs gaS rFkk fookn dk fu.kZ; Hkkjr ds ewy dkuwu ds vuq:i gksrk gS ¼/kkjk 28¼1½¼d½½
vf/kfu;e 1996 dk Hkkx 1 Hkkx ,d Hkkjr esa ekè;LFke~ dh fof/k ,oa izfØ;k ls lacfa /kr gS] ekè;LFke~ djkj ls] ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k dh fu;qfDr] ekè;LFke~ dk lapkyu] ekè;LFke~ iapkV nsuk] iapkVksa dks ekU;rk ,oa izorZu rd ekè;LFke~ ds izR;sd pj.k ds ekè;e ls dkyØe ds vuqlkj lapkfyr gksrs gq,A tc ,d ckj i{kdkj fdlh fookn dks ekè;LFke~ dks fufnZ"V djus ds fy, lger gks tkrs gSa] rks muesa ls dksbZ Hkh ekè;LFke~ izfØ;k ls ,drjQk okilh ugha dj ldrkA ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k ,d iapkV nsxk tks vafre ,oa nkok djus okys i{kdkjksa ,oa O;fDr;ksa ij ckè;dkjh gksxkA ¼/kkjk 35½ vkSj ,slk iapkV] l{ke vf/kdkfjrk okys U;k;ky; }kjk vikLr fd;s fcuk ¼/kkjk 34½] lafgrk ds v/khu mlh jhfr ls izofrZr fd;k tk;sxk ekuks og U;k;ky; dk vfHkfu.kZ; gksA ¼/kkjk 36½
lhfer U;kf;d eè;{ksi vf/kfu;e 1996 ds varxZr U;k;ky; eè;{ksi }kjk ekè;LFke~ ds izfr lanHkZ gsrq dksbZ mica/k ugha gSA vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 5 ekè;LFke~ ds ekeyks esa U;k;ikfydk dh Hkwfedk dks lhfer
djrh gS] tks U;k;ky; ds U;wure eè;{ksi ds lkFk fooknksa ds Rofjr ,oa de [kphZys lek/kku dks izksRlkgu nsuk ds fy, bl vf/kfu;e ds mís'; ds vkuq:i gSA ¼ih vkuan xtiFkhjkt
cuke ihchth jktw] ,vkbZvkj 200 ,llh 1886½ ekè;LFke~ djkj
^ekè;LFke~ djkj* dh fo|ekurk vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 11 ds varxZr eè;LFkksa dh fu;qfDr djus dh 'kfDr dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, ,d iwoZ 'krZ gSA ^ekè;LFke~ djkj* dh fo|ekurk ,oa oS/krk dk eqn~nk ewy lafonk ls iw.kZr% fHkUu gS ftlesa ;g fufgr gSA ^ekè;LFke~ djkj* eq[; lafonk ds fu"izHkko dks cuk;s j[krk gS] D;ksfa d ;g lafonk ds vU; [kaMksa ls fo;ksT; gSA ekè;LFke~ [kaM Lo;a esa ,d djkj dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA ¼QeZ v'kksd VªMlZ cuke xq:eq[k
nkl lyqtk] ¼2004½ 3 ,llhlh 155½
,sls ekeyksa esa tgka ,d ekè;LFke~ [kaM ekStwn gS] vf/kfu;e 1996 ds v/khu U;k;ky; dk ;g nkf;Ro gS fd og muds ekè;LFke~ djkj ds lanHkZ esa i{kdkjksa dks ekè;LFke~ ds fy, fufnZ"V djs ¼/kkjk 8½A gkykafd] vf/kfu;e ,sls ekeys esa fookn dk fu.kZ; djus dh flfoy U;k;ky; dh vf/kdkfjrk lekIr dj nsrk gS tgka ekè;LFke~ djkj ds i{kdkj vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 8 }kjk vuqèk;kr mfpr dne ugha mBkrs gSaA blh rjg] dksbZ U;k;ky; vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 8 ds varxZr i{kdkjksa dks ekè;LFke~ ds fy, dsoy ,sls fo"k; ds lanHkZ esa fufnZ"V dj ldrk gS ^^tks ekè;LFke~ djkj dh fo"k;&oLrq** gSA tgka dksbZ okn ^^,sls fo"k;** ds esa izkjaHk gksrk gS tks ekè;LFke~ djkj ds varxZr ugha vkrk rFkk dqN ,sls i{kdkjksa ds eè; gS tks ekè;LFke~ djkj esa i{kdkj ugha gS] rks /kkjk 8 ds ykxw gksus dk dksbZ iz'u ugha mBrk gSA 'kCn ^^,d fo"k;** n'kkZrk gS fd okn dh laiw.kZ fo"k; oLrq ekè;LFke~ djkj ls lacaf/kr gksuh pkfg, ¼lqdU;k gksfYMaXl izkbosM fyfeVsM
cuke t;s'k ,p ikM~;k] ¼2003½ 5 ,llhlh 531 ½ vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 8 dsoy ekè;LFke~ ;ksX; fooknksa ij ykxw gksrh gS ftudk fu.kZ; esa ,d eè;LFk l{ke rFkk l'kDr gksA
n`"Vkar% dfri; i{kdkj ,d daiuh can djus dk iz'u ekè;LFke~ dks fufnZ"V fd;s tku ds fy, lger gq,A gkykafd fdlh daiuh dks can djus dk vkns'k nsus dh 'kfDr daiuh vf/kfu;e ds varxZr daiuh U;k;ky; dks izkIr gSA pwfa d eè;LFk dks ,d daiuh can djus ds fy, dksbZ vf/kdkfjrk izkIr ugha gS bl fy, U;k;ky; /kkjk 8 ds varxZr bl ekeys dks ekè;LFke~ ds fy, fufnZ"V ugha dj ldrk gSA ¼gfj;k.kk
VsyhdkWe fyfeVsM cuke LVªykbV baMLVªht ¼bafM;k½ fyfeVsM] ,vkbZvkj 1999 ,llh 2354½ n`"Vkar% dfri; i{kdkj ekè;LFke dks ,d iz'u
fufnZ"V fd;s tku ds fy, lger gq, fd D;k olh;r nh tkuh pkfg, ;k ughaA pwafd Hkkjrh; mRrjkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e ds varxZr olh;r okn esa fu.kZ; ^bu jse* ekuk tkrk gS] blfy, ,slk iz'u ekè;LFke~ dks fufnZ"V ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA ¼fpjathyky Jhyky xks,adk cuke tlthr
flag] ¼1993½ 2 ,llhlh 507½
bl okn esa vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 8 ds varxZr vkosnu fd;k tk ldrk gS vFkok mlh U;k;ky; ds le{k Lora= :i ls vkosnu fn;k tk ldrk gSA lkekU;r% lacfa /kr okn esa fyf[kr dFku fn;s tkus ls igys vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 8 ds varxZr ,d vkosnu djuk iM+rk gSA fdUrq tc izfroknh] fyf[kr dFku tek djus ds okn Hkh] ekè;LFke~ ds fy, fufnZ"V djus gsrq vkosnu djrk gS vkSj oknh dks bl ij dksbZ vkiÙkh ugha gksrh gS] rks U;k;ky; okn dks ekè;LFke~ ds fy, fufnZ"V dj ldrk gSA ekè;LFke~ le>kSrs dks dkjZokbZ U;k;ky; esa ykus ls iwoZ vfLrRo esa ykus dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gS] fdUrq dkjZokbZ yafcr gksus dh fLFkfr esa bldks vfLrRo esa yk;k tk ldrk gSA fo"k; dks ,d ckj ekè;LFke~ ds fy, fufnZ"V fd;s tkus ij flfoy okn esa dk;Zokfg;ka lekIr dj nh tkrh gaSA og U;k;ky; ftlesa i{kdkj iapkV dks pqukSrh ns ldsaxs og vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 2¼M½ esa ifjHkkf"kr U;k;ky; gksxkA u dh og U;k;ky; ftlesa /kkjk 8 ds varxZr vkosnu fd;k tkrk gSA ¼ih
vkuan xtiFkh jktw cuke ihohth jktw] ,vkbZvkj 2000 ,llh 1886½ tgka] U;k;ky; ds le{k dk;Zokfg;ksa ds yafcr gksus ds nkSjku] i{kdkj ekè;LFke~ ds fy, le>kSrk djrs gaS] rks mUgsa vf/kfu;e 1996 ds mica/kksa ds vuq:i dk;Z djuk gksxkA
n`"Var% mPp U;k;ky; dks viuh ;kfpdk vf/kdkfjrk dk mi;ksx djrs gq, fo"k; dks ,d eè;LFk ds fy, fufnZ"V djus vkSj mlds le{k izLrqr fd;s x,s iapkV ij vfHkfu.kZ; nsus dk dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha gSA ¼rfeyukMq fo|qr cksMZ
cuke 'kqekFkh] ,vkbZvkj 2000 ,llh 1603½ U;k;ky; }kjk varfje mik; vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 9 ds varxZr U;k;ky; dks varfje vkns'k tkjh djus dk vf/kdkj izkIr gS] ;gka rd fd ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ka izkjaHk gksus ls igys HkhA ,sls varfje vkns'k ekè;LFke~ [k.M ykxw djus okys uksfVl ds iwoZxkeh gks ldrs gSaA
¼lqUnze Qkbusl a fyfeVsM cuke ,ubZihlh bafM;k fyfeVsM] ,vkbZvkj 1999 ,llh 565½ /kkjk 9 ds
varxZr U;k;ky; dsoy varfje mik;ksa dk l`tu dj ldrk gS] rkfd ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k ds le{k U;k;fu.kZ;u ds varxZr vf/kdkj dks detksj iM+us ls cpk;k tk ldsA ¼QeZ v'kksd
VsMlZ cuke xq:eq[k nkl lywtk] ¼2004½ 3 ,llhlh 155½ ;fn varfje jkgr ds fy, vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 9 ds varxZr U;k;ky; esa vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 21 ds varxZr vkosnu fd;k tkrk gS] rks U;k;ky; dks igys larq"V djuk gksxk fd ,d fof/kekU; ekè;LFke~ le>kSrk gqvk gS rFkk vkosnudrkZ fookn dks ekè;LFke~ ds fy, ys tkuk pkgrs gSaA bl rjg ,d ckj larq"V gksus ij U;k;ky; dks /kkjk 9 ds varxZr okn okjaV ds rF;ksa ,oa ifjfLFkfr;kas ds vuq:i ,slk varfje laj{k.k iznku djrs gq, vkns'k nsus dh vf/kdkfjrk izkIr gksxhA ,slk vkns'k nsrs gq, rFkk ;g lqfuf'pr djrs gq, fd ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ka izkjaHk djus ds fy, izHkkoh dne mBk, tkrs gSa] U;k;ky; /kkjk 9 ds varxZr
viuh vf/kdkfjrk dk mi;ksx djrs gq, vkosnd dks ,slh 'krksZ ds v/hu djrs gq, n'kkxr vkns'k ns ldrk gSA tks ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, ;g mfpr ekuh tkrh gS fd vkosnd }kjk ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ka vkjaHk djus esa izHkkoh dne mBk, tkrs gSa ¼lqUnze iQkbusl a fyfeVsM
cuke ,ubZihlh bafM;k 1999 ,llh 565½
fyfeVsM] ,vkbZvkj
dksbZ fo"k; ekè;LFke~ esa igqapus ij] mPp U;k;ky; eè;LFk vFkok ekè;LFke~ }kjk ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ksa ds nkSjku tkjh fd;s x, vkns'kksa esa eè;Lr{ksi ugha djsx a kA i{kdkjksa dks dsoy vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 37 rFkk 34 ds varxZr U;k;ky; tkus dh vuqefr gksxh ¼,,lchih ,aM
dEiuh cuke iVsy baftfu;fjax fyfeVsM] 2005 ¼3½ ,vkjch ,yvkj 285 ¼,llh½½
ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k dh lajpuk ,d ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k] tSlk fd vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 2 ?k esa of.kZr gS] ls ,d ek=k eè;LFk ;k eè;LFkksa dk dksbZ iSuy vfHkizsr gS] tks vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 10 ,oa 11 ds mica/kksa ds vuq:i fu;qDr gksrs gSaA eè;LFkksa dh la[;k le la[;k ugha gksuh pkfg,_ ;g lqfuf'fpr djus ds fy, fd ,slk ^gax* fu.kZ; u gks]a ftlesa eè;LFkksa dh leku la[;k fdlh fookn fdlh Hkh <+x ls fuf.kZr djsA eè;LFk Lora=k vkSj i{kikr jfgr gksuk pkfg,A ,d laHkkfor eè;LFk dks mldh Lora=krk ;k fu"i{krk ds laca/ esa fdlh U;k;ksfpr lansg dks tUe nsus okyh fdUgha ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds mRiUu gksus dh laHkkouk ls i{kdkjaks dks fyf[kr esa izdV djuk pkfg,A ¼/kkjk 12 ¼1½] vf/kfu;e 1996½ vf/kfu;e 1996 eè;LFk ij vk{ksi djus] mlds vkns'k dh lekfIr] vkSj u;s eè;LFk ds lkFk mlds izfrLFkkiu dh izfØ;k dk izko/kku djrk gSA ¼/kkjk 13&15½ vf/kfu;e 1996 ds varxZr ekè;LFke~ lgefr dk fo"k; gS] vkSj i{kdkj lkekU;r% viuh bPNk ls mfpr djkj djus ds fy, Lora=k gSaA i{kdkjksa dks u dsoy vius eè;LFk dk p;u
djus cfYd ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k esa 'kkfey eè;LFkksa dh la[;k fu/kkZfjr djus dh Hkh vf/kdre Lora=krk nh tkrh gSA fdlh iapkV dks pqukSrh nsus dk dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha gS] ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k dh lajpuk ;k ekè;LFke~ izfØ;k i{kdkjksa ds djkj ds vuq:i gS] ;gka rd fd ,slh lajpuk ;k izfØ;k vf/kfu;e 1996 ds Hkkx 1 ds foijhr gksus ij HkhA lkFk gh] iapkV dks pqukSrh ugha nh tk ldrh gS] ;fn lajpuk ;k izfØ;k i{kdkjksa ds eè; djkj ds foijhr gS fdUrq vf/kfu;e 1996 ds izko/kkuksa ds vuq:i gSA ;fn ,sls ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k dh lajpuk ;k ekè;LFke~ izfØ;k ds ckjs esa i{kdkjksa ds eè; dksbZ djkj ugha gS] rks iapkV dks bl vk/kkj ij pqukSrh nh tk ldrh gS fd lajpuk ;k izfØ;k vf/kfu;e 1996 ds izko/kkuksa ds foijhr gSA ¼ukjk;.k izlkn yksfg;k
cuke fudqat dqekj yksfg;k] ¼2002½ 3 ,llhlh 572½ tgka i{kdkjksa ds eè; djkj nks eè;LFkksa dh fu;qfDr dk izko/kku djrk gS] og [kqn 'kwU; gksus ds dkj.k djkj ugha ns ldrk gSA bl <+x ls fu;qDr nksuksa eè;LFk ihBklhu vè;{k ds :i esa dk;Z djus ds fy, rhljs eè;LFk dh fu;qfDr djsx a As ¼/kkjk 13 ¼3½] vf/kfu;e 1996½ tgka i{kdkjksa us fcuk vkifÙk ds ,d ,sls ekè;LFke~ esa Hkkx fy;k gS] ftlesa ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k esa i{kdkjksa dh nks ;k le la[;k gS] gkykafd] ,sls vf/kdj.k }kjk bl vk/kkj ij fn;s x;s lk>k iapkV dks pqukSrh nsus dh ,d i{k dks NwV ugha gS fd i{kdkjksa dh la[;k le ugha gksuh pkfg, FkhA vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 4 ds varxZr i{kdkjksa ds ,sls vf/kdkj dk vf/kR;tu ekuk tkrk gSA ¼ukjk;.k izlkn yksfg;k cuke
ds djkj ds vuq:i] ;k Lor% dhs fLFkfr esa vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 11 ds varxZr miyC/ O;oLFkk ds vuq:i gksxhA vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 11 ds varxZr ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k fu;qDr djus dh eq[; U;k;ewfrZ dh 'kfDr ,d U;kf;d 'kfDr gSA pwafd U;k;fu.kZ;u ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k lajpuk esa fufgr gS] blfy, ;g U;kf;d vkns'k gSA eq[; U;k;ewfrZ ;k mlds }kjk inkfHkfgr O;fDr fuEu fu.kZ; djus ds fy, vkc¼ gS% & D;k mls vf/kdkfjrk izkIr gS_ & D;k dksbZ ekè;LFke~ djkj gqvk gS_ & D;k vkosnd ekè;LFke~ djkj esa i{kdkj gS_ & D;k 'kfDr mi;ksx djus ds fy, 'krsZ iwjh dh xbZ gS_ vkSj & D;k ,d eè;LFk fu;qDr fd;k tkuk gS] fu;qDr gksus okys O;fDr dh mi;qDrrkA
¼,lchih ,aM dEiuh cuke iVsy baftfu;fjax fyfeVsM] 2005 ¼3½ ,vkjch ,yvkj 285 ¼,llh½A U;kf;d izÑfr dh gksus ds dkj.k ;g izfØ;k xSj&U;kf;d laLFkkvksa ;k xSj&U;kf;d izkf/kdj.k dks ,slk dk;Z djus ls csn[ky djds eq[; U;k;ewfrZ dh inkfHkfgr djus dh 'kfDr dks izfrcaf/kr djrh gSA blfy, Hkkjr dk eq[; U;k;k/h'k ,slh 'kfDr dsoy loksZPp U;k;ky; ds vU; U;k;k/h'k dks lkSai ldrk gS] tcfd mPp U;k;ky; dk eq[; U;k;k/h'k ,slh 'kfDr dsoy mPp U;k;ky; ds vU; U;k;k/h'k dks lkSai ldrk gSaA ,slh 'kfDr fdlh ftyk U;k;k/h'k dks lkSaiuk vuqfpr gSA ¼,lchih ,aM dEiuh cuke
iVsy baftfu;fjax fyfeVsM] 2005 ¼3½ ,vkjch ,yvkj 285 ¼,llh½
fudqat dqekj yksfg;k] ¼2002½ 3 ,llhlh 572½
vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 11 ds varxZr eè;LFk fu;qDr djus ls iwoZ xSj&vkosnd dks mls lqus tkus dk ,d volj nsus ds fy, uksfVl tkjh fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ¼,lchih ,aM dEiuh cuke
eè;LFkksa dh la[;k dk vo/kkj.k] vkSj eè;LFkksa dh fu;qfDr nks fHkUu ,oa Lora=k izdk;Z gSaA izFker% eè;LFkksa dh la[;k dk vo/kkj.k i{kdkjksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj Lor% dhs fLFkfr esa ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k ,dek=k eè;LFk ls feydj cusxkA gkykafd eè;LFk dh fu;qfDr i{kdkjksa
vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 11 ¼6½ ds varxZr fdlh vkosnu ij fopkj djrs gq, Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;k/h'k ;k mlds }kjk inkfHkfgr ds fu.kZ; ds fo#n dksbZ vihy ugha dh tk ldrh
iVsy baftfu;fjax fyfeVsM] 2005 ¼3½ ,vkjch ,yvkj 285 ¼,llh½A
gS] vkSj ,slk fu.kZ; vafre gSA gkykafd] i{kdkj dks mPp U;k;ky; ds eq[; U;k;k/h'k ;k mlds }kjk inkfHkfgr ds fu.kZ; dks lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 136 ds v/hu pqukSrh nsus dh Lora=krk gSA ¼,lchih ,aM dEiuh cuke iVsy
baftfu;fjax fyfeVsM] 2005 ¼3½ ,vkjch ,yvkj 285 ¼,llh½A tgka vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 11 ¼2½ ds varxZr eè;LFk dh fu;qfDr ds fy, fdlh varjkZ"Vªh; okf.kfT;d ekè;LFke~ esa vkosnu fd;k tkrk gS vkSj foi{k ;g vfHkokd~ nsrk gS fd ekeys dks ekè;LFke~ ds fy, fufnZ"V djus gsrq dksbZ vfuok;Z izko/kku ugha gS] rks Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;k/h'k dks ;g fu.kZ; djus dh 'kfDr izkIr gS fd D;k djkj ekè;LFke~ }kjk fookn lek/kku dk izko/kku djrk gSA ;fn djkj esa ^lduk* 'kCn dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj ;g i{kdkj dks viuh bPNk vuq:i okn nk;j djus ;k ekè;LFke~ ds fy, tkus dh Lora=krk nsrk gS] rks LkoksZPp U;k;ky; dks vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 11 ¼12½ ds varxZr ,d eè;LFk fu;qDr djus dh vf/kdkfjrk dk bLrseky ugha djkuk pkfg,A ¼osfYyaxVu ,lksflLV~l fyfeVsM cuke
fdfjr esgrk] ,vkbZvkj 2000 ,llh 1379½
tgka eè;LFk dh fu;qfDr dh tkuh gS] ogka LkoksZPp U;k;ky; i{kdkjksa dh lqfo/kk ij fopkj djus ds ckn fu;qfDr esa vius funsZ'k dk mi;ksx dj ldrk gSA ¼MksyfiQu baVjuS'kuy
fyfeVsM cuke jksukdZ baVjizkbZtst bad-] ¼1998½ 5 ,llhlh 724½ ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k dh vf/kdkfjrk ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k dks viuh vf/kdkfjrk ds ckjs esa Lo;a fofu.kZ; djus dh 'kfDr iznku dh x;h gS] ftlds varxZr ekè;LFke~ djkj dh fo|ekurk ;k fof/kekU;rk dh ckcr fdlh vkis{k ij fofu.kZ; Hkh gSA ml iz;kstu ds fy, dksbZ ekè;LFke~ [kaM] tks fdlh djkj dk Hkkx:i gS] djkj ds vU; fuca/uksa ls Lora=k fdlh djkj ds :i esa ekuk tk,xk] ;|fi ;g ml djkj dk Hkkx gSA blfy, ;g Li"V gS fd ;fn ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k ,slk dksbZ fofu'p; Hkh djrk gS fd djkj vÑr vkSj 'kwU; gS] rks Hkh ;g ekè;LFke~ [kaM dks fof/kr% vfof/kekU; ugha
djsxkA ¼vksfYkeil lqijLVªDplZ ¼ih-½ fyfeVsM
cuke ehuk fot; [ksrku] ,vkbZvkj 1999 ,llh 2102½
fdlh ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k dh vf/kdkfjrk ij vkis{kksa dks ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k ds le{k mBk;k tk;sxkA ;fn ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k vf/kdkfjrk dh deh ds vfHkokd~ dks Lohdkj dj ysrk gS] rks ;g vkxs ;ksX;rk ij ekè;LFke~ ds lkFk dk;Z ugha djsxk] vkSj vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 32 ¼2½ ¼x½ ds varxZr ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ka lekIr dj nh tk;sx a hA gkykafd] ,slk fu.kZ; vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 37 ¼2½ ¼d½ ds varxZr vihyuh; gSA ;fn ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k vf/kdkfjrk ds vfHkokd~ dks fujLr dj nsrk gS] rks ;g ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ksa dks tkjh j[ksxk vkSj ekè;LFke~ iapkV nsxk] ftls vlarq"V i{kdkj vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 34 ¼2½ ds varxZr pqukSrh nh tk ldrh gSA U;k;ky; dks fdlh ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k dh vf/kdkfjrk dh deh ds iz'u ij U;k;fu.kZ;u dk vf/kdkj ugha gSA gkykafd] vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 16 eq[; U;k;k/h'k dks /kkjk 11 ds varxZr fdlh dk;Zokgh esa ;g fofu'p; djus dh 'kfDr ls oafpr ugha djrh gS fd D;k ekè;LFke~ djkj fof/kekU; gS ;k ugha] ;g fofu'p; fd;s tkus ls igys fd D;k fookn dks ekè;LFke~ ds fy, eè;LFk dks fufnZ"V fd;k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ¼osfYyaxVu
,lksflLV~l fyfeVsM cuke fdfjr esgrk] ,vkbZvkj 2000 ,llh 1379½
dksbZ ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k] ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;kas ds nkSjku] fookn dh fo"k;&oLrq ds laj{k.k ds fy, avarfje mik; djus dk vkns'k ns ldrk gS] vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 17 ds varxZr ,sls mik; ds laca/ esa leqfpr lqj{kk miyC/ djkus dk vkns'k ns ldrk gSA avarfje mik; djus ds fy, ,slk vkns'k vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 37 ¼2½ ds varxZr vihyuh; gksxkA vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 17 ds varxZr ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k dks izkIr avarfje mik; djus dh 'kfDr lhfer gSA vf/kdj.k U;k;ky; ugha gksrk gS] vkSj mlds vkns'k U;kf;d vkns'k ugha gksrs gSaA vf/kdj.k dksbZ ,slk funsZ'k tkjh ugha dj ldrk gS tks lanHkZ ;k ekè;LFke~ djkj ds nk;js ls ckgj gksA varfje vkns'k dsoy
ekè;LFke~ ds fy, i{kdkj ds lac/a esa fn;k tk ldrk gSA bldk izorZu ,sls i{kdkjksa ds fo#¼ ugha fd;k tk lerk gS tks ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ksa esa i{kdkj ugha gSaA bl /kkjk ds varxZr ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k dks ,slh dksbZ 'kfDr ugha nh x;h gS vkSj u gh ;g mlds U;kf;d izorZu dk izko/kku gSA ¼,e Mh vkehZ osYiQs;j
gkmflax vkWxZsukbts'ku cuke lqeaxy lfoZlst ¼ih½ fyfeVsM] ,vkbZvkj 2004 ,llh 1344½ ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ksa dk lapkyu vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 18&27 esa ekè;LFke~ izfØ;k esa laca/ esa foHkUu fu;eksa dk izko/kku gSA /kkjk 19 izfØ;ka laca/h Lok;Rrk LFkkfir djrh gS] izfØ;k ds fu;e fu/kkfjr djus ds fy, i{kdkjksa dh Lora=krk dks ekU;rk nsrs gq,] i{kdkjksa ls leku crkZo ds fy, /kkjk 18 dh ewy vko';drkvksa ds vuq:iA /kkjk 20 i{kdkjksa ds ekè;LFke~] ekè;LFke~ ds LFkku ij lger gksus ds vf/kdkj ls lacaf/kr gSA dksbZ ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k lafgrk esa fu/kkZfjr izfØ;k ls ckè; ugha gSA izfØ;k ij lger gksuk i{kdkjksa ij fuHkZj gS] vkSj ;fn i{kdkj ewd jgrs gSa] rks eè;LFk dks izfØ;k lq>kuh iM+rh gS] bl rjg lq>kbZ gqbZ izfØ;k izkÑfrd U;k; ds vuq:i gksuh pkfg, izkÑfrd U;k; dk fl¼kar ekè;LFke~ dh izfØ;k fof/k esa fo|eku gS D;ksafd bldk vuqikyu dkjZokbZ esa fu"i{krk dh O;kogkfjd vko';drk gSA ekè;LFke~ iapkV iapkV nsus dh izfØ;k vfuok;Z :i ls vf/kfu;e 1996 ds vizfr"Br izko/kkuksa vkSj U;wure cukrk gS rFkk eq[; :i ls iapkV fn;s tkus ds laca/ esa ekè;LFke~ dh Hkwfedk ls lacaf/kr gSA ¼/kkjk 28&33½ /kkjk 28 fookn ds lkj ds fy, ykxw fu;eksa ds vo/kkj.k ls lacfa /kr gS] /kkjk 29 vf/kdj.k ds varxZr fu.kZ; ysus dh izfØ;k dk izko/kku djrh gSA /kkjk 30 Lo;a i{kdkjksa }kjk fookn ds fuiVkjs ls lacfa /kr gS] rFkk mYys[k djrh gS fd i{kdkjksa dh lgefr ls ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k le>kSrk djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djus gsrq] ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ksa ds nkSjku] fdlh le; eè;LFkrk]
lqyg ;k vU; izfØ;kvksa dk iz;ksx dj ldrk gSA vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 31 ekè;LFke~ iapkV ds izk:i vkSj mldh fo"k; oLrq dk mYys[k djrh gSA 1940 ds vf/kfu;e ds foifjr vf/kfu;e 1996 fdlh ekè;LFke~ iapkV ds fy, mu dkj.kksa dk vfHkdfFkr djuk vfuok;Z cukrk gS ftu ij og vk/kkfjr gSA i{kdkjksa us ;g djkj u fd;k gks fd dksbZ dkj.k ugha fn, tkus gSa] ;k izpkV] /kkjk 30 ds v/hu djkj ik, x, fuca/uksa ij ekè;LFke~ iapkV gSA /kkjk 32 ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ksa ds vo/kkj.k ls lacfa /kr gS tcfd /kkjk 33 iapkV ds lq/kkj vkSj fuoZpu] rFkk lkFk gh vfrfjDr iapkV nsus ls lacfa /kr gSA
ekè;LFke~ iapkV ds fo#¼ mik; vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 34 ekè;LFke~ iapkV ds fo#¼ mik; dk izko/kku djrh gSA ,d ekè;LFke~ iapkV vikLr djus ds fy, lhfer vk/kkj fuEu gS% &fdlh i{kdkj dh vleFkZrk_ &djkj dh vfof/kekU;rk_ &i{kdkj dks mfpr lwpuk dk vHkko_ &iapkV dk lanHkZ ds nk;js ls cgkj gksuk_ &ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k dh lajpuk ;k ekè;LFke~ izfØ;k esa voS/kkfudrk_ &fookn dk ekè;LFke~ ;ksX; u gksuk_ vkSj &iaPkkV dk lkoZtfud uhfr ls fojks/kkHkklh gksukA vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 34 la- jk- va- O;k- fovk- vkn'kZ fof/k vuqPNsn 34 ij vk/kkfjr gSA iapkV dks vf/kfu;e 1996 ds varxZr vikLr djus dk nk;jk vf/kfu;e 1940 dh /kkjk 30 ;k /kkjk 33 ds varxZr fn;s x, bl izko/kku ls cgqr de gSA ¼vksfYkeil lqijLVªDplZ ¼ih-½
fyfeVsM cuke ehuk fot; [ksrku] ,vkbZvkj 1999 ,llh 2102½
eè;LFk i{kdkjksa ds eè; fookn dk vafre U;k;drkZ gS] vkSj ;g bl vk/kkj ij vk{ksfir ugha fd;k tk ldrk dh eè;LFk us vius Lo;a ds fu"d"kZ fudkys gaS ;k og rF;ksa dks le>us esa ysus esa foiQy jgk gSA ¼lqn'kZu VªsfMax
dEiuh cuke dsjy ljdkj] ,vkbZvkj 1989 ,llh 890½ eè;LFk lk{;ksa dh xq.koRrk vkSj ek=kk dk ,dek=k tkapdrkZ gS] vkSj U;k;ky; eè;LFk ds le{k izLrqr lk{; dh iqu% tkap ugha djsxk] ;|fi ;g laHko gS fd ,d leku lk{; ij U;k;ky; dk fu"d"kZ eè;LFk }kjk fn;s x;s fu"d"kZ ls fHkUu gks ldrk gS ¼,e lh Mh cuke
txu ukFk v'kksd dqekj] ¼1987½ 4 ,llhlh 497½ blh rjg ;fn dksbZ dkuwu dk iz'u eè;LFk dks fufnZ"V fd;k tkrk gS vkSj og fdlh fu"d"kZ ij igqark gS rks bl iapkV dks bl vk/kkj ij pqukSrh ugh nh tk ldrh dkuwu dk oSdfYid n`f"Vdks.k laHko gSA ¼vyksih izlkn ,aM lal
fyfeVsM cuke Hkkjr la?k] ¼1960½2 ,llhvkj 719½
ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ksa ds laca/ esa ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k dh iapkV nsus dh 'kfDr dk;kZRed vkns'k ,oa funs'k nsus dh 'kfDr ls fHkUu gSA ,sls vkns'k vkSj funs'k iapkV ugha vkSj blfy, vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 34 ds varxZr bls pqukSrh ugha nh tk ldrh gS] ;|fi oss fdlh iapkV dks vikLr ;k ifjgkj ds fy, vk/kkj miyC/ djk ldrs gSaA mnkgj.kLo:i fdlh ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k dh vf/kdkfjrk] ;k ykxw gksus ;ksX; ewy dkuwu ds fodYi ls lacaf/kr iz'uksa dk vo/kkj.k ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gS] vkSj iapkV fn;k tk ldrk gSA nwljh vksj] lk{; ds LofÑfr] ;k [kkst ls lacaf/kr iz'u izfØ;kRed izÑfr ds gSa] vkSj vo/kkj.kh; ;ksX; gSa vkns'k ;k funs'k nsrs gq, u fd iapkV }kjkA lgefr ,oa foca/u ds fl¼kar dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, fdlh i{kdkj ds fy, fdlh ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokgh esa Hkkx ysus ds ckn ekè;LFke~ [k.M vk{ksi dh vuqefr ugha gSaA
n`"Vkar% tgka dksbZ i{kdkj ekè;LFke~ [k.M ds vuq:i ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k }kjk ekè;LFke~ ds fy, lger gks tkrk gS] vkSj ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ksa esa Hkkx ysrk gS] rks ;g ckn esa ;g
vfHkokd~ ugha yk ldrk fd dksbZ ,slk ekè;LFke~ [k.M ugha FkkA ¼HkkX;k tky fuxe fyfeVsM
cuke th gjh'k pUnz jsM~Mh] ¼2007½2 ,llhlh 720½ gkyafd dk fl¼kar ogka ykxw ugha gksrk tgka dksbZ eè;LFk vuqfpr :i ls ekè;LFke~ viuh 'kfDr esa o`f¼ dj ysrk gS vkSj ,sls fo"k; ij vf/kdkfjrk izkIr dj ysrk gS tks mlds le{k fo|eku ugha gSA n`"Vkar% lgefr n'kkZrs gq, dqN i{kdkj fdjk;k dsoy 'kqYdksa dk Hkqxrku ds fy, nkoksa gsrq ekè;LFke~ ds fy, fufnZ"V fd;s x,A eè;LFk us lekfo"V lanHkZ ij blds nk;js esa o`f¼ dj nhA pwafd eè;LFk us ,sls vfHko`f¼ okys nk;js ij vk{ksi ds okotwn U;k;fu.kZ;u tkjh j[kk] rks i{kdkjksa ds ikl dk;Zokfg;ksa esa Hkkx ysus ds vfrfjDr dksbZ fodYi ugha jgkA ,slh Hkkxs nkjh ij lgefr ugha ekuh tk,xhA fUk;fqDr gksus ij eè;LFk dk nkf;Ro dsoy i{kdkjksa }kjk mlds le{k yk, x, fo"k; ij U;k;fu.kZ;u djuk gSA ;g iapkV vikLr fd;s tkus ds ;ksX; gS D;ksafd eè;LFk us Lo;a dks xyr funsf'kr fd;k gS rFkk vuqfpr dkuwuh O;ogkj fd;k gSA ¼Hkkjr la?k
cuke th ,l vVoky] ,vkbZvkj 1996 ,llh 2965 ½ iapkVksa dh vafrerk vkSj mudk izorZu
vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 35 izko/kku djrk gS] fd vf/kfu;e ds Hkkx ,d ds mica/kksa ds v/hu ekè;LFke~ iapkV vafre gksxk vkSj i{kdkjksa rFkk ;FkkfLFkfr] muds v/hu nkok djus okys O;fDr;ksa ij ckè;dkjh gksxkA fdlh izpkV ds laca/ esa ^vafre* 'kCn] tSlk fd bl /kkjk esa mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS] dks ^vafre iapkV* vfHkO;fDr ds lkFk Hkzfer ugha fd;k tkuk gSA ^vafre* 'kCn dk vFkZ gS] fd iapkV ij fdlh liQy vk{ksi ds fcuk ;g mu ekeyks ds fy, fu.kkZ;d gS ftuls ;g lacf/kr gS] i{kdkjksa ds vkSj nkok djus okys O;fDr;ksa ds eè; lanHkZ ds vuq:iA bl fy, iapkV dk izorZu fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;|fi lanHkZ esa vU; egRoiw.kZ eqíksa dk mYys[k gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 36 izo/kku djrh gS fd dksbZ ekè;LFke~ iapkV mlh rjg ifjorZu ;ksX; gS ekuks ;g U;k;ky; dk vfHkfu.kZ; gks] ;fn bl ds fo#¼ vk{ksi djus ds fy, fu/kkZfjr le; lhek ds vanj dksbZ vk{ksi u fd;k x;k gks] ;k tc vk{ksi fd;k x;k gks rks mls fujLr dj fn;k gksA ;g rF; gS fd ekè;LFke~ iapkV ,sls izofrZr fd;k tk,xk ekuksa og U;k;ky; dk vfHkfu.kZ; gks gkykafd og ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokgh dks ,d okn ugha cukrk gS vf/kfu;e /kkjk 34 ds varxZr iapkV ij vk{ksi djus dh le; lhek lekIr gksus ij ekè;LFke~ iapkV U;k;ky; dh fdlh vU; dkjZokbZ ds fcuk rqjUr ykxw gks tkrk gSA ;fn /kkjk 34 esa iz;ksx dh xbZ Hkk"kk ds fuoZpu ij dksbZ lansg 'ks"k jgrk gS] rks vf/kfu;e 1996 dh ;kstuk ekeys dk fuLrkj.k ifjlhek vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 5 ds izfØ;k dks cgkj djds U;k;ky; dh 'kfDr;ksa dks de djus ds i{k esa djsxhA
¼Hkkjr la?k cuke ikWiqyj daLVªD'kal] ¼2001½ 8 ,llhlh 470½ tc ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ka 1996 ds vf/kfu;e ds izkjaHk gksus ls iwoZ vkjaHk gqbZ] fdUrq iapkV 1996
ds ykxw gksus ds ckn fn;k x;k rks iapkV ekè;LFke~ vf/kfu;e 1940 ds varxZr ykxw gksxkA ¼FkkbZlsu LVkgy;wfu;u cuke Hkkjrh;
bLikr izkf/kdj.k] ¼1999½ ,llhlh 334 ½
varjkZ"Vªh; okf.fT;d ekè;LFke~ ,oa fons'kh iapkV vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 2 ¼p½ esa ^varjkZ"Vªh; okf.fT;d ekè;LFke~* dks ,d ,sls fooknksa ls lacfa /kr dksbZ ekè;LFke~ vfHkizsr gS tks ,sls fo/sd laca/kksa ls] Hkkjr esa izo`Ùk fof/k ds v/hu okf.kfT;d le>s x, gks]a mn~Hkwr i{kdkjksa esa ls de ls de ,d% & dksbZ fons'kh ukxfjd] ;k ,slk dksbZ O;fDr tks Hkkjr ls fHkUu fdlh ns'k dk vH;klr% fuoklh gS_ & Hkkjr ls fHkUu fdlh ns'k esa fuxfer fudk; _ & ,slh dksbZ daiuh ;k laxBu ;k O;fDr fudk; gS ftldk dsUnzh; izca/ vkSj fu;a=k.k Hkkjr ls fHkUu fdlh ns'k ls fd;k tkrk gS_ ;k & dksbZ fons'k dh ljdkj gSA
lafonk ds vk/kkj ij ykxw gksus okyk dkuwu Hkkjrh; dkuwu ;k fons'kh dkuwu gks ldrk gSA ¼/kkjk 2 ¼1½ ¼p½ ,oa /kkjk 28 ¼1½ ¼[k½] vf/kfu;e 1996 ½ vf/kfu;e 1996 dk Hkkx 1 ,sls varjkZ"Vªh; okf.kfT;d ekè;LFkeksa ij Hkh ykxw gksxk tks Hkkjr ds cgkj gksrs gS] c'krZs dh i{kdkjksa us djkj] vfHkO;Dr ;k fufgr] }kjk blls ;k blds fdlh mica/ dks cgkj u j[kk gksa vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 2 ¼1½ ¼p½varjkZ"Vªh; okf.kfT;d ekè;LFke~ dh ifjHkk"kk Hkkjr esa vkSj Hkkjr ls cgkj gksus okys varjkZ"Vªh; okf.kfT;d ekè;LFke~ ds eè; dksbZ fHkUurk dk izko/kku ugha djrh gSA vf/kfu;e 1996 dk Hkkx 2 dsoy ,sls eè;LFkeksa ij ykxw gksrk gS tks fdlh vfHkle; ns'k esa gksrs gSA gkykafd dksbZ varjkZ"Vªh; okf.kfT;d ekè;LFke~ fdlh xSj vfHkle; ns'k esa gks ldrk gSA vf/kfu;e 1996 ;g izko/kku ugha djrk gS fd Hkkx 1 ds mica/ ,sls varjkZ"Vªh; okf.kfT;d ekè;LFkeksa ij ykxw ugha gksrs gSa tks xSj&vfHkle; ns'k esa gksrs gSaA vf/kfu;e mís'; varjkZ"Vªh; okf.kfT;d ekè;LFkeksa esa mRiUu gksus okys fooknksa dk fu"i{k vkSj mfpr fuiVkjs ds fy, ,d leku oS/kkfud dk;Z izk:i dh LFkkiuk djuk gS ¼HkkfV;k baVjuS'kuy cuke
cYd Vªfs MaXl] ,vkbZvkj 2002 ,llh 1432 ½ n`"Vkar% ;|fi ekè;LFke~ djkj ds ifjizs{; esa]
nks fons'kh i{kdkjksa ds eè; ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ka Hkkjr ls cgkj vkbZlhlh fu;eksa ds varxZr vk;ksftr dh tk jgh Fkh] ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ksa esa ,d i{kdkj vHkh Hkh vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 9 ds varxZr ljdkjh daiuh] vkW;y ,aM uspqjy xSl dfe'ku] ds fo#¼ varfje O;kns'k tkjh djus dh ekax dj ldrk gS] rkfd mls i{kdkjksa ds eè; yfEcr ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ka iw.kZ gkus rd foi{k dks dksbZ Hkqxrku djus ls jksdk tk ldsA ,slk O;kns'k] pwafd ;g Hkkjr ds Hkw{ks=k ds varxZr laifÙk;ksa ds ckjs esa gS] la/kk;Z gSA ;fn] gkykafd ;g O;kns'k ns'k ds cgkj fLFkr laifÙk;ksa ds fy, ekaxk tkrk gS] tks ,slk vkosnu /kkjk 9 ds varxZr Hkkjrh; U;k;ky; esa la/kk;Z gksxkA
¼vksysDl iQksdl ihVhokbZ ,yVhMh cuke LdksMk,DliksVZ dks- fyfeVsM] ,vkbZvkj 2000 MhbZ,y 161½ vf/kfu;e 1996 dk Hkkx 2 dfri; fons'kh iapkVksa ds izorZu ls lacaf/kr gS] vkSj blesa nks vè;k; gSaA vè;k; 1 U;w;kdZ vfHkle; iapkVksa ls lacfa /kr gS] ftls vf/kfu;e 1996 dh igyh vuqlwph ls vuqiwfjr fd;k x;k gSA vè;k; 2 thusok vfHkle; iapkVksa ls lacaf/kr gS ftls vf/kfu;e dh nwljh vkSj rhljh vuqlwph ds lkFk iM+k tkrk gSA vfHkO;fDr ^fons'kh iapkV* ls ,slk ekè;kLFke~ iapkV vfHkizr gS tks O;fDr;ksa ds chp mu fof/kd laca/kksa ls] ftUgsa Hkkjr esa izo`Ùk fof/k ds v/hu okf.kfT;d le>k x;k gSA mRiUu gksus okys erHksnksa ds ckjs esa gSA dksbZ iapkV ^fons'kh* dsoy bl fy, ugha gksrk fd blls fdlh fons'kh jkT; ds Hkwfe {ks=k esa fn;k x;k gS] cfYd blfy, Hkh gksrk gS fd ;g ,sls Hkwfe {ks=k esa vkSj ,sls ekè;LFke~ djkj ds ckjs esa fn;k x;k gS tks Hkkjrh; dkuwu ds varxZr ugha vkrk gSA ¼,u- Vh- ih- lh- cuke flaxj daiuh] ,vkbZvkj 1993 ,llh 998½ vf/kfu;e 1996 ds ykxw gksus ds ckn fn;s x;s fons'kh iapkV dks vf/kfu;e 1996 ds Hkkx 2 ds varxZr izofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gS] fons'kh iapkV ¼ekU;rk ,oa izorZu½ vf/kfu;e] 1961 ds varxZr bls izofrZr djus dk dksbZ vf/kdkj ugh fn;k x;k gSA ;g izklafxd gS fd ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ka vf/kfu;e 1996 ds izkjaHk ls iwoZ fons'kh vf/kdkfjrk ds varxZr vkjaHk gks pqdh FkhA ¼FkkbZlsu LVkgy;wfu;u cuke Hkkjrh;
bLikr izkf/kdj.k] ¼1999½ ,llhlh 334 ½
eè;LFkRkk eè;LFkrk ,d LoSfPNd] fookn&dsfUnzr] xSj ckè;dkjh xksiuh; vkSj lajfpr izfØ;k gS ftls ,d ,sls rVLFk vkSj fo'oluh; r`rh; i{k }kjk fu;af=kr fd;k tkrk gS tks fo"ks'k lalwpukvksa] ckrphr ,oa lkekftd dkS'ky dk mi;ksx djrs gq, Lo;a fookfn;ksa }kjk ckè;dkjh okrkZ lek/kku dks lqxe cukrk gSA eè;LFkrk izfØ;k dk ifj.kke ,d fuiVku le>kSrk gS u fd ,d fu.kZ;A eè;LFkrk esa è;ku vfrr dh ?kVuk ds fy, nks"k flf¼ dh vis{kk laca/kksa ds fuekZ.k ij
cy nsrs gq, Hkfo"; ij gksrk gSA eè;LFkrk dk iz;kstu nks"kh funksZ"k dh ij[k djuk ugha gS cfYd le> dks c<+kok nsuk] i{kdkjksa dks vius fgrksa ij è;ku dsfUnzr djus ds fy, rFkk mUgsa viuh lgefr ls Lo;a le>kSrk djus izksRlkfgr djuk gSA eè;LFkrk ds cqfu;knh fu;e ksa esa lkfey gaS% & rVLFkrk% ,d eè;LFk dks fookn esa ;k fdlh i{kdkj esa dksbZ fnypLih u j[krs gq, rVLFk gksuk pkfg,A & Lo;a n`<+ ladYi% eè;LFkrk i{kdkjksa ds Lo;a n`<+ ladYi ij vk/kkfjr gS] blls vfHkizsr gS fd izR;sd i{kdkj eqDr vkSj fodYi pqurk gSA bl fy, eè;LFk izfØ;k das lapkyu ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gS tcfd i{kdkjksa dk ifj.kke ij fu;a=k.k gksrk gSA & xksiuh;rk% ;g liQy eè;LFkrk dk lkj gS] vkSj i{kdkjksa dks ,slh fdlh vk'kadk ds fcuk lqlaxr fo"k;ksa dks izLrqr djus esa l{ke gksuk pkfg, fd budk [kqyklk ckn esa muds fo#¼ Hkh bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g fLFkfr gksuh pkfg, vU;Fkk csbZeku i{kdkj eè;LFkrk izfØ;k dk fo'kky ,oa naM eqDr [kkst izfØ;k ds :i esa iz;ksx vkSj nq#i;ksx dj ldrs gaSA eè;LFk dks iz;kl djuk pkfg,% & fd og vkSj i{kdkj eè;LFkrk dk;Zokfg;ksa ls lacfa /kr lHkh fo"k;ksa dks xksiuh; j[ksx a ]s vkSj fd xksiuh;rk fuiVkjk le>kSrk ij Hkh ykxw gksxh] flok; mlds tgka blds dk;kZUo;u ,oa izkorZu ds mís'; ls bldk izdVhdj.k vfuok;Z gksA &fd tc rd vU;Fkk i{kdkj lger ugha gksrs gS] mls ,sls fookn ls lacaf/kr fdlh ekè;LFke~ ;k U;kf;d dk;Zokgh esa U;kf;d :i ls ,d eè;LFk ;k xokg ds :i esa dk;Z djus dh vuqefr ugha gksxh tks eè;LFkrk dk;Zokfg;ksa dk fo"k; gS] vkSj fd i{kdkjksa dks ,sls lk{; dks & u rks rF;ksa ¼tSls dfri; izLrkoksa dks Lohdkj djus ds fy, fdlh i{kdkj dh bPNk½ esa vkSj u gh eè;LFkrk ds nkSjku fn;s x;s fopkjks]a lq>koks]a izfof"V;ksa ;k izLrkoksa esa & izdV djus dh vuqefr ugha gSA & fd og O;ogkj ftldh lwpuk nh tk ldrh gS bl lac/a esa lalwpuk gS fd D;k i{kdkj
fu/kkZfjr eè;LFkrk esa mifLFkr gq, rFkk D;k os lek/kku ij igaqps ;k ughaA &fu"i{k izfØ;k% eè;LFkrk izfØ;k ifj.kke ds leku gh egRoiw.kZ gSA ;g egRoiw.kZ dh i{kdkjksa dks yxs fd muds lkFk fu"i{k O;ogkj fd;k tk jgk gS vkSj mudh fparkvksa dk lek/kku fd;k tk jgk gSA & LoSfPNd izfØ;k% eè;LFkrk i{kdkjksa ds lger gksus ij gh laHko gS] tks eè;LFkrk ds nkSjku le>kSrs ij ,d ckj gLrk{kj djus ij blesa ckè; gks tkrs gSA iwoZ eè;LFkrk rS;kjh ,d eè;LFk Lo;a dks fookn ls ifjfpr djus ds fy, izk;% i{kdkjksa ls ,d iwoZ eè;LFkrk lkjka'k ds fy, dgrk gSA eè;LFkrk esa izfØ;k esa Hkkx ysus okyksa dk dsoy okLrfod fooknh gksuk vfuok;Z :i ls vko';d ugha gS] cfYd ,sls lHkh i{kdkj Hkkx ys ldrs gSa tks fuiVkjs dks lqxe cuk ldrs gSa ;k ^CykWd* dj ldrs gaSA fdlh okn dks rS;kj djrs le; eè;LFk vkSj@;k i{kdkjksa ds fy, fookn dk fo'kys"k.k djuk ykHkizn gksxkA blds fy, eè;LFk dks izpfyr dkuwu ,oa izfØ;k ls vo'; ifjfpr gksuk pkfg,] vkSj Lo;a dks rF;ksa ij nksuksa i{kksa ds fopkjksa ls rFkk izR;sd i{kdkj ds lcls fpark okys eqíksa ls voxr djuk pkfg,A
eè;LFk dk vkpj.k eè;LFk dks viuh rVLFkrk LFkkfir djus ,oa izfØ;k ij fu;a=k.k djus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg,] rFkk ,slk djrs gq, ,slh Hkk"kk dk mi;ksx djuk pkfg, tks ikjLifjDrk ds lk/kkj.k 'kCnksa lfgr rVLFk gS] tks lHkh i{kdkjksa ij ykxw gksrh gSA mlds Loj 'kkar] eè;e] O;olk; dh rjg vkSj fopkj 'khy gksus pkfg, vkSj mlds gko Hkko f'k"V gksus pkfg,A fudVrk] vkW[k laidZ ,oa JO;rk lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, cSBus dh O;oLFkk dks vo'; egRo fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
'kqHkkjaHk oDrO; eè;LFkrk dh izfØ;k eè;LFk }kjk 'kqHkkjaHk oDrO; ds lkFk izkjaHk gksrh gSA ;g oDrO;
lk/kkj.k gksuk pkfg, ,oa i{kdkjksa dh i`"BHkwfe ds vuq:i Hkk"kk ,oa 'kSyh esa gksuk pkfg,A vius 'kqHkkjaHk oDrO; esa ,d eè;LFk% &[kqn] viuh fLFkfr] izf'k{k.k ,oa eè;LFk ds :i esa liQy vuqHko dk ifjp; nsrk gS_ &i{kdkjksa ls viuk ifjp; nsus dk fuosnu djrk gS_ &i{kdkjksa ls mudh ilan dh Hkk"kk rFkk ml rjhdk dh tkudkjh ysrk gS ftlesa os lEcksf/kr gksuk ialn djsx a _ s &i{kdkjksa ds dkmalYl dk Lokxr djrk gS_ &i{kdkjksa vkSj dkmalYl ls muds fdlh vU; eè;LFkrk izfØ;k esa igys vuqHko dh tku dkjh djrk gS_ &fu"i{krk ,oa rVLFkrk dh ?kks"k.kk djsxk] rFkk eè;LFk dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu djrk gS_ &mfpr vkW[k laidZ] 'kCnksa ,oa 'kkjhfjd gkoHkko dk mi;ksx djrs gq, xksiuh;rk ,oa rVLFkrk dh ckr djrk gS_ & izfØ;k ds xSj&fojks/kkRed igyw ij cy nsrk gS] tSls lk{kh dk vfHkys[ku] fu.kZ; dh ?kks"k.kk ;k iapkV] ;k vkns'k_ & eè;LFkrk izfØ;k dh LoSfPNd izÑfr ij cy nsrk gS_ & i{kdkjksa ,oa dkmaly dks lwfpr djrk gS fd og cgl ls ijs tk ldrk gS vkSj vU; fooknksa dks lafefyr dj ldrk gS_ & ml izfØ;k dh O;k[;k djrk gS ftldk ikyu ¼,d [kkadk izLrqr djrk gS½ fd;k tk,xk vkSj futh l=kksa ds vk;kstu dh laHkkouk dh O;k[;k djrk gS_ &mu lqlaxr izfØ;kvksa dh O;k[;k djrk gS tks fuiVkjs vkSj fcuk fuiVkjs ekeyksa esa iz;qDr gks ldrs gSa_ rFkk &i{kdkjksa dks lalwfpr djrk gS fd U;k;ky; 'kqYd fuiVkjk gksus ij okil dj fn;k tk,xkA eè;LFk dks ;g Hkh iqf"V djuh pkfg, fd i{kdkj eè;LFkrk pgkrs gSaA eè;LFk ij fdlh foLiQksVd okrkoj.k dk izca/u djus] iz'kklfud ekeyksa dks laHkkyus] tSls varjky ;k izLrqfrdj.k dk vkns'k] rFkk ;g lqfu'pr djus fd i{kdkj vey esa vkus oyh izfØ;k ds ckjs Li"V gSa] dk Hkh nkf;Ro gksrk gSA dksbZ lk i{k
Hkh igys viuh ckr j[k ldrk gS] vkSj nksuksa i{kksa dks leku volj feyus dk vk'koklu fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
eè;LFkrk ds pj.k ,oa l=k ifjp; ds ckn fuEu pj.k vkrs gaS% & leL;k le> pj.k_ & vko';drk,a ,oa fgr le> pj.k_ & leL;k ifjHkk"kk pj.k_ & eqn~ns igpku pj.k_ & fodYi igpku pj.k_ vkSj & fodYi ewY;kadu pj.kA bu pj.kksa ds ckn la;qDr l=k ,oa futh l=k ¼dkWdl½ nksuks dk vk;kstu gksrk gSaA ,d la;qDr l=k esa% & i{kdkj vkSj muls lacaf/kr dkmalYl mifLFkr gksrs gSa_ & i{kdkjks@ a dkmaly ¼odhy½ dks fcuk foèu ds cksyus dh vuqefr nh tkrh gS_ & vke rkSj ij i{kdkj igys cksyrk gS] odhy dkuwuh eqn~nksa ds lkFk i{kdkjksa dh izLrqfr;ksa dks vuqiwfjr djrk gS_ & i{kdkjksa ds fdlh Hkh fe=k ;k laca/h dks Hkh lquk tk;sxk_ & izR;sd i{kdkj@odhy dks lquus ij eè;LFk izR;sd i{kdkj dh lacaf/kr izLrqfr;ksa dk lkj izLrqr djrk gS vkSj Li"Vhdj.k pkgrk gS] ;fn dksbZ gks_ & i{kdkj@odhy viuh izLrqfr;ksa ds ckn dksbZ vfrfjDr tkudkjh ns ldrs gSa_ & eè;LFk dks mu i{kdkjksa ds fuosnu dks Lohdkj djuk pkfg, tks ckr djuk pkgrs gSa_ vkSj & izLrqfr;ksa ds nkSjku fdlh foèu dh vuqefr ugha gS rkfd eè;LFkrk izfØ;k dh e;kZnk vkSj xfjek dks cuk, j[kk tk ldsA tgkaa dksbZ i{k ,d futh l=k dk fuosnu djrk gS] eè;LFk dks futh :i ls cSBd djus igys la;qDr l=k dks lekIr djuk pkfg,A ,d i{k ds lkFk ,d futh l=k ds ckn nwljs i{k ds lkFk ,d futh l=k dk vk;kstu gksuk pkfg,A ,d eè;LFk dks ;g igys ls Li"V dj nsuk tkuk pkfg, fd ,d i{k ds lkFk ,d futh
l=k esa nwljs i{k dh vis{kk vf/kd le; yx ldrk gSA dksbZ eè;LFk ,d futh l=k dk vk;kstu dj ldrk gS% & ,sl futh ekeyksa ,oa lwpuk dh tkudkjh ds fy, ftldk la;qDr l=kksa esa o.kZu ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS_ &iqu% fu;a=k.k izkIr djus ds fy, tc fdlh i{k dk vkpj.k fu;a=k.k ls ckgj gks jgk gks_ &tgka eè;LFkrk izfØ;k esa i{kdkj xfrjks/ ;k foèu dk lkeuk djrs gSa_ &i{kdkjksa dks viuh Hkkouk,a jpukRed <+x ls izLrqr djus dh vuqefr nsus ds fy,_ & vokLrfod vis{kkvksa dks mtkxj djus ds fy,_ & ppkZ ls leL;k lek/kku dh vksj c<+us ds fy,_ & fuiVkjs ds fy, fodYi ryk'kus ds fy,_ vkSj & izLrko ,oaa izfrizLrkoksa dks lalwfpr djus ds fy,A eè;LFk dks futh l=k ls cpuk pkfg,% & tgka fdlh i{k dks lh/s euk;k tk ldrk gS_ ;k & tgka dksbZ i{k nwljs i{k ds le{k Li"V :i ls viuh lgh fLFkfr dks izLrqr dj ldrk gSA
eè;LFkrk rduhd eè;LFkrk iwjh rjg fooknksa dks ifjofrZr djus ls lacaf/kr gSA eè;LFk dks i{kdkjksa ds eè; dM+okgV dks nwj djuk pkfg, rFkk rVLFk iqu% fu:i.k dh rduhdh viukus] i{kdkj ds vØked vFkok HkM+dkmQ c;ku esa ldkjkRed t:jrksa ij è;ku dsfUnzr djrs gq, fujkin <+x ls lq/kkj djus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg,A
n`"Vkar% eè;LFkrk esa i{kdkj d dgrk gS fd] ^^og bruk izHkqRo'kkyh gS fd og eq>s lc dqN nck dj j[kus ds fy, ckè; djrs gq, eq>ls dHkh ckr ugha djrk gSA** eè;LFk mRrj nsrk gS% ^^vkidks lquuk ilan djuk pkfg,----A**
bl rjg eè;LFk us u dsoy udkjkRed dFku dks ldkjkRed esa cny fn;k] cfYd mlus nwljs i{k dks dFku dh egRkk dk mYys[k djrs gq, ldkjkRed vko';drk ¼lquus dh½ dks mtkxkj fd;kA vU; eè;LFkrk rduhd gaS% lkjka'k% eè;LFk i{kdkjksa }kjk fn;s x;s dFkuksa ds lkj dk iqu% mYys[k djr gq, laf{kIr] lVhd ,oa iw.kZ :i ls lkjka'k izLrqr djrk gSA ekU;rk% eè;LFk bl <+x ls tks ml i{kdkj ds ifjizs{; dks ekU;rk nsrk gS] i{kdkj ds dFku dk iqu% mYys[k djrk gSA iqu%funs'ku% ,d eè;LFk fooj.k ij è;ku dsfa nzr djus ds fy, ,d i{kdkj dk è;ku ,d fo"k; ls nwljs ij fo"k; dh vksj dsfa nzr djrk gS] ;k fdlh i{kdkj }kjk mPp :i ls vfLFkj dFku ij izfrfØ;k djrk gSA vkLFkxu% ,d eè;LFk fdlh ,tsMa s ij vey djus] ;k vfrfjDr lwpuk ,d=k djus ;k izfrdqy fLFkfr dks 'kkar djus ds fy, fdlh i{k ds iz'u ds mRrj dks vkLFkfxr dj ldrk gSA ,tsMa k fu/kkZj.k% eè;LFk ,d ,slh O;oLFkk LFkkfir djrk gS ftlesa eqn~nksa] fLFkfr;ksa ,oa nkoksa dk lek/kku fd;k tkrk gSA izfrfØ;k'khy voewY;u izca/u% ,d eè;LFk ,dek=k lwpuk ds lzksr ds vk/kkj ij vU; i{kdkj dks ,slh lwpuk ;k dFku ij izfrfØ;k djus ls igys gh jksd nsus ds fy,] fdlh i{kdkj dh lwpuk ;k dFku ij LokfeRo j[krk gSA eè;LFk dks bl rjg i{kdkjksa ds fgrksa dh fLFkfr;ksa esa cnyko ykus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg,% & muds nh?kZdkyhu fgrksa dks fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, ls okrkZ djds] vkSj bl izfØ;k esa i{kdkjksa ds lk>k fgrksa dh igpku djus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg,_ & vf/kd rF;ksa dks iz;kl esa ykus ds fy, [kqys iz'uksa dk mi;ksx djds_ & fuiVkjs ds mn~ns'; dks ysdj i{kdkjks ls fodYi vkeaf=kr djds_
& izR;sd fuiVkjk fodYi dks izLrqr djuk] pkgs tkfgj rkSj ij og fdruk gh ux.; gks_ & izR;sd O;fDrxr fodYi dk lrdZrk ls ijh{k.k djds] D;ksafd dksbZ fn;k gqvk fodYi xgu fo'ys"k.k ij gh fdlh i{kdkj dks ilan vk ldrk gS_ vkSj & fdlh yfEcr izLrko dh fuEu ls rqyuk djuk djds lR;rk ijh{k.k djuk% &loZJs"B ifj.kke ftls dksbZ i{kdkj eqdnes esa izkIr dj ldrk gS ¼ch- ,- Vh- ,u- ,-] ;k okrkZ djkj ds fy, loksZRre fodYi½_ &lcls cqjk ifj.kke ftls dksbZ i{kdkj eqdnes esa izkIr dj ldrk gS ¼MCY;w- ,- Vh- ,u,-] ;k okrkZ djkj ds fy, lcls cqjk fodYi½_ vkSj &lcls vf/kd laHkkouk okyk ifj.kke ftls dksbZ i{kdkj eqdnes esa izkIr dj ldrk gS ¼,e,y- ,- Vh- ,u- ,-] ;k okrkZ djkj ds fy, lcls vf/kd laHkkouk okyk fodYi½A
Hkkoukvksa dk izca/u Hkkoukvksa dk lkeuk djrs le; mudh Lo;a dh izfrfØ;k ls ifjfpr gksuk visf{kr gSA Hkkoukvksa ds izca/u ds fy, j.kuhfr;ksa esa 'kkfey gSa% & dqN izdVhdj.k Lohdkjuk] ;|fi vf/kekur% futh l=k esa_ & Hkkoukvksa dh bZekunkjh lR;kfir djus ds fy, lfØ; lquokbZ dk mi;ksx djuk_ & Hkkouk ds lzkrs ;k dkj.k dh igpku djuk vkSj dkj.k dk lek/kku djuk] u dh O;ogkj dk_ & O;oLFkk dks cuk, j[kus ij cy nsuk_ & fdlh nh gqbZ fLFkfr ds HkkoukRed izHkko ds izdVhdj.k gsrq ;k ,d nwljs ds izfr viuh Hkkoukvksa dks vfHkO;Dr djus ds fy, i{kdkjksa dks vkeaf=kr djuk_ vkSj &foJke lq>kukA
eè;LFkrk esa pqIih dh Hkwfedk eè;LFkrk esa pqIih dh Hkwfedk ij vf/kd cy ugha fn;k tk ldrk gSA ,d eè;LFk dks eè;LFkrk ds nkSjku Vgjko vkSj i{kdkjksa dh pqIih dh izklafxdrk dks vo'; le>Kuk
pkfg,A dbZ ckj pqIih dh vof/k ds i'pkr lwpuk dk egRoiw.kZ va'k izdV gksrk gSA pqIih oDrk ds fy, ykHkizn gks ldrh gS D;ksafd ;g% & oDrk dks ckrphr dh xfr dks fu;af=kr djus dh vuqefr nsrh gS_ & cksyus ls igys lkspus ds le; dh vuqefr nsrh gS_ vkSj & oDrk dks ckrphr esa vkxs c<+uk pkfg, ;k ugha bldk pquko djus esa l{ke cukrh gSA pqIih ,d Jksrk ds fy, ykHkizn gks ldrh gS] viuh fuEu {kerk ds dkj.k% & #fp] lEeku ,oa /S;Z dk izn'kZu djus ds fy,_ vkSj & oDrk dks le>us dk volj iznku djus vkSj xSj&ekSf[kd ladsrksa dks izkIr djus ds fy,A
eè;LFkrk esa ekiQh vkSj ^psgjk lgstuk* n`f"Vdks.k dk mi;ksx ekiQh fcuk j{kk ds xyrh ekuuk vkSj [ksn vfHkO;fDr gSA bl rF; ij cy gksrk gS fd fd;s gq, dk;Z xSj&fd;k ugha gks ldrk gS] fdUrq fd bls è;ku jfgr ugha jgus nsuk pkfg,A psgjk [kksus dk Mj Hkh ,d l'kDr Hkkouk gS tks viuh fLFkfr esa cus jgus ;k eqdnes dks tkjh j[kus ds fy, i{kdkjksa dks ckè; djrh gSA ,d eè;LFk ,sls fuiVkjk fodYiksa dh [kkst djuh pkfg, tks ,d lEekutud lekfIr dh vuqefr nsrs gSaA
xfrjks/ izca/u xfrjks/ dk lkeuk djrs gq, bu n`f"Vdks.kksa esa ls ,d ;k vf/kd dks viukuk pkfg,% & dk;Zokgh dks futh ,oa la;qDr l=kksa ds eè; ifjofrZr djrs gq, i{kdkjksa ls ;g lR;rk tkap djkuk fd mudk ekeyk dSls ^iQqyizwiQ* gS_ & fdlh i{kdkj ds odhy ds lkFk futh l=k vk;ksftr djuk] ;fn mlus vius eqofDdy dks viq"V lykg nh gS] tks eqdnes esa vlR; :i ls liQyrk ds izfr vk'oLr gks ldrk gS_ & izfrHkkfx;ksa dks psrkouh nsuk @ fLFkfr dks Lohdkj djus ds fy, i{kdkjksa dks ,d lkFk ykuk_
& fLFkfr ds fuLrkj.k ds fy, vafre iz;klksa dks mtkxj djuk_ & okrkoj.k dks cnyuk] ;k ekgkSy dks 'kkar djus ds fy, gkL; dk mi;ksx djuk_ & le>kSrs ds eqíksa ;k {ks=kksa dks fiQj nkSgjkuk_ & vf/kekur% vklku eqís ds lkFk dk;Zokgh vkxs c<+kuk_ & i{kdkjksa ls xfrjks/ ds dkj.k ds ckjs esa tkuuk_ & i{kdkjksa ls xfrjks/ lekIr djus gsrq fodYi lq>kus dks dguk_ & i{kdkjksa ds dk;Z vkSj miyC/h dh iz'kalk djuk_ & Hkwfedk iyVys dh dksf'k'k djuk_ & dkYifud lek/kkuksa dk izLrko djuk_ & eè;LFkrk dks lekIr djus dk lq>ko ¼;k /edh½ nsuk_ & rhljs i{k @ fo'ks"kK ds gLr{ksi dk lq>ko nsuk_ & Hkkoukvksa dks mtkxj gksus dh vuqefr nsuk_ vkSj @ ;k & eè;LFkrk izfØ;k esa vfLFkkbZ vUrjky ysukA
fuiVkjk djkj fuiVkjk djkj fyf[kr esa gksuk pkfg, vkSj blesa pkfg, fd% & i{kdkjksa ds Hkfo"; esa laca/ ds ckjs esa dFku 'kkfey gks_ & fuiVkjk dk;kZUo;u izR;sd i{kdkj ds nkf;Ro dk o.kZu gks_ & Li"V] laf{kIr] iw.kZ] Bksl] ;FkkFkZoknh] vkSj O;kogkfjd gks_ & larqfyr gks vkSj izR;sd i{kdkj ds ykHk dks n'kkZrk gks_ & ldkjkRed gks] fcuk fdlh nks"k ewY;kadu ds_ vkSj & xSj&vkykspukRed Hkk"kk esa vfHkO;Dr gksA ,d fuiVkjk djkj dk elkSnk vf/kekur% eè;LFk }kjk rS;kj fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ;|fi bls i{kdkjksa }kjk Hkh rS;kj fd;k tk ldrk gSA djkj dk elkSnk rS;kj djus okys eè;LFk dks fuiVkjs ds fu;eksa dk ekSf[kd :i ls ikBu
djuk pkfg,] fu;eksa dks Li"V djuk pkfg, rFkk mUgsa fy[kus ls igys mudh iqf"V djuh pkfg,A djkj dk elkSnk rS;kj djrs le; eè;LFk dks fof'k"V jguk pkfg, vkSj vLi"V 'kCnksa dk bLrseky djus ls cpuk pkfg,A bl rjg ds 'kCnksa esa ^mfpr*] ^'kh?kz*] ^vDlj*] ^lgdkjh*] ;k ^lkè;* tSls 'kCn 'kkfey gSaA mls Li"V :i ls ^dkSu* ^D;k* djsxk] ^dc*] ^dgk*] ^dSls*] ^fdruk^] ^fdruk yEck*] vkfn 'kkfey gSaA bls lk/kkj.k Hkk"kk esa gksuk pkfg,] vf/kekur% i{kdkjksa dh Hkk"kk esa] vkSj dkuwuh 'kCntky ls cpk tkuk pkfg,A djkj esa i{kdkjksa dks izR;sd i`"B ij gLrk{kj djus pkfg, tcfd odhy dks vafre i`"B ij gLrk{kj djds vius eofDdy ds gLrk{kj dks izekkf.kr djuk pkfg,A fuiVkjk djkj nksuksa i{kksa ds gLrk{kj gksus ij eè;LFk dks djkj ij gLrk{kj djus pkfg, vkSj izR;sd i{kdkj dks ,d izfrfyfi izLrqr djuh pkfg,A
eè;LFkrk dh lekfIr eè;LFkrk izfØ;k] tks fd i{kdkjksa ds iz;klksa dk izfriQy gS] fd lqxe lekfIr eè;LFk dks lqfu'pr djuh pkfg,A ;fn izfØ;k esa 'kkfey i{kdkj vafre fu.kZ; ij ugha igqaprs gSa] rks eè;LFk dks bl vk'kk ds lkFk i{kdkjksa dks izxfr ds fy, c/kkbZ nsuh pkfg, fd fuiVkjk gks tk,xkA foiQy eè;LFkrk tSlh dksbZ ckr ugha gSA ;fn i{kdkj vafre fu.kZ; esa igqap tkrs gSa] rks eè;LFk dks i{kdkjksa dks c/kkbZ nsuh pkfg,A eè;LFkrk fuiVkjk djkj dh rhfFk dks lekIr gksrh gSA
vkn'kZ flfoy izfØ;k eè;LFkrk fu;e] 2003 tcfd Hkkjr esa eè;LFkrk ds lapkyu gsrq dksbZ O;kid fo/kku ugha gS] loksZPp U;k;ky; us mPp U;k;ky;ksa dks] lq/kkj ds lkFk ;k lq/kkj ds fcuk] Hkkjrh; fof/k vk;ksx }kjk rS;kj vkn'kZ flfoy izfØ;k eè;LFkrk fu;eksa dks viukus dgk gSA ¼lsye vf/koDrk ckj ,slksfl'ksal cuke Hkkjr la?k] ,vkbZvkj 2005 ,llh 3353½
;s fu;e eè;LFk dh fu;qfDr dh izfØ;k] eè;LFk dh ;ksX;rk,a] vkSj eè;LFkrk ds fy, izfØ;k dk izko/kku djrs gSaA fu;e 12 izko/kku djrk gS fd eè;LFk lk{; vf/kfu;e] 1872 vkSj lafgrk ls ckè; ugha gS] fdUrq i{kdkjksa ds vf/kdkjksa ,oa izfrc¼rkvks]a dk;Z uhfr] ;fn dksbZ gS] vkSj fookn dh izÑfr dk lEeku djrs gq, fu"i{krk ,oa U;k; ds fl¼karksa ls funsf'kr gksuk pkfg,A fu;e 16 eè;LFk dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu djrk gS rFkk mYys[k djrk gS fd eè;LFk dks i{kdkjksa }kjk fookn ds LoSfPNd lek/kku dks lqxe cukus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg, vkSj izR;sd i{kdkj ds n`f"Vdks.k dks nwljs ds lkFk lalwfpr djuk pkfg,] eqqíksa dh igpku esa mudh lgk;rk djuh pkfg,] xyriQgfe;ksa dks de djrs gq,] izkFkfedrkvksa dks Li"V djrs gq,] le>kSrs ds {ks=kksa dh [kkst djrs gq,] vkSj fookn lek/kku ds iz;kl esa fodYiksa dk l`tu djrs gq,] bl ij cy nsrs gq, dh ,slk fu.kZ; ysuk i{kdkjksa dk nkf;Ro gS tks mUgsa izHkkfor djrk gS_ eè;LFk dks i{kdkjksa ij djkj dh fdlh 'krZ dks ykxw ugha djuk pkfg,A fu;e 17 bl ckr ij cy nsrk gS fd i{kdkj vius fu.kZ; ds fy, Lo;a ftEesnkj gaS] vkSj fd eè;LFk dksbZ fuiVkjk ykxw ugha djsxk vkSj u gh dj ldrk gSA ;k ,slh dksbZ okajVh ugha nsxk fd eè;LFkrk ekeys dk fuiVkjk djsxhA bu fu;eksa esa eè;LFkrk izfØ;k dh xksiuh;rk ds ckjs esa dBksj izko/kku fd;s x;s gaSA tgka fu;e 11 eè;LFk dks izR;sd i{kdkj ls vyx vyx feyus vkSj lalwfpr djus esa l{ke cukrk gS] ogha fu;e 20 eè;LFk dks vU; i{kdkjksa ds lkFk fdlh i{kdkj }kjk mls nh xbZ fdlh lwpuk dks izdV djus ls jksdrk gS] ,d fo'ks"k n'kk ds v/hu fd ;g xksiuh; j[kh tkrh gSa] eè;LFk ,oa i{kdkjksa dks eè;LFkrk izfØ;k ds laca/ esa iw.kZ xksiuh;rk j[kus dk funs'k nsrk gS] vkSj izko/kku djrk gS fd i{kdkj ,slh lwpuk dks fdlh vU; dk;Zokfg;ksa esa izdV djus esa fo'okl ugha j[krs gSa tSls% & eè;LFkrk dk;Zokfg;ksa esa fdlh i{k }kjk vfHkO;Dr fopkj ;k LohdkjksfDr_ & xksiuh; nLrkost] fVIif.k;ka] elkSnk ;k eè;LFkrk ds nkSjku izkIr lwpuk_
& eè;LFk }kjk fn;s x;s izLrko ;k vfHkO;Dr fopkj_ ;k & ;g rF; fd fdlh i{kdkj us fuiVkjs ds fy, fdlh izLrko dks Lohdkj djus dh bPNk dk ladsr fn;k Fkk ;k ugha fn;k FkkA fu;e 21 eè;LFk ,oa U;k;ky; ds eè; fdlh i{kdkj dh mifLFkr gksus esa foiQyrk] vkSj i{kdkjksa ds lkFk lgefr] mldk ewY;kadu fd ;g ckr eè;LFkrk ds ekè;e ls fuiVkjs ds fy, mi;qDr ugha gS] ;k fd i{kdkjksa us viuk fookn fuiVk fy;k ds ckjs esa U;k;ky; dks lalwfpr djus ds fy, lapkj dks lhfer djrk gSA fu;e 24 djkj dks i{kdkjksa ds eè; ,d fyf[kr] i{kdkjksa }kjk vfHklE;d~ :i ls gLrk{kfjr] fuiVkjk djkj ds :i esa ykus dk izko/kku djrk gSA fuiVkjk djkj dks eè;LFk }kjk ,d vkoj.k i=k ds lkFk U;k;ky; dks izsf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA U;k;ky; rc fu;e 25 ds varxZr fuiVkjs ds laca/ esa vfHkfu.kZ; nsrk gSA D;k fuiVkjk dsoy ckn esa dfri; eqíksa dk fuLrkj.k djus ds fy, gksuk pkfg,] vU; eqíksa ls vyx D;k gksuk pkfg,] U;k;ky; lh/s mu eqíksa ij fuiVkjs ds vuq:i vfHkfu.kZ; ns ldrk gS] fcuk U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; dh izfr{kk fd;s fuiVkjk u gksus okys eqíksa ijA ;fn eqís i`FkDdj.kh; ugha gS] rks U;k;ky; dks ,sls eqíksa ij U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; dh izfr{kk djuh gksxhA fu;e 27 fdlh eè;LFk ds vkpj.k laca/h ekud fu/kkZfjr djrk gS tks fd bl rjg gksus pkfg,% & fu;eksa dks dM+kbZ ,oa deZBrkiwoZd ekuuk ,oa ikyu djuk_ & ,slh fdlh xfrfof/k ;k vkpj.k dks u djuk tks ,d eè;LFk ds vuqi;qDr O;ogkj ds :i esa ekuk tk ldrk gS_ &eè;LFkrk izfØ;k dh fu"i{krk vkSj v[kaMrk dks cuk,a j[kuk_ & ;g lqfu'pr djuk fd eè;LFkrk esa 'kfey i{kdkj mfpr :i ls lwfpr gS vkSj izfØ;k ds izfØ;kRed igyqvksa dh i;kZIr le>k j[krs gaS_ &[kqn dks larq"V djuk fd og is'ksoj <+x ls eè;LFkrk lapkfyr ,oa iw.kZ djus ds ;ksX; gS_
& fdlh ,sls fgr ;k lac/a dk [kqyklk djuk ftlls fu"i{krk izHkkfor gks ldrh gk] vkSj i{kikr ;k iwokZxzg dk vkHkkl gksrk gks_ & i{kdkjksa ds lkFk lapkj djrs le; fdlh vukSfpR; ;k vukSfpR; dh mifLFkfr ls cpuk_ & eè;LFk ds in ls lacaf/kr fo'okl ,oa xksiuh;rk ds laca/ ds izfr ciQknkj jguk_ & fdlh fookn ls lacaf/kr lHkh dk;Zokfg;ksa dk lapkyu izpfyr dkuwu ds vuq:i djuk_ & bldks ekU;rk nsuk fd eè;LFkrk i{kdkjksa }kjk Lo;a vo/kkj.k ds fl¼karksa ij vk/kkfjr gS] vkSj fd eè;LFkrk izfØ;k i{kdkjksa dh fdlh LoSfPNd le>kSrs ij igqapus dh ;ksX;rk ij fuHkZj djrh gS_ vkSj & i{kdkjksa dh mfpr vis{kkvksa dks cuk, j[kuk tSls xksiuh;rk] okns ;k ifj.kkeksa dh xkjaVh nsus ls cpukA lqyg lqyg ,d ,slh 'kCnkoyh gS ftldk mi;ksx izk;% eè;LFkrk ds lkFk vny cny dj fd;k tkrk gS_ dqN dkuwuh fo'ks"kK lqyg dks eè;LFkrk ds iwoZ&lfØ; :i esa ekurs gS tgka dksbZ rVLFk rhljk i{k okfn;ksa dks muds fooknksa ds fuiVkjs gsrq lq>ko nsus esa lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA ¼lsye vf/koDrk ckj ,slksfl'ksal
cuke Hkkjr la?k] ,vkbZvkj 2005 ,llh 3353½
lqyg lapkyu dk <+x] cqfu;knh fu;e ,oa vkpj.k ekud eè;LFkrk ds leku gh gSA Hkkjr esa lqyg ij igyk O;kid fo/kku vf/kfu;e 1996 ds Hkkx 3 esa dqN la'kks/u ds ckn la- jk- v- O;k- fo- vk- lqyg fu;e] 1980 dks viuk;k x;k gSA vf/kfu;e 1996 lqyg dk;Zokfg;ksa ds vkjaHk ds fy, izfØ;k dk izko/kku djrk gS] okfn;ksa esa ls fdlh ,d ds vkea=k.k ij ¼/kkjk 62½] vkSj lqygdrkZ dks dFkuksa dk fn;k tkuk] fookn dh lk/kkj.k izÑfr dk vkSj fookn ds iz'uksa dk o.kZu djrs gq, ¼/kkjk 65½A lqygdrkZ lafgrk ;k Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/kfu;e] 1872 }kjk ckè; ugha gksxk ¼/kkjk 66½A
lqygdrkZ dh Hkwfedk
vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 67 lqygdrkZ dh Hkwfedk dk fuEu izdkj o.kZu djrh gS_ & lqygdrkZ] i{kdkjksa dh muds fookn ds lkSgknzZiw.kZ le>kSrs ij igaqpus ds muds iz;kl esa] Lora=k vkSj fu"i{k jhfr ls lgk;rk djsxk_ & lqygdrkZ] oLrqfu"Bk] vkSfpR; vkSj U;k; ds fl¼karksa ls ekxZnf'kZr gksxk ftuesa vU; ckrksa ds lkFk&lkFk] i{kdkjksa ds vf/kdkjksa vkSj ckè;rkvksa] lacfa /kr O;kikj dh izFkkvksa vkSj fookn dh ifjorhZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk] ftuesa i{kdkjksa ds chp dksbZ iwoZorhZ dkjckjh O;ogkj Hkh 'kkfey gS] è;ku j[kk tk,xk_ &lqygdrkZ] lqyg dk;Zokfg;ksa dk lapkyu ,slh jhfr ls djsxk] tks og leqfpr le>s] ftlesa ekeys dh ifjfLFkfr;ka] os bPNk,a tks i{kdkj O;Dr djs]a ftlesa fdlh i{kdkj dk dksbZ ,slk vuqjks/ Hkh 'kkfey gS fd lqygdrkZ ekSf[kd dFku lqus vkSj fookn ds 'kh?kz fuiVkjs dh vko';drk dk è;ku j[ks_ &lqygdrkZ] lqyg dk;Zokfg;ksa ds fdlh Hkh izØe ij fookn ds fuiVkjs ds fy, izLrko rS;kj dj ldsxkA ,sls izLrkoksa dk fyf[kr esa gksuk vko';d ugha gksxk vkSj mlds fy, izLrko rS;kj dj lkdsxkA ,sls izLrkoksa dk fyf[kr esa gksuk vkp';d ughaa gksxk vkSj mlds fy, dkj.kksa ds fdlh dFku dk lkFk gksuk vko';d ugha gksxkA xksiuh;rk lqyg dk vfHkUu vax gSA tgka vf/kfu;e 1996 dg /kkjk 69 lqygdrkZ dks i{kdkjksa ls ,d lkFk ;k muesa ls izR;sd ds lkFk i`Fkd~r% feyus esa l{ke cukrh gS ogha /kkjk 70 lqygdrkZ dks mls fdlh i{kdkj }kjk nh xbZ fdlh lwpuk dks fdlh vU; i{kdkj ds leq[k izdV djus ls jksdrh gS] bl fofufnZ"V 'krZ ds v/hu jgrs gq, mls xksiuh; j[kk tk,A /kkjk 75 izko/kku djrh gS fd rRle; izoÙ` k fdlh vU; fof/k esa fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh] lqygdrkZ vkSj i{kdkj] lqyg dk;Zokfg;ksa ls lacfa /kr lHkh ckrsa j[ksx a As mlds flok; fd tgka fØ;kUo;u vkSj laizorZu ds iz;kstuksa ds fy, mldk izdVhdj.k vko';d gks] xksiuh;rk dk foLrkj le>kSrk djkj rd Hkh gksxkA tc rd fd i{kdkjksa }kjk vU;Fkk djkj u fd;k x;k gks] lqygdrkZ vf/kfu;e 1996 ds
varxZr fdlh ,sls fookn ds ckjs esa tks fdlh lqyg dk;Zokgh dh fo"k; oLrq gS] fdlh ekè;LFke~ ;k U;kf;d dk;Zokgh esa ekè;LFke~ ds :i esa ;k fdlh i{kdkj ds izfrfuf/k ;k ijke'khZ ds :i esa dk;Z ugh djsxk_ lkFk gh mls i{kdkjksa }kjk fdlh ekè;LFke~ ;k U;kf;d dk;Zokfg;ksa esa lk{kh ds :i esa Hkh is'k ugha fd;k tk,xkA ¼/kkjk 80½ vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 81 esa izko/kku gS fd i{kdkj] ekè;LFke~ ;k U;kf;d dk;Zokfg;ksa esa] pkgs ,slh dk;Zokfg;ka ml fookn ls lacaf/kr gksa ;k u gks]a tks lqyg dk;Zokfg;ksa dh fo"k;&oLrq gSa% & fookn ds laHkkO; fuiVkjs dh ckcr nwljs i{kdkj }kjk O;Dr fd, x, fopkjksa ;k fn, x, lq>koksa ij_ & lqyg dk;Zokfg;ksa ds vuqØe esa nwljs i{kdkj }kjk dh xbZ LohÑfr;ksa ij_ & lqygdrkZ }kjk fn, x, izLrkoksa ij_ ;k & bl rF; ij fd nwljs i{kdkj us lqygdrkZ }kjk fuiVkjs ds fy, fn, x, izLrko dks Lohdkj djus dh viuh jtkeanh minf'kZr dh FkhA fuHkZj ugha djsx a s ;k mUgsa lk{; ds :i esa iqu%LFkkfir ugha djsx a As vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 73 esa funs'k gS fd i{kdkjksa }kjk gLrk{kfjr le>kSrk djkj vafre gksxk vkSj i{kdkjksa rFkk muds v/hu nkok djus okys O;fDr;ksa ij vkc¼dj gksxkA le>kSrk djkj lqygdrkZ }kjk vo'; vf/kizekf.kr gksuk pkfg,A /kkjk 74 le>kSrk djkj dks ogh izkfLFkfr vkSj izHkko iznku djrh gS] ekuks og fookn ds lkj ij djkj ik, fucU/uksa ij /kkjk 30 ds v/hu fdlh ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k }kjk fn;k x;k dksbZ ekè;kLFke~ iapkV gS] tks fd U;k;ky; ds vfHkfu.kZ; dh izkfLFkfr dk gSA ,d liQy lqyg izfØ;k rHkh lekIr gksrh gS tc i{kdkjksa }kjk gLrk{kfjr le>kSrk djkj vfLrRo esa vk tkrk gSA ;g ,d ,slk djkj gS ftls vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 74 varxZr ,d ekè;LFke~ iapkV ds dkuwuh ifo=krk dh izkfLFkfr vkSj izHkko izkIr gksxkA ¼gjs'k n;kje
Bkdqj cuke egkjk"Vª jkT;] ,vkbZvkj 2000 ,llh 2281½
vU; fo/kkuksa ds varxZr lqyg fofHkUu fof/k;ksa ds mica/ lqyg ds ekè;e ls fookn fuiVkjs dk izko/kku djrs gaS] tSls vkS|ksfxd fookn vf/kfu;e] 1947] fgUnw fookg vf/kfu;e] 1948] xzke U;k;ky; vf/kfu;e] 2008A vf/kfu;e 1987 /kkjk 20 yksd vnkyrksa ds ekeyksa dk laKku j[krh gS vkSj funs'k nsrh gS fd izR;sd yksd vnkyr vf/kfu;e ds varxZr vius le{k fdlh lanHkZ dk vc/kkj.k djrs gq,] i{kdkjksa ds eè; le>kSrk ;k fuiVkjk djkus ds fy, iw.kZ 'kh?kzrk ds lkFk dk;Z djsxh] rFkk U;k;] lekurk] fu"i{krk] ,oa vU; U;kf;d fl¼karksa ls funsf'kr gksx a hA vf/kfu;e 1987 eqdnek iwoZ lqyg ,oa fuiVkjs dk Hkh izko/kku djrk gS vkSj LFkkbZ yksd vnkyr ds le{k lqyg ds fy, fo"k; ds fufnZ"V fd;s tkus dh izfØ;k fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA LFkkbZ yksd vnkyr dks Lora=k vkSj fu"i{k <+x ls fdlh fookn ds lkSgkniw.kZ fuiVkjs igqapus ds fy, i{kdkjksa dh lgk;rk djuh gksxhA
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vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk ijh{kk mi;ksxh lkexzh fo"k;% 2 flfoy izfØ;k lafgrk ,oa ifjlhek vf/kfu;e foLrkj ls dgs rks fof/k ds nks izdkj gksrs gS! ¼1½ ekSfyd] lkjHkwr] ewy fof/k ¼2½ izfØ;k fof/k ogk¡ ekSfyd fof/k i{kdkjksa ds vf/kdkjksa o nkf;Roksa dk fu/kkZj.k djrh gS] ogh izfØ;k fof/k ra= o izfØ;k dh LFkkiuk djrh gS i{kdkjksa ds vf/kdkj o nkf;Roksa dk fØ;kUo;u djrk gSA flfoy izfØ;k lafgrk] 1908 ,d izfØ;k fof/k gS! bl lafgrk esa le;≤ ij dbZ la'kks/ku fd;s x;s gS] ijUrq 1976] 1999 o 2002 ds la'kks/ku dkQh egRoiq.kZ gS! bl vf/kfu;e dk foLrkj fuEufyf[kr ds flok; lEiw.kZ Hkkjr ij gksxk& ¼1½ tEew o d'ehj ¼2½ ukxkyS.M jkT; vkSj tutkfr; {ks=! lafgrk dks nks eq[; Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS! ¼1½ lafgrk dk fudk;] ftlesa 158 /kkjk,sa gS! ¼2½ vuqlwph ftlesa 51 vkns'k gS vkSj muds vUrxZr fofHkUu fu;e gS! izFke Hkkx esa ewy mica/k gS] ftlesa lkekU; fl)kUrksa dk mYys[k gS vkSj os {ks=kf/kdkj dk l`tu djrs gS] tcfd f}rh; Hkkx ls ,sls mica/k fn;s x;s gS tks izfØ;k lacf/kr gS] ;s ml jhfr dk mYys[k djrs gSA ftlesa lafgrk ds fudk; }kjk l`"V fd;s x;s {ks=kf/kdkj dk iz;ksx djrk gksxk gSA /kkjk esa fo/kkf;dk la'kks/ku dj ldrh gS ijUrq vkns'kksa o fu;eksa esa la'kks/ku djus dk vf/kdkj gkbZdksVZ dks gSA /kkjkvksa rFkk vkns'kksa ,d lkFk iBuh; gS ;s ijLij lkeatL; LFkkfir djrs gS! ;fn fdlh ifjfLFfr esa /kkjkvksa o vkns'kksa ds
e/; dksbZ laxfr gks rc loZnk /kkjk,sa izcy gksxhA {ks=kf/kdkj o ifjlheu ;fn fdlh O;fDr dk nwljs O;fDr ls O;ogkj fookn gS] rks ml ifjfLFkfr es og O;fDr O;ogkj U;k;ky; esa vihy nk;j dj ldrk gS ijUrq mu okn dk fopkjkf/kdkj vfHkO;Dr vyf{kr :i ls oftZr u gksA ¼lafgrk dh /kkjk 9½ (See Vankamamidi Venkata Subba Rao V. Chatlapalli Seetharamaratna Ranganayakamma, (1997) 5 SCC 460; Dhruv Green Filed Ltd. V. Hukam Singh, (2002) 6 SCC 416)
og O;fDr tks okn nk;j djrk gS ;k fdlh ds fo#) U;k;ky; esa fof/kd dk;Zokgh djrk gS oknh dgykrk gS] og O;fDr ftlds fo#) okn nk;j fd;k x;k gS izfroknh dgykrk gS fof/kd dk;Zokgh o okn nk;j djus ds fy, oknh ds ikl izfroknh ds fo#) okn dkj.k dk gksuk vko';d gS! ;gh okn dkj.k okn dh vk/kkjf'kyk j[krk gSA ;g okn dkj.k rF; vk/kkfjr gksuk pkfg, o oknh dks izfroknh ds fo#) lQy gksus ds fy, bu rF;ksa dks lkfcr djuk vko';d gS! (See Sadanandan Bhadran V. Madhavan Sunil Kumar, (1998) 6 SCC 514; Rajasthan High Court Advocates Association V. union of India, (2001) 2SCC 294; Maharashtra, (2000) 7 SCC 640
oknh dks izfroknh ds fo#) ,d fuf'pr le;kof/k esa fof/kd dk;Zokgh djuk pkfg,] ;g dkykof/k fookn ds LoHkko ij Hkh vk/kkfjr gksrh gS! blh dkykof/k dks ifjlhek vf/kfu;e] (Period of Limitation) dgrs gSA ifjlhek vf/kfu;e] 1963 ;g vf/kfu;e okn o vU; dk;Zokfg;ksa dh ifjlhek ds lEc/k esa izko/kku nsrk gSA blds vykok ;g vf/kfu;e
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U;k;ky; esa fofHkUu dk;Zokfg;ksa] okn vkosnu ds ifjlheu dky dks Hkh fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA (The Schedule of the Limitation Act.)
vkerkSj ij os lHkh okn tks ys[kk] lafonk] pylaifÙk ¼taxe laifÙk½] vkKkfIr ?kks"k.kk] o izi= ls lEcaf/kr gS es ifjlhek dky rhu o"kZ fu/kkZfjr gSA ml ifjfLFkfr esa tc okn vpy laifÙk ls lacf/kr gS ifjlhek dky 12 o"kZ gksxk! ml ifjfLFkfr esa tc ^okn* cU/kddrkZ }kjk nk;j dh xbZ gSA ¼d½ ml vpy lEifÙk dh eqfDr ds fy, tks cU/kd gSA mldk ifjlhek dky 13 o"kZ gksxkA ¼[k½ ml ifjfLFkfr es tc vf/k'ks"k laxzg jsgunkj ds }kjk izkIr dj fy;k x;k gks o ca/kd larq"V dj fn;k x;k gks ifjlhek dky 03 o"kZ dk gksxkA tc okn jsgunkj }kjk iqu% ca/ku ds fy, nk;j fd;k tk,sxk] ml ifjfLFkfr esa ifjlhek dky 30 o"kZ gksxkA vi—R; ls lEcaf/kr okn dk ifjfleu dky 01 ;k 03 o"kZ gks ldrk gS] ijUrq ;g vi—R; ij vk/kkfjr gksxkA og okn o vkosnu ftudk ifjlhek dky] ifjlheu vf/kfu;e 1963 esa of.kZr ugha gS] dk ifjlhek dky rhu o"kZ gksxk] okn ykus ds vf/kdkj ls vuq- A ;fn fof/kd dk;Zokgh] ifjlhek vf/kfu;e o vU; dkuwu es mYysf[kr ifjlhek dky ds e/; nk;j dh xbZ gS] rks ml ifjfLFkfr esa U;k;ky; okn dks [kkfjt dj ldrk gS] fQj pkgs izfroknh us blds fo#) vihy dh gS vU;Fkk ughaA ijUrq U;k;ky; okn dks fofgr dky ds i'pkr~ xzg.k dj ldsxk ;fn vihykFkhZ ;k vkosnd U;k;ky; dk ;g lek/kku dj ns fd mlds ikl ,sls dky ds
Hkhrj vihy ;k vkosnu u djus ds fy, i;kZIr gsrqd FkkA ml ifjfLFkfr esa tc pkyw jgus okys lafonk Hkax ;k vi—R; dh n'kk esa ,d u;k ifjlhek dky ml le; ds nkSjku izfr{k.k pyuk izkjEHk gksrk jgsxk ftlesa ;FkkfLFkfr] ,slk Hkax ;k vi—R; pkyw jgsA (S 22 of the Limitation Act.) oknh dks O;ogkj okn esa fof/kd dk;Zokgh ls igys gh ;g fu/kkZfjr djuk pkfg, fd ns'k ds fdl O;ogkj U;k;ky; ds U;k;&{ks=kf/kdkj eas mldk okn vkrk gSA vkerkSj ij nks izdkj ds vf/kdkj {ks= ;k {ks=kf/kdkj gksrs gSA ¼1½ izknsf'kd {ks=kf/kdkj & izR;sd U;k;ky; ds vius HkkSxksfyd izknsf'kd {ks=kf/kdkj gksrs gS buds ckgj U;k;ky; dk {ks=kf/kdkj ugha gksrkA ftl izdkj ftyk U;k;k/kh'k dk {ks=kf/kdkj ml ftys ds vanj gh gksrk gS] mlds ckgj ughaA gkbZdksVZ Hkh mlh {ks= fo'ks"k ds vUnj viuk vf/kdkj {ks= j[krk gS] mlds ckgj ughaA ¼2½ vkfFkZd {ks=kf/kdkj & vkfFkZd {ks=kf/kdkj ls vFkZ gS fd dksbZ U;k;ky; fo'ks"k mls iznRr fof'k"V jde rd ds ewY; ds oknh dks pquus ds fy, gh izkf/k—r gksxkA bl izdkj vkfFkZd {ks=kf/kdkj dk vFkZ gS fd fofHkUu U;k;ky; fofHkUu vkfFkZd ewY; ds oknksa dk {ks=kf/kdkj j[krs gSA {ks=kf/kdkj ls lacfa /kr fuEufyf[kr fu;e fl)karksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg, /kkjk 15 ds vuqlkj izR;sd okn] blds fopkj.k ds fy, l{ke lcls fuEu Js.kh ds U;k;ky; esa lafLFkr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
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bl izdkj oknh dks vius okn dh ewY;x.kuk ds vuqlkj vius okn dks lEcaf/kr vkfFkZd {ks=kf/kdkj ds U;k;ky; es nk;j djuk pkfg,A lafgrk dh /kkjk 16 vkfFkZd {ks=kf/kdkj dh vpy lEifÙk ds okn gsrq 1½ vpy lEifÙk dh iqu% izkfIr ds fy,] ¼fdjk;ksa rFkk ykHkksa ds lfgr ;k fcuk½
{ks=kf/kdkj ds vUnj fd;k x;k gks] ;k fQj izfroknh nwljs U;k;ky; ds {ks=kf/kdkj ds vUnj fuokl djrk gks] dkjckj djrk gks] ;k ykHk ds fy, Loa; dke djrk gksA ¼519 lafgrk½ n`"Vkar & A psUuSbZ es jgrk gS] B dks tcyiqj esa ekjrk gSA B, A ds fo#) psUuSbZ ;k tcyiqj fdlh Hkh LFkku ij okn lafLFr dj ldrk gSA
2½ vpy lEifÙk ds foHkktu ds fy,
A psUuSbZ eas jgrk gS] tcyiqj eas B ds fo#) ekugkfudkjd ys[k izdkf'kr djrk gS] B, A ds
3½ vpy lEifÙk ds cU/kd ;k ml ij Hkkj dh voLFkk eas ekspu fu"ks/k foØ; ;k ekspu ds fy,
fo#) psUuSbZ o tcyiqj dgha Hkh okn nk;j dj ldrk gSA
4½ vpy lEifÙk ds fdlh vf/kdkj ;k fgr ds vo/kkj.kk ds fy,A
'ks"k vU; okn ¼tks fd mijksDr of.kZr ughaa gS½ fuEufyf[kr es ls fdlh Hkh dksVZ esa lafLFkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
5½ vpy lEifÙk ds izkfIr fd, x;s nks"k ds fy, izfrdj ds fy, okn ,sls U;k;ky; esa lafLFkr fd;k tkuk pkfg, ftlds LFkkuh; {ks=kf/kdkj esa ,slh vpy lEifÙk vofLFkr gks! 6½ tgk¡ dksbZ okn djLFke~ ;k dqdhZ ds vUrxZr fdlh py lEifÙk dh iqu% ikfjr ds fy, gks ogk¡ og ,sls U;k;ky; esa lafLFkr fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ftuds LFkkuh; {ks=kf/kdkj ds vUnj ,slh py lEifÙk vofLFkr gksA lafgrk dh /kkjk 16 gkbZdksVZ ds ewy O;ogkj okn ds {ks=kf/kdkj ij ykxw ughas gksxh] tks dh mu oknksa ds fy, gS tks lh/ks gkbZdksVZ esa nk;j dh tk ldrs gSA vpy lEifÙk ls lacf/kr okn tks fd ,d ls U;k;ky;ksa ds izknsf'kd {ks=kf/kdkj esa vkrk gS] muesa ls fdlh Hkh ,d U;k;ky; esa nk;j fd;k tk ldrk gSA fdlh O;fDr ;k py lEifÙk ds izfr fd;s x;s vidkj ds fy, izfrdj gsrq okn ml U;k;ky; es ftlesa ;k rks nks"k ,d U;k;ky; ds
¼d½ tgk¡ okn&dkj.k lEiw.kZr% ;k va'kr% mRiUu gqvk gksA ¼[k½ tgk¡ izfroknh LosPNkiw.kZ jgrk gks] ;k dkjckj djrk gks] ;k ykHk ds fy, Lo;a dk;Z djrk gksA ¼x½ tgk¡ fd ,d ls vf/kd izfroknh gks] ogk¡ izfrokfn;ksa esa ls dksbZ okn ds izkjEHk ds le; okLrfod :i ls vkSj LosPNkiwoZd fuokl djrk gks ;k dkjckj djrk gks ;k ykHk ds fy, Lo;a dk;Z djrk gks] ;k rks U;k;ky; }kjk vuqefr ns nh xbZ gks ;k os izfroknh tks ;FkkiwoZ :i ls fuokl ughaa djrk gks] dkjckj ugha djrs gks ;k ykHk ds fy, Lo;a ugha djrs gksA ¼lafgrk dks /kkjk 20½ n`"Vkar A cSaXkykSj esa ,d O;kikjh gS B psUuSbZ esa viuk dkjckj pykrk gSA B cSaXkykSj esa vius ,d vfHkdrkZ ds ek/;e ls B ls eky [kjhnrk gS o mls East India Railway Company ls okn nk;j dj ldrk gSA
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n`"Vkar A nktZfyax esa jgrk gS] B dydRRkk esa vkSj C eqEcbZ esa A, B vkSj C bykgckn esa feyrs gS B vkSj C ekax fd;s tkus ij ns; A la;qDr opui= fy[kdj A dks ifjnRr dj nsrs gS] A, B o C ij bykgckn esa tgk¡ fd okn dkj.k mRiUu gqvk] okn yk ldrk gSA og mu ij dydRrk esa tgk¡ B jgrk gS ;k eqEcbZ esa tgk¡ C jgrk gS] okn yk ldrk gS] ijUrq izR;sd ,slh voLFkk esa ;fn fuokl u djus okyk izfroknh vifÙk djs rks fcuk U;k;ky; dh vuqefr ds okn ughaa py ldrkA ;gk¡ ;g lqfuf'pr gksuk pkfg, fd S 20 esa of.kZr izko/kku gkbZdksVZ ds ewy O;ogkj {ks=kf/kdkj ij ykxw ugha gksxkA (S 120)
U;k;ky; ds {ks=kf/kdkj esa gh ?kfVr D;ksa u gqvk gksA &lafgrk fuEufyf[kr ekeyksa esa oknh dks okn nk;j djus ls izfr"ksf/kr djrh gSA &;gk¡ ij okn izkM~U;k; }kjk izfrcaf/kr gksA & mu ekeyksa esa tgk¡ U;k;ky; }kjk tkjh vkKfIr dks U;k;ky; ds izknsf'kd {ks=kf/kdkj ij pqukSrh nh xbZ gks] (S 21) & ogk¡ tgk¡ lacf/kr okn dh fØ;kUo;u] eqfDr] ;k larqf"V dks ysdj iz'u gks & fdlh vihyh; vFkok iqujh{k.k U;k;ky; }kjk okn lafLFkr
,d vke fu;e ds rgr u rks lgefr o NwV vkSj u gh jtkeanh ij ,d vnkyr ds vf/kdkj {ks= iznku dj ugha ldrs gSA ,slk djus ij oknh okn nk;j djus ;ksX; ugha jgsxk ( )
fopkjk/khu U;k;k rFkk izkM~U;k;
gkykafd ;g nyksa ds e/; ,d ekU; vuqca/k dh vof/k ds fy, fo"k; gks ldrk gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 10 fopkjk/khu U;k; ds fl)kar dk o.kZu djrh gSA blds vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh U;k;ky; fdlh ,sls okn dk fopkj.k djus ds fy, vxzlj ughaa gksxk ftles oknin ds fo"k; ogh gS tks izR;{k jhfr ls ,oa lkjoku :i ls iwoZ
;gk¡ fdlh okn dkjd ij nks ;k vf/kd U;k;ky;ksa dk {ks=kf/kdkj gksxk rks ml ;gk¡ fdlh okn dkjd ij nks ;k vf/kd U;k;ky;ksa dk {ks=kf/kdkj dks {ks=kf/kdkj dksxk rks ml fLFkfr esa ;fn i{kdkjksa ds e/; lafonk esa fookn fuiVkjsa ds fy, ,d U;k;ky;ksa dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS og lafonk vlafnX/k] lkQ rFkk lLi`"V gS] o 'kwU; ugha gS] rFkk Hkkjrh; lafonk vf/kfu;e 1872 dh /kkjk 23 ds foijhr ugha gS rks okn mlh U;k;ky; esa yk;k tk,xk tgk¡ ij lafonk esa fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA rFkk vU; U;k;ky;ksa dk ml ekeys es dksbZ {ks=kf/kdkj 'ks"k ugha jgsxkA fQj pkgs okn dkjd ml
fdlh O;fDr ds okn nk;j djus ls iwoZ fopkjk/khu U;k; o izkM~U;k; ds fl)kar ij t:j /;ku nsuk pkfg,A
bl /kkjk dk mn~ns'; leorhZ {ks=kf/kdkj okys U;k;ky;ksa dks ¼ml ifjfLFkfr esa tgk¡ ,d ls T;knk U;k;ky;ksa dk {ks=kf/kdkj gks½ nks leku oknksa dk lekUrj :i ls xzg.k djus ;k mu ij U;k;fu.kZ; djus ls jksduk gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk AA izkM~U;k; ds fl)kar dk mYys[ku djrh gS! blds vuqlkj dksbZ U;k;ky; fdlh ,sls okn fcUnq dk fopkj.k ughaa djsxk] ftlds okn in esa og fo"k;] mUgha i{kdkjksa ds e/; fdlh iwoZorhZ okn es izR;{k
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rFkk lkjoku :i ls jgk gks vkSj lquk tk pqdk gks] rFkk vafre :i ls U;k;ky; }kjk fu.khZr gks pqdk gks ,d gh okn ckj&2 ugha nk;j fd;k tk ldrk bl fl)kar dk eq[; mn~ns'; U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ;ksa dh vafrerk nsuk gS] o ,d gh O;fDr dks ,d gh ekeys es nks ckj ltk ls cpkuk gSA n`"Vkar& A B ds fo#) lafonk ds mYya?ku ds fy, gtkZuk olwyus ds fy, okn nk;j djrk gS] okn dks U;k;ky; fujLr dj nsrk gS] vc A iqu% mlh fcUnq ij okn nk;j djrs gq, gtkZuk ughaa ekax ldrkA fopkjk/khu U;k; ds fl)kar izk;ksT;rk ds fy, fuEufyf[kr 'krksZ dk ikyu gksuk vko';d gS& & nks oknksa dk gksuk vko';d gS ¼,d okn tks iwoZ lafLFkr gks i'pkroknh okn½ & nksuksa oknkas esa okn in xzLr fo"k; dk lkjr% ,d gksuk pkfg,A & nksuks oknkas ,d gh i{kdkj o muds izfrfuf/k;ksa ds e/; gksus pkfg, & iwoZ lafLFkr okn dks mlh U;k;ky; esa ftlesa fd i'pkronhZ okn yk;k x;k gS] ;k Hkkjr es fdlh vu; U;k;ky; es ;k Hkkjr dh lhekvksa ds ckgj okys ,sls fdlh U;k;ky; es] tks fd dsUnzh; ljdkj }kjk LFkkfir ;k pkyw j[kk x;k gSA ;k mPpre U;k;ky; ds le{k yfEcr gksuk pkfg,A & og U;k;ky; ftlesa iwoZ dk okn yfEcr gS] i'pkronhZ okn dk Hkh {ks=kf/kdkj j[krk gksA & ,sls i{kdkjksa dk nksuks oknkas es ,d gh gd ds v/khu eqdnescth djuk vko';d gSA
izkM~U;k; ds fl)kar dh izk;ksT;rk ds fy, fuEufyf[kr 'krksZ dk iwjk gksuk vko';d gS& ¼1½ ijorhZ okn ;k oknin esa izR;{kr% vkSj lkjr% okninxzLr fo"k;] ogh fo"k; gksuk pkfg, tks ;k rks okLrfod :i esa ;k vUo;kfJr :i esa (actually or constructively) iwoZorhZ okn esa oknxzLr FkkA ¼2½ iwoZorhZ okn dk mUghaa i{kdkjksa ds chp ;k ,sls i{kdkjksa ds chp] ftuds v/khu os ;k muesa ls dksbZ nkok djrs gS] gksuk vko';d gSA ¼3½ ;FkkiwokZsDr i{kdkjksa dk iwoZorhZ okn esa mlh gd ds v/khu eqdnesckth djuk vko';d gSA iwoZorhZ okn dks fofuf'pr djus okys U;k;ky; dk ,slk U;k;ky; gksuk vko';d gS tks i'pkr~orhZ okn dk ;k ml okn dk] ftlesa ,lk oknin ckn esa mBk;k tk,] fopkj.k djus ds fy, l{ke gksA ¼5½ i'pkr~orhZ okn esa izR;{kr% vkSj lkjr% okninxzLr fo"k; dk U;k;ky; }kjk iwoZorhZ okn esa vfUre:is.k fofuf'pr fd;k x;k gksuk vko';d gSA fons'kh fu.kZ; % lafgrk dh /kkjk 13] 14 izkM~U;k; ds fl)kUr dks fons'kh fu.kZ; ds laca/k esa tksM+ dj pyrh gSA fdlh dks fookn ds ifjizs{; esa fons'kh l{ke U;k;ky; }kjk tkjh fu.kZ; dks Hkkjrh; U;k;ky; ykxw dj ldrk gS rFkk ;g nksuksa i{kdkj ds e/; izkM~U;k; dh rjg gksxk ijUrq fuEufyf[kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa es fons'kh fu.kZ; fu'pk;d ughaa gksxk U;k;ky; es okn lafLFkr dj U;kf;d dk;Zokgh dk xfr iznku dh tk ldrh gSA izR;sd okn] nks izfr;ksa es okn i= izLrqr dj lafLFkr fd;k
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tk,xkA okn i= esa vafdr rF;ksa dks 'kiFki= }kjk lkfcr fd;k tk,xkA vFkkZr~ izR;sd okn i= ds lkFk mlds rF;ksa dh lR;rk iznf'kZr djus okyk 'kiFki= layXu djuk vko';d gksrk gSA xyr] vlR; ;k >wBk 'kiFki= izLrqr djuk ,d vijk/k gSA (S 191 of India Penal Code). U;k;ky; esa dksbZ Hkh vf/koDrk rc rd fdlh O;fDr ds fy, ;k LFkku ij mifLFkr ;k dke ugha dj ldrk tc rd fd og O;fDr }kjk ;k mlds vfHkdrkZ }kjk gLrk{kj dj fu;qDr u fd;k x;k gksA Fks leLr fu;qfDr;ka U;k;ky; esa gksuh pkfg,A
mlh izdkj okn yk ldrs gS tSls Hkkjr ds ukxfjdA
fof'"V ekeyksa esa okn
,d vO;Ld }kjk okn dh 18 o"kZ ls de mez dk gks] ftlds fy, ;k mldh lEifÙk ds fy, U;k;ky; us oknkFkZ laj{kd Fkk okn fe= fu;qDr fd;s gks ;k ftldh lEifÙk Counts of wards ds funsZ'ku ds gks og vO;Ld O;fDr vius uke ls vius okn fe= ;k okn laj{kd ds }kjk okn nk;j dj ldrk gSA fdlh vO;Ld dh vksj ls mlds okn fe= }kjk lafLFkr fd;s tkus ij U;k;ky; mls izfroknh ds [kpZs ds fy, izfrHkwfr nsus dk vkns'k ns ldsxkA ¼lafgrK dk vkns'k 32 fu;e 2A) tc fdlh vO;Ld ds fo#) okn nk;j fd;k x;k gS rks U;k;ky; vO;Ld ds fy, okn laj{kd) fu;qDr dj ldrk gSA ¼lafgrk dh vkns'k 32 o fu;e 3½
¼1½ ljdkjh ;k yksd inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds }kjk ;k fo#) mudh inh; gSfl;r lafLFkr fd;k tkuk gks] blds iwoZ mls lwpuk fn;k tkuk vko';d gS] ,slh lwpuk de ls de nks ekg iwoZ nh tkuh pkfg,A ,slh lwpuk esa oknh dks okn dkjd] oknh dk uke] irk vkfn rFkk okafNr vuqrks"k dk mYys[k djuk pkfg,A vkns'k 27 ljdkjh ;k yksd inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds }kjk ;k fo#) mudh inh; gS fu;r es okn dh izfØ;k dk o.kZu djrk gSA ¼2½ vU;ns'kh; O;fDr;ksa }kjk okn & izR;sd ,sls O;fDr ds ckjs esa tks fd ,sls fons'k esa fuokl djrk gS] ftldh ljdkj Hkkjr esa ;qn`jr gS vkSj tks ml n'kk es ,lh vuqKfIr ds fcuk Kkr dj jgk gS] tks fd dsUnzh; ljdkj us bl fufer vuqnr dh gS] ml O;fDr dks vU;ns'kh; 'k=q le>k tk,xkA ,slh vU;ns'kh; 'k=q tks fd dsUnzh; ljdkj dh vuqKk ls Hkkjr esa fuokl dj jgs gS vkSj vU;ns'kh; fe= fdlh ,sls U;k;ky; es tksa fd okn dk fopkj.k djus ds fy, vU;Fkk l{ke gS]
ijUrq og vU;ns'kh; 'k=q tk ljdkj dh vuqKk ds fcuk Hkkjr esa jg jgs gS ok okn ugha yk ldrsA (S 83 of Code)
& fons'kh jkT;ksa }kjk okn fons'kh 'kkldksa] jktnwrksa o nwrksa ds fo#) okn& vO;Ld rFkk fod`rkfpr okys O;fDr;ksa }kjk ;k fo#) okn nk;j djukA
,slk O;fDr tks O;Ld o LoLFk gks rFkk ftldk fgr vO;Ld ds fgr ds izfrdwy u gks dh okn fe= ;k okn la;{kd fu;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA lafgrk dh vkns'k 32 fo—rfpr yksxksa ij Hkh ykxw gksrk gS flok; fu;e 2A dks NksM+dj &n`"Vkar& A vius vfHkdrkZ B ds ikl vius tokgjkr vekur ds :i esa j[krk gS] C pqukSrh nsuk gS fd mu tokgjkrksa ij mldk dCtk gS o B ls tokgjr ekaxrk gSA C ifjfLFkfr es B
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vUrjkfHkopuh; okn A o C ds fo#) nk;j ughaa dj ldrkA &fu/kZu O;fDr;ksa }kjk okn vkns'k 33 fu/kZu O;fDr dks fcuk U;k;ky; 'kqYd ds ckn ykus dk vf/kdkj nsrk gSA vpy lEifÙk ds ca/kd ds lEca/k esa okn& laf{kIrokn& ;fn oknh dks ,slk yxrk gS fd izfroknh vius cpko esa dksbZ cpko fcUnq ugha yk ldrk tks lafgrk dh vkns'k 37 ds vuqlkj og laf{kIr okn nk;j dj ldrk gSA laf{kIr okn dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ laf{kIr izfØ;k ls gSA vkns'k 37 ds vuqlkj egRoiw.kZ ij—R; fyf[kr opu i=] gq.s dh rF;ksa esa cy gS rks izfroknh dks cpko dh vuqefr fey ldrh gSA (A118 of the Schedule of the limitation Act. 1961 order XXXVII Rule 3 of Code, Mech Engi.)
Lo:i ¼1½ /ku ds Hkqxrku ds fy, ¼2½ fdlh fof'k"V lEifÙk ¼py] vpy½ ds ifjnku ds fy, ¼3½ fdlh fof'k"V dk;Z djus ;k djkus ls izfrfoK jgus ds fy, ¼/kkjk 90 vkns'k 36½ okn dk ykSVuk okn dh lquokbZ ds fdlh Hkh pj.k ij ;fn U;k;ky; dks ,slk yxrk gS fd ;g okn mlds vf/kdkj {ks= ds ckgj gS rks og okn oknh dks lacaf/kr l{ke U;k;ky; ds fy, ykSVk ldrk gSA tc oknh okn nk;j djrk gS rks izfroknh dks bldh lwpuk nh tkuh pkfg, ;g lwpuk leu dgykrh gSA ;g ,d nLrkost gS tks U;k;ky; ds dk;kZy; ls tkjh gksrk gS U;k;ky; es mifLFkr gksus ds fy, fyf[kr tokc og mÙkj gksrk gS tks izfroknh oknh }kjk tkjh okn ds izfrmÙkj esa nk;j djrk gSA tc okn ds izfrmÙkj esa gj ml rF; dk tokc gksrs gS tks oknh }kjk okn esa nk;j fd;s tkrs gSA ;g izfroknh dh izfrlqj{kk esa u;s rF;ksa dk mYys[k Hkh dj ldrk gSA ;g izfrmÙkj ;k tokc leu dh rkehy ds 30 fnol ds vUnj nkf[ky gks tkus pkfg,A ;g tokc oknh dh ,d izfr layXu ds lkFk nk;j fd;s tkus pkfg,A izfrmÙkj tek djus ds fe;kn dks U;k;ky; 30 fnol ls c<+k ldrh gSA ijUrq ;g fe;kn 90 fnol ls T;knk ughaa gks ldrhA ¼vkns'k fu;e 1, rFkk vkns'k 8] fu;e 01½
yksd iwrZ lacfa /kr okn ij ;s fujarjrk esa gksus pkfg,A
okn ds i{kdkj
&fo'ks"k ekeyksa /kkjk 90 vkns'k 36 ds vuqlkj rF; ;k fof/k ds fdlh iz'u ds fofu'p; es fgr j[kus okys i{kdkj ,d ys[kuc) djkj }kjk jk; ds fy, vius ekeyksa dks U;k;ky; ds izLrqr dj ldsx a As mlesa vko';d rF;ks]a nLrkostksa ,ao fo"k; oLrq djsxk rFkk lk/kkj.k jhfr ls mldk fopkj.k djsxkA ekeyksa dk
lafgrk ds vkns'k 01 ds fofHkUu fu;eksa esa okn es ds i{kdkjks dk mYys[k fd;k fd;k gSA tgk¡ fd ;fn os O;fDr ftuds ckjs esa ;g vfHkdfFkr gS fd ,d gh dk;Z ;k laO;ogkj ;k dk;kZs ;k laO;ogkjksa dh J`a[kyk ds fy; ;k] ls iSnk gksus okys vuqrks"k ikus dk dksbZ vf/kdkj muesa la;qDrr% ;k i;kZIrr% orZeku gS] i`Fkd okn
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ykrs rks dksbZ lkekU; fof/k ;k rF; dk iz'u iSnk gksrk] ogk¡ ,sls lc O;fDr okfn;ksa ds :i esa ,d okn esa la;qDr fd;s tk ldsx a As ¼vkns'k 1 fu;e 1½ n`"Vkar & ,d lafonk Y/Z ds lkFk djrk gS] blds varxZr X dks Y Z dks ,d fu;e fof/k dks cky fo;fjx iznku djus gSA ijUrq ml fnol ij X, Y Z dks cky fo;fjx iznku ugha dj ikrk rFkk YrFkk Z dks Hkkjh rqdlku mBkuk iM+rk gSA bl ifjfLFkfr esa Y/Z dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd os X fo#) eqvkot+k clwyus ds fy, okn yk ldrs gSA bl vf/kdkj mUgs lafonk }kjk izkIr gksrk gSA bl izdkj Y/Z ,d lkFk X ds fo#) eqvkot+k clwyus ds fy, okn nk;j dj ldrs gSA tgk¡ fd ;fn mu O;fDr;ksa ds fo#)] ftuds ckjs esa ;g vfHkdfFkr gks fd ,d gh dk;Z ;k muds fo#) la;qDr%] i`Fkdr% ;k i;kZir% orZeku gS] i`Fkd~ okn yk;s tkrs rks dksbZ lkekU; fof/k ;k rF; dk iz'u iSnk gksrk] ogk¡ ,sls lc O;fDr izfrokfn;ksa ds :i esa la;qDr fd; tk ldsx a As ¼vkns'k 1] fu;e 3½ n`"Vkar & Z ,d Vsªu ls ;k=k dj jgk gSA rc rsth ls vk jgk ,d Vªd Vªsu ls Vdjk tkrk gSA blls Z dks Hkkjh {kfr iagqprh gSA Z ,d gh okn es Vªd Mªkboj rFkk Vªsu Mªkboj dks izfroknh crk ldrk gS] blds fy, mls vyx ls okn tkus dh vko';drk ughaA vko';d rFkk mfpr i{kdkj& ,d okn lHkh vko';d i{kdkjksa ds fo#) nk;j fd;k tkuk pkfg, tks dh og yksx ftudh mifLFkfr es okn dk gksuk vko';d gS] ok i{kdkj ftuds mifLFkfr es okn dk gksuk vko';d gS] okn i{kdkj ftuds fo#) {kfriw.kZ
dh ekax dh xbZ gSA oks i{kdkj ftuds fcuk dksbZ vkKfIr ikl ugha fd tk ldrhA blds vykok ,d vkSj i{kdkj tks dh mfpr i{kdkj dgykrk gS gksrk gSA ;g oks i{kdkj gksrh gS ftldh vuqifLFkr esa izHkkoh fu.kZ; fn;k tk ldrk gSA ijUrq ftudh mifLFkfr vafre fu.kZ; ds oDr vko';d gksrh gSA (See Ramesh Hirachand Kundanmal V. Corporation of Gr. Babey (1992 2SXX (524))
;gk¡ ,d O;fDr tks fd vko';d i{kdkj ;k fQj mfpr i{kdkj gS ;fn ;g nksuks okn esa la;qDr i{kdkj ugha gS rks ;g ifjfLFkfr vla;kstu dgykrh gSA ogh nwljh vksj ,d O;fDr tk uk rks vko';d i{kdkj gS ;k mfpr i{kdkj gS dks okn esa i{kdkj cu;k x;k gS rks ;k ifjfLFkfr dqla;kstu dgykrh gS (order I Rule 9 of the Code)
fdlh okn dks flQZ dqla;kstu ;k vla;kstu ds vk/kkj ij fujLr ugha fd;k tk ldrk ;g fu;e vla;kstu ds vko';d i{kdkj ij ykxw ugha gksrkA vla;kstu rFk dqla;kstu ds vk/kkj ij mBk;s tkus okys leLr fojks/k izkjfEHkd voLFkk esa gh mBk,s tkus pkfg, vU;Fkk ;g lHkh fojks/k 'kwU; le>s tk,saxsA ¼vkns'k 1 fu;e 13½ ;fn ;g fojks/k izkjfEHkd voLFkk esa mBk;k x;k ijUrq oknh ds vko';d i{kdkj dks 'kkfey djus ls euk dj fn;k rks oknh dks ckn esa ;g deh iwjh ughaa djuh nh tk ldrhA izfrfuf/kRo okn & fdlh okn esa ds fgrc) leLr O;fD;ksa dks okn esa i{kdkj dh gSfl;r ls lfEefyr fd;k tkuk vko';d ughaa gSA muesa ls dksbZ ,d ;k ,dkf/kd mu lcdk izfrfuf/kRo djus gq, okn lafLFkr dj ldrk gS ;k izfrj{kk dj ldrk gSA 10 ¼vkns'k1] fu;e 8½A
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. all rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicalble civil and criminal law remedies
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izfrfuf/kRo okn esa okn dks mu yksxksa dh iwoZ vuqefr ysus dh vko';drk ugha gS ftudk os izfrfuf/kRo dj jgs gSA okn dh jpuk & vkns'k 2 ds fu;e 2 ds vUrxZr dh xbZ O;oLFkk ds vuqlkj ¼1½ izR;sd okn ds vUrxZr og iwjk nkok gksxk] ftls fd okn&dkj.k ds lEcU/k esa djus ds fy, oknh vf/kd`r gSA fdUrq okn dks fdl U;k;ky; ds {ks=kf/kdkj ds vUrxZr ykus dh n`f"V ls oknh vius nkos ls fdl izHkkx dk ifjR;kx dj ldsxkA ¼tgk¡ fd okn vius nkos ds fdlh izHkkx ds fy, okn ykus esa pwd djrk gS ;k mldk lk'k; ifjR;kx dj nsrk gS] ogk¡ og bl izdkj pwd fd;s x;s ;k R;kx fd;s x;s izHkkx ds lEcU/k esa okn lafLFkr ughaa dj ldsxkA½ okn dkj.kksa dk la;kstu & vkns'k 2 dk fu;e 3 okn & dkj.kksa ds la;kstu (joinder of causes of action) ls O;ogkj djrk gSA ;g fu;e ^okn dh cgqyrk* dks jksdus dk ,d izHkko'kkyh mik; izLrqr djrk gSA ;Fkk vU;Fkk micfU/kr dks NksM+dj dksbZ oknh mlh izfroknh ;k mUgha izfrokfn;ksa ds fo#) fofHkUu okn dkj.kksa dk la;kstu dj ldrk gSA vfHkopu & lafgrk ds vkns'k 6 ds fu;e 1 esa vfHkopu dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA blds vuqlkj ^^vfHkopu ls okni= ;k fyf[kr dFku vfHkizsr gSA** bl izdkj vfHkopu esa okni= rFkk fyf[kr dFku nksuksa dksa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA vfHkopr dk ;g lcls egRoiw.kZ fu;e gS fd vfHkopu esa flQZ rF;ksa ;k ?kVukvksa dk mYys[k fd;k tkuk pkfg,] fof/k dk ughaaA U;k;ky; Lo;a fof/k dk irk yxkus fy, ck/; gSA ¼vkns'k 6] fu;e 2½
lafgrk dh vuqlwph A esa dbZ vfHkopuksa dk mYys[a k gS] ftudk dh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrkA ,sls lc ekeyksa esa] ftuesa vfHkopu feF;k&O;is'ku diV U;kl&Hkax lk'k; pwd ;k vuqfpr izHkko ij voyfEcr gks] ogk¡ mudk fooj.k vko';d enksa vkSj rkjh[kksa lfgr vfHkopu esa mfYyf[kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ¼vkns'k 6] fu;e 4½A izR;sd vfHkopu i{kdkj ,oa mlds vf/koDrk ds }kjk gLrk{kfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A i{kdkj dh vuqifLFkfr esa ;g mlds }kjk izkf/kd`r fd;s x;s O;fDr ds }kjk gLrk{kfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ¼vkns'k 6] fu;e 14½A izR;sd vfHkopu mls djus okys i{kdkj }kjk lR;kfir fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vfHkopu dk lR;kiu & izR;sd vfHkopu dks i{kdkj ;k i{kdkjksa }kjk ;k U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k mfpr izfrfuf/k }kjk vfHkopu ds uhps dksus es lR;kfir djuk pkfg, ;gk¡ lR;kiu dqy vuqPNsn lwpuk o izkIr tkudkjh dk gksuk pkfg,A lR;kiu djus okyk O;fDr dks vfHkopu lR;kiu es lanHkZ esa 'kiFk i= nk;j djuk pkfg,A vfHkopu esa la'kks/ku & ¼vkns'k 4 fu;e 17 o 18½ U;k;ky; dk;Zokgh ds fdlh Hkh izØe ij mlesa ds fdlh Hkh i{kdkj dks mlds vfHkopu esa ,slh jhfr ls vkSj ,slh 'krksZa ij tks U;k;iw.kZ gksa] la'kks/ku djus dh vuqefr ns ldsxk ,oa ,sls lHkh la'kks/ku] tks i{kdkjksa ds chp fdlh fooknkLin iz'u ds vo/kkj.kk ds fy, vko';d izrhr gks] fd;s tk,saxsA ¼vkns'k 6] fu;e 17½ gkykafd la'kks/ku dh dksbZ dh vthZ lquokbZ ds vUr gksus ds ckn Lohdkj ugha gh tk ldrhA
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,slk izR;sd la'kks/ku ;k rks U;k;ky; }kjk fu;r fd;s x;s le; ds vUnj ;k vkns'k ls 14 fnuksa ds vUnj fd;k tk ldsxkA ¼vkns'k 6] fu;e 18½A ;fn i{kdkj ,slk ugha djrs rks mUgs la'kks/ku dh vuqefr ugha gksxh] ijUrq U;k;ky; le; lhek c<+k ldrk gSA
vFkok izfroknh ds dCts esa dh fdlh ,slh py lEifr ds fy, ftldks fd ;qfDr;qDr ifjJe ds ckn Hkh ewY; fu/kkZfjr fd;k tk ldrk] okn lafLFkr djrk pkgrk gS] ogk¡ okni= esa ml jkf'k dh yxHkx (approximately) ek=k dk mYys[k fd;k tk ldsxkA ¼vkns'k 7] fu;e 2½
okni=& vkns'k 7 fu;e 1 ;g izko/kku djrk gS fd okni= esa fuEufyf[kr vukoLrq,as gksuh pkfg,A
okn dk vLohdk;Z gksuk &
1½ ml U;k;ky; dk uke ftlesa okn yk;k tkrk gS(
tgk¡ oknh izfrfuf/k ds :i esa okn ykrk gS] ogk¡ ml okni= esa mYys[k djuk gksxk fd&
2½ oknh dk uke] firk dk uke] vk;q] O;olk; ,oa fuokl&LFkku(
vkns'k 7 ds fu;e 11 esa mu vk/kkjksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS ftu ij dksbZ U;k;ky; okni= dks vLohdkj dj ldrk gSA ;s vk/kkj fuEufyf[kr gS&
3½ izfroknh dk uke] firk dk uke] vk;q] O;olk; ,oa fuokl&LFkku( 4½ ;fn oknh vFkok izfroknh nksuksa esa ls dksbZ vo;Ld gS rks bl vk'k; dk dFku( 5½ os rF; ftuls okn&dkj.k (cause of action)
6½ ;g lanfHkZr djus okys rF; fd U;k;ky; dks {ks=kf/kdkj gS( 7½ og vuqrks"k (relief) ftldk oknh nkok djrk gS( 8 oknh }kjk izfrlknu (set off) ds fy, Lohdkj dh xbZ /kujkf'k vFkok NksM+s x;s nkok dk dksbZ Hkkx( 9½ tgk¡ oknh /ku dh olwyh ds fy, okn lafLFkr djuk pkgrk gS] ogk¡ okni= esa nkok dh tkus okyh fuf'pr jde dk mYys[k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A 10 tgk¡ oknh e/;orhZ ykHkksa ;k vfu/kkfjr ys[kksa (unsettled accounts) ds vk/kkj ij fdlh jde
1½ tgk¡ fd okni= esa dksbZ okn&dkj.k (cause of action) izdV ughaa gksrk gks( 12 2½ tgk¡ fd nkokd`r vuqrks"k dk ewY;kadu de fd;k x;k gks vkSj oknh U;k;ky; }kjk fu;r le; ds vUnj mls Bhd djus esa vlQy jgrk gS( 3½ tgk¡ fd nkokd`r vuqrks"k dk ewY;kadu rks lgh gS] ijUrq okni= vi;kZIr eqnzk&i= ij fy[k x;k gks vkSj oknh U;k;ky; }kjk fu;r le; ds vUnj visf{kr eqnzk&i= nsus esa vlQy jgrk gks(13 4½ tgk¡ fd okni= esa dFku ls gh ;g izrhr gksrk gS fd okn fdlh fof/k }kjk oftZr gSA14 5½ tgk¡ fd og nks izfr;ksa esa is'k ughaa fd;k tkrk( 6½ tgk¡ ij U;k;ky; }kjk okn i= izkIr fd;s tkus ij oknh dks izfr tgk¡ izfrfuf/k ds :i esa
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okn ykrk gS] ogk¡ ml okni= esa mYys[k djuk gksxk fd&
fuf'pr vkfFkZd ekax gksus ds dkj.k izfrlkfnr gks ldrs gSA
1½ fo"k;&oLrq esa mldk okLrfod fo|eku fgr (actual existing interest) gS] ,oa
n`"Vkar & v] c ij fofue; i= ds fy, okn nk;j djrk gS] ftlds fy, og v ls eqvkotk ys ldrk gSA bl ifjfLFkfr esa fuf'pr ugha g blfy, izfrlkn lEHko ughaA
2½ og mlds fy, okn ykus esa leFkZ gksus ds fy, vko';d dne (steps) ¼;fn dksbZ gks½ mBk pqdk gSA ¼vkns'k 7] fu;e 4½ fyf[kr dFku & izfroknh dks viuh izfrj{kk esa mu lHkh fo'ks"k ckrksa dk mYys[k djuk pkfg, tks ;g lanf'kZr djrh gksa fd oknh dk okni= la/kkj.k ;ksX; (maintainable) ughaa gS ;k og fdlh fof/k dh n`f"V ls ;k 'kwU;dj.kh; laO;ogkj ls lEcfU/kr gSA mls izfrj{kk dh mu ckrksa dk Hkh mYys[k djuk pkfg, tks diV] e;kZnk] lEekspu] nsuxh] feF;k O;ins'ku] izkM~ U;k;] focU/ku vkfn dks lanf'kZr djrs gS( D;ksafd izfrj{kk ds ;s vk/kkj rF; ds ,sls okni= [kM+s djrs gSa tks okni= ds dFku ls ughaa iSnk gksrs vkSj ;fn os ughaa mBk;s x;s rks lEHkkO;rk gS fd muds lglk lkeus vkus ls fojks/kh i{kdkj ijs'kkuh esa iM+ tk,xkA ¼vkns'k 8] fu;e 2½ izfrlkn & /ku ds izR;q)j.k ds fy, tks fd oknh ds izfroknh }kjk oS/k:is.k izR;q}j.kh; gS] oknh dh ekax ds fo#) izfrlknu djus dk nkok djrs gSA vkSj nksuksa i{kdkj ogh gSfl;r j[krs gSA tks fd mudh oknh ds okn esa gS ogk¡ izfroknh pkgs x;s izfrlknu dh fof'kf"V;ksa vUrfoZ"V djus okyk fyf[krdFku lafLFkr dj ldsaxsA ¼vkns'k 8] fu;e 6½ n`"Vkar & v c ds fo#) 500 #- ds fofue;&i= (Bill of exchange) ds vk/kkj ij okn lafLFkr djrk gSA c v ds fo#) 100 #dk ,d fu.kZ; /kkj.k djrk gSA nksuksa ,d
n`"Vkar & v c vkSj l ds fo#) 1000 #- ds fy, okn lafLFkr djrk gSA c dsoy v }kjk mldh ns; _.k dk izfrlknu ughaa dj ldrk gSA Counter - Claims - tc izfroknh fdlh okn esa
oknh ds fo#) ,slk nkok j[krk gks] ftlds fy, og ,d i`Fkd okn lafLFkr dj ldrk gks] 16 ogk¡ og ,sls nkok ds fo|eku ekeys esa izfrnkos (Counter - Claims) ds :i esa ml rF; dk mYys[k djrs gq, ftl ij fd og vk/kkfjr gS] vius fyf[kr dFku esa mBk ldrk gSA ysfdu ,slk izfrnkok ml U;k;ky; ds vkfFkZd {ks=kf/kdkj dh lhek ls vf/kd dk ughaa gksuk pkfg,A ¼;g izfrokn izfroknh }kjk ,d fyf[kr dFku gks ldrk gS½A oknh }kjk nLrkostksa dk izLrqr fd;k tkuk & lafgrk ds vkns'k 7 ds fu;e 14 ls 18 rd esa oknh }kjk nLrkostksa ds izLrqrhdj.k ds ckjs esa izko/kku fd;k x;k gS& 1½ oknh }kjk okn i= ds lkFk os lkjs nLrkost vkSj mudh izfrfyfi;k¡ is'k dh tk,xh ftu ij oknh dk okn vk/kkfjr gSA lkFk gh oknh dks vius nLrkostksa dh ,d lwph Hkh is'k djuh gksxhA 2½ tks nLrkost oknh ds dCts esa ughaa gS muds ckjs esa oknh dks ;g crkuk gksxk fd os fdlds dCts esa gSA rRi'pkr~ lk{; ds nkSjku oknh }kjk
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dksbZ nLrkost 29 U;k;ky; dh vuqefr ds fcuk is'k ughaa fd;s tk ldsx a As ¼vkns'k 7 fu;e 14½
3½ ,di{kh; vkKfIr ds fo#) fuEufyf[kr mipkj miyC/k gksrs gSa&
izfroknh dks viuh izfrj{kk esa mu lHkh fo'ks"k ckrksa dk mYys[k djuk pkfg, tks ;g lanf'kZr djuh gksa fd oknh dk okni= la/kkj.k ;ksX; (maintainable) ughaa gS ;k og fdlh fof/k dh n`f"V ls ;k 'kwU;dj.kh; laO;ogkj ls lEcfU/kr gSA
(i) izfroknh }kjk vihy ¼/kkjk 96 ¼2½½ (ii) iqjfoZyksdu (Review) ¼/kkjk 114 ,oa vkns'k 47 ds vUrxZr½ (iii) vkosnu vkns'k 9 ds fu;e 13 ds vUrxZr vkKfIr ikfjr djus okys U;k;ky; esa vkKfIr ikfjr gksus dh frfFk ls ;k lEeu rkehy gksus dh voLFkk esa ml fnukad ls tcfd vkosnd dks vkKfIr dk Kku gqvk] 30 fnu ds vUnj izfroknh }kjk vkosnu fd;k tkukA (iv) Ny ds vk/kkj ij okn nk;j djukA
mls izfrj{kk dh mu ckrksa dk Hkh mYys[k djuk pkfg, tks diV] e;kZnk] lEekpu] nsuxh] feF;k] O;ins'ku] izkM~U;k;] focU/ku vkfn dks lanf'kZr djrs gS( D;ksafd izfrj{kk ds ;s vk/kkj rF ds ,sls okni= [kM+s djrs gSa tks okni= ds dFku ls ughaa iSnk gksrs vkSj ;fn os ughaa mBk;s x;s rks lEHkkO;rk gS fd muds lglk lkeus vkus ls fojks/kh i{kdkj ijs'kkuh esa iM+ tk,xkA ¼vkns'k 8 fu;e 2½ i{kdkjksa dh milaKkfIr& oknh }kjk okn nk;j gksus ds ckn rFkk izfroknh dks lnu dks ikfjr gksus ds ckn] vxyk pj.k U;k;ky; es /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A 1½ izfroknh dks fn;s x;s lEeu esa lquokbZ ds fy, fu;r fd;s x;s fnu oknh rFkk izfroknh nksuksa gh U;k;ky; lnu esa ;k rks Lo;a ;k vfHkoDrk }kjk mifLFkr jgsaxsA ¼vkns'k 9] fu;e 1½ 2½ tgk¡ lEeu lE;d~ :i ls rkehy fd;k x;k gks (duly served) vkSj izfroknh mifLFkr ughaa gks] ogk¡ U;k;ky; ,di{kh; (ex-parte) vxzlj gks ldsxk vkSj ,di{kh; vkKfIr ikfjr dj ldsxkA blh izdkj ;fn izfroknh leu izkfIr ds gLrk{kj djus ls bUdkj dj ns rFkk jftLVªhd`r i= dks Hkh ysus ls euk dj ns rc ,sls izfroknh ds fo#) ,d&i{kh; dk;Zokgh dh tk ldsxhA
4½ okn dh izFke lquokbZ ij U;k;ky; izR;sd i{kdkj ls vFkok muds vfHkoDrk ls ;g vfHkfuf'pr djus ds fy, i`PNk dj ldsxk fd D;k og okni= vFkok fyf[kr dFku esa vfHkfyf[kr vkjksiksa dks Lohdkj djrk gS ;k bUdkj A1 U;k;ky; ,slh LohdkjksfDr;ksa vFkok bUdkjh ds dFku dks vfHkfyf[kr djsxkA ¼vkns'k 10] fu;e 1½ 5½ ;fn izfroknh dksbZ izfrj{kk ughaa djrk gS rks U;k;ky; ds fy, okn&inksa dh jpuk djus dh vko';drk ughaa gksrhA ¼vkns'k 14] fu;e 1½ vfHkopu ds nk;j gksus ds ckn] fdlh Hkh ,d i{kdkj dks ,slk lkn`'; gks ldrk gS fd mlds ikl nwljs i{kdkj us vko';d tkudkjh miyC/k ugha djkbZ gSA okn esa lHkh i{kdkjksa dks okn 'kq: gksus ls iwoZ ;g tkuus dk gd gS fd okn ls lEcfU/kr D;k nLrkost ;k lkefxz;k¡ gSA ,d i{kdkj nwljs i{kdkj ls lEcfU/kr nLrkost ;k lkexzh ds fy, izxLVhdj.k ekax ldrk gSA bl tkudkjh dqN lEcfU/kr iz'uksa ds :i es ekaxh tk ldrh gS] ftls iz'uekyk dgrs gSA
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All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
nwljk i{kdkj iz'uekyk ds ;k mÙkj ij vkifÙk trk ldrk gSA izR;sd i{kdkj dks mu ckrksa dks izdV djus ds fy, ck/; dj ldrk gS ftldks fd izdV djuk vfHkopu dks Li"V djus ds fy, ,oa mldk mÙkj nsus ds fy, vko';d gSA lkekU;r% ,slh tkudkjh fojks/kh i{kdkj dks iz'uekyk,a nsdj izkIr dh tkrh gSA okn dk dksbZ i{kdkj nwljs i{kdkj dks 13 fook|dksa dh fojpuk ds fnu ;k mlls iwoZ fdlh ,sls nLrkost dks vius fujh{k.k ds fy, izLrqr fd;s tkus ds fy, lwpuk ns ldrk gS] tks fd nwljs i{kdkj ds vius vfHkopu ;k 'kiFki=ksa esa fufnZ"V gks ;k vfHkopu ds lkFk layXu nLrkostksa dh lwph esa vafdr gksA ;fn dksbZ i{kdkj izdVhdj.k ds vkns'k dk ikyu ughaa djrk gS vkSj iz'uekykvksa dk mÙkj ughaa nsrk gS ;k nLrkostksa ds fujh{k.k ds vkns'k dk ikyu ughaa djrk gS rks okn mlds fo#) fofuf'pr fd;k tk ldsxk] vFkkZr ;fn ,slk i{kdkj oknh gS rks okn [kkfjt dj fn;k tk,xk vkSj ;fn izfroknh gS rks mldk izfrokn fudky fn;k tk,xkA LohdkjksfDr;k¡ okn ds nk;j gksus ds ckn rFkk vafre fu.kZ; vkus ls igys U;k;ky; Interim order ns ldrk gSA bldk mn~ns'; vafre fu.kZ; vkus ls igys i{kdkjksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk djuk gksrk gSA vkns'k rFkk fMØh esa varj gksrk gSA vkns'k fdlh Hkh okn ;k vkosnu esa nk;j fd;s tk ldrs gSA fuEufyf[kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Interim order ikl fd;k tk ldrk gSA 1½ [kpksZa ds fy, izfrHkwfr & okn dh fdlh Hkh pj.k esa U;k;ky; oknh dks izfroknh ds fy,
[kpkZs ds fy, izfrHkwfr ds fy, vknsf'kr gSA U;k;ky; ;g vkns'k rc ikfjr dj ldrk gS tc oknh Hkkjr ds ckgj fuokl djrk gks rFkk Hkkjr esa mldh mfpr lEifÙk okn ds vyok u gksA Commissions deh'ku (S5 75-78 rFkk vkns'k XXVI)
& U;k;ky; ds ikl ;g vf/kdkj gS fd ok ;k rks i{kdkjksa ds izkFkZuk i= ;k vius bPNk ij fuEu ifjfLFkfr;ksa eas Commission tkjh dj ldrs gSA 1½ fdlh O;fDr dh ijh{kk ds fy, 2½ LFkkuh; vuqla/kku ds fy, 3½ ys[kkas dh ijh{kk ,oa lek;kstuk ds fy, 4½ caVokjs ds fy, 5½ oSKkfud] rduhdh vuqla/kku ds fy,
vFkok
fo'ks"kuh;
6½ dk;ZkRo;u vFkok fyfidh; dk;Z ds vuqikyu ds fy, 7½ ml laEifÙk dks cspus ds fy, tks U;k;ky; dh dCth;r esa rFkk 'kh?kz [kjkc gksus dh fLFkfr esa gSA fdlh
Hkh
O;fDr tks ijh{kk ds fy, Commission tkjh djus okys U;k;ky; ds vykok ¼gkbZdksVZ dks NksM+dj½ nwljs jkT; esa jgrk gks] ;k U;k;ky; ds {ks=kf/kdkj ds ckgj gks dks tkjh dj ldrk gSA (i) dfe'uj ,sls fo"k;ksa esa tks mls fufnZ"V fd;s x;s gS] i{kdkjksa dh] lkf{k;ksa dh ;k ,sls vU; O;fDr;ksa dh ijh{kk dj ldsxk ftUgs fd og lk{; nsus ds fy, cqykuk le>rk gSA
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(ii) tkp¡ ds fo"k; ls laxr nLrkostksa vkSj vU; phtksa dks ek¡x ldsxk vkSj mudh ijh{kk dj ldsxkA (iii) fdlh ;qfDr;qDr le; ij ,sls Hkou ;k Hkwfe esa izos'k dj ldsxk vkSj ftldk mYys[k vkns'k esa fd;k x;k gSA (iv) i{kdkj ds mlds le{k milatkr ughaa gksus ij dfe'uj ,di{kh; (ex-parte) vxzlj gks ldsxkA ¼vkns'k 26] fu;e 18½ fu.kZ; ls iwoZ dqdhZ & fu.kZ; ls iwoZ dqdhZ dk vkns'k dc fn;k tk ldsxk % okn ds fdlh Hkh izØe ij U;k;ky; dk 'kiFki= ij ;k vU;Fkk ;g lek/kku gks tk, fd& izfroknh vius fo#) ikfjr dh tkus okyh vkKfIr ds & (i) fu"iknu esa vojks/k iSnk djus vFkok (ii) foyEc djus( ds vk'k; ls & (i) viuh lEifÙk dk O;;u djus okyk ;k (ii) U;k;ky; ds LFkkuh; {ks=kf/kdkj viuh lEifÙk dks gVkus okyk gS] U;k;ky; izfroknh dks ;g vkns'k ldsxk fd&
gS] ls rks ns
(i) og ;g gsrq lanf'kZr djs fd og izfrHkwfr D;ksa u ns] (ii) og mDr lEifÙk dks ;k mlds ewY; dks ;k fdlh i;kZIr Hkkx dks izLrqr djus ;k U;k;ky; ds O;;uk/khu (at the disposal of) ds fy, izR;kHkwfr ns] fu.kZ; ls iwoZ dqdhZ & oknh Lo;a ;k rks U;k;ky; ds dgus ij dqdhZ ds fy, lEifÙk fpfUgr dj ldrk gS o mldk ewY;kand ns
ldrk gSA ;fn izfroknh fuf'pr le; ds Hkhrj izfrHkwfr nsus esa vlQy gksrk gS ;k ;s dkj.k U;k;ky; dks nsus esa l{ke gksrk gS fd oks izfrHkwfr D;ksa u ns] rks ml ifjfLFkfr esa U;k;ky; lEifÙk dh dqdhZ dk vkns'k ns ldrk gSA U;k;ky; fdlh dh fdlku ls ikl dh d`"kd mRiknu dh dqdhZ ugha dj ldrkA lafgrk dh vkns'k 38 o fu;e 5 dk mn~ns'; izfroknh dks vkKfIr dk erO; iwjk djus ds fy, gS tks nh dh oknh dks lgk;d gksA gkykafd bl dqdhZ ls iwoZ U;k;ky; dks ;g fuf'pr oj ysuk pkfg,A bl okn esa vkKfIr tkjh djrh dh O;ogkfjd laHkkouk gS rFkk oknh dks ;g fu/kkZfjr djuk gksxk fd izfroknh vkKfIr ds tkjh gksus ls iwoZ oknh dh lEifÙk dks uqdlku igq¡pk ldrk gS vkns'k 38 o fu;e 5 U;k;ky; dks ,d cgqr cM+h 'kfDr gS] blfy, bldk iz;ksx lko/kkuhiwod Z fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk fu;eksa ds vuq:i gksuk pkfg,A (See Raman Tech & Processs engg. co. V. Solanki Traders (2008))
vLFkk;h O;kns'k & ¼lafgrk dk vkns'k 390½ O;kns'k dk vkns'k] U;k;ky; dk og vkns'k gS ftlesa i{kdkjksa ¼oknh izfroknh½ dks fu'p; d`R; dks djus ¼vko';d O;kns'k½ rFkk dqN d`R; dks u djus ¼fu"ks/kkRed O;kns'k½ tkjh dj ldrk gSA O;kns'k ;k ns LFkkbZ gks ldrk gS ;k vLFkk;h gks ldrk gSA vLFkk;h O;kns'k dks vkns'k U;k;ky; fuEu ifjfLFkfr es nk;j dj ldrk gSA 1½ okn esa dh oknxzLr lEifÙk ds okn ds fdlh i{kdkj }kjk u"V fd;s tkus] mls uqdlku igq¡pk;k tkus ;k vUrfjr fd;s tkus dk [kjrk gS] ;k 2½ izfroknh _.knkrkvksa ds lkFk diV djus ds fy, viuh lEifÙk dks gVkus ;k O;;u djus dh
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/kedh nsrk gS ;k ,slk djus dk vk'k; j[krk gS( ;k
i= tkjh djuk vko';d ugha gksxk ¼vkns'k 39 fu;e 3½
3½ izfroknh oknh dks oknxzLr lEifÙk ls csdCtk djus vFkok mls vU;Fkk {kfrxzLr djus dh /kedh nsrk gSA 20
vkns'k 39 ds fu;e 1 ,oa 2 ds vUrxZr tkjh fd;k x;k O;kns'k i{kdkjksa ij ck/;dj gksrk gSA ;fn dksbZ i{kdkj bldh vogsyuk vFkok Hkax djrk gS rks&
4½ tgk¡ izfroknh lafgrk dks mYya?ku ;k vU; uqdlku djus okyk gksA 5½ ;fn U;k;ky; dks yxs dh ;g U;k;fgr ds fy, vko';d gS ¼vkns'k 39 fu;e 1] 2½ O;kns'ktkjh djus ls igys U;k;ky; dks ;g fu/kkZfjr djus pkfg, fd 1½ i{kdkjksa ds chp ,d ln~HkkoukiwoZd fookn (bonafide contention) orZeku gS vkSj oknh ds mlesa lQy gksus dh iw.kZ lEHkkouk gSA 2½ tk¡p ds fy, ,d lkjoku~ iz'u orZeku gS vkSj tc rd mldk vfUre fu.kZ; ughaa gks tkrk rc rd ekeys dks ;FkkfLFkfr esa j[kuk vko';d gSA 3½ ;fn izfroknh dks ,sls dk;Z ls ughaa jksdk x;k rk oknh dh ,slh vikj ;k xEHkhj {fr gksus dh lEHkkouk gS ftldh iwfrZ ughaa dh tk ldrh gSA 4½ ;fn izfroknh dks ,sls dk;Z ls ughaa jksdk x;k rks oknh dh ,slh vikj ;k xEHkhj {kfr gksus dh lEHkkouk gS ftldh iwfrZ ughaa dh tk ldrh gSA O;kns'k tkjh djus ls iwoZ U;k;ky; dks fy, vko';d og nwljs i{k dks bldh lwpuk izsf"kr djs] ijUrq ;fn U;k;ky; dks ;g izrhr gksrk gS fd ,slh lwpuk Hkstus ls foyac gksxk vkSj ,sls foyac ds dkj.k O;kns'k tkjh djus dk mn~ns'; vlQy gks tk,xk rks U;k;ky; ds fy, lwpuk
1½ mldh vU; lEifÙk dks dqdZ dj fy;k tk,xkA 2½ mls O;ogkj dkjkokl esa fu#) fd;k tk ldsxk] ysfdu ;g vof/k rhu ekg ls vf/kd dh ughaa gksxhA ¼vkns'k 39] fu;e 2,½39 okndkyhu vkns'k & ,d okn dkyhu vkns'k vLFkk;h vkns'k gksrk gSA U;k;ky; dk ,slh fdlh py lEifÙk] tks fd ,sls okn dh fo"k;&oLrq gS ;k ,sls okn esa fu.kZ; ds iwoZ dqdZ dh xbZ gS vkSj tks 'kh?kzr;k vkSj izd`R;k {k;'khy (speedy and natural decay) gS ;k fdlh vU; mfpr vkSj i;kZIr gsrq ds fy, ;g okaNuh; gS fd og rqjUr csp nh tk,] ds foØ; ds fy, vkns'k( rFkk ,slh fdlh lEifÙk tks ,sls okn dh fo"k;oLrq gS ;k ftlds ckjs esa fd dksbZ iz'u mn~Hko gks ldrk gS] fujks/k (detention)] ifjj{k.k (preservation) ;k fujh{k.k (inspection) ds fy, vkns'k( izkid ¼vkns'k 40½ ,d fu"il O;fDr gksrk gS tks fd okn xzLr lEifÙk dh lqj[kk ds fy, U;k;ky; dks ;g U;k;ksfpr yxs fd okn xzLr lEifÙk dh lqj{kk fd;k tkuk vko';d gS rc ml ifjfLFkfr esa U;k;ky; izkid dh fu;qfDr dj ldrk gS rFkk vU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa tc U;k;ky; mfpr le>s rks izkid dh fu;qfDr dh tk ldrh gSA fdlh ifjfLFkfr;ksa es U;k;ky; dks ;g yxs fd nksuk i{kdkjksa es ls dksbZ Hkh lEifÙk dh ns[kHkky ds fy, mi;qDr ugha gksxk
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rc U;k;ky; izkid dks fuEufyf[kr 'kfDr iznku dj ldrk gSA 1½ okn nk;j djus rFkk mldh j{kk djus 2½ iz'uxr lEifÙk dh eqfDr] izcU/k] lqj{kk lja{k.k rFkk laoZ/ku ds fy,A
3-
equkQk rFkk fdjk;k bdV~Bk djus ds
fy, 4-
nLrkostksa ds fu"iknu ds fy,A
LFkxu ¼lafgrk dk vkns'k 17½ U;k;ky; okn ds fdlh izØe esa (at any stage) ;fn i;kZIr dkj.k lanf'kZr fd;k tk; rks i{kdkjksa ;k muesa ls fdlh dks le; iznku dj ldsxk vkSj okn dh lquokbZ dks le;≤ ij LFkfxr dj ldsxkA ysfdu fdlh Hkh i{kdkj dks ekeysdh lquokbZ ds nksjku fdlh Hkh n'kk esa rhu ckj ls vf/kd LFkxu vuqKkr ughaa fd;k tk;sxkA
5- og lc vU; 'kfDr;ksa fd U;k;ky; mfpr le>sA
tc dksbZ i{kdkj] ftls le; iznku fd;k x;k gS &
ijh{k.k
viuk lk{; izLrqr djus esa( ;k vius lkf{k;ksa dh milatkr djus esa(
/kkjk 30 ls 32 rFkk vkns'k XVI ls XVIII xokgks ds cqykus] mudh lafgrk dh mifLFkfr rFkk mUgsa ijh{k.kksa ls lacaf/kr gSA ;g leu tkjh djus dh izfØ;k] lk{; nsus ls lacaf/kr gSA U;k;ky; i`PNk ds le; lk{kh }kjk dh tkus okyh Hkko&eqnz dks] ;fn lkjHkwr le>s] U;k;ky; vfHkfyf[kr dj ldsxkA ¼vkns'k 18 fu;e 12½ ;|fi lkf{k;ksa ds dFku [kqys U;k;ky; esa ys[kc) fd;s tkus dh O;oLFkk gSA ysfdu ;fn U;k;ky; mfpr le>s rks fdlh lk{kh ds dFku vkns'k 26 fu;e 4d ds vUrxZr deh'ku ij ys[kc) fd;s tk ldsaxsA ¼vkns'k 18 fu;e 19½ lkekU;r;k% izFker% oknh ,oa rRi'pkr~ izfroknh viuk lk{; izLrqr djrs gSa ,oa mudh ijh{kk dh tkrh gS] fQj Hkh U;k;ky; fdlh Hkh izØe ij (at any stage) okn ds fdlh Hkh i{kdkj dks fdlh Hkh lk{kh ls i`PNk djus dk funs'k ns ldsxk vkSj ,sls dkj.kksa dks vfHkfyf[kr fd;k tk;sxkA ¼vkns'k 18] fu;e 2½
,slk dksbZ vU; dk;Z djus esa tks fd okn dh vfxze izxfr ds fy, vko';d gS] ftlds fy, le; vuqKkr fd;k x;k gS] vlQy jgrk gS] ogk¡ ,slh pwd ds gksrs gq, Hkh U;k;ky; ;fn i{kdkj mifLFkr gS rks okn ds fofu'p; ds fy,] vkSj ;fn i{kdkj ;k muesa ls dksbZ vuqifLFkr gs rks fu;e 2 ds vUrxZr vxzlj gks ldsxkA ¼vkns'k 17] fu;e 3½ U;wuhdj.k i{kdkj dh e`R;w dh n'kk esa & oknh rFkk izfroknh dh e`R;q dh n'kk esa okn dk mi'keu ughaa gksxk] ;fn okn lafLFkr fd;s tkus dk vf/kdkj cpk gSA vkns'k XXII fu;e 1½ ;g egRoiw.kZ gS fd e`rd ds izfrfuf/k dks vfHkys[k ij ykus ds fy, vkosnu i= vuko';d foyEc ds fcuk is'k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;g ,d vkKkid O;oLFkk gSA ,slk u gksus dh n'kk esa U;k;ky; okn dk vi'keu
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fd;k tk ldrk gSa tc okn dks vkns'k XXII ds vUrxZr mi'keu fd;k tkrk gS] rc dksbZ u;k okn ugha yk;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn okn ds yfEcr jgus ds nkSjku oknh;k izfroknh ls okn esa dk dksbZ fgr fdlh vU; O;fDr dks varfjr gks x;k gS rks U;k;ky; dh vuqefr ls mls vU; O;fDr ds }kjk ;k fo:) okn pkyw j[kk tk ldsxkA ¼vkns'k 22] fu;e 10½ i=dkj ds fookg ds dkj.k % fdlh efgyk oknh vFkok izfroknh ds fookg ds dkj.k okn dk mi'keu ughaa gksxk vkSj vdsys fdlh efgyk&izfroknh ds fo:) vkKfIr dk fu"iknu fd;k tk ldrk gSA ¼vkns'k 22] fu;e 7½ oknh dh 'kks/k{kerk dk izHkko & oknh ds 'kks/kk{ke gks tkus ij ;fn okn mlds vfHkgLrkafdrh (assignee) ;k izkid (receiver) }kjk la/kkfjr fd;k tk ldrk gS rks mldk mi'keu ughaa gksxk] ijUrq ;fn vfHkgLrkafjrh ;k izkid okn dks pkys j[kus ls badkj dj nsrk gS ;k [kpksZa ds fy;s izfrHkwfr ughaa nsrk gS rks okn [kkfjr dj nf;k tk;sxkA ¼vkns'k 22] fu;e 8½ okn ds fu"d"kZ fdlh Hkh okn dk fuEufyf[kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gy fudkyk tk ldrk gSA
1- okn dk izR;kgj.k ¼vkns'k 23 fu;e 1½ oknh lc ;k fdUgha izfrokfn;ksa ds fo:) vius okn dk izR;kgj.k fdlh Hkh le; dj ldrk gSA okn ds izR;kgj.k dh izkFkZuk dks rc Lohdk;Z ughaa fd;k tk ldrk tc oknxzLr lEifr esa oknh dk vf/kdkj 'kkfey gksA
tgk¡ oknh }kjk okn dk izR;kgj.k dj fy;k tkrk gS vkSj izfroknh mlesa oknh ds :I esa izfLFkr gksus ds fy, vkosnu djrk gS] rc U;k;ky;bl iz'u ij fopkj djsxk fd D;k vkosnudrkZ dk ,slk dksbZ lkjHkwr iz'u orZeku gS ftldk vU; izfrokfn;ksa ds fo:) fufup'; fd;k tkuk vko';d gSA 2-okn esa le>kSrk & U;k;ky; ds lek/kku ds fy, ;g lkfcr dj fn;k tk; fd i{kdkjksa us ,d fyf[kr ,oa gLrk{kfjr :i ls] lEiw.kZ okn vfkok mlds fdlh Hkkx ds ckjs esa] fdlh fof/kiw.kZ djkj ds }kjk dksbZ le>kSrk ;k lek;kstu dj fy;k gS] ogk¡ U;k;ky; ,sls djkj ;k le>kSrs dks vfHkfyf[kr djsxk vkSj mldh 'krksaZ ds vuqlkj vkKfIr ikfjr dj ldsxkA ¼vkns'k 23] fu;e 3½ fu.kZ; & fdlh Hkh okn dk vfUre pj.k fu.kZ; ;k vkKkfIr gksrh gSA okn dh lquokbZ iw.kZ gksus ds ckn U;k;ky;fu.kZ; [kqyh U;k;ky; esa lqukrk gS] ;k rks fu.kZ; mlh fnu lquk fn;k tkrk gS ;k mls Hkfo"; dh frfFk ds fy, lqjf{kr j[kk tk ldrk gSA ijUrq bldh lwpuk U;k;ky; i{kdkjksa dks nsrk gS ¼?kkjk 33 o vkns'k 20 fu;e 01 ½ vkKfIr & fu.kZ; mn~?kksf"kr fd;s tkus ds ,d fuf'pr le; ds Hkhrj fMØh rS;kj dj yh tkuh pkfg,A tc dksbZ vihy fcuk fMØh ds lyXu lafLFkr dh xbZ gks] rc fMØh cu tkus ij mldh izfr vihyh; U;k;ky;esa is'k dh tk;sxh ¼vkns'k 20 fu;e 6d½ fu.kZ;] vkKfIr rFkk vkns'k esa la'kks/ku &
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lafonk dh /kkjk 152 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd fyfidh; ;k xf.rh; Hkwy gksus ij mls lq/kkjk tk ldrk gS] ,slk U;k;ky; ;k rks Lo;a dj ldrk gS] ;k i{kdkjksa dh izkFkZuk ij U;k;ky; ds ckgj fookn dk fuiVkjk ?kkjk 89 ds vuqlkj ;fn ekeys dh lquokbZ djrs le; U;k;ky;kas dks dqN ,sls rRo fn[krs gS] ftu ij dh i{kkdkj lqyg dj ldrs gSa] rc ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa U;k;ky; ;g rRo i{kdkjksa dks lq>krk gS] rFkk vkSj ;fn i{kdkj mu rRoksa ij jkth gksrs gSa rc U;k;ky; i{kdkjksa ds eè; lqyg djk ldrk gSa U;k;ky; iap fu.kZ;] eè;LFkrk] lqyg rFkk yksd vnkyr ds ekè;e ls lqyg djk ldrk gSA flfoy izfØ;k lafgrk dh /kkjk 151 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd U;k;ky; dks ;g 'kfDr gS fd og ,sls vkns'k tkjh dj lds tks U;k; ds fy, vko';d gS] rFkk ftuls U;k; izfØ;k dk nq:i;ksx jksdk tk ldrk gSA U;k;y; fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa viuh bl 'kfDr ij fucZa/k ughaa yxk ldrkA fu.kZ; rFkk vkKfIr;ksa dh izekf.kr izfr;k¡ i{kdkjksa dks fu.kZ; ,oa vkKfIr;ksa dh izekf.kr izfr;k¡ mlds }kjk vkosnu fd;s tkus ij vkSj muds [kpksZa ij miyC/k djkbZ tk ldrh gSA ¼vkns'k 20 fu;e 20½ C;kt & tgk¡ vkKfIr /ku ls laca/khr gksrh gS] ogk¡ U;k;ky; /ku ij C;kt iznku dj ldrk gS ¼/kkjk 34½A C;kt fuEufyf[kr Js.kh;ksa esa iznku fd;k tk ldrk gSA
1- okn lfLFkr djus dh rkjh[k rd 2- okn lafLFkr djus dh frfFk ls vkKfIr tkjh djus dh frfFk rd 3- vkKfIr tkjh djus dh frfFk ls nsuxh dh rkjh[k rd [kpsZ & U;k;ky; dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd og U;f;d izfØ;k ds [kpksZa dks yxk ldrh gSa ;g izko/kku /kkjk 35 ds vuq:i gSA /kkjk 35A esa izfrdkjkRed [kpksZa dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA ;g nkos dk feF;k gksusls lacaf/kr gSA lafgrk dk vkns'k 20A izdksZ.k [kpksZa dk izo/kku djrk gSA fu"iknu & U;k;ky; }kjk ikfjr fMfØ;ksa dk fØ;kUo;u gh fu"iknu dgykrk gSA og O;fDr ftlds leFkZu esa vkKkfIr tkjhdh xbZ gS] mls vkKkfIr /kkjh dgrs gSa o og O;fDr ftlds fojks/k esa vkKfIr tkjh dh xbZ gS mls fuf.kZr _.kh dgrs gSaA fu"iknu ds lanHkZ esa lafgrk dh /kkjk 36 ls 74 izko/kku djrh gSA /kkjk 38 ds vuqlkj vkKfIr dk fu"iknu ;k rks U;k;ky; djrk gS ;k fQj og O;fDr drk gS ftls U;k;ky; ;g 'kfDr nsA vkKfIr dh fu"iknu mldks 2 o"kZ ds Hkhrj gks tkuk pkfg,A ¼A136 of Limitation Act½ vkKfIr ds fu"iknu ds fy, izkFkZuk ekSf[kd o fyf[kr nksuksa :I esa fd;k ldrh gSA fuEufyf[kr O;fDr fu"iknu ds fy, vkosnu dj ldrs gSA 1- vkKfIr /kkjh ¼vkns'k XXI fu;e 10) 2- vkKfIr /kkjh dh e`R;q dh ifjfLFkfr esa mldk fof/kd izfrfuf/k (S 146) 3- vkKfIr /kkjh dk fof/kd izfrfuf/k 4- vkKfIr /kkjh ds v/khuLFk dksbZ Hkh O;fDr vkKfIr ds fu"iknu ds fy, vkosnu i= dks gLrk{kfjr gksuk pkfg,A rFkk mlesa okn dh
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All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
la[;k] i{kdkjksa ds uke rFkk vkKfIr dh frfFk dk mYys[k gksuk pkfg,A D;k vkKfIr ds fo:) dksbZ vihy dh xbZ gS% D;k vkKfIr ds i'pkr~ dksbZ nsuxh dh xbZ gS vkSj ;fn dh xbZ gS rks fdruh dh xbZ gS ;k D;k i{kdkjksa esa fooknkLin okn dk dksbZ vU; lek;kstu gks pqdk gS( D;k vkKfIr ds fu"iknu ds fy;s dksbZ vkosnu igys fn;k x;k Fkkvksj ;fn fn;k x;k Fkk rks dkSu&lk fn;k x;k Fkk vkSj ,sls vkosnu dk fnukad vkSj mlds ifj.kke( vkKfIr ij ns; jde] ;fn dksbZ c;kt gks rks mlds lfgr ;k mlds vfrfjDr vuqnÙk vU; vuqrks"k ,slh fdlh izfr&vkKfIr dh fof'kf"V;ksa ds lfgr] Hkys gh og ml vkKfIr ds fnukad ls iwoZ ;k i'pkr~ ikfjr dh xbZ gks( ;fn dksbZ vf/kfu.khZr [kpsZ gksa rks mudh jkf'k( ml O;fDr dk uke ftlds fo:) vkKfIr dk fu"iknu pkgk x;k gS( ;FkksfYyf[kr :i ls vkKfIr'kqnk fdlh lEifÙk ds ifjnku( fdlh lEifÙk dh dqdhZ ;k foØ; vkSj dqdhZ ;k dqdhZ ds fcuk foØ;( ¼lu~ 1976 ds vf/kfu;e la[;k 104 }kjk la'kksf/kr½ fdlh vU; O;fDr dh fxj¶rkjh vkSj dkjkokl esa fujks/k( izkid dh fu;qfDr( vU;Fkk ,slh jhfr ls tslk fd vuqnÙk vuqrks"k ds Lo:i ls visf{kr gks] eSa ls ftl jhfr esa Hkh U;k;ky; dh lgk;rk visf{kr gks ¼fu;e 11¼2½A
vkns'k 21 rFkk fu;e 20 ds vuqlkj vkKkfIr tkjh djus okyk U;k;ky; ml lhek rd vkKfIr ij jksd yxk ldrk gS ;fn vkKfIr dk Hkh dh vkKfIr ds fu"iknu ds fo"k; esa vihy djuh gks rksA vkns'k XX: rFkk fu;e 46A ls 46I ml izfØ;k dk fu/kkZj.k djrs gSa ftlds vuqlkj vkKfIr /kkjh] vkKfIr _.kh O;fDr ls lEifr o /ku okil ysxkA ;fn dksbZ Hkh O;fDr U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; ls larq"V ughaa gS rks og cM+h vnkyr esa vihy ds fy, vkosnu dj ldrk gSA ;k fQj og mlh vnkyr us U;kf;d iqujh{k.k rFkk iquZjoyksdu ds fy, vkosnu dj ldrk gSA v/khuLFk U;k;ky; lac/a kh ekeys esa mPp U;k;ky; dk gokyk ns ldrs gSaA vihy & ewy :i ls vihy fu.kZ; dk ,d U;kf;d ijh{k.k gS tks dh cM+h vnkyr }kjk v/khuLFk U;k;ky; ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA izFke vihy ewy U;k;ky; ds {ks=kf/kdkj }kjk tkjh vkKfIr ds fo:) dh tk ldrk gSA f}rh; vihy vihyh; vkKkfIr ds fo:) dh tk ldrk gS] izFke vihy mPp U;k;ky; ds vfrfjDr dh tk ldrh gS] ijUrq nwljh vihy flQZ mPp U;k;ky; esa nk;j dh tk ldrh gSA izFke vihy dks rF; ds iz'u ij] ;k fof/k ds iz'u ij ;k fof/k o rF; nksuksa ds iz'u ij fopkj.kh; fy;k tk ldrk gSA ijUrq f}rh; vihy fof/k ds lk[kku i{k ij /ku dh mxkgh ds lanHkZ esa rFkk mxkgh dk ewY; 25 gtkj :i;s ls T;knk gksuk pkfg,A ¼/kkjk 102½ vihy dk QkeZ
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All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
izR;sd vihy] ,d fuf'pr Lo:i esa gksuh pkfg, rFkk ml ij vihydrkZ rFkk mlds odhy ds gLrk{kj vko';d gS rFkk vihy dks U;k;ky; ds leq[k nk;j djuk pkfg, ;k U;k;y; }kjk fu;qDr fdlh vf/kdkjh ds fo:) vihy ds lkFk fu.kZ; dks izfr layXu djuk vko';d gksA Kkiu laf{kIr gksuk pkfg, mlesa vkKkfIr ds fojks/k dk vk/kkj mYysf[kr gksuk pkfg, ijUrq Kkiu esa rdZ dk mYys[ku ughaa gksuk pkfg,A lhek U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; ds fo:) mPp U;k;ky; esa 90 fnu rFkk vU; U;k;y;ksa esa 30 fnu] vihy ds nk;j djus dh frfFk ls gksuh pkfg, ¼ifjfleu vf/kfu;e dk /kkjk 116½ ;fn U;k;ky; esa vihy fu;r frfFk ds ckn dh tkrh gS rc bl fLFkfr esa Kkiu ls lkFk vihydrkZ dks ,d vkosnu i= layXu djuk gksxk ftlesa fuf'pr le; ds Hkhrj vihy u dj ikus dk dkj.k mYysf[kr gksuk pkfg,A vihy esa vfrfjDr lk{; is'k fd;s tkus dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gSa% ysfdu dsoy rHkh tc izkFkhZ }kjk ;g lek/kku dj fn;k tk;s fd & og lk{; lE;d rRijrk cjrh tkusij Hkh fopkj.k ds nkSjku miyC/k ughaa gks ikbZ Fkh] RkFkk lk{; fo'oluh;] lqlaxr ,oa ekeys ds xq.kkxq.k ij fuiVkjs ds fy, lkjoku gSA fQj dksbZ ij&O;fDr (stranger) ,slk izLrqr ughaa dj ldrk gSA vfrfjDr izkFkZuki= dsoy ekeys ds i{kdkjksa izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ¼vkns'k 27½
izkFkZuki= lk{; dk }kjk gh 41 fu;e
vihfy; U;k;ky;dh 'kfDr & vihfy; U;k;ky; dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd os ekeys ls lacaf/kr vkKfIr o vU; vkns'k tkjh dj ldsA ;g vkKfIr vihy u djus okys i{kdkjksa ls Hkh lacaf/kr gksuk pkfg,A ¼vkns'k XLI Rule 33½ os vkns'k ftuesa vihy gSa & lafgrk dh /kkjk 104 ¼1½ ds varxZr mu vkns'kksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS] ftuds fo:) vihy dh tk ldrh gSA vkns'k fuEufyf[kr gSa & 1- /kkjk&, ds vUrxZr dksbZ vkns'k & lafgrk dh /kkjk 35&, fo'ks"k [kpsZ leuqKkr (allow) djus ds ckjs esa O;oLFkk djrh gS % 2- /kkjk 91 ,oa /kkjk 92 ds vUrxZr okn lafLFkr djus dh vuqefr ds fy, badkj fd;s tkus okyk dksbZ vkns'k% lafgrk dh /kkjk 91 ,oa /kkjk 92 esa Øe'k% yksd&vinw"k.k rFkk [kSjkrh U;klksa ds laca/k esa oknlafLFkr fd;s tkus dh O;oLfkk dh xbZ gS% 3- /kkjk 95 ds vUrxZr dksbZ vkns'k & lafgrk dh /kkjk 95 esa mi;kZIr vk/kkjksa ij fxj¶rkjh] dqdhZ ;k O;kns'k vfHkizkIr djus ds fy, izfrdkj ds ckjs esa O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS% 4- fdlh vkKfIr ds fu"iknu ds vfrfjDr lafgrk ds v/khu dksbZ tqekZuk vf/kjksfir djus okyk ;k fdlh O;fDr ds fujks/k ;k mldh fxj¶rkjh dk funs'k djus okyk dksbZ vkns'k 5- ,sls fu;eksa ds vUrxZr fn;k x;k dksbZ vkns'k] ftuls fu;eksa }kjk vfHkO;Dr :i ls vihy leuqKkr dh xbZ gks ¼/kkjk 104½ lafgrk ds vkns'k 43 ds fu;e 1 ds vUrxZr dfri; ,sls vkns'kksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS]
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All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
ftuls vihy dh tk ldrh gSaA ;s vkns'k fuEufyf[kr gSa & ¼1½
¼8½
vkns'k 7 ds fu;e 10 ds vUrxZr fdlh okni= dks mfpr U;k;ky;ksa esa ykSVkus dk vkns'k] flokl blds tgk¡ fd vkns'k 7 ds fu;e10&, esa fufnZ"V izfØ;k dk vuqlj.k fd;k x;k gSA
'kCn ^^okn** esa ^^vihy** Hkh lfEefyr gS( vr% fdlh vihy ds mi'keu dks vikLr (set aside) djus ls badkj djus ds vkns'k ds fo:) vihy lafLFkr dh tk ldsxhA
;g viokn lu~ 1976 ds vf/kfu;e la[;k 104 }kjk lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA ¼2½
¼3½
¼4½ ¼5½
¼6½
¼7½
vkns'k 9 ds fu;e 9 ds vUrxZr ,sls fdlh vkosnui= dks vLohd`r djus dk vkns'k tks okn dh [kkfjth (dismissal) dks vikLr (set aside) djus ds fy, ¼,sls ekeyksa esa ftuesa vihy gksrh gS½ fn;k x;k gSA vkns'k 9 ds fu;e 13 ds vUrxZr fdlh ,sls vkosnui= dks vLohd`r djus dk vkns'k tks ,di{kh; (ex-parte) vkKfIr dks vikLr djusds vkns'k ds fy, ¼,sls ekeyksaesa ftuesa vihy gksrh gS½ fn;k x;k gSA vkns'k 11 ds fu;e 12 ds vUrxZr dksbZ vkns'kA vkns'k 21 ds fu;e 34 ds vUrxZr nLrkost ds ;k i`"Bkadu (endorsement) ds iz:i ij vkifÙk dk dksbZ vkns'kA vkns'k 21 ds fu;e 72 ;k fu;e 92 ds vUrxZr foØ; dks vikLr djus ;k vikLr djus ls badkj djus dk vkns'kA vkns'k 21 ds fu;e 106 ds mifu;e ¼1½ ds vUrxZr fdlh vkosnui= dks vLohdkj djusdk vkns'kA
vkns'k 22 ds fu;e 9 ds vUrxZr okn ds mi'keu (abatement) ;k [kkfjth (dismissal) dks vikLr djus ls badkj dk vkns'kA
¼9½
vkns'k 22 ds fu;e 10 ds vUrxZr vuqefr nsus ;k vuqefr nsus ls badkj djus dk vkns'kA
¼10½
vkns'k 25 ds fu;e 2 ds vUrxZr okn dh [kkfjth dk vikLr djus ds vkns'k ds fy, ¼,sls ekeyksa esa ftuesa vihy gksrh gS½ vkosnu dks vLohd`r djus okyk vkns'kA
¼11½
vkns'k 33 ds fu;e 5 ;k fu;e 7 ds vUrxZr fu/kZu O;fDr ds :i esa okn lafLFkr djus dh vuqefr ds fy, vkosnu i= dks vLohd`r djus dk vkns'kA
¼12½
vkns'k 35 ds fu;e 3 ;k 4 ;k 6 ds vUrxZr vUrjkfHkopuh; oknksa (interpleader suit) esa vkns'kA
¼13½
vkns'k 38 ds fu;e 2 ;k 3 ;k 6 ds vUrxZr vkns'kA
¼14½
vkns'k 39 ds fu;e 1 ;k 2 ;k 2&, ;k 4 ;k 10 ds vUrxZr vkns'kA
¼15½
vkns'k 40 ds fu;e 1 ;k 4 ds vUrxZr vkns'kA
¼16½
vkns'k 41 ds fu;e 19 ds vUrxZr vihy dks iqu% xzg.k djus ;k vkns'k
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All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
41 ds fu;e 21 ds varxZr vihy dks iqu% lquus ls badkj djusokyk vkns'kA ¼17½
vkns'k 41 ds fu;e 3 ;k 23&, ds vUrxZr ,sls ekeys dks izfrizsf"kr (remand) djus dk vkns'k tgk¡ fd vihyh; U;k;ky; dh vkKfIr ls vihy gksrh gksA
¼18½
vkns'k 47 ds fu;e 4 ds vUrxZr iquZoyksdu (review) ds fy, vkosnu dks Lohd`r djus dk vkns'kA
laca/kh dksbZ xyrh ;k =qfV jg xbZ gS] ml ij iqu% fopkjfd;k tk dj ml xyrh vFkok =qfV dks nwj fd;k tkukA
tSlk fd Åij mYys[k fd;k tk pqdk gS fd vihyh; U;k;ky; }kjk vius vihyh; {ks=kf/kdkj ds vUrxZr fn;s x;s fdlh vkns'k ds fo:) f}rh; vihy lafLFkr ughaa dh tk ldsxhA vkns'k 41 ds fu;e] vkns'kksa ls vihyksa dks ;koRlkè; (as far as may be) ykxw gksaxsA ¼vkns'k 43] fu;e 2½ vUrfoZ"V micU/kksa mPp U;k;ky; ds fdlh vfUre vkns'k ls vihy dh tk ldsxh] ;fn mPp dj nsrk gS fd%
ds v/khu jgrs gq, fu.kZ;] vkKfIr vFkok mPpre U;k;ky; esa U;k;ky; ;g izekf.kr
ekeys esa lkekU; egRo dk fof/k dk dksbZ lkjHkwr iz'u vUrZxzLr gS( ,oa mPp U;k;ky; dh jk; esa ,sls iz'u dk fofu'p; mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk fd;k tkuk vko';d gSA /kkjk 114 o vkns'k 47 ds vUrxZr iqufoZyksdu dk mís'; fdlh ,sls U;k;ky; }kjk] ftlus dksbZ fu.kZ;] vkKfIr vFkok vkns'k ikfjr fd;k gS ,sls fu.kZ;] vkKfIr vFkok vkns'k esa fof/k] rF; ;k izfØ;k © 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. all rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicalble civil and criminal law remedies
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk ijh{kk mi;ksxh lkexzh fo"k; 3&laoS/kkfud dkuwu Hkkjr ds lafo/kku dh izLrkouk (Preamble) mu vkn”kks± rFkk y{;ksa dks fu/kkZfjr djrh gS] ftUgsa lafo/kku ds fuekZrkvksa us izkIr djuk pkgkA tc lafo/kku ds fdlh izko/kku esa iz;qDr Hkk’kk dh O;k[;k djus ds laca/k esa dksbZ lansg mRiUu gksrk gS rks U;k;ky; izLrkouk dh tk¡p iM+rky dj ldrk gSaA ;g ifjfLFkfr rc mRiUu gksrh gS tc iz;qDr Hkk’kk dk ,d ls vf/kd i;kZ; fudy ldrk gSA ijUrq tgk¡ lafo/kku ds vU; izko/kkuksa dh Hkk’kk Li’V ,oa fuf”pr vFkZ (unambiguous) iznku djrh gS] ogk¡ ij izLrkouk dh “krks± dk iz;ksx ml fo/kku dh fo”ks’krk crkus ;k mlesa dVkSrh djus ds fy, ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA izLrkouk esa mYysf[kr mís”; lafo/kku ds ewy
dk ,d la?k gS ¼vuq- 1½ (Article 01) bl izdkj ;g LFkkfir gksrk gS fd lafo/kku ds ewyHkwr lajpuk dh izÑfr la?kh; ;k v)Zla?kh; gSA ¼vkWVkseksckby VªkUliksVZ½ ¼jktLFkku½ fyesVsM cuke jktLFkku jkT;] AIR 1962 AC 1406) laln dks la?k esa u;s jkT;ksa dh LFkkiuk djus dk vf/kdkj gS ¼vuq- 02½ laln dks lkekU; cgqer }kjk ikfjr dkuwu ds }kjk jkT;ksa dh LohÑfr ;k lgefr fcuk mlds Hkw&Hkkx] uke] {ks= rFkk lhekvksa esa ifjorZu djus dk vf/kdkj gSA ¼vuq- 03½ Hkkx 2&ukxfjdrk % lafo/kku dk Hkkx 2 ukxfjdrk ls lacfa /kr gS] ;g Hkkx lafo/kku ds izkjEHk ij izR;sd O;fDr dks Hkkjr ds jkT;{ks= dh ukxfjdrk izkIr djus ds rjhdksa dk fu/kkZj.k djrk gSA vuq- 11 laln dks fof/k cukdj ukxfjdrk lac/a kh ckrksa ds fofu;eu dh “kfDr iznku djrk gS bu “kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, Hkkjrh; laln us ukxfjdrk vf/kfu;e 1955 dk l`tu fd;kA Lkafo/kku Li’V :i ls ,d O;fDr ,oa ,d ukxfjd esa varj djrk gSA dqN ekSfyd vf/kdkj dsoy ukxfjdksa dks izkIr gS] tcfd vU; lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks izkIr gksrs gSaA fQj pkgs og ukxfjd gks vU;Fkk ugha ¼t;iqj m|ksx cuke Hkkjr la?k AIR 1969, 281) Hkkx 3&ekSfyd vf/kdkj % lafo/kku ds Hkkx 3 ds mís”;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, vuq- 12 ^jkT;* dks Hkkjr dh ljdkj ,oa laln rFkk izR;sd jkT;ksa dh ljdkj ,oa fo/kkf;dk] lkFk gh lkFk Hkkjr ds Hkw&Hkkx ds Hkhrj ;k Hkkjr ljdkj ds v/khu lHkh LFkkuh; ;k vU; vf/kdkfj;ksa ds :i esa ifjHkkf’kr djrk gSA mlds fu/kkZj.k dh dksbZ fudk; jkT; gS ;k ugha bl rF; ij fu/kkZfjr gksxk fd fudk; vkfFkZd] dk;kZRed ,oa
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
iz”kklfud :i ls ljdkj ds izHkqRo esa ;k fu;a=.k esa gS ;k ugha flQZ fu;kRed fu;a=.k (Regulatory control) fQj pkgs oks oS/kkfud gks ;k ugha fdlh fudk; dks jkT; ugha cukrkA (Zee Telefilms Ltd. v. Union of India AIR 2005 SC 2677) n`’Vkar % ^d* ;g nyhy nsrs gq, ,d lekns”k ;kfpdk nk;j djrk gS fd Hkkjrh; fØdsV daVªksy cksMZ vuqPNsn 12 ds varxZr ,d jkT; gSA cksMZ dk fuekZ.k fdlh vf/kfu;e ds varxrZ ugha fd;k x;k gSA cksMZ dh “ks;j iwt a h ds fdlh Hkh fgLls ij ljdkj dk vf/kdkj ugha gS o O;ogkfjd :i ls cksMZ ds laiw.kZ [kpZ dk Hkqxrku djus ds fy, ljdkj }kjk dksbZ vkfFkZd lgk;rk iznku ugha dh tkrhA ns”k esa fØdsV ij cksMZ dk vf/kdkj jkT; iznÙk ;k jkT; lajf{kr gSA ljdkj dk fu;a=.k ;fn gS oks fu;ekad gS u fd iz'kklfud vr% vuq- 12 ds varxrZ ^fØdsV cksMZ* jkT; ugha gSA Hkkjr ds Hkw&Hkkx esa lafo/kku ds ykxw gksus ds iwoZ izpfyr dkuwu % tgk¡ rd fd os Hkkx 2 ds izko/kkuksa ds izfr vlaxr gS] ,slh vlaxÙkk ds izfr cgqr lhek rd vekU; gSa] blds vfrfjDr jkT; dks Hkkx 3 esa iznÙk vf/kdkjksa dk vigj.k djus ;k laf{kIr djus okys fdlh dkuwuksa dk fuekZ.k djus ls izfrcaf/kr fd;k x;k gS bu fu;eksa dk mYya?ku dj fufeZr dksbZ Hkh dkuwu ,slh valxdÙkk dh lhek rd] bl mís”; ds fy, vekU; dkuwu gksrs gSa] ftlesa dksbZ Hkh fo/ks;d] vkns”k 34 & fu;e] fofu;e] vf/klwpuk] Hkkjr ds Hkw&Hkkx ds Hkhrj dkuwu ds leku “kfDr okys izFkk ;k jhrh “kfey gksrs gSaA vuq- 13 ds varxZr ;g fu;e vuq- 368 ds varxZr fufeZr fdlh lafo/kku la”kks/ku ds fy, ykxw ugha gksxkA lekurk dk vf/kdkj & vuqPNsn 14 ;g iznÙk djrk gS fd jkT; fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks dkuwu ds le{k lekurk ,oa Hkkjr dh lhek ds Hkhrj dkuwu ds leku laj{k.k ls oafNr ugha dj ldrk gSA ;gk¡ lekurk dk vFkZ gS dkuwuh lekurk vkSj u fd izkÑfrd lekurk % dkuwu
ds le{k lekurk dk vFkZ gS fd leku yksxksa ds chp dkuwu leku gksuk pkfg, vkSj mldk leku :i ls ikyu gksuk pkfg,] vFkkZr lHkh O;fDr;ksa ls leku O;ogkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A U;k;ky;ksa us Li’V :i ls HksnkRed izko/kkuksa okys dkuwu ij jksd yxk fn;k gS] ftuesa HksnHkko ,d rdZlaxr vk/kkj ij vk/kkfjr gSA n`’Vkar & A tks dh ,d iq#’k gS mls ,d “kklfd; efgyk egkfo|ky; esa izkpk;Z dk in nsus ls euk dj fn;k tkrk gSA A egkfo|ky; dh bl jhfr dks dh efgyk gh izkpk;Z ds in ij inLFk gks ldrh gS U;k;ky; esa pqukSrh ns ldrk gSA U;k;ky; bl okn dh lquokbZ esa ;g fu/kkZfjr djrk gS fd pwafd egkfo|ky; efgykvksa dk gSA blfy, bl izdkj dk Hksn ;qfDr ;qDr vk/kkj ij gSA blfy, egkfo|ky; dh uhfr Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 14 RkFkk 16 dk mYy?kau ugha djrhA (Vijay Lakshmi V. Punjab University, (2003) 8 SCC 440)
vuq- 15 jkT; dks ukxfjdksa ds eè; /keZ] tkfr] fyax] tUe LFkku rFkk vU; vk/kkj ij Hksn ugha dj ldrkA gkWykafd jkT; fuEufyf[kr ds fy, fo”ks’k izko/kku cuk ldrk gSA efgykvksa ,oa cPpksa ds fy, ¼vuq- 15 ¼3½ lkekftd ,oa “kS{kf.kd :i ls fiNM+s oxZ ds ukxfjdksa ;k vuq&tkfr;ksa
rFkk
vuqlwfpr
tutkfr;ksa dh rjDdh ds fy, ¼vuq- 15 ¼4½ lkekftd ,oa “kS{kf.kd :i ls fiNM+sa oxZ ds ukxfjdksa ;k vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dh rjDdh ds fy,] muds “kS{kf.kd laLFkkuks]a futh “kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa lfgr] pkgs os jkT; }kjk vuqnku izkIr gS ;k ugha ijUrq vYila[;d “kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa ds vykok ¼15½¼5½ ds fy,A n`’Vkar & ,d fpfdRlk egkfo|ky; ds fu;eksa esa ;g izko/kku Fkk fd jkT; ds vfuokfl;ksa] ftl jkT; esa egkfo|ky; Fkk] dks izos”k ikus ds fy, capitation fee fodkl “kqYd dk Hkqxrku djuk iM+x s k tcfd fuokfl;ksa dks ughaA bl ifjfLFkfr esa U;k;ky; us ;g ekuk fd HksnHkko fuokl LFkku ds vk/kkj ij vk/kkfjr gS u fd tUe LFkku ds vk/kkj ij vkSj blls vuq- 15¼1½ dk mYy?ku ugha gksrk ¼Mh-ih-tks”kh cuke eè; Hkkjr AIR 1960 AC 1208). vuq- 16&lHkh ukxfjdksa dks jkT; ds v/khu fdlh dk;kZy; esa jkstxkj ;k fu;qfDr izkIr djus ds ekeys esa volj dh lekurk dk izko/kku djrk gSA gkWykafd mi[k.M 4 ;g izko/kku djrk gS fd ;g jkT; dks fdlh fiNM+s oxZ ds ukxfjdksa ds fgr esa fu;qfDr;ksa esa ;k inksa ds vkj{k.k ds fy, izko/kku djus ls ugha jksd ldrkA bu vkj{k.kksa dk U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu rc laHko gS tc fdlh fiNM+h Js.kh ;k tkfr dk izek.k iwoZd fod`r igpku gks rFkk mUgs v;qfDr;qDr vkj{k.k iznku fd;k x;k gks (Indira Sawhney V. Union of india, AIR 1993 SC 477)
n`"Vkar & ,d jkT; ljdkj us jkT; dh fofHkUu fof/k egkfo|ky;ksa esa DydZ ds in ds fy, vkosnu i= vkeaf=r fd;s A ftlus bl izfr;ksxh ifj{kk esa 70 izfr'kr vad izkIr fd;s mls ;g ukSdjh ugha feyh ijarq B ftlus bl ifj{kk esa 50 izfr'kr vad izkIr fd;s Fks mudks
ukSdjh fey xbZ jkT; us ;g rdZ fn;k fd D;ksfd B vU; fiNM+k oxZ ls gS blfy, mls A ds eqdkcys ukSdjh feyh U;k;ky; us lquokbZ ds ckn ;g ?kks"k.kk dh fd jkT; dks bl izdkj ds vkj{k.k djus dk vf/kdkj gS tks fd dqN fuf'pr oxZ ds yksxksa ds fy, gks Lora=rk dk vf/kdkj & vuq- 19¼1½ Hkkjr ds ukxfjdksa dks fuEufyf[kr vf/kdkj iznku djrk gSA Okkd~ &Lora= vkSj vfHkO;fDr Lokar= dk ¼vuq- 19¼1½(a) (Freedom of Speech and Expression)
laxe ;k la?k cukus dk ¼vuq- 19 ¼1½(c) (To form association and unions)
Hkkjr ds jkT; {ks= esa loZ= vck/k lapj.k dk ¼vuq- 19 ¼1½(d) (To move freely throughout the territory of India)
Hkkjr ds jkT; {ks= ds fdlh Hkkx esa fuokl djus ;k cl tkus dk ¼vuq19¼1½(c) (To reside and settle in any part of the territory of India)
dksbZ o`fÙk] mithfodk] O;kikj ;k dkjksckj djus dk ¼vuq- 19¼1½(g)(To practise any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business)
è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd ;s lHkh vf/kdkj Hkkjr ds ukxfjdksa ds fy, gSa u fd lHkh O;fDr;ksa ds fy,A mijksDr Lora=rk,sa vkR;kafrd ugha gSA vFkkZr~ bu ij ;qfDr;qDr fucZU/ku yxk;k tk ldrk gSA
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
jkT; ^Hkkjr dh izHkqrk vkSj v[k.Mrk] jkT; dh lqj{kk fons”kh jkT;ksa ds lkFk eS=hiw.kZ laca/kksa] yksd O;oLFkk] f”k’Vkpkj ;k lnkpkj ds fgrksa esa vFkok U;k;ky; & vieku] ekugkuh ;k vijk/k & m}hiu ds laca/k esa* ;fn mfpr le>s rks ;qfDr;qDr fucZU/ku (reasonable restrictions) yxk ldrk gSA ¼vuq- 19 ¼2½&19(6). ;qfDr;qDr dk dksbZ fuf”pr ;k lkekU; ekun.M ugha fd;k tk ldrk tks lHkh ekeyksa esa lkekU; :i ls ykxw gks ldsA bldk fu/kkZj.k izR;sd ekeys ds rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij gh fd;k tkrk gSa ;g ekun.M ml vf/kdkj dks izÑfr] ftldk mYya?ku fd;k x;k gS] yxk;s x;s fucaZ/ku ds varfuZfgr iz;kstu cqjkbZ dh ek=k vkSj mlds nwj djus dh vfuok;Zrk] fucZU/ku yxkus ds vuqikr esa fHkUurk ledkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj cnyrk jgrk gS U;kf;d fu.kZ; ds fy, bu lHkh ckrksa ij fopkj djuk vko”;d gSA fucZU/kuksa dh ;qfDr;qDÙkk ds fu/kkZj.k esa U;k;ky;ksa dk n`f’Vdks.k oLrqfu’B ¼Objective½ gksuk pkfg,] O;fDrfu’B ¼subjective½ ugha gSA enzkl jkT; cuke ch-th-jko] ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1952 ,l-lh- 1961½ ;fn ;qfDr;qDr vk/kkj ij fu/kkZj.k djuk gS rks fucZU/ku ml vuqikr esa gksxk tks fd U;k;ky; fo’k; ds laca/k esa ykuk pkgrk gSA (Arunachal Nadar V. State of Madras)
n`’Vkar & A us fjV nk;j djrs gq, ;g nkok fd;k fd ;fn fdlh O;fDr dks frjaxk Qgjkus dh vuqefr ugha nh tkrh rks ;g mlds Lora=rk ds vf/kdkj dk mYya?ku gS ¼vuq- 19¼1½ dk mYya?ku gSA lquokbZ esa U;k;ky; us ;g fuf”pr fd;k fd fdlh O;fDr ds }kjk frjaxs dks lEeku Qgjk, tkuk ¼vuq- 19¼1½ esa “kkfey gS] ijUrq U;k;ky; us ;g Li’V fd;k fd frjaxs dks tyk;k tkuk ;k mldk vkieku okD;~
Lora=rk rFkk vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=rk dk fgLlk ugha gks ldrkA ¼Union of India V. Naveen Jindal) ¼2004 25CC 570½
n`’Vkar & A ,d lkoZtfud vke lHkk esa /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa dks vkgr djus okyk Hkk’k.k nsrk gS] laoS/kkfud rkSj ij ,slk O;ogkj ltk dk ik= gSA D;ksafd O;fDr dh okD;~ Lora=rk ;fn tu”kakfr Hkax djrh gS rks ;g ekSfyd vf/kdkj vuq- 19¼1½ rgr ugha vkrk ¼jketh yky eksnh cuke m-iz-jkT;½ n`’Vkar & jkT; }kjk ikfjr dkuwu ftlds rgr leLr nks ifg;k pkydksa dks gsyesV iguuk vfuok;Z fd;k x;kA ;g dkuwu loZ= vck/k lapj.k vuq- 19¼1½¼d½ dk mYya?ku ugha gSA D;ksafd ;g izfrca/k ;qfDr;qDr vk/kkj ij gSA n`’Vkar & jkT; ljdkj ,d dkuwu cukrh gS ftlds varxZr fuf”pr {ks= esa jgus okys Ñ’kd etnwjksa dks chM+h fuekZ.k ls fu’ks/k fd;k tkrk gSa bl dkuwu dk mÑ’kd etnwjksa dks chM+h fuekZ.k ls fu’ks/k fd;k tkrk gSa bl dkuwu dk mís”; Ñf’k dk;Z ds fy, i;kZIr ekuo Je miyC/k djkuk gSA bl dkuwu dh lquokbZ U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd dkuwu dk mís”; Ñf’k dky ds nkSjku chM+h fuekZ.k ij izfrca/k yxkdj Hkh izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA U;k;ky; us bl dkuwu dks vkR;kafrd rFkk v;qfDr;qDr djkj fn;kA D;ksafd ;g O;fDr ds ekSfyd vf/kdkj o`fr] mithfodk O;kikj ;k dkjksckj djus ds ewy vf/kdkj dk guu djrk gSA ¼fpUrkeu jko cuke eè; ljdkj ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1951 ,l- lh118½ vuq- 20 mu O;fDr;ksa dks ftu ij vijk/k djus dk vfHk;ksx yxk;k x;k gS] mUgsa dk;ksZÙkj fof/k;ksa ls ¼ex-post facto½ 20 (1) nksgjs n.M ls laj{k.k
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(Double Jeopardy) 20 (2) rFkk vkRe
vfHk”kalu
(Self-incrimination)
ls
laj{k.k iznku djrk gSA n`"Vkar & jkT; 1957 esa ,d dkuwu ikl djrk gS ftlds vuqlkj os fu;ksDrk tks viuk izfr"Bku cUn dj jgs gS mUgs vius deZpkfj;ksa dks eqvkotk nsuk gksxkA ;g dkuwu uoEcj 1956 ls izHkkfor gqvk eqvkotk u nsus dh fLFkfr esa fu;ksDrk dks tsy Hkh tkuk iM+ ldrk gSA lquokbZ ds nje;ku U;k;ky; us ;g ik;k fd ;g flfoy nkf;Ro gS rFkk flfoy nkf;Roksa dks iw.kZ u djuk dksbZ vijk/k ugha gSA (Hathising Manufacturing Co. V. Union of India, AIR 1960 SC 923)
n`’Vkar & A dks Sea Customs Act 1878 ds rgr fl) gksus ij nafMr fd;k x;kA ckn esa mls S120B Indian Penal Code ds rgr Hkh Prosecute fd;k x;kA U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd nwljs vfHk;kstu dks jksdk ugha tk ldrk gS D;ksafd ;g leku] vijk/k ds fy, ugha gSA (Leo Ray Frey Vs. Superintendent, District Jail Air 1958 SC 119)
n`’Vkar & ;fn dksbZ O;fDr vius v¡xBw s dk fu'kku ;k gLrk{kj dk uewuk nsrk gS rks og dksbZ oS;fDrd vfHklk{; ugha nsrk gSA D;ksafd ;s oLrq,¡ dsoy rqyuk ds mís”; ls yh tkrh gSaA blh rjg [kkst ds ifj.kkeLo:i tCr dh x;h phtsa ;k vfHk;qDr dk fp=] vaxqfy;ksa ds fu'kku ,oa uewus ds fy, gLrk{kj vuqPNsn 20¼3½ ds varxZr oftZr ugha gksx a As vuqPNsn 20¼3½ vius fo:) yxk;s x;s vfHk;ksx ds lac/a k esa dsoy oS;fDrd Kku ls dqN dgus ds fy, ckè; djus dks oftZr djrk gSA (State of Bombay V. Kathi kalu Oghad, AIR 1961 SC 1808).
fØfeuy ekeyksa ds iM+rky ds nje;ku lafnX/k ij Narcoanalisis rFkk Polygraph Examination dks djuk O;fDr ds Lo;a nks"kh Bgjkuk ds vf/kdkj ds fo#) gS gkykafd mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g vuqefr nh dh bu rduhdkas dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS ijarq dqN ,gfr;kr ds lkFk (Selvi and othes V. State of Karnataka, AIR 2010 SC 1974)
vuq- 21 ;g micfU/kr djrk gS fd ^fdlh O;fDr dks mlds izk.k ;k nSfgd Lok/khurk ls fof/k }kjk izfØ;k ds vuqlkj gh oafpr fd;k tk;sxk vU;Fkk ughaA izk.k o nSfgd Lora=rk flQZ nSfgd ;k “kkfjfjd vfLrRo ls gh ugha gS vfirq bldk vFkZ llEeku thou dk lac/a k vtZu ls gSA (Maneka Gandhi Vs. Union of India AIR 1978 SC 597)
izk.k o nSfgd Lora=rk ds vf/kdkj (A21) ds rgr U;k;ky; us f”k{kk ds ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dks Hkh “kkfey fd;k gSA (Unikrishnan V. State of A.P. 1993 SCC 645) mPpre U;k;ky; us vuq-
21 dh O;kid O[kk[;k dh gS mnkgj.k ds fy, tkuus ds vf/kdkj dks U;k;ky; us vuq- 21 rgr ekU;rk D;ksafd ;g yksdra= dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gS (Reliance Petrochemicals Ltd.
V.
Proprietors,
Indian
Express
Newspapers Bombay (P) Ltd., (1988) 4 SCC 592)
n`’Vkar & fnYyh ,f'k;kbZ [ksyksa dh fofHkUu ifj;kstukvksa esa dk;ZjÙk etnwjksa dh etnwjh dk U;wure nSfud HkÙkk ugha feykA U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd ;g muds izk.k o nSfud
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
Lora=rk ds ewy vf/kdkjksa dk guu gSA
22¼1½ ds fo:) gSA (State of Madhya Pradesh
(Peoples Union fofr Democratic Rights V. Union of India AIR 1982 SC 1473)
V. Shobhram AIR 1966 SC 1910).
vuq- 22 dqN fuf”pr ekeyksa esa canhdj.k ,oa fujks/k ds fo:) laj{k.k nsrk gSA vuq- 22 fdlh vijk/k ds laca/k esa fxj¶rkj gq, O;fDr;ksa dks fuEufyf[kr vf/kdkj iznku djrk gSa fxj¶rkjh
ds
dkj.kksa
dk
“kh?kzkfr”kh?kz crk;s tkus dk vf/kdkjA viuh :fp ds odhy ls ijke”kZ djus vkSj cpko djus dk vf/kdkj fxj¶rkjh ds ckn 24 ?kaVksa ds vanj fdlh eSftLVªsV ds le{k is”k fd;s tkus dk vf/kdkj 24 ?kaVs ls vf/kd eSftLVªVs ds vkns”k ds fcuk fujks/k
“kks’k.k ds fo:) vf/kdkj vuq- 23 ekuo dk nqO;kZikj vkSj csxkj rFkk blh izdkj ds vU; cykrJe dks fu’ks/k djrk gSA vuq- 24 cky Je fu’ks/k djrk gSA ;g vuqukjh Ø;&foØ; rFkk csxkjh dh leL;k ij fu;a=.k yxkus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA n`’Vkar & ,d fo/ks; ds vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh O;fDr nwljs O;fDr dks bl vk/kkj ij dke nsus ls euk ugha dj ldrk D;ksafd og vuq- tkfr rFkk tu tkfr dk gSA tcfd og O;fDr Hkh dk;Z dks fdlh vU; fgUnw ls djok ldrk gSA U;k;ky; us bl ifjizs{; esa ;g fu.kZ; fn;k fd ;g fo/ks;d vuq- 23 dk mYy?kau ugha gSA D;ksafd ;g fo/ks;d fdlh O;fDr dks tkfr ds vk/kkj ij dk;Z ls fu’ks/k djrk gSA ;g cykrJe dh Js.kh esa ugha vkrk gSA (State V. Banwari, AIR 1951 All 615).
ls
Lora=rkA mPpre U;k;ky; us fxj¶rkjh o fujks/k ls lacaf/kr O;kid fn”kk funsZ”k lq>k,sa gSA (D.K. Basu V. State of West Bengal, (1977) 1 SCC 416).
n`’Vkar & A dks vijkf/kd vfrpkj (Criminal Trespass) CPC ds rgr fxj¶rkj fd;k tkrk gS rFkk ml ij U;k; iapk;r tks fd jkT; ds iapk;r vf/kfu;e ds rgr dk;Z dj jgh gS esa eqdn~ek pyk;k tkrk gSA vf/kfu;e ds vuqlkj U;k; iap;kr ds lEeq[k dksbZ Hkh vf/koDrk dsl ugha yM+ ldrkA U;k;ky; us bl vf/kfu;e dks vYVªk ok;jl ?kksf’kr fd;k D;ksafd ;g vuq-
/kkfeZd Lora=rk dk vf/kdkj lafo/kku Hkkjr ds leLr ukxfjdksa dks vUrdj.k dh Lora=rk rFkk /keZ ds vck/k :i ls ekuus vkpj.k djus rFkk izpkj djus dk vf/kdkj nsrk gSA ¼vuq- 25½ /keZ ds izpkj djus ds vf/kdkj esa fdlh ds /keZ dks ifjofrZr djk dj vius /keZ esa “kkfey djus dk vf/kdkj ugha gSA og dkuwu tks cykr~ /keZifjorZu] /kks[ks ls /keZifjorZu rFkk ykyp ls /keZifjorZu ij jksd yxkrk gS og dkuwu vuq25 ds fo:) ugha gSaA (Rev. Stanislaus V. State of M.P. (1971)1 SCC 677).
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
vuq- 26 /kkfeZd dk;Z ds izca/k dh Lora=rk dks micaf/kr djrk gSA vuq- 28 ;g micaf/kr djrk gS fd jkT;fuf/k ls iwjh rjg ls iksf’kr fdlh f”k{kk laLFkk esa dksbZ /kkfeZd f”k{kk u nh tk,xh rFkk jkT; ls ekU;rk izkIr ;k jkT;fuf/k ls iksf"kr gksus okyh f”k{kk laLFkk esa mifLFkr gksus okys fdlh O;fDr dks /kkfeZd f”k{kk ;k mikluk esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, ckè; u fd;k tk,xk] tc rd fd ml O;fDr us ;k ;fn ;g vko”;d gS
vf/kdkj iznku djrk gSA fdlh Hkh “kS{kf.kd laLFkku esa tks fd jkT; }kjk LFkkfir gS ;k jkT; }kjk iksf’kr gS] /keZ] tkfr] Hkk’kk ds vk/kkj ij nkf[kys ls euk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA English Medium Students 'Parents' Association V. State of Karnataka and oters, AIR 1994 2 SC 1702 dh lquokbZ esa mPpre
U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd dukZVd ljdkj }kjk cuk;k x;k ;g fu;e ftlds rgr NBoha d{kk rd f'k{kk dk ek/;e ekr` Hkk"kk gksxk] Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuq- 29 ;k 30 dk mYya?ku ugha gSA
rks mlds laj{kd us blds fy, viuh lEefr u ns nh gksA n`"Vkar & xq:ukud ;wfuoflZVh fo/ks;d dk 4 ;g izko/kku djrk gS fd jkT; xq:ukud nso dh f'k{kkvks rFkk thou ds mij v/;;u rFkk [kkst dh O;LFkk djsxk bl izko/kku ds lanHkZ es ;g rdZ fn;k x;k gS fd D;kasfd fo'ofo|ky; jkT; fuf/k ls pyrk gS blfy, ,slk dksbZ Hkh izko/kku lafo/kku ds vuq- 28 mYya?ku gS ekeys dh lquokbZ us U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd xq:ukud nso dh f'k{kkvks rFkk thou dk v/;;u dksbZ /kkfeZd elyk ugha gS rFkk u gh ;g fdlh /keZ ds izpkj ds fy, gS (A.V. College V. State of Punjab, (1971) 2 SCC 269)
laLÑfr vkSj f”k{kk laca/kh vf/kdkj vuq- 29 Hkkjr {ks= esa jgus okys uxkfjdksa ds fdlh Hkh oxZ dks] ftudh viuh fo”ks"k Hkk’kk] fyfi ;k laLÑfr gS] mls cuk;s j[kus dk
T.M.A. Pai Foundation V. State of Karnataka (2002) us ;g ?kksf’kr fd;k fd
fdlh Hkh vYila[;d leqnk; ds laLFkku esa] tks fd vYila[;d leqnk; }kjk LFkkfir] iz”kkflr ;k jkT; }kjk iksf’kr gks] esa 50 izfr”kr rd lhVsa ml leqnk; ds fy, vkjf{kr dh tk ldrh gaSA ijUrq St. Stephen’s College V. University of Delhi esa Supreme Court dh lquokbZ esa mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g fu.kZ; fn;k fd ;fn jkT; pkgs rks lhVksa dh vkjf{kr la[;k esa ;qfDr;qDr ifjorZu fd;k tk ldrk gS tks fd ml laLFkku ds izdkj] vYila[;d tu leqnk; dh tula[;k rFkk mu dh “kS{kf.kd vko”;drkvksa ds vuqlkj gks ldrk gSA vuq- 30¼1½ ;g micaf/kr djrk gS fd /keZ ;k Hkk"kk ij vk/kkfjr lHkh vYila[;d oxks± dks viuh :fp dh f”k{kk&laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj izca/k dk vf/kdkj gksxkA jkT; bu laLFkkvksa dks foÙk lgk;rk nsus esa dksbZ Hksn ugha djsx a aAs bl vuqPNsn esa of.kZr vf/kdkj vkR;kafrd ugha gSA (Sidharjbhai Sabbai V. State of Gujarat 1963 SC 540)
n`’Vkar & lkslkbVh vkQ Jesus tks fd St. Xavier College vgenkckn dks iz'kkflr dj
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
jgh gSA bldk mís”; fØlfp;u cPpksa dks mPp f”k{kk iznku djuk gS] gkykafd laLFkku esa vU; /keZ] tkfr leqnk; ds cPps Hkh i<+ jgs gSa jkT; ljdkj ,d ,DV ikl djrh gS ftlds vuqlkj izR;sd dkyst viuh Governing rFkk Selection bodies esa University nominees dks j[ksxhA Univesity Nominee dks mís”; disciplinary issue dks lqy>kuk rFkk teachers of Management ds eq[; fookn lqy>kus esa
eè;LFk dh Hkwfedk fuHkkuk Fkk U;k;ky; us ;g ik;k fd ;g ,DV vuq- 31 dk mYya?ku gS (Ahmedabad St. Xavier’s College Society V. State of Gujarat (1974) 1 SCC 717)
n`"Vkar & ,d jkT; ljdkj jkT; ds Ldwy ds deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, vkpkjlafgrk dh ?kks"k.kk djrh gS blds v/khu deZpkfj;ksa ds vuq'kklukRed dk;Zokfg;ksa dh izfØ;kvkas dk fu/kkZj.k rFkk muds osru HkÙkksa dk izko/kku 'kkfey gS ;g dkuwu vYila[;d leqnk; ds vlgk;rk izkIr laLFkkvksa ij ykxw ugha gksrk ekeys dh lquokbZ esa U;k;ky; us ;g ik;k fd ;g dkuwu lekurk ds vf/kdkj vuq-14 dk mYya?ku gS vr% bl dkuwu dks fujLr fd;k x;kA blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd vYila[;dksa ds vf/kdkj vuq- 30 ds vrxZr vkR;kafrd ugha gSA (Frank Anthony Public School Employees' Association V. Union of India, (1986) 4 SCC 707)
dqN vf/kfu;eksa ,oa fofu;eksa dk fof/kekU;dj.k (3 Validation of Certain Act & Regulations)
dqN vf/kfu;eksa ,oa fofu;eksa dk fof/kekU;dj.k lafo/kku dh uoha vuqlwph esa 'kkfey gS rFkk Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuq- 31¼[k½ vuqPNsn ;g mica/k djrk gS fd uoha vuqlwph esa mYysf[kr fu;eksa vkSj fofu;eksa dks bl vk/kkj ij “kwU; ugha le>k tk;sxk fd os lafo/kku ds Hkkx 3 ds fdUgha mica/kksa }kjk iznÙk vf/kdkjksa esa ls fdlh
ls vlaxr gSa ;k mudks Nhu ysrs gSa ;k U;wu djrs gSaA ;fn fo/kkf;dk uoha vuqlwph esa dksbZ la'kks/ku djrh gS rks ;g la'kks/ku Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuq- 31¼[k½ laj{k.k es ugha vk,xk rFkk blds oS|rk dh tk¡p dh tk ldrh gS (Venkata Rao V. State of Bombay, (1969) 2 SCC 81)
mPpre U;k;ky; ds 9 U;k;k/kh'kksa dh ihB us ;g O;oLFkk dh fd os lHkh dkuwu tks ds'kokuUn Hkkjrh ekeys ls igys vFkkZr 2 vizSy 1973 ls igys uoha vuqlwph es 'kkfey fd;s x, gS mUgs ewy vf/kdkjksa ds guu esa pqukSrh ugha nh tk ldrh ijarq mijksDr frfFk ds ckn 'kkfey fd;s x, dkuwuksa dks ewy vf/kdkjksa ds lanHkZ esa rFkk lafo/kku dh ewy lajpuk ds fl)kar ds ifjis{; esa pqukSrh nh tk ldrh gS (I.R. Coelho V. State of Tamil Nadu, (1999) 7 SCC 580)
laoS/kkfud mipkjksa ds vf/kdkj vuqPNsn 32 ¼1½ ukxfjdksa dks lafo/kku ds Hkkx 3 }kjk iznÙk vf/kdkjksa dks izofrZr djkus ds fy, mPpre U;k;ky; dks leqfpr dk;Zokfg;ksa }kjk izpkfyr djus ds vf/kdkj dh xkjUVh djrk gSA mPpre U;k;ky; dks bu vf/kdkjksa dks izofrZr djkus ds fy, leqfpr funZs’k ;k fjV] ftuds vUrxZr canh&izR;{khdj.k] ijekns”k] izfr’ks/k] vf/kdkj&i`PNk vkSj mRizs{k.k ds izdkj ds fjV Hkh lfEefyr gS] tkjh djus dh “kfDr iznku djrk gSA vuq- 32 esa of.kZr vf/kdkjksa dks laoS/kkfud izko/kku ds vykok fujLr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA vuq- 32 of.kZr 'kCn leqfpr dk;Zokfg;k¡ fdlh fo'ks"k izdkj dh iz.kkyh dh vksj bafxr ugha djrh gS vfirq leqfpr dk;Zokfg;ka oks dk;Zokfg;k¡ gS tks ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa ds
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
fØ;kUo;u ls laEcf/kr gS leqfpr dk;Zokfg;k¡ xjhc] rFkk vlgk; yksxksa ds ewy vf/kdkjksa ls lEcf/kr gS ihfM+r O;fDr }kjk U;k;ky; dks fy[kk gqvk ,d lknk i= Hkh ewy vf/kdkj ds lanHkZ esa leqfpr dk;Zokfg;ksa ds v/khu vk,xkA mPpre U;k;ky; us tufgr ;kfpdk dsUnzkas dh LFkkiuk blh mn~ns'; ls dh gS blh lsy esa U;k;ky; dks fy[ks lkjs i= vkrs gS rFkk NVuh ds ckn bu i=ksa dks eq[; U;k;k/kh'k ds leq[k j[kk tkrk gS ;g i= fu"ks/kkRed uk gksdj ftKklq Hkh gks ldrs gS (Bandhua Mukti Morcha V. Union of India, (1984)3 SCC 161)
vkerkSj ij vuq- 32 dh dk;Zokfg;ksa esa mPpre U;k;ky; rF; ds iz'u ij fopkj ugha djrk ijarq ;fn U;k;ky; mfpr le>s rks og ,slk dj Hkh ldrk gSA (Laxmi Shankar Pandey V. Union of India, (1991) 2 SCC 488)
fdlh fjV ;k izkFkZuk i= dh lajpuk ds fo"k; esa mPpre U;k;ky; dks O;kid foosdkf/kdkj gS fdlh fjV dks flQZ blhfy, fujLr ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd og mfpr Lo:i esa ugha fy[kh xbZ ;k mlesa mPp mipkj dh ekax ugha dh xbZA (Charanjit Lal Choudhury V. Union of India, AIR 1951 SC 41)
vuq- 32 ds v/khu mPpre U;k;ky; ds vf/kdkj flQZ fjV tkjh djus rd gh lhfer ugha gS dks U;k;ky; ewy vf/kdkjksa ds leqfpr fØ;kUo;u ds fy, fn'kk funZ'k Hkh tkjh dj ldrk gSA U;k;ky; dh 'kfDr;ka flQZ fu"ks/kkRed gh ugha gS vfirq ;g fuokjd Hkh gS D;ksafd U;k;ky; ewy vf/kdkjksa ds guu ds ckn leqfpr mipkj Hkh ns ldrk gSA (M.C. Mehta V. Union of India, (1987) 1 SCC 395)
;fn ewy vf/kdkj izkbZoVs O;fDr ds fo#) miyC/k gks tSls fd vuq- 17] 23] rFkk 24 rc
ml ifjfLFkfr esa Hkh mPpre U;k;ky; ls Hkh mipkj izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA (People's Union for Democratic Rights V. Union of India, (1982) 3 SCC 235)
mPpre U;k;ky; rFkk mPp U;k;ky; nksuksa gh ewy vf/kdkjksa ds lac/k esa mipkj iznku djrs gS ijarq bldk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd ihfM+r igys mPp U;k;ky; tk,xk mlds ckn gh og mPpre U;k;ky; tk ldrk gSA n`"Vkar & A vius ewy vf/kdkjksa ds guu ds ekeys esa mPpre U;k;ky; dh 'kj.k esa tkrk gS vVksuhZ tujy ;g rdZ izLrqr djrs gSa fd ;g fjV igys mPp U;k;ky; esa vuq- 226 ds rgr nk;j djuh pkfg, rnqijkar mPp U;k;ky; esa vkuk pkfg, rdZ dks [kkfjt djrs gq, mPp U;k;ky; us ;g O;oLFkk nh dh vuq- 32 ds lEca/k esa ;g izfØ;k vko';d ugha gSA (Romesh Thappar V. State of Madras, AIR 1950 SC 124)
os okn tks mPpre U;k;ky; esa nk;j fd;s tkrs gS os izkM~U;k; ds fl)kar ds v/khu vkrs gS n`"Vkar & izfroknh fjV ;kfpdk dks vuq- 32 ds rgr nk;j djus ij fojks/k trkrs gq, dgrk gS fd ;g leku rF;ksa ij gkbZdksVZ }kjk fujLr dh tk pqdh gSA lquokbZ esa mPp U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd izkM~U;k; ds fl)kUr ds v/khu vkrk gS rFkk ;g fjV ;kfpdk nk;j ugha gks ldrhA (Daryao V. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1961 SC 1457)
vuq- 32 ds v/khu izkM~U;k; dk fl)kar vuq136 ij Hkh ykxw gksxkA (P.S.R. Sadhanathan V. Arunachalam, (198 3 SCC 141)
izkM~U;k; dk fl)kar ^cUnh izR;{khdj.k fjV* ij ykxw ugh gksrk gSA vFkkZr cUnh izR;{khdj.k izkM~U;k; ds fl)kar esa ,d viokn gSA ;fn
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
vuq- 226 ds v/khu mPp U;k;ky; cUnh izR;{khdj.k fjV dk mipkj [kkfjt dj nsrk gS rc izkFkh mPpre U;k;ky; ls vuq- 32 ds v/khu ;g mipkj ekax ldrk gSA (Ghulam Sarwar Vs Union of India. AIR 1967 SC 1335)
vuq- 32 ds rgr izkFkhZ iqu% ;kfpdk nk;j dj ldrk gS] blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd cUnh izR;{khdj.k izkM~U;k; ds fl)kUr esa ,d viokn gSA (Sunil Dutta Vs Union of India) 1982 3 Scc 405 ijUrq ;fn vuq- 136 rgr cUnh izR;{khdj.k dh ;kfpdk mPp U;k;ky; }kjk [kkfjt dj nh tkrh gS rc Hkh izkFkhZ vuq- 32 ds og fuEu vk/kkjksa ij mPpre U;k;ky; dh 'kj.k esa tk ldrk gSA ¼1½ oLrq fLFkfr rFkk ifjisz{; es cnyko gksus dh fLFkfr esAa ¼2½ mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh miyC/krk tks iwoZ ;kfpdk ds le; miyC/k ugha FkhA (TP moideenkaya Vs Govt. of India (2009) 8 SCC 106)
ijEijkxr :i ls vuq- 32 ds v/khu flQZ og O;fDr okn nk;j dj ldrk Fkk ftlds ewy vf/kdkjksa dk guu gqvk gks ijUrq gky ds o"kksZ esa vuq- 32 ds v/khu okn nk;j djus dk nk;jk c<+k gS rFkk blls ,d u;h ijEijk dk l`tu gksrk gS ftls ge ^^yksdfgrokn ds uke ls tkurs gS blds rgr vc dksbZ Hkh vke vkneh laoS/kkfud izko/kkuksa ds guu ds lanHkZ esa okn nk;j dj ldrk gSA (SP Gupta Vs Union of India 1981 Sopp SC (87)
gkykafd ;g Li"V gS fd vuq- 32 esa dksbZ Hkh mPpre U;k;ky; dh 'kj.k esa tk ldrk gSA ijUrq csgrj ;s gh gksrk gS fd ftl O;fDr ds vf/kdkjksa dk guu gqvk gS og gh U;k;ky; dh 'kj.k esa tk,A (Bandhua Mukti Morcha Vs Union of India 1984 3 SCC 161)
n`"Vkar A mPpre U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k vuq- 32 ds v/khu mPp U;k;ky; esa B ds fo#) fØfeuy QSlys ds fo#) fjV nk;j djrk gSA mPp U;k;ky; B ds QSlys ds fo#) B fjV nk;j ugha djrk D;kasfd mldh ekU;rk] lksp ds eqrkfcd fof/k mipkj nsrk gS AB Lo;a U;k;ky; ls mipkj izkIr dj ldrk gSA D;kasfd B dh lksp dksbZ fof/kd v{kerk ugha gSA (Karamjeet Singh Vs Union of India, 1992 4 SCC 660)
cUnh izR;{khdj.k & ;g fjV fdlh O;fDr dks voS/k :i ls canh cuk, tkus ij mls Lora=rk iznku djus ds fy, tkjh dh tkrh gSA bl ds }kjk loksZPp U;k;ky; canhdj.k djus okys O;fDr dks ;g vkns”k nsrk gS fd og canh fd, x, O;fDr dks l”kjhj fu;r LFkku rFkk fu;r le; ij mifLFkr djs rFkk bl fjV ds }kjk U;k;ky; ;g irk yxkrk gS fd fdu vk/kkjksa ij O;fDr dks cUnh cuk;k x;k gSA U;k;ky; ;g fu/kkZfjr djrk gS fd ;fn cUnh cuk;s O;fDr ds Åij dksbZ fof/kd vk/kkj ugha gS rks mls eqDr fd;k tk,sA n`’Vkar & iqfyl ,d O;fDr dks mlds ?kj ls mBk dj ys tkrh gSA mlds ifjtuksa dks dbZ fnuksa rd ml O;fDr ls u rks feyus fn;k tkrk gS vkSj u gh mldh tkudkjh gh nh tkrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa mlds ifjtu mPpre U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k vuq- 32 ds rgr izkFkZuk dj ldrs gSaA rc mPpre U;k;ky; iqfyl ds fo:) canh izR;{khdj.k fjV tkjh djrs gq, mUgsa ml O;fDr dks l”kjhj mifLFkr djus dk vkns”k ns ldrh gSA ijekns'k & ;g fjV ml ifjfLFkfr esa tkjh dh tkrh gS tc fdlh vkns'k ;k dkuwu }kjk fdlh ds vf/kdkjksa dk guu gqvk gksA bl fjV ds }kjk loksZPp U;k;ky; fdlh ,sls inkf/kdkjh vFkok
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
lkoZtfud laLFkku dks ;g vkns”k tkjh djrk gS fd og viuh ftEesnkfj;ksa dk fuokZgu Bhd izdkj ls djsA n`’Vkar & A tks fd ,d ftys dk dySDVj gS tsy vf/kdkfj;ksa dks vkns”k tkjh djrs gq, ;g funsZ”k nsrk gS fd vkxkeh pqukoksa esa dksbZ Hkh dSnh ernku ugha dj ldrkA B tks fd ,d dSnh gS fo’k; ij vuq- 32 ds rgr mPpre U;k;ky; dh “kj.k ysrk gSaA mPpre U;k;ky; dySDVj ds vkns”kksa dks fujLr djrs gq, tsy vf/kdkfj;ksa dks ;g funs”Z k nsrk gS fd og dSfn;ksa dks ernku djus nsA izfr’ks/k & (Prohibition) ;g fjV loksZPp U;k;ky; ;k mPp U;k;ky; }kjk fuEu U;k;ky;ksa rFkk U;k;kf/kdj.kksa dks tkjh fd;k tkrk gSA bl vkns”k ds }kjk U;k;ky;ksa dks ;g vkns”k fn;k tkrk gS fd og fdlh ekeys esa vius ;gk¡ dk;Zokgh jksd nsa D;ksafd ;g ekeyk mu ds {ks=kf/kdkj ds ckgj gSA ;g fjV flQZ U;kf;d rFkk v)Z U;kf;d vfHkdj.kksa ds lanHkZ es gh miyC/k gSA n`’Vkar & A vuq- 32 ds rgr mPpre U;k;ky; esa ,d U;kf;d izkf/kdkjh ds fo:) izfr’ks/k dh ekax djrk gSA ml dk dguk gS fd U;k;kf/kdjh us mls xyr izko/kku crk;k gSA mPpre U;k;ky; vthZ dks [kkfjt djrs gq, ;g fu.kZ; nsrk gS fd xyr izko/kku crkus ds dkj.k izfr’ks/k tkjh ugha dh tk ldrhA izkFkhZ dks ;g lkfcr djuk gksxk fd U;k;kf/kdkjh us vius {ks=kf/kdkj dks ckgj tkrs gq, dk;Zokgh dh gSA (Isha Beevi V. Tax Recovery Officer,
vlR;rk fl) gksus ij U;k;ky; ,sls O;fDr dks gVk Hkh ldrk gSA n`’Vkar & ,d jkT; dk jkT;iky ,sls O;fDr dks eq[;ea=h fu;qDr djrk gS tks fd fo/kkulHkk lnL;rk ds ugha j[krkA A tks fd ml fo/kkulHkk dk lnL; gSA vuq- 32 ds rgr mPpre U;k;ky; esa eq[;ea=h dh fu;qfDr dks pqukSrh nsrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa mPpre U;k;ky; vf/kdkj i`PNk tkjh dj ldrk gS vkSj ;fn U;k;ky; ;g ikrk gS fd eq[;ea=h dh fu;qfDr voS/kkfud gS rks og ml O;fDr dks rRdky izHkko ls viuk in fjDr djus ds fy, vkns”k ns ldrk gSA (B.R. Kapur V. State of Tamil Nadu, (2001 7 SCC 231)
mRizs"k.k & fjV mRizs"k.k fjV izfr"ks/k ls lekurk j[krh gS! D;ksfd nksuks gh U;kf;d rFkk v)ZU;kf;d vfHkdj.kksa dks tkjh dh tkrh gS! ;g vkKk i= fdlh fookn dks fuEu U;k;ky; ls mPp U;k;ky; esa Hkstus ds fy, tkjh fd;k tkrk gSA ;g fdlh U;k;ky; dks vius vf/kdkjksa esa lhfer jg dj dk;Z djus dks dgrk gSA mRizs{k.k rFkk izfr"ks/k ds e/; ,d egRoiw.kZ varj ;g gS fd tgk¡ mRizs{k.k U;kf;d rFkk v)ZU;kf;d fudk;ks ds fu.kZ;ks dks fujLr djrk gS rks mUgksus vius {ks=kf/kdkj ls ckgj tkdj fn;s gS] ogh nqljh vksj izfr"ks/k mUgs ,sls fu.kZ;ksa dks nsus ls jksdrk gSA bl fjV dk iz;ksx mPpre bl fjV dk iz;ksx mPpre U;k;ky; ds vUnj gh ,d cSap }kjk nwljh cSap ds fo:) ugha fn;k tk ldrkA (A.R. Antulay V. R.S.
(1976) 1 SCC 70)
Nayak, AIR 1988 SC 153)1
vf/kdkj i`PNk & ;g fjV mPpre U;k;ky; fdlh ,sls O;fDr ds nkos dh tk¡p ds fy, tkjh djuh gS tks fd fcuk vf/kdkj lkoZtfud ;k 'kkldh; in ij inLFk gks x;k gks nkos dh
vuq- 33 laln dks fof/k }kjk ;g 'kfDr iznku djrk gS fd ekSfyd vf/kdkj es ls fdlh dks l'kL= cyksa vFkok lkoZtfud O;oLFkk Hkkj okys cyksa ds lnL;kasa ds iz;ksx ds lEcU/k esa fdl
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
ek=k rd fucZU/ku ;k fujkd`r fd;k tk,] rkfd os vius dŸkZO;ksa dk mfpr ikyu dj lds vkSj muesa vuq'kklu cukdj jg ldsA
fd ;g fu’ks/k ;qfDrlaxr gS ;k ugha] vuqPNsn 47 dks jsQj dj ldrh gSA (State of Bombay
vuq- 34 laln dks fof/k }kjk lsuk&fof/k ds v/khu fd;s x;s dk;ksZa dks fof/kekU; cukus dh 'kfDr iznku djrk gSA laln {kfriwfrZ vf/kfu;e cukdj ,sls {ks= esa la?k ;k jkT; dh ^lsok* esa fdlh O;fDr }kjk fd;s x;s dk;Z ds fo"k;ksa esa ;k lsuk&fof/k ds v/khu fn;s x;s n.Mkns'k] n.M ;k tCrh ;k vU; dk;Z dks fof/kekU; dj ldrh gSA
Minerva Mills Ltd. V. Union of India, (1980) 3 SCC 625) ds ekeys esa lquokbZ djrs gq, mPpre U;k;ky; us dgk fd lafo/kku dh ,d fo”ks’krk fufr funs”kd rRo o ewy vf/kdkjksa ds eè; ijLij lekatL;A
jkT; ds uhfr funs'kd rRo & jkT; ds uhfr funs'kd rRo U;k;ky; esa izoZruh; ugha gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuq- dqN fuf'pr mn~ns'; fo/kkf;dk dks iznku djrk gSA rFkk fo/kkf;dk dk ;g drZO; gS fd og uhfr fuekZ.k ds le; bl mn~ns'; dk /;ku j[ks uhfr funs'kd rRo ;g O;oLFkk djrs gS fd jkT; uhfr fuekZ.k djrs le; lkekftd] vkfFkZd jktuSfrd U;k; Hkkjrh; tu dks iznku djsA jkT; ;g O;oLFkk djs dh lHkh dks thou ;kiu ds leku volj izkIr gks rFkk jkT; ;g O;oLFkk djs dh /ku dk dsUnzhdj.k uk gks ik,sA uhfr funsZ'kd rRo rFkk ekSfyd vf/kdkjkas ds e/; ijLij rkyesy o lkeatL; gksuk pkfg,A (Minerva Mills Ltd Vs
v. F.N. Balsara, AIR 1951 SC 318)
Hkkx
IV & A ekSfyd
drZO;
ekSfyd drZO; rc rd U;k;ky; }kjk izoZruh; ugha gS tc rd laln fof/k cukdj mUgas ioZruh; u cuk;sA ;fn laln }kjk cuk;h fof/k rFkk ewy drO;ksa ds e/; vlkeatL; gks rc ml ifjfLFkfr esa U;k;ky; e/;LFkrk djrk gS] fjV ijekns'k dks ml O;fDr ds fo#) tkjh ugh fd;k tk ldrk tks drZO;ksa dk ikyu Bhd ls ugha dj jgkA (Surya Narain Vs Union of India AIR 1982 Raj 1)
gkykafd mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa tc fdlh O;fDr }kjk vius drZO;ks dk fuoZ?ku u djus ij ;fn nwljs O;fDr ds vf/kdkjksa dk guu gks jgk gS rc ml ifjfLFkfr esa U;k;ky; ihfM+r O;fDr dks mipkj iznku dj ldrk gSA (Vishaka Vs State of Rajasthan (1997) 6 SCC, 241)
Union of India)
ekeys dh lquokbZ esa mPp U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd ewy vf/kdkjksa rFkk uhfr funs'kd Ùkoksa esa ijLij lkeatL; gksuk pkfg,A uhfr funs'kd rRoks ds ek/;e ls U;k;ky; ;g Kkr dj ldrk gS fd ewy vf/kdkj ij fuca/k ;qfDr;qDr vk/kkj ij yxk;k gS ;k ugh n`’VkUr & A U;k;ky; esa ;kfpdk nk;j djrs gq, ljdkj ds ml fu;e dks pqukSfr nsrk gS ftlds rgr jkT; ds vUnj 'kjkc dh fcØh fu’ks/k gSA U;k;ky; bldk QSlyk djus ds fy,
dk;Zikfydk Hkkx & 05 vuq- 52 ;g micaf/kr djrk gS fd Hkkjr dk ,d jk"Vªifr esa fufgr gksxh vkSj og bldk iz;ksx jk"Vªifr dh fu;qfDr ,d fuokZpd e.My }kjk gksrh gS rFkk vuq- 54 bl fuokZpd e.My ds lnL;ksa ds fo"k; esa izko/kku djrk gSA vuq55 jk"Vªifr ds pquko dh fjfr dh O;k[;k djrk gSA jk"Vªifr dk dk;Zdky ik¡p o"kZ dk gksrk gS vuq- 56 Hkkjrh; lafo/kku jk"Vªifr ds in ds fy, dqN 'krksZa dk vuq- 59 esa izko/kku
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
djrk gSA Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr dks egkfHk;ksx dh izfØ;k }kjk in ls gVk;k tk ldrk gSA vuq61 Hkkjr dk lafo/kku ,d mijk"Vªifr dh O;oLFkk djrk gS vuq- 63 tks dh jkT;lHkk dk insu lHkkifr gksrk gS vuq- 64 jk"Vª ds in ij fjfDr gksus ij ;k mldh vuqifLFkfr esa Hkkjr dk mijk"Vªifr jk"Vªifr ds :i es dk;Z dj ldrk gSA vuq- 65 Hkkjr dk mPpre U;k;ky; jk"Vªifr rFkk mijk"Vªifr ds fuokZpu ls lEcaf/kr fookn dh lquokbZ djrk gSA vuq- 71 la?k dh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr dk foLrkj dsUnz lwph ds fo"k;ksa ls ysdj fdlh laf/k ;k djkj ds v/kkj ij Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk bl izdkj ds vf/kdkjks] izkf/kdkjksa rFkk vf/kdkfjrk ds iz;ksx rd gksxkA vuq- 73 Hkkjrh; lafo/kku jk"Vªifr dks lykg ds fy, ,d ea=h ifj"kn dks izko/kku djrk gS] iz/kkuea=h ea=h ifj"kn dk eq[; gksrk gSA jk"Vªifr bl ea=h&ifj"kn dh lykg ij dk;Z djrk gSA jk"Vªifr dks ea=h ifj"kn dh lykg ekuuk vfuok;Z gSA vuq- ¼374½ jk"Vªifr iz/kkuea=h dh fu;qfDr djrk gS rFkk og iz/kkuea=h dh lykg ij ea=he.My dh fu;qfDr dj ldrk gSA ea=h&ifj"kn lkeqfgd :i ls yksdlHkk ds izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrh gSA vuq- 75 Hkkjrh; lafo/kku vuq- 76 ds v/khu Hkkjr ds egkU;k;oknh dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA Hkkjr dk egkU;k;oknh fof/kd fo"k;ksa ij la?k ljdkj dks lykg iznku djrk gSA egkU;k;oknh mu lHkh drZO;ksa dk ikyu djsxk tks mls jk"Vªifr }kjk le;≤ ij lkSisa tk,xsA egkU;k;oknh
Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr ds izlknIk;ZUr in /kkj.k djrk gSA vuq- 76
^^jkT;** izR;sd jkT; dk ,d jkT;iky gksxk ¼vuq- 153½ ftldh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr }kjk dh tk,sxh ¼vuq153½ rFkk jkT; dh leLr dk;kZRed 'kfDr jkT;iky esa fufgr gksxh ¼vuq- 154½ jkT;iky dh jkT; dh dk;kZRed 'kfDr;k¡ jk"Vªifr ds dsUnz dks dk;kZRed 'kfDr;ksa ds rqyukRed gSA lafo/kku }kjk dqN foosdkf/kdkj dh 'kfDr;ksa dks NksM+dj jkT;iky jkT; ds ea=h ifj"n dh lykg ij dk;Z djrk gSA ¼Samsher Singh Vs State of Punjab 1974 2 SCC 831½
ftldk mYys[k vuq- 163 esa fd;k x;k gS fd jk"Vªifr dks lykg iznku djs ijUrq ;g jkT;iky dk foosdkf/kdkj ea=h&ifj"kn gS dh og dqN fuf'pr ekeyksa esa ea=h ifj"kn dh lykg ekus vU;Fkk ugha jkT; dh fo/kku 'kfDr;k¡ jkT; lwph ds fo"k;ksa rd gksrh gS] ijUrq ;fn jkT; leorhZ lwph ds fo"k; ij dkuwu cukrk gS rFkk mlh fo"k; ij laln }kjk dkuwu cuk;k tkrk gS] ml Vdjko dh ifjfLFkfr esa laln }kjk cuk;k fo/kku ekU; gksxk vuq- ¼162½ izR;sd jkT; ds fo/kkueaMy esa jkT;iky] fo/kkulHkk vkSj fo/kku ifj’kn~ ¼;fn ml jkT; esa gS rks “kkfey gksaxs½ fo/kkulHkk ds lnL;ksa fd fu;qfDr lh/ks turk ds }kjk dh tkrh gSA rFkk fo/kku ifj’kn~ ds lnL; vizR;{k iz.kkyh ls rFkk jkT;iky ds }kjk euksuhr fd, tkrs gSaA fo/kkulHkk dk dk;Zdky 5 o’kZ dk gksrk gSA jkT;iky dks lnu dks vkgqr djus rFkk Hkax djus dk vf/kdkj gksrk gSA jkT;iky fo/kkulHkk
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
ds l= dks vkgqr dj ldrk gS ijUrq nks l=ksa ds eè; dh le;kof/k 6 ekl ls T;knk dh ugha gksuh pkfg,A vkerkSj ij Hkkjr esa ,d o’kZ ds Hkhrj rhu fo/kkulHkk l= vkgqr fd, tkrs gSaA jkT; dh eq[;ea=h dh fu;qfDr jkT;iky }kjk dh tkrh gS rFkk eq[;ea=h dh lykg ij jkT;iky vU; ea=h dh fu;qfDr djrk gS jkT; dk eq[;ea=h rFkk vU; ea=h jkT;iky ds izlkni;ZUr vius in ij dk;Z djrs gS eq[;ea=h rFkk ea=h ifj"kn lkeqfgd :i ls fo/kkulHkk ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSA vuq- 164 lafo/kku ;g iznÙk djrk gS fd gj jkT; dk ,d jkT; egkf/koDrk gksxk vuq- 165 ;g egkf/koDrk jkT; dks fof/k lEca/kh ekeyks ij lykg nsrk gS rFkk egkf/koDrk nks leLr mÙkjnkf;Ro iw.kZ djrk gS tks mls jkT;iky rFkk lafo/kku }kjk fdlh&vU; fo/kku }kjk iznku fd;s tkrs gSA laln fo/kkf;dk Hkkx jk"Vªifr] yksdlHkk rFkk jkT;lHkk ,d lkFk feydj Hkkjrh; laln dk fuekZ.k djrs gS vuq79 jkT;lHkk esa dqy 250 lnL; gksrs gS] buesa ls 12 jk"Vªifr }kjk euksuhr fd;s tkrs gS] rFkk 'ks"k 238 lnL;ksa dk fuokZpu jkT; rFkk la?k jkT; {ks=ks ls fuokZfpr izfrfuf/k laØe.kh; er iz.kkyh }kjk djrs gSA vuq- 80 yksd lHkk turk dh lHkk gSA blds lnL;ksa dh vf/kdre la[;k 550 gS ftuesa ls & d- 530 lnL; jkT;ksa ds ernkrkvksa }kjk izR;{k pquko os fuokZfpr gksx a ]s [k- 20 la?k jkT; {ks=ksa ds izfrfuf/k gksx a ]s blds vfrfjDr] ;fn jk’Vªifr ,saXyks&bf.M;u leqnk; ds 2 lnL;ksa dks uketn dj ldrk gSA dksbZ Hkh O;fDr laln ds nksuksa lnuksa dk lnL; ugha jg ldrk gSA
jkT; lHkk ,d mPp LFkk;h lnu gSA bldk fo?kVu ugha gksrk gSA fdUrq blds ,d&frgkbZ lnL; izR;sd nwljs o’kZ dh lekfIr ij fuo`Ùk gks tkrs gSaA jk"Vªifr laln ds izR;sd lnu dks le;≤ ij vkgr dj ldrk gSA jk"Vªifr yksdlHkk dks Hkax Hkh dj ldrk gSA laln dks nks l=ksa ds e/; 06 ekg ls T;knk dk vUrjky ugh gksuk pkfg, vuq- 85 lafo/kku laln ds dqN vf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr dk izko/kku djrk gS tSls jkT;lHkk dk mi lHkkifr] yksd lHkk Lihdj rFkk fMIVh Lihdj ¼As 89&93½
dksbZ O;fDr tks Hkkjr ljdkj ;k jkT; ljdkj ds v/khu ykHk dk in /kkj.k djrk gS rks og laln ds fdlh Hkh lnu dk Hkkx ugha gks ldrk ¼vuq- 102½ n`’Vkar & A tks fd jkT; lHkk dk lnL; gS miz- Film Development Council ds ps;jilZu ds in ij Hkh dk;Zjr gS] bl in dks osru o HkÙks Hkh feyrs gSaA gkaykfd A us bl in ls dksbZ osru ;k HkÙkk ugha fy;kA ijUrq fQj Hkh os laln dh lnL;rk ls fu’dkflr fd, tk ldrs gSaA ¼Jaya Bachchan v. Union of India½A ykHk dk in ls rkRi;Z ,sls in ls gS ftlls ykHk fey ldrk gks ;k ftlls O;fDr ;qfDr;qDr :i ls ykHk izkIr djus dh vk'kk dj ldrk gksA n`’Vkar & A tks fd laln lnL; gS rFkk jkT; ljdkj ds v/khu ,d in ij Hkh dk;Zjr gSA bl in ds fy, mUgsa izrhdkjkRed HkÙks feyrs gSaA A dks mudh laln lnL;rk ls fu’dkflr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd ;g in dksbZ ykHk dk in ugha gSA ¼Shivamurthy Swami Inamdar v. Agadi Sunganna Andanappa½
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku laln dks lafo/kku rFkk laln ds fu;eksa ds v/khu lnL;ksa dks lnu esa cksyrs dh Lora=rk nsrk gSA Hkkjrh; lnu esa fn;s gq, c;ku ;k oDrO; ds fo#) fdlh Hkh U;k;ky; esa dksbZ dk;Zokgh ugha gksxhA ¼vuq- 105½ n`"Vkar&A tks fd ,d laln lnL; ,d lkoZtfud O;fDÙko dh Nfo oky O;fDr ds fo#) oDrO; nsrk gSA ;g ,d vioknkRed oDÙko gS] ijUrq ds fo#) fdlh U;k;ky; eas eqdnek ugh pyk;k tk ldrk ijUrq ;fn A us ;gh oDrO; laln ds ckgn fn;k gksrk rc bl ifjfLFkfr es A ds fo#) okn nk;j fd;k tk ldrk gSA (Jatish Chandra Ghosh Vs Harisadhan Mukherjee AIR 1956 Cal 433)
/ku fo/ks;d dks NksM+dj vU; fo/ks;d laln ds fdlh Hkh lnu esa j[ksa tk ldrs gS rFkk dksbZ Hkh fo/ks;d rHkh dkuwu curk gS tc mls nksuksa lnu ikl dj ns ¼vuq- 107½ ;fn fdlh fo/ks;d ij nksuksa lnuksa ds e/; Vdjko dh fLFkfr gS rc ml ifjfLFkfr esa jk"Vªifr laln dk la;qDr l= vkgqr dj ldrk gS ;fn la;qDr cSBd esa fo/ks;d nksuksa lnuksa ds mifLFkr vkSj er nsus okys lnL;ksa dh dqy la[;k ds cgqer }kjk ikfjr gks tkrk gS rks og nkuksas lnuksa }kjk ikfjr le>k tk,xkA /ku fo/ks;d flQZ yksdlHkk esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS yksdlHkk }kjk ikl djus ds ckn ;g fcy jkT;lHkk dks Hkstk tkrk gS jkT;lHkk dks ;g fcy ,d fuf'fpr le;kof/k esa vius lq>koksa lfgr ¼;fn dksbZ gks rks½ yksdlHkk dks okil Hkstuk gksrk gS ijUrq yksdlHkk ds fy, vko';d ugh dh og bl lq>koksa dk vuqikyu djs vuq- 109A nksuksa lnuksa }kjk ikl gksus ds ckn ;g fcy jk"Vªifr dh eatwjh ds fy, tkrk gS jk"Vªifr pkgs rks fcy ij viuh eatwjh ns ldrk gS vU;Fkk og fcy dks vius fopkjk/khu
j[k ldrk gS ;fn jk"Vªifr fcy dks vius fopkjk/khu j[krk gS rks mls ,d fuf'pr le;kof/k esa vius lq>koksa lfgr fcy okil yksdlHkk dks Hkstuk gksrk gS ijUrq lq>koksa dks ekuuk yksdlHkk ds fy, vfuok;Z ugh gS blds ckn yksdlHkk iqu% fcy dks jk"Vªifr dh eatwjh ds fy, Hkstrh gS bl ckj jk"Vªifr dks fcy ij gLrk{kj djuk vfuok;Z gksrk gS Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuq- 112 ls 116 rd fofÙk; fooj.k] fofu;ksx fo/ks;d rFkk vuqnku vkfn ls lEcaf/kr gS Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr dh fo/kk;h 'kfDr;k¡ ;fn jk"Vªifr oLrqxr ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls larq"V gks rFkk laln dk l= vkgqr u gks rc jk"Vªifr v/;kns'k tkjh dj ldrk gS laln dk l= 'kq: gksus ds 6 lIrkg ds Hkhrj bl v/;kns'k dks laln ds lEeq[k vuqefr ds fy, j[kuk gksrk gS vU;Fkk 6 lIrkg ckn ;g v/;kns'k Lor% gh lekIr gks tk,xkA jk"Vªifr ;fn pkgs rks bl le;kof/k ls igys ;g v/;kns'k dks okil ys ldrk gSA ;g v/;kns'k mruk gh izHkkoh gksrk gS ftruk fd laln dk vf/kfu;eA ¼vuq- 123½ ;gk¡ /;ku nsus ckr ;g gS fd jk"Vªifr ;g v/;kns'k viuh ethZ ls tkjh ugha djrk vfirq og ea=he.My dh lykg dk vuqlj.k djrk gS (R.C. Cooper V. Union of India, (1970) 1 SCC 564)
izR;sd jkT; dk viuk ,d fo/kkue.My gksxk ftles jkT; dk jkT;iky] fo/kkulHkk rFkk fo/kku ifj"kn 'kkfey gksx a s ¼fo/kku ifj"kn Hkkjr ds dqN gh jkT;kas esa dk;Zjr gS½ vuq- 168 fo/kkulHkk ds lnL;ks dk pquko izR;{k ernku ls gksrk gS vuq- 170 rFkk fo/kkuifj"kn ds lnL;ks dk pquko vizR;{k ernku ls gksrk gS blds fy, ,d fuokZpd e.My dh O;oLFkk gksrh gS vuq- 171 fo/kkulHkk izFke vf/kos'ku ds
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
izkjEHk dh frfFk ls ik¡p o"kZ rd cuh jgsxh ;fn jkT;iky }kjk mls e/; esa gh fo?kfVr u dj fn;k tk, vuq- 172 jkT;iky jkT;fo/kku e.Myksa ds lnuks dk le; le; ij l= vkgqr djrk gS ijUrq 2 l=ksa ds e/; dh vof/k 6 ekg ls T;knk ugha gksuh pkfg, jkT;iky fo/kkulHkk Hkax Hkh dj ldrk gS vuq- 174 Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuq- 178 ls 186 rd jkT;fo/kku e.My ds fofHkUu inkf/kdkfj;ksa dh ?kks"k.kk djrs gS ;g inkf/kdkjh fo/kkulHkk dk Lihdj fo/kku ifj"kn dk v/;{k rFkk mik/;{k gksrs gSAa jkT; fo/kkue.My ds lnL;ks dks lafo/kku ds mica/kksa ds vkSj fo/kkue.My dh izfØ;k dk fofu;eu djus okys fu;eksa vkSj LFkk;h vkns'kksa ds v/khu jgrs gq,] izR;sd jkT; ds fo/kkue.My esa okd~ Lora=rk gksrh gSA jkT; ds fo/kkue.My esa fdlh lnL; }kjk dgh xbZ fdlh ckr ;k fn, x, fdlh er ds laca/k esa mlds fo:) fdlh U;k;ky; esa dksbZ dk;Zokgh ugha dh tk,xh vkSj fdlh O;fDr ds fo#) ,sls fo/kkue.My ds fdlh lnu ds izkf/kdkj }kjk ;k mlds v/khu fdlh izfrosnu i=] erksa ;k dk;Zokfg;ksa ds izdk'ku ds laca/k esa bl izdkj dh dkbZ dk;Zokgh ugh dh tk,xhA ¼vuq- 194½ f}lnukRed okys jkT; es /ku fo/ks;d dks NksM+dj vU; fo/ks;d fdlh Hkh lnu esa izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS ijUrq fdlh fo/ks;d dks dkuwu cuus ds fy, mls nksuksa lnuksa }kjk ikfjr fd;k tkuk vfuok;Z gS vuq- 196A vuq197 ml izfØ;k dk izko/kku djrk gS fd tc dksbZ fo/ks;d ,d lnu }kjk ikfjr gks tk,s ijUrq nwljs lnu }kjk vLohdkjA vuq- 198 f}lnukRed okys jkT;ks esa /ku fo/ks;d dks ikfjr djus ds izfØ;k dk o.kZu djrk gSA tc
fo/kkue.My dksbZ fo/ks;d ikl dj nsrs gSa rks rc og fo/ks;d jkT;iky dh eatwjh ds fy, Hkstk tkrk gS jkT;iky ml fo/ks;d dks ;k eatwjh ns nsrk gS] ;k mls vius fopkjk/khu j[k ldrk gS ;k dqN fuf'pr ekeyksa esa mls jk"Vªifr ds fopkjk/khu Hkst ldrk gS ml ifjfLFkfr esa tc jkT;iky fdlh fo/ks;d dks vius fopkjk/khu j[krk gS rc jkT;iky dks og fo/ks;d vius lq>koksa lfgr fo/kkue.My dks Hkstuk vko';d gksrk gS ijUrq fo/kkue.My ds fy, ;g vfuok;Z ugha fd og bu lq>koksa dks ekus vr% ;fn fo/kkue.My fo/ks;d dks ewy Lo:i iqu% jkT;iky ds ikl Hkstrk gS rc jkT;iky ds fy, ml fo/ks;d ij gLrk{kj djuk vfuok;Z gks tkrk gSA vuq- 200 jkT;iky fo/ks;d dks jk"Vªifr dh vuqefr ds fy, vkjf{kr dj ldrk gS jk"Vªifr ml fo/ks;d ij viuh vuqefr nsxk vFkok jkT;iky dks ml fo/ks;d ij fo/kku e.My }kjk iqufoZpkj dk funsZ'k ns ldrk gS] vkSj ;fn fo/kku e.My mls 6 ekl dh vof/k ds Hkhrj iqu% ikfjr djds Hkst nsrk gS] rks og iqu% jk"Vªifr dh lgefr ds fy, j[kk tk,xkA vuq- 201 Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuq- 202 ls ysdj 212 rd izfd;kRed fu;eksa dk lewg gS ftudk vuqikyu djuk jkT;fo/kku e.My ds fy, vko';d gSA jkT;iky dh fo/kk;h 'kfDr;k¡ ;fn jkT;iky oLrqxr ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls larq"V gks rFkk fo/kkue.My dk l= vkgqr u gks rc jkT;iky v/;kns'k tkjh dj ldrk gS fo/kkue.My dk l= 'kq: gksus ds 6 lIrkg ds Hkhrj bl v/;kns'k dks fo/kkue.My ds lEeq[k vuqeksnu ds fy, j[kuk gksrk gS vU;Fkk 6 lIrkg ckn ;g v/;kns'k Lor% gh lekIr gks tk,xkA dqN fuf'pr ekeyksa esa jkT;iky
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
jk"Vªifr dh vuqefr ds ckn gh v/;kns'k tkjh dj ldrk gS ;g v/;kns'k mruk gh izHkkoh gksrk gS ftruk fd fo/kkue.My dk vf/kfu;eA vuq- 213 jkT;iky }kjk vuq- 213 ds vrxZr v/;kns'k tkjh djus dh 'kfDr esa dqN viokn gS bl 'kfDr dks fo/kkue.My }kjk fo/kku cukus ds iwjd ugha le>k tk ldrkA v/;kns'k dqN fuf'pr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa] le; ds vHkko esa rFkk tc fo/kkue.My dk l= vkgqr u gks rks rHkh tkjh fd;k tk ldrk gS fo/kkue.My v/;kns'k dks fo/ks;d es ifjofrZr ugh dj ldrkA (D.C. Wadhwa V. State of Bihar, (1987) 1 SCC 378)
U;k;ikfydk la?kh; U;k;ikfydk Hkkx 4 Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk 124 ;g O;oLFkk djrk gS fd Hkkjr esa mPpre U;k;ky; gksxk tks fd ,d eq[; U;k;k/kh'k rFkk vU; U;k;/kh'kksa ¼vU; U;k;/kh'kksa dh la[;ka dk izko/kku laln }kjk fd;k tkrk gS½ dk lewg gksxk mPpre U;k;ky; dh lHkh ttksa dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr }kjk dh tkrh gS jk’Vªifr U;k;k/kh”kksa dh fu;qfDr mPpre U;k;ky; rFkk mPp U;k;ky;ksa ds ,sls U;k;k/kh'kksa ls ^ijke”kZ* (consultation) djus ds i”pkr~ ftuls bl iz;kstu ds fy, og vko”;d le>sA mPpre U;k;k/kh'k 65 o"kZ dh vk;q rd vius in ij cus jgrs gS os R;kxi= }kjk viuk in NksM+ ldrs gS vU;Fkk mUgas jk"Vªifr ds vkns'k }kjk] ftldk fd vuqeksnu lnu ds nksuksa lnukas esa 2 frgkbZ cgqer ls fd;k gks gVk;k tk ldrk gSA mPpre U;k;ky; ,d vfHkys[k U;k;ky; gS ¼vuq- 129½ vFkkZr~ blds fu.kZ; vkSj dk;Zokfg;k¡ fyf[kr gksrh gSA mUgsa loZnk latks;s
j[kk tkrk gS rkfd Hkfo"; esa v/khuLFk U;k;ky;ksa ds le{k iwoZfu.kZ; (precedent) ds :i esa izLrqr dh tk ldsaA rFkk ;s vius voeku ds fy, fdlh O;fDr dks n.M nsus dh Hkh “kfDr gksrh gSA (Aswini Kumar Ghose v. Arabinda Bose, AIR 1953 SC 75)
mPpre U;k;ky; u dsoy viuh voekuuk ds fy, vfirq viuh vf/kuLFk U;k;ky; o vHkhdj.k dh voekuuk ds fy, Hkh n.Mhr dj ldrk gSA (Delhi Judicial Services Associates V. State of Gujarat)
mPpre U;k;ky;] U;k;ky; dh voekuuk ds ekeys esa ,d vf/koDrk dks mlh izdkj nf.Mr dj ldrk gS ftl izdkj fdlh vke ukxfjd dks U;k;ky; vf/koDrk ds ykblsal dks fujLr ugh djrk (Supreme Court Ba4r Association V. Union of India, (1998) 4 SCC 409) ijUrq R.K. Anand V. Registrar, Delhi Hidh Court, 2009 (10) SCALE 164) ds ekeys dh lquokbZ esa mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g O;LFkk nh dh U;k;ky; dh voekuuk ds ekeys esa ;fn mPp U;k;ky; ltk ds :i esa oknh dks dqN fuf'pr le; ds fy, lquokbZ ls nwj j[k ldrk gS n`"Vkar A tks fd ,d ys[kd rFkk i=dkj gS vius ,d ys[k esa U;k;ky; dh vkykspuk djrk gS U;k;ky; bl vkykspuk dks U;k;ky; dh voekuuk ekudj ys[kd dks nf.Mr dj ldrk gSA (Based on In re, Arundhati Roy, (2002) 3 SCC 343) mPpre U;k;ky; dks fuEufyf[kr i{kdkjksa ds chp fdlh fookn esa izkjfEHkd vf/kdkfjrk gS
la?k rFkk ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd jkT;ksa ds chp
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
la?k vkSj dksbZ jkT; ,d vkSj rFkk ,d jkT; nwljh vksj nks ;k nks ls vf/kd jkT;ksa ds chp ¼vuq- 131½ mPpre
U;k;ky;
us
State
of
Rajasthan V. Union of India, (1977)3 SCC 592 dh lquokbZ esa ;g Li"V fd;k
fd vuq- 131 es of.kZr ^jkT;* 'kCn dh ifjf/k esa jkT; ljdkj 'kkfey gksrh gS n`’Vkar % fcgkj jkT; Vs fgUnqLrku LVhy fyds ekeys dh lquokbZ djrs gq, mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g Li’V fd;k fd ;g fookn U;k;ky; ds okLrfod {ks= vf/kdkj ds varxZr ugha vkrk D;ksafd fgUnqLrku LVhy fy- dEiuh ,DV ds rgr ,d jft- dEiuh gS blfy, ;g vuq- 131 ds vuq:i jkT; dk ntkZ izkIr ugha dj ldrhA (State of Bihar V. Union of India, 1970 (1 SCC 67) n`’Vkar % nks jkT; varjkT; ty fookn vf/kdj.k ds lEeq[k i{kdkj Fks buesa ls ,d jkT; us vf/kdj.k dh ?kks’k.kk euus ls badkj dj fn;kA nwljs jkT; us vuq- 131 ds rgr mPpre U;k;ky; dh “kj.k ekaxhA bl eqís ij mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g Li’V fd;k fd ;g okn vuq- 131 ds rgr vkrk gSA (State of Karnataka V. State of Andhra Pradesh, (2000) 9 SCC 572) vU; ekeyksa esa okn dks U;kf;d fu.kZ; ds fy, igys lk/kkj.k U;k;ky; esa ys tkuk vko';d gS ¼vuq- 131 ds v/khu½ ijUrq i{kdkj dks lEcf/kr rF;ksa ds lkFk mPpre U;k;ky; esa tk ldrk gS rFkk mfpr mipkj ekax ldrk gSA (State
of Bihar V. Bihar V. Union of India (1970) 1 SCC 67) fdlh mPp U;k;ky; }kjk fn, x, flfoy nk.fMd ;k vU; dk;Zokgh ds fu.kZ;ks]a fMØh ;k vfUre vkns'k dh vihy mPpre U;k;ky; esa gksxh ;fn og mPp U;k;ky; vuq- 134 ds v/khu ;g izekf.kr dj nsrk gS fd mDr ekeys esa fof/k dk dksbZ lkjoku iz'u lfEefyr gS rFkk vihydrkZ ;g vihy djrk gS fd mDr iz'u dh xyr O;k[;k dh xbZ gS ¼vuq- 132½ rc ;g ekeyk mPpre U;k;ky; ds vihyh; vf/kdkfjrk es vkrk gS fof/k ds lkjokn iz'u ls rkRi;Z mu iz'uksa ls gS ftu ij fopkjksa esa fopyu gks ijUrq ;fn iz'u dks mPpre U;k;ky; us iw.kZ :i ls lquk gS rFkk fu.kZ; fn;k gS rc ;g iz'u fof/k iz'u ugh gksxk mnkgj.k ds fy, i{kdkj ;fn vuq- 14 dh O;k[;k ij lger gS ijUrq mldh rF;ksa esa iz;qfDr ij vlger] ml ifjfLFkfr esa ;g vuq131 ds v/khu fof/k dk lkjoku iz'u ugh gksxkA (State of Jammu and Kashmir V. Thakur Ganga Singh AIR 1960 SC 356) oks fo"k; mPpre U;k;ky; ds fopkjk/khu Hksts tkrs gS ftudks dh mPp U;k;ky; fdlh fn;s x;s fMØh] fu.kZ; rFkk n.Mkns'k dks vuq- 134 ¼d½ ds lanHkZ esa izekf.kr djs tSls 1 fof/k ds lkjoku iz'u] 2 oks iz'u ftudks mPp U;k;ky; mPpre U;k;ky; dh fopkj.k ds fy, mfpr le>saA vuq- 132 ds vykok ;fn i{kdkj vihy ds vk/kkjksa esa ;g dgrk gS fd fof/k ds fdlh rkfRod iz'u dk fofu'p; xyr gqvk gS ml ifjfLFkfr esa ;g mPpre U;k;ky; dh vihyh; vf/kdkfjDrk esa vk,xkA
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
vuq- 133 esa iz;qDr 'kCn ^^fu.kZ;] fMØh rFkk vafre fu.kZ;** dk vFkZ mPp U;k;ky; ds mu vkns'kksa ls gS tks fd fdlh fookn esa i{kdkjksa ds nkf;Roksa rFkk vf/kdkjksa dk fu/kkZj.k djs ,d vkns'k vafre vkns'k rc gksxk tc og fdlh flfoy ekeys esa i{kdkjksa ds vf/kdkjksa ls lEcf/kr gksxkA
dksVZ ds fu.kZ; dks cnydj A dks /kkjk 302 rgr e`R;qn.M nsrk gS mPpre U;k;ky; jkT; ds bl rdZ dks [kkfjt djrk gS fd vuq- 134 es of.kZr nks"keqfDr dk vFkZ iw.kZnks"keqfDr gS bl izdkj A dks vuq- 134 ds varxZr izekf.kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA (Tara Chand Damu Sutar V.
n`"Vkar & A mPp U;k;ky; esa ,d izkf/kdkj ds fu.kZ; ds fo#) vihy nk;j djrk gSA mPp U;k;ky; lh ih lh dh /kkjk 151 ds rgr ekeys ij fopkj.k djrk gS vc A blh ekeys dks vuq- 133 ds rgr mPpre U;k;ky; ds ikl ys tkuk pkgrk gS rFkk bl lanHkZ esa ;g mPp U;k;ky; ls vuq 134 A ds rgr izek.ki= ekaxrk gS ijUrq mPp U;k;ky; bls fu"ks/k djrk gS ekeys dh lquokbZ esa mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g Li"V fd;k fd D;ksafd ;g ,d vafre fu.kZ; ugha Fkk blfy, vuq 134 ds rgr izek.k i= tkjh ugha fd;k tk ldrk (Based on Jethanand & Sons V. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1961 SC 794)
mPp U;k;ky; vuq- 133¼1½ vuq- 132¼1½ vuq134¼1½ ds vuqlkj fMØh] fu.kZ; rFkk vafre vkns'k ns ldrk gS mPp U;k;ky; fuEu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa izek.k i= tkjh dj ldrk gS ¼d½ ;fn og ,slk djuk mfpr le>rk gS] rks og viuh bPNk ls ,slk dj ldrk gS ¼;fn vkns'k] fMØh ;k n.Mkns'k ikfjr gks tkus ds i'pkr O;fDr i{kdkj }kjk ;k mldh vksj ls ekSf[kd vkosnu djrk gS½
fdlh fu.kZ; vafre vkns'k ;k n.Mkns'k dh fØfeuy ekeyksa esa mPpre U;k;ky; esa vihy gks ldrh gS ;fn mPp U;k;ky; ¼d½ us vihy es fdlh vfHk;qDr dks nks"keqfDr ds vkns'k dks iyVdj e`R;q n.Mkns'k fn;k gS vFkok ¼[k½ u fdlh v/khuLFk U;k;ky; ls fdlh ekeys dks e¡xkdj vfHk;qDr dks e`R;q n.Mkns'k fn;k gS vFkok ¼x½ vuq- 134 d ds v/khu izekf.kr dj ns fd ;g ekeyk loksZPp U;k;ky; esa vihy ds ;ksX; gS n`"Vkar & A tks fd vkbZ-ih-lh dh /kkjk 302 ds rgr gR;k dk nks"kh gS rFkk Vªk;y dksVZ }kjk /kkjk 304 ds rgr nafMr fd;k x;k gSA mPp U;k;ky; ekeys dh lquokbZ djrs gq, Vªk;y
State of Maharashtra, AIR 1962 SC 130)
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds Hkkx 5 dks NksM+dj mPpre U;k;ky; fdlh Hkh U;k;ky; rFkk izkf/kdkj }kjk fn;s x;s fdlh fu.kZ;] fMØh ;k vo/kkoj.k] n.Mkns'k dh vihy dh fo'ks"k vuqefr ns ldrk gS ijUrq ;g l'kL= cyksa ds U;k;ky;ksa ;k muds }kjk xfBr izkf/kdj.kksa ds fu.kZ;ksa ij ykxw ugha gksxhA vuq- 136 n`"Vkar & A ,d le>kSrk vf/kdkjh (Conciliation Officer) ds fu.kZ; ds fo#) vuq- 136 ds rgr mPpre U;k;ky; ls fo'ks"k vuqefr ekaxrk gS mPpre U;k;ky; ;g dgrs gq, vthZ [kkfjt djrk gS fd le>ksrk vf/kdkjh dksbZ izkf/kdkj ugha gS (Based on Jaswant Sugar Mills V. Lakshmi Chand, AIR 1963 SC 677) vuq- 136 mPpre U;k;ky; dks fo'ks"k vuqefr ekeys es ,d O;kid Lofoosd dh 'kfDr iznku djrk gS ijUrq U;k;ky; flQZ dqN fuf'pr ekeyksa esa tgk¡ O;kid vU;k; gqvk gks ;k
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
izkd`frd U;k; ds fl)kar dk mYy?ku gqvk gS] fo'ks"k vuqefr iznku djrk gSA (Narpat Singh V Jaipur Development Authority, (2002)4 SCC 666) mPpre U;k;ky; laln }kjk cuk, x;s fu;eksa rFkk vuq- 145 ds v/khu mPpre U;k;ky; dks vius }kjk lquk, x, fu.kZ;ksa dk iqujkoyksdu djus dh 'kfDr gS ¼vuq- 137½ fuEufyf[kr vk/kkjksa ij mPpre U;k;ky; vius fu.kZ;ksa dk iqujkoyksdu dj ldrk gS ¼1½ u;s rF;ksa rFkk lk{;ksa dh [kkst gksus ij ¼2½ fjdkWMZs es xyrh gksus ij ¼3½ vU; l{ke dkj.kksa lsA Hkkjrh; laln dkuwu cukdj mPpre U;k;ky; dks la?klwph ds fo"k;ksa ij vf/kd 'kfDr iznku dj ldrh gS blds vykok dsna z ljdkj rFkk jkT; ljdkj fdlh le>ksrs ds }kjk mPpre U;k;ky; dh 'kfDr;ksa esa o`f) dj ldrs gS vuq138 blh izdkj laln fof/k cukdj lokZsPp U;k;ky; dks vuq- 132 ds vfrfjDr vU; fo"k;ksa ij Hkh fjV tkjh djus dh 'kfDr iznku dj ldrh gSA mPpre U;k;ky; fdlh okn dks tks fd mPpre U;k;ky; es]a mPp U;k;ky; esa] ,d ls vf/kd mPp U;k;ky; esa yafcr gS rFkk mu ekeyksa esa mPp U;k;ky; dks Loizsj.kk ls] egkU;k;oknh }kjk ;k i{kdkj }kjk vthZ nsus ls ;g Kkr gks tkrk gS fd buesa fof/k dk lkjoku iz'u 'kkfey gS rc bl ifjfLFkfr esa mPpre U;k;ky; bl ekeysa dks vius ikl eaxkdj fuiVk ldrk gSA mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk ?kksf"kr dkuwu jk"Vª ds leLr U;k;ky;ksa ij ykxw gksrk gS mPp U;k;ky;ksa dk ;g drZO; gS fd og mPpre U;k;ky; ds leLr fu.kZ;ksa dk ikyu djs mPp U;k;ky; ;g rdZ ugha ns ldrs fd lacf/kr
igyw mPpre U;k;ky; ds Kku es ugha Fkk ;k mPpre U;k;ky; us fu.kZ; nsrs le; leLr igyqvks ij fopkj ugh fd;kA (Ballabhdas Mathurdas Lakhan V. Municipal Committee, (1970) 2 SCC 267) mPpre U;k;ky; vius Lo;a ds fu.kZ; ls okn~; ugha gS og vius iwoZ es fn;s x;s fu.kZ;ksa ds vuqlkj okn~; ugha gSA (Dwaka Das Shrinivas V. Sholapur Spinning and Weaving Co. Ltd., AIR 1954 SC 119) lkekU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,d cM+h csUp }kjk fn;k x;k fu.kZ; NksVh csUp }kjk ekU; gksrk gS] ijUrq ;fn NksVh csUp pkgs rks og ekeys eq[; U;k;k/kh'kksa dk /;ku vkdf"kZr dj ldrs gS rFkk eq[; U;k;k/kh'k cM+h csUp ds lEeq[k j[k ldrk gS (Central Board of Dawoodi Bohra Community V. State of Maharashtra, (2005) 2 SCC 673) ¼1½ mPpre U;k;ky; fdlh ekeys ;k yfEcr okn esa iw.kZ U;k; ds fy, vko';d viuh vf/kdkfjrk dk iz;ksx djrs gq, fMØh ;k vkns'k ns ldrk gSA U;k;ky; bl 'kfDr dk iz;ksx rHkh djrk gS tc mls fo'okl gks tk, dh yfEcr ekeys esa iw.kZ U;k; ds fy, ,slk djuk t:jh gSA vuq- 142 n`"Vkar & mPpre U;k;ky; ,d ekeys dh lquokbZ djrs gq, ftles dh dqN iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa ds Åij ,d U;k;k/kh'k dks gFkdM+h yxkus] nqHkkZoukiw.kZ ekeyk nk;j djuk dk vijk/k gS ekeys dh lquokbZ djrs oDr mPpre U;k;ky; us iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa dks u dsoy nafMr fd;k vfirq vuq- 142 ds v/khu U;k;k/kh'k ds fo#) nk;j leLr ekeys okfil ys fy, U;k;ky; ds vuqlkj ,slk djuk iw.kZ U;k; ds fy, vko';d FkkA (Delhi Judicial
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
Service Association V. State of Gujarat, (1991)4 SCC 406) fdlh le; jk"Vªifr dks izrhr gksrk gS fd fof/k ;k rF; dk dksbZ ,slk iz'u mRiUu gqvk gS ;k mRiUu gksus dh laHkkouk gS] tks ,slh izd`fr dk vkSj ,sls O;kid egRo dk gS fd ml ij mPpre U;k;ky; dh jk; izkIr djuk lekphu gS] rks og ml iz'u dks fopkj djus ds fy, ml U;k;ky; dks funZsf'kr dj ldsxkA jk"Vªifr vuq- 131 ijUrq esa fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh] jk; nsus ds fy, mPpre U;k;ky; dks funsZf'kr dj ldsxk vkSj mPpre U;k;ky;] ,slh lquokbZ ds i'pkr~ tks og Bhd le>rk gS] jk"Vªifr dks ml ij viuh jk; izfrosfnr djsxkA vuq- 143 gkykafd vuq- 143 dh Hkk"kk vR;ar O;kid gS ijUrq fQj Hkh fof/k dk og iz'u tks mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk lquk rFkk funsZf'kr fd;k tk pqdk gS ,sls iz'u dks mPpre U;k;ky; dks nqckjk vuq- 143 ds v/khu fopkj.k ds fy, ugha Hkstk ldrkA (In the Matter of Cavery water Disputes Tribunal, 1993 Supp 1 SCC 96) vuq- 143 ds v/khu nh xbZ lykg jk"Vªifr ij ck/;dkjh ugha gS ijUrq fQj Hkh vkerkSj ij jk"Vªifr bldk lEeku djrs gS dqN fuf'pr ekeyksa esa ;fn U;k;ky; pkgs rks og Hkkjr ds egkU;k;oknh ls bl ckr dk Hkjkslk ys ldrs gS fd jk"Vªifr U;k;ky; ds lykg dk lEeku djsx a As (Special Reference No. 1 of 1998, Re, (1998)7 SCC 739) ;s U;k;ky; dk foosdkf/kdkj gS fd dqN fuf'pr ekeyksa esa ftuesa U;k;ky; mfpr le>sa rFkk ftlds fy, U;k;ky; ds ikl mfpr vk/kkj gks lykg nsus ds fy, euk dj ldrk gSA (Kerala Education Bill, 1957, Re, AIR 1958 SC 956)
n`’Vkar & jk’Vªifr ,d eqís ij tks fd laln ds lEeq[k yfEcr gS fd laoS/kkfudrk ds iz”u ij mPpre U;k;ky; ls lykg ysrk gSA ;gk¡ ;g rdZ fn;k tkrk gS fd mPpre U;k;ky; dk fopkj egRoghu gksxk D;ksafd mPpre U;k;ky; tks Hkh fu’d’kZ mlls laln ds fo/ks;d dks ikl djus ;k u ikl djus ij QdZ ugha iM+rkA mPpre U;k;ky; us bl rdZ dks [kkfjt djrs gq, Li’V fd;k dh U;k;ky; ds fopkj ls laln ds vf/kdkj ij QdZ ugha iM+rk ij D;ksafd iz”u fo/ks;d dh laoS/kkfudrk dk gS blfy, laln U;k;ky; ds lykg dks laKku esa ys ldrh gSA (Special Courts Bill, 1978, Re, (1979) 1 SC 380).
mPp U;k;ky; vuq- 124 ds vuqlkj jkT;&U;k;ikfydk jkT;ksa ds mPp U;k;ky; vkSj mlds v/khuLFk U;k;ky;ksa ls feydj xfBr gksrh gSA izR;sd jkT; esa ,d mPp U;k;ky; gksrk gSA mPp U;k;ky; ,d vfHkys[k U;k;ky; gS mls og lHkh “kfDr;k¡ izkIr gSa ftuds vuq:i ;g viuh voekuuk djus okyksa dks nf.Mr dj ldrk gSA ¼vuq- 215½ mPp U;k;ky; ds eq[; U;k;/kh”k rFkk vU; U;k;/kh”kksa dh fu;qfDr jk’Vªifr }kjk dh tkrh gS rFkk ;g vius in ij 62 lky dh mez rd cus jg ldrs gSaA ¼vuq- 217½ vuq- 124 Hkkx 4 o 5 esa of.kZr mica/k] tks dh mPpre U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'kksa dks in ls gVkus ds fy, gS] os mPp U;k;ky; ds lanHkZ esa oSls gh ykxw gksaxs tSls os mPpre U;k;ky; ds lac/a k esa ykxw gksrs gSA ¼vuq- 218½ jk"Vªifr Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;/kh'k ls ijke'kZ djus ds i'pkr fdlh mPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;/kh'k dk ,d mPp U;k;ky; ls nwljs mPp U;k;ky; dks varj.k dj ldsxkA ¼vuq222½
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
vuq- 226 mPp U;k;ky; dks ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa ls lEcfU/kr canh izR;{khdj.k] ijekns'k] izfr"ks/k vf/kdkj i`PNkvks mRizs"k.k fjV fudkyus dk vf/kdkj nsrk gSA mPp U;k;ky; ;g fjV ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa ds vykok fof/kd vf/kdkjksa ds ifjizs{; esa Hkh tkjh dj ldrk gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuq- 226 ¼1½ ds vuqlkj mPp U;k;ky; dk {ks=kf/kdkj mlds jkT;{ks= dk ckgj ugh gks ldrk rFkk ftl O;fDr dks fjV tkjh fd;s x;s gS og mPp U;k;ky; ds jkT;{ks= ds varxZr gksuk pkfg, (Kusum ingots and alloys Ltd. V. Union of India, AIR 2004 SC 2321) vFkkZr og O;fDr tks dsUnz ljdkj ds fo#) mipkj pkgrk gS ijUrq og fnYyh esa ugha jgrk rks D;k ml ifjfLFkfr esa mls mipkj ugha fey ldrk\ ugh ,slk ugh gS ml ifjfLFkfr esa Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuq- 226 ¼2½ mPp U;k;ky; dks ;g vf/kdkj nsrk gS fd og fdlh Hkh ljdkj ds fo#) fjV ;k vkns'k tkjh dj lds rFkk ;g vko';d gS fd dk;Zokgh ds dkj.k dk dqN Hkkx ml mPp U;k;ky; ds {ks=kf/kdkj esa ?kfVr gqvk gksA vuq- 226 ds varxZr fn;s tkus okys mipkj mPp U;k;ky; ds Lofoosd ij vk/kkfjr vFkkZr ;fn mPp U;k;ky; dks ;g yxrk fd ihfM+r i{k dks fjV ds vykok vU; mipkj Hkh miyC/k gS rc mPp U;k;ky; fjV ds vkosnu dks fujLr dj ldrk gSA rFkk vU; mipkj iznku dj ldrk gS (Rashid Ahmed V. Municiapal Board, AIR 1950 SC 163) ;gk¡ /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd ;g mPp U;k;ky; dk foosdkf/kdkj gS rFkk og vU; mipkj miyC/k gksus dh mifLFkfr esa Hkh fjV tkjh dj ldrk gSA fjV tkjh djrs oDr mPp U;k;ky; fHkUu igyqvksa ij Hkh fopkj dj ldrk gSA tSls fd ;fn izfroknh us ,d
fuf'pr le; ds vUnj mipkj dh ekax u djds le;kof/k ds ckn mipkj ekaxkA (P.S. Sadasivaswamy V. State of Tamil Nadu, (1975) 1 SCC 152) n`’Vkar & ,d O;fDr pquko vk;ksx ds fu.kZ; ds fo:) mPp U;k;ky; ls vuq- 226 rgr mipkj ekaxrk gSA tkap djus ij U;k;ky; ;g ikrk gS fd O;fDr dks 226 ds vykok vU; mipkj Hkh izkIr gks ldrs gSaA blfy, U;k;ky; vuq- 226 rgr mipkj dh ekax Bqdjk ldrk gSA ijUrq ;g rHkh laHko gS tc izkFkhZ ds ikl oSdfYid mipkj miyC/k gksAa ¼N.T. Veluswami V. G. Raja Nainar, AIR 1959 SC 422½ mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g O;oLFkk fd mPp U;k;ky; dks vuq- 226 ds varfje jkgr flQZ vioknkRed ifjfLFkfr esa iznku djuk pkfg,A (C.C. E. V. Dunlop India Ltd. (1985)1 SCC 260) rnkuqlkj mPp U;k;ky; us Hkh ;g O;oLFkk dh vuq- 226 ds varxZr varfje jkgr flQZ rHkh iznku dh tkuh pkfg, tc U;k;ky; ds ;g yxs fd mldh vuqifLFkfr esa i{kdkj ds lkFk vU;k; gks ldrk gSA (Deoraj V. State of Maharashtra, (2004) 4 SCC 697) Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuq- 227 ;g O;oLFkk djrk gS fd mPp U;k;ky; vius jkT; {ks= ds varxZr LFkkfir lHkh U;k;ky; ;k vf/kdj.kksa dk vf/k{k.k djsxk ;g vf/k{k.k iz'kklfud :i ds lkFk lkFk U;kf;d Lo:i fy, gq, Hkh gksxkA (Ram Roop V. Vishwa Nath, AIR 1958 All 456) ;g vf/kdkj mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ykxw ugha gksxk tc vU; mipkj miyC/k gksxsA fQj pkgs mu mipkjksa ds dkj.k foyEc gh D;ksa u gksA (Manek Gustedji Burjarji V. S.N. Mirza, (1977) 1 SCC 227)
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
n`"Vkar A ,d izkf/kdj.k ds fu.kZ; ds fo#) vuq- 226 ds varxZr mPp U;k;ky; ds 'kj.k esa tkrk gS mPpre U;k;ky; us O;oLFkk nh fd mPp U;k;ky; izkf/kdj.k fu.kZ; esa gLr{ksi ugh dj ldrk ;fn ;g flQZ xyr fu.kZ; gks blds vfrfjDr dqN ughaA blds vykok tgk¡ 2 vf/kuLFk U;k;ky; rF; ds iz'u ij fu"d"kZ ns pqds gS ml ifjfLFkfr es mPp U;k;ky; vuq227 ds varxZr lk{;ksa dk iquZ ewY;kadu ugha ldrkA (D.N. Banerji V. P.R. Mukherjee, AIR 1953 SC 58,; Visalakshmi V. Anjanuyalu Chetti, AIR 1958 Mad 242; M.M. Amonkar V. S. A. Johari, (1984) 2 SCC 354) mPp U;k;ky; }kjk ?kksf"kr dkuwu vf/kuLFk U;k;ky; rFkk izlklfud vf/kdj.kksa ij ykxw gksrs gSA (East India Commercial Co. Ltd. V. Collector of Customs AIR 1962 SC 1893) tgk¡ Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuq- 226 rFkk 227 esa varj dk iz'u gS rks mPpre U;k;ky us Li"V fd;k gS fd vuq- 226 ds v/khu mPp U;k;ky; mRizs"k.k tkjh dj ldrk gS ftlds ek/;e ls mPp U;k;ky; v/khuLFk vf/kdj.k dk fu.kZ; fujLr dj ldrk gS ijUrq vuq- 227 ds varxZr mPp U;k;ky; fu.kZ; fujLr djus ds vfrfjDr fo"k; ls lEcf/kr fn'kk funZs'k Hkh tkjh dj ldrk gSA (Hari Vishnu Kamath V. S. Ahmad Ishaque, AIR 1955 SC 233) ;fn mPp U;k;ky; dks ;g lek/kku gks tkrk gS fd fdlh v/khuLFk U;k;ky; esa yfEcr fdlh ekeys esa fof/k dk dksbZ lkjoku iz'u lfEefyr gS ftldk Li"Vhdj.k ekeys dks fuiVkus ds fy, vko';d gS] ml ekeys dks og vius ikl eaxk ldrk gS vkSj bl ekeys dks ;k rks Lo;a
fuiVk ldsxk vU;Fkk fof/k ds ml iz'u dk vo/kkj.kk djds ml ekeys dh bl fu.kZ; dh izfr ds lkFk mDr U;k;ky; dks ykSVk nsxk tgk¡ mldk fuiVkjk gks ldsxkA vuq- 228 Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuq- 233 ftyk U;k;/kh'kksa dh fu;qfDr rFkk inksUufr ls lEcf/kr gS n`’Vkar & jkT;iky ftyk U;k;/kh”kksa dh fu;qfDr ds fy, ,d lfefr dk xBu djrk gS ;g lfefr dqN ftyk U;k;/kh”k fu;qfDr djrh gSA A bl fu;qfDr ds fo:) mPpre U;k;ky; esa tkrk gSA mPpre U;k;kyk; ;g fu/kkZfjr djrk gS fd ftyk U;k;/kh”kksa dh fu;qfDr ds fy, vuq233 ,d vfuok;Zrk gS rFkk bls utj vankt ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA vFkkZr~ ,slh fdlh Hkh lfefr dk xBu tks lafo/kku esa mYysf[kr ugha gS vlaoS/kkfud gSA (Chandra Mohan V. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1966 SC 1987). la?k jkT; {ks= Hkkx VIII la?k jkT; {ks= dk iz'kklu jk"Vªifr }kjk fd;k tkrk gS] ijUrq ;fn jk"Vªifr pkgs rks og fdlh O;fDr dks ml jkT; dk iz'kkld fu;qDr dj ldrk gS] iz'kklu ml lhek rd dk;Z djrk gS ftruk fd jk"Vªifr fdlh la?k jkT;{ks= esa jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr djrk gS] rks jkT;iky ml jkT; dh eaf=ifj"kn~ dh lykg ls Lora= gksdj dk;Z djsxkA ¼vuq- 239½ gkykafd la?k jkT; {ks=ksa dk iz'kklu dsfUnzd`r gksrk gS] ijUrq mUgas dsUnz ljdkj ds lkFk layXu ugh fd;k tk ldrk] D;ksfd ;g la?k jkT; {ks= viuh fHkUu laoS/kkfud igpku j[krs gSA (Satya Dev Bushare V. Padam Dev AIR 1954 Sc 587) Hkkx IX iapk;r
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuq- ¼243&243&0½ rd iapk;r iz.kkyh dk izko/kku djrk gS ;g iapk;r iz.kkyh jkT; esa lcls fupys Lrj ij iz'kklu dk dk;Z djrh gSA bldk mn~ns'; LFkkuh; Lo'kklu iznku djuk gksrk gSA uxjikfydk,¡% Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk Hkkx IX rFkk vuq- 243p 24324 rd ftyk rFkk {ks= esa uxjikfydkvksa dk izko/kku djrk gSA Hkkx X vuqlqfpr rFkk tutkfr {ks= jkT; ds vuqlwfpr {ks=ksa rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds iz'kklu vkSj fu;U=.k ls lEcaf/kr micU/k lafo/kku dh ik¡poh vuqlwph esa fn;s x;s gS] rFkk Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuq- 244 244A bu vuqlwfpr tutkfr {ks=ksa ds iz'kklu ds lEca/k esa izko/kku djrk gSA dsUnz rFkk jkT; ds e/; lEca/k fo/kk;h laca/k vuq- 245 ds vuqlkj laln Hkkjr ds laiw.kZ jkT;{ks= ;k mlds fdlh Hkkx ds fy, fof/k cuk ldsxh rFkk fdlh jkT; dk fo/kkue.My ml laiw.kZ jkT; ds vykok mlds fdlh Hkkx ds fy, fof/k cuk ldsxk rFkk laln }kjk cukbZ xbZ dksbZ fof/k bl vk/kkj ij vfof/kekU; ugha le>h tk;sxh fd og Hkkjr ds jkT;{ks= ls ckgj Hkh ykxw gksrh gSA bldk ;g rkRi;Z gS fd laln }kjk cukbZ xbZ fof/k;k¡ u dsoy Hkkjr ds jkT;{ks= ds Hkhrj fLFkr O;fDr;ksa vkSj laifÙk;ksa ij ykxw gksx a h cfYd fo”o ds fdlh Hkh Hkkx esa fuokl djus okys Hkkjr ds ukxfjdksa vkSj mudh ogk¡ fLFkfr lEifÙk;ksa dks Hkh ykxw gksxhA n`’Vkar & Hkkjrh; laln ,d dkuwu ikl djrh gS ftlds rgr dksbZ Hkh O;fDr tks Hkkjr dk ukxfjd viuh igyh iRuh ds ftUnk jgrs gq,
rFkk fcuk mlls rykd ds nwljk fookg ugha dj ldrk gSA ,d Hkkjrh; ukxfjd tks Ýkal tkrk gS rFkk viuh nwljh iRuh ds ftUnk jgrs gq, ogha ,d Ýkalhlh efgyk ls fookg dj ysrk gSA ml ij Hkkjr esa f}&fookg dk eqdnek pyk;k tk ldrk gSa (M.P. Singh (Ed.) V. N. Shukla’s Constitution of India, 11th ed., 2008, at p. 715) ;g lR; gS fd jkT; fo/kkue.My vius jkT;kf/kdkj rFkk {ks=kf/kdkj ls ckgj tkdj dkuwu ugh cuk ldrk gS ijUrq jkT; }kjk fufeZr fo/kku bl vk/kkj ij ekU; gksxk fd fo/kku esa jkT; rFkk lEcaf/kr fo"k; ds e/; mfpr lEca/k gSA n`’Vkar & A tks fd ,d lekpkj&i= Sporting Star tks dh cSxyksj ls izdkf”kr gksrk gS ijUrq mldk O;kid forj.k eqEcbZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA izdk”kd lekpkj&i= ds ekè;e ls ,d izfr;ksfxrk dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA ftlds fy, izos”k&i= eqEcbZ esa vfHkdrkZvksa }kjk ikBdks ls olwy fd, tkrs gSA bl dh lquokbZ esa vnkyr us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd D;ksafd iSlk vkSj QkeZ eqEcbZ ls bdB~Bk fd;k x;k gS blfy, eqEcbZ fo/kku ds ikl izdk”kd ij VSDl yxkus dk iwjk vf/kdkj gS gkykafd Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuq- 245 flQZ laln rFkk jkT; fo/kku e.Myksa }kjk fufeZr dkuwu dks gh ekU;rk nsrk gS] ijUrq laln jkT; fo/kku e.Myksa ds fy, ;g lEHko ugha fd og ;FkkZFkrk ds vuq:i fo/kku fuekZ.k djs blfy, rkRdkfyd rFkk ;FkkZr fLFkfr ls esy f[kykus ds fy, dkuwu cukus dh 'kfDr dk;Zikfydk dks nh tkrh gS] ftls ge izR;k;kstu fo/kku dgrs gS] izR;k;kstu fo/kku ds varxZr dk;Zikfydk mu lhekvksa esa jgrs gq, dkuwu cukrh gS tks mls fo/kkue.My us iznku dh gSA
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
fo/kku e.My ds fy, ;g vko”;d gksrk gS fd vf/kfu;e cukdj mu ekxZn”kZd fl)kUrksa dks fofgr djs ftlds vuqlkj vU; fudk;ksa vFkok O;fDr;ksa }kjk izR;k;ksftr fo/kku cuk;s tk ldrs gSaA fo/kkue.My dh egRoiw.kZ “kfDr;ksa dks izkR;k;kstu ugha fd;k tk ldrk (Delhi Laws Act 1912, Re, AIR 1951 SC 332) n`"Vkar & laln ,d fo/kku ikl djrh gS] ftlesa dh iz'kklu dks fo/kku ds mn~ns'; izkIr djus gsrq fu;e cukus dh O;kid 'kfDr iznku dh xbZ gS] iz'kklu ykblsal nsus fuekZ.k forj.k ifjogu] gd] vkfn ds iz;ksx ls lEcaf/kr O;kid fu;e cuk ldrk gS] tk¡p djus ij U;k;ky; us bl fo/kku dks voS/k ?kksf"kr fd;k D;ksafd fo/kku esa iz'kkld ds fy, fn'kk funsZ'k ugh fn;s x;s FksA (Harakdand R Banthia V Union of India (1969) 2 SCC 166) Hkkjrh; laln dks dsUnz lwph ds fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cukus dh O;kid 'kfDr izkIr gS] laln rFkk jkT; fo/kkue.My leorhZ lwph ij fo/kku cuk ldrs gS] rFkk jkT; fo/kkue.My dks jkT; lwph ds fo"k;ksa ij fo/kku cukus dk vf/kdkj gSA Hkkjr ds jkT;------vuq- 246 ds varxZr laln dh fo/kku cukus dh 'kfDr rc rd vkR;kafrd gS tc rd lafo/kku ml fo/kku ij fucZU/k ugha yxkrkA Hkkjr ds jkT; {ks= ds ,sls Hkkx tks fdlh jkT; esa lfEefyr ugha gS] ds fdlh Hkh fo"k; ds lEcU/k esa laln dks fof/k cukus dh 'kfDr gSA ¼vuq246½ la?k rFkk jkT;ksa ds la?k lwph rFkk jkT; lwph ls lEcaf/kr fo"k;ksa ds {ks=kf/kdkj dh O;k[;k ds lanHkZ esa mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g O;oFkk nh dh la?k lwph rFkk jkT; lwph ds fo"k;ksa dks ,d
lkFk ikBu fd;k tk, rFkk ,d lwph dh Hkk"kk rnFkZ lwph ds fo"k;ksa dh O;kLFkk djsA O;kLFkk djs! (Calcutta Gas Co. V. State of West Bengal AIR 1962 SC 1044) bls ge Harmonious Construction dk fl)kUr dgrs gSA n`"Vkar & Hkkjrh; laln vfHkHkk"kd ,DV 1961 ikl djrh gS tks fd vfHkHkk"kdkas dh ;ksx;rk] rFkk fof/k O;olk; ls lEcf/kr gSA la?k lwph dh fo"k; la[;k 77 rFkk 78 mPp U;k;ky; rFkk mPpre U;k;ky; esa vfHkHkk"kdksa ds fof/k O;olk; ls lacf/kr gSA rFkk leorhZ lwph dh fo"k; la[;k 26 fof/k] fpfdRld rFkk vU; O;olk;ksa ls lEcf/kr gS bl vk/kkj ij vfHkHkk"kd ,DV dh laoS/kkfudrk dks iz'uxr fd;k x;k ekeys dh lquokbZ esa U;k;ky; us Harmanious Contruction ds fl)kar dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, ;g izko/kku fd;k fd laln dks mPp U;k;ky; o mPpre U;k;ky; esa vfHkHkk"kdksa ds fof/k O;olk; ls lEcaf/kr fof/k cukus dk vf/kdkj gS rFkk 'ks"k O;olk; ls lacf/kr fof/k cukus dk vf/kdkj leorhZ lwph dh fo"k; la[;k 26 ds v/khu vkrk gSA (O.N. Mahindroo V. Bar Council AIR 1968 SC 888) ;fn fdlh fo/kku dk fo"k; ij lwph dk gS] ijUrq ;g nwljh lwph ds fo"k;ksa dks Hkh Nwrk gS] ftl ij fd mls fo/kku cukus dh {kerk ugh gS ,sls ifjfLFkfr es fo/kku ds LoHkko dks ikl djds ;g irk yxk;k tk,xk fd D;k fo/kkue.My us ,slk fo/kku cukrs oDr vius fuf'pr {ks=kf/kdkj dk iz;ksx fd;k gS] ml ifjfLFkfr esa ;g fo/kku ogk¡ gksxkA bls ge Pith and Substance dk fl)kar dgrs gSA
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
n`"Vkar & ,d fo/kkue.My jkT; lwph ds fo"k; la[;k 06 ij fo/kku cukrs gq, /ofu ;a=ksa ds iz;ksx ij fucZa/k tkjh djrk gSA A bl fo/kku dh laoS/kkfudrk gS] D;ksfd ;g dsUnz lwph ds fo"k; la[;k 32 ij dkuwu cukrk gS tks dh jkT; ds {ks=kf/kdkj ds ckgj gS ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa U;k;ky; us ekeys dh lquokbZ djrs le; Pith & Sustance ds fl)kar dk vuqlj.k djrs gq,s ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k jkT; }kjk cuk;k fo/kku laoS/kkfud gS] D;ksafd jkT;lwph dh fo"k; la[;k 06 jkT; dks ;g vf/kdkj nsrh gSA (State of Rajasthan V. G. Chawla AIR 1950 SCC 544) Hkkjrh; laln dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd og ,sls fo"k;ksa ij tks fd jkT; lwph rFkk leorhZ lwph esa u gks dkuwu cuk ldrh gSA (vuq- 248) n`"Vkar & Hkkjrh; laln ,d fo/kku cukrs gq, O;; VsDl yxkrh gSA ekeys dh lquokbZ es mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g O;oLFkk nh D;kasfd ;g fo"k; fdlh Hkh lwph esa 'kkfey ugh gS] vr% vuq- 248 ds varxZr ;g ,d loS/kkfud dkuwu gS rFkk ;g oS| gSA (HH Prince Azam Jha Bahadur V Expenditure Tax Officer (1971 3 SCC 621) jkT; esa vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk izorZu es gks rks jkT; lwph ds fo"k; ds laca/k esa laln dks fof/k cukus dk vf/kdkj gS (vuq- 250) Hkkjrh; laln nks ;k nks ls vf/kd jkT;ksa ds fy, mudh lgefr ls fof/k cukus dh 'kfDr j[krh gSA (vuq- 252) Hkkjrh; laln fdlh vUrjkZ"Vªh; laf/k djkj ;k vfHkle; ds dk;kZUo;u ds fy, Hkkjr ds lEiw.kZ jkT;{ks= ;k mlds fdlh Hkw&Hkkx ds fy, fof/k cukus es l{ke gSA ;fn jkT; }kjk fufeZr fo/kku laln }kjk fufeZr fo/kku ds izfrdwy gS rc ml ifjfLFkfr esa ;g
fo/kku ml izfrdwyrk rd voS/k gksxk gkykafd ;fn leorhZ lwph ds fdlh fo"k; ij jkT; fo/kku cukrk gS rFkk ;g fo/kku jk"Vªifr dh vuqefr ds fy, yfEcr gS ;k mls jk"Vªifr dh vuqefr fey xbZ gS ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa jkT; dk fo/kku dsUnz ds fo/kku ij iz/kku gksxk gkykafd Hkkjrh; laln fdlh Hkh le; dkuwu cukdj jkT; ds fo/kku esa la'kks/ku ifjorZu rFkk fujfLrdj.k dj ldrh gS (vuq- 254) n`"Vkar & vle fo/kku e.My 1962 esa ,d dkuwu ikfjr djrk gS ftlds varxZr vkS|ksfxd izkf/kdj.k ds ihBklhu vf/kdkjh dh fu;qfDr mPp U;k;ky; ds ijke'kZ ds ckn gksxhA Hkkjrh; laln bl leku fo"k; ij 1964 esa ,d fo/ks;d ikfjr djrh gS ftlds vuqlkj mPp U;k;ky; ls ijke'kZ vko';d ugh gS ekeys dh lquokbZ es mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd dsUnz }kjk fufeZr dkuwu jkT; ds dkuwu ij iz/kku gksxk blds vuqlkj vklke ,DV izfrdwy rFkk voS/k gSA (State of Assam V. Horizon Union, AIR 1967 SC 442) Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuq- 254 esa of.kZr 'kCn izfrdwyrk dk vFkZ ;g ugha fd jkT; rFkk dsUnz ds fo/kkuksa esa izR;{k fookn gks ;gk ij vf/kd`r {ks= dk fl)kar ;g dgrk gS fd nksuksa fo/kkuksa ds e/; izfrdwyrk blfy, Hkh gks ldrh gS D;ksfd leku fo"k;ksa ij dsfUnzr gSA n`"Vkar & ,d leorhZ lwph ds fo"k; ij jkT; fo/kku cukrk gS ftles dqN fuf'pr vijk/k ds fy, 7 o"kZ dh dSn dk izko/kku gS leku fo"k; ij dsUnz Hkh fo/kku cukrk gS ftlesa fd 3 o"kZ dh ltk dk izko/kku gS lquokbZ esa mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd jkT; }kjk fufeZr iz/kku dsUnz ds fo/kku ds izfrdwy gS
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
vFkkZr ;g voS/k gSA (Zaverbhai V. State of Bombay AIR 1954 SC 752) iz'kklfud laca/k izR;sd jkT; viuh dk;Zikfydk dk bl izdkj iz;ksx djsxk ftlls fd laln }kjk cukbZ xbZ fof/k;ksa dk dk;Zikfydk vuqikyu lqfuf'pr djs (vuq- 256) dqN fuf'pr ekeys tks fd jk"Vª rFkk lSU;fgr ds gS ij dsUnz jkT; dks lykg rFkk funsZ'k ns ldsxkA (vuq- 257) laln dkuwu cukdj fdlh varjkZT;h; unh ty ds forj.k rFkk fu;a=.k laca/kh fookn ds gy ds fy, mica/k dj ldsxhA (vuq- 262) varjkZT;h; jkT; ds fu/kkZj.k ds fy, varjkZT;h; ifj"kn~ dk xBu fd;k tk ldsxkA (vuq- 263) Hkkx 12 foÙk] laifÙk] lafonk,¡ vkSj okn dksbZ dj fof/k ds izkf/kdkj ls gh vf/kjksfir ;k lax`ghr fd;k tk,xk] vU;Fkk ughaA (vuq- 265) vuq- 265 ;g Li"V djrk gS fd fcuk fo/kkf;d dkuwu ds dksbZ Hkh dj vf/kjksfir ugha fd;k tks ldrk dj vf/kjksfir djus ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd fo/kku mls ,d fof/kd :i iznku djs dksbZ dk;Zikfydk dj ugha yxk ldrhA (Ramjilal V. I.T.O., AIR 1951 SC 97) Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk mxkfgr leLr jktLo rFkk izkIr /ku dk lap; Hkkjr dh lafpr fuf/k esa gksxk mlh izdkj jkT; ljdkj }kjk mxkfgr leLr jktLo rFkk izkIr /ku dk lap; jkT; dh lafpr fuf/k eas gksxkA lafo/kku esa lq>k,s x,s izfØ;ka ds vuqlkj gh lafpr fuf/k ls /ku fudkyk tk ldsxk vU;= rjhdks ls ugh (vuq- 266)
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku vuq- 266 ls 281 rd dsUnz rFkk jkT; ds e/; jktLo ds caVokjs dk izko/kku djrk gSA tc eky dk Ø;&foØ; jkT; ds ckgj dj ugha yxk,xk ;fn og yxkrk gS rks mldh nj vkfn laln dh fof/k v/khu gksxhA (vuq- 286) os lHkh lafonk,s tks la?k rFkk jkT; dh lkFk dh tkrh gS] ;s lHkh lafonk,s jk"Vªifr rFkk jkT; ds jkT;iky ds uke ls dh tkrh gS! gkykafd jk"Vªifr rFkk fdlh lafonk dk gLrkarj.k i{k ds laca/k es oS;fDrd :i ls mÙkjnk;h ugh gksxkA rFkk u gh og O;fDr tks bl lafonk dk fØ;kUo;u dj jgk gS] O;fDrxr :i ls ftEesnkj ugh gksxkA ¼vuq- 299½ bl vuq- dk xSj vuqikyu lafonk dks 'kwU; ?kksf"kr djsxk (Bhikraj V Uniom of India AIR 1962 SC 113) n`"Vkar & Hkkjr ljdkj ds lkFk dh xbZ lafonk bl vk/kkj ij 'kwU; ?kksf"kr dj nh xbZ D;ksafd og vuq- 299 dk vuqikyu ugha dj jgh Fkh] ijUrq Bsdsnkj us Hkkjr ljdkj dks eky dh miyC/krk dj nhA loksZPp U;k;ky; us ekeys dh lquokbZ esa ;g O;oLFkk dh fd gkykafd ;g djkj 'kwU; gS ijUrq lafonk vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 70 ds vuqlkj Hkkjr ljdkj dks izkIr eky ds cnys Bsdsnkj dks iSls nsus pkfg,! (New Marino Coal Ca, Ctd. V. Union of India AIR 1954 Sc 152) Hkkjr ljdkj Hkkjr la?k ds uke ls okn yk ldsxh ;k ml ij okn yk;k tk ldsxk vkSj fdlh jkT; dh ljdkj ml jkT; ds uke ls okn yk ldsxh ;k ml ij okn yk;k tk ldsxkA (vuq- 300) mnkgj.k ds fy, Hkkjr
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
ljdkj ds fo#) dksbZ okn es Hkkjr la?k dks i{kdkj cuk;k tk,xkA vuq- 300 ;g Li"V djrk gS fd ljdkj ij okn pyk;k tk ldrk gS] ijUrq ljdkjh lsodkas ds lEca/k esa VªkVs dh Hkqfedk d`R; ds fy, ftEesnkj ugh Bgjk;k tk ldrk! (See Kasture Lal V State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1965 SC 1039) ijUrq ;g /kkj.kk gky ds fu.kZ;ksa esa cny xbZ gSA (See Common Cause, A registered Society V. Union of India (1999) 6 SCC 2979) n`"rkar & ,d lsuk dk toku ykijokgh ls lsuk dk Vªd pykrs gq,] A dks ?kk;y dj nsrk gS ekeys dh lquokbZ esa mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g O;oLFkk gh dh Hkkjr la?k toku ds d`R; ds fy, ftEesnkj gS] rFkk bl izdkj ihfM+r dks 100000/- # dk eqvkotk feyuk pkfg, (Pusha Thakuar V. Union of India AIR 1986 SC 1199) tgk¡ rd lafonkRed nkf;Roksa dk iz'u rks ljdkj dk nkf;Ro vkerkSj ij izkbosV O;fDr ds nkf;Roksa ds leku gksrk gSA ijUrq /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd jkT; ds d`R; ds fy, ljdkj dk dksbZ nkf;Ro ugh gksrkA lEifr dk vf/kdkj%& fdlh O;fDr dks mldh laifÙk ls fof/k ds izkf/kdkj ls gh oafpr fd;k tk ldrk] vU;Fkk ughA laifÙk ds ewy vf/kdkj 19 ¼1½ rFkk 31 ds fujLrhdj.k ds ckn Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa vuq300 A dks tksM+ x;k ftlds vuqlkj O;fDr dks mldh lEifr ls fof/k ds vykok fujLr ugha fd;k tk ldrk ;gk¡ fof/k dk rkRi;Z fdlh l{ke izkf/kdkj }kjk dkuwu ls gSA (Bishansan Dayal Chandra )
Hkkjr ds jkT; {ks= ds Hkhrj O;kid okf.kT; rFkk lekxe lafo/kku ds Hkkx 13 ds vU; mica/kksa ds v/khu jgrs gq,s Hkkjr ds jkT;{ks= esa dgh Hkh O;kikj] okf.kT; rFkk lekxe vck/k gksxkA n`"Vkar & A pk; mxkrk gS rFkk mls vle ds jkLrs gksrs gq, dydÙkk Hkstrk gSA vle fo/kkue.My ;g fo/kku ikl djrk gS] ftlds vuqlkj oks lkjk lkeku tks jkT; ds ty rFkk lM+d ekXkZ ls xqtjsxk] dj nsuk gksxkA ekeys dh lquokbZ esa mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g ik;k fd ;g fo/kku vuq- 301 dk mYya?ku gS vr% ;g 'kwU; gksxk rFkk jkT; bl vk/kkj ij dksbZ dj ugh yxk ldrkA (Atiabari Tea Co V. State of Assam AIR 1961 SC 232) n`"Vkar & jktLFkku fo/kkue.My ,d dkuwu ikl djrk gS ftlds vuqlkj jktLFkku jkT; esa eksVj okgu j[kuk rFkk iz;ksx djus ij dj ns; gksxkA ekeys dh lquokbZ esa mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd ;g dj flQZ eqvkotkRed gS vr% ;g vuq- 301 dk mYya?ku ugh gSA (Automobile Transport Ltd V. State of Rajasthan AIR 1962 SC 1406) Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuq- 39 esa mYysf[kr O;kikj rFkk nkf;Ro ls rkRi;Z ml xfrfof/k;ksa ls gS tks fd fof/kd gS rFkk yksduhfr ds fo#) ugh gSA tqvk] ,d O;kikj rFkk okf.kT; ds vUrxZr ugh vkrk rFkk ;g vuq- 19¼1½ rFkk 301 ds varxZr lajf{kr ugh gSA (State of Bambay V Rmd Chamarbaeeohwala AIR 1957 SC 699) Hkkjrh; laln] yksdfgr esa] dkuwu cuk dj O;kikj] okf.kT; ;k lekxe dh Lora=rk ij fucZa/ku yxk ldrk gSA ¼vuq- 302½ Hkkjrh;
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
laln bl izdkj ds fucZa/k yxkrs le; jkT;ksa ds e/; HksnHkko ugh djsxh ijUrq fdlh {ks= fo'ks"k esa fdlh oLrq fo'ks"k dh deh dk gks rks laln bl izdkj ds fucZa/k yxk ldrh gSA ¼vuq303½ jkT; vU; jkT;ksa rFkk {ks=ksa ls vk;kr fd;s x,s eky ij dksbZ ,slk dj vf/kjksfir dj ldrk gS tks ml jkT; esa mRikfnr oSls gh eky ij yxrk gSA ¼vuq- 304½ bl ds ek/; ls HksnHkko dh Hkkouk ls dj ugh yxk;k tk ldrkA (Scc State of Karnataka V. Hansa Corportation (19880 4 SCC 697) Hkkx VI la?k rFkk jkT;ksa ds v/khu lsok,s la?k rFkk jkT; fo/kkue.My] lafo/kku ds mica/kksa ds v/khu jgrs gq, la?k rFkk fdlh jkT; ds dk;Zdykiksa ls lacf/kr yksx lsokvksa vkSj inksa ds fy, HkrhZ dk vkSj fu;qDr O;fDr;ksa dh lsok dh 'krkZs dk fu/kkZj.k dj ldsaxsA ¼vuq- 309½
x;k fd iwoZ eas tc ljdkj us lsokfuo`fr dh vk;q c<+kbZ Fkh mlls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd f'k{kdksa o ljdkj ds e/; ,d lafonk gSA rFkk vc ckn es ljdkj }kjk fy;k x;k ;g fu.kZ; lafonk ds fo#) gSA ekeys dh lquokbZ esa U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd dksbZ Hkh lafonk vuq- 309 esa ljdkj dh 'kfDr;ksa dks izHkkfor ugh dj ldrhA (Sankaranarayanan V State of Kerala (1971) 2 SCC 361) lafo/kku esa mYysf[kr micU/kksa ds vykok] izR;sd O;fDr tks Hkkjrh; j{kk lsok la?k dh flfoy lsok dk lnL; gS] jk"Vªifr ds izlkn i;ZUr in /kkj.k djrk gS rFkk izR;sd O;fDr tks fd jkT; lsok dk lnL; gS ;k jkT; ds v/khu dksbZ flfoy in /kkj.k djrk gS] ml jkT; ds jkT;iky ds izlkn i;ZUr in /kkj.k djrk gSA ¼vuq- 310½
lsok dh 'krksZ ls lEcaf/kr fu;eksa dks ljdkj ,d rjQk la'kksf/kr ;k ifjofrZr dj ldrh gS D;ksafd fu;qfDr ds ckn yksd lsod ds vf/kdkj rFkk nkf;Ro nksuksa i{kdkjksa }kjk fu/kkZfjr ugh fd, tk ldrs ijUrq budk fu/kkZj.k ,d fo/kku }kjk gksxk] ftldk fuekZ.k flQZ ljdkj }kjk fd;k tk,sxkA ljdkj rFkk yksd lsodksa ds e/; ijLij fj'rk oS/kkfud gS u fd lafonkRed (Roshan Lal V Union of India AIR 1967 SC 1889)
vuq- 310 esa mYysf[kr ^^izlkn i;ZUr** ds fl)kUr dk igyk egRo rks ;s gS] ljdkj dks vius lsodks ds lsokdky dks fu;a=.k djus dk vf/kdkj gS] rFkk ;s vf/kdkj lsodksa ds lkFk fd;s x;s fdlh Hkh lafonk ls eqDr gSA ijUrq nwljk egRo ;g gS fd ljdkj dk dksbZ 'kfDr ugh fd os lsodksa ds lkFk lafonk dks fucZU/k ;k dksbZ fj;k;r ns mudh lsok ds fujL=hdj.k ds lEca/k esa gkykafd ;s nksuks gh Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vU; izko/kkuks ftuesa vuq- 310 ¼2½ 'kkfey gS ij vk/kkfjr gSA
n`"Vkar & ljdkj ljdkjh f'k{kdks ds Kkiu ds ckn fu;e ikl djrh gS ftlesa dh ljdkjh rFkk foÙk ?kksf"kr laLFkkuksa ds f'k{kdks dh lsokfuo`fr dh vk;q 55 ls c<+k dj 58 dj nh xbZA ckn esa iwoZorhZ fu;e dks cnyrs gq, ljdkj lsokfuo`fr dh vk;q 58 ls ?kVkdj iqu% 55 dj nsrh gSA f'k{kdksa }kjk ;g r; fd;k
^^vuq- 310 esa mYysf[kr jk"Vªifr ;k jkT;iky ds izlkn i;ZUr dk vFkZ futh {kerk ls ugha ljdkj ds eqf[k;k gksus dh gSfl;r ls gS] tks fd ea=hifj"kn dh lgk;rk rFkk lykguqlkj dk;Z djrk gSA (Union of India Vs. Tulsiram patel 1985 3 SCC 252)
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
og O;fDr tks la?k flfoy lsok ;k vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvkas dk ;k jkT; flfoy lsokvkas dk lnL; mls ml izkf/kdkj }kjk ugh gVk;k tk ldrk tks mlds fu;qfDrdrkZ ds vf/kuLFk gksA vuq- 311¼1½ ds vuqlkj bl in ds fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks rc rd vinLFk ugh fd;k tk ldrk rFkk u gh mlds in esa rc rd dVksrh ugha dh tk ldrh tc rd dh mlds fo#) tkap u dh xbZ gks] ftlesa mls vius fo#) vkjksiksa dh lwpuk ns nh xbZ gks rFkk mu vkjksiksa ds rkjRE; esa lquokbZ dk ;qfDr ;qDr volj fn;k x;k gks ijUrq tgk¡ tkap ds ckn ml ij dksbZ 'kfDr vf/kjksfir djus dh izLFkkiuk gS] ogk¡ ,slh 'kfDr tkap ds nkSjku fn;s x;s lk{; ds vk/kkj ij vf/kjksfir dh tk ldsxh vkSj ,slh O;fDr dks izLFkkfir 'kfDr ds fo"k; esa vH;kosnu djus dk volj nsuk vko';d ugh gksxkA ijUrq ;g vkSj fd ;g [k.M ogk¡ ykxw ugh gksxkA 1- tgk¡ fdlh O;fDr dks ,sls vkpj.k ds vk/kkj ij inP;qr fd;k tkrk gS ;k in ls gVk;k tkrk gS ;k in ls vour fd;k tkrk gS] ftlds fy, vkijkf/kd vkjksi ij mls nks"kfl) Bgjk;k x;k gks ;k fQj 2- tgk¡ fdlh O;fDr dks inP;qr djus ;k in ls ?kVkus ;k in esa vour djus ds fy, l'kDr izkf/kdkjh dks ;g lek/kku gks tkrk gSA fdlh dkj.k ls tks ml izkf/kdkjh }kjk fy[kk tk,xk] ;g ;qfDr ;qDr :i ls lk{; ugh gS] fd ,slh tkap dh tk,A ;k 3- ;gk¡ jk"Vªifr ;k jkT;iky dks ;g lek/kku gks tk, dh jk"Vª dh lqj{kk ds fy, ;g
lehphu ugha gS fd tkap dh tk,A vuq311 ¼2½½ n`"Vkar & yksd lsod dks lsdsVªjh }kjk inLFk fd;k tkrk gS ijUrq fMIVhlsdsVªjh }kjk mls viLFk fd;k tkrk gSA ekeys dh lquokbZ esa U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd ;g viLFkhdj.k vuq- 311 dk mYya?ku gSA (Satish Vs State of West Bengal AIR 1960 Cal 278) vuq- ds vUrxZr fn;k tkus okyk laj{k.k dEiuh ,DV ds rgr LFkkfir izfr"Bkuksa ds lsodksa dks ugha fn;k tk ldrk tSls dh fgUnqLrku LVhy fyesVsM ds lsodksa dks D;ksafd ;g ljdkj dk dksbZ Hkkx ugha gSA SL Agarwal Vs General Manager, Hindustan Steel Ltd. (1970) 1 SCC 177) ogha Council of Scientific of Industrial Research ds lsodksa ds fy, ftudk fd laLFkku ljdkj }kjk iz;ksftr rFkk fu;af=r gS] dks vuq- 311 ds vraxZr lajf{kr ugh fd;k tk ldrkA D;ksafd ;g lkslkbVh jftLVªs'ku ,DV ds varxZr jftLVj gS ;g ljdkj dk dksbZ Hkkx ugh gSA (Sabhajit Tewary Vs Union of India 1975 1 SCC 485) vuq- 311 LFkk;h rFkk vLFkk;h lsodksa nksuks ij leku :i ls ykxw gksrk gSA (Parshotal Lal Dhingra Vs Union of India AIR 1958 SC 36) gkykafd vuq- 311 ;g izko/kku djrk gSA yksd lsod ds fo#) tkap uSlfxZd U;k; ds vuqlkj gksrk gSA ijUrq uSlfxZd U;k; ds fdl fl)kar dk vuqlj.k gks ;g rF; rFkk ifjfLFkfr ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA U;k;ky; dk flQZ ;g dk;Z
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
gksrk gS fd uSlfxZd U;k; dk vuqikyu fd;k x;k gS ;k ughA (State of Uttar pradesh VOP Gupta (1969) 3 SCC 775)
yksd lsok vk;ksx ds lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr inP;qDrh rFkk yksd lsok vk;ksx dh dk;Ziz.kkyh dk izko/kku djrk gSA
vuq- 311 ¼2½ ds varxZu fn;k tkus okyk laj{k.k flQZ inP;qr in ls gVkok rFkk in ls vour ds ekeys es ykxw gksrk gSA
Hkkx XII-A vf/kdj.k
(Sukhband Singh Vs State of punjab AIR 1962 SC 1711) A tks dh ,d 'kkldh; lsod gS] lsok fu;eksa ds rgr lsokfuo`r gksrk gS] og mlds fo#) vuq- 311 ds rgr mipkj izkIr ugh dj ldrk D;ksafd lsokfuo`fr fdlh izdkj dk n.M ugh gSA (Satish Chandra Anand Vs Union of India AIR 1953 SC 250) mlh izdkj ,d flfoy mlds in dh lekfIr ij tks fd jkT; rFkk dsUnz ds vuqlkj lekIr fd;k x;k gSA ;g ml flfoy lsod dks n.M ugha gS ijUrq jkT; dh uhfr gS fd os ml in dks lekIr djuk pkgrs gS ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa flfoy lsod dks vuq- 311 ¼2½ ds varxZr mipkj ugh fn;k tk ldrkA K. Rajendran Vs State of T.N. 1982 (2) SCC 273) Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuq- 312 ;g izko/kku djrk gS fd laln vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvks dk l`tu dj ldrh gS] blds fy, jkT;lHkk }kjk 2@3 cgqer ls ikfjr ladYi ds vk/kkj ij laln fof/k }kjk vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa dk l`tu dj ldrh gSA yksd lsok vk;ksx vuq- 315 la?k lsok vk;ksx rFkk fofHkUu jkT; lsok vk;ksx dk izko/kku djrk gSA vuq- 323
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuq- 323 ¼A½ ds vuqlkj laln dkuwu cukdj la?k] jkT; Hkkjr ds jkT;{ks= rFkk la?k ds fu;a=.k ds v/khu fdlh fuxe dh xfrfof/k;ksa ls lacaf/kr yksd lsokvksa rFkk inksa dh HkrhZ] vkSj fu;qDr O;fDr;ksa dh lsok dh 'krksZ ds laca/k esa fooknksa vkSj ifjoknksa ds iz'kklfud vf/kdj.kksa }kjk U;k;fu.kZ;u ;k fopkj.k ds fy, izko/kku dj ldsxhA vuq- 323 ¼B½ ;g izko/kku djrk gS fd leqfpr fo/kku e.My dkuwu }kjk ,sls fooknks]a ifjojksa ds vf/kdj.kksa }kjk fopkj.k ds fy, izca/k dj ldsxk tks fd 323 ¼ B ½¼2½ esa mYysf[kr mu lHkh ;k fdUgh fo"k;ksa ls lacf/kr gS ftlds rkjrE; es ,sls fo/kkue.My dks fof/k cukus dh 'kfDr gSA 323¼B½¼2½ esa mYysf[kr fo"k; gS dj mn~xzg.k] fu/kkZj.k laxgz .k rFkk izorZu] vkS|ksfxd rFkk Jfed lEca/k vkfnA vuq- 323 A ¼2½¼d½ rFkk vuq- A323&B¼3½¼d½ ;g izko/kku djrs gS fd laln ;k leqfpr fo/kkue.My ifjfLFkfr vuqlkj vuq- 136 ds rgr mPpre U;k;ky; dh vf/kdkfjdrk ds flok; lHkh U;k;ky; dh vf/kdkfjdrk dk mu lHkh fo"k;ksa ds laca/k esa vkiotZu dj ldsxh tks mDr vf/kdj.kksa dh vf/kdkfjdrk ds vUrxZr vkrs gSA os lHkh vf/kdj.k ftudk fu.kZ;ksa ds fo#) vuq- 32] 226] rFkk 227 ds v/kkhu U;k;ky; mipkj lEHko gS (L. Chandra K. V. Union of India 1947) 3 SCC 261) pquko
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
pquko vk;ksx laln rFkk izR;sd jkT; ds fo/kku e.My ds fy, djk, tkus oky lHkh fuokZpuksa ds fy, rFkk jk"Vªifr rFkk mijk"Vªifr ds pqukoksa ds fy, fuokZpd ukekoyh rS;kj djrk gS vkSj mu lHkh fuokZpuks dk lapkyu] v/kh{k.k] funs'ku] rFkk fu;a=.k djrk gSA vuq- 324 pquko vk;ksx }kjk n`"Vkar & erx.kuk ds nkSjku fgalk rFkk minzo gksus ds dkj.k leLr pquko fujLr fd;k tkrk gS] rFkk iqu% ernku djk;s tkrs gSA vuq- 324 ds vuqlkj uSlfxZd U;k; ds vuq:i pquko vk;ksx izR;kf'k;ksa ds fopkjksa dks lqu ldrk gSA D;ksafd blls muds izR;{k fgr tqM+s gq, gSA ijUrq ;g vko';d ugh fd pquko vk;ksx leLr vke tu dks bldh lwpuk ns ;fn vk;ksx dks ns Hkjkslk gks tk,s dh viukbZ xbZ izfØ;k esa [kkfe;k¡ FkhA (Mohindra Singh Gill V. Chief of Election Commision (1978) 1 SCC 405) n`"Vkar & pquko vk;ksx ;g funsf'kr djrk gS fo/kkulHkk pquko esa ernku bySDVªkfs ud oksfVax e'khu }kjk djk;k tk;sxkA ijUrq ;g ?kks"k.kk Representation of People Act 1951 ds izko/kkuks ds fo:} Fkh] tks fd flQZ ekuoh; ere.kuk dk izko/kku djrk FkkA ekeys dh U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd ,d gkjk gqvk izR;k'kh e'khu ds iz;ksx dh oS/kkfudrk ij iz'u yxk ldrk gSA U;k;ky; us ;g Li"V fd;k fd vuq 324 esa mfYyf[kr v/kh{k.k] funs'ku rFkk fu;a=.k 'kCnks dk ihNs ds ifjf'k"V ls gS u fd mlds oSdfYid fuekZ.k ls bl izdkj ;g ,d l{ke izkf/kdkjh }kjk fufeZr fof/k ds fo:} ugh gks ldrk (A.C.Josevs Sivan Pillai (1984) 2SSCC656).
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuqPNsn 325] ,d lk/kkj.k fuokZpd ukekoyh dk izko/kku djrk gS] tks fd laln ds izR;sd lnu ;k fdlh jkT; ds fo/kku eaMy ds lnu ;k izR;sd lnu ds fy, fuokZpu ds fy, izR;sd izknsf'kd fuokZpu {ks= ds fy, gksxk bl fuokZpd ukekoyh esa /keZ] ewyoa'k] tkfr] fyax] ;k buesa ls fdlh ds Hkh vk/kkj ij fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks bl ukekoyh esa lfEefyr fd;s tkus ds fy, vck/k ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS A izR;sd O;fDr tks Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gS rFkk vBkjg o"kZ ls vf/kd dk gS vkSj lafo/kku ;k leqfpr fo/kku e.My }kjk cukbZ xbZ fdlh fof/k ds v/khu vfuokl] fprfodfr] vijk/k ;k Hkz"V ;k voS/k vkpj.k ds vk/kkj ij vU;Fkk fujfgZr ugh dj fn;k x;k gS dks ,sls fdlh fuokZpu esa ernkrk ds :i esa jftLVªhdr gksus dk gdnkj gksxkA vuq 326 bl vuqPNsn O;oLd erkf/kdkj dks ekU;rk iznku djrk gSA Hkkx 16 dqN oxksZ ds lac/a k esa fo'ks"k micU/k vuq 330 yksdlHkk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks ds fy, LFkkuks ds vkj{k.k dk izko/kku djrk gSA blh izdkj dk leku izko/kku jkT; dh fo/kku e.My esa LFkkuks ds vkj{k.k ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS vuq 332 vuq 331 yksdlHkk es vEy Hkkjrh; leqnk; ds yksxks ds izfrfuf/kRo ds fy, izko/kku djrk gS rFkk vuq 333 jkT;ks dh fo/kkulHkkvksa es vkEy leqnk; ds izfrfuf/kRo dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ;g izko/kku djrk gS fd bl izdkj ds izko/kku lafo/kku ds ykxw gksus ds 60 o"kZ ds mijkar lekIr gks tk,sxAs vuq 334 la/k ;k jkT; ds dk;ZDyki ls lacaf/kr lsokvksa vkSj inksa dh fu;qfDr;ka¡ djus es vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds lnL;ksa
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
ds nkoksa dk iz'kklu dh n{krk cuk;s j[kus dh lfefr ds vuqlkj /;ku j[kk tk,A vuq 335 jk"Vªifr la/k jkT; {ks=ksa ds laca/k es rFkk jkT;ksa esa muds jkT;ikyksa ls ijke'kZ ds i'pkr yksd vf/klwpuk }kjk] mu tkfr;ks] ewyoa'kks ;k tutkfr;ks] vFkok tkfr;ks] ewyoa'kks ;k tutkfr;ks ds Hkkxks ;k mues ls }Fkks dks fofufnZ"V dj ldsxk] ftUgs bl lafo/kku ds iz;ktu ds fy, ml jkT; ds laca/k esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ka le>k tk,sxkA vuq 341 mlh izdkj jk"Vªifr fofufnZ"V tutkfr;ks ;k tutkfr leqnk;ksa vFkok tutkfr;ks ;k tutkfr leqnk;ksa ds Hkkxkas ;k vues ds ;wFkks dks fofufnZ"V dj ldsxk A vuq- 342 n`"Vkar & A ds firk tks fd vkU/kz izns'k dh vuqlwfpr tutkfr oxZ ds gS mUgs blds v/khu ykHk feyrs gq,s dsUnz ljdkj ds vUrxZr ukSdjh izkIr gksrh gSA rFkk ckn es og egkjk"Vz pys tkrs gSA A tks egkjk"Vz es i
vuq- 343 ds vuqlkj la?k dh jktHkk"kk fgUnh rFkk fyfi nsoukxjh gksxhA jkT; dk fo/kkue.My] fof/k }kjk] ml jkT; esa iz;ksx gksus okyh Hkk"kkvksa esa ls fdlh ,d ;k vf/kd Hkk"kkvksa dks ;k fgUnh dks ml jkT; ds lHkh ;k fdUgh 'kkldh; iz;kstuks ds fy, iz;ksx dh tkus okyh Hkk"kk ;k Hkk"kkvksa ds :i esa vaxhdkj dj ldsxk ¼vuq- 345½ lafo/kku ;g izko/kku djrk gS fd vaxzsth Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fuEufyf[kr esa gksxk 1 mPpre U;k;ky; rFkk izR;sd mPp U;k;ky; esa lHkh dk;Zokfg;k¡ vaxzth Hkk"kk esa gksxhA 2 laln ds izR;sd lnu ;k fdlh jkT; ds fo/kku e.My ds lnu ;k izR;sd lnu esa iqu% LFkkfir fd;s tkus okys lHkh fo/ks;dksa ;k izLrkfor fd;s tkus okys la'kks/kuks ds izkf/kd`r ikB vaxzth es gksaxsA 3 laln ;k fdlh jkT; ds fo/kku e.My }kjk ikfjr lHkh vf/kfu;eksa ds vkSj jk"Vªifr ;k fdlh jkT; ds jkT;iky }kjk
izR;kfir
lHkh
v/;kns'kksa
ds
izkf/kd`r ikB vaxzsth es gksaxAs 4 lafo/kku
vFkok
laln
;k
jkT;
Chandra Vs Dean Seth G S Medical Collage (1990) 3SCC 130, (Action Committee on issue of caste certificate to SC/STs Vs Union of India (1944) SSCC244)
fo/kkue.My }kjk cukbZ xbZ fdlh fof/k
Hkkx 17
ikB vaxzth es gksaxsA ¼vuq- 348½
ds v/khu cuk;s x;s lHkh vkns'kksa fu;eksa fofu;eksa rFkk mifof/k;ksa ds izkf/kd`r
jktHkk"kk ©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
vuq- 348 ¼2½ ds vuqlkj jkT;iky] jk"Vªifr dh lgefr ls lEcaf/kr mPp U;k;ky; dh dk;Zokfg;ksa esa fgUnh Hkk"kk dk ;k ml jkT; ds 'kkldh; izk;kstuksa ds fy, iz;ksx gksus okyh fdlh vU; Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx izkf/kd`r dj ldsx a As ijUrq ;g ckr ,sls mPp U;k;ky; }kjk fn;s x, fdlh fu.kZ;] fMØh ;k vkns'k dks ykxw ugh gksxhA
352 ¼2½] vuq- 352 ¼3½ bl izdkj dh mn~?kks"k.kk dks laln ds nksuks lnuksa dh vuqefr feyuk vkfuok;Z gSA vuq- 352 ;g ladYi laln ds fdlh lnu }kjk ml lnu dh dqy lnL; la[;k ds cgqer }kjk rFkk ml lnu esa mifLFkfr vkSj er nsus okys lnL;ksa es ls de ls de 2/3 cgqer }kjk gh ikfjr fd;k tk ldsxkA
n`"Vkar & A cUnh izR;{khdj.k dh ;kfpdkdrkZ gS rFkk og mPpre U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k fjV dh ekax djrk gS] ijUrq ftjg ds fy, og flQZ fgUnh dk gh iz;ksx djuk pkgrk gSA mPpre U;k;ky; mls fuEufyf[kr fodYi miyC/k djkrk gS ¼1½ og vaxzth esa cksys ¼2½ lykgdkj ;k odhy mldk i{k U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k j[ks ¼3½ vius rdZ dks vaxzth es fy[k dj U;k;ky; dks lkSai ns ijUrq A os buesa ls ,d Hkh lykg ekuus ls badkj dj fn;kA pwafd mPpre U;k;ky; dh Hkk"kk vaxzsth gS rFkk A U;k;ky; }kjk lq>k, ,d Hkh fodYi dks Lohdkjus dks rS;kj ugh gSA blfy, U;k;ky; us A dh ;kfpdk fujLr dj nhA (Madhu Limaye V. Ved Murti (1970) 3 SCC 738)
fofÙk; vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk izorZu esa gks ml le; la?k dh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr dk foLrkj fdlh jkT; dks bl ckjs esa funsZ'k nsus rd gksxk fd og jkT; viuh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr dk iz;ksx fdl jhfr ls djsA
Hkkx 18 vkikrdkyhu mica/k ;fn Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr dks ;g lek/kku gks tkrk gS fd Hkkjr ;k mlds jkT;{ks= ds fdlh Hkw&Hkkx dh lqj{kk fdlh xaHkhj vkikr tSls ;q) ;k czkg; vkØe.k ds dkj.k ladV esa gS rc jk"Vªifr m}?kks"k.kk }kjk bl vk'k; vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk dj ldsxkA ¼vuq- 352½ ,slh mn~?kks"k.kk dks i'pkronhZ mn~?kks"k.kk }kjk ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gS ;k okil fy;k tk ldrk gSA vuq- 352 ¼1½ jk"Vªifr ,slh mn~?kks"k.kk rc rd ugha djsxk tc rd la?k ds eaf=e.My mls fofuf'pr u dj ns o mls fyf[kr :i esa lalwfpr ugh fd;k tkrkA vuq-
fdlh fo"k; ds laca/k esa fof/k;ka cukus dh laln dh 'kfDr ds v/khu bl ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh fd og la?k lwph esa izxf.kr fo"k; ugh gS] laln dks ,slh fof/k;ka cukus dh 'kfDr gksxh tks ml fo"k; ds laca/k esa la?k dks ;k la?k ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dks 'kfDr iznku djrh gS vkSj mu ij drZO; vf/kjksfir djrh gS ;k 'kfDr;ksa dk iznku fd;k tkuk vkSj drZO;ksa dk vf/kjksfir fd;k tkuk izkf/k—r djrh gSA ¼vuq- 353½ vkikrdky mn~?kks"k.kk ds fy, jk"Vªifr ds lek/kku gksus ds fu.kZ; dk U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu fd;k tk ldrk gSA (Minerva Mills V Union of India 1980, 3 SCC 625) tc ;q) ;k ckg; vkØe.k ds dkj.k Hkkjr ;k mlds jkT;{ks= ds fdlh Hkkx dh lqj{kk ds ladV esa gksus dh ?kks"k.kk djus okyh vkikr dh mn~?kks"k.kk izoZru es gks rc vuq- 19 dh dksbZ Hkh ckr Hkkx 3 es ifjHkkf"kr jkT; dh dksbZ ,slh fof/k cukus dh ;k dksbZ ,slh dk;Zikfydk dk;Zokgh djus dh 'kfDr dks] ftls og jkT; ml Hkkx esa varfoZ"V mica/kksa ds vHkko es cukus
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
;k djus ds fy, l{ke gksrk] fucZaf/kr ugh djsxh] fdUrq bl izdkj cukbZ xbZ fof/k mn~?kks"k.kk ds izorZu es u jgus ij v{kerk dh ek=k rd mu ckrksa ds flok; rqjUr izHkkoghu gks tk,xh ftUgs fof/k es bl izdkj izHkkoghu gksus ds igys fd;k x;k gS] ;k djus dk yksn fd;k x;k gSA vuq- 358 tgk¡ vkirdky dh ?kks"k.kk izoZru esa gks ogk¡ jk"Vªifr] vkns'k] }kjk ;g ?kks"k.kk dj ldsxk fd vuq- 20 o 21 dks NksM+dj Hkkx 3 esa izorZu vf/kdkjksa dks izofrZr djkus ds fy,] tks ml vkns'k esa mYysf[kr fd, tk, fdlh U;k;ky; dks lekosnu djus dk vf/kdkj vkSj bl izdkj mYysf[kr vf/kdkjksa dks izofrZr djkus ds fy, fdlh U;k;ky; esa yafcr lHkh dk;Zokfg;k¡ ml vof/k ds fy, ftlds nkSjku mn~?kks"k.kk izo`r jgrh gS] fuyafcr jgsxhA (ADM Jabalpur V Shivakant Shukla (1976 2 SCC 521))] mPpre U;k;ky; us U;k;k/kh'k gal jkt [kUuk ls vlgefr trkrs gq,s ;g Li"V fd;k fd] jk"Vªh; lqj{kk ds en~nsutj vuq- 359 ds v/khu canh izR;{khdj.k dks fujLr fd;k tk ldrk gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds 44 la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e us bl mica/k dks jn~n dj fn;k gSA vuq- 20 o 21 dks fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa fujLr ugh fd;k tk ldrk rFkk vuq- 21 dk;Zikfydk ds lkFk&2 U;k;kikfydk ij Hkh ck/;dkjh gS (Maneka Gandhi V. Union of India (1978)1 SCC 248) ;fn Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr dks fdlh jkT; ds jkT;iky ls izfrosnu feyus ij ;k vU;Fkk ;g lek/kku gks tkrk gS fd ,slh fLFkfr gS fd ,slh fLFkfr mRiUu gks xbZ gS ftlesa ml jkT; dk 'kklu lafo/kku ds vuq:i ugh pyk;k tk ldrk] tc jk"Vªifr mn~?kks"k.kk }kjk ¼d½ ml jkT; dh ljdkj ds lHkh ;k dksbZ —R; vkSj 2 ¼jkT;iky½ esa ;k jkT; ds
fo/kkue.My ls fHkUu jkT; ds fdlh fudk; ;k izkf/kdkjh esa fufgr ;k mlds }kjk iz;ksDrO; lHkh ;k dksbZ 'kfDr;ka vius gkFk esa ys ldsxk% ¼[k½ ;g ?kks"k.kk dj ldsxk fd jkT; ds fo/kku e.My dh 'kfDr;ka laln~ }kjk ;k mlds izkf/kdkj ds v/khu iz;kDrO; gksaxh% ¼x½ jkT; ds fdlh fudk; ;k izkf/kdkjh ls lacaf/kr bl lafo/kku bl lafo/kku ds fdUgha mica/kksa ds izorZu dks iw.kZr% ;k Hkkxr% fuyafcr djus ds fy, mica/kksa lfgr ,sls vkuq"kafxd vkSj ikfj.kkfed mica/kksa dj ldsxk tks mn~?kks"k.kk ds mn~ns';ksa dks izHkkoh djus ds fy, jk"Vªifr dks vko';d ;k okaNuh; izrhr gksa % bl [kaM dh dksbZ ckr jk"Vªifr dks mPp U;k;ky; esa fufgr ;k mlds }kjk iz;ksDrO; fdlh 'kfDr dks vius gkFk esa ysus ;k mPp U;k;ky;ksa ls lacaf/kr bl lafo/kku ds fdlh mica/k ds izorZu dks iw.kZr% ;k Hkkxr% fuyafcr djus ds fy, izkf/k—r ugha djsxhA ;g mn~?kks"k.kk laln ds nksuksa lnuksa esa eatwjh ds ckn gh fd;k ldsxhA vuq- 356 ds v/khu jk"Vªifr dh 'kfDr U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu dk fo"k; gS] jk"Vªifr dks ifjfLFkfr dk lek/kku fo"k;xr gS] ijUrq ;g rF;xr ifjfLFkfr ij vk/kkfjr gksuk pkfg,A ;fn 'kfDr dk iz;ksx fo}s"k dh Hkkouk ls fd;k x;k gS] rks ;g fu.kZ; fujLr fd;k tk ldrk gSA jk"Vªifr dks rF;ksa dks U;k;ky; esa izLrqr djuk pkfg,] U;k;ky; rF;ksa dh lR;rk dh tkap ugha dj ldrk] ijUrq og fu.kZ; dks rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij tkap ldrk gSA ;fn U;k;ky; dks ;g lek/kku gks bl fu.kZ; dks fujLr dj c[kkZLr ljdkj dks cgky dj ldrk gSA (SR
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
Bommai V. Union of India (1992) 3 SCC 1) n`"Vkar & jk"Vªifr fnlEcj 15] 1992 dks vuq356 ds varxZr vf/k?kks"k.kk }kjk e-iz- fo/kkulHkk Hkax djrs gSA U;k;ky; }kjk iqujkoyksdu esa ;g ik;k x;k fd jk"Vªifr dk ;g fu.kZ; jkT;iky }kjk Hksts x;s nks i=ks ds vk/kkj ij fy;k x;k] ftlesa jkT;iky us ckcjh efLt+n fo/oal ds ckn dqN LFkkuksa ij gq, minzo dks vk/kkj cuk;kA ekeysa dh lquokbZ esa U;k;ky; us ;g Li"V fd;k ;g bruk xaHkhj vk/kkj u Fkk] ftlds dkj.k fo/kkulHkk Hkax dh tk,A (Sunderlal Patwa V. Union of India 1993 Jab LJ 387) (FB)) Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuq- 361 ¼B½ ls 365 rd ds vuq- fofHkUu izdhZ.kksa ls lEcaf/kr gSA vuq366 dqN ifjHkk"kk,sa iznku djrk gSA ¼1½ jk"Vªifr vFkok jkT; dk jkT;iky ;k jkt izeq[k vius in dh 'kfDr;ksa ds iz;ksx vkSj drZO;ksa ds ikyu ds fy, ;k mu 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx vkSj drZO;ksa dk ikyu djrs gq, vius }kjk fd, x, ;k fd, tkus ds fy, rkRif;Zr fdlh dk;Z ds fy, fdlh U;k;ky; dks mÙkjnk;h ugha gksxk ijUrq vuq- 61 ds v/khu vkjksi ds vUos"k.k ds fy, laln ds fdlh lnu }kjk fu;qDr ;k vfHkfgr fdlh U;k;ky; vf/kdj.k ;k fudk; }kjk jk"Vªifr ds vkpj.k dk iqujkyksdu fd;k tk ldsxk fdUrq ;g bl [kaM dh fdlh ckr dk ;g vFkZ ugha yxk;k tk,xk fd og Hkkjr ljdkj ;k fdlh jkT; dh ljdkj ds fo#) leqfpr dk;Zokfg;ka pykus ds fdlh O;fDr ds vf/kdkj dks fucZaf/kr djrh gSA vuq- 361 ¼1½ ¼2½ jk"Vªifr ;k fdlh jkT; ds jkT;iky ds fo#) mldh inkof/k ds nkSjku fdlh
U;k;ky; esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh nkafMd dk;Zokgh lafLFkr ugha dh tk,xh ;k pkyw ugha j[kh tk,xhA vuq- 361 ¼3½ ¼3½ jk"Vªifr ;k fdlh jkT; ds jkT;iky dh inkof/k ds nkSjku mldh fxj¶rkjh ;k dkjkokl ds fy, fdlh U;k;ky; ls dksbZ vknsf'kdk fudkyh ugha tk,xhA vuq- 361 ¼3½ ¼4½ jk"Vªifr ;k fdlh jkT; ds jkT;iky ds :i esa vius in xzg.k djus ls igys ;k mlds i'pkr] mlds }kjk viuh oS;fDrd gSfl;r esa fd, x, ;k fd, tkus ds fy, rkRif;Zr fdlh dk;Z ds laca/k esa dksbZ flfoy dk;Zokfg;ka] ftuesa jk"Vªifr ;k ,sls jkT; ds jkT;iky ds fo#) vuqrks"k dk nkok fd;k tkrk gS] mldh inkof/k ds nkSjku fdlh U;k;ky; esa rc rd lafLFkr ugha dh tk,xh tc rd dk;Zokfg;ka dh iz—fr] muds fy, okn gsrqd] ,slh dk;Zokfg;ksa dks lafLFkr djus okys i{kdkj dk uke] o.kZu] fuokl&LFkku vkSj ml vuqrks"k dk ftldk og nkok djrk gS] dFku djus okyh fyf[kr lwpuk] ;FkkfLFkfr] jk"Vªifr ;k jkT;iky dks ifjnÙk fd, tkus ;k mlds dk;kZy; esa NksMs+ tkus ds i'pkr~ nks ekl dk le; lekIr ugha gks x;k gSA 361 dlaln vkSj jkT;ksa ds fo/kkue.My dh dk;Zokfg;ksa ds izdk'ku dk laj{k.k iznku djrk gSA vuq- 361 ¼4½
Part XX-lafo/kku la'kks/ku
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
vuq- 368 ¼1½ ds vuqlkj Hkkjrh; laln vius laoS/kkfud vf/kdkjksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq,s] Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds fdlh Hkh Hkkx esa la'kks/ku dj ldrh gSA lafo/kku esa la'kks/ku ds fy, fo/ks;d laln ds fdlh Hkh lnu esa izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS izR;sd lnu ds dqy lnL; la[;k ds cgqer rFkk mifLFkr ,oa ernku nsus okys nks frgkbZ lnL;ksa }kjk ;g fo/ks;d ikfjr dj fn;k tkrk gS] rc og jk"Vªifr ds le{k izLrqr fd;k tk,xk] tks fo/ks;d dks viuh vuqefr nsxk jk"Vªifr dh vuqefr ds ckn lafo/kku esa la'kks/ku fcy ds vuq:i la'kks/ku gks tkrs gSA
ds'kokuan Hkkjrh cuke dsjyk jkT; ds ekeys esa ,d fjV ;kfpdk nk;j dh xbZ ftlesa lafo/kku ds dqN la'kks/kuks dks rFkk Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1963 dks pquksrh nh xbZ bl okn esa ;g rdZ fn;k x;k gS fd D;k laln dks lafo/kku ds dqN vfr vko';d rRoksa es la'kks/ku djus dk vf/kdkj gS ekeys dh lquokbZ ds nje;ku 13 ttksa dh ihB vius&vius erksa ij foHkkftr fn[kh ijarq 9 U;k;/kh'kksa us ,d lkFk gksrs gq, ;gk ij ?kks"k.kk dh fd vuq- 368 laln dks lafo/kku dh ewy lajpuk ls f[kyokM+ djus dk vf/kdkj ugha nsrk vFkkZr laln lafo/kku dh ewy lajpuk esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha dj ldrhA
vuq- 368 ¼2½ esa of.kZr dqN fuf'pr izko/kkuksa esa la'kks/ku rHkh laHko gS tc la'kks/ku fcy laln }kjk ikl djus ds ckn yxHkx vk/ks jkT;ks ds fo/kku e.Myksa }kjk ikl fd;k tkuk vko';d gS rnqijkar fcy jk"Vªifr dh gLrk{kj ds fy, Hkstk tk,sxkA
ewy lajpuk ds fl)kar dh ?kks"k.kk ds'okuan Hkkjrh ds ekeys es dh xbZA
vuq- 13 dh dksbZ Hkh ckr bl vuqPNsn ds v/khu fd, x, fdlh la'kks/ku ij ykxw ugha gksxhA
Union of India, (1997) 3 SCC 261½
vuq- 368 ds Hkkx 4 rFkk 5 vlaoS/kkfud ?kksf"kr fd;s x;s gSA
1992 Supp (2) SCC 651½ o;Ld
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh 10oha vuqlwph dk Para 07] U;k;ky; ds ml {ks=kf/kdkj dks fu"ks/k djrk gS ftlds rgr U;k;ky; laln lnL;ksa dks v;ksX;rk ls lEcf/kr izko/kku dj ldrk gS bl Hkkx dks 10 vlaoS/kkfud djkj nsrs gq,s 10oha vuqlwph ls gVk fn;k x;k D;ksfd ;g vuq- 368 ¼2½ dh izfØ;k dk vuqlj.k fd;s fcuk mPpre U;k;ky; rFkk mPp U;k;ky; dh 'kfDr;ksa ij izHkko Mkyrk gS! ¼Kihoto Holloham V. Zachillu, 1992 Supp (2) SCC 651)
pquko
ewy lajpuk fl)kar ds rgr Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,¡ vkrh gSA U;k; iqujkoyksdu ¼L. Chandra Kumar V. yksdra= ¼Kihoto Hollohan V. Zachillu, erkf/kdkj ij vk/kkfjr Lora= rFkk fu"i{k rFkk
cgqnyh;
iz.kkyh
(People's
Union for Civil Liberties V. Union of India, (2003) 4 SCC 399); fof/k dk 'kklu (S.P. Sampath Kumar V. Union of India, (1987) 1 SCC 124); uhfr funs'kd rRo rFkk ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa ds e/; ijLij leao; (Minerva Mills Ltd.
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
V. Union of India, (1980) 3 SCC
Hkkx 21
625);
vLFkk;h laØe.kdkyhu vkSj fo'ks"k mica/k
U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=rk (Minerva Mills
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 369&392 dqN vLFkk;h] laØe.kdkyhu rFkk fo'ks"k mica/kdk izko/kku djrk gS] tSls
Ltd. V. Union of India, (1980) 2 SCC 591, Kumar Padma Prasad V. Union of India, (1992) 2SCC 428); and lekurk (Indra Sawhney II V. Union of India, (2000)1 SCC 168) ewy lajpuk dk fl)kar U;k;ky; dh O;k[;k ij vk/kkfjr gS bles U;k;ky; ds ikl nks dlksfV;k¡ gksrh gSA 1- lhek dh dlkSVh 2-
laln dks lafo/kku ds izkjEHk ls ikap o"kZ dh vof/k ds nkSjku dqN fuf'pr fo"k;kas ij tks dh jkT; lwph ds gS ij bl izdkj fo/kku cuk ldrh gS tSls oks leorhZ lwph ds fo"k;ksa ij cukrh gSA\ dbZ jkT;ksa ds lEca/k esa fo'ks"k fo/kku cuk ldrh gSA vuq- ¼371&371I½
igpku ¼Identity½ dh dlkSVh
Hkkx&22
U;k;ky; ;g Li"V djrk gS dh fdlh vuq- esa
laf{kIr] uke izkjaHk ¼fgUnh esa izkf/k—r 410½ vkSj fljlu
fd;s la'kks/ku ds eqdkcys lafo/kku dh vkRek ;k ekSfyd fo'ks"krkvksa esa fd;k x;k la'kks/ku T;knk xaHkhj gS ftldh vuqefr U;k;ky; ugha nsrk (M. Nagaraj V. Union of India, (2006) 8 SCC 212) os la'kks/ku tks ukxfjdks ds ewy vf/kdjksa dk
lafo/kku Hkkjr dk lafo/kku dgyk,sxk ¼/kkjk 393½ Hkkjr Loar=rk vf/kfu;e 1947 vkSj Hkkjr 'kklu vf/kfu;e 1935 ds lkFk ftuds vUrxZr fizoh dkWfly vf/kdkfjrk mRlknu vf/kfu;e 1949 ugh gS] blds }kjk fujlu ekuk tk,xkA
guu djrs gS rFkk lafo/kku ds vk/kkfjr
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk ijh{kk mi;ksxh lkexzh fo"k;--4 lafonk dkuwu Hkkjrh; lafonk vf/kfu;e 1872 ,d foLr`r vf/kfu;e ugha gS] vfirq bldk dk;Z fof/k ds mu Hkkxksa dks tks lafonk ls lacf/kr gS] ifjHkkf”kr djrk gS ¼izLrkouk½ tgk¡ ij lafonk vf/kfu;e fo"k; ij ckr djrk gS] ogk¡ ij ;g foLr`r gS] ijUrq ;gk¡ ekSu gS rFkk vU; Hkkjrh; fo?kku vuqifLFkr gS] ;gk¡ ij ;g U;k;ky; English Court ds fu.k;ksa dk vk/kkj ys ldrk gS ¼Hkxokunkl xksoZ/ku nkl dsM+h;k cuke fxj/kjhyky iq:"kksre nkl ,.M dEiuh (1966) 1 SCR 656) lafonk dh ifjHkk"kk S-2(h) fof/k }kjk izorZuh; djkj lafonk gS ifjHkk"kk ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd lHkh djkj lafonk ugha gksrsA djkjksa dks lafonk gksus ds fy, dqN fuf'pr 'krsZ iwjh djuk vko';d gSA 12345-
i{kdkjksa dh Lora= lEefr i{kdkjksa dh lafonk djus dh {kerk fof/kiwoZd Qy dk gksuk fof/kiw.kZ mís'; dk gksuk fdlh vf/kfu;e ds vUrjxr mls 'kwU; ?kksf"kr u fd;k tkuk
,d lafonk nks i{kh; rFkk ,d i{kh; gks ldrh gS nks i{kh; lafonkvksa esa i{kdkj fuf'pr izLrkoksa dk vknku iznku djrs gS rFkk izR;sd izLrko i{kdkj dks izfrQy iznku djrk gSA ,d i{kh; lafonk og lafonk gksrh gS] ftlesa ,d i{kdkj izLnko dh ?kks"k.kk djrk gSA
n`"Vkar & A ;g ?kks"k.kk djrk gS fd tks Hkh O;fDr A dk [kks;k gqvk Mobile Qksu [kkst dj nsxk] A mls 10]000 :i;s nsxk] B, A dks mldk eksckby [kkst dj nsrk gS] vc A - B dks 10]000@& nsus ds fy, ckè; gksxk] ;g ,d iz{kh; lafonk dk mnkgj.k gSA fof/kd nkf;Ro gkykafd ;g lafonk vf/kfu;e esa dgh Hkh mYysf[kr ugha gS] ijUrq U;k;y; ;g Lohdk;Z djrs gSa fd djkj esa 'kkfey gksrs le; i{kdkjksa dk bjknk fof/kd nkf;Ro esa ca?kus dk gksrk gSA ^^dbZ ckj i{kdkjksa ds eè; bl izdkj ds fu.kZ; gksrs gSa tks fd fof/k ds vFkZ ds vurxZr lafonk dk ifj.kke ugha gksrsA (Balfour Vs Balfour (1919)2 KB5H)
n`"Vkar & ,d vkdfLed ppkZ ds nkSjku A ;g ?kks"k.kk djrk gS fd tks Hkh O;fDr mldh ethZ ls A dh iq=h ls mldh ethZ ls fookg djrk gSA rFkk] B ls 100 Rs ekaxrk gSA ekekys dh lquokbZ esa U;k;y; ;g fu/kkZj.k djrk gS fd ;g vko';d ugha dh izfroknh bl izdkj ds lkekU; 'kCnksa dk ikyu djs]a D;ksafd bl ifjfLfkfr esa i{kdkjksa ds fdlh Hkh fof/kd nkf;R; esa ca/kus dh ea'kk ugha FkhA lafonk dk fuekZ.k & izLrko rFkk Lohd`fr ^tc ,d O;fDr] fdlh ckr ds djus ;k djus ls izfrfojr gksus dh viuh jtkeUnh ,sls dk;Z ;k izfrfojfr ds izfr fdlh nwljs dh vuqefr izkIr djus dh n`f"V ls mls nwljs dk laKkr djrk gs rc mlds ckjs esa dgk tkrk gS fd ;g izLrko djrk gSA*
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
nks i{kdkj vkil esa ,d izLrko yk ldrs gS rFkk nksuksa ds }kjk izLrko dh Lohd`fr ds ckn og ,d opu cu tkrk gSA ,d izLrko] izLFkkiuk rFkk izLrko ds fy, vkea=k.k ls iw.kZ :is.k fHkUu gSA ;g ,d fof/kiw.kZ izLrko dk fuekZ.k ugha djrsA n`"Vkar & ,d nwdku esa lekkuksa dks mudh dher ds lkFk n'kkZ;k x;kA ;g izLrko ds fy, vkea=k.k gSA ijUrq izLrko ughA ;g LohdkjksfDr ds ckn lafonk esa ifjorZuh; ;ksX; ugha gSA uhykeh esa izR;sdcksyh ,d izLrko gSA ftls Lohdkj fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;k ughaa bl izdkj uhykeh esa cksyh yxkuk d`I djus dh fofo/krk izLFkkiuk gSA fdlh O;fDr fo'ks":k dksfd;k tkus okyk izLrko fof'"V izLrko dgykrk gS rFkk iwjs fo'o dh fd;k tkus okyk izLrko lkekU; izLrko dgykrk gSA n`"Vkar & ,d dEiuh ;g vf?k?kks"k.kk djrh gS fd ,d lIrkg rd fnu esa rhu ckj mudh LeksdckWy ysus okyksa dks b¶wysUtk uked jksx ugha gksxk vkSj ;fn gksrk gS rks dEiuh mls 100 ikWM nsxhA viuh xEHkhjrk n'kkZus ds fy, dEiuh us 100 ikWM ,d [kkrs esa vyx ls j[k fn;sA A] tks fd ,d efgyk gS] ml dEiuh dh Leksd ckWyysrh gS] ijUrq mls ba¶ysUtk uked jksx gks tkrk gSA bl ifjfLFkfr esa dEiuh dks iSlk nsuk gksx] dEiuh ,d fof/kd nkf;Ro esa ca/k xbZ gSA rFkk bl izdkj dk izLrko lkekU; izLrko dgykrk gSA (Carlill Vs Varbolic Smoke Ball CO (1893)1 QB 256)
izLrko o Lohd`fr Li"V rfkk fuf'pr gksuh pkfg,A D;ksafd ;gh izLrko o Lohd`fr Li"V ugha gksxs ftlls dh lafonk dk fu"d"kZ ugha
fd;k tk ldrkA ,slh lafonk oS| ugha gksrh (S29)
n`"Vkar & ,d dEiuh dk eSusftax Mk;jsDVj] dEiuh ds ,d lsod ls ;g oknk djrk gS fd dEiuh mls dqN fuf'pr HkÙks nsxh] kjUrq ;g rc gksxk tc dEiuh ,sls HkÙks nsus dh fLFkfr esa gksxh U;k;y; us bl djkj dks 'kwU; dj fn;k D;ksfa d blesa mís'; dh vLi"Vrk gS ¼iq"ikckyk js cuke LIC of India AIR 1978 Cal 221½ fdlh izLrko dks nwljs i{kdkj dks lalwfpr fd;k tkuk pkfg,] D;ksafd nwljk i{k rc rd LohdkjksfDr ugha ns ldrk tc rd fd mls izLrko dh lwpuk u gksA n`"Vkar & A rFkk B ,d lEifr dks cspus ds lanHkZ esa Qksu ij ckrphr dj jgs FksA rFkk vUresa A ;g dgrk gS fd esjk vafre izLrko 40 yk[k :i;s gS ijUrq mlh {k.k Qksu dj tkrk gSA A dk izLrko B dks lqukbZ ugha iM+rk] ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa ;g ,d oS| izLrko ugha gksxk D;ksafd B us rks izLrko lquk gh ughA ;fn izLrko dh Lohd`fr ds fy, dksbZ fuf'pr izfØ;k rFkk le; dk izko/kku gS] rks ml ifjfLFlfr esa ;g vko';dgksxk fd Lohd`fr mlh ds vuw:I nh tk,sA ijUrq ;fn bl izdkj dh dksbZ izfØ;k o le; dk mYys[k ugha gS] rc bl ifjfLfkfr esa ;g vko';d gs dh Lodhd`fr ;qfDr;qDr izfØ;k o ;qfDr;qDr le; esa iznku dh tk,s½A n`"Vkar & A, B dk dEI;wVj [kjhnuk pkgrk gSA A mldh fder 30]000 yxkrk gS A, B ls izLrko dk fyf[kr tc rd ekaxrk gS B, A dks Qksu ij Lohd`fr nsrk gS] A, dEI;wVj [kjhnus ds fy, ckè; ugha gS] D;ksafd izLrko dh
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
LohdkjksfDr mYysf[kr izfØ;k ds nkSjku ugha gqvkA ;fn izLrko dks vU; izfØ;k }kjk Lohdk;Z dj fy;k tkrk gSA bl ifjfLFkfr esa izLrkodrkZ izLrko ekuuk vko';d gksxkA n`"Vkar & ;fn mijksDr n`"Vkar us A Qksu ij B ij ;g dgrk gS dh og iSls Hkst nsxk rc ml ifjfLFkfr esa A ij lafonk ykxw gksrh D;ksafd og Lohdkj dj pqdk FkkA ;fn ,di{kh; lafo/kk] fdlh d`R; dh 'krz j[krh gS rks nwljs i{k dks og d`R; djuk gh gksxkA fdlh vU; izdkj dh LohdkjksfDr mfpr ugh gksxhA n`"Vkar & A viuh [kksbZ gqbZ laifr dks ykSVkus okys dks iqjLdkj dh ?kks"k.kk djrk gS B dks ;g laifr feyrh gS rfkk oks mls A dks ykSVk nsrk gS] bl izdkj B }kjk laifr dks ykSVk;k tkuk mldk izLrko Lohdkj djrk gS] B dks vU; izfØ;k }kjk izLrko Lohdkj djus dh vko';drk ugh gSA
izLrko dks Lohdk;Z djus dh lwpuk lh/ks rkSj ij i{kdkj dks nsuh pkfg, ;k fQj i{kdkj }kjk fu;qDr O;fDr dks nsuk pkfg,] fdlh rhljs O;fDr dks bldh lwpuk nsuk LohdkjksfDr ugha gksxhA n`"Vkar & A i= }kjk B dks yksgk ,d fuf'pr dher esa ospus ds fy, i= fy[krk gSA i= B dks nks fnu foyEc ls feyrk gS] ijUrq B mlh fnu viuh Lohd`fr i= }kjk Hkstrk gSa ijUrq dqN dkj.kksa ls A dks Hkh i= foyEc ls feyrk gS] ijUrq rc rd yksgs dh dhers c<+ pqdh Fkh] vksj A, B dks mu dherksa esa yksgk cspus ls euk
djrk gS] ijUrq A ,slk ugha dj ldrk D;ksafd og ,d lafonk esa ca/k pqdk gSA ¼Dunlop Vs Higgins (1848) IHL (a 381).
,d izLrko Lor% gh lekIr tks tkrk gS ;fn mlds lkfk mldk dkmaVj izLrko cuk;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd dkmaVj izLrko dks Lor% u;k izLrko ekuk tkrk gsa rFkk lafonk ds fy, mls Lohdk;Z djuk vko';d gksrk gSA n`"Vkar & A viuk ?kj cspus ds fy, B dks 1000 ikWM dk izLrko djrk gS ijUrq B 950 ikWM esa [kjhnus dk izLrko djrk gS ftls A Bqdjk nsrk gS blds rRdky ckn B iqjkuh 1000 ikWM fder esa ?kj dks jkth gks tkrk gS] ijUrq vc A euk dj nsrk gS] ekeys dh lquokbZ esa U;k;y; us ;g ik;k fd tSls gh B dkmaVj izLrko nsrk gS oSls gh A dk 1000 ikWM dk izLrko Lor% lekIr gks tkrk gS] vr% A fdlh lafonk esa ugha ca/krk (Hyde Vs Wrench 1840) 43 Beau 334)
,d oS| lafonk ds fy, vko';d rRo Lora= lgefr & nks ;k vf/kd O;fDr leku mís'; ijleku izfØ;kRed Lo:i ij lger gksrs gSarc mls lgefr dgrs gSaA /kkjk 13 esa mYysf[kr consensus ad – idem dk fl)kar vrRf;Ur egRoiw.kZ gS blds vuqlkj blds vuqlkj nksuksa i{kdkjksa dks ,d nwljs dh izLrkoksa dks l'krZ Lohdkj djuk vko';d gSa ,d oS|lafonk ds fy, eu dk feyuk vko';d gS vU;Fkk lafonk 'kwU; ?kksf"kr gksxhA n`"Vkar & A ,d nLrkost ij gLrk{kj djrk gs] ijUrq A nLrkost dh Hkk"kk ugha le>rk] ;g le>kSrk rc rc 'kwU; jgsxk tc rd fd ;g Li"V u gks tk,s fd gLrk{kj ls iwoZ A dks
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
nLrkost ds rRoksa ds ckjs esa foLrkj ls le>k x;k gSA (Chimanram Motilal Vs Divanchand Govindram, AIR 1932 Bain 151)
;fn le>kSrs esa ekStwn rRo rF; dh Hkwy gS rFkk i{kdkjksa ds eè; ekufld le>kSrk ugha gS ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa le>kSrk 'kwU; gksxkA ;fn nksuksa i{kdkj rF;kRed ckr lac/a kh Hkwy esa gks rks djkj 'kwU; gksxkA\ n`"Vkar & A, B dh Hkwqeh [kjhnrk gS] nksuksa gh Hkweh dh eki dks ysdj Hkwy dj jgs gSa nksuksa ds vuqlkj Hkweh dh eki 10 ,dM+ gS] ijUrq vly esa Hkweh dh eki 15 ,dM+ gS ,slh fLFkfr esa lafonk 'kwU; gksxh (Tersem Singh Vs
izihMu & lafonk vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 15 ds vuqlkj izihM+u }kjk lgefr rc dgh tkrh gS tc i{kdkj ij Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk }kjk of.kZr dksbZ dk;Z dj ds ;k mls djus dh /kedh nsdj ;k voS| :I ls fdlh laefr dks jksddj ;k mls jksdus dh /kedh nsdj ncko Mkyk x;k gksA gkykafd vkfFkZd vojks/k izihM+u dk fgLlk ugha gSA n`"Vkar & A viuh iRuh o iq= dks vkRenR;k dh /kedh nsdj laifr fopok nsrk gS] gkykafd iRuh o iq= lEifr cspuk ugha pkgrs Fks] bl izdkj fd xbZ lafonk 'kwU;dj.kh; gS] D;ksfa d ;g izihM+u dk ifj.kke gSA (Chikkam Amiraju Vs Chikkam Seshamma AIR 1918 Mad 414)
n`"Vkar & A, B ds eè; lkeku dh [kjhn dks ysdj lafonk gksrh gS] ijUrq nksuksa dks bl ckrk dh Hkwy gs fd xksnke ls rks lkeku dh pksjh gks xbZ gS] vr% ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa lafonk ^'kwU;* gksxhA
vlE;d vlj & lafonk dh /kjk 16 ds vuqlkj tc i{kdkjksa ds eè; bl izdkj ds lac/a k tks tks fd ,d nwljs dh bPNk dks vf/k'kkflr dj ldrs gks vkSj ml fLFkfr dk iz;ksx ml nwljs O;fDr ls vuqfpr ykHk izkfIr gsrw fd;k x;k gks rks ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd lafonk vlE;d vlj }kjk mRizsfjr dh xbZ gSA
eqDr rFkk Lora= lgefr & eqDr lgefr dh vuqifLFkfr esa dksbZ Hkh lafonk 'kwU; ?kksf"kr gksxhA
/kkjk 16 ¼2½ & fuEufyf[kr esa og fdlh vU; O;fDr dh bPNk dks vf/k'kkflr djus dh fLFkfr esa Fkk ;k fLFkfr esa gSA
Sukhvinder Singh AIR 1998 SC 1400)
/kkjk 14 ds vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh lgefr rc Lora= dgh tk,xh t cog fuEufyf[kr
izihM+u vlE;d vlj diV nqO;Zinz 'kZu Hkwy
(a)
(b)
ml vU; ij okLrfod ;k n`';eku izkf/kdkj j[krk gS ;k ml vU; ds lkfk oS'okfld lac/a k dh fLFkfr esa gS vFkok ,sls O;fDr ds lkFk lafonk djrk gS ftldh ekufld lkeF;Z ij vk;q] :X.krk ;k ekufld ;k 'kkjhfjd d"V ds dkj.k vLFkk;h ;k Lfkk;h :i lsizHkko iM+k gSA
n`"Vkar & A tksfd ,d eafnj VªLV dk lsod gS B ij eafnj ls nku p<+kus ds fy, ncko ©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies .
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
M+kyrk gS] bl izdkj fd xbZ lafonk 'kwU;dj.kh; gS] D;ksafd ;g vlE;d vlj ls izHkkfor gSA (Based on Chinnamma Vs Dattingha Sangha AIR 1973 My 5338)
n`"Vkar & A tks dh ,d lkgdkj gS og B dks cgqr Hkkjh C;kt nj ij /ku m/kkj nsrk gS] ijUrq ml oDr cktkj Hkh C;kt dh nj Hkkjh py jgh Fkh] ;g dksbZ vlE;d vlj ugha gSA diV & tc ,d i{kdkj ;k mldk vfHkdrkZ ;k mldh feyhHkxr ls dksbZ vU;] fdlh nwljs i{kdkj ;k mlds vfHkdrkZ dks /kks[kk nsus ds bjkns ls vfkok lafonk djus ds fy, mRizsfjr djus ds bjkns ls fuEufyf[kr esa ls dksbZ dk;Z djrk gS rks og diV gqvk dgk tkrk gSA 1- tks ckr lR; ugha gS mldk rF; ds :I esa ml O;fDr }kjk lq>k;k tkuk tks ;g fo'okl djrk gS fd og lR; ughs gSA 2- fdlh rF; dk Kku ;k fo'okl j[kus okys O;fDr }kjk ml rF; dk lfØ; :I ls NqikukA 3- dksbZ opu tks mldk ikyu djus ds vk'k; ds fcuk fn;k x;k gksA 4- izoapuk ¼/kks[kk½ djus ;ksX; dksbZ vU; dk;ZA 5- dksbZ ,slk dk;Z ;k yksHk ftldk diV iw.kZ gksuk fof/k fo'ks"kr% ?kksf"kr djsA /kkjk 17 esa fn;s x;s Li"Vhdj.k ds vuqlkj lafonk djus ds fy, fdlh O;fDr dh jtkeUnh ij ftu rF;ksa ds izHkko iM+us dh lEHkkouk gks muds ckjs esa ekSu jguk diV ugha gS] tc rd fd ,slh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ u gks fd ekSu j[kus okys O;fDr dk dÙkZO; gks fd
og cksys ;k tc rd fd mldk ekSu Lor% gh cksyus ds rqY; u gksA n`"Vkar & A, B dks viuh leaifr cspuk pkgrk gWwA B ls vf/kd dher izkIr djus ds pDdj esa A B dks vU; [kjhnnkj ds i= fn[kkuk gS ftlesa laefr dh dher cgqr T;knk vkWdh xbZ gSa B mu i=ksa ij fo'okl djds lEifRr [kjhn ysrk gSA bl izdkj ;g lafonk 'kwU;dj.kh D;wW fd ;g diV ij vk/kkfjr gSa ekSu jguk diV ugha gSA ijUrq tgkW ekSujgus dsdkj.k Lo:I rF; izHkkfor gksA rFkk i{kkdkj lafonk dj ys ;k ekSu cksyus ds cjkcj gks rks ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa ekSu diV dgyk,xkA dqN fuf'pr ekeyksa esa tSls chek lafonk esaleLrrF; xr tkudkjh dk mYys[kdjuk vko';d gSa D;ksafd bl izdkj dh lafonk uberrimae fides ekuh tkrh gSa vFkkZr ;g vPNs fo'okl esa jgdj dh tkrh gSA n`"Vkar & ,d chek dEiuh ds chek Policy Form esa ,d Hkkx gS fd ;fn vius fiNys 5 o"kksZa esa MkWDVj ls lykg yh gS rks d`i;k bl ckWDl ij fVd djsAa A ftlus dh fiNys 5 o"kksZa esa MkWDVj dh lykg yh gS] bl ckWDl ij fVd ugha djrk bl izdkj ;g ,d diV dgyk,xkA (Based on Mithoolal Nayak Vs Life Insurange Corporation of India, AIR 1962 SC 814)
nqO;Zins'ku % nqO;Zins'ku ls vfHkizsr gS vkSj mlds vUrxZr vkrs gSa 1- ml ckr dk tks lR; ugha gS] ,sls izdkj ls fd;k x;k fu'p;kRed iz[;ku tks ml O;fDr dh] tks mls djrk gS]tkudkjh ls lefFkZr u gks] ;|fi og
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
ml ckr ds lR; gksus dk fo'okl djrk gksA 2- dksbZ ,slk dÙkZO; Hkax tks izoapuk djus ds vk'k; ds fcuk ml O;fDr dkstks mls djrk gS ;k mlls O;qRiUu vf/kdkj ds v/khu ;k nkok djus okys fdlh O;fDr dks dksbZ Qk;nk fdlh vU; dks ,sls Hkqykok nsdj igqapk, ftlls ml vU; ;k mlls O;qRiUu vf/kdkj ds v/khu nkok djus okys fdlh O;fDr ij izfrdwy izcko iM+As 3- pkgs fdrus gh ljy Hkko ls D;ksa u gks djkj ds fdlh i{kdkj ls ml ckr ds inkFkZ ds ckjs esa] tks ml djkj dk fo"k; gks] dksbZ Hkwy djkukA dksbZ Hkh lafonk rHkh 'kwU;dj.kh gksxhA tcfd nqO;Zins'ku ds dkj.k ,d i{kdkj lafonk esa ca/k tk,xkA tkaykafd nqO;Zins'ku ;k diV dks ;g lekurk gS fd nksuksa vlR; izfrfuf/kRo ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSaA ijUrq nksuksa ds eè; ;g Hksn gS fd tgk¡ nqO;Zins'kuesa okd; cksyus okyk O;fDr ;g Hkjkslk djrk gSA fd ;g lR; gS ogha diV esa og O;fdr tks izfrfuf/kRo dj jgk gS og ;g tkurk gs fd ;g vlR; gSA n`"Vkar & A tksfd edku ekfyd gSA B fdjk,nkj dks ;g crkrk gS fd edku esa pkj 'k;ud{k gSA ijUrq okLrfodrk esa ,d 'k;ud{kjgus ;ksX; ugha gSA A [kqnHkh bl ckrk dks ugha tkurk fd ,d 'k;ud{k jgus ;ksX; ugha gSA ;g nqO;Zins'ku gksxk rFkk lafonk 'kwU; dj.kh; gSA (Based on Alla Baksh Khan U.R.E. Barrow, AIR 1917 Lah 173)
,d oS| lafonk ds fy, vko';d rRo /kkjk 11 ds vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr O;fDr lafonk djus ds fy, l{ke ugha gSA
1- vo;Ld (Minor) 2- foÑrfpÙk dk O;fDr] rFkk 3- og O;fDr ftls ml fof/k ds }kjk] ftlds og vUrxZr gS] lafonk djusls fujfgZr ?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;k gSA vO;Ld &,d vO;Ld ds lkfk dh xbZ lafonk Void ad initio ?kksf"kr gksrh gSA n`"Vkar & dherh izfrQyksa ds lanHkZ esa vo;Ld lafonk dks izHkkoh dj ldrs gSaA gkWykafd os ftEesnkfj;ksa dk fuokZg ughadj ldrsA ijUrq os dherh lkeku dk vf/xzg.k dj ldrs gSA (Firm Bhola Ram Harbans Lal Vs. Bhagat Ram, AIR 1927 Lah 24)
vO;Ld ds dkuwuh vfHkHkkod vO;Ld dh vksj ls rFkk mlds ykHk ds fy, lafonk dj ldrs gSaA lafonk vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 68 ;gk¡ ij egRoiw.kZ gS] blds vuqlkj ^;fn lafonk djrs le; vleFkz O;fDr dks ;k fdlh O;fDr dks] ftldk lapkyu djus ds fy, og oS/k :I ls ckè; gS] mldh gSfl;r ds vuqdwy vko';d oLrq;sa fdlh vU; O;fDr }kjk iznk; dh tkrh gSa rks og O;fDr ftlus ,sls iznk; fd;s gSa] ,sls vo;Ld O;fDr dh lEifÙk esa ls viuh HkjikbZ djkus ds fy, gdnkj jgsxkA ;gk¡ è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gs fd vuwdwy vko';d oLrqvksa dk fu/kkZj.k ifjfLFkr rFkk rF;xr ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij gksrk gSA foÑr fpr dk O;fDr% foÑr fpr O;fDr Hkh lalfonk ugha dj ldrk] foÑr fpr O;fDr }kjk dh xbZ lafonk 'kwU;dj.kh; gsa
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
lafonk vf/fu;e dh /kkjk 12 ds vuqlkj ;fn dksbZ O;fDr ml le; ftl le; fd lafonk djrk gS] ml lafonk dks le>us ds vkSj vius fgrksa ij mlds izHkko ds ckjs esa ;qfDrlaxr fu.kZ; djus ds ;ksX; gS rks ml O;fDr ds ckjs es dgk tkrk gS fd og lafonk djus ds fy;s lqfLFkr fpÙk dk gSA tks O;fDr izk;% foÑr fpÙk (unsound mind) dk gS] fdUrq dHkh lqfLFkr fpÙk dk gks tkrk gS] tc fd og lqfLFkr fpÙk dk gks] lafonk dj ldsxkA tks O;fDr izk;% lqfLFkr fpÙk dk gS fdUrq dHkh&dHkh foÑr fpÙk dk gks tkrk gS] tc f dog foÑr fpÙk dk gks] lafonk ugha dj ldsxkA lafgrk dh /kkjk 68 foÑr fpr ds O;fDr;ksa dks vko';d oLrqvksa ds iznk; dk izko/kku gSA fdlh fof/k }kjk O;fDr;ksa dk lafonk djus dh {kerk ls fujfgZr gksuka dqN fuf'fpr ekeyksa esa dqN O;fDr;ksa dks lafonk djus dk vf/kdkj ugha gksrk gSA blh fLFkfr esa fd;k x;k lafonk 'kwU; gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, dkijsV~l ,d fuf'pr fo/kku ls viuh 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr djrsgSaA ijUrq t cog mDr fo/kku esa iznr 'kfDr;ksa ds vfrfjDr lafonk djrs gSa rks og 'kwU; gksxhA izfrQy & lafonk vf/fu;e dh /kkjk 2 ¼/k½ esa izfriQy dks ifjHkkfk"krfd;k x;k gSA blds vuqlkj izfrQy tc ,d izfrKkdÙkkZ (Promisor) dh bPNk ij izfrKkxzghrk ;k fdlh vU; O;fDr us dksbZ ckr dh gS ;k djus ls izfrfojr jgk gS( ;k dk;Z djrk gS ;k djus ls izfrfojr jgrk gS] ;k djus dh ;k djus ls izfrfojr jgus dh izfrKk djrk gS] rc ,slk dk;Z ;k izfrfojfr ;k
izfrKk ml izfrKk ds fy, izfrQy dgykrh gSA izfrQy opu ds leku ewY; dk gksuk vko';d ugha gS izfrQy dk ;Fkk;ksX; i;kZIr gksuk Hkh vko';d ugha gS rFkk vfirq izfrQy bldk dkuwu dh utj esa egRo gksuk vko';d gsa rFkk ;g izkIrdrkZ dks o`f) nsuk pkfg,A n`"Vkar & ,d isVªksy dEiuh ;g ?kks"k.kk djrh gS fd izR;sd xzkd dks ,d QqVcky did k flDdk nsxhA ekeys esa ;g fu/kkZfjr gqvk fd ;g isVªky s dh fcØh dh lafonk ds fy, izfrQy gSo fd rksgQk (Esso Petroleum Co. Ltd. Vs. Customs & Excise Com missioners 1976) ALL ER 117)
yksd nkf;Roksa rFkk drZO;ksa dh iwfrZ djuk] tSls dh U;k;y; esa lEeu ij Xokg ds :i esa mifLFkr gksuk dksbZ oS| izfrQy ugha gksxkA i{kdku rFkk lekt ds izfr vius drZO;ksa dk fuoZgu dksbZ le>kSrk ugha le>k tkuk pkfg,A opudrkZ dh bZPNk ds vfrfjDr viuh LosPNk ls dksbZ d`R; djuk oS| izfrQy ugha gksxkA xqIrrk dk fl)kUr & bl fl)kar ds vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh lafonkfdlh ,sls O;fDr dks dksbZ vf/kdkj iznku ugha djrh tks fd mldk i{kdkj ugha gsA vfkkZr dksbZ rhljk i{k lafonk fØ;kUo;u ugha dj ldrkA n`"Vkar & A, B ls 40]000 :i;s viuh laifr dks ca/kd djds B ls ysrk gSA ckn esa og viuh lEirh dks C dks 44]000 :i;s esa csp nsrk gSA rFkk C ds fo:) 40]000 :i;s dh olwyh ds fy, ckn ykrk gS ijUrq B blesa lQy ugha gks ldrk D;ksafd B, A rFkk C ds eè; lafonk dk
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
i{kdkj ugha Fkk (Jamna Das Vs Ram Autar Pande (1911) 305 A 7)
xqIrrk ds fl)kUr ds dqN viokn gSA tc vU; ;k rhljs O;fDr ds i{k esa fdlh lEifÙk esa U;kl ;k Hkkj mRiUu fd;k tkrk gS rks lafonk dh xqIrrk dk fl)kUr ykxw ugha gksrk rFkk viokn ds :i esa rhljk ;k vU; O;fDr ,slh lafonk dks ykxw djok ldrk gSA
opu foca/k & lkekU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lafonk ds fy, opuksa dk vknku&iznku gksuk vko';d gSA ijUrq ,d i{kh; opuksa ds laca/k esa izfrKkdrkZ dks d`R; djuk vko';d ugha gSA ijUrq ;fn izfrKkxzkfgrk izfrKkdrkz dh ethZ ds fo:) d`R; djuk iMs+xkA rfkk vc izfrKk drkz ;g ughadg ldrk fd vc dksbZ izfrQy ugha gSA
tc dksbZ i{kdkj ;k rhlja O;fDr dks dqN /ku nsuk Lohdkj djrk gS vkSj og rhljs O;fDr ;k vU; O;fDr esa bldh vfHkLohÑfr dj ysrk gs rks blds }kjk og mÙkjnkf;Ro dks Lohdkj dj ysrk gS vksj og rhljk ;k vU; O;fDr Hkh ,slhlafonk dks ykxw djok ldrk gSA
gkoM+k dk Municipality Commissionery vke turk us Town Hall ds fuekZ.k ds fy, pank bDdVBk djusdk vkOgku djrk gSa A 100 :i;s pank nsus dk oknk djrk gSa tc mfpr pank bDdV~Bk gks tkrk gSA rc Municipality Commissionary bl ckr ij Hkjkslk djds fd M.T yksxksa us pank nsusdk oknk fd;k gS os yksx pank nsxsaA
xqIrrk ds fl)kUr dks izfrQy dh xqIrrk ds fl)kUr ls Hkzfer ugha gksuk pkfg,A lafonk esa mYysf[kr i{kdkj vius vf/kdkj rFkk drzO;ksa Hkh fdlh rhljs O;fdr dks ugha lksp ldrs gSA
bl vk/kkj ij og Town Hall dk fuekZ.k dk;Z 'kq: djrs gSaA ijUrq A pank nsus ls euk dj nsrk gSA ekeys dh lquokbZ esa fu/kkZfjr gqvk fd A pank nsus ds fy, ckè; gSA (Kedarnath
n`"Vkar & A viuh iq=h dks fookg Hkkx iznku djusds fy, viuk B Ng ydM+h dk lkeku cspuk pkgrk gS B tks A dk iq= gS A ls oknk djrk gS ;fn A viuk ydM+h dk lkeku ugha cspx s k rks B iq=h dks 1000 ikWM nsxkA A viuk ydM+h dk lkeku ugha csprk ijUrq B iq=h dks fookg Hkkx ugha nsrk vr% A dh iq=h rFkk mldk ifr /kudh olwyh ds fy, B ds fo:) okn nk;j djrk gSA ekeys dh lquokbZ esa fu/kkZfjr gqvk fd iq=h Lo;a ds fy, dksbZ izfrQy ugha izkIr djrh vfrrq og /ku olwy ldrh gS D;ksafd ;g izfrQy ml ds firk }kjk iznku fd;k tkuk FkkA (Dutton Vs. Poole,1 Ventris 318)
n`"Vkar
&
Bhattacharji Vs. Gorie Mohammad), (1887) ILR 14Cal 64)
tc rd opudrkZ bl vk/kkj ij dk;Z djs fd opu lEekufd;k tk,xk blesa okn ;g izfrla?kgj.kh; ugha gksxkA mís'; dh oS|rk & lafonk dh /kkjk 23 ;g izko/kkudjrh gS fd dkSu ls izfrQy o mís'; oS| gksrs gSa rFkk dkSu ls ughaA /kkjk 23 ds vuqlkj djkj dk izfrQy vFkok mís'; & tc rd og fof/k }kjk fofuf"k) ugha gS] ;k ,sls :I ugha gS fd ;fn ;g vuqKkr fd;k tk; rks fof/k ds mica/kksa dks fu"Qy dj nsxk]
fd dk og ;k
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
diViw.kZ ugha gS] ;k mlesa nwljs ds 'kjhj ;k lEifÙk dh {kfr vUrxzZLr ;k foof{kr ugha gS] ;k mls U;k; vuSfrd ;k yksduhfr ds fo:) ugha le>rk] fof/kiw.kZ gksrk gSA exturpicausa non dritur action dk rkRi;Z ;g
gS fd voS| djkj dk izorZu ugha fd;k tk ldrkA Exdolomalo non oritur action - ;g yksd
uhfr dk fl)kar gS] ¼dksbZ Hkh U;k;ky; ,sls O;fDr dh lgk;rk ugha djsxk tks dh vuSfrd rfkk voS| d`R; djsxk½
ogfdlh eqdnesa dks izkjEHk djs] ijUrqed q nesa esa ml O;fDr dk dksbZ fgr fufgr gks] rks ,sls djkj eSUVsusl a dk xEHkhj Lo:I gS rfkk ;s yksduhfr ds fo:) gksrh gS] glesa fdlh O;fDrdks fdlh lEifr dh izfIr esa lgk;rk nsuk gksrk gS rFkk lgk;rk nsus okysdk fgr ;g gks ldrk gS f dog lEifr esa ls dqN fgLlk izkIr dj ysA ;g fookfn; lEifr ds ifjis{; esa gksrk gSA
'k=q ds lkFk O;kikj djukA
n`"Vkar &dEiuh A dkWijs'ku B ds lkfk ;kstukvksa dh O;oLFkk ds fy, le>kSrs esa vkrs gSaA ;kstuk ds varxZr dEiuh A ds lsod ;k rks dkWijs'ku B esa jkstxkj izkIr dj ysxsa ;k fQj lsok NksM+ nsxa] blds cnys os eqdkcys ds gdvkj gksxAsa ijUrq dkWijs'ku B ds dh uhfr vuqlkj og lsodksa dh lsok rhu ekg ds uksfVl ij lsok fujLr djldrs gSaA oknh us mls pqukSrh nsrs gq, v;qfDr;qDr rFkk xry djkj fn;kA ;g lafonk yksduhfr o yksd fgr ds fo:) gS vr% ;g 'kwU; FkhA Central Inland
lkoZtfud inksa rFkk fu;qfDr;ksa dk fod`r &
Water Transport Corporation Ltd. Vs Brojo Nath Ganguly AIr 1986 SC 1571)
og lafonk tks vke turk ds fy, ;k muds fgrksa ds fy, ?kkrd gks ,sls lafonk 'kwU; ?kksf"kr gksrh gSA vFkkZr yksduhfr rFkk yksd fgrksa ds fo:) gksus okyh lafonk 'kwU; gksxhA yksduhfr ds fo:) lafonk ds fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k gSaA
n`"Vkar & ,d le>ksrs ds rgr A ,d yksd lsod dks /ku nsrk gS rkfd og vius in ls lsokfuo`fr gks tk,A ;g ,d 'kwU; lafonk gSA (Hooda Venkataramanayya Vs. J.M. Lobo, AIr 1953 Mad 506)
U;k; ds iz'kklu esa gLr{ksi djus okys le>kSrs & og le>kSrk tks fof/kd izfØ;k esa :dkoV Mkys tSls ,d O;fDr tks flfoy okn esa lk{; nsus ds fy, /ku nsuk (Sahabuddin Sahib Vs Tota Venkatachalam Chettiar AIR 1938 Mad 911)
eSUVsusl a rFkk pSEiVhZ & tc dksbZ O;fDr fdlh nwljs O;fDr dks blfy, /ku nsrk gS fd
oS| lafonk ds fy, vko';d rRo dqN fuf'pr lafonkvksa dks lafonk vf/kfu;e Li"V :i 'kwU; ?kksf"kr djrk gSa os le>kWrs fuEufyf[kr gSA 1- og djkj ftldk izfrQyrFkk mís'; voS| gks (SS 23 & 24) 2- og djkj ftlus vuqifLFkr gks (S 25) 3- fookg esa vojks/kd djkj (S 26) 4- O;kikj esa vojks/kd djkj (S 27) 5- fof/kd dk;Zokfg;ksa esa vojks/kd djkj (S 28)
6- vfuf'pr rFkk vLi"V djkj (S 29)
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
7- 'krZ Lo:i djkj (S 30) 8- vlEHko d`R;ksa ls lacaf/kr djkj (S 56) og izR;sd djkj tks fookg esa vojks/kd cus] vO;Ld ds ekeys dks NksM+ dj] fQj pkgs ;s vkaf'kd ;k lkekU; vojks/kd gks] ijUrq nksuks gh ifjfLFkfr esa djkj ^'kwU;* gksxkA og djkj tks O;kikj esa vojks/kd mRiUu djrs gSa fQj pkgs og lkekU; gks ;k vkaf'kd] ;ksX; gks ;k ugha ijUrq og 'kwU; gksxkA n`"Vkar & A rFkk B ijLij izfr}Unh nqdkudkj gSa] A] B dks viuh nqdkucan djus ds fy, iSls nsus dk izLrko djrk gS] B viuh nqdku can dj ysrk gS] rFkk /ku dh ekax djrk gS] ijUrq ;g djkj ^'kwU;* gSA (Madhubchunder Vs. Rajcoomar Doss 1874, XIV Bengal Law Report 767)
bl fu;e ds dqN ekU;rk izkIr viokn gSaA dhfrZLo dh fcØh & ,d O;fDr }kjk djkj tks vius O;kikj dh dhfrZLo dks csp nsrk gS] mlds vuqlkj og ,d fof'k"V {ks= ds vUnj ml leku dk O;kikj ugha djsxkrFkk tc rd Øsrk ;k mlds v/khu ;k mlds v/khu dksbZ O;fDr ml dkjksckj dks djrk gS] bl izdkj dk djkj rc rd oS| gksxk tc rd dh ;g ;qfDr;qDr fuoZU/kuksa ij vk/kkfjr gksA n`"Vkar & A tks dh cUnwd rFkk dkjrwlksa dk [kkstdrkZ rFkk fuekZrk gSA ,d djkj ds vUrxZr og vius O;kikj dk dhZfLo csp nsrk gS rFkk bl ckj ij jkth gksrk gs fd (a) og 25 o"kZ rd ;g O;kikj ugha djsxkA (b) rFkk og fdlh O;kikj esa Øsrk ds fo:) izfr}Unh ugha gksxkA djkj dk izFke Hkkx rks oS| ?kksf"kr gksrk gS] ijUrq nwljk Hkkx ;qfDr;qDr gS vr% og 'kwU;
?kksf"kr gksrk gS (Nordenfelt Vs Maxim Nordenfelt Guns & Ammunication Co. Ltd. (1894) ACS 35)
lk>snkjh vf/kfu;e & O;kikj esa vojks/k fu;e ds viokn lk>snkjh vf/kfu;e ls mRiUu gksrs gSaA /kkjk 11 ds lk>snkjh esa 'kfey lHkh lk>snkj lk>snkjh ds O;kikjds vfrfjDr] vU; fdlh Hkh izdkj dk O;kikjugha djsxhA U;kf;d fuoZlu }kjk Lohd`r viokn & bl fu;e ds dqN vioknksa dks U;k;ky; }kjk Lohd`r vius fu.kZ;ksa esa Lohd`r fd;k x;k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, & O;kikj le>kSrs dqN fuf'pr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa oS| ?kksf"krdh xbZ gSA ,d djkj ftlds rgr ,d deZpkjh bl ckr ij lger gksrk gS f dog viuslos k dky ds ckn dqN fuf'pr le; ds fy, fdlh vkSj dhlsok ugha djsxk ;g rks ,d oS| djkj gSa ijUrq ,d deZpkjh dks lsok dky ds ckn fu;ksDrk ls lkfk izfr}Un djus ls rc rd ugha jksdk tk ldrk tc rd fd fucZU/ku fu;ksDrk ds dhZrLo dh j{kk ds fy, vko';d gksA og djkj tks fdlh dks vius vf/kdkjksa ds izoZru ds fy, U;k;y; dh 'kj.k esa tkus ls jksdrk gS] 'kwU; gksxkA n`"Vkar & djkj ds ,d 'krZ ds v/khu fooknksa ds fuiVkjs ds fy, eqEcbZ dksVZ dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k] oknh cukjl esa okn nk;j djrk gS] ijUrq le>kSrs ds rgr ;k okn fujLr gks tkrk gS] ekeys esa eqEcbZ rFkk cukjl nksuksa U;k;ky; dk vf/kdkj {ks= Fkk] ijUrq D;ksafd fucZU/ku vkR;akfrd ugha gS] vr% blfy, og oS| gS (Hakam Singh Vs. Gammon India Ltd. AIR 1971 SC 740)
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
og djkj tks ckth Lo:I gS] 'kwU; gS] ijUrq buesa dqN viokn gSA ckth 'kCn dk vFkZ gS 'krZ] ;g ,d vfuf'pr d`R; ds fy, /ku dk izLrko gSA gkykafd ckth 'kwU; gS rFkk vioZruh; gS] ijUrq ;g fof/k fu"ks/k ugha gSA vr% bl izdkj vknku iznku gksus okyk /ku izoZruh; gSA
n`"Vkar & ,d Bailment dh lafonk lksuk rFkk Tokgjkr ls lacaf/kr FkhA ftlesa lksuk voS|kfud gS rFkk Tokgjkr oS|kfud ,slh fLFkfr esa D;ksafd nksuksa dks vyx fd;k tk ldrk gS blfy, nwljk izHkkfo gksrk gS
n`"Vkar & A, B dks bl ea'kk ls /ku nsrk gs fd og vius tq,s ds m/kkj pqdk ldsA A, B ls bl /ku dh olwyh dj ldrk gSA
lafonk ln`'k & fof/k dh fdlh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ;g vko';d gks tkrk gS fd fcuk fdlh djkj ds ,d O;fDr dks nwljs O;fDr ds izfr nkf;Rok/khu ekuk tk,A bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk dks lafonk ln`'k dgrs gSa D;ksafd ;g okLrfod djkj ls mRiUu ugha gksrsA ;s i{kdkjksa dhlgefr ij Hkh vk/kkfjr ugha gksrs] rFkk mudk lafonk ln`'k dh Js.kh esa vkuk bldk izek.k gS fd ;g okLrfod lafonk ds fl)kUr ls dkQh nwj gSaA
voS| rFkk 'kwU; djk;s ds eè; vUrj & ,d voS| ysunsu og gksrk gS tks fof/k ;k dkuwu }kjk fu"ks/k gksrk gS ijUrq 'kwU; djkj fof/k }kjk fu"ks/k ugha gksrk ;fn dksbZ djkj 'kwU; gksxk rks U;k;y; mldk izoZru ugha dj ldrsA izR;sd voS| djkj 'kwU; djkj gksrs gSa ijUrq ,d 'kwU; djkj voS| gks ;g vko';d ughaa nksuksa dh fLFkfr;ksa esa eq[; rFkk izkFkfed djkj vizoZruh; gksrk gSA Severability dk fl)kUr &
dbZ ckj lafonk dk ,d Hkkx fof/k ekU; gksrk gS] ijUrq nwljk Hkkx fof/k ekU; ugha ml ifjfLFkfr esa fu;e ;g gS fd tgk¡ ij oS|kfud Hkkx dks voS|kfud Hkkx ls vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrk ogk¡ ij djkj 'kwU; gksxkA ijUrq tc oS|kfud dks voS|kfud Hkkx ls vyx fd;k tk ldrk gS] fQj pkgs og Hkkx voS|kfud lkekU; fof/k ;k fdlh vU; fo/kku }kjk voS|kfud ?kksf"kr gks] ml ifjfLFkfr esa voS|kfudHkkx dks vLohdk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk oS|kkfud Hkkx dks Lohdk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gSA (Pickering Vs II Fracambe Railway Co. (1868) LR3 CP 235)
(Thomas Brown & Sons Ltd Vs Fazal Deen (1962) 108 CLR 391)
lafonk ln`'k nkf;Ro fof/k rFkk U;k; ds fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr gSA budk mís'; vU;k;iw.kZ ln`
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies .
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
n`"Vkar & A cSad xyrh ls B ds [kkrs esa 1]00]000 :i;s tek dj nsrh gS] B mu :i;ksa dk iz;ksx Loa; ds iz;ksx esa dj ysrk gSA ijUrqvly esa ;g jkf'k cSad dks okil dh tkuh pkfg,A (S. Kelrabar Sappa Vs. Indian Bank AIR 1987 Kant 236)
lafonkvksa dk ikyu & fdlh lafonk ds i{kdkjksa dks viuh Øexr izfrKkvksa dk ikyu] tcrd fd ,slk ikyu bl vf/kfu;e ds ;k fdlh vU; fof/k ds v/khu vfHk{kE; ugha dj fn;k x;k gS] ;k rks djuk pkfkg;s ;k djus dk is'kd'k djuh pkfg;sA \ i{kdkj dh e`R;q ds ekeys esa i{kdkj dk izfrfuf/k rc rd lafonk dk ikyu djsxk] tc rd dh lafonk ls foijhr Hkko vkus yxsA gkWykafd dks futh lsokvksa ds ekeys esa i{kdkj dk izfrfuf/k nkf;Ro eqDr gksxk tSls dh ,d dykdkj }kjk rLohj cukus ds ekeys esa ¼/kkjk 37½ ,d i{kdkj djkj ls izkIr gksus okys ykHk nwljs O;fDr dks iznku dj ldrk gsa ijUrq lafonk O;fDrxr ;k fuft LoHkko dh ugha gksuh pkfg, rFkk lkFk gh lkFk djkj }kjk ;g fuf"k/k ugha gksuk pkfg,A lafonk esa ,d i{kdkj nwljs i{kdkj dh lgefr ls viuk drZO; nwljs O;fDr dks lkSai ldrk gs] ijUrq ;gk¡ lafonk dk uohuhdj.k vko';d gsA (Khardah Co. Ltd. Vs. Rayman & Co. (Indi) Ltd. AIr 1962 SC 1810)
;fn ekeys ds Lo:i ls ;g izrhr gks fd fdlh lafonk ds i{kdkjksa dk ;g vk'k; Fkk fd mlesa vUrfoZ"V fdlh izfrKk dk Lo;a izfrKkdrkZ }kjk ikyu fd;k tkuk pkfg;s rks ,slh izfrKk izfrKkdrkZ }kjk ikyu dh tkuh pkfg;sA nwljs
ekeyksa esa izfrKkdÙkkZ ;k mlds izfrfuf/k mldk ikyu djus ds fy, fdlh l{ke O;fDr dks fu;ksftr dj ldsx a As ¼/kkjk 40½ tc fd izfrKkxzghrk fdlh vU; O;fDr ls izfrKk dk ikyu izfrxzghr djrk gs rks og mldk ikyu izfrKkdrkZ ls rRi'pkr~ ugha djk ldrkA ¼/kkjk 41½ tc nks ;k vf/kd O;fDr;ksa us dksbZ la;qDr izfrKk dh gS] rc tc rd fd lafonk ls izfrdwy vk'k; izrhr u gks] vius la;qDr thou ds nkSjku esa ,sls lc O;fDr;ksa dks muesa ls fdlh dh e`R;q ds rRi'pkr~ mÙkjthoh ;k mÙkjthfo;ksa ds lkFk la;qDr:is.k mlds izfrfuf/k dks vkSj vfUre mÙkjthoh dh e`R;q ds i'pkr~ la;qDr:is.k izfrfuf/k;ksa dksml izfrKk dks iwjk djuk pkfg;sA ¼/kkjk 42½ tc fd nks ;k vf/kd O;fDr dksbZ la;qDr izfrKk djrs gSa rc izfrKkxzghrk] ,sls la;qDr izfrKkdrkZvksa esas ls fdlh ,d ;k vf/kd dks iw.kZ izfrKk ds ikyu ds fy,] mlds izfrdwy vfHkO;Dr djkj dh vuqifLFkfr esa] etcwj dj ldsxkA ¼/kkjk 43½ VsªMj & ;fn i{kdkj lafonk ds izorZu ds izLrkfor djrh gS rFkk VsªMj Lohdk;Z ugha gqvk gsa rc i{kdkj fdlh d`R; ds fy, ftEesnkj ugha gksxh] i{kdkj ds vf/kdkj lafonk esa fufgr gksrs gSa c'krsZa izLrko fu'krZ gks izLrko mfpr le; rFkk LFkku ij fn;k x;k gks ;fn og izLFkkiuk opuxzfgrk dks dksbZ pht ifjnÙk djus ds fy, gks rks
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies .
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
opuxzfgrk dks ;g ns[kus dk ;qfDr;qDr volj feyuk gh pkfg, fd izLFkkfir pht ogh pht ifjnÙk djus ds fy, opunkrk vius vkc) gSaA n`"Vkar & A, B dks dqN lkeku cspus ij jkth gksrk gSA djkj ds vuqlkj A lkeku dks B dh QSDVªh rd igqpk,axk] dk;kZy; le; esaA ijUrq A ckn esa lkeku dks B dk;kZy; ds ikl fLFkr jsyos LVs'ku ij igq¡pkus dh ckr djrk gSa jkr ds le; esAa ;g VsªMj 'kwU; gS] rFkk ;g A dks mldh ftEesnkjh;ksa ls eqDr ugha djrk (Based on Re Andrew Yule & Co. AIR 143L Cal 879)
VsªMj vko';d ugha gS ;fn ;g Li"V gS fd nwljk i{kdkj mls Lohdkj us ls euk dj nsxkA (International Contractors Ltd. Vs. Prasant Kumar Sur (decd) AIR 1962 SC 77)
opu dk iw.kZr % ikyu djus ls i{kdkj ds bUdkj dk izHkko & tcfd fdlh lafonk ds ,d i{kdkj us vius opu dk iw.kZr% ikyu djus ls bUdkj dj fn;k gks ;k ,slk ikyu djus ds fy, vius dks fu;ksZX; cuk fy;k gksrc opuxzfgrk lafonk dk vUr dj ldsxk] ;fn muls mldks pkyw j[kus dh 'kCnksa }kjk ;k vkpj.k }kjk viuh miefr laKkfir u dj nh gksA n`"Vkar & A, B ds lkFk ;g lafonk djrk gs fd og mldh laifr esa ls ydM+h dky LVs'ku ds ikl [kM+h A dh xkM+h esa igq¡pk, ijUrq mlls igysgh A viuh xkM+h csp nsrk gS] vr% ;g (Anticipatory Breanch) dgyk,sxhA (Based on John usher Johes Vs. Edward Scott Grogan AIr 1919 PC 190)
tgk¡ fd izfrKkdrkZ dks viuh izfrKk dk ikyu izfrKkxzghrk }kjk vkosnu fn;s tkus ds fcuk lafonk ds vuqlkj djuk gS vkSj ikyu ds fy, dksbZ le; mfYyf[kr ugha gS] ogk¡ opuca/k dk kyu ;qfDr;qDr le; ds Hkhrj djuk iM+x s kA ¼/kkjk 46½ /kkjk 48 ds vuqlkj] tc fdlh izfrKk dk ikyu fuf'pr fnu fd;k tkrk gS vkSj izfrKkxzghrk }kjk vkosnu fd;s tkus ds fcuk mldk ikyu djus dk izfrKkdrkZ us opu ugha fn;k gS rc mfpr LFkku ij vkSj dkjckj ds izkf;d le; ds Hkhrj ikyu ds fy, vkosnu djuk izfrKkxzghrk dk drZO; gSA tc fd fdlh izfrKk dk ikyu izfrKkxzghrk }kjk vkosnu ds fd;s tkus ds fcuk fd;k tkuk gS vkSj mlds ikyu ds fy, dksbZ LFkku fu;r ugha gS rc izfrkkdrkZ dk drZO; gS f dog izfrKk ds ikyu dks ;qfDr;qDr LFkku fu;qDr djus ds fy, izfrKkxzghrh ls vkosnu djs vkSj ,sls LFkku esa mldk ikyu djsA n`"Vkar & A, B dh iq=h ds fookg ij feBkbZ Hkstus dk oknk djrk gS A us ;g Li"V fd feBkbZ fookg esa vk, esgekuksa ds fy, gS tks fd ,d fu;r frfFk dks vk,sxsA B ml fu;r frfFk dks feBkbZ igqpkus esa vleFkZ jgrk gS vr% A djkj dks jí dj ldrk gSA n`"Vkar & A, B ls dqN [kjhnrk gS] tks fd nwljs 'kCn esa gSA lkeku [kjhnus ds ckn A, B ls dgrk gSfd os A ds n¶rj vkdj lkeku ys tk,A ;g rc rd v;qfDr;qDr gS tc rd B us ,slk u dgk gksA (Gopiram Kashiram Vs. Shankar Rao AIR 1950 MB 72)
ikyu dk le; rFkk LFkku ©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies .
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
fdlh Hkh opu dk kyu ml izdkj ls vkSj le; ij fd;k tk ldrk gS ftls opuxzfgrk fofgr djsA ¼/kkjk 50½ n`"VkUr & ,d fdjk;snkj edku ekfyd B dks euhvkMZj ls fdjk;k Hkstrk gS] A euhvkMZj 'kqYd fdjk;s esa ls dkV ysrk gSA ;g ,d oS| ikyu ugha gksxh tc rd fd B bl ij jkth uk gks tk,sA (Narayanrao Jageshwar Rao Vs. Tanbaji Damaji AIr 1954 Nang. 270)
fdlh vlaHko ÑR; dks djus okyk djkj vius vki esa 'kwU; gSA tgk¡ ,d O;fDr dks dqN ÑR; djus dk djkj gS] ijUrq og O;fDr ;g ugha tkurk fd ;g ÑR; vlaHko rFkk voS/kkfud gS] ,slh fLFkfr esa opudrkZ mls uqdlku dk gtkZuk nsxkA ,sls dk;Z dks djus dh lafonk tks fd lafonk djus ds i'pkr~ vlaHko ;k fdlh ,slh ?kVuk ds dkj.k ftldk fuokj.k izfrKkdrkZ ugha dj ldrk Fkk ;k fof/k fo:) gks tkrk gS rks tc og dk;Z vlEHko ;k fof/k fo:) gks tk,] lafonk 'kwU; gks tk,xhA bls uSjk'; dk fl)kUr dgrs gSaA (S 56) n`"VkUr & A B dks tks nwljs ns'k esa jgrk gS fyulhM+ dk rsy mldsns'k esa Hkstus dk djkj djrk gS] ijUrq B ds ns'k esa fyulhM+ ds rsy dk vk;kr izfrca/khr gks tkrk gS] rc ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa ;g djkj uSjk'; ds fl)kUr ds vu:i 'kwU; gksxkA (Durga Devi Bhagat Vs JB Advani & Co. Ltd. (1970) 76 Cal WN 528)
djkj dk izorZu ;k mldk fØ;kUo;u vko';d :I ls vlEHko rFkk voS/kkfud gksuk pkfg, rHkh og frustration ds fl)kUr ds vuq:I gksxkA
fdlh djkj dks flQZ blfy, vlaHko ?kksf"kr ugha fd;k tk ldk D;ksfa d og cgqr eqf'dy gSA (Alopi Parshad & Sons Ltd. Vs. Union of India AIR 1960 SC 588).
n`"Vkar & A tks dh e'khuksa dk fuekZrk gS] B dks dqN e'khus fu/kkZfjr nkeksa eas cspus dk djkj djrk gS] ijUrq lHkh fuekZ.k 'kqYd 20% rd c<+ tkrk gS vc A dks e'khu cspus esa dksbZ equkQk ugha gSA ;g vlEHkork ugha gksxk rFkk djkj vHkh Hkh oS/k gS rFkk A dks mls iwjk djuk pkfg,A djkj djrs le; i{kdkj force majeure dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa] ftlds rgr dqN ,sls dkj.k ftuesa mij nksuksa i{kdkjksa dk fu;a=.k ugha gS ?kfVr gksrs rc ml ifjfLfkfr esa djkj ds fØ;kUo;u esa lEHkor% ifjorZu fd;s tk ldrs gSA uohuhdj.k ;fn djkj ds i{kdkj bl ckr ij jkth gksrs gSa fd mUgsa u;s djkj dh vko';drk gS ;k iqjkus djkj esa cnyko dh t:jr gSA rc og djkj dk uohuhdj.k dj ldrs gSaA ijUrq iohuhdj.k rc rd lEHko ugha gS] tc fd jkj ds lHkh i{kdkj bl ij jkth u gksA (SC 62) tgk¡ ekSfyd lafonk Hkax gks pqdh gS sogk¡ lafonk dk uohuhdj.k lk/kj.kr% ekU; ugha gSA izR;sd izfrKkxzghrk vius ls dh xbZ fdlh izfrKk ds ikyu dk iw.kZr% ;k Hkkxr% vfHkekspu dj ldsxk ;k ,sls ikyu ds fy, le; dks foLrkfjr dj ldsxk] ;k mlds LFkku esa fdlh rqf"V dks] ftls og Bhd le>rk gS] izfrxzghr dj ldsxkA
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies .
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
n`"Vkar & A B ls 10]000 :I;s dtZ ysrk gS A, B dks 5000 pwdk nsrk gS] ,slh fLFkfr esa B 'ks"k jkf'k ls A dks eqDr dj nsrk] ;g iw.kZr% vfHkekspu gSA rFkk A dks 'ks"k /ku dh vko';drk ughaA 'kwU;dj.kh; lafonk ds fo[k.Mu ds ifj.kke % tc dksbZ O;fDr] ftlds fodYi ij dksbZ lafonk 'kwU;dj.kh; gS mls fo[kf.Mr djrk gS rc mlds nwljs i{kdkj ds fy, mlesa vUrfoZ"V fdlh izfrKk dk] ftlesa fd og izfrKkdÙkkZ gS] ikyu djuk vko';d ugha gSA 'kwU;dj.kh; lafonk dks fo[kf.Mr djus okyk i{kdkj] ;fn mlus ,slh lafonk esa ds nwljs i{kdkj ls rn~/khu dksbZ ykHk izkIr fd;k gS] ,sls ykHk dks ;Fkk'kfDr ml O;fDr dks] ftlls fd izkIr fd;k fkk] izR;kforZr djsxkA ¼/kkjk 64½A tc fd dksbZ djkj 'kwU; ik;k tkrk gS ;k tc dksbZ lafonk 'kwU; gks tkrh gS rc ftl O;fDr us ,sls djkj ;k lafonk ds v/khu dksbZ izykHk izkIr fd;k gS] ml izykHk dks ml O;fDr dks] ftlls mlus izkIr fd;k gS] izR;kofrZr ;k mlds fy, izfrdj nsus ds fy, ckè; gSA ¼/kkjk 65½ n`"Vkar & A tks fd edku ekfyd gS B ls tks fd fdjk;snkj gS fdjk;k fu;a=k.k fo/kku ls vf/kd fdjk;k ysrk gSa vr% A dks vfrfjDr fdjk;k B dks ykSvkuk pkfg, (Somraj Vs Jethmal AIR 1957 Raj. 392)
lafonk Hkax gksus ds ifj.kke & dbZ ekeyksa esa ,d i{kdkj lafonk Hkax gksus ds fojks/k esa okn ykrk gSA bldk mís'; ;g gksrk gS fd djkj dk nwljk i{kdkj ftlus lafonk Hkax dh gS vius nkf;Roksa rFkk mRrjnkf;Roksa dk
fuoZgu djsAa bls fofufnZ"V vuqrks"k dgrs gSa rFkk blls lacaf/kr leLr fo/kku fofufnZ"V vuqrks"k vf/kfu;e 1963 esa mfYyf[kr gSA lafonk dk fofufnZ"V ikyu U;k;ky; ds foosdkuqlkj fuEufyf[kr ekeyksa esa izofrZr djk;k tk ldrk gS & ¼d½ tcfd ml dk;Z dk] ftls djus dk djkj gqvk gS vikyu }kjk dkfjr uqdlku dk vfHkfu'p; djus dk dksbZ ekud fo|eku u gks] vFkok ¼[k½ tcfd og dk;Z] ftlds djus dk djkj gqvk gks fd vikyu ds fy;s /ku ds :I esa izfrdj ;Fkk;ksX; vuqrks"k u igq¡prk gksA¼/kkjk 10½ Li"Vhdj.k & tc rd vkSj tgk¡ rd fd rRizfrdwy fl) u fd;k tk;] U;k;ky; ;g mi/kkfjr djsxk fd & LFkkoj lEifÙk ds vUrj.k dh lafonk ds Hkax dk /ku ds :i esa izfrdj }kjk ;Fkk;ksX; vuqrks"k ugha fn;k tk ldrk] rFkk taxe lEifÙk ds vUrj.k dh lafonk Hkax dk bl izdkj vuqrks"k fn;k tk ldrk gS flok; fuEufyf[kr n'kkvksa ds & tgk¡ fd lEifÙk ekewyh okf.kT; oLrq u gks vFkok oknh ds fy;s mldk fo'ks"k ewY; ;k fgr dh gks vFkok ,slk eky gks tks cktkj esa lqxerk ls vfHkizkIr u gks] tgk¡ fd lEifÙk izfroknh }kjk oknh ds vfHkdrkZ ;k U;klh ds :i esa /kkfjr gksA n`"Vkar & A, B dks Steel nsus dh ?kks"k.kk djrk gSA ijUrq mlh le; LVhy dEiuh esa gM+rky tks tkrh gS] rFkk LVhy izkIr djuk
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies .
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
cgqr eqf'kdy gksrk gSA ;fn bl ifjfLFkfr esa A, B dks LVhy nsus ls euk djrk gS rks A ds fo:) fofufnZ"V vuqrks"k dh vkKkdkjh gks ldrh gSA (Howard E Perry & Co. Ltd. Vs.
i{kdkj ds okn ykus ij pwd ;k O;frØe djus okys i{kdkj dks ;g funs'k ns ldrk gS fd lafonk ds vius mrus Hkkx dk] ftrus dk og ikyu djldrk gS] fofufnfZ"V ikyu djsA
British Railway Board (1980 2 All ER 579)
tcfd lafonk dk dksbZ Hkkx ftldk] ;fn mls vyx ls ys rks fofufnZ"V ikyu fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj fd;k tkuk pkfg;s] mlh lafonk ds ,sls vU; Hkkx ls i`Fkd vkSj Lora= vk/kkj ij [kM+k gS ftldk fofufnZ"V ikyu dk funs'k ns ldrk gSA
n`"Vkar & A, B dks dqN iqjkus vPNk ydM+h dk lkeku nsus ds fy, jkth gksrk gS] ijUrq ckn esa og B dks nsus ls euk dj nsrk gS ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa B, A ds fo:) fofufn"V vuqrks"k ugha yk ldrk] D;ksafd B ,d nqdkunkj tks lkeku dks cspus ds fy, [kjhn jgk gS (Cohen Vs Rocho (1927) 1 KB 169)
U;klh }kjk viuh 'kfDr;ksa ds ckgj ;k U;klHkax esa dh xbZ lafonk dk fofufnZ"Vr% izorZu ugha djk;k tk ldrk gSA ¼/kkjk 11½ U;k;ky; fdlh lafonk ds fdlh Hkkx ds fofufnZ"V ikyu dk vkns'k ugha nsxkA tc rd fd tgk¡ fd fdlh lafonk dk dksbZ i{kdkj lafonk esa vius iwjs Hkkx dk ikyu djus esa vleFkZ gS ijUrq og Hkkx ftls vikfyr jg tkuk gS] iwjs Hkkx ds ewY; ds vuqikr esa cgqr de gS rFkk mlds fy;s /ku ds :i esa izfrdj fn;k tk ldrk gS] og nksuksa i{kdkjksa esa ls fdlh Hkh ds okn ykus ij U;k;ky; lafonk esa mrus Hkkx ds fofufnZ"V ikyu dk funs'k ns ldrk gS ftrus dk ikyu fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk 'ks"k ds fy;s /ku ds :i eas izfrdj fnyok ldrk gSA tgk¡ fd lafonk dk dksbZ i{kdj mlesa ds vius Hkkx dk ikyu djus esa vleFkZ gks og Hkk ftls vikfyr jg tkuk gS ;k rks & ogk¡ og fofufnZ"V ikyu ds fy;s fMØh izkIr djus dk gdnkj ugha gS fdUrq U;k;ky; nwljs
n`"Vkar & A, B dks 100 ,dM+ Hkwfe cspus dks jkth gksrk gSa ckn esa irk pyrk gS fd A ds ikl flQZ 98 ,dM+ gSA rFkk 'ks"k 2 ,dM+ fdlh vU; dh gSA tks fd mls cspus ls euk dj nsrk gSA ;g 2 ,dM+ 98 ,dM+ ds iz;ksx ds fy, vko';d ugha gSA rFkk u gh ;s bruh egRoiw.kZ gh gS fd blds uqdlku dk eqvkotk u fn;k tk ldsA bl ifjfLFkfr esa B ds okn ds ekeys esa A dks ;g vknsf'kr fd;k tk ldrk gS fd og B dks 98 ,dM+ u nsus ds fy, eqvkotk ns vFkok A ds okn esa B dks 98 ,dM+ ds dher nsus ds fy, jkth fd;k tk ldrk gSA ftuesa ls og 2 ,dM+ dh fder dqy esa ls dkV ysA lafonk,sa ftudk fofufnZ"Vr% izoruZ ugha djk;k tk ldrk gSA fuEufyf[kr lafonkvksa dks fofufnZ"Vr% izofrZr ugha djk;k tk ldrk] vFkkZr~ og lafonk ftlds vikyu ds fy;s /ku ds :I esa izfrdj ;Fkk;ksX; vuqrks"k gS] og lafonk ftlesa lw{e ;k cgqr ls C;kSjs gksa vFkok tks i{kdkjksa dh oS;fDrd vgZrkvksa ;k Los{Nk ij bruh vkfJr gks vU;Fkk viuh izÑfr ds dkj.k ,slh gksfd U;k;ky; mlds
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies .
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
rkfRod fucU/kuksa ds fofufnZ"V ikyu dk izorZu u djk ldrk gks]
gks] ijUrq ;g rc tc fd fuEufyf[kr 'krsZa iwjh gks tk,¡] vFkkZr~ &
og lafonk tks viuh izÑfr ls gh i;Zols; gks
fuekZ.k ;k vU; ladeZ lafonk esai;kZIr :I ls izfer 'kCnksa esa of.kZr gks fd U;k;ky; fuekZ.k ;k laxeZ dh Bhd&Bhd izÑfr dk vo/kkj.k djus esa leFkz gks lds]
n`"Vkar & A rFkk B ,d djkj djrs gSa ftlesa B fcuk iwoZlwpuk ds rfkk fcuk dkj.k ds djkj fujLr dj ldrk gSA A bl izdkj dk fofufnZ"Vr izorZu ugha djk ldrkA (Dharam Veer Vs. Union of India AIR 1989 Del 227)
og lafonk ftlds ikyu esa ,slk lrr & drZO; ikyu vUroZfyr gks ftldk U;k;ky; i;Zo{s k.k ugha dj ldrk gSA mijksDr fn;s x;s fcUnqvksa ds vfrfjDr fuEufyf[kr n'kkvksa esa U;k;y; fofufnZ"V dk ikyu izorZu djk ldsxkA tgk¡ fd okn ,slh lafonk ds izorZu ds fy;s gks tks & fdlh ,sls _.k izfrlank; dks izfrHkwr djus ds fy;s] ftls m/kkj ysus okyk rR{k.k izfrlanÙk djus dks jtkeUn u gks] ca/kd fu"iknu djus ;k dksbZ vU; izfrHkwfr nsus ds fy;s gks & fdlh dEiuh ds dksbZ fMcsUpj ysus vkSj mlds fufeÙk lank; djus ds fy;s gks]
lafonk ds ikyu esa oknh dk lkjHkwr fgr gks vkSj fgr Hkh ,slh izÑfr dk gks fd /ku ds :I esa izfrdj mlds vikyu ds fy;s ;Fkk;ksX; vuqrks"k u gks] rFkk lafonk ds vuqlj.k esa izfroknh us ml leLr Hkwfe ;k mlds fdlh Hkkx dk dCtk vfHkizkIr dj fy;k gks ftl ij fuekZ.k rS;kj ;k vU; ladeZ fu"ikfnr fd;k tkrk gSA ¼/kkjk 14½ n`"Vkar & A, B dks dEiuh ds dqN ,sls 'ks;j [kjhnus ds fy, jkth dj ysrk gS] ijUrq ;g 'ks;j lafonk dk fgLlk ugha gSA ;fn A vc 'ks;jksa esa euk djrk gS rks B, A ds fo:) fofufnZ"V ikyu ds fy, fMØh yk ldrk gSA pwafd 'ks;j miyC/k ugha gS vr% ekSfnzd jkgr mfpr ugha jgsxhA (Based on Langen and Wind Ltd. Vs. Bell 1972) 1 All ER 296)
fdlh QeZ ds lk>hnkj ds va'k ds Ø; ds fy;s gks]
os lafonk,sa tks i{kdkjksa dh ethZ ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gS] os leLr lafonk,sa lsok lafonk,a dgykrh gSA tgk¡ ij O;fDr dh dqN fuf'pr ;ksX;rk,sa rFkk fo'ks"krk,a lafonk djus okys i{kdkj ds eu fLFkfr ds mij fuHkZj djrh gSA ;fn bl izdkj dh lafonkvksa dk fofufnfZ"Vr izorZu djk;k tkrk gS rks lEHko gS fd ewy mís';ksa dh izfIr u gks ik,A (Robert D'Silva
tgk¡ fd okn ,slh lafonk dk izorZu djkus ds fy;s gks tks dksbZ fuekZ.k rS;kj djus ds fy;s ;k Hkwfe ij dksbZ vU; ladeZ ds fu"iknu ds fy;s
n`"Vkar & A tks fd ,d lkfgR;dkj gS rFkk B tks fd ,d izdk'kd gS ds lkFk ,d djkj
tgk¡ fd okn & lk>snkjh ds izk:fid foys[k ds fu"iknu ds fy;s gks] lk>snkjh ds dkjckj dk pykuk i{kdkjksa us izkjEHk dj fn;k gks] vFkok
Vs. Rohini Enterprises AIR 1987 Kant 57)
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
djrk gS] ijUrq B bls A ds fo:) fofufnZ"Vr izorfu; ugha djk ldrk gSA n`"Vkar & A, B dks ,d IykV esa ls isM+ dkVus ds fy, fu;qDr djrk gSA A fofufnZ"V :i ls ;g djkj ykxw dj ldrk gSA D;ksafd ;g djkj i{kdkjksa ds bPNk ij vk/kkfjr ugha gSA (Robert D'Silva Vs. Rohini Enterprises AIR 1987 Kant 57)
fofufnZ"V vuqrks"k vf/kfu;e] 1963 dh /kkjk 16 ds vuqlkj & lafonk dk fofufnZ"V ikyu fdlh ,sls O;fDr ds i{k esa ugha djk;k tk ldrk & tks mlds Hkax ds fy;s izfrdj olwy djus dk gdnkj ugha gS] vFkok tks lafonk ds fdlh eeZHkwr fucU/ku dk] ftldk mldh vksj ls ikyu fd;k tkuk 'ks"k gS] ikyu djus esa vleFkZ gks x;k gS] ;k mldk vfrØe.k djrk gS] ;k lafonk ds izfr diV djrk gS vFkok tku&cw>dj ,slk dk;Z djrk gS tks lafonk }kjk LFkkfir fd;s tkus ds fy;s vk'kf;r laca/k dk folaoknh gS] vFkok tks ;g izdFku rfkk fl) djus esa vlQy jgrk gS fd mlus lafonk ds mu fucU/kuksa ls fHkUu ftudk ikyu izfroknh }kjk fuokfjr fd;k x;k gS] ,sls eeZHkwr fucU/kuksa dk] tks mlds }kjk ikyu fd;s tkrs gs] mlus ikyu fd;k gS vFkok ikyu djus ds fy;s] og lnk rS;kj rFkk jtkean ;k bPNqd jgk gSA n`"Vkar & A, B dks dqN lkeku cspus dks rS;kj gksrk gSA dqN lkeku iznku djus ds ckn og A lkeku yxkrkj iznku djus esa vleFkZ gksrk gSA blls ;g lkn`'; gksrk gS fd A iw.kZ:is.k lafonk ds izorZu ds fy, rS;kj ugha FkkA rFkk A fofufnZ"V vuqrks"k dh ekax ugha dj ldrkA (Based on Sun Permanent Benefit Building
Society Vs. Western Susmban and Harrow Road Permanent Building Society (1921) All ER Rep. 690).
fofufnfZ"V ikyu dh fMØh djus ds vf/kdkfjrk oSosfod gS vkSj U;k;ky; ,slk vuqrks"k iznku djus ds fy;s vkc) ugha gS dsoy bl dkj.k fd ,slk djuk fof/kiw.kZ gS fdUrq U;k;ky; dk ;g foosdk/kkj euekuk ugha oju lqLFk (sound) vkSj ;qfDr;qDr] U;kf;d fl)kUrksa }kjk ekxZnf'kZr rFkk vihy U;k;ky; }kjk ;qfDr;qDr gSA fuEufyf[kr n'kk,a ,slh gSa ftuesa U;k;ky; fofufnZ"V ikyu dh fMØh u djus ds vius foosdkf/kdkj dk mfprr;k iz;ksx dj ldsxk & tgk¡ fd lafonk ds fucU/ku ;k lafonk djdus ds le; i{kdkjksa dk vkpj.k ;k vU; ifjfLFkfr;k¡ ftuds v/khu lafonk dh xbZ gS] ,slh gSa fd lafonk 'kwU;dj.kh; ugha gS] rFkkfi oknh dh izfroknh ds Åij v_tq (unfair) Qk;nk nsrh gS] vFkok tgk¡ fd lafonk dk ikyu izfroknh dks ,sls d"V esa Mkynsxk ftldh og igys ls dYiuk ugha dj ldk Fkkvksj mldk vikyu oknh dks oSls fdlh d"V esa ugha Mkysxk] tgk¡ fd izfroknh us lafonk ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds v/khu dh gks ftuls ;|fi lafonk 'kwU;dj.kh; rks ugha gks tkrh fdUrq mlds fofufnZ"V ikyu dk izorZu vlkfE;d gks tkrk gSA ¼/kkjk 20½ n`"Vkar & A viuh Hkwfe B dks cspus ds fy, djkj djrk gSa ftl le; i{kdkj djkj dj jgs Fks] ml le; ,d utj [kksnh xbZ] ftlds dkj.k Hkwfe dh dher rsth ls c<+ xbZ] B dks ;s irk Fkk] ijUrq A dks ughaA ekeys esa fofufnZ"V
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
vuqrks"k ugha fn;k tk ldrkA (Ramakrishna Naidu Vs. Palaniappa Chettiar AIR 1963 Mad 17)
fdlh lafonk ds fofufnZ"V ikyu ds okn esa oknh ds ,sls ikyu ds ;k rks vfrfjDr ;k LFkku ij] mlds Hkax ds fy;s izfrdj dk Hkh nkok djldrk gSA ;fn ,sls fdlh okn esa U;k;ky; bl fu.kZ; ij igq¡rk gS fd fofufnZ"V ikyu dk vuqrks"k rks ugha fn;k tkuk pkfg;s fdUrq i{kdkjksa ds eè; ,slh lafonk gS tks izfroknh }kjk Hkax dh xbZ gS vkSj ml Hkax ds fy;s izfrdj izkIr djdus dk gdnkj gS] rks mls rnuqlkj oSlk izfrdj iznku dj ldrk gSA ,sls fdlh Hkh eqvkotsa dh jkf'k dk fu/kkZj.k djrsle; U;k; lafonk vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 73 dk vuqlj.k dj ldrs gSa ¼/kkjk 21½ n`"Vkar & A, B dks viuk edku 10]00]000 :i;s esa cspus dks jkth gksrk gSA B iSls dk Hkqxrku djnsrk gS] ijUrq mls edku ij eyfd;r ugha feyrhA lquokbZ esa rhu lky ckn B ds i{k esa U;k;y; fofufnZ"V vuqrks"k tkjh djrk gS] ijUrq ekeys esa U;k;y; B dks eqvkotk Hkh fnyok ldrk gS D;ksafd B rhu o"kksZa rd lEifÙk dk iz;ksx ugha dj ikrk gSA (Based on illustration to the third paragraph of S19 of the (repeated) Specific Relief Act, 19877).
ftl lafonk dk fofufnZ"Vr% izorZu vU;Fkk mfpr gks] ;|fi mlds Hkax dh n'kk esa lsns; jde ds rkSj ij dksbZ jkf'k mlesa ukfer gks vkSj O;frØe ;k pwd djus okys i{kdkj mls nsus ds fy;s jtkeUn ;k bPNqd gSa rFkkfi mldk ,slk izorZu fd;k tk ldsxk] ;fn U;k;ky; dk lafonk ds fucU/kksa vkSj vU; fo|eku ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq;s
lek/kku gks tk; fd mDr jkf'k dsoy lafonk ds ikyu dks lqfuf'pr djus ds iz;kstu ls gh ukfer fd;k x;k gS] u fd O;fDrØe djus okys i{kdkj dks ;g fodYi nsus ds iz;kstu ls fd og fofufnZ"V ikyu ds LFkku ij /ku dk lank; dj ldsA ¼/kkjk 23½ ^d* ,slh lEifÙk dk mi&iV~Vk ^[k* dks iznku djrk gS ftls ^d* ^x* ds v/khu /kkfjr fd;s gq;s gSA rFkk og ^x* mDr mi&iV~Vsdh oS/krk iznku djus ds fy;s dgsxkA ;fn ykblsal ;k oS/krk izkIr ugha gks tkrh gS rks ^d* ^[k* dks 10]000 :i;s nsxkA ^d* ^x* ls ykbls izkIr djus ds fy;s dgus ls bUdkj djrk gS rFkk ^[k* dks 10]000 :i;s nsus dk dizLrko djrk gSA blds ckotwn ;fn ^x* ykblsal nsus dh lEifr ns nsrk gS rks ^[k* lafonk dk fofufnZ"V ikyu djk ldrk gSA (Based on illustration to S-20 of the (repeated) Specific Relief Act 1877)
lafonk ds mYy?ku ds izHkko & uqdlku tc fd dksbZ lafonk Hkax dj nh xbZ gS rc og i{kdkj] tks fd ,slh HkXurk ls ihfM+r gksrk gS] ml i{kdkj ls] ftles lafonk Hkax dh gS] vius dks ml HkXurk ls gqbZ fdlh ,slh gkfu ;k uqdlku ds fy,] tks fd ,slh ?kVukvksa ds izkf;d vuqØe esas izÑR;k ,slh HkXurk ls mn~Hkwr gqbZ vFkok ftlds ckjs esa i{kdkj ml le; tc fd lafonk dh xbZ Fkh] ;g tkurs Fks fd lafonk&Hkax dk lEHkkO; Qy og gkfu ;k uqdlku gksxk] izfrdkj ikus dk gdnkj gSA n`"Vkar & A ,d lEifÙk [kjhnrk gS ftlesa ,d dk;Z'kkyk gSA lEifÙk ds vanj tkus dk izos'k }kjk dkQh ladjk gS] ijUrq dk;Z'kkyk pykus ds fy, A dks pkSMs izos'k }kjk dh vko';drk gSA A vius odhyksa ij Hkjkslk djrk gS ftUgksaus mls Hkjkslk fnyk;k Fkk fd mls Hkwfe ds mij
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies .
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
ihNs ls Hkh izos'k dk vf/kdkj gSA ijUrq ihNs fLfkr IykWV ds ekfyd us mls ihns ls vius ij euk dj fn;kA ifj.kke Li:i A dk;Z'kkyk ugha pyk ik;k rFkk mls dk;Z'kkyk cgqr de dher esa cspuh iM+hA odhy ds fo:) okn esa A dks {kfriwfrZ iznku fd xbZ ftldk dh uqdlku mls lEifÙk [kjhnrs csprs le; gqvk FkkA (Hayes Vs. James and Charles Dodd (1990) 2 All ER 815)
mPpre U;k;ky; us lkeku dh fczdh ls laca/khr j{kfr dks vkadus ds fy, fuEu fl)kUr dk izorZu fd;k gSA tks fd ¼d½ ftl i{kdkj us lafcnk ds myya?ku dks fl) dj fn;k gS tgk¡ rd lEHko gS rFkk tgk¡ rd /ku }kjk ,slk gks lds] mls ,slh fLFkfr esa igq¡pkus dh ps"Vk dh tk; tSls fd lafonk dk ikyu gqvk gksrk rks og gksrkA ¼[k½ oknh dk ;g dkuwuh dÙkZO; gS fd og ,sls lHkh ;qfDr;qDr dne mBk;s ftlls lafonk ds mYya?ku ds ifj.kkeLo:i de ls de gkfu gksA ¼x½ ;fn oknh lafonk dk mYya?ku fl) dj nsrk gS vkSj ;g fl) djus esa vlQy jgrk gS fd mlus gkfu dks de djus gsrq ;qfDr;qDr dne mBk;s] og ml gn rd eqvkotk izkIr ugha dj ik;sxk tks og vius ;qfDr;qDr dne mBkdj de dj ldrk FkkA (Murlidhar Chiranjilal Vs Harishchandra Dwarkadas AIR 1962 SC 366)
n`"Vkar & A tks dh uhykeh esa lcls cM+h cksyh yxkrk gS og yxkbZ xbZ cksyh dh dher nsus esa vleFkZ jgrk gSa B tks dh uhykehdrkZ gS mls vxyh lokZf/kd cM+h cksyh dks Lohdk;Z djuk pkfg,] ;fn og miyC/k gks rks rkfd uqdlku dks de fd;k tk ldsA (AR Krishnamurthy Vs. Arni Municipality (1955) 1 Mad LJ 437)
gkWykafd uqdlku ds vkadyu dks ysdj lafonk vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 73 esa lkekU; fl)kUr fn;s
gq, gSA ijUrq fofHkUu izdkj dh lafonkvksa esa vkadyu ls lacaf/kr izko/kkuksa dks U;k;ky;ksa us o"kksZa esa fodflr fd;k gS mnkgj.k ds fy, & n`"Vkar & A ,d] ,d ?kksM+k B ¼mifugfr½ ds ikl NksM+ nsrk gS] ;fn B dh eyfd;r esa ,d dks LFkkbZ vikfjtrk izkIr gksrh gSA bl fLFkfr esa {kfr ukeus ds fy, ?kksM+s dh okLrfod dher rfkk mlds LoLFk gksus dh dher ds eè; tks varj gSA (Hastmal Vs. Raffi Uddin AIR 1953 Bhopal S)
n`"Vkar & fuekZ.k vuqca/k] A tks fd ,d Bsdsnkj gS] bekjr dk fuekZ.k dk;Z jksd nsrk gS] bl fLFkfr esa {kfr dk ekiu] edku ds iwjk cuus esa vkus okyh fder gSA n`"Vkar & lkeku cspus esa & A ,d Øsrk gS rFkk B ,d foØsrk ,d lkeku cspus dh lafonk djrs gSA B lkeku [kjhnus esa vleFkz jgrk gS rks] rks A ds;j vf/kdkj feyrk gSA os lkeku dks iqu% csp ldrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa {kfr dk ekiulafonk esa fu/kkZfjr dh xbZ dher] rFkk lkeku dks iqu% cspus dh dher ds vUrj ds leku gksxkA ;fn ;qfDr;qDr le; ds Hkhrj lkeku dks iqr% ugha cspk tk ldk rks {kfr dk ekiu lafonk esa fu/kkZfjr ewY; rFkk lafonk Hkax gksus okys fnu lekeku dh cktkj esa dher esa varj ds cjkcj gksxhA (Bismi Abdullah & Sons Merchants and Commission Agent & Vs. Regional Manager Food Corporation of India, Trivandrum, AIr 1989 Ker 56)
fo'ks"k uqdlku (Special Damages) & fo'ks"k uqdlku dsoy mlh n'kk esa izkIr fd;s tk ldrs gSa tc fd oknh rFkk izfroknh us lafonk djrs le; mldh iwoZdYiuk dj yh FkhA n`"Vkar & A tks fd ,d fey dk ekfyd gS viuh fey dh VwVh gqbZ ØkUdlk¶V dks ejEer ds fy, B dks nsrk gS B mls ykSVkus esa FkksM+k foyEc djrk gSA B dks ;s tjk Hkh vnkatk ugha gksrk fd A ds ikl ;s vdsyh ØkUdlk¶V gS
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
blds ifj.kkeLo:I mldh fey can iM+h gSA A fey can gksus ds dkj.k gq, ?kkVs dh HkjikbZ ds fy, B ij cknykrk gSA ekeys dh lquokbZ esa U;k;ky; us A dk okn [kkfjt djrs gq, ;g ?kks"k.kk dh fd izfroknh dks bl ckr dh tkudkjh ugha Fkh fd A ds ikl bdykZrh Økudlk¶V gSA ogh nwljh vksj ;fn B dks bl ckr dk irk gksrk rks A, B ls fey can gksus ds dkj.k gq, uqdlku dh HkjikbZ dj ldrk FkkA (Hadley Vs. Baxendale, [1843-60] All
A dks ykSVkus ij nqdkunkjksa dks mudk tek iSlk fey tkrk FkkA A vius nqdkunkjksals ;g pkgrk gS fd cksrys xzkgdksa dks uk nh tk, rFkk A dks okil dj nh tk, ftlesa fd A dk dk;Z lrr~ :I ls pyrk jgsA ekeys dh lquokbZ esa ;g fu/kkZfjr gqvk fd nqdkunkjksa }kjk A ds ikl tek iSlk cksry u ykSVkus ij ifjfu/kkZfjr uqdlku dh HkjikbZ gSA (United Breweries
ER Rep 461)
Hkkjr esa ijØkE; fy[kr ls lEca/khr izko/kku ijØkE; fy[kr vf/kfu;e 1881 esa iw.kZ:is.k mYysf[kr gSA
n`"Vkar & A ,d Vsyj gS] mldk mís; ,d fuf'pr {ks= esa euk, tkus okys mRrLo ds {ks=ksa esa diM+s cukdj equkQk dekuk Fkk blh mís'; ls mlus jsyos esa flykbZ e'khu] rfkk diM+kas dk caMy ml fuf'pr LFkku rd igqWpkus ds fy, cqd djk;k] ijUrq mlus jsyos dEiuh dks ;g ughacrk;k] fd mldk mís'; R;kSgkj ds fnuksa esa equkQk dekuk gSA jsyos lkeku igq¡pkuseas foyac dj nsrk gSA rFkk A dks lkeku R;kSgkj ds ckn izkIr gksrk gSA A equkQs esa uqdlku rFkk vU; [kpksZa dh HkjikbZ ds fy, jsyos ls gjtkuk ughays ldrk D;ksafd vki ifjfLFkeh esa Hkh nksuksa i{kksa dks ;g gkfu gks ldrh FkhA (Madras Railway Co. Vs. Govinda Raw, (1987-98) ILR 20-21 Mad 478)
ifjfu/kkZfjr uqdlku rFkk 'kkflr % tc fd dksbZ lafonk Hkax dj nh x;h gS rc] ;fn ,slh HkXurk dh voLFkk esa nh tkus okyh jde ds :i esa dksbZ jkf'k lafonk esa ukekafdr gS] ;k ;fn 'kkfLr ds :i esa dksbZ vU; vuqca/k lafonk esa vUrfoZ"V gS] rc HkXurk dk ifjokn djus okyk i{kdkj] pkgs ;g fl) fd;k x;k gks ;k fl) u fd;k x;k gks fd ml HkXurk ls oLrqr% uqdlku ;k gkfu gqbZ gS] ml i{kdkj ls mls ftlus lafonk dh gS] ;FkkfLFkfr ml izdkj ukekafdr jde ;k vuqca/k 'kkfLr ls vf/kd u gksus okyk ;qfDr;qDr izfrdj ikus dk gdnkj gksxkA ¼ S-74) n`"Vkar & A ch;j dks cksry rFkk ØsV esa csprk gS rFkk nqdkunkjksa }kjk cksry rFkk ØsV okil
Ltd. Vs. State of Andhra Pradesh (1997) 3 SCC 530)
ijØkE; fy[kr ls rkRi;Z vkns”kkuqlkj ;k okgd dks ns; opu&i=] fofue; i= ;k pSd vfHkizsr gSA opui=] fofue; i= ;k pSd vkns”kkuqlkj ns; gS] ftldk ,sls ns; gksuk vfHkO;Dr gks ;k ftldh fdlh fof”k’V O;fDr dks ns; gksuk vfHkO;Dr gks vkSj ftlesa vUrj.k dks izfrf’k) djus okyk “kCn ;k ;g vk”k; minf”kZr djus okys “kCn fd og vUrj.kh; ugh gS] vUrfoZ’V u gksAa og opu i=] fofue; i= ;k pSd okgd dks ns; gS ftlesa ;g vfHkoDr gks fd og ,sls ns; gS ;k ftl ij ,dek= ;k vfUre i`’Bkadu fujad i`’Bkadu gSA tgk¡ fd opu i= fofue; i= ;k pSd dk ;k rks ewyr% ;k i`’Bkadu }kjk fofufnZ’V O;fDr ds vkns”kkuqlkj] u fd mls ;k mlds vkns”kkuqlkj ns; gksuk vfHkO;Dr gS ogk¡ ,slk gksus ij Hkh og mlds fodYi ij mls ;k mlds vkns”kkuqlkj lans; gSA fdlh fy[kr ijØE; ls rkRi;Z gS fdlh opui=] fofue; i= ;k pSd ds fdlh O;fDr ;k ,slk O;fDr dks tks fy[kr gS ds gLrkarj.k ls gSA ¼/kkjk 46&60 ijØkE; fy[kr vf/kfu;e½ tcfd opu&i=] fofue; i= ;k pSd fdlh
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
O;fDr dks ,sls vUrfjr dj fn;k tkrk gS fd og O;fDr mldk /kkjd gks tkrk gS rc og fy[kr ijØkfer dj nh xbZ gS] ;g dgk tkrk gSA ;fn i`’Bkad dsoy viuk uke gLrk{kfjr djrk gS rks i`’Bkadu ^^fujad** dgykrk gS vkSj ;fn og fy[kr esa of.kZr le fdlh fofufnZ’V O;fDr dks ;k mlds vkns”kkuqlkj lanl djus dk funs”k tksM+ nsrh gS rks i`’Bkdu iw.kZ dgykrk gS vkSj ,slk fofufnZ’V O;fDr fy[kr dk i`’Bkafdrh dgykrk gSA ¼/kkjk 14 o 16 ijØkE; fy[kr vf/kfu;e½ opui=] fofu;e i= rFkk pSd opui= ¼cSad uksV ;k djsalh uksV u gksuh okyh½ ,slh ys[kkc) fy[kr gS ftlesa ,d fuf”pr O;fDr dks ;k mlds vkns”kkuwlkj ;k ml fy[kr ds okgs ds /ku dh ,d fuf”pr jkf”k lanr djus dk mlds jpf;rk }kjk gLrk{kfjr v”krZ vUrfoZ’V gksA ¼/kkjk 4 Negotiable Instuments½
n`’Vkar%& A, B ds ikl dqN iSls tek djkrk gSA B, A dks ,d tek jf”kn nsrk gS ftles ;g opu Hkh gS fd ekaxs tkus ij B iSls okil dj nsxkA ;g ,d opu i= ugh gS] D;ksafd ;g ijØkE; ugh gS rFkk ;s flQZ ,d jf”kn gSA (Nawab Major Sir Mohammad Akbar Khan Vs. Attar Singh AIR 1936 PC 171)
fofue;&i= ,slh ys[kc) fyf[kr gSA ftlesa ,d fuf”pr O;fDr dks ;g funsZ”k nsus okys mlds jfp;rk }kjk gLrk{kfjr v”krZ] vkns”k] vUrfoZ’V gks og ,d fuf”pr O;fDr dks ;k mlds vkns”kkuqlkj ;k ml fyf[kr fd okgd dks gh /ku dh ,d fuf”pr jkf”k lanr djsA ¼/kkjk 5 Negotiable Instuments½
opui= ds ekeys esa opudrkZ opu i= dk Hkqxrku djrk gS ogh fofue; i= ds ekeys esa drkZ nwljs O;fDr dks funsZ”k nsrk gS fd og Hkqxrku djsA ;g Hkh dg ldrs gS fd opu i= drkZ ,d izhafliy MsoVj gksrk gS ogh fofue; i= okyk O;fDr Sureity. (Redha Kisan Vs Hiralal, AIR 1919 Nag 39; (Firm) Wallibhoy Suleman Vs (firm) Jagjiwandas Tulsidas AIR 1936 Nag 260)
^^pSd** ,d ,slk fofue; i= gS tks fofufnZ’V cSadj ij fy[kk x;k gS] vkSj ftldk ekax ij ls vU;Fkk ns; gksuk vfHkO;Dr ugh gS vkSj dkaV NkaV okys ¼:afM+r½ pSd dh bysDVªkfud Nfo ;k bysDVªkfud :i dk pSd lfEefyr gSA ¼/kkjk 6 Negotiable Instrument½
fofue; i=] pSd] opu i= lHkh /ku dk Hkqxrku esa iz;qDr gksrs gSA n`’Vkar%& A ,d ys[k esa B dks 500 k.g. pkoy nsus dk ok;nk djrk gSA ;g ,d opu i= ugh gS] D;ksafd bles iSlks ds Hkqxrku dk lanHkZ ugh gSA gj ,d ijØkE; fy[kr izfrQykFkZ jfpr ;k fy[kh xbZ Fkh vkSj ;g fd gj ,slh fyf[kr tc izfrx`ghr] i`’Bkafdr] ijØkfer ;k vUrfjr gks pqdh gks rc og izfrQykFkZ] izfrx`ghr] i`’Bkafdr] ijØkfer ;k vUrfjr dh xbZ gksA ijØkE; fy[kr dk /kkjd lE;d~&vuqØe&/kkjd gSA ¼/kkjk 118 Negotiable Instruments Act½
opu i=] fofue; i= ;k pSd /kkjd ls dksbZ Hkh ,slk O;fDr vfHkizsl gS tks Lo;a vius uke ls ml ij dCtk j[kus dk vkSj ml ij “kks/;
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
jde i{kdjks ls izkIr djus ;k olwy djus dk gdnkj gSA tgk¡ dh opui=] fofue; i= ;k pSd u’V gks tkrk gS ogk¡ mldk /kkjd og O;fDr gS tks [kksus ;k u’V gksus ds le; mldk ekfyd Fkk ¼/kkjk 8 Negotiable Instrument Act½ lE;d~ vuqØe&/kkjd ls dksbZ Hkh ,slk O;fDr vfHkizsr gS tks opu i=] fofue; i= ;k pSd esa of.kZr jde ds ns; gksus ls iwoZ vkSj ;g fo”okl djus dk fd ftl O;fDr ls mls viuk gd O;qRiUu gqvk gS ml O;fDr ds gd es dksbZ =qfV orZeku Fkh i;kZIr gscqd j[ks fcuk] ml n”kk esa ftlesa fd og okgd dks ns; gS ml ij izfrQykFkZ dkfct gks x;k gS] vFkok ml n”kk esa ftlesa fd og vkns”kkuqlkj ns; gS mldk ikus okyk ;k i`’Bkafdrh gks x;k gSA n`’Vkar%& A dks B ls ,d pSd izkIr gksrk gSA A dks bldk iw.kZ Kku Fkk gkykafd pSdk dk vuknj.k gks tkrk gS rFkk A ds i{k esa ;s lHkh tk ldrk gS tc cSad }kjk pSd okil ykSVk fn;k tk,sA ekeys esa ;g fu/kkZfjr gqvk dh blesa /kkjd ds vko”;d rRo miyC/k ugh FkkA (Based on Sukhanraj Khimraja a firm of merchants, Bombay Vs. N Rajagor Palan (1989) ILW 401)
ijØkE; fy[kr dk gj iwfoZd i{kdkj lE;d~&vuqØe /kkjd ds izfr rc rd mlds vk/kkj ij nk;h gS] tc rd ml fy[kr dh lE;d~ :i ls r`f’V u dj nh tk,sA ¼/kkjk 36 Negotiable Instument½
pSd dk vuknj.k fuf”pr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa pSd dk ys[khiky n.M dk Hkkxh gksxk] ftlesa fØehuy naM dk Hkkxh gksxk] ,slk djus ls pSd dh Lohdk;Zrk c<+rh gS
rFkk nkf;Roks dk fu/kkZj.k gksrk gSA tgk¡ fdlh O;fDr }kjk fdlh _.k ;k vU; nkf;Ro ds iw.kZr% ;k ykxr mUeksnu ds fy, fdlh cSadj ds ikl vius }kjk j[ks x;s [kkrs esa ls fdlh vU; O;fDr dh fdlh /kujkf”k ds lank; ds fy, fy[kk x;k dksbZ pSd cSad }kjk lank; fd, fcuk ;k rks bl dkj.k ykSVk fn;k tkrk gS fd ml [kkrs esa tek /kujkf”k ml pSd dk vknj.k djus ds fy, vi;kZIr gS ;k og ml jde ls vf/kd gSA ftldk cSad ds lkFk fd;s x;s djkj ds }kjk ml [kkrs esa ls lank; djus dk Bgjko fd;k x;k gSA ogk¡ ,sls O;fDr ds ckjs esa ;g le>k tk,xk fd mlus vijk/k fd;k gSA vkSj og bl vf/kfu;e ds fdlh vU; mica/k ij izfrdwy izHkko Mkys fcuk dkjkokl ls tqekZus ls tks pSd dh jde dk nqxquk rd gks ldsxk ;k nksuks ls naMuh; gksxkA ijUrq bl /kkjk esa vUrfoZ’V dksbZ ckr rc rd ykxw ugh gksxh tc rd& ¼d½ og pSd mlds fy[ks tkus dh rkjh[k ls Ng ekl dh vof/k ds Hkhrj ;k mldh fof/k ekU;rk dh vof/k ds Hkhrj tks Hkh iwoZrj dks cSad dks izLrqr u fd;k x;k gks( ¼[k½ pSd dk ikus okyk ;k /kkjd] lE;d vuqØe es pSd ds ys[khoky dks vlanRr pSd ds ykSVk;s tkus dh ckcr cSad ls mls lwpuk dh izkfIr ds fyf[kr :i esa lwpuk nsdj mDr /kujkf”k ds ladk; ds fy, ekax ugh djrk gSA vkSj ¼x½ ,sls pSd dk ys[khoky] pSd ds ikus okys dks ;k /kkjd dks mDr lwpuk dh izkfIr ds iUnzg fnu ds Hkhrj mDr /kujkf”k dk lank; lE;d~ vuqØe esa djus esa vlQy ugh jgrk gSA
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies .
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies .
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk ijh{kk mi;ksxh lkexzh fo"k;% 5 Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk vijk/k ds rRo vijk/k fof/k ds vfLrRo dk eq[; dkj.k ;g gS fd ;s xyr ;k vkijkf/kd ÑR; djus okyksa dks jkT; ltk dk izko/kku djrs gSa rFkk ;s lkekftd fLFkjrk cukus esa enn djrs gSaA vijk/k fof/k dk mís'; ;g gS fd yksx vijk/kksa ls nwj jgsA vijk/k dk ewy rRo ;g gS fd blesa ,d vkijkf/kd ÑR; (actur rows) gksuk pkfg, rFkk blds lkFk nqjk'k; (mens rea) gksuk pkfg,A ;s rRo ,d ySfVu ekSfDle actues non facit reum nisimens sit rea" esa izfrfcafcr gksrs gSa vFkkZr~ dk;Z Loa; fdlh dks nks"kh ughaa cukrk tcrd dh mldk vk'k; oSlk u jgk gksA nwljs 'kCnksa esa dgs rks fdlh Hkh ÑR; dks vijk/k gksus ds fy, mlesa nqjk'k; gksuk vko';d gSa nqjk'k; dh vuqifLFkrh esa dksbZ Hkh ÑR; vkijkf/kd ughaa gks ldrkA gkykafd ;gk¡ è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd dqN vijk/k ,sls Hkh gksrs gSa tgk¡ iw.kZ nkf;Ro dk ogu gksrk gS bu vijk/k dks vicarious dks deemed liability vijk/k Hkh dgrs gSaA bl izdkj ds vijk/k dqN fo'ks"k fo/kkuksa esa ik;s tkrs gSaA tSls fd & Negotiable Instruments Act 1881, The Custom Act 1962 rFkk Information Technology Act, buesa vijk/k vf/kdkjh ;k Mk;jsDVj dgrs gSaA ;fn dEiuh dksbZ vijk/k djrh gS rks mlesa nqjk'k; ek;us ughaa j[krkA
è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd IPC mis{kk ls gksus okyk vijk/kh dk Hkh izko/kku djrh gSA /kkjk tSls S279 rFkk 304-A mrkoykiu rFkk mis{kk dks vijk/k ?kksf"kr djrh gSA vijkf/kd ÑR; gksus ds fy, vko';d ;g gS fd ÑR; ,d LosPNkiw.kZ dk;Z gksA ,slh mis{kk tks xEHkhj {krh iznku djs] mls IPC vijkf/kd ?kksf"kr djrh gS rFkk mlds fy, n.M dk izko/kku djrh gSA ;gk¡ ;g egRoiw.kZ gS fd leLr mis{kk,as IPC esa 'kkfey ughaa gS fofHkUu U;k;ky;ksa us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k gS fd O;kid rFkk mrkoysiu dk ÑR; gh lhekyka?k dj vkijkf/kd Ñu tkrs gSaA Mensrea ;k nqjk'k; dks izkjEHk esa vijk/k dk ,d eq[; rRo ekuk tkrk FkkA IPC ds vUrxZr vijk/kksa esa ;g dgus ls igys fd fdlh O;fDr us vijk/k fd;k gS] mldh euksn'kk rFkk ekufld rRo ns[kuk vko';d gksrk gSA buesa] csbekuh] /kks[kk] nqHkkZoukiw.kZ vkfn 'kCn 'kkfey gSA lafgrk dk vfrfjDr {ks=kf/kdkj rFkk lkekU; O;k[;k /kkjk 3 rFkk 4 lafgrk ds vfrfjDr {ks=kf/kdkj ds laca/k esa izko/kku djrs gSaA ;g izko/kku ewy fof/k ls lacaf/kr gS] izfØ;kRed fof/k ls ughaaA lafgrk dh /kkjk 3 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd og ÑR; tks Hkkjr esa vijk/k ?kksf"kr gS] og Hkkjr ds ckgj Hkh vijk/k gh gksxkA lafgrk dh /kkjk 4] lafgrk ds vUrxZr leLr vijk/kksa dks fcuk vfrfjDr {ks=kf/kdkj ds 'kkfey djrh gS rFkk Cr.PC dh /kkjk 188 varxZr U;k;ky;ksa ds {ks=kf/kdkjksa dk izo/kku djrh gSA n`"Vkar & A, tks dh Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gS] og ;qxkaMk esa ,d gR;k djrk gS] A, ij Hkkjr ds fdlh Hkh Hkkx esa gR;k ds fy, okn yk;k tk ldrk gSA
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
blh izdkj ;fn dksbZ Hkkjrh; Hkkjr dh lhekvksa ds ckgj dksbZ vijk/k djrk gS] fQj pkgs e ;s ÑR; ml ns'k dh fof/k ds vuqlkj vijk/k gks ;k ughaAa ijUrq ml ij Hkkjrh; fof/k ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa ml vijk/k ds fy, okn fy[kk tk ldrk gSA (Pheroze Vs State 1964 2 Cr. L 533) lafgrk dk vè;k; & 2 fofHkUu ifjHkk"kkvksa rFkk O;k[;kvksa dk izko/kku djrk gSA gj in] ftldk Li"Vhdj.k bl lafgrk ds fdlh Hkkx esa fd;k x;k gS] bl lafgrk ds gj Hkkx esa ml Li"Vhdj.k ds vuq:i gh iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA bl vè;k; ds dqN izko/kku fuEufyf[kr gSA yksd lsod lafgrk dh /kkjk 21 ^yksdlsod* ds vUrxZr vkus okys fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa dk izko/kku djrh gsA blds yksdlsodksa dks O;kid :i ls ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA yksdlsod 'kCn ds nk;js esa flQZ 'kkldh; lsod gh ughaa vkrs vfirq /kkjk dh O;k[;k 1 ;g Li"V djrh gS fd yksdlsod 'kCn ds vUrxZr og lHkh O;fDr vkrs gSa tks /kkjk 21 esa of.kZr gSa fQj pkgs os ljdkj }kjk fu;qDr gks ;k ughaAa taxe lEifÙk & ^taxe lEifÙk* 'kCnksa ls ;g vk'k; gS fd buds vUrxZr gj izdkj dh ewrZ lEifÙk vkrh gS] fdUrq Hkwfe vkSj os phtsa] tks Hkwc) gksa ;k Hkwc) fdlh pht ls LFkk;h :i ls tdM+h gqbZ gksa] buds vUrxZr ughaa vkrhA csbZekuh & tks dksbZ bl vk'k; ls dksbZ dk;Z djrk gS fd ,d O;fDr dks lnks"k vfHkykHk dkfjr djs ;k vU; O;fDr dks lnks"k gkfu dkfjr djs] og ml dk;Z dks ^^csbZekuh ls** djrk gS] ;g dgk tkrk gSA
lnks"k ykHk rFkk lnks"k gkfu dks lafgrk dh /kkjk 23 esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSa lafgrk esa csbekuh 'kCn dks dkQh egRo fn;k x;k gS D;ksafd ;g mens rea dh O;k[;k ds fy, ckj&ckj iz;qDr gksrk gSA diViwoZd &dksbZ O;fDr fdlh ckr dks diViwoZd djrk gS] ;g dgk tkrk gS] ;fn og ml ckr dks diV djus ds vk'k; ls djrk gS] vU;Fkk ughaAa mPpre U;k;ky; us Mohd. Ibrahim & Others Vs. State of Bihar (2009) 11 SC 533 esa ;g Li"V fd;k fd diV dh O;k[;k dks le>us ds fy, U;k;ky; }kjk Dr. Vimla Vs. Delhi Administration AIR 1963 SC 1572 esa lq>k,s diV ds rRo ij è;ku nsuk vko';d gS] Dr.Vimla ds ekeys esa U;k;ky; us ;g Li"V fd;k fd diV ds fy, nks vko';d rRo gS] igyk ^Ny*] nwljk ^gkfu*A nLrkost & ^nLrkost* 'kCn fdlh Hkh fo"k; dk |ksrd gS ftldks fdlh inkFkZ ij v{kjksa] vadksa ;k fpUgksa ds lk/ku }kjk] ;k muesa ,d ls vf/kd lk/kuksa }kjk vfHkO;Dr ;k of.kZr fd;k x;k gks tks ml fo"k; ds lk{; ds :i esa mi;ksx fd, tkus dks vk'k;h gks ;k mi;ksx fd;k tk ldsA nLrkost dh ifjHkk"kk General Clause Act 1897 dh /kkjk 53 ¼18½ tksM+h xbZ blds }kjk ^fo|qr nLrkostksa dh O;k[;k dh xbZA tks dh Information Technology Act 2000 esa nh gqbZ gSaA ewY;oku izfrHkwfr & ^ewY;oku izfrHkwfr* 'kCn ml nLrkost ds |ksrd gS] tks ,slh nLrkost gs] ;k gksuh rkRif;fZr gS] ftlds }kjk dksbZ fof/kd vf/kdkj l`ftr] foLr`r] vUrfjr] fucZfU/kr] fuokZfpr] fd;k tk,] NksM+k tk, ;k ftlds }kjk dksbZ O;fDr ;g vfHkLohdkj
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
djrk gS fd og fof/kd nkf;Ro ds v/khu gS] ;k veqd fof/kd vf/kdkj ughaa j[krk gSA
fu;e gS (Asgar Vs. State of Uttar Pradesh AIR 1977 SC 1812)
n`"Vkar & d ,d fofue;&i= dh ihB ij viuk uke fy[k nsrk gSa bl i`"Bkadu dk izHkko fdlh O;fDr dks] tks mldk fof/kiw.kZ /kkjd gks tk,] ml fofue;&i= ij dk vf/kdkj vUrfjr fd;k tkuk gS] blfy, ;g i`"Bkadu ^ewY;oku izfrHkwfr* gSA
lafgrk ds vUrxZr vkthou dkjkokl thou Hkj lJe dkjkokl gS u fd lknk dkjkokl (Bachan Singh Vs State of Punjab (1980) 2SCC 898)
n`"Vkar & ikliksZV O;fDr dks ewY;oku vf/kdkj tSls ns'k dks NksM+uk ;k mlesa jgus dk vf/kdkj nsrk gS] vr% ;g ,d ewY;koku izfrHkwfr gSA n`"Vkar & ,d ,dkmUV cqd dk eq[; i`"B ij fgLlsnkjh ds uke rFkk mudh fgLlsnkjh dk mYys[k gSA ;fn ;g fgLlsnkjksa }kjk gLrk{kfjr gS ¼A ;g ,d ewY;oku izfrHkwfr gksxh (Hari Charan Vs. Girish Chandra Sadhulshan 1 Cr LJ 525) voS| yksi okys ÑR; lafgrk dh /kkjk 32 ;g Li"V djrh gS fd tcrd lanHkZ ls rRizfrdwy vk'k; izLrqr u gks] bl lafgrk ds gj Hkkx esa fd, x, dk;ksZa dk funsZ'k djus okys 'kCnksa dk foLrkj voS/k yksiksa ij Hkh gksxkA yksi rc rd voS/k ughaa gksxk tc rd ifjHkkf"kr u gksA ^n.M* lafgrk dh /kkjk 53 esa ik¡p izdkj ds n.Mksa dk izko/kku fd;k gS tks fd e`R;q] vkthou dkjkokl] dkjkokl] tks nks Hkk¡fr dk gS] vFkkZr~ & dfBu] vFkkZr~ dBksj Je ds lkFk] lknk] lEifÙk dk lEigj.k rFkk tqekZukA e`R;qn.M lcls foy{k.k ls foy{k.k ekeyksa esa fn;k tkrk gSa xqukgxkj dks ltk lqukrs le; U;k;ky; bl ij dkQh è;ku nsrk gS] D;ksfa d e`R;qn.M ,d viokn gS] rFkk mez dSn ,d
lJe dkjkokl ds varxZr dSnh dks dfBu Je djuk gksrk gS tcfd lknk dkjkokl esa dSnh dks flQZ tsy esa jguk gksrk gS] ijUrq dksbZ dk;Z ughaa djuk gksrkA la;qDr nkf;Ro & Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk esa dqN ,sls mica/k gSa tks ,d ,sls O;fDr ds nkf;Ro dks fu/kkZfjr djrs gSa tks nwljs vU; yksxksa ds lkFk feydj dksbZ vijk/k djrk gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 34&38] 149A 120 A rFkk 120 B esa la;qDr nkf;Ro dk izko/kku gSA lkekU; vk'k; & ;fn nks ;k nks ls vf/kd O;fDr fdlh dk;Z dks la;qDr :i ls djrs gSa rks ,slk ekuk tk;sxk fd mlesa ls izR;sd us ml dk;Z dks oS;fDrd :i ls fd;k gSA mu lkewfgd ÑR;ksa esa tgk¡ O;fDr fo'ks"k dh Hkwfedk dk fu/kkZj.k eqf'dy gks ogk¡ ij Hkh lafgrk dh /kkjk 34 ykxw gksrh gSA egcwck 'kkg] ds ekeys esa fizdh dkWfly us ;g Li"V ?kks"k.kk dh fd /kkjk 34 yxkus ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd lewg ds ,d O;fDr us lkekU; vk'k; ls vkijkf/kd ÑR; esa Hkkx fy;k gS] blds ckn izR;sd lnL; ij vijk/k dh ftEesnkjh mlh izdkj gksxh tSlh dh ekuksa mUgksaus vdsys bl ÑR; dks vatke fn;k gks (Mahboob Shah Vs. Emperor AIR 1945) (PC)118) /kkjk 34 esa mYysf[kr 'kCn ^vxzlj* dks U;k;ky; us 'kadjyky dpkjk HkkbZ cuke xqtjkr jkT; AIR 1965 SC 1260 ekeys ds vuqlkj ^vxzlj* 'kCn dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gSA vkxs c<+ukA ;fn pkj O;fDr;ksa dk A dh
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
gR;k djus dk lkekU; vk'k; gS] rc mu pkjksa dks bl mís'; dh izkfIr ds fy, dbZ lkjs vyx ÑR;ksa dks vatke nsuk gksxkA bls ge ,d n`"Vkar ds }kjk le>rs gSaA pkj yksx A dh gR;k ds fy, mlds ?kj esa izfo"V gksrs gSaA buesa ls ,d dks igjsnkj }kjk jksdk tkrk gS rFkk og igjsnkj dks xksyh ekj nsrk gS gkykafd A dh gR;k djuk lkekU; vk'k; gS rFkk A dks xksyh ekjuk bl lkekU; vk'k; dk vxzlj Hkkx gS rks ;gk¡ /kkjk 34 ykxw gksxhA ,d vkSj n`"Vkar ysrs gSaA xqusgxkjksa esa ls ,d xqusgxkj dejs esa vkrk gS tgk¡ vDlj ihfM+r lksrk gSA ijUrq ml fnu ihfM+r ds LFkku ij ,d vU; O;fDr ml LFkku ij lks x;k] rFkk xqusgxkj us Hkze esa mldks xksyh ekj nhA xyr O;fDr dks xksyh ekjuk lkekU; vk'k; dk vxzlj Hkkx gS rFkk bl izdkj /kkjk 34 ykxw gksxhA n`"Vkar & U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k rF; ;g fl) djrs gsa fd A rFkk C us va/ksjs esa ls vpkud vkdj B ds Åij dqYgkM+h ls izk.k ?kkrd geyk fd;kA ftl ds dkj.k mldh e`R;q gks xbZ] vkxs pydj lk{;ksa us ;g fl) fd;k fd A us B ds gkFk ij geyk fd;k rFkk C us B ds isV ijA /kkjk 34 ds vuqlkj U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd nksuksa A rFkk C] B dh gR;k ds fy, ftEesnkj gSaA vkijkf/kd "kM+;= a & tc nks ;k vf/kd O;fDr & dksbZ voS/k dk;Z vFkok dksbZ ,slk dk;Z] tks voS/k ughaa gS] voS/k lk/kuksa }kjk] djus ;k djokus dks lger gksrs gSa] rc ,slh lgefr vkijkf/kd "kM+;= a dgykrh gSA "kM+;= a ds fo/kku ij (State Vs. Nalini (1999) 5SCC 60, rFkk State Vs. Navjot Sandhu @ Afsal Guru (2005) 11 SCC 600 ekeyksa esa foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA jkT; cuke ufyuh ekeys esa ;g
fu/kkZfjr gqvk fd fdlh voS/k ÑR; dks djus ds fy, rFkk voS/k lk/kuksa }kjk djus ds fy, tc nks ;k nks ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa dk efLr"dksa dk lfEeyu gksrk gS rc mls vkijkf/kd "kM+;a=ksa dk Sine qua non dgrs gSa (State Vs. Nalini (1999) 5 SCC 60) mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd ;g vko';d ughaa fd izR;sd "kM+;= a drkZ us "kM+;a= ds ÑR;ksa esa lfØ; Hkkx fy;k gksA D;ksafd "kM+;= a gesa'kk ,dkUr esa jpk tkrk gSA blfy, ;g vko';d ughaa fd ;g fl) fd;k tk, fd "kM+;a=drkZ fdl Hkkx ds Åij jkth gqvk FkkA lafgrk dh /kkjk 120B, 120A esa ifjHkkf"kr n.M ds fy, n.M dk izko/kku djrh gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 120B "kM+;a= dks nks Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr djrh gSA tks dksbZ e`R;q] vkthou dkjkokl ;k nks o"kZ ;k mlls vf/kd vof/k ds dfBu dkjkokl ls n.Muh; vijk/k djus ds vkijkf/kd "kM+;a= esa 'kjhd gksxk] ;fn ,sls "kM+;a= ds n.M ds fy, bl lafgrk esa dksbZ vfHkO;Dr mica/k ughaa gS] rks og mlh izdkj nf.Mr fd;k tk,xk] ekuks mlus ,sls vijk/k dk nq"izsj.k fd;k FkkA tks dksbZ iz;ksDr :i ls n.Muh; vijk/k dks djus ds vkijkf/kd "kM+;= a ls fHkUu fdlh vkijkf/kd "kM+;= a esa 'kjhd gksxk] ;g nksuksa esa ls fdlh rjg ds dkjkokl ls] ftldh vof/k N% ekl ls vf/kd dh ughaa gksxh ;k tqekZus ls] ;k nksuksa ls nf.Mr fd;k tk,xkA fof/k fo:) teko % lafgrk dh /kkjk 149 ;g fu/kkZfjr djrh gS fd ;fn fof/k fo:) teko ds fdlh lnL; }kjk ml teko ds lkekU; mís'; dks vxzlj djus esa vijk/k fd;k tkrk gS] ;k dksbZ ,slk vijk/k fd;k tkrk gS] ftldk fd;k tkuk ml teko ds lnL; ml mís'; dks vxzlj djus esa lEHkkO; tkurs Fks] rks gj O;fDr] tks ml vijk/k ds fd, tkus
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
ds le; ml teko dk lnL; gS] ml vijk/k dk nks"kh gksxkA
vf/kdkj vftZr dj fy;k gSA (Kanali Barui
lafgrk dh /kkjk 141 fof/k fo:) teko dks ifjHkkf"kr djrh gS lafgrk dh /kkjk 34 rFkk 149 vkil esa fHkUu gSa D;ksafd tgk¡ /kkjk 34 flQZ lk{; dk fu;e gS ogh /kkjk 149 ,d ewy vijk/k gSA /kkjk 34 nkf;Ro fu/kkZj.k ds ekeys esa lkekU; vk'k; dk lgkjk ysrh gSA ogh /kkjk 149 lkekU; mís'; dk lgkjk ysrh gSA lkekU; mís'; lkekU; vk'k; ls fHkUu gksrk gS D;ksafd blesa iwoZ rRoksa dh vko';drk ughaa gksxhA rFkk vijk/k ?kfVr gksus ls igys efLr"dksa ds lfEeJ.k dh Hkh vko';drk ughaa gksrhA tgk¡ /kkjk 34 esa vkijkf/kd ÑR; ds fy, nks ;k nks ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ogha /kkjk 149 ds vuqlkj 5 ;k vf/kd O;fDr;ksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSa
mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd ;g vko';d gS fd lk/kkj.k rkSj ij nks"kh ;g fl) djs fd og viokn ds vUrxZr vkrk gSA U;k;ky; ;g ekU;rk nsrk gS fd ÑR; Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk esa mYysf[kr viokn dh Js.kh esa vkrk gSA ;k ughaa rFkk ;g f'kdk;r esa gh Li"V gks tkrk gSA U;k;k/kh'k dks ;g 'kfDr gksrh gS fd og bl izfØ;k ds fy, euk dj nsA (Vadilal Panchal Vs. Dattatraya
lk/kkj.k viokn & n.M lafgrk dk vè;k; IV vusd izfrj{kkvksa ls lacaf/kr gS ftUgsa dksbZ vfHk;qDr bl lafgrk ;k fof'k"V ;k LFkkuh; fof/k ds vUrxZr vfHkokfpr dj ldrk gSA flf) dk nkf;Ro & ;g fl) djus dh ftEesnkjh fd ÑR; ,d lk/kkj.k viokn gS nks"kh ds Åij gksrh gsa Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/kfu;e 1872 dh /kkjk 105 ds vuqlkj ;g fl) djuk fd ÑR; lk/kkj.k viokn dh ifjf/k esa vkrk gS] nks"kh dh ftEesnkjh gksrh gS rFkk U;k;ky; ,slh ifjfLFkfr dh vuqifLFkfr eku ldrk gSA U;k;ky; bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk xSj vfLrRo fl) le>sxk] tc rd dh bls vfl) u fd;k tk,A (K.M. Nanawati Vs. State of Maharba AIR 1962 SC 605)
bldk ijh{k.k fd nks"kh us fl) fd;k gS fd og viokn ds vUrxZr vkrk gSA vko';d ughaa] ijUrq cpko djrs oDr ;g vko';d gSa fd mlus ;qfDr;qDr vk/kkj ij nks"keqDrrk dk
Vs. Subhas Das, 1983 Cri. L. 5. 1474)
Dulaji Ghadigaonker and Another, AIR 1960 SC 1113) U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr
fd;k fd "The short question before us is – was the High Court rightinits view that when a Magistrate directs an enquiry under S.202 of the Code of Criminal Procedure for ascertaining the truth or falsehood of a complaint and receives a report from the enquiring officer supporting a plea of selfdefence made by the person complained against, it is not open to him to hold that the plea is correct on the basis of the report and the statements of witnesses recorded by the enquiring officer? Must he, as a matter of law, issue process in such a case and leave the person complained against to establish his plea of self-defence at the trial? It may be pointed out here that the High Court itself recognised that it would nolt be correct to lay down a proposition in absolute terms that whenever a defence under any of the exceptions in the Indian Penal Code is pleaded by the person complained against, the Magistrate would not be justified in dismissing the complaint and must issue process. Said the High Court: "As we have already observed, if there is a complaint, which itself discloses a complete defence under any of the exceptions, it might be a
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
case where a Magistrate would be justified in dismissing such a complaint finding that there was no sufficient ground to proceed with the case."
lafgrk dh /kkjk 76 rFkk 79 bl fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr gS fd rF; dh Hkwy {kE; gS ijUrq fof/k dh Hkwy dks ekQ ughaa fd;k tk ldrk gSA
rF; dh Hkwy & dksbZ ckr vijk/k ughaa gS] tks fdlh ,sls O;fDr }kjk dh tk, tks mls djus ds fy, fof/k }kjk vkc) gks ;k tks rF; dh Hkwy ds dkj.k] u fd fof/k dh Hkwy ds dkj.k lnHkkoiwoZd fo'okl djrk gks fd og mls djus ds fy, fof/k }kjk vkc) gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 76 rFkk 79 ds eè; ;g Hksn gS fd /kkjk 76 esa O;fDr fof/k }kjk ckè; gS rFkk /kkjk 79 esa fof/k }kjk U;k;kuqer gSA /kkjk 77 ds vuqlkj dksbZ ckr vijk/k ughaa gSa] tks U;kf;dr( dk;Z djrs gq, U;k;k/kh'k }kjk ,slh fdlh 'kfDr ds iz;ksx esa dh tkrh gS] tks ;k ftlds ckjs esa mls lnHkkoiwoZd fo'okl gS fd og mls fof/k }kjk nh x;h gSA
n`"Vkar & fof/k ds lekns'kksa ds vuqorZu esa vius ofj"B vkfQlj ds vkns'k ls ,d lSfud d HkhM+ ij xksyh pykrk gSA d us dksbZ vijku gha fd;kA n`"Vkar & U;k;ky; dk vkfQlj] d] e dks fxj¶rkj djus ds fy, ml U;k;ky; }kjk vkfn"V fd, tkus ij vkSj lE;d tk¡p ds i'pkr ;g fo'okl djds fd ;] e gS] ; dks fxj¶rkj dj ysrk gSA d us dksbZ vijk/k ughaa fd;kA lafgrk dh /kkjk 79 & dksbZ ckr vijk/k ughaa gS] tks ,sls O;fDr }kjk dh tk,] tks mls djus ds fy, fof/k }kjk U;k;kuqer gks] ;k rF; dh Hkwy ds dkj.k] u fd fof/k dh Hkwy ds dkj.k] lnHkkoiwoZd fo'okl djrk gks fd og mls djus ds fy, fof/k }kjk U;k;uqer gSA n`"Vkar & d] ; dks ,slk dk;Z djrs ns[krk gS] tks d dks gR;k izrhr gksrk gSA d lnHkkoiwoZd dke esa yk, x, vius Js"B fu.kZ; ds vuqlkj ml 'kfDr dks iz;ksx esa ykrs gq,] tks fof/k us gR;kdkfj;ksa dks ml dk;Z esa idM+us ds fy, leLr O;fDr;ksa dks ns j[kh gS] ; dks mfpr izkf/kdkfj;ska ds le{k ys tkus ds fy, ; dks vfHkx`ghr djrk gSA d us dksbZ vijk/k ughaa fd;k gS pkgs rRi'pkr~ vly ckr ;g fudys fd ; vkRe&izfr{kk esa dk;Z dj jgk FkkA
/kkjk 78 ds vuqlkj & dksbZ ckr] tks U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; ;k vkns'k ds vuqlj.k esa dh tk, ;k mlds }kjk vf/kfn"V gks] ;fn og ml fu.kZ; ;k vkns'k ds izo`Ùk jgrs dh tk,] vijk/k ughaa gS] pkgs ml U;k;ky; dks ,slk fu.kZ; ;k vkns'k nsus dh vf/kdkfjrk u jgh gks] ijUrq ;g rc tc fd og dk;Z djus okyk O;fDr lnHkkoiwoZd fo'okl djrk gks fd ml U;k;ky; dks oSlh vf/kdkfjrk FkhA nq?kZVuk & lafgrk dh /kkjk 80 ds vUrxZr og ÑR; vijk/k ughaa gS] tks nq?kZVuk ;k nqHkkZX; ls vkSj fdlh vkijkf/kd vk'k; ;k Kku ds fcuk fof/kiw.kZ lk/kuksa }kjk mfpr lrdZrk vkSj lko/kkuh ds lkFk fof/kiw.kZ dk;Z djus esa gks tkrh gSA ijUrq nks"kh ds Åij ;g nkf;Ro gksxk fd og bl viokn dk lgkjk ysrs le; ;g Li"V djs fd ÑR; djrs oDr mlus iwjh lko/kkuh cjrh FkhA (See Bhupendra Singh A. Chandasama Vs. State of Gujarat, AIR 1997 SC 3790; vkSj Sukhdev Singh Vs. State, (2003) 7 SCC 441)
vkijkf/kd vk'k; ds fcuk & ;g viokn ftuesa foÑrfpr O;fDr ds dk;Z] u'ks dh voLFkk esa fd, x, dk;Z bl fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr gSa fd ÑR; djrs le; O;fDr ds eu esa dksbZ vkijkf/kd vk'k; ughaa Fkk mnkgj.k ds fy, & lafgrk dh /kkjk 82 ds
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
vuqlkj lkr o"kZ ls de mez esa ckyd }kjk fd;k x;k ÑR; vijk/k ughaa gSA foÑrfpRr & lafgrk dh /kkjk 84 foÑrfpRr O;fDr ds dk;Z esa nkf;Roksa ds ifjJ.k dk izko/kku djrh gS Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk esa dgh ij Hkh foÑrfpRr dks ifjHkkf"kr ughaa fd;k x;k gS gkykafd U;k;ky; us bls mUerrk (Inscinity) ds leku ekuk gSA gkykafd mUerrk dh Hkh dksbZ Li"V ifjHkk"kk miyC/k ughaa gSA rFkk bldk iz;ksx eku flQZ vlraqyu ds lanHkZ esa esa fd;k tkrk gsA bl izdkj izR;sd O;fDr tks fdlh ekufld chekjh ls xzLr gSA Loeso vkijkf/kd ÑR;ksa esa nkf;Ro ls eqDr ughaa gks tkrkA rFkk bl izdkj og /kkjk 84 dh ifjf/k esa vkrk gSA (Bapu and Gajraj Sisngh Vs. State of Rajasthan (2007) 8 SCC 66)
,d O;fDr dks foÑrfpRrk fd vk/kkj ij mlds nkf;Roksa ls eqDr fd;k tk ldrk gS ;fn ÑR; djrs le; mls ÑR; ds LoHkko dk Kku u Fkk ;k mls ;g ughaa irk Fkk fd ÑR; fof/k fo:) gSA U;k;ky; us NanneyKham Vs. State (Delhi Administration) (1986) 2 crimes 328 (Del), ds ekeys esa ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd
D;ksfa d xokgkas ls nks"kh dh ekufld n'kk dks ysdj dksbZ iz'u ughaa fd, x, rFkk nks"kh us Hkh vfoÑrfprrk ds viokn dk lgkjk ughaa fy;kA ijUrq vihfy; U;k;ky; ds nks"kh us izFke okn bl viokn dh le> ekaxhA U;k;ky; us fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd vc nks"kh /kkjk 84 ds ykHkks dk gdnkj ughaa gSa Jagdish Vs. State of M.P., JT 2009 (12) SC 300 ds ekeys esa mPpre U;k;ky; us nks"kh dh /kkjk 84 ds vUrxZr vfoÑrfpRrk dh vthZ dks [kkfjt dj fn;k D;ksfa d mlus igyh ckj mPpre U;k;ky; esa bl vthZ dh ekax dhA
eÙkrk & dksbZ ÑR; vijk/k ughaa gS] tks ,sls O;fDr }kjk dh tkrh gS] tks mls djrs le; eÙkrk ds dkj.k ml dk;Z dh izÑfr] ;k ;g fd tks dqN og dj jgk gS og nks"kiw.kZ ;k fof/k ds izfrdwy gS] tkuus esa vleFkZ gS] ijUrq ;g rc tcfd og pht] ftlls mldks eÙkrk gqbZ Fkh] mlds vius Kku ds fcuk ;k bPNk ds fo:) nh x;h FkhA lgefr & dksbZ ckr] tks e`R;q ;k ?kksj migfr dkfjr djus ds vk'k; ls u dh xbZ gks vkSj ftlds ckjs esa dÙkkZ dks ;g Kkr u gks fd mlls e`R;q ;k migfr dkfjr gksuk lEHkkO; gS] fdlh ,slh vigkfu ds dkj.k vijk/k ughaa gS tks ml ckr ls vBkjg o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q ds O;fDr dks dh xbZ gksA n`"Vkar & A rFkk B vkeksn ds fy, ryokjckth dk [ksy [ksyus ds fy, jkth gksrs gSa ;g jtkeanh ,d lgefr gS fd [ksy ds njE;ku gqbZ gkfu tks fd fcuk csbekuh ds gqbZ gksA [ksy esa A }kjk B dks pksV yxrh gSA ijUrq A us dksbZ vijk/k ughaa fd;kA rqPN vigkfu & dksbZ ckr bl dkj.k ls vijk/k ughaa gS fd mlls dksbZ vigkfu dkfjr gksrh gS ;k dkfjr dh tkuh vk'kf;r gS ;k dkfjr gksus ds lEHkkO;rk Kkr gS] ;fn og bruh rqPN gS fd ekewyh le> vkSj LoHkko okyki dksbZ O;fDr mldh f'kdk;r u djsxkA mPp U;k;ky; us fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd ;fn gkfu cgqr rqPN gS rFkk {kfr fd bruh de fd ,d lk/kkj.k vkneh mldh f'kdk;r ughaa djsxk ml ifjfLFkfr esa nks"kh dks nks"keqDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA mDr ekeys esa fu.kZ; dks dk;e j[krs gq, mPpre U;k;ky; us izko/kku fn;k fd & "The next question is whether, having regard to the circumstances, the harm caused to the appellant was so slight that no person of ordinary sense and temper would complain of
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
such harm. S.95 is intended to prevent penalisation of negligible wrongs or of offences of trivial character. Whether an act which amounts to an offence is trivial would undoubtedly depend upon the nature of the injury, the position of the parties, the knowledge or interation with which the offending act is done, and other related circumstances. Thhere can be no absolute standard or degree of harm which may be regarded as so slight that a person of ordinary sense and temper would not complain of theharm. It cannot be judged solely by the measure of physical or other injury the act causes an assault by one child or another, or even by a grown-up prson on another, which causes injury may still be regarded as so slight, having regard to the way and station of life of the parties, relation between them, situation in which the parties are placed, and other circumstances in which harm is caused, that the victim ordinarily may not complain of the harm."
ÑI;k bl ifjizs{; esa fuEu ekeyksa dks Hkh ns[ks & Neelam Mahajan Singh Vs. Commissioner of Police & Others, 1994 (2) Crimes 751. Keki Hormusji Ghorda Vs. Mehervan Rustom Irani (2009) 6 SCC 4751.
izkbosV izfrj{kk lafgrk dh /kkjk 96&106 izkbosV izfrj{kk dk izko/kku djrh gSA ;s O;fDr ds vius thou rFkk lEifÙk dh lqj{kk ds vf/kdkj dk nwljksa ds voS/k ÑR; ls lqj{kk nsrk gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 96 & dksbZ ckr vijk/k ughaa gS] tks izkbosV izfrj{kk ds vf/kdkj ds iz;ksx esa dh tkrh gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 97 & /kkjk 99 esa vUrfoZ"V fucU/kuksa ds vè;/khu] gj O;fDr dks vf/kdkj gS] fd og ekuo 'kjhj ij izHkko Mkyus okys
fdlh vijk/k ds fo:) vius 'kjhj vkSj fdlh vU; O;fDr ds 'kjhj dh izfrj{kk djs]a rFkk fdlh ,sls dk;Z ds fo:) tks pksjh ywV] fjf"V ;k vkijkf/kd vfrpkj dh ifjHkk"kk esa vkus okyk vijk/k gSa] ;k tks pksjh] ywV] fjf"V ;k vkijkf/kd vfrpkj djus dk iz;Ru gS] viuh ;k fdlh vU; O;fDr dh] pkgs taxe] pkgs LFkkoj lEifr dh izfrj{kk djsAa ijUrq ;s lafgrk dh /kkjk 89 esa iz;qfDr fuca/kuksa dk fo"k; gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 99 esa of.kZr fucZU/k ;g izko/kku djrs gSa fd fdl lhek rd izkbosV dh tk ldrh gSA ijUrq fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa ;g vigkfu ls vf/kd vigkfu dkfjr ugha djsxhA lafgrk dh /kkjk 100 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd dc 'kjhj dks izkbosV izfrj{kk ds vf/kdkj dk foLrkj e`R;q dkfjr djus ij dc gksrk gSA izfrj{kk esa okn dks lQy gksus ds fy, ;g fl) djuk vko';d gSA fd nks"kh dks izkbZoVs izfrj{kk dk vf/kdkj miyC/k Fkk rFkk blh ds foLrkj Lo:i e`R;q dkfjr gqbZA bl izdkj ;fn U;k;ky; vihy dks fujLr djrk gS oks mues nks izdkj dh laHkkouk,sa gksrh gSA igys rks ;g fd O;fDr dks izkbosV izfrj{kk dk vf/kdkj miyC/k gksrh gSA ijUrq mles migkfu ds vf/kd minkfu dkfjr dhA nwljk fd nks"kh dks izkbosV izfrj{kk dk vf/kdkj ekStwn Fkk gh ughaaA (Bhanwar Singh V. State of MP, (2008) 16 SCC 657) ekuo 'kjhj ij Mkyus okys izHkko & Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dk v/;k; 16 mu ij izHkko Mkyrs gSA bUgs dbZ Js.kh;ksa es foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS rFkk buesa ls dqN izko/kku fuEufyf[kr gS%
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
thou ds fy, ladVgkjh vijk/kksa ds fo"k; & lafgrk dh /kkjk 299 304 vkijkf/kd ekuo o/k rFkk gR;kA d euq"; }kjk nwljs euq"; dks ekj Mkyuk ekuo o/k dgykrk gSA ;g Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk ds varjxr n.Muh; gSA ekuo o/k ¼/kkjk 299½ rFkk gR;k ¼/kkjk 300½ es varj gS vis{kk }kjk e`R;q dkfjr ejuk ¼304 ¼d½ rFkk vkRegR;k ¼/kkjk 305 ls 306½ vkijkf/kd ekuo o/k fuEufyf[kr vo;o gSS%
¼/kkjk
299½
esa
¼d½ e`R;q dkfjr djus ds vk'k; ls] ;k ¼[k½ ,slh 'kkjhfjd migfr dkfjr djus ds vk'k; ls ftlls e`R;q dkfjr gksuk lEHkkO; gks] ;k ¼x½ bl Kku ls fd ml dk;Z }kjk e`R;q dkfjr gksuk lEHkkO; gS] fd;k x;k gksA ekuoo/k ftlesa mijksDr rhukas vo;oks dh vuqifLFkfr gSA og vkijkf/kd ekuo o/k ugha dgyk,xkA ;g izko/ku vfxze rhu O;k[;k nsrk gS ftldh mifLFkfr rFkk vuqifLFkfr gksus ij Hkh og vkijkf/kd ekuo o/k gksxkA n`"Vkar & d ,d xM~kM+h ds ihNs gSA [k ;g ughaa tkurkA ; dh e`R;q djus ds vk'k; ls ;k ;g tkurs gq, fd mlls ; dh e`R;q dkfjr gksuk lEHkkO; gS] [k dks ml >kM+h ij xksyh pykus ds fd, d mRizsfjr djrk gSA [k xksyh pykrk gS vkSj ; dks ekj Mkyrk gSA ;gk¡ ;g gks ldrk gS fd
[k fdlh Hkh vijk/k dk nks"kh u gks] fdUrq d u vkijkf/kd ekuo o/k dk vijk/k fd;k gSA bl izko/kku ds fy, vko';d gS fd e`R;q vo'; dkfjr gqbZ gksA ijUrq ;g dksbZ ek;us ugha j[krk fd ftls nks"kh ekjuk pkg jgk gks og uk ejds dksbZ vkSj O;fDr ej x;k gks tSls gh O;fDr ejrk gks vijk/k iw.kZ gks tkrk gSA d`R; dk rkRdkfyd ifj.kke e`R;q gksuk pkfg, uk fd fgalk d dk nwjxkeh ifj.kkeA vkijkf/kd ekuo o/k fd;k ugha gksrk rFkk ;g n.Muh; gS ¼/kkjk 304½ lafgrk dh /kkjk 300 fuEufyf[kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vkijkf/kd ekuo o/k dks gR;k ?kksf"kr djrh gSA izFke% ;fn og dk;Z] ftlds }kjk e`R;q dkfjr dh xbZ gks] e`R;q dkfjr djus ds vk'k; ls fd;k x;k gks] vFkok nwljk% ;fn og ,slh 'kkjhfjd {kfr dkfjr djus ds vk'k; ls fd;k x;k gks ftlls vijk/kh tkurk fd ml O;fDr dh e`R;q dkfjr djuk lEHkkO; gS] ftldks og vigkfu dkfjr dh xbZ gS] vFkok rhljk% ;fn og fdlh O;fDr dks 'kjhfjd {kfr dkfjr djus ds vk'k; ls fd;k x;k gks vkSj og 'kkjhfjd {kfr] ftlds dkfjr djus dk vk'k; gks] iz—fr ds ekewyh vuqØe esa e`R;q dkfjr djus ds fy, i;kZIr gksa] vFkok pkSFkk% ;fn dk;Z djus okyk O;fDr ;g tkurk gks fd og dk;Z bruk vklUu ladV gS fd iwjh vf/klEHkO;rk gS fd og e`R;q dkfjr dj gh nsxk ;k ,slh 'kkjhfjd {kfr dkfjr dj gh nsxk ftlls e`R;q dkfjr gksuk laHkkO; gS vkSj og e`R;q dkfjr djus ;k iwokZDr :i dh {fr dkfjr djus dh tksf[ke mBkus ds fy, fdlh izfrgsrq ds fcuk ,slk dk;Z djsA bl izdkj izR;sd gR;k ,d ekuo o/k gS ijUrq izR;sd ekuo o/k gR;k ughaA
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n`"Vkar & ; dks ryokj ;k ykBh ls ,slk ?kko d vk'k; djrk gS] tks iz—fr ds ekewyh vuqØe esa fdlh euq"; dh e`R;q dkfjr djus ds fy, i;kZIr gSA ifj.kkeLo:i ; dh e`R;q dkfjr gks tkrh gS] ;gk¡ d gR;k dk nks"kh gS] ;|fi mldk vk'k; ; dh e`R;q dkfjr djus dk u jgk gksA
2- izkbosV izfrj{kk
Ray Kumar V State of Maharashtra, 2009 15 SCC 292, ds ekeys es mPpre U;k;ky;
lafgrk dh /kkjk 299 rFkk 300 ds e/; Hksn ij Malville J. In Reg V. Govinda (187 ILR &1 Bom 342 esa ppkZ dh xbZ gSA bl fu.kZ; dks vkijkf/kd ekuo o/k dkss le>us ds lanHkZ esa dk ntkZ izkIr gSA
us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd tc Hkh U;k;ky; dks ekeys ds rF;ks ds lEeq[k ;k lkeuk djuk iM+As ÑR; gR;k gS fd vkijkf/kd ekuo o/kA ml ifjfLFkfr esa leL;k dks rhu pj.kksa es ekiuk pkfg, igys pj.k esa ;g fu/kZfjr djuk pkfg, fd D;k nks"kh ,slk —R; fd;k gS fd ftlesa gR;k lEHko gks bl izdkj —R; rFkk gR;k ds lEcaf/kr rRo nwljs pj.k dh vk tkrs gS fd D;k O;fDr }kjk fd;k x;k Vsd lafgrk dh /kkjk 299 esa varxZr vkijkf/kd ekuo o/k gSA ;fn bl iz'u dk tokc izFke n`"V ;k lekjkRed gS rks rhljs pj.k dh 'kq#vkr gksrh gSA tgk¡ U;k;ky; dks ;g tk¡puk iM+sxk dh ekeyw esa lq>k,s x, rRo lafgrk dh /kkjk 300 ds varxZr lq>k, x, pkj izko/kkuksa es ls gSA ;fn bldk tokc udkjkRed gS rks blesa Li"V gqvk fd vijk/k vkijkf/kd ekuo o/k gS tks fd lafgrk dh /kkjk 304 ds varxZr n.Muh; gSA ;fn iz'u ldkjkRed gSA ijUrq ekeyw esa /kkjk 300 ds varxZr fn; x, vioknksa es ls dksbZ viokn vk tkrk gSA rc Hkh vijk/k ekuo o/k gh gksxkA lafgrk dh /kkjk 300 esa of.kZr viokn& 1- xaHkhj mRrstuk (See K.M. Nanavati V. State of Maharastra, AIR 1962 Sc 605)
3- yksd lsod ds —R; 4- vpkud yM+kbZ 5- lgefr lafgrk dh /kkjk 299 rFkk 300 es vUrj &
lafgrk dh /kkjk 299 ¼B½ rFkk 300 ¼2½ ds e/; varj /kkjk 300 ¼2½ es vijk/kh ds bl Kku ij vk/kkfjr gS fd ftl O;fDr dks migfr dkfjr dh x;h gS mldh e`R;q gksuh lEHkkO; gSA vijk/kh ;fn ;g tkurk gS fd ;k rks fof'k"V 'kkjhfjd lajpuk ds dkj.k ;k vkfjiDo mez] ;k vU; fof'k"V ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k {kfrxzLr O;fDr dh fdlh ,sl migfr ls e`R;q gksus dh lEHkkouk gS ftlls lk/kkj.kr;k e`R;q dkfjr ugha gksrh] rks vijk/k gR;k dh dksfV esa vk;sxkA 93 /kkjk 299 [k.M ¼[k½ ds varxZr ,slk Kku visf{kr ughaa gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 299 ¼[k½ rFkk /kkjk 300 ¼3½ ds e/; varj & buesa dkfjr vijk/k] vkijkf/kd ekuo&o/k gksxk ;fn vk'kf;r 'kjhfjd migfr ,slh gS ftlls e`R;q dkfjr gksuh lEHkkO; gS] ;g rc gR;k gksxh tc 'kkjhfjd migfr ,slh gS tks iz—fr ds ekewyh vuqØe esa e`R;q dkfjr djus ds fy, i;kZIr gSA ;g vUrj ;|fi cgqr lw{e gS fQj Hkh mYys[kuh; gSA (See State of Andra Pradesh V. Rayavarapu Punnayya and another, 1977 Cr. L.J. 1
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
Augustine Saldanha V. State of Karnataka, 2003 Cri LJ 4458] Shri Harendra Nath Barah V. State of Assam JT 2007 ¼2½ SC 404) Virsa Singh V. State of Punjab, 1958 Cri, L.J
818 ds ekeyw esa mPpre U;k;ky; us lafgrk dh /kkjk 300 ¼3½ dh O;k[;k dhA U;k;ky; ds vuqlkj vfHk;kstuk i{k dks ekeys dks /kkjk 300 ¼3½ ds varxZr ykus ls igys fuEufyf[kr rF; fl) djus gksx a sA 1- ;g LFkkfir djuk gksxk fd 'kkjhfjd {kfr gqbZ gSA 2- {kfr ds izdkj dks fl) djuk gksxk ;g ,d oSdfYid Nkuchu gSA 3- ;g fl) djuk gksxk fd bl {kfr dk vk'k; Fkk u fd ;g nq?kZVuk o'k rFk vu; dkj.kksa ls gqbZ gS ,d ckj tc ;s rhuksa rRo fl) gks tkrs gSA rc pkSFks rRo dh ckjh vkrh gSA 4- vc ;g fl) djuk gksxk fd Åij of.kZr vfr ,d lkekU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa es e`R;q dk dkj.k gks ldrh gSA bl izdkj ;g Nkuchu iw.kZr% oLrqfu"B gSA rFkk bldk vijk/kh ds vk'k; ls dqN ysuk nsuk ughaA bl izdkj fojlk flag ds ekeys es lq>k, x, fu;e ds vuqlkj ;fn vijk/kh dk vk'k; flQZ ,slh 'kkjhfjd {kfr nsuk gSA ftles e`R;q gks ldrh gSA ijUrq mudk vk'k; e`R;q dkfjr djuk ugha Fkk ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa vijk/k gR;k gksxkA (See illustration (c) to S 300 of the IPC)
lafgrk dh /kkjk 300( ¼2½ ds vuqlkj e`R;q dk vk'k; ,d vko';d rRo ugha gS blds fy, flQZ 'kjhfjd efr dk vk'k; flQZ bl Kku ds lkFk fd ;g e`R; dkfjr dj ldrk gSA 302 ds fy, ,d lqLi"V vk/kkj gSA /kkjk 299 ¼2½ ds fy, ,d lkFk vkisf{kr ughaa gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 302
lafgrk dh /kkjk 302 gR;k ds fy, n.M dk izko/kku djrh gSA /kkjk 302 nks izdkj ds n.M dk izko/kku djrh gSA e`R;qn.M ;k vkthou dkjkokl rFkk vU; izdkj ds tqekZuksa dk izko/kku djrh gSA e`R;qn.M& cpu flag cuke iatkc jkT; AIR 1980 SC 898 ds ekeys esa loS/kkfud csp a us e`R;qn.M ds oS|rk dks lafo/kku dh /kkjk 19 o 21 ds fo#) mfpr Bgjk;kA U;k;ky; us fuEufyf[kr rFkk lq>k, gSA vR;Ur xaHkhj rFkk dBksj vijk/kksa ds ekeys es e`R;qn.M es izko/kkuksa dks Vkyk ugha tk ldrkA 2- e`R;qn.M ds igys U;k;ky; dks vijk/kksa dh rFkk vijk/k dh ifjfLFkfr dks lkspuk pkfg,A 3- vkthou dkjkokl ,d fu;e gS rFkk e`R;qn.M ,d viokn nwljs 'kCnksa es e`R;qn.M rHkh iznku djuk pkfg, tc U;k;ky; dks yxs fd vkthou dkjkokl vijk/k d xaHkhjrk dh rqyuk es de gSA 4- ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij fopkj.k vko';d gSA bl fu.kZ; dk Machi Singh V State of Punjab (1983) 3 SCC 470 esa vuqlj.k fd;k x;kA lafgrk dh /kkjk 304 tSlk fd igys mYYsf[kr fd;k x;k gS fd lafgrk fd /kkjk 304 vkijkf/kd ekuo o/k esa n.M dk izko/kku djrh gSA bl /kkjk ds nks Hkkx gSA ¼1½ tgk¡ ij e`R;q ds vk'k; ls —R; fd;k x;k ;k ,slh 'kkjhfjd {kfr igq¡pkbZ xbZ tks e`R;q dk dkj.k cusA 5- bl Kku ds lkFk —R; djuk fd og e`R;q dk dkj.k cus /kkjk 304 ¼A½ mis{kk ds dkj.k e`R;qdkfjr gksuk lafgrk dh /kkjk 304 mu ekeyksa ls lEcaf/kr gS tks mis{kk rFkk mukoysiu ls lEcaf/kr gSA mrkoysiu dk vFkZ gS tYnckth esa fd;k x;k
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
dk;Z ogh mis{kkiw.kZ dk;Z dk vFkZ gS ,slk dk;Z tks lko/kkuhiwoZd u fd;k x;k gksA mrkoysiu rFkk mis{kkiw.kZ fd;k x;k izR;sd e`R;q /kkjk 304A dh ifjf/k esa ugha vkrh /kkjk 304A esa /kkjk 299 rFkk 300 ds rRo 'kkfey ugha gSA Mohammed Aynuddun and Miyam V. State of A.P. (2000) 7SCC 72 ds ekeys esa
vihydrkZ cl dk pkyd Fkk mlus cl esa ;k=h cSBk;s rFkk og pyk rks ,d ;k=h cl ls uhps fxj iM+k rFkk cl ds ifg,s ds uhps vkus ls mldh e`R;q gks xbZA mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd ekeyk 304A ds varxZr ugha vkrk D;ksfd ;g mis{kkiw.kZ d`R; ugha gS rFkk U;k;ky; us Li"V fd;k fd mrkoysiu dk d`R; tYnckth dk d`R; gS ijUrqq ;g tkucw> dj vijk/k djus ls iw.kZr% fHkUu gSA n`"Vkar & rsth ls vkrs ,d Vªd us [kqys eSnku esa okgu eksM+rs gq, ,d >ksiM+h esa VDdj ekjrk gS ftlls >ksiM+h esa lks;s O;fDr dh e`R;q gks tkrh gSA ekeyk lafgrk dh /kkjk 304A ds varxZr ntZ gqvk uk fd 304 Hkkx II ds varxZr( D;ksfd Mªkboj esa tkucw> dj ;g d`R; ugha fd;k (See State of Gujarat V. Haidar Ali (1971) 1 SCC 889)
is'ksoj mis{kk,as rFkk lafgrk dh /kkjk 304A lafgrk dh /kkjk 304A vDlj fpfdRlk is'kkojksa ds Åij is'ksoj mis{kkvksa ds lanHkZ esa yxrh jgrh gSA mPpre U;k;ky; us Jacob Matthew V. State of Punjab and Another (2005) 6 SCC 1 ds ekeys es iwoZ esa Dr. Suresh Gupta V. Government of NCT of Delhi (2004) 6 SCC 422 ds fu.kZ; dks nksgjk;kA
U;k;ky; us vU;k;U; ds lkFk ;g Li"V fd;k fd mis{k fnokuh rFkk QkStnkjh ekeyksa esa vyx&2 gksrh gS rFkk tks d`R; fnokuh
ekeyksa es mis{kkiw.kZ gks ;g vko';d ugha fd os QkStnkjh ekeyksa es mis{kkiw.kZ gks ;g vko';d ugha fd os QkStnkjh ekeyksa esa Hkh mis{kkiw.kZ gksA mis{kk dk vijk/k ds lnHkZ esa ;g vko';d gS fd mlesa Mensrea dh gks rFkk QkStnkjh mis{kkvksa esa ;g vko';d gS fd mis{kk dh ek=k dkQh T;knk gksA os mis{kk,s tks u rks cgqr xaHkhj gS rFkk ugha cgqr cM+h gSA mUgas fnokuh ekeyksa essa vk/kkj fey ldrk gSA ijUrq os vfHk;kstu ds fy, vk/kkj ugha ns ldrsA U;k;ky; us fpfdfRl; is'ksojksa dks QkStnkjh dkuwu ds v/khu mis{kk ds fy, vfHk;kstu gsrq ,d ijh{k.k lq>k;k gSA ;g n'kkZuk gksxk fd nks"kh us dqN ,slk d`R; fd;k gS ;k oks d`R; ugha dj ik;k tks fd ekStwnk rF;ksa rFkk ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,d lkekU; fpfdRld dj ldrk FkkA (See also, martin F.D. Souza V. Mond Ishtaq 2009 SCC 1)
lafgrk dh /kkjk 306 rFkk 309 lafgrk dh /kkjk 306 vkRegR;k ds nq"izsj.k ds fy, n.M dk izko/kku djrh gSA nq"izsj.k dks lafgrk ds v/;k; 5 esa O;kf[kr fd;k x;k gSA nq"izsj.k dks lafgrk dh /kkjk 107 esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA nq"izsj.k ds fuEufyf[kr rRo gSA 1- vijk/k djus ds fy, mdlkuk 2- vijk/k ds fy, "kM+;= a esa 'kkfey gksuk 3- vijk/k es lgk;rk igq¡pkuk fdlh d`R; dks lafgrk dh /kkjk 306 dh ifjf/k es vkus ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd oks lafgrk dh /kkjk 107 dh ifjf/k esa vo'; vk;sA lafgrk dh /kkjk 306 rFkk Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 133¼1½ Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 133¼A½ ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd tc ;g iz'u dks fd fdlh efgyk }kjk vkRegR;k mlds ifr ;k vU; fj'rsnkj ds
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
nq"izsj.k dk ifj.kke gS rc fuEufyf[kr rRo /;ku esa j[kus pkfg,A & mlus vius fookg ds 7 o"kZ ds Hkhrj vkRegR;k dh gSA & mlds ifr o vU; fj'rsnkj ml ij Øwjrk djrs FksA U;k;ky; leLr ifjfLFkfr rFkk rF;ksa ds ifjizs{; esa eku ldrk gS fd vkRegR;k djus ds fy, mlds ifr o vU; fj'rsnkjksa us nq"izsfjr fd;k pw¡fd ,slk djuk cgqr cM+h lkekftd rFkk U;kf;d vko';drk FkhA /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd izFker% U;k;ky; ds fy, ;g vo/kkj.kk djuk vko';d ugha gS f}rh; U;k;ky; vo/kkj.kk djus ds igys vU; leLr ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk v/;;u dj ldrk gS rFkk mlds vuq:i og vo/kkj.kk dj Hkh ldrk gSA vkSj ugha gSA r`rh; vo/kkj.kk lk{; vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 133 ds varxZr [k.Muh; gSA See Ramesh Kumar V. State of Chattisgarh (2001 9 SCC 618( and Rajbabu and Another V state of Madhya Pradesh AOIR 2008 SC 3212.)
lafgrk dh /kkjk 309 vkRegR;k djus okys O;fDr;ksa ds fy, n.M dk izko/kku djrk gSA migfr& ¼/kkjk 319 ls 338 rd½ tks dksbZ fdlh O;fDr dks 'kkjhfjd ihM+k] jksx ;k vax& 'kSfFkY; dkfjr djrk gS] og migfr djrk gS] ;g dgk tkrk gSA ¼/kkjk 319½ lafgrk dh /kkjk 130 ?kksj migfr dks ifjHkkf"kr djrh gSA igy & iqalRogj.kA
pkSFkk & fdlh Hkh vax ;k tksM+ dk foPNsn ikapoka & fdlh Hkh vax ;k tksM+ dh 'kfDr;ksa dks uk'k ;k LFkk;h gkzlA NBk & flj ;k psgjs dk LFkk;h fonzwihdj.kA lkroka & vfLFk ;k nkar dk Hkax ;k foal/kkuA vkBoka & dksbZ migfr tks thou dks ladVkiUu djrh gS ;k ftlds migr O;fDr chl fnu rd rhoz 'kkjhfjd ihM+k esa jgrk gS ;k vius ekewyh dkedkt dks djus ds fy, vleFkZ jgrk gSA migfr rFkk xaHkhj migfr nksuk gh lafgrk ds v/khu n.Muh; gS lafgrk dh /kkjk 321 LosPNk ?kksj migfr dk izko/kku djrh gSA n`"Vkar & A, B dks ykBh ls ekjus dk iz;kl djrk gS] C chp esa e/;LFkk djrk gS] ijUrq A dh ykBh C dks iM+ tkrh gS] gkykafd og B dks ekjuk pkg jgk FkkA A us lafgrk dh /kkjk 323 ds vuq:i vijk/k fd;k gSA State of Karnataka V. Shivlingalah AIR 1988 SC 115] ds ekeys esa nks"kh ihfM+r ds v.Mdks"k
nck nsrk gS] ftlls ihfM+r dh rRdky e`R;q gks tkrh gS] ;gk¡ iwjh ?kVuk vpkud ls ?kfVr gksrh gS] ;g ugha dgk tk ldrk fd nks"kh dk e`R;q dkfjr djus dk dksbZ bjknk ugha Fkk rFkk u gh mls bl d`R; ds ifj.kke dk Kku Fkk] vr% nks"kh dh d`R; lafgrk dh /kkjk 325 ds varxZr vkrk gSA O;igj.k] vigj.k rFkk vU; vijk/kksa ds lanHkZ ¼/kkjk 359 , 374½
nwljk & nksuksa esa ls fdlh us= dh n`f"V dk LFkk;h foPNsnA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 359 d vuqlkj O;igj.k nks izdkj dk gksrk gSA ¼1½ Hkkjr esa ls O;igj.k] vkSj ¼2½ fof/kiw.kZ laj{kdrk esa O;igj.kA
rhljk & nksuksa esa ls fdlh Hkh dku dh Jo.k 'kfDr dk LFkk;h foPNsnA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 361 ds vuqlkj & tks dksbZ fdlh vizkIrO; dks] ;fn og uj gks] rks lksyg
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
o"kZ ls de vk;q okys dks] ;k ;fn og ukjh gks rks] vV~Bkjg o"kZ ls de vk;q okyh dks ;k fdlh fod`rfpr O;fDr dks] ,sls vizIro; ;k fod`rfpr O;fDr ds fof/kiw.kZ laj{kd dh laj{kdrk esa ls ,sls laj{kd dh lgefr ds fcuk ys tkrk gS ;k cgdk ys tkrk gS] og ,sls vizIro; ;k ,sls O;fDr dk fof/kiw.kZ laj{kdrk esa ls O;igj.k djrk gS] ;g dgk tkrk gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 375 rFkk 376 cykRla?k ls lacaf/kr gSA
mPpre U;k;ky; ds vuqlkj /kkjk 361 esa iz;qDr 'kCn ys tkuk dk vFkZ vko';d :i ls cyiwoZd ys tkuk ugha gS] (Thakor lal V
nwljk & ml L=h dh lgefr ls] mldh lgefr] mls ;k ,sls fdlh O;fDr dks] ftlls og fgrc) gS] e`R;q ;k migfr ds Hk; esa Mkydj vfHkizkIr dh x;h gSA
Vadgame V. State of Gujarat (1973) 2SCC 413)
n`"Vkar & A tks fd B dk fj'rsnkj ugha gS mls viuh dkj esa cSBkus ds fy, pkWdysV dk izyksHku nsrk gSA B mldh dkj esa cSB tkrk gS bl izdkj lafgrk dh /kkjk 361 ds vuqlkj A us B dk O;igj.k fd;k gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 362 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd tc dksbZ fdlh O;fDr dks fdlh LFkku ls tkus ds fy, cy }kjk foo'k djrk gS] ;k fdUgha izoapukiw.kZ mik;ksa }kjk mRizsfjr djrk gS] og ml O;fDr dk vigj.k djrk gS] ;g dgk tkrk gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 364A dks 1993 ds la'kks/ku }kjk tksM+k x;kA bldk mn~ns'; ml vijk/k ds fy, xaHkhj n.M dk izko/kku djuk Fkk tc O;igj.k ds ckn dksbZ Hkh fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks fujks/k esa j[krk gS vkSj ,sls O;fDr dks e`R;q ;k migfr dkfjr djus dh /kedh nsrk gS] vFkok vius vkpj.k }kjk ,slh ;qfDr;qDr vka'kdk mRiUu djrk gS fd ,sls O;fDr dh gR;k ;k migfr dkfjr dh tk ldrh gS vFkok ,sls O;fDr dks migfr ;k e`R;q] ljdkj dks fdlh dk;Z dks djus ;k dk;Z dks djus ls fojr jgus vFkok eqfDr&/ku vnk djus ds fy, ck/; djus ds mn~ns'; ls dkfjr djrk gSA ;kSu vijk/k lafgrk dh /kkjk 35 ds 377&
tks iq#"k ,rfLeu~ i'pkr~ viokfnr n'kk ds flok; fdlh L=h ds lkFk fuEufyf[kr N% izdkj dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ls fdlh ifjfLFkfr esa eSFkqu djrk gS] og iq#"k ^^cykRlax djrk gS] ;g dgk tkrk gS%& igyk & ml L=h dh lgefr ds fcukA
rhljk & ml L=h dh lgefr ls] tcfd og iq#"k ;g tkurk gS fd og ml L=h dk ifr ughaa gS vkSj ml L=h us lgefr blfy, nh gS D;kasfd og fo'okl djrh gS] fd og ,slk iq#"k gS ftlls og fof/kiwoZd fookfgr gS ;k fookfgr gksus dk fo'okl djrh gSA pkSFkk & ml L=h dh lgefr ls] tcfd ,slh lgefr nsus ds le; og fod`rfpr ;k eÙkrk ds dkj.k ;k ml iq#"k }kjk O;fDrxr :i ls ;k fdlh vU; O;fDr ds ek/;e ls dksbZ laKk 'kwU;dkjh ;k vLokLF;dj inkFkZ fn;s tkus ds dkj.k] ml ckr dh] ftlds ckjs esa og lgefr nsrh gS] izd`fr vkSj ifj.kkeksa dks le>us esa vleFkZ gSA ik¡pok¡ & ml L=h dh lgefr ls ;k fcuk lgefr ds] tcfd og lksyg o"kZ ls de vk;q dh gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 375 ;g Li"V djrh gSA fd cykRla?k es vijk/k ds fy, vko';d eSFkqu cSBd ?kfVr djus ds fy, izos'ku i;kZIr gSA iq#"k dk viuh ifRu ds lkFk eSFkqu cykRla?k ugha gSA tcfd ifRu 15 o"kZ ls de vk;q dh ugha gSA 15 o"kZ ls de vk;q dh ls de vk;q dh ugha gSA 15 o"kZ ls de vk;q dh mez dh yM+dh }kjk nh xbZ Lohd`fr lkj ghu gSA
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(Bishnu Dayal V. State of Bihar, AIR 1981 Sc 39)
& rc U;k;ky; ;g eku ysrk gS fd mldh Lohd`fr ugha FkhA
U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd cpko dk ;g dksbZ vk/kkj ugha gksxkA D;ksafd ihfM+rk 16 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q dh gSA rFkk og viuh Loh—fr ns ldrh gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 377
(State of Uttar Predesh V. Manoj Kumar Pandey) flQZ bl vk/kkj ij ihfM+rk dk
dFku fujLr ugha fd;k la;ksx dh vkfn gSA State of Uttar Preadeh V. om 1999 Cr. L.J. 5030
lafgrk dh /kkjk cykRlax ds fy, n.M cykRlax ds fy, de ls de n.M lkr o"kZ dh dSn rFkk tqekZuk gSa tc ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd O;fDr lekU; vk'; ls vfxze gksdj fdlh efgyk ds lkFk cykRla?k djrs gS] ml ifjfLFkfr esa muesa ls izR;sd O;fDr lkeqfgd cykRlax ds fy, nks"kh gksxhA Promod Mehto V. State of Bihar AIR 1989 SC 1475 ds ekeys esa U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr
Naz Foundation V. Goct of ct and others, 2010 Cri L.J. 94 ds ekeys esa mPp U;k;ky; us ;g
Li"V fd;k fd lafgrk dh /kkjk 377 }kjk O;Ldks }kjk ,dkar esa vke ls ;kSu d`R; dks vkijkf/kd ?kksf"kr dj lafo/kku dh /kkjk 21] 14] rFkk 15 dk mYya?ku gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 377 fcuk lgefr ds xqnk eSFkqu] i'kq eSFkqu vkfn dks vijk/k ekurh jgsxhA 18 o"kZ ls de vk;w dk O;fDr ds lanHkZ esa ;g ekuk tk,xk fd og ;kSu d`R; ds fy, viuh Lohd`fr ugha ns ldrkA lgefr ds fo#) vijk/k
fdlk fd tc pkj yksx feydj cykRdj djrs gS rFkk fpfdfRl; tk¡p cykRlsu fl) djrh gS] ml ifjfLFkfr esa nks"kh dks fl) fd;s fcuk fd og d`R; esa 'kkfey Fks ;k ugha okn yk;k tk ldrkA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 378 rFkk 379 pksjh & tks dksbZ fdlh O;fDr ds dCts esa ls] ml O;fDr dh lgefr ds fcuk] dksbZ taxe lEifr csbZekuh ls ys ysus dk vk'k; j[krs gq,] og lEifÙk ,sls ysus ds fy, gVkrk gS] og pksjh djrk gS] ;g dgk tkrk gSA
lk{; vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 114A & Lohd`fr
pksjh ds fo"k; esa vko';d gS fd
lk{; vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 114A lafgrk dh /kkjk 376 ¼2½ ds varxZr cykRlax ds vfHk;kstu ds lanHkZ esa ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd & ;g fl) gks x;k gS fd eSFkqu gqvk gS & iz'u ;g gS fd ;g ihfM+r efgyk dh Lohd`fr ls gqvk ;k ugha & U;k;ky; ds lkeus ihfM+r ;g lk{; nsrh gS fd mlus Lohd`fr ugha nh Fkh
fdlh O;fDr dh taxe lgefr dks fcu Lohd`fr ys ysuk dksbZ taxe lgefr csbekuh ds vk'k; ls j[kukA bl izdkj fcuk Lohd`fr rFkk csbZekuh dk vk'k; pksjh ds vko';d rRo gSA fdlh O;fDr }kjk csbekuh ds vk'k; dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd nwljs dh lgefr dks O;fDr Lo;a ds ykHk ds vk'k; ls ys ysrk gS] vFkok voS/k rjhdkas dk iz;ksx djrk rFkk mlds fy, fof/kd vf/kdkjh ugha gSA
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
n`"Vkar & d viuh tsc esa dqÙkksa ds fy, yypkus okyh oLrq j[krk gS] vkSj bl izdkj ; ds dqÙkksa dks vius ihNs pyus ds fy, mRizsfjr djrk gSA ;gk¡ ;fn d dk vk'k; ; dh lgefr ds fcuk ; ds dCts esa ls ml dqÙks dks csbZekuh ls ysuk gks] rks T;ksa gh ; ds dqÙks us d ds ihNs pyuk vkjEHk fd;k] d us pksjh dhA n`"Vkar & ewY;oku oLrqvksa dh iaVh ys tkrs gq, ,d cSy d dks ns[krk gSA og ml cSy dks blfy, ,d [kkl fn'kk esa gkadrk gS] fd os ewY;oku oLrq,as csbZekuh ls ys ldsA T;ksa gh ml cSy us xfreku gksuk izkjEHk fd;k] d us ewY;oku oLrq,sa pksjh dhaA n`"Vkar & ; ;k=k dks tkrs le; viuh IysV ykSVdj vkus rd] d dks] tks ,d HkkM+k uxkfjd gS] U;Lr dj nsrk gSA d ml IysV dks ,d lqukj ds ikl ys tkrk gS vkSj og IysV csp nsrk gSA ;gk¡ og IysV ; ds dCts esa ughaa Fkh] blfy, og ; ds dCts es ls ugha yh tk ldrh Fkh vkSj d us pksjh ughaa dh gS] pkgs mlus vkijkf/kd U;klHkax fd;k gksA n`"Vkar & ftl x`g ij ; dk vf/k;ksx gS] mlesa est ij ; dh vaxwBh d dks feyrh gSA ;gk¡] og vaxqBh ; ds dCts esa gS] vkSj ;fn d mldks csbZekuh ls gVkrk gS] rks og pksjh djrk gSA ds ekeys esa ,d dSfMV fcuk vkKk ds ,d gokbZ tgkt ys mM+rk gS rFkk mls ikfdLrku dh lhek esa ys tkrk gSA ekeys dh lquokbZ esa U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd ;g pksjh gSA KN Mehra V. State of Rajasthan
lafgrk dh /kkjk 383 mn~nkiu lafgrk dh /kkjk 383 ds vuqlkj tc dksbZ fdlh O;fDr dks Lo;a ml O;fDr dks ;k fdlh vU; O;fDr dks dksbZ {kfr djus ds Hk; esa lk'k; Mkyrk gS] vkSj rn~}kjk bl izdkj
Hk; esa Mkys x, O;fDr dks] dksbZ lEifÙk ;k ewY;oku izfrHkwfr ;k gLrk{kfjr ;k eqnzkafdr dksbZ pht] ftls ewY;oku izfrHkwfr esa ifjofrZr fd;k tk lds] fdlh O;fDr dks ifjnÙk djus ds fy, csbZekuh ls mRizsfjr djrk gS] og ^^mn~nkiu** djrk gSA n`"Vkar & d] ; dks ;g /kedh nsrk gS fd ;fn d dks dqN /ku nsus ds lEc/k esa vius vkidks vkc) djus okyk ,d opui= gLrk{kfjr djds d dks ifjnÙk ughaa dj nsrk] rks og ; ds f'k'kq dks lnks"k ifjjks/k esa j[ksxkA ; opui= gLrk{kfjr djds d dks ifjnÙk dj nsrk gSA d us mn~nkiu fd;k gSA n`"Vkar & d ;g /kedh nsrk gS fd ;fn] [k dks dqN mit ifjnÙk djkus ds fy, 'kkfLr;qDr cU/ki= gLrk{kfjr ughaa djsxk vkSj [k dks u nsxk] rks og ; ds [ksr dks tksr Mkyus ds fy, yBSr Hkst nsxk vkSj rn~}kjk ; dks og cU/ki= gLrk{kfjr djus ds fy, vkSj ifjnÙk djus ds fy, mRizsfjr djrk gSA d us mn~nkiu fd;k gSA n`"Vkar & d ; dks ?kksj migfr djus ds Hk; esa Mkydj csbZekuh ls ; dks mRizsfjr djrk gS fd og ,d dksjs dkxt ij gLrk{kj dj ns ;k viuh eqnzk yxk ns vkSj mls d dks ifjnÙk dj nsA ;g ml dkxt ij gLrk{kj djds mls d dks ifjnÙk nsrk gSA ;gk¡] bl izdkj gLrk{kfjr dkxt ewY;oku izfrHkwfr esa ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gS] blfy, d us mn~nkiu fd;k gSA ds ekeys esa ,d Ldwy dk gSMekLVj fo|ky; dh efgyk f'kf{kdk dks rhu dksjs dkxtksa ij gLrk{kj djus dks dgrk gS] vU;Fkk og mldk 'khy Hkax djus dh /kedh nsrk gS] mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd ;g mn~nhiu gSA Chander Kala V. Ram Kishan
lafgrk dh /kkjk % ywV
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
lafgrk dh /kkjk 390 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd pksjh ^^ywV** gS] ;fn ml pksjh dks djus ds fy,] ;k ml pksjh ds djus esa ;k ml pksjh }kjk vfHkizkIr lEifÙk dks ys tkus ;k ys tkus dk iz;Ru djus esa] vijk/kh ml mn~ns'; ls LosPN;k fdlh O;fDr dh e`R;q] ;k migfr ;k mldk lnks"k vojks/k ;k rRdky e`R;q dk] ;k rRdky migfr dk] ;k rRdky lnks"k vojks/k dk Hk; dkfjr djrk gS ;k dkfjr djus dk iz;Ru djrk gSA n`"Vkar & mn~nkiu dc ywV gS & mn~nkiu ^^ywV** gS] ;fn vijk/kh og mn~nkiu djrs le; Hk; esa Mkys x, O;fDr dh mifLFkfr esa gSa] vkSj ml O;fDr dks Lo;a mldh ;k fdlh vU; O;fDr dh rRdky e`R;q ;k rRdky migfr ;k rRdky lnks"k vojks/k ds Hk; esa Mkydj ;g mn~nkiu djrk gS vkSj bl izdkj Hk; esa Mkydj bl izdkj Hk; esa Mkys x, O;fDr dks mn~nkiu dh tkus okyh pht mlh le; vkSj ogk¡ gh ifjnÙk djus ds fy, mRizsfjr djrk gSA n`"Vkar & d] ; dks ncksp ysrk gS] vkSj ; ds diMs+ esa ls ; dk /ku vkSj vkHkw"k.k ; dh lgefr ds fcuk diViwoZd fudky nsrk gSA ;gk¡] d us pksjh dh gS vkSj og pksjh djus ds fy, LosPN;k ; dks lnks"k vojks/k dkfjr djrk gSA blfy, d us ywV dh gSA n`"Vkar & d] ; ls dgdj] lEifÙk vfHkizkIr djrk gS fd ^^rqEgkjk f'k'kq esjh Vksyh ds gkFkksa esa gS] ;fn rqe gekjs ikl nl gtkj #i;k ughaa Hkst nksx]s rks og ekj Mkyk tk,xkA** ;g mn~nkiu gS] vkSj blh #i esa n.Muh; gS] fdUrq ;g ywV ughaa gS] tc rd ; dks mlds f'k'kw dh rRdky e`R;q ds Hk; esa u Mkyk tk,A lafgrk dh /kkjk 403 lEifÙk dk csbekuh ls nqfoZfu;ksx &
lafgrk esa dgh ij Hkh nqfoZfu;ksx dks ifjHkkf"kr ugha fd;k x;k gSA ijUrq lafgrk dh /kkjk 403 lEifÙk dk csbekuh ls nqfoZfu;ksx ij ppkZ djrh gSA n`"Vkar & d] ; dh lEifÙk dks ml le; tcfd d ml lEifÙk dks ysrk gS] ;g fo'okl j[krs gq, fd viuh Hkwy ekywe gksus ds i'pkr~ ml csbZekuh ls vius fy, nqfoZfu;ksx dj ysrk gS] rks og bl /kkjk ds v/khu vijk/k dk nks"kh gSA n`"Vkar & d] tks ; dk fe= gS] ; dh vuqifLFkfr esa ; ds iqLrdky esa tkrk gS vkSj ; dh vfHkO;Dr lgefr ds fcuk ,d iqLrd ys tkrk gSA ;gk¡] ;gn d dk ;g fopkj Fkk fd i<+us ds iz;kstu ds fy, iqLrd ysus dh mldks ; dh foof{kr lgefr izkIr gS] rks d us pksjh ughaa dh gSA fdUrq ;fn d ckn esa ml iqLrd dks vius Qk;ns ds fy, csp nsrk gS] rks og bl /kkjk ds v/khu vijk/k dk nks"kh gSA dsoy dqN le; ds fy, csbekuh ls nqfoZfu;ksx djrk bl /kkjk ds vFkZ ds varxZr nqfoZfu;ksx gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 403 ds nks Li"Vhdj.k gSA izFke Li"Vhdj.k ds vuqlkj n`"Vkar & d dks ; dk ,d ljdkjh opui= feyrk gS] ftl ij fujad i`"Bkadu gSA d] ;g tkurs gq, fd ;g opui= ; dk gS] mls _.k ds fy, izfrHkwfr ds :i esa cSadkj ds ikl bl vk'k; ls fxjoh j[k nsrk gS fd og Hkfo"; esa mls ; dks izR;kofrZr dj nsxkA d us bl /kkjk ds v/khu vijk/k fd;k gSA n`"Vkar & ftl O;fDr dks ,slh lEifÙk iM+h fey tkrh gS] tks vU; O;fDr ds dCts esa ughaa gS vkSj og mlds Lokeh ds fy, mldks lajf{kr j[kus ;k mlds Lokeh dks mls izR;kofrZr djus ds iz;kstu ls ,slh lEifÙk dks ysrk gS] og u rks csbZekuh ls mls ysrk gS vkSj u csbZekuh ls mldk nqfoZfu;ksx djrk gS]
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
vkSj fdlh vijk/k dk nks"kh ughaa gS] fdUrq og Åij ifjHkkf"kr vijk/k dk nks"kh gS] ;fn og mlds Lokeh dks tkurs gq, ;k [kkst fudkyus ds lk/ku j[krs gq, vFkok mlds Lokeh dks [kkst fudkyrs vkSj lwpuk nsus ds ;qfDr;qDr lk/ku mi;ksx esa ykus vkSj mlds Lokeh dks mldh ekax djus dks leFkZ djus ds fy, ml lEifÙk dks ;qfDr;qDr le; rd j[ks j[kus ds iwoZ mldks vius fy, fofu;ksftr dj ysrk gSA n`"Vkar & d dks jktekxZ ij ,d #i;k iM+k feyrk gSA ;g u tkurs gq, fd ,d #i;k fdldk gS d ml #i;s dks mBk ysrk gSA ;gk¡ d us bl /kkjk esa ifjHkkf"kr vijk/k ughaa fd;k gSA n`"Vkar & d dks ,d lM+d ij ,d fpV~Bh iM+h feyrh gS] ftlesa ,d cSad uksV gSA ml fpV~Bh esa fn, gq, funs'k vkSj fo"k;oLrq ls mls Kkr gks tkrk gS fd og uksV fdldk gSA og ml uksV dk fofu;ksx dj ysrk gSA og bl /kkjk ds v/khu vijk/k dk nks"kh gSA n`"Vkar & d ns[krk gS fd ; dh ftlesa /ku gS] ls fxj x;k gSA d og FkSyh ; dks izR;kofrZr djus ds vk'k; ls mBk ysrk gSA fdUrq rRi'pkr~ mls vius mi;ksx ds fy, fofu;ksftr dj ysrk gSA d us bl /kkjk ds v/khu vijk/k fd;k gSA vkijkf/kd U;kl Hkax ¼lafgrk dh /kkjk 405&409½ tc dksbZ lEifÙk ;k lEifÙk ij dksbZ Hkh v[R;kj fdlh izdkj vius dks U;Lr fd, tkus ij ml lEifÙk dk csbZekuh ls nqfoZfu;ksx dj ysrk gS ;k mls vius mi;ksx esa laifjofrZr dj ysrk gS ;k ftl izdkj ,slk U;kl fuoZgu fd;k tkrk gS] mldks fofgr djus okyh fof/k ds fdlh funs'k dk] ;k ,sls U;k; ds fuoZgu ds ckjs esa mlds }kjk dh xbZ fdlh vfHkO;Dr ;k foof{kr oS/k lafonk dk
vfrØe.k djds csbZekuh ls ml lEifÙk dk mi;ksx ;k O;;u djrk gS] ;k tkucw>dj fdlh vU; O;fDr dk ,slk djuk lgu djrk gS] og ^^vkijkf/kd U;klHkax** djrk gSA ;fn pqjk;k x;k /ku O;fDr }kjk izkIr dj fy;k tkrk gS rFkk ;fn og izkIr djus esa vleFkZ gS rc rRo lafgrk dh /kkjk 406&409 ds vuqlkj vijk/k d`R; fd;k gSA 'kq#vkr esa vfHk;kstu ij gksrh gS fd mUgksus /ku izkIr dj fy;kA rnqijkUr nks"kh dh ;g ftEesnkjh gksrh gS og fl) djs fd mlesa mldks vius iz;ksx ds fy, iz;qDr ugha fd;kA ,d ckj lkSaik ikuk fl) gks tk, fQj nks"kh dks ;g fl) djrk gksxk fd mldks lkSais x;s lkeku dks dSls iz;ksx fd;kA (See N. Bhargavan Pillai V. State of Kerala AIR 2004 SC (2417) Mustafikhan V. state of Maharastra 1SCC 623)
lafgrk dh /kkjk 415 ls 420 Ny n`"Vkar & tc dksbZ fdlh O;fDr ls izoapuk dj ml O;fDr dks] ftls bl izdkj izoafpr fd;k x;k gSA diViwoZd ;k csbZekuh ls mRizsfjr djrk gS fd og dksbZ lEifÙk fdlh O;fDr dks ifjnÙk dj ns] ;k ;g lgefr ns ns fd dksbZ O;fDr fdlh lEifÙk dks j[ks ;k lk'k; ml O;fDr dks] ftls bl izdkj izoafpr fd;k x;k gS] mRiszfjr djrk gS fd og ,slk dksbZ dk;Z ij] ;k djus dk yksi djs ftls og ;fn mls bl izdkj izoafpr u fd;k x; gksrk rks] u djrk] ;k djus dk yksi u djrk] vkSj ftl dk;Z ;k yksi ls ml O;fDr dks 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] [;kfr lEcU/kh ;k lkEifÙkd uqdlku ;k vigkfu dkfjr gksrh gS] ;k dkfjr gksuh lEHkkO; gS] og ^^Ny** djrk gS] ;g dgk tkrk gSA n`"Vkar & d] ; dks fdlh oLrq dk] udyh lSEiy fn[kk dj ; ls lk'k; izoapuk djds] mls ;g fo'okl djkrk gS fd og oLrq ml
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
lSEiy ds vuq:i gS] vkSj rn~}kjk ml oLrq dks [kjhnus vkSj mldk ewY; pwdkus ds fy, ; dks csbZekuh ls mRizsfjr djrk gSA d Ny djrk gSA n`"Vkar & d ,sls uxksa dks] ftudks og tkurk gS fd os ghjs ughaa gS] ghjksa ds :i esa fxjoh j[k dj ; ls lk'k; izoapuk djrk gS] vkSj rn~}kjk /ku m/kkj nsus ds fy, ; dks csbZekuh ls mRizsfjr djrk gSA d Ny djrk gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 417 Ny ¼415½ ds fy, n.M dk izko/kku djrh gSA ;gk¡ ij flfoy ekeyksa ds fookn rFkk Ny ds e/; vUrj t:jh gSA gkykafd ,d lafonk dks Hkax djuk ,d QkStnkjh ekeyk ugha gksxkA D;ksafd flQZ lafonk Hkax djuk lafgrk dh /kkjk 415 rFkk 420 ds fy, mi;qDr vk/kkj ugha gSA (See V. Y. Jose and Another V. state of Gujrat and (2009) 3SCC Y8( All cargo movers (I) Pvt. Ltd. V. Dhavesh Badarmal Jain and another 2007 (12) SCALE 391)
lafgrk dh /kkjk 420 ds vuqlkj tc dksbZ Ny djsxk vkSj rn~ }kjk ml O;fDr dks] ftls izoafpr fd;k x;k gS] csbZekuh ls mRizsfjr djsxk fd og dksbZ lEifÙk fdlh O;fDr dks ifjnÙk dj ns] ;k fdlh Hkh ewY;oku~ izfrHkwfr dks] ;k fdlh pht dks] tks gLrk{kfjr ;k eqnzkafdr gS] vkSj tks ewY;oku izfrHkwfr esa laifjofrZr fd;s tkus ;ksX; gS] iw.kZr% ;k va'kr% jp ns] ifjofrZr dj ns ;k u"V dj ns og nksuks esa ls fdlh Hkkafr ds dkjkokl ls] ftldh vof/k lkr o"kZ rd dh gks ldsxh] nf.Mr fd;k tk,xk vkSj tqekZus ls Hkh n.Muh; gksxkA bl izko/kku ds varxZr vijk/k ds fy, ;g fl) djuk vko';d gS fd f'kdk;rdrkZ viuh lEifÙk ds nks"kh ls izkIr xyr lwpuk ds vk/kkj ij vyx fd;k x;kA rFkk nks"kh ds ,slk djus ds fy, csbZekuh iw.kZ vk'k; Fkk
(Morarik Ali Ahmed V. the State of Bombay] AIR 1957 SC 857)
nLrkostksa ds fo"k; ls lacf/kr vijk/k & lafgrk dh /kkjk 463&477 A dwV jpuk feF;k nLrkost jpuk rFkk vU; vijk/kksa ls lacaf/kr gSA Md. Ibrahim and Others V. State of Bihar and Another (2009 8SCC) 751 ds ekeys esa mPpre U;k;ky; us feF;k nLrkost ds fo"k; dk foLrkj esa mYys[k fd;k gSA
/kkjk 463&465 dwVjpuk dqV jpuk tks dksbZ fdlh feF;k nLrkost ;k nLrkost d fdlh Hkkx dk bl vk'k; ls jprk gS fd yksd dks ;k fdlh O;fDr dks uqdlku ;k {kfr dkfjr dh tk, ;k fdlh nkos ;k gd dk leFkZu fd;k tk,] ;k ;g dkfjr fd;k tk, fd dksbZ O;fDr lEifÙk vyx djs ;k dksbZ vfHkO;Dr ;k foof{kr lafonk djs ;k bl vk'k; ls jprk gS fd diV djs] ;k diV fd;k tk lds] og dqV&jpuk djrk gSA feF;k nLrkost jpuk& igyk & tks csbekuh ls ;k diViwoZd bl vk'k; ls fdlh nLrkost ;k nLrkost ;k nLrkost ds Hkkx dks jfpr] gLrk{kfjr] eqnzkafdr ;k fu"izkfnr djrk gSA nLrkost dk fu"iknu ;k vadh; gLrk{kj dh izkef.kdrk |ksru djus okyk dksbZ fpUg yxkrk gS] fd ;g fo'okl fd;k tk, fd ,slh nLrkost ;k nLrkost ds Hkkx] jpuk] gLrk{kj.k] eqnzkd a u] fu"iknu] izs"k.k] ,sls O;fDr }kjk ;k ,sls O;fDr ds izkf/kdkj }kjk fd;k x;k Fkk] ftlds }kjk ;k ftlds izkf/kdkj }kjk mldh jpuk] gLrk{kj.k] eqnzkadu] fu"iknu ;k gLrk{kj u gksus dh ckr og tkurk FkkA nwljk & tks fdlh nLrkost ds fdlh rkfRod Hkkx esa ifjorZu mlds }kjk ;k fdlh vU;
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
O;fDr }kjk] pkgs ,slk O;fDr ,sls ifjorZu ds le; thfor gks ;k ughaa] mls nLrkost ;k ds jfpr] fu"ikfnr fd;s tkus ds i'pkr mls jn~n djus }kjk ;k vU;Fkk fof/kiwoZd izkkf/kdkj ds fcuk] csbZekuh ls ;k diViwoZd djrk gS] vFkok rhljk & tks fdlh O;fDr }kjk] ;g tkurs gq, fd ,slk O;fDr fdlh nLrkost dh fo"k; oLrq dks] ifjorZu ds :i dks fpÙkfo—r ;k eÙkrk dh gkyr esa gksus ds dkj.k tku ughaa ldrk ;k ml izoapuk ds dkj.k] tks mlls dh x;k gS] tkurk ughaa gS] ml nLrkost dks cbZekuh ls ;k diViwoZd gLrk{kfjr] eqnzkafdr] fu"ikfnr ;k ifjorZu fd;k tkuk ;k bysDVªWkfud gLrk{kj djk;k tkuk dkfjr djrk gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 470 dwVjfpr nLrkostkas dh O;k[;k djrs gSA dwVjpuk lafgrk dh /kkjk 465 ds varxZr n.Muh; gS lafgrk dh /kkjk 464 ds varxZr foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA bl /kkjk dk v/;;u djus ij ;g /kkjk xyr nLrkostksa dks rhu Js.kh;ks es foHkkftr djrh gS (as per Md. Ibrahim's case) bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gS fd lafgrk dh /kkjk 464 ds varxZr xyr nLrkost dk fuekZ.k gqvk gSA ;fn ¼1½ og ,slk nLrkost cukrk gS fd og dksbZ vkSj O;fDr gS ;k fdlh vkSj O;fDr }kjk izkf/kdkfjr gSA ¼2½ mlus nLrkostksa ds lkFk NsM+dkuh dh gSA ¼3½ mlus nLrkost xyr rjhds ls izkIr fd, gSA ;k rc izkIr fd, gSA tc mldk ekfyd iwjs gks'k es ugha gSA n`"Vkar & d vius vfHkdrkZ [k ds ikl ,d cSdkj ij fy[k gqvk] d }kjk gLrk{kfjr pSd] ns; /kujkf'k vafdr fd, fcuk NksM+ nsrk gSA [k dks d bl ckr d fy, izkf/k—r dj nsrk gS fd og dqN lank; djus ds fy, pSd esa ,slh /kujkf'k] tks nl gtkj #i; ls vf/kd
u gks] vafdr dj ds pSd Hkj ysA [k diViwoZd pSd esa chl gtkj #i; vafdr djds mls Hkj ysrk gSA [k dwVjpuk djrk gSA n`"Vkar & d ,d ljdkjh opui= dks] i`"Bkafdr djrk gS vkSj ml ij 'kCn ^^; dks ;k mlds vkns'kkuqlkj ns nks** fy[kdj vkSj i`"Bkadu ij gLrk{kj djds mls ; dks ;k mlds vkns'kkuqlkj ns; dj nsrk gSA [k csbekuh ls ^^; dks ;k mls vkns'kkuqlkj nss nks** bu 'kCnksa dks Nhydj feVk Mkyrk gS] vkSj bl izdkj ml fo'ks"k i`"Bkadu dks ,d fujad i`"Bkadu esa ifjofrZr dj nsrk gSA [k dwVjpuk djrk gSA n`"Vkar & d ,d i= fy[krk gS vkSj [k ds izkf/kdkj ds fcuk] bl vk'k; ls fd ml i= ds }kjk ; ls vkSj vU; O;fDr;ksa ls vfHkizkIr djs] [k ds uke ds glrk{kj ;g izekf.kr djrs gq, nsrk gS fd d vPNs 'khy dk O;fDr gS vkSj vuosf{kr nqHkkZX; ds dkj.k nhu voLFkk esa gSaA ;gk¡] d us ; dks lEifÙk vyx djus ds fy, mRizsfjr djus dh feF;k nLrkost jph gS] blhfy, d us dwVjpuk dh gSA lafgrk dk ;g v/;k; vU; xaHkhj dwVjpuk rFkk vU; ls lacf/kr rFkk n.M dk izko/kku djrk gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 467 rFkk 468 & ewY;oku izfrHkwfr;ksa dh dwV jpukA lafgrk dh /kkjk 467 ewY;oku izfrHkwfr] fcy] bR;kfn dh dwV jpuk ls lacf/kr gS rFkk lafgrk dh /kkjk 468 Ny es iz;kstu ds dwVjpuk ds fy, n.M dk izko/kku djrh gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 471 ds vuqlkj tc dksbZ fdlh ,slh 61 nLrkostksa dks] ftlds ckjs esa og ;g tkurk ;k fo'okl djus dk dkj.k j[krk gks fd og dwVjfpr 62 nLrkost diViwoZd ;k csbZekuh ls vlyh ds :i esa mi;ksx esa yk,xk] og mlh izdkj nf.Mr
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
fd;k tk,xk] ekuks mlus ,slh 63 nLrkost dh dwVjpuk dh gksA lafgrk dh /kkjk 479 /kkjk 466 rFkk 467 esa of.kZr nLrkostksa dks dwVjfpr tkurs gq, vkSj mls vlyh ds :i es mi;ksx es ykus dk vk'k; j[krs gq, dCts esa j[kus ds lanHkZ es izko/kku djrh gSA
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© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk ijh{kk mi;ksxh lkexzh fo"k;-6 n.M izfØ;k lafgrk 1973
ifjp; % n.M izfØ;k lafgrk 1973] n.M izfØ;k lafgrk 1898 dk LFkku ysrh gSA lafgrk QkStnkjh U;kf;d ra= dh izfØ;k ds LFkkiuk ds fo"k; esa izko/kku djrh gSA ;g vUos"k.k rFkk ijh{k.k ds ifjis{; esa ,d lEiw.kZ ra= dh LFkkiuk djrh gSA Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk ,d ekSfyd QkStnkjh dkuwu gS] vfirq n.M izfØ;k lafgrk 1973 ,d izfØ;kRed fof/k gSA tks dh ekSfyd QkStnkjh dkuwu ds fØ;kUo;u ls lacaf/kr gSa lafgrk nks"kh O;fDr ds vf/kdkjksa rFkk lekt dh vijk/k ls lqj{kk ds eè; larqyu LFkkfir djrh gsa lafgrk lafo/kku esa iznr dk;Zikfydk] U;k;kikfydk rfkk fo/kkf;dk ds eè; 'kfDr ds caVokjs dks izHkkoh djrh gSA tSlk dh ;g Li"V gS fd jkT; ds izR;sd pj.k esa nkf;Roksa dk foHkktu gS rFkk lafgrk 'kfDr ds foHkktu ds fl)kUr dk lEeku djrh gSA King Emperor Vs Nazir Ahmed ds ekeys esa izhoh dkWfly us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd U;k;kikfydk rFkk iqfyl ds ÑR; ,d nwljs ds izhfr lgk;d gS u fd foHksndkjhA gkWykafd lafgrk laln }kjk ikfjr fo/ks;d gS] ijUrq ^vkijkf/kd izfØ;k* leorhZ lwph dk fo"k; gS] vr% jkT;ksa dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd os viuh vko';drkuqlkj lafgrk esa ifjorZu dj ldsA ifjHkk"kk;sa & lafgrk dh /kkjk 2 esa fofHkUu ifjHkk"kk;sa gSa] rFkk ;g ifjHkk"kk;sa iwjh lafgrk esa
vyx&vyx LFkkuksa ij iz;qDr gqbZ lafgrk lS)kfUrd izfØ;kRed fof/k lq>kbZ xbZ ifjHkk"kk;sa vU; fof/k;ksa gks ldrh] c'krsZ oks fo/kku vyx uk djsAa
gSA ;wfa d ;g gS vr% blesa esa Hkh iz;qDr ls ifjHkkf"kr
vijk/k dk oxhZdj.k lafgrk dh izFke vuqlwph esa vijk/kksa dh lwph gS rFkk ;g muds laca/k esa izfØ;kRed tkudkjh iznku djrh gSA vuqlwph ls tks vijk/k tekurh; rFkk vtekurh; gS mUgsa lafgrk dh /kkjk 2¼a½ esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA gkWykafd nwljs fo/kku ;k dkuwu Hkh tekurh; rFkk vtekurh; dks ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, izFke vuqlwph ds vuqlkj Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk 323 ds vUrxZr fd;s x;s vijk/k tekurh; gS] ogh Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk 326 ds varxZr fd;s x;s vijk/k vtekurh; gSA Information Technology Act 2000, dh /kkjk dh /kkjk 77B ds vuqlkj Information Technology Act 2000 ds varxZr fd;s x;s lHkh vijk/k rhu o"kZ ds dkjkokl ls n.Muh; gSa rFkk ;s tekurh; gksxsA tekurh; vijk/k og vijk/k gksrs gSa tks izFke vuqlwph esa tekurh; ds :I esa fn[kk;k x;k gS ;k rRle; izo`Ùk fdlh vU; fof/k }kjk tekurh; cuk;k x;k gSA ogh vtekurh; vijk/k og vijk/k gksrs gSa tks ftuesa tekur dk izko/kku ugha gksrk rFkk vijk/kh dks flQZ U;k;ky; ds foosdkf/kdkj ij gh NksM+ tk ldrk gSA /kkjk 2(c), 2(1) laKs; rFkk vlaKs; vijk/k laKs; vijk/k og vijk/k gksrs gSa] ftuesa iqfyl vf/kdkjh izFke vuqlwph ;k rRle; izor` fdlh
vU; fof/k ds vuqlkj okj.V ds fcuk fxj¶rkj dj ldrk gSA
ugha gksrhA lafgrk dh /kkjk 173 vUos"k.k ds lekIr gksus ij iqfyl fjiksZV ls lacaf/kr gSA
n`"Vkar & A dks Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk 363 esa O;kigj.k ds ekeys esa fxj¶rkj fd;k x;k pwafd ;g vijk/k laKs; gS vr% A dks iqfyl fcuk okj.V ds fxj¶rkj dj ldrh gSA gkWykafd vijk/k tekurh; gS] vr% A dks n.M izfØ;k lafgrk dh /kkjk 436 ds vuqlkj tekur ij NksM+k tk ldrk gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 2(e) - tk¡p ls vfHkizsr gS] fopkj.k ls fHkUu ,slh izR;sd tk¡p tks lafgrk ds v/khu eftLVªVs ;k U;k;ky; }kjk dh tk;sA
A dks Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk 365 esa
vUrxZr O;ogj.k ds vkjksi esa fxj¶rkj fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d vtekurh; vijk/k gS vr% A dh eqfDr U;k;ky; ds foosd ds mij fuHkZj gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 2(w) rFkk 2(x) leu ekeyk rFkk okj.V ekeyk lafgrk dh /kkjk 2(x) ds vuqlkj okj.V ekeys esa og vijk/k gksrs gSa] tks e`Rpq&n.M] vkthou dkjkokl ;k nks o"kZ ls vf/kd dh ltk ls n.Muh; gksA ogh lafgrk dh /kkjk 2(w) ds vuqlkj leu ekeys ,sls ekeyk tks ,d vijk/k ls lacaf/kr gSa vkSj tks okj.V ekeyk ugha gSA ;gk¡ è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gs fd leu ekeyks rFkk okj.V ekeyks dk oxhZdj.k ekeyksa ds fopkj.k ds mij fuHkZj djrk gSa lafgrk dk vè;k; XVIII rFkk XIX okj.V ekeyksa ds ifj{k.k ls lacaf/kr gS] ogha lafgrk dk vè;k; XX leu ekeyksa ls lacaf/kr gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 2(d) - lafgrk dh /kkjk 2(d) ds vuqlkj ifjokn & ifjokn dk rkRi;Z gS eftLVsªV ds le{k fd;k x;k dksbZ ekSfyd ;k fyf[kr vfHkdFkuA ifjokn dk mí'; gS eftLVªsV dks lafgrk ds vUrxZr dk;ZokbZ djus esa l{ke gSA ifjokn esa iqfyl dh fjiksVZ 'kkfey
lafgrk dh /kkjk 2(n) - vijk/k & vijk/k dk rkRi;Z ,sls dk;Z ls gS tks rRle; izo`r fdlh fof/k }kjk n.Muh; cuk fn;k x;k gSA vr% lafgrk dh /kkjk 4 rFkk 5 ds varxZr leLr vijk/kh dk fopkj.k Hkkjrh; n.M izfØ;k lafgrk ds vuqlkj gksxkA lafgrk dh /kkjk 2(r) - iqfyl fjiksZV dk vFkZ gS /kkjk 173 dh mi/kkjk ¼2½ ds varxZr iqfyl vf/kdkjh }kjk eftLVªsV dks vxzlkfjr fjiksZVA bl mi/kkjk esa dh xbZ iqfyl fjiksZV] iqfyl vf/kdkjh }kjk vUos"k.k ds iw.kZ gksus ds i'pkr~ gh Hksth tkuh pkfg,] mlds iwoZ ughaA n.M U;k;ky;ksa dk xBu lafgrk dh /kkjk 6 ls 23 dh /kkjk,sa n.M U;k;ky;ksa ds xBu ls lacaf/kr izko/kku djrh gSa lafgrk dh /kkjk 6 ;g Li"V djrh gS fd mPp U;k;ky;ksa vkSj bl lafgrk ls fHkUu fdlh fof/k ds v/khu xfBr U;k;ky;ksa ds vfrfjDr] izR;sd jkT; esa fuEufyf[kr oxksZa ds n.M U;k;ky; gksx a ]s vFkkZr~ ls'ku U;k;ky; izFke oxz U;kf;d eftLVªsV vkSj fdlh egkuxj {ks= esa egkuxj eftLVªVs f}rh; oxZ U;kf;d eftLVªsV vkSj dk;Zikyd eftLVªVs n.M U;k;ky;ksa dh 'kfDr;k¡ /kkjk 28 rfkk 29 & n.Mns'k] tks n.M U;k;ky; ns ldsaxsA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 28 ds vuqlkj mPp U;k;ky; fof/k }kjk izkf/kÑr dksbZ n.Mkns'k ns ldrk gS rFkk ls'ku U;k;k/kh'k ;k vij ls'ku U;k;k/kh'k fof/k }kjk izkf/kÑr dksbZ Hkh n.Mkns'k ns ldrk gS( fdUrq mlds }kjk fn, x, e`R;q n.Mkns'k ds mPp U;k;ky; }kjk iq"V fd, tkus dh vko';drk gksxhA n`"Vkar & Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk 302 ds ekeys esa fopkj.k ds ckn ls'ku U;k;ky; us nks"kh dks e`R;qn.M fn;kA ijUrq bl n.Mkns'k dh iqf"V mPp U;k;ky; }kjk vko';d gksxhA lafgrk dh /kkjk 29 ds vuqlkj eq[; U;kf;d eftLVªsV dk U;k;ky; e`R;q ;k vkthou dkjkokl ;k lkr o"kZ ls vf/kd dh vof/k ds fy, dkjkokl ds n.Mkns'k ds flok; dksbZ,slk n.Mkns'k ns ldrk gS tks fof/k }kjk izkf/kÑr gSA izFke oxZ eftLVªsV dk U;k;ky; rhu o"kZ ls vukf/kd vof/k ds fy, dkjkokl dk ;k nl gtkj :I, ls vukf/kd tqekZus dk] ;k nksuksa dk] n.Mkns'k ns ldrk gSA fxj¶rkjh fxj¶rkjh dk rkRi;Z fdlh O;fDr dh O;fDrxr Lora=rk ij ,sls O;fDr }kjk vadq'k yxkus ftls fof/k us izoZr fd;k gksA lafgrk dh /kkjk 60 ¼tks o"kZ 2009 ds la'kks/ku }kjk tksM+h xbZ gS½ ds vuqlkj fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks lafgrk esa iznr izfØ;k vuqlkj rFkk vU; fo/kku ds vuqlkj ftl esa fxj¶rkjh dk rjhdk iznr gks] ls gh fxj¶rkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA iqfyl fxj¶rkjh dh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx nks ifjfLFkfr esa djrh gS og ;k rks okj.V ds iz;ksx ls ;k fcuk okj.V ds fxj¶rkjh dj ldrh gSa lafgrk dh /kkjk 87 U;k;k/kh'k dks ;s vf/kdkj nsrh gS fd og okj.V tkjh djs fQj pkgs og leu ekeyk gks ;k okj.V ekeykA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 204 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd ,d ckj okj.V ekeys dk laKku ysus ij U;k;/kh'k fxj¶rkjh okj.V tkjh dj ldrk gSA ;g è;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd fxj¶rkjh rFkk fgjklr esa varj gksrk gSa ;s nksuksa lekukFkhZ ugha gS (Niranjan Singh Vs. Prabhakar Raja Ram Kharote (1980) 2scc 559)
,d O;fDr fgjklr esa flQZ rc gh ugha gksrk tc U;k;ky; mls fxj¶rkj djrk gS] vfirq tc iqfyl O;fDr dks U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k is'k djrh gS rc Hkh og fgjklr esa gksrk gSA iqfyl U;k;ky; ls U;kf;d rFkk vU; fgjklr dh ekax djldrh gSA ,d O;fDr U;kf;d fgjklr esa rc dgk¡ tkrk gS tc og U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k leiZ.k dj ns rFkk U;k;ky; ds funsZ'kksa dk ikyu djsA bl izdkj fxj¶rkjh ,d izdkj ls fgjklr dk gh ,d Hkkx gSA n`"Vkar & A ,d laKs; vijk/k dk nks"kh gS rFkk og U;k;ky; dh 'kj.k esa leiZ.k djrk gS vr% gS vc A U;kf;d fgjklr esa gSA A ,d laKs; vijk/k dk nks"kh gS rFkk mls iqfyl fxj¶rkj djrh gS] vr% A vc iqfyl
fgjklr esa gSA /kkjk 41 & fcuk okj.V ds fxj¶rkjh lafgrk dh /kkjk 41 iqfyl dks ;g vf/kdkj nsrh gS fd og fcuk okj.V ds Hkh fxj¶rkjh dj dlrh gSA dqN fuf'pr ekeyksa dks NksM+ dj iqfyl dks ;g vf/kdkj ugha gS fd og fcuk okj.V ds vlaKs; ekeyksa esa fxj¶rkjh djsA lafgrk dh /kkjk 42 ds vuqlkj iqfyl vf/kdkjh vlaKs; ekeyksaesa Hkh fxj¶rkjh dj ldrk gS c'krsZ vijk/k iqfyl vf/kdkjh ds lEeq[k gqvk
gks rFkk O;fDr viuk uke o irk iqfyl vf/kdkj dks ugha cuk x;k gksA lafgrk dh /kkjk 43 izkbosV O;fDr }kjk fxj¶rkjh rFkk ,slh fxj¶rkjh dh izfØ;k ds lanHkZ esa izdk'k Mkyrk gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 44 eftLVªsV }kjk fxj¶rkjh dk izo/kku djrh gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 46 & fxj¶rkjh dSls dh tk,A lafgrk dh /kkjk 46 ds vuqlkj & fxj¶rkjh djus esa iqfyl vf/kdkjh ;k vU; O;fDr] tks fxj¶rkjh dj jgk gS] fxj¶rkj fd, tkus okys O;fDr ds 'kjhj dks oLrqr% Nq,xk ;k ifj:) djsxk] tc rd mlus opu ;k deZ }kjk vius dks vfHkj{kk esa lefiZr u dj fn;k gksA ;fn ,slk O;fDr vius fxj¶rkj fd, tkus ds iz;kl dk cykr izfrjks/k djrk gS ;k fxj¶rkjh ls cpus dk iz;Ru djrk gS rks ,slk iqfyl vf/kdkjh ;k vU; O;fDr fxj¶rkjh djus ds fy, vko';d lc lk/kuksa dks mi;ksx esa yk ldrk gSA bl /kkjk dh dksbZ ckr ,sls O;fDr dh ftl ij e`R;q ;k vkthou dkjkokl ls n.Muh; vijk/k dk vfHk;ksx ugha gS] e`R;q dkfjr djdus dk vf/kdkj ugha nsrh gSA fxj¶rkj fd;s x;s O;fDr ds vf/kdkj lafgrk dh /kkjk 49 & vuko';d vojks/k u djuk & fxj¶rkj fd, x, O;fDr dks mlls vf/kd vo:) u fd;k tk,xk ftruk mldks fudy Hkkxus ls jksdus ds fy, vko';d gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 50¼1½ & fxj¶rkjh ds dkj.k tkkus dk vf/kdkj lafgrk dh /kkjk 50¼1½ ds vuqlkj fxj¶rkj gq, O;fDr dks fxj¶rkj djus okys vf/kdkjh@iqfyl }kjk fxj¶rkjh dk dj.k crk;k tkuk pkfg,A ¼Ñi;k lafo/kku dh /kkjk 22¼1½ ns[ks½
lafgrk dh /kkjk 50 ¼d½ ds vuqlkj fxj¶rkjh djus okyk izR;sd iqfyl vf/kdkjh ;k vU; O;fDr ,slh fxj¶rkjh vkSj ml LFkku ds ckjs esa] tgk¡ fxj¶rkj fd;k x;k O;fDr j[kk tk jgk gS] tkudkjh mlds fe=ks]a ukrsnkjksa ;k ,sls vU; O;fDr dks] tks fxj¶rkj fd, x, O;fDr }kjk ,slh tkudkjh nsus ds iz;kstu ds fy, izdV ;k ukefufnZ"V fd;k tk,] rqjUr nsxkA iqfyl vf/kdkjh fxj¶rkj fd, x, O;fDr dks] tsls gh og iqfyl Fkkus esa yk;k tkrk gS] mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu mlds vf/kdkjksa ds ckjs esa lwfpr djsxkA /kkjk 50¼d½ dks 2005 ds la'kks/ku }kjk tksM+k x;k rFkk ;s 2006 ls izHkkfo gSA bl /kkjk ds izko/kku ls iwoZ Joginder Singh Vs State of UP (1994) 4SCC 260 rFkk DK Basu Vs State of West Bengal (1997); 1 SCC 416 ds ekeyksa esa mPpre U;k;y; us foLrkj ls nks"kh O;fDr ds vf/kdkjksa dk mYys[k fd;kA bu vf/kdkjksa dks ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dh rjg ekU;rk izkIr gS rFkk budh j{kk lafo/kku }kjk fd tkrh gSA /kkjk53] 53(A), 54] 55 & jftLVªMZ fpfdRlh; O;olk;h }kjk ijh{kk dk vf/kdkj rFkk fxj¶rkj O;fDr dh lqj{kkA lafgrk dh /kkjk 53 rFkk 53(A) ds vuqlkj iqfyl] lk{k; rFkk rF;ksa dks bDV~Bk djus ds fy, fpfdRlk & O;olk;h }kjk vfHk;qDr dh ijh{kk djok ldrh gSA /kkjk 53¼d½ ds vuqlkj cykRlax ds vijk/kh O;fDr dh fpfdRlh; ijh{kk djkbZ tk ldrh gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 54 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd fxj¶rkj O;fDr dh fpfdRlh; ijh{kk dsUnzh; rFkk jkT; lsok ds fpfdRlk & vf/kdkjh }kjk djkbZ tkuh pkfg, rFkk mudh vuqifLFkfr esa fdlh jftLVªMZ fpfdrld }kjkA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 55 (A) ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd fxj¶rkj gq,s O;fDr dh ;qfDr;qDr vk/kkj ij lqj{kk rFkk LokLF; dk [;ky j[kk tk,A ;g ,d u;k izko/kku gS tks fd o"kZ 2009 esa lafgrk esa tksM+k x;kA ;gk¡ è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd lafgrk dh /kkjk 164(A) cykRlax ihfM+r ds fpfdRlh; ijh{k.k ls laca/khr gS rFkk ;g izfØ;k rFkk lwpukvksa ds vfHkys[ku dk Hkh izko/kku djrh gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 56 rFkk 57 U;k;/kh'k ds lEeq[k mifLFkrh dk vf/kdkj ,d O;fDr tks fd iqfyl }kjk fxj¶rkj fd;k x;k gS mls fxj¶rkjh ds 24 ?kaVs ds Hkhrj U;k;ky; esa mifLFkr djuk pkfg,A n`"Vkar & B dks 12 twu dh lqcg 11%00 ij fxj¶rkj fd;k x;k vc B dks 13 twu dh lqcg 11%00 ls igys U;k;ky; esa mifLFkr gksuk pkfg,A fof/kd lykg dk vf/kdkj lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 22¼1½ rFkk lafgrk dh /kkjk 303 ds varxZr nks"kh dks vius odhy ls lykg ysus dk vf/kdkj gSa lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 20¼3½ ds vuqlkj O;fDr dks Loa; ds fo:) lk{kh gksus ds fy, ckè; ugha fd;k tk ldrkA iwNrkN ds nkSjku ihfM+r O;fDr dks fof/kd lykg dk vf/kdkj gSA fgjklr ds nkSjku fgalk ds fo:) vf/kdkj mppre U;k;ky; us dbZ lkjs ekeyksa esa tSls fd Nilabati Behera Vs State of Orissa esa ;g Li"V izko/kku fd;k gS fd xyr rjhds ls fgjklr esa j[kk x;k O;fDr eqvkotk ekax ldrk gSA mPpre U;k;y; fgjklr ds nkSjku fgalk rFkk lk{; o tqeZ dcqyokus ds fy, voS/k
rjhjdks@III degree ds iz;ksx dh eukgh dh gSA fgjklr ds nkSjku fgalk rFkk vR;kpkj ds fo:) vf/kdkj lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 21 esa iznr gSA (Prem Shanker Vs. Delhi Administration AIR 1980 SC 1535)
lk{; vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 24&27 ;g izko/kku djrh gS iwNrkN dsnkSjku iqfyl dks fof/k iw.kZ rjhdks dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A n`"Vkar & A ,d vijk/k dk nks"kh gS rFkk mls iqfyl }kjk fxj¶rkj fd;k tkrk gS o iqfyl fgjklr esa j[kk tkrk gSA A dks ekjekj dj iqfyl }kjk mldk C;ku fy;k tkrk gS] bl izdkj dk C;ku fof/k ds lEeq[k voS/k gSA tekur ,d ckj fxj¶rkjh ds ckn nks"kh dks tekur ij NwVus dk vf/kdkj gsA tekur ;g fuf'prrk gS fd nks"kh fopkj.k ds fy, Hkfo"; esa U;k;y; esa mifLFkr gksxk rFkk nks"kh U;k;y; ds {kas=kf/kdkj ds ckgj ugha tk,sxkA ekeys ds fopkj.k ds nkSjku nks"kh dks fujijk/kh ekuk tk,sxk tc rd fd og vijk/kh ?kksf"kr uk gksA fopkj.k ls iwoZ fujks/k bl vo/kkj.kk ds fo:) gSA tgk¡ nks"kh ds vf/kdkjksa rFkk lkekftd lqj{kk ds eè; larqyu t:jh gS] ogha dbZ ckj fopkj.k iwoZ fujks/k vko';d gks tkrk gsa nks"kh fopkj.k ls iwoZ fujks/k dks U;k;ky; esa pqukSrh ns ldrk gSA ;s è;ku j[kuk vko';d gS fd tekur ds dkj.k fxj¶rkjh ds mís';ksa ds mij foijhr izHkko uk iM+sA /kkjk 167¼2½ ds vfrfjDr tekur U;k;/kh'k dk foosdk/khdkj gSA lafgrk dk vè;k; 33 tekur rFkk tekur ca/k i= ds ifjis{; esa izko/kku djrk gSA vè;k; 33 ds vfrfjDr tekur vU; izko/kkuksa ds varxZr
Hkh iznku fd tk ldrh gS tSls dh /kkjk 81¼1½] 167¼2½ rFkk 389n`"Vkar & T dks pksjh dk vkjksi esa fxj¶rkj fd;k x;k] mldh fgjklr ds 59 fnuksa rd iqfyl mldk vkjksi i= nkf[ky ugha dj ik;h] T dks vc lafgrk dh /kkjk 167 ds varxZr tekur ikys dk ge gSA D;ksafd iqfyl 60 fnuksa esa vkjksi i= nkf[ky ugha dj ik;hA n.M izfØ;k lafgrk dh /kkjk 436 lafgrk dh /kkjk 436 ds vuqlkj tc vtekurh; vijk/k ds vfHk;qDr O;fDr ls fHkUu dksbZ O;fDr iqfyl Fkkus ds Hkkjlk/kd }kjk okj.V ds fcuk fxj¶rkj ;k fu:) fd;k tkrk gS ;k U;k;ky; ds le{k gkftj gksrk gS ;k yk;k tkrk gS vkSj tc og ,sls vf/kdkjh dh vfHkj{kk esa gS ml chp fdlh le;] ;k ,sls U;k;ky; ds le{k dk;Zokfg;ksa ds fdlh izØe esa] tekur nsus ds fy, rS;kj gS rc ,slk O;fDr tekur ij NksM+ fn;k tk,xkA Rasiklal Vs Kishore Khan Chand Wadhwani, AIR 2009 SC 1349 ds ekeys esa] mPpre U;k;y; us ;g
fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd lafgrk dh /kkjk 436 ds varxZr tekurh vijk/k ds fy, tekur dk vf/kdkj vkR;kfrd rFkk vifjgk;Z gksrk gSA n`"Vkar & P dks lafgrk dh /kkjk 471 esa v/khu fxj¶rkj fd;k x;kA ;g ,d laKs; vijk/k gS ijUrq tekurh; gS] ;fn P dh tekur dh 'krksZa dh iwfrZ dj jgk gS rks mls lafgrk dh /kkjk 436 ds varxZr tekur feyrh pkfg,A lafgrk dh /kkjk 436(A) vf/kdre vo/kh ftlds fy, fopkjk/khu dSnh fo:) fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g izko/kku lafgrk esa o"kZ 2005 esa la'kks/ku ds }kjk tksM+k x;k rFkk ;g 26] ekpZ 2006 ls izHkkoh gSA
tgk¡ dksbZ O;fDr] fdlh fof/k ds v/khu fdlh vijk/k ds ¼tks ,slk vijk/k ugha gS ftlds fy, ml fof/k ds v/khu e`R;q n.M ,d n.M ds :i esa fofufnZ"V fd;k x;k gS½ bl lafgrk ds v/khu vUos"k.k tk¡p ;k fopkj.k dh vof/k ds nkSjku dkjkokl dh ml vf/kdre vof/k ds tks ml fof/k ds v/khu ml vijk/k ds fy, fofufnZ"V dh xbZ gS] vk/ks ls vf/kd dh vof/k ds fy, fujks/k Hkkx pqdk gS] ogk¡ og izfrHkqvksa lfgr ;k jfgr O;fDrxr ca/ki= ij U;k;ky; }kjk NksM+ fn;k tk,xkA lafgrk dh /kkjk 437 rFkk 439 vtekurh vijk/kksa esa tekur lafgrk dh /kkjk 437 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd U;k;ky; ¼mPpU;k;y; rFkk ls'ku dksVZ dks NksM+ dj½ ;k iqfyl vf/kdkjh vtekurh; ekeys esa nks"kh dks tekur ij fjgk dj ldrs gSaA fdUrq ;fn ;g fo'okl djus ds fy, mfpr vk/kkj izrhr gksrs gSa fd ,slk O;fDr e`R;q ;k vkthou dkjkokl ls n.Muh; vijk/k dk nks"kh gS rks og bl izdkj ugha NksM+k tk,xkA lafgrk dh /kkjk 439 mPp U;k;ky; rFkk ls'ku U;k;ky; dks O;fDr dks tekur ij NksM+us dk fo'ks"k 'kfDr nsrh gSA /kkjk 437 esa U;k;ky; }kjk tekur dh 'kfDr] mPpU;k;y; rFkk ls'ku dksVZ dks NksM+ dj gSA /kkjk 437 esa of.kZr U;k;ky; dh 'kfDr /kkjk 439 esa of.kZr U;k;ky;ksa dh 'kfDr ds leku ugha gSa State of Rajasthan Vs Balchand, AIr 1977 SC 2447, esa mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g Li"V
fd;k fd fu;e tekur dk gS u fd tsy dk ijUrq ifjfLFkfro'k ;fn U;k; ds fy, vko';d gks] ;k ;fn tekur ds dkj.k leL;k,sa mRiUu gks tSls iqu% vijk/k dh lEHkkouk] xokgksa dks /kedkuk vkfn rks ,slh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ tekur nsus
esa viokn gks ldrh gSA (See also Moti Ram Vs State of M.P. (1978) 4 SCC 47). Jayendra Saraswati Swamigal Vs. State of Tamil Nadu AIR 2005, SC 716 ds ekeys esa
U;k;y; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd vtekurh vijk/kksa esa tekur nsrs le;] U;k;y; dks fuEu fcUnqvksa ij fopkj.k djuk pkfg,%
vijk/k dk LoHkko rFkk xaHkhjrk lk{;ksa dk pfj= nks"kh ds ifjis{; esa lafnX/k ifjfLFkfr;k¡ fopkj.k ds nkSjku nks"kh dh mifLFkfr dh ;qfDr;qDr laHkkouk xokgksa ds izHkkfor djus dh laHkkouk yksdfgr] jkT;fgr ;k vU; igyw tks fd ifjfLFkfr rFkk rf;ksa dh laxrrk ls gSA ;s fopkj.k lai.w kZ ugha gS rFkk tekur nsus ls iwoZ izR;sd ekeys rFkk ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,A n`"Vkar & A dks laKs; vijk/k ds fy, fxj¶rkj fd;k x;k] mlus dbZ ckj leu dh rkjh[k ugha dh gS rFkk og dbZ lkyksa ls Qjkj gSA vc A dh ubZ tekur ;kfpdk ij fopkj djrs le; U;k;ky; bl rF; ij fopkj.k djsxk fd A dbZ o"kkZsa ls Qjkj gSA Ram Gopal Upadhyay Vs. Sudarshan Singh (2002), Puran Vs Ram Bilas (2001) 6SCC338, Kalyan Chandra Sarkar Vs. Rajesh Ranjan & Pappu Yadav, 2004 7SCC 528 ds ekeyksa esa
mPpre U;k;y; us tekur ds eatwjh rFkk fujLrhdj.k dks ysdj izko/kku fd;k gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 437 ds varxZr fn xbZ tekur dks lafgrk dh /kkjk 437¼5½ ds varxZr fujLr fd;k tk ldrk gSA U;k;y; ;g funsZf'kr
djldrk gS fd lafgrk dh /kkjk 437¼1½ rFkk ¼2½ ds varxZr tekur izkIr O;fDr dks fxj¶rkj dj ds fgjklr esa fy;k tk,A lafgrk dh /kkjk 439 ds varxZr iznku tekur dks lafgrk dh /kkjk 439¼2½ ds varxZr tekur nsdj fjuLr fd;k tk ldrk gSA mPpre U;k;y; ds vuqlkj ,d ckj tekur eatwj gksus ij oks flQZ Bksl dkj.k rFkk i;kZIr ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k gh fujLr dh tk ldrh gSA tekur dks fujLr djus dh izfØ;k ml izÑfr dh ugha gksrh ftl izÑfr dh tekur eatwjh dh izfØ;k gksrh gS] vr% U;k;ky; dks ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks ns[kuk pkfg,] tSls dh dgh tekur U;kf;d izfØ;k esa rks gLr{ksi ugha gksxk ;k fQj tekur ds ykHk dk nks"kh dksbZ xyr Qk;nk rks ugha mBk,sxkA (Dolat Ram Vs. State of Haryana, (1995) 1SCC 349)
nks"kh dks Øfed tekur vthZ nsus dk vf/kdkj gksrk gS] gkWykafd ,d vthZ fujLr gksus ds ckn nwljh vthZ u;s rFkk cnyh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij nk;j djuh pkfg,A (Kalyan Chandra Sarkar Vs. Rajesh Ranjan & Pappu Yadav (2005) 1SCC 801.
lafgrk dh /kkjk 438 & vfxze tekue n.M izfØ;k lafgrk esa vfxze tekur dk izko/kku lafgrk esa izFke ckj tksM+k x;kA ewy :i ls ;g n.M izfØ;k lafgrk 1899 esa miyC/k ugha FkkA lafgrk dh /kkjk 438 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd tc fdlh O;fDr dks ;g fo'okl djus dk dkj.k gS fd gks ldrk gS mldks fdlh vtekurh; vijk/k ds fd, tkus ds vfHk;ksx esa fxj¶rkj fd;k tk,] rks og bl /kkjk ds v/khu funsZ'k ds fy,mPp U;k;ky; ;k ls'ku U;k;ky; dks vkosnu dj ldrk gS fd ,slh fxj¶rkjh dh fLFkfr esa mldks tekur ij NksM+ fn;k tk,A mPp U;k;ky; ;k ls'ku dksVZ
vUos"k.k vf/kdkjh dks izkFkhZ dks NksM+us dk funsZ'k ns ldrk gSa lafgrk dh /kkjk 438 ds varxZr flQZ fxj¶rkjh ij izHkkoh gksrk gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 438 esa miyC/k 'kfDr;k¡ vlk/kkj.k gS rFkk budk iz;ksx vlk/kkj.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gh fd;k tkuk pkfg,A tgk¡ U;k;ky; dks ;g yxs fd O;fDr dh xyr Qalk;k x;k gS ;k tgk¡ ;g lqfuf'pr gks fd O;fDr Lora=rk dk xyr iz;ksx ugha djsxkA vknsf'kdk,sa U;k;ky; nks"kh dks U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k mifLFkr gksus ds fy, fofHkUu vknsf'kdk,sa tkjh dj ldrh gSA n.M izfØ;k lafgrk dk vè;k; VI fofHkUu vknsf'kdkvksa dk izko/kku djrk gSa lafgrk dk Hkkx VI 4 Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gSA
leu ¼/kkjk 61&69½ fxj¶rkjh dk okj.V ¼/kkjk 70&81½ mn?kks"k.kk rFkk dqdhZ ¼/kkjk 82&86½ vknsf'kdk laca/kh vU; fu;e ¼/kkjk 87&90½
/kkjk 61&69 ^leu* lafgrk dh /kkjk 62 leu dh rkehy dSls dh tk, ds ifjis{; esa izdk'k Mkyrh gS ogh lafgrk dh /kkjk 63 fuxfer fudk;ksa rFkk lkslkbfV;ksa ij leu dh rkehy ds ifjis{; ds lanHkZ esa izdk'k Mkyrh gSA /kkjk 64 ds vuqlkj & tc leu fd;k x;k O;fDr lE;d rRijrk cjrus ij Hkh u fey lds ogk¡ leu dh rkehy nks izfr;ksa esa ls ,d dks mlds dqVqc ds mlds lkFk jgus okys fdlh O;Ld iq#"k lnL; ds ikl ml O;fDr ds fy, NksM+dj dh tk ldrh gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 65 ds vuqlkj ;fn igys dh /kkjkvksa esa crk;h xbZ izfØ;kvksa ds vuqlkj ;fn leu dh rkehy ugha gks ikbZ gks rc rkehy djus okyk vf/kdkjh leu dh nks izfr;ksa esa ls ,d dks ml x`g ;k oklLFkku ds] ftlesa leu fd;k x;k O;fDr ekewyh rkSj ij fuokl djrk gS] fdlh lgtn`'; Hkkx esa yxk,xk( vkSj rc U;k;ky; ,slh tk¡p djus ds I'pkr~ tSlh og Bhd le>s ;k rks ;g ?kksf"kr dj ldrk gS fd leu dh lE;d rkehy gks xbZ gSA U;k;ky; u, leu dks tkjh djus dk vkns'k Hkh ns ldsxkA lafgrk dh /kkjk 69 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd bl vè;k; dh 61 & 68 /kkjkvksa esa fdlh ckr ds gksrs gqw, Hkh lk{kh ds fy, leu tkjh djus okyk U;k;ky;] ,slk leu tkjh djus ds vfrfjDr vksj mlds lkFk&lkFkfunsZ'k ns ldrk gS fd ml leu dh ,d izfr dh rkehy lk{kh ds ml Lfkku ds irs ij] tgk¡ og ekewyh rksj ij fuokl djrk gs ;k dkjksckj djrk gS ;k vfHkykHkkFkZ Lo;a dke djrk gs jftLVªhÑr Mkd }kjk dh tk,A lafgrk dh /kkjk 70 & 81 % fxj¶rkjh dk okj.V /kkjk 70 ds vuqlkj izR;sd okj.V rc rd izorzu esa jgsxk tc rd og mls tkjh djus okys U;k;ky; }kjk jí ugha dj fn;k tkrk gS ;k tc rd og fu"ikfnr ugha dj fn;k tkrk gSA okj.V nks izdkj ds gksrs gS ¼1½ tekurh okj.V ¼2½ vtekurh okj.V lafgrk dh /kkjk 71 ds vuqlkj U;k;ky; okj.V tkjh djrs le; okj.V vf/kdkjh dks ;g vf/kdkj nsrk gS fd okj.V vf/kdkjh izfrHkwfr ysdj O;fDr] ftlds fo:) okj.v gs mls izfrj{kk ls NksM+ nsxkA
,sls okj.Vksa dks tekurh okj.V dgk tkrk gS rFkk og okj.V ftlesa okj.V fufnZ"V vf/kdkj O;fDr dks fxj¶rkj dj U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k izLrqr djrk gS og okj.V xsj tekurh; dgykrs gSaA fxj¶rkjh dk okj.V vke rkSj ij ,d ;k vf/kd iqfyl&vf/kdkfj;ksa dks fufn"V gksxk( fdUrq ;fn ,sls okj.V dk rqjar fu"iknu vko';d gS rks okj.V tkjh djdus okyk U;k;ky; fdlh vU; O;fDr ;k O;fDr;ksa dks fufn"V djldrk gS vkSj ,slk O;fDr ;k ,sls O;fDr mldk fu"iknu djsx a As
fdlh O;fDr dh gkftjh ds fy, leu tkjh djus ds fy, bl lafgrk }kjk l'kDr fd;k x;k gS] vius dkj.kksa dks vfHkfyf[kr djus ds i'pkr ;k rks leu tkjh djus ij ;k mlds ckn] O;fDr dh fxj¶rkjh ds fy, okj.V tkjh dj ldrh gSA n`"Vkar & vfHk;kstu i{k }kjk J ds fy, leu dh izkFkZuk ds nkSjku vfHk;kstu U;k;ky; dks ;g lwpuk nsrk gS fd J Hkkjr NksM+us dh rS;kjh esa gSA U;k;ky; bl rF; ij fopkj.k ds i'pkr~ J ds fo:) leu ds lkFk&lkFk okj.V Hkh tkjh dj ldrk gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 77 & 81 ;g izko/kku djrk gS fd okj.V dk izorZ u mls tkjhdjus okys U;k;ky; ds {ks=kf/kdkj ds ckgj fdl izdkj gksxkA lafgrk dh /kkjk 81 Chief Judicial Magistrate rFkk ml ftys dk ls'ku tt ftlesa nks"kh fxj¶rkj gqvk gks dks okj.V ds lkFk layXu tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij vtekurh; ekeyksa esa Hkh tekur nsus dh 'kfDr nsrh gSA
oLrq,as is'k djus ds fy, vknsf'kdk,sa
lafgrk dh /kkjk 82&86
U;k;ky; }kjk bl 'kfDr ds iz;ksx ds fy, U;k;y; rFkk vUos"k.k vf/kdkfj;ksa dks dqN lqj{kk ekud lq>k;s gSa] rkfd bl 'kfDr dk nq:i;ksx jksdk tk ldsA ;g izko/kku vfHk;kstu ds nkSjku lk{;ksa dk fu"i{krk cuk;s j[kus ds fy, vko';d gSa U;k;y; dks ;g è;ku j[kuk vko';d gS fd vUos"k.k vf/kdkjh }kjk U;k;y; }kjk izoZrksr lq>koksa dk ikyu gqvk gS] ;k ughaA
mn?kks"k.kk rFkk dqdhZ lafgrk dh /kkjk 82 ds vuqlkj ;fn U;k;ky; dks ;g fo'okl djus dk dkj.k gS fd dksbZ O;fDr ftlds fo:) mlus okj.V tkjh fd;k gS] Qjkj gks x;k gS] ;k vius dks fNik jgk gS ftlls ,sls okj.V dk fu"iknu ugha fd;k tk ldrk trks ,slk U;k;ky; mlls ;g vis{kk djus okyh fyf[kr mn~?kks"k.kk izdkf'kr dj ldrk gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 83 ds vuqlkj U;k;ky; mn~?kksf"kr O;fDr dh lEifr dh dqdhZ dh ?kks"k.kk dj ldrh gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 87 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd U;k;ky; fdlh Hkh ,sls ekeys es]a ftlesa og
n.M izfØ;k lafgrk vUos"k.k vf/kdkjh rFkk U;k;ky; dks ;g vf/kdkj nsrk gS fd og nLrkostksa rFkk mudh [kkst@ryk'kh rFkk tCrh ds fy, leu tkjh dj ldrs gSA lafgrk dk vè;k; VII bl laca/k esa foLr`r izko/kku djrk gSA
lafgrk dk ;g vè;k; 04 Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gSA is'k djus ds fy, leu ¼/kkjk 91 & 92½ ryk'kh okj.V ¼/kkjk 93 & 98½ ryk'kh laca/kh lk/kj.k mica/k ¼/kkjk 99 & 101½
izdh.kZ ¼/kkjk 102 & 105½ nLrkost ;k vU; phtksa dks is'k djus ds fy, leu & /kkjk 91 lafgrk dh /kkjk 91 U;k;ky; rFkk iqfyl Fkkus ds Hkkj lk/kd vf/kdkjh dks nLrkost rFkk vU; phtksa dh miyC/krk ds fy, O;kid 'kfDr iznku djrh gSA gkWykafd bl 'kfDr dk iz;ksx ifjfLFkfr esa gh vko';d gksxk tc dh vUos"k.k] tk¡p] fopkj.k rFkk vU; dk;Zokgh ds iz;kstu ds fy, nLrkost rFkk phtksa dks is'k djus dh vko';drk gksxhA ijUrq ;g 'kfDr;k¡ nks"kh dks mldh eqfDr ds fopkj.k ds nkSjku nLrostksa rFkk phtksa dks leu ds fy, vko';d ugha gSA (State Of Orissa VGs. Debendra Nath Padhi (2005) 1SCC 568)
n`"Vkar & vfHk;kstu }kjk xokgksa ds ijh{k.k ds nkSjku] xokg ,d nLrkost ij vkfJr Fkk] ijUrq mls og U;k;ky; esa izLrqr ugha dj ik;k] vc ;fn nks"kh ;g fl) djns dh og nLrkost fopkj.k ds fy, vR;Ur vko';d gs rks mls lafgrk dh /kkjk 91 ds varxZr og nLrkost ekaxus dk vf/kdkj gSA ryk'kh okj.V & /kkjk 93 & 98 lafgrk dh /kkjk 93 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd tc fdlh U;k;ky; dks ;g fo'okl djus dk dkj.k gS fd og O;fDr] ftldks /kkjk 91 ds v/khu leu ;k vkns'k ;k /kkjk 92 dh mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds v/khu vis{kk }kjk lacksf/kr dh xbZ gS ;k dh tkrh gS] ,sls leu ;k vis{kk }kjk ;Fkk visf{kr nLrkost ;k pht is'k ugha djsxk ;k gks ldrk gS fd is'k u djsA rc U;k;ky; ryk'kh okj.V tkjh djrs gq,] laca/khr O;fDr dks ;g funsZ'k nsrh gS fd og okj.V ds iznr funsZ'kksa vuqlkj ryk'kh ysA
/kkjk 100 % ryk'kh lafgrk dh /kkjk 100 ryk'kh ds ifjis{; esa foLr`r ekudksa dk izko/kku djrh gS] blds vuqlkj ryk'kh dh izfØ;k esa ,d rVLFk xokg mifLFkr gksuk pkfg,] tks dh ryk'kh dk lk{kh cus rFkk vfHkx`fgr dh xbZ oLrqvksa dh ,d lwph cukdj LFkku ds dCtsnkj dks nsuh pkfg,A /kkjk 102 % vfHkx`fgr & lafgrk dh /kkjk 102 iqfyl vf/kdkjh dks ;g 'kfDr nsrh gS fd og ,slh lEifÙk dks] vfHkx`fgr dj ldrk gS ftlds ckjs esa ;g vfHkdfku ;k lansg gS fd og pqjkbZ gqbZ gS vFkok tks ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ikbZ tkrh gS] ftuls fdlh vijk/k ds fd, tkus dk lansg gksA State of Maharashtra Vs. Tapas D. Neogy (1999) 7SCC 685 ds ekeys esa mPpre
U;k;y; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd nks"kh dk cSad [kkrk lafgrk dh /kkjk 102 ds varxZr mldh lEifr gS rFkk ;fn vUos"k.k esa ;g lansg gks fd [kkrs dh /kujkf'k dk laca/k lacaf/kr vijk/k ls gS] rks ml [kkrs dks Hkh vfHkx`fgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA iRuh] larku rFkk ekrkfirk ds Hkj.kiks"k.k ds vkns'k n.M izfØ;k lafgrk dh /kkjk 125 & 128 rd iRuh] larku rfkk ekrkfirk ds Hkj.kiks"k.k ds fgrks dh j{kk dk izko/kku djrh gSA ;g izko/kku lHkh O;fDr;ksa ij ykxw gksrk gS] rFkk ;g nwljs dkuwuksa esa miyC/k leku izko/kkuksa ds egRo dks de ugha djrk u gh muds izfr fojks/kkHkklh gSA (Captain Ramesh Chander Kaushal Vs. Veena Kaushal (1978) 4SCC 70)
lafgrk dh /kkjk 125 ds vuqlkj ;fn i;kZIr lk/kuksa okyk dksbZ O;fDr viuh iRuh] larku ¼tks dh lafgrk dh /kkjk 125¼1½¼b½¼c½ esa gS½
rFkk vius ekrk firk dk viuh iRuh dk] tks viuk Hkj.kiks"k.k djus esa vleFkZ gS] ;k viuh /keZt ;k v/keZt vo;Ld lUrku dk Hkj.kiks"k.k djus esa mis{kk djrk gS ;k Hkj.kiks"k.k djus ls bUdkj djrk gs rks izFke oxZ eftLVªsV ,slh mis{kk ;k bUdkj ds lkfcr gks tkus ij] ,sls O;fDr dks ;g funsZ'k ns ldrk gS fd og viuh iRuh ;k ,slh lUrku] firk ;k ekrk ds Hkj.kiks"k.k djsA
dj ldrk gS tSlh iqfyl Fkkus dk Hkkjlk/kd vf/kdkjh laKs; ekeys esa dj ldrk gSA
lafgrk ds bl vè;k; dk mís'; izfØ;k dh fu/kkZj.k djuk gS ftlls iRuh] larku rFkk ekrkfirk ds Hkj.kiks"k.k ls lacaf/kr ekeyksa dk rqjUr fuiVkjk gks rFkk dbZ ckj mPp U;k;ky;ksa rFkk mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k gS fd /kkjk 125 ds vUrxZr gksus okyh dk;Zokgh flfoy dk;Zokgh gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 154 ds vuqlkj laKs; vijk/k dks lwpuk iqfyl dks nh tkuh pkfg, rFkk bl lwpuk dks ^izFke bfryk fjiksZV dgk tkrk gSA laKs; vijk/k dh lwpuk izkfIr ij iqfyl vf/kdkjh ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd og ^izFke bfryk fjiksZV* fy[ksA vHkh gky gh esa mPpre U;k;ky; esa bl fu;e ij fopyu Fkk fd iqfyl vf/kdkjh dks dksbZ 'kfDr gSa fd os izFke bfryk fjiksZV ls iwoZ izkFkfed vUos"k.k dj ldrk gS ;k ughaA
iqfyl dks lwpuk rFkk vUos"k.k iqfyl dks vijk/k ds ?kfVr gksus ds laca/k esa nh tkus okyh lwpuk nks izdkj dh gksrh gS izFke & laKs; vijk/k ds ?kfVr gksus dh lwpuk f}rh; vlaKs; vijk/k ds ?kfVr gksus dh lwpukA lafgrk dh /kkjk 155 % vlaKs; ekeyksa ds ckjs esa lwpuk rFkk vUos"k.k iqfyl ij ;g fucZU/k gS fd og fdlh vlaKs; ekeys dk vUos"k.k ,sls eftLVªsV ds vkns'k ds fnuk ugha djsxk ftls ,sls ekeys dk fopkj.k djus dh ;k ekeys dks fopkj.kkFkZ lqiqnZ djus dh 'kfDr gSA vlaKs; ekeyksa esa lwpuk dh izkfjr ij iqfyl vf/kdkjh dks bfryk dk lkj] ,slh iqfLrd esa] tks fu;e }kjk fu/kkZfjr gks esa] iqfo"V djsxk rFkk bfryk nsus okys O;fDr dks U;k;/kh'k ds ikl tkus ds fy, funsZf'kr djsxkA dksbZ iqfyl vf/kdkjh ,slk vkns'k feyus ij vUos"k.k ds ckjs esa oSlh gh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx
n`"Vkar & iqfyl dks Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk 467 esa v/khu gksus okys vijk/k ds ?kfVr gksus dh lwpuk feyrh gSA tks dh ,d vlaKs; ekeyk gSA iqfyl FIR n.M izfØ;k lafgrk dh /kkjk 154 ds v/khu ugha fy[ksxhA laKs; ekeyksa esa lwpuk % /kkjk 154
Rajinder Singh Katoch Vs Chandigarh Administration AIR 2008 SC 178 ds ekeys
esa mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd iqfyl dk ;g drZO; gS fd og izFke bfryk fjiksZV ls iwoZ izFkkfed vUos"k.k djsA U;k;ky; ds 'kCnkuqlkj "We are not oblivious to the decision of this Court in Ramesh Kumari Vs. State (NCT of Delhi) and Ors., wherein such a statutory duty has been found in the Police Officer. But, as indicated hereinbefore, in an appropriate case, the Police Officers also have a duty to make a preliminary enquiry so as to find out as to whether allegations made had any substance or not."
gkWykafd Lalita Kumari Vs. State of U.P. (2008) 7 SCC 164 mPpre U;k;ky; us vkns'k
tkjh djrs gq, fuEufyf[kr vkns'k fn;k] U;k;ky; ds 'kCnkuqlkj "In view of the above, we feel that it is high time to give directions to Governments of all this States and Union Territories besides their Director Generals of Police/Commissioners of Police as the case may be to the effect that if steps are not taken for registration of FIRs immediately and copies thereof are not made over to the complainants, they may move the concerned Magistrates by filing complaint petitions to give direction to the police to register case immediately upon receipt/production of copy of the orders and make over copy of the FIRs to the complainants, within twenty four fours of receipt/production of copy of such orders… In case FIRs are not registered within the aforementioned time, and/or aforementioned steps are not taken by the police, the concerned Magistrate would be justified in initiating contempt proceeding against such delinquent officers andpunish them for violation of its orders if no sufficient cause is shown and awarding stringent punishment like sentence of imprisonment against them in as much as the Disciplinary Authority would be quite justified in initiating departmental proceeding and suspending them in contemplation of the same."
lafgrk dh /kkjk 154¼3½ ds vuqlkj ;fn iqfyl izFke bfryk fjiksZV ysus ls euk djrh gS rc ml ifjfLFkfr esa lwpuk iznkudrkZ bfryk dk lkj fyf[kr :i esa iqfyl vf/k{kd dks izsf"kr dj ldrk gSA rFkk v/kh{kd ekeys dh tk¡p ;k rks Lo;a ;k fQj v/khuLfk v/khdkjhls djok ldrk gSA pwafd izFke bfryk fjiksZV laKs; vijk/k ls lacaf/kr izFke izkFkfed lwpuk gksrh gS tks iqfyl ds ikl igqaprh gS vr% bldh cgqr egRrk gksrh gSA gkWykafd blls ;g mEehn ugha fd tk
ldrh fd blesa lwPere tkudkjh Hkh miyC/k gks izFke bfryk fjiksZV dksbZ Encyclopedia ugha gSA (Ramesh Maruti Patil Vs. State of Maharashtra AIR 1994 SC 28; Surjeet Singh Vs. State of Punjab AIR 1992 SC 1389)
izFke bfryk fjiksZV dks ml ifjis{; ds lkFk Hkh ns[kk tkuk pkfg, ftlesa ;g iqfyl dks lkSaih xbZ Fkh] blfy, blesa leLr lwpuk ugha gks ldrhA Superintendent of Police, CBI Vs. Tapan Kumar Singh (2003) 6SCC 1752 ds ekeys esa
mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g Li"V fd;k fd izFke bfryk fjiksZV esa vjko';d rkSj ij leLr tkudkjh ugha gks ldrhA ;g flQZ iqfyl dks ;g tkudkjh Hkh iznku dj ldrh gS fd laKs; vijk/k ?kfVr gqvk gSA U;k;ky; ds 'kCnkuqlkj "It is well settled that a First Information Report is not an encyclopedia, which must disclose all facts and details relating to the offence reported. An informant may lodge a report about the commission of an offence though he may not know the name of the victim or his assailant. He may not even know how the occurrence took place. A first informant need not necessarily be an eye-witness so as to be able to disclose in great details all aspects of the offence committed. What is of significance is that the information given must disclose the commission of the offence and the information so lodged must provide a basis for the police officer to suspect the commission of a cognizable offence. At this stage it is enough if the police officer on the basis of the information given suspects the commission of a cognizable offence, and not that he must be convinced or satisfied that a cognizable offence has been committed…"
izFke bfryk fjiksZV lk{; dk Hkkx ugha gS] ijUrq bldk iz;ksx lk{; vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 157 ds vuq:i fd;k tk ldrk gS (Aghnoo Nagesia
Vs. State of Bihar AIR 1966 SC 119; Jaddi Vs. State of M.P. AIR 1964 SC 1850)
lafgrk dh /kkjk 160 ds vuqlkj lkf{k;ksa dks gkftjh ds fy, cqykus
vej flag cuke cyohj flag ¼2003½ 2 SCC 518 ds ekeys esa mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g Li"V fd;k fd ^izFke bfryk fjiksZV* dks nsjh ls nkf[ky djus ds dkj.k vfHk;kstu i{k dks lansg ls ugha ns[kk tk ldrk U;k;ky; us vkxs ;g Li"V fd;k fd izR;sd ekeys esa rF; rFkk ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuq:i izFke bfryk fjiksZV esa nsjh ij ekeys ij lansg fd;k tk ldrkA vFkkZr~ lansg dk vk/kkj flQZ foyEc ugha gS vfirq rF; rFkk ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk vk/kkj Hkh gksrk gSA ,slk dksbZ xf.krh; lw= ugha gS] ftlds vk/kkj ij ;g nksuksa rjhds ls foyEc dh x.kuk dh tk ldsA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 161 rFkk 162 % iqfyl }kjk lk{kh;ksa dk ijh{k.k
T.T. Angtony Vs. State of Kerala, (2001) 6SCC 181 ds ekeys esa U;k;ky; us ;g
lafgrk dh /kkjk 161 ds vuqlkj izfyl vf/kdkjh ds fy, ;g vko';d ugha dh og xokg ds dFku dks izfr'kCn ;k 'kCnr% fjdkWMZ djsx] og flg lkj dks fjdkWMZ dj ldrk gSA /kkjk 161 ds vUrxZr fn;k dFku] C;ku ij dksbZ 'kiFk ugha gSa
fu/kkZj.k fd;k fd leku rF; ij nwljh izFke bfryk fjiksZV ugha nkf[ky dh tk ldrhA gkWykafd iqfyl dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd og nwljh ^izFke bfryk fjiksZV* esa mYysf[kr vijk/k ij vUos"k.k dj fjiksZV ns ldrh gSA (Kari Chaudhary Vs. Sita Devi AIR 2002 SC 441; Upkar Singh Vs. Ved Prakash (2004) 13SCC 292)
izFke bfryk fjiksZV ds nkf[kys ds ckn lafgrk ds vè;k; XII ds vuqlkj vUos"k.k djrh gSa iqfyl dks fuEufyf[kr ÑR;ksa dh 'kfDr izkIr gS tSls /kkjk 161 lk{;ksa ds C;ku ysus dh 'kfDr /kkjk 100] 105] rFkk 102 ds vuq:i ryk'kh rFkk tCrh dh 'kfDr lafgrk dh /kkjk 91 ds vuqlkj nLrkostksa rFkk phtksa dh miyC/krk ds fy, cqykukA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 161¼10½ vUos"k.k iqfyl vf/kdkjh dks ;g 'kfDr iznku djrh gS fd rF; rFkk ifjfLFkfr ls ifjfpr fdlh O;fDr dk ekSf[kd ijh{k.k dj ldrk gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 161¼2½ ds vuqlkj og O;fDr mu iz'uksa ds flok;] ftuds mÙkjksa dh izo`fr mls vkijkf/kd vkjksi ;k 'kkflr ;k leigj.k dh vk'kadk esa Mkyus dh gS] ,sls ekeys ls lacaf/kr mu lc iz'uksa dk lgh&lgh mÙkj nsus ds fy, vkc) gksxk tks ,slk vf/kdkjh mlls iwNrk gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 162 ds vuqlkj dFku nsus okys O;fDr iqfyl }kjk vfHkfyf[kr cLrkost ij gLrk{kj ugha djsxkA bl izdkj lafgrk dh /kkjk 161 ds vUrxZr fn;k x;k C;ku fopkj.k ds nkSjku ,d Bksl lcwr ugha gSA ijUrq lk{; vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 154 ds vuqlkj izfr ijh{kk djrs le; /kkjk 161 ds varxZr fn;s C;ku dk gokyk fn;k tk ldrk gSA (Tehsildar Singh Vs. State of U.P. AIR 1959 SC 1012)
lafgrk dh /kkjk 164 % laLohÑfr;ksa vkSj dFkuksa dks vfHkfyf[kr djuk gkWykafd iqfyl vf/kdkjh ds lEeq[k fn;k x;k dFku U;k;ky; esa Lohdk;Z ugha gSA ijUrq ;fn dksbZ O;fDr vUos"k.k ls lacaf/kr dksbZ laLohÑfr
rFkk dFku djuk pkgrk gS rks og O;fDr esVªkis ksfyVaV eftLVªsV ;k twfMfl;y eftLVªsV ds lkeus /kkjk 164 ds varxZr dFku rFkk lalohÑfr dj ldrk gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 164 og izfØ;k iznku djrh gS ftlds rgr U;k;/kh'k dks dFku rFkk laLohÑfr;ksa dks ys[k c) djsxk tks mlds lEeq[k dh xbZ gSA ;g U;k;/kh'k dk ftosdk/khdkj gS fd og laLohÑr dks ys[kc) dj Hkh ldrk gS vkSj ugha Hkh[ ijUrq ;fn og laLohÑfr dks ys[kc) djrk gS rks ;g lafgrk dh /kkjk 164 ds vuq:i gksuk pkfg,A ,slh laLohÑfr tks fd eftLVªV ds lEeq[k dh xbZ gS ij lafgrk dh /kkjk 164 ds vuq:i ugha gS] rc bl ifjfLFkfr esa ;g laLohÑfr lk{; ds :i esa Lohdk;Z ugha gSA (Tandra Ravi Vs. State of Andra Pradesh 2001 CRL J 4048)
lafgrk dh /kkjk 164 ds vuqlkj laLohÑfr djus okys O;fDr dh eftLVªsV dks ;g crkuk gksxk fd og laLohÑfr ds fy, ckè; ugha gS] ;fn og laLohÑfr djrk gS rks bldk iz;ksx mlds fo:) lk{; ds :I esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g U;k;/kh'k dh ftEesnkjh gS fd og lqfu'fpr djs fd laLohÑfr djus okyk O;fDr LosPNkuqlkj ,slk dj jgk gsa /kkjk 164¼4½ ;g fu/kkZfjr djrh gS fd laLohÑfr ys[kc) djus okyk U;k;/kh'k nks"kh O;fDr dh laLohÑfr ys[kc) djus ds fy, /kkjk 281 dh izfØ;k dk vuqlj.k djsA lafgrk dh /kkjk 167 % tc pkSchl ?k.Vksa ds fcuk okj.V Hkhrj vUos"k.k iwjk uk fd;k tk lds lafgrk dh /kkjk 57 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd fxj¶rkj fd;s x;s O;fDr dk iqfyl 24 ?k.Vs ls
T;knk fo:) ugha dj ldrh] ijUrq ml O;fDr dks fu:/k vko';d gS rks iqfyl dks lafgrk dh /kkjk 167 dk vuqlj.k djuk gksxk rFkk l{ke U;k;ky; ls ml O;fDr dh fjekWM izkIr djuh gksxhA lafgrk dh /kkjk 167¼2½ ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd eftLVªsV iqfyl dks mDr fxj¶rkj O;fDr dh fo:) dh vo/kh 15 fnuksa ls T;knk dhugha dj ldrk ijUrq U;k;/kh'k dks ;g 'kfDr gS tgk¡ vUos"k.k ,sls vijk/k ds fy, gS tks e`R;qn.M] vkthou dkjkokl] ;k nl o"kZ ls vU;wu dh vof/k ds dkjkokl ls n.Muh; gSA ogk¡ U;k;/kh'k U;kf;d fgjklr dh vo/kh 90 fnuksa rd c<+k ldrk gSA tc vUos"k.k vU; vijk/kks ls lacfa /kr gS rc U;k;/kh'k dks ;g 'kfDr gS fd og fjekWM dh vo/kh 60 fnuksa ds yf, dj nsA vrlek;ko/kh dh lekIrh ij fjekWM ij x;s O;fDr dks tekur ij tkus dk vf/kdkj gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 167¼2½ ds v/khu nh xbZ tekur dks oS/kkfud tekur dgrs gSaA (Dinesh Dalmia Vs. State (2007) 3 SCC 770)
lafgrk dh /kkjk 173 % vUos"k.k ds lekIr gks tkus ds ckn iqfyl vf/kdkjh dh fjiksZV vUos"k.k iwjk gksus ds i'pkr~ iqfyl Fkkus dk Hkkjlk/kd vf/kdkjh] iqfyl fjiksVZ ij ml vijk/k dk laKku djus ds fy, l'kDr eftLVªsV dks fofgfr iz:i esa iqfyl fjiksVZ HkstsxkA ;g iqfyl dks vf/kdkj gS fd og iw.kZ;u fjiksZV eftLVªVs dks Hkst nsA ftldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd vUos"k.k ds ckn ;g ik;k x;k fd ekeys esa dksbZ vijk/k ?kfVr ugha gqvkA lafgrk dh /kkjk 173 ds varxZr nh tkus okyh iqfyl fjiksZV esa rF;ksa rFkk fu"d"kksZ dk mYys[k gksxk] tks dh rF;k/kfVr nsxaA gkWykafd ;g
fjiksZV U;k;/kh'k ds lEeq[k j[kh tkjh gS rFkk blesa laxzfgr lk{;ksa rFkk vfHkfyf[kr dFkuksa dk laxzg gksrk gS] ijUrq U;k;/kh'k dks ;g fjiksZV dk fu"d"kZ Lohdk;Z djus dh ckè;rk ugha gSA U;k;/kh'k ekeys esa rF;ksa dksns[kdj viuh U;kf;d le> ds vuq:i fu"d"kZ ns ldrk gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 173¼8½ iqfyl dks ;g vf/kdkj nsrh gS fd og fopkj.k ds fdlh dh Lrj ij u;k vUos"k.k izkjEHk dj ldrh gS tks fd us; lk{;ksa dh viyC/krk dk fo"k; gS] blds fy, iqfyl dks U;k;y; dh vuqefr dh vko';drk ughaA gkWykafd dqN U;k;ky;ksa us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k gS fd bl lac/a k esa vUos"k.k ls iwoZ iqfyl dks U;k;ky; dks ,d ckj lwfpr djuk pkfg,A ,sls vUos"k.k ds iw.kZ gksus ijiqfyl vfrfjDr vkjksi i= nkf[ky djldrh gSA Ramlal Narang V State (1979) 2 SCC 322 rFkk Hasan Bhai Vali Bhai Quereshi Vs State of Gujarat (2004) 5 SCC 347 ds ekeyksa esa
U;k;y; us vfxze vUos"k.k dks ekU;rk iznku dh gSA U;k;y; }kjk vijk/kksa dk laKku lafgrk dh /kkjk 90 % eftLVªsV }kjk vijk/kksa dk laKku laKku dk rkRi;Z ml fcUnq ls gS] tc U;k;/kh'k vijk/k dk U;kf;d fopkj.k djrk gSA (R.R.Chari V. State of Uttar Pradesh AIR 1951 SC 207) laKku vijk/k dk fd;k tkrk
gS u fd vijk/kh dkA lafgrk dh /kkjk 190 ds vuqlkj U;k;/kh'k fuEu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ekeys dk laKku dj ldrs gSaA mu rF;ksa dk] ftuls ,slk vijk/k curk gS ifjokn izkIr gksus ij ,sls rF;ksa ds ckjs esa iqfyl fjiksVZ ij
iqfyl vf/kdkjh ls fHkUu fdlh O;fDr ls izkIr bl bfryk ij ;k Lo;a viuh bl tkudkjh ij fd ,slk vijk/k fd;k x;k gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 173 ds vuqlkj tc ,d ckj U;k;/kh'k ds lEeq[k iqfyl fjiksZVj j[k nh mlds ckn U;k;/kh'k /kkjk 190¼1½¼b½ ds v/khu ekeys dk laKku ys ldrs gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 154 ds vUrxZr izFke bfryk fjiksZV nkf[ky djus ds vfrfjDr f'kdk;rdrkZ lafgrk dh /kkjk 200 ds varxZr lh/ks U;k;/kh'k ds lEeq[k Hkh f'kdk;r j[k ldrk gSA ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa lafgrk dh /kkjk 190¼1½¼a½ eftLVªsV dks ;g 'kfDr nsrh gS fd og f'kdk;r ds vk/kkj ij vijk/k dk laKku ys ldsA ,d eftLVªsV ds ikl pkSFkk fodYi ;g gksrk gS fd og lafgrk dh /kkjk 156¼3½ ds varxZr iqfyl dks lacaf/kr ekeys ds vUos"k.k ds fy, funsZ'k nsa ;gk¡ è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd /kkjk 156¼3½ rFkk /kkjk 173¼8½ esa iznr 'kfDr;k¡ fof'k"V gSA n`"Vkar & eftLVsªV ds lkeus j[kh x;h ,d iqfyl fjiksZV rF;ksa rFkk lk{;ksa ds vuq:i Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk 302 ds v/khu vijk/k dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k] fjiksZV dksns[kus ds ckn eftLVªsV us ;g ik;k fd rF;ksa rFkk lk{;ksa ds vuq:i ;g vijk/k /kkjk 302 ds v/khu u gksdj /kkjk 304a ds v/khu vijk/k gSA bl ifjfLFkfr esa eftLVªst /kkjk 304¼aA½ ds varxZr vijk/k dk laKku ysxkA eftLVªVs ls ifjokn lafgrk dh /kkjk 200 & 203 lafgrk dk vè;k; XV eftLVªsV ls ifjokn lslacfa /kr gSA tSlk fd mij Li"V fd;k tk pqdk gS fd lafgrk dh /kkjk 200 ds varxZr
ifjokn ij fdlh vijk/k dk laKku djus okyk eftLVªsV] ifjoknh dh vkSj ;fn dksbZ lk{kh mifLFkr gS rks mudh 'kifk ij ijh{kk djsxkA lafgrk dh /kkjk 202 ds vuqlkj ;fn dksbZ eftLVªsV ,sls vijk/k dk ifjokn izkIr djus ij] ftldk laKku djus ds fy, og izkf/kÑr gSA vfHk;qDr ds fo:) vknsf'kdk dk tkjh fd;k tkuk eqRroh dj ldrk gS vkSj ;g fofuf'pr djdus ds iz;kstu ls fd dk;Zokgh djus ds fy, I;kzIr vk/kkj gS vFkok ugha] ;k rks Lo;a gh ekeys dh tkWp djldrk gS ;k fdlh iqfyl vf/kdkjh }kjk ;k vU; ,sls O;fDr }kjk] ftldks og Bhd le>s vUos"k.k fd, tkus ds fy, funsZ'k ns ldrk gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 203 ds vuqlkj & ;fn ifjoknh ds vksj lkf{k;ksa ds 'kiFk ij fd, x, dFku ij vkSj /kkjk 202 ds v/khu tkWp ;k vUos"k.k ds ifj.kke ij fopkj djus ds i'pkr~ eftLVªsV dh ;g jk; gs fd dk;Zokgh djus ds fy, I;kZIr vk/kkj ugha gS rks og ifjokn dks [kkfjt dj ldsxkA lafgrk dh /kkjk 204 % n.M izfØ;k lafgrk dk vè;k; XVI ^eftLVªVs ds le{k dk;Zokgh dk izkjEHk fd;k tkus ls laca/khr gS] lafgrk dh /kkjk 204 ;g eftLVªsV dks ;g vf/kdkj nsrh gS fd ;fn mUgsa nks"kh ds fo:) dk;Zokgh ds fy, mfpr dkj.k feys rc og nks"kh dh mifLFkrh vko';d cukus ds fy,] eftLVªsV fo:) okj.V ;k leu tkjh djldrk gSA (H.S. Bains Vs State (1980) 4SCC 631) ifjokn izkIr djus ds i'pkr~ eftLVsªV ds ikl dbZ jkLrs gksrs gSaA U;k;/kh'k /kkjk 200 ds rgr vijk/k dk laKku ysdj] dfkuksa dk vfHkys[ku djok ldrk gS ;k fQj U;k;/kh'k /kkjk 203 ds varxZr ifjokn dks fujLr djldrk gSA vU;Fkk
lafgrk dh /kkjk 204 ds varxZr ifjokn dh dk;Zokgh 'kq: dh tk ldrh gSA eftLVªsV ds ikl dk;Zokgh dks lFkfxr djus rFkk ekeys dk [kqn vUos"k.k djus ;k iqfyl }kjk vUos"k.k djkus ¼tSls dh os mfpr le>s½ dk fodYi gksrk gS rkfd ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k tk ldsxh ekeys dk Bksl vk/kkj gS ;k ughaA vknsf'kdk tkjh djus ds igys eftLVªVs ifjoknh ds ifjokn esa fufgr valEHkkoukvksa dks ns[k ldrk gSA rFkk vkjksiksa ds ifjis{; esa xokgksa dh miyC/krk rFkk lR;rk tk¡p ldrk gSA (Nagawwa Vs. Veeranna (1976) 3SCC 736)
lafgrk dh /kkjk 204 ds varxZr vknsf'kdk tkjh gksus ds i'pkr~ fol O;fDr ds fo:) ;g tkjh gqbZ gS mls U;k;y; esa is'k gksuk iM+rk gSA nks"kh dks leu nsuk ,d xaHkhj izfØ;k gSA leu vkns'k esa ;g Li"V izrhr gksuk pkfg, fd eftLVªsV us vius foosdkuqlkj rF;ksa rFkk iz;qDr dkuwu ds vuq:i ,slk fd;k gSA (Pepsi Food Limited Vs. Special Judicial Magistrate, (1948) 5SCC 749)
,d ckj leu tkjh gks tkus ij eftLVªsV ds ikl dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha gS fd og leu tkjh djus ds vius fu.kZ; ij iquZjh{k.k ;k iquZfopkj dj lds (Adalat Prasad Vs Rooplal Jindal 2004 CrL 4874, Subramanium Sethuraman Vs. State of Maharashtra 2004 CrLJ 4609)
n.M izfØ;k lafgrk dh /kkjk 205 ds varxZr eftLVªsV vfHk;qDr dks oS;fDrd gkftjh ls vfHk;qDr ns ldrk gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 207 lafgrk dh /kkjk 207] iqfyl fjiksZV ds vk/kkj ij dk;Zokgh ij] eftLVªsV fcuk foyEc vfHk;qDr dks iqfyl fjiksZV rFkk vU; iz;qDr nLrkostksa dh izfrfyfi ns ldrk gSA ;g izko/kku vfHk;qDr ds
fy, vR;Ur vko';d gS D;ksafd izFke ckj vfHk;qDr dks og rF; ;k nLrkost feyrs gSa] ftuds vk/kkj ij iqfyl fjiksZV nk;j dh xbZ gS rFkk izFke ckj bu nLrkostksa ds vk/kkj ij vfHk;qDr viuk cpko dj ldrk gSA n`"Vkar & Q ds fo:) ,d vkjksi&i= nkf[ky fd;k x;k] vkjksi i= ds lkFk 400 nLrkost rFkk 2 isu Mªkbo Fkh ftlesa bySDVªkfs ud fjdkMZ FkkA Q dks lafgrk dh /kkjk 207 ds varxZr ;g vf/kdkj gS fd mls nLrkostksa dh dkWih rFkk isu Mªkbo dk DykWt izkIr gksA State of Uttar Pradesh Vs Lakshmi Brahman (1983) 2 SCC 3872 ds ekeys esa mppre
U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd n.M izfØ;k lafgrk dh /kkjk 207 dh Hkk"kk vfuok;Zr% fy;s gq,s gS vr% vfHk;qDr dks nLrkostksa dhizfrfyfi lkSiuk iz'kklfud dk;Z uk gksdj U;kf;d dk;Z gS (Superintendent and Remembrancer of Legal Affairs, West Bengal Vs. Satyen Bhawmic & Others (1981) 2SCC 109)
vkjksi lafgrk dk vè;k; 17 ^vkjksi* dk izko/kku djrk gSA vkjksi dks ge ,d vkSipkfjd vkjksi ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gSa ftlds vk/kkj ij U;k;ky; fopkj.k izkjEHk djrk gSa U;k;ky; vkjksi ifjHkkf"kr ugha djrsA gkWykafd lafgrk dh /kkjk 211 vkjksi ds rRoksa dk fu/kkZj.k djrh gSA izR;sd vkjksi ds vUrxZr vijk/k dk mYys[k] og fof'k"V uke ftlls vijk/k dh O;k[;kvks]a dkuwu rFkk /kkjk rFkk vijk/k dk dk LFkku o le; dk mYys[k gksuk pkfg,A ¼lafgrk dh /kkjk 211 ls 214½ lafgrk dh /kkjk 215 ds vuqlkj & vijk/k ds ;k mu fof'kf"V;ksa ds] ftudk vkjksi esa dfku gksuk visf{kr gS] dFku djus esa fdlh xyrh dks
vkSj ml vijk/k ;k mu fof'kf"V;ksa ds dfku djus esa fdlh yksi dks ekeys ds fdlh izØe esa rc gh rkfRod ekuk tk,xk tc ,slh xyrh ;k yksi ls vfHk;qDr okLro esa Hkqykos esa iM+ x;k gS vkSj mlds dkj.k U;k; ugha gks ik;k gS vU;Fkk ughaA n`"Vkar & A ij B ds lkFk csbekuh djdus dk vkjksi gSA ijUrq vkjksi esa bldk mYys[k ugha fd;k x;k fd fdl izdkj csbekuhdh xbZ vFkok mldh xyr izfØ;k dk mYys[k fd;k x;kA A viuk cpko djrk gS rFkk xokgksa ds }kjk csbekuh dk rhjh[k dk mYys[k djrk gSA U;k;ky; blls ;g fu"d"kZ fudky ldrk gS fd vkjksi ds }kjk csbekuh dk rjhdk vkrkRohd gksA lafgrk dh /kkjk 216 ;g izko/kku djrh gs fd dksbZ Hkh U;k;ky; fu.kZ; lqukus ls iwoZ vkjksi esa dqN phts tksM+ rFkk la'kksf/kr dj ldrk gSA ;fn ifjorZu ;k ifjo/kZu ,slk gS fd U;k;ky; dh jk; esa fopkj.k dks rqjUr vkxs pykus ls bl ckr dh laHkkouk gS fd vfHk;qDr ;k vfHk;kstd ij iwoksZoDr :I ls izfrdwy izHkko iM+sxk rks U;k;ky; ;k rks u, fopkj.k dk funsZ'k ns ldrk gS ;k fopkj.k dks bruh vof/k ds fy,] ftruh vko';d gks] LFkkfir dj ldrk gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 217 ds vuqlkj & tc dHkh fopkj.k izkjaHk gksus ds i'pkr~ U;k;ky; }kjk vkjksi ifjofrZr ;k ifjof?kZr fd;k tkrk gS rc vfHk;kstd vkSj vfHk;qDr dks ¼d½ fdlh ,sls lk{kh dks] ftldh ijh{kk dh tk pqdh gS] iqu% cqykus dh ;k iqu% leu djus dh vkSj mldh ,sls ifjorZu ;k ifjo?kZu ds ckjs esa ijh{kk djus dh vuqKk nh tk,xhA
vkjksiksa dk la;kstu lafgrk dh /kkjk 218 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd izR;sd lqfHkUu vijk/k ds fy,] ftldk fdlh O;fDr ij vfHk;ksx gS] i`Fkd~ vkjksi gksxk vkSj ,sls izR;sd vkjksi dk fooj.k i`Fkdr% fd;k tk,xk% ijUrq tgk¡ vfHk;qDr O;fDr] fyf[kr vkosnu }kjk] ,slk pkgrk gS vkSj eftLVªsV dh jk; gS fd mlls ,sls O;fDr ij izfrdwy izHkko ugha iMs+xk ogk¡ eftLVªVs ml O;fDr ds fo:) fopjfpr lHkh ;k fdUgha vkjksia ksa dk fopkj.k ,d lkFk dj ldrk gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 219 ;g dgrh gS fd & tc fdlh O;fDr ij ,d gh fdLe ds ,sls ,d ls vf/kd vijk/kksa dk vfHk;ksx gS tksmu vijk/kksa esa ls igys vijk/k ls ysdj vafre vijk/k rd ckjg ekl ds vUnj gh fd, x, gS] pkgs os ,d gh O;fDr ds ckjs esa fd, x, gksa ;k ugha] rc ml ij muesa ls rhu ls vukf/kd fdrus gh vijk/kksa ds fy, ,d gh fopkj.k esa vkjksi yxk;k vkSj fopkj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 220 ds vuqlkj & ;fn ijLij lEca) ,sls dk;ksZa ds] ftuls ,d gh lO;ogkj curk gS] ,d Øe esa ,d ls vf/kd vijk/k ,d gh O;fDr }kjk fd, x, gS rks ,sls izR;sd vijk/k ds fy, ,d gh fopkj.k esa ml ij vkjksi yxk;k tk ldrk gS vksj mldk fopkj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA n`"Vkar & d ,d O;fDr [k dks] tks fof/kiw.kZ vfHkj{kk esa gSa] NqM+krk gS vkSj ,slk djus esa dkaLVscy X dks] ftldh vfHkj{kk esa [k gS] ?kksj migfr dkfjr djrk gSA d ij Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk lafgrk ¼1860½ dk 45½ dh /kkjk 225 vkSj 333 ds v/khu vijk/kksa ds fy, vkjksi yxk;k
tk ldsxk tk ldsxk vkSj og nks"kfl) fd;k tk ldsxkA vkjksi dks fu/kkZj.k djrs le; izFke n`"V;k vfHk;qDr ds fo:) flQZ ekeyk gksus dh vko';drk gSa bl le; lk{; dks mifLFkrh vko';d ughaA fopkj.k % n.M izfØ;k lafgrk ds vè;k; XVIII, XIX, XX rFkk XXI esa fofHkUu fopkj.k dh izfØ;k dk mYys[k gSa tSlk dh igys crk;k tk pwdk gS fd lafgrk dh izaFke vuqlwph vijk/k dks fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa esa ckaVrh gSA izFke vuqlwph ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd fofHkUu Js.kh ds vijk/k fdl U;k;ky; ds varxZr foofgr gksaxsA lafgrk dh /kkjk 225 ls 237 % ls'ku U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k fopkj.k lafgrk dh vè;k; XVIII okj.V ekeys tks xaHkhj izo`fr ds gksrs gS] dk fopkj.k ls'ku U;k;ky;ksa dks lEeq[k djus dk izko/kku djrk gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 209 ds vuqlkj ,d l{ke U;k;/kh'k fdlh ls'ku dksZV }kjk fopkj.k ;ksX; vijk/k dk laKku ys ldrs gS] rFkk ckn esa mls ls'ku dksZV dks fopkj.k ds fy, Hkst ldrs gSA ls'ku U;k;y; lh/ks fdlh ekeys dk laKku ugha djsxk fQj pkgs og ekeyk ls'ku U;k;ky; ds fopkj.k ;ksX; gks fQj pkgs og ekeyk ls'ku U;k;ky; ds fopkj.k ;ksX; gks fQj Hkh] ijUrq lafgrk dh /kkjk 199 tks dqN viokn gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 225 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd ls'ku U;k;ky; ds le{k izR;sd fopkj.k esa] vfHk;kstu dk lapkyu yksd vfHk;kstd }kjk fd;k tk,xkA lafgrk dh /kkjk 227 rFkk 228 ls'ku U;k;ky; }kjk vkjksiks ds fopkj.k ds lac/a k esa izko/kku djrh gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 227 ds vuqlkj & ;fn ekeys ds vfHkys[k vkSj mlds lkFk nh xbZ nLrkostksa ij fopkj dj ysus ij vkSj bl fufer vfHk;qDr vkSj vfHk;kstu ds fuosnu dh lquokbZ dj ysus ds i'pkr~ U;k;k/kh'k ;g le>rk gS fd vfHk;qDr ds fo:) dk;kZokgh djus ds fy, I;kZIr vk/kkj ugha gS rks og vfHk;qDr dks mUeksfpr dj nsxk vkSj ,slk djus ds vius dkj.kksa dks ys[kc) djsxkA Yogesh Vs State of Maharashtra (2008) 10 SCC 394 ds ekeys esa mPpre U;k;ky; us
ckn nksgjkbZ fd ;fn flQZ nks lEHkkouk,sa gS ftuesa ls ,d flQZ 'kd ds vk/kkj ij gS] rc ml ifjfLFkfr esa U;k;/kh'k dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd og vfHk;qDr dk mUDr;d dj ns ¼d`i;k ns[ks State of Karnataka Vs L. Munni Swami (1997) 2 SCC 699, Union of India Vs Prafulla Kumar (1979) 3SCC 4)
lafgrk dh /kkjk 228 ds vuqlkj ;fn iwoksZDr :i ls fopkj vksj lquokbZ ds i'pkr~ U;k;k/kh'k dh ;g jk; gS fd ,slk mi/kkj.kk djus dk vk/kkj gS fd vfHk;qDr us ,slk vijk/k fd;k gS & rc vkjksiksa dk xBu fd;k tk,xk rFkk ¼d½ vuU;r% ls'ku U;k;ky; }kjk fopkj.kh; ugha gS rks og] vfHk;qDr ds fo:) vkjksi fojfpr dj ldrk gS vksj vkns'k }kjk] ekeys dks fopkj.k ds fy, eq[; U;kf;d eftLVªsV dks vUrfjr dj ldrk gS ¼;k dksbZ vU; izFke oxZ U;kf;d eftLVªsV ,slh rkjh[k dks tks og Bhd le>s] vfHk;qDr dks] ;FkkfLFkfr] eq[; U;kf;d eftLVªsV ;k izFke oxZ U;kf;d eftLVªsV ds le> gkftj gksus dk funsZ'k ns ldsxk vkSj rc ,slk eftLVªsV ml ekeys dk fopkj.k iqfyl fjiksVZ ij lafLFkr okj.V ekeyksa ds fopkj.k ds fy, izfØ;k ds vuqlkj djsxkA
¼[k½ vuU;r% ml U;k;ky; }kjk fopkj.kh; gS rks og vfHk;qDr ds fo:) vkjksi fyf[kr :i esa fojfpr djsxkA ¼2½ tgk¡ U;k;k/kh'k mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds [k.M ¼[k½ ds v/khu dksbZ vkjksi fojfpr djrk gS ogk¡ og vkjksi vfHk;qDr dks i<+dj lquk;k vkSj le>k;k tk,xk vkSj vfHk;qDr ls ;g iwNk tk,xk fd D;k og ml vijk/k dk] ftldk vkjksi yxk;k x;k gS] nks"kh gksus dk vfHkoapu djrk gS ;k fopkj.k fd, tkus dk nkok djrk gSA ;fn vfHk;qDr nks"kh gksus dk vfHkopu rks U;k;k/kh'k /kkjk 229 ds vuqlkj ml dks ys[kc) djsxk vkSj mlds vk/kkj Lofoosdkuqlkj] nks"kfl) dj lkdrk n.M ns ldrk gSA
djrk gS vfHkokd ij mls gS rFkk
;fn vfHk;qDr fopkj.k fd, tkus dk nkok djrk gSA rks U;k;k/kh'k lkf{k;ksa dh ijh{kk djus ds fy, rkjh[k fu;r djsxkA ¼/kkjk 230½ lafgrk dh /kkjk 231 ds vuqlkj U;k;/kh'k vfHk;kstu ls lacaf/kr leLr lk{; ysxkA ;fn vfHk;kstu dk lk{; ysus] vfHk;qDr dh ijh{kk djus vksj vfHk;kstu vkSj izfrj{kk dks lquus ds i'pkr~ U;k;k/kh'k dk ;g fopkj gS fd bl ckr dk lk{; ugha gS fd vfHk;qDr us vijk/k fd;k gS rks U;k;k/kh'k nks"k eqfDr dk vkns'k vfHkfyf[kr dj ldrk gSA ¼/kkjk 232½ /kkjk 233 ds vuqlkj ;fn vfHk;qDr nks"k eqDr ugha fd;k tkrk gS ogk¡ mlls vis{kk dh tk,xh dh viuh izfrj{kk vkjEHk djsa vkSj dksbZ Hkh lk{; tks mlds leFkZu esa mlds ikl gks is'k djsA
cgl vkSj fof/k&iz'u ¼;fn dksbZ gks½ lquus ds i'pkr~ U;k;k/kh'k ekeys esa fu.kZ; nsxkA ¼/kkjk 235½ lafgrk dh /kkjk 235 ¼2½ ds vuqlkj vfHk;qDr ds nks"k fl) ds ckn Hkh U;k;/kh'k n.M ds iz'u ij vfHkq:Dr dks lqlusxk rFkk mlds ckn fof/k ds vuqlkj mlds fo"k; esa n.Mkns'k nsxkA lafgrk dh /kkjk 235¼2½ dk mís'; vfHk;qDr dks ,d ekSdk nsuk gS rkfd og U;k;ky; dh tkudkjh esa ekeys ls lacaf/kr lkekftd] O;fDrxr rFkk vU; rF; yk ldsA buds vk/kkj ij U;k;ky; mfpr n.Mkns'k nsrk gSA ;fn ekeys esa ls'ku U;k;ky; e`R;qn.M nsrk gS rks bldh laLrqfr lafgrk dh /kkjk 366 ds vUrxZr mPp U;k;ky; ls gksuk vko';d gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 238&243 & eftLVªsVks }kjk ekeyks dk fopkj.k n.M izfØ;k lafgrk dk vè;k; XIX eftLVªsVks }kjk okj.V ekeyksa ds fopj.k ls lacaf/kr gSA ;g vè;k; nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr gS igyk iqfyl fjiksZV ds vk/kkj ij ekeys] nwljk iqfyl fjiksZV ds vU;Fkk ekeysA lafgrk dh /kkjk 238 ds vuqlkj & tc iqfyl fjiksZV ij lafLFkr fdlh okj.V ekeys esa vfHk;qDr fopkj.k ds izkjEHk esa eftLVªsV ds le{k gkftj gksrk gS ;k yk;k tkrk gS rc eftLVsªV viuk ;g lek/kku dj ysxk fd mlus /kkjk 207 ds mica/kksa dk vuqikyu dj fy;k gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 239 rFkk 240] lafgrk dh /kkjk 227 rFkk 228 ds leku gSA ;s ;g izko/kku djrh gS vfHk;qDr dks dc nks"keqDr fd;k tk,xk rFkk vfHk;qDr ds fo:) vkjksi dc xfBr fd;s tkus pkfg,a ;fn vfHk;qDr nks"k Lohdkjrk ugha gS rc U;k;/kh'k xokgksa us
ijh{k.k ds fy, ,d frfFk fu/kkZfjr djrk gS rFkk gS ml fu/kkZfjr frfFk ij U;k;k/kh'k ekeys ls tqM+s leLr lk{; rFkk xokg eftLVsªV ds lkeus mifLFkr gksrs gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 243 ds vuq:i vfHk;qDr viuh j{kk esa lk{; mRiUu djrk gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 244&247% iqfyl fjiksZV ls fHkUu vk/kkj ij lafLFkr ekeys lafgrk dh /kkjk 244 ds vuqlkj % tc iqfyl fjiksZV ls fHkUu vk/kkj ij lafLFkr fdlh okj.V&ekeys esa eftLVsªV ds le{k vfHk;qDr gkftj gksrk gS ;k yk;k tkrk gS rc eftLVªsV vfHk;kstu dks lquus ds fy, vkSj ,slk lc lk{; ysus ds fy, vxzlj gksxk tks vfHk;kstu ds leFkZu esa is'k fd;k tk,A lafgrk dh /kkjk 245 ds vuqlkj % ;fn /kkjk 244 esa fufnZ"V lc lk{; ysus ij eftLVªsV dk ;g fopkj gS fd vfHk;qDr ds fo:) ,slk dksbZ ekeyk fl) ugha gqvk gS tks v[kafMr jgus ij mldh nks"kflf) ds fy, leqfpr vk/kkj gks rks eftLVªsV mldks mUeksfpr dj nsxkA lafgrk dh /kkjk 245¼2½ ds vuqlkj ;fn fopkj.k ds fdlh Hkh Lrj ij U;k;/kh'k dks ;g yxrk gS fd vfHk;qDr ds fo:) vkjksi fujk/kkj gS rks og mls NksM+ ldrk gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 246 ds vuqlkj & ;fn eftLVsªV dh ;g jk; gS fd vfHk;qDr us ,slk vijk/k fd;k gS ftldk fopkj.k djus ds fy, og eftLVªsV l{ke gS vkSj tks mldh jk; esa mlds }kjk i;kZIr :i ls nf.Mr fd;k tk ldrk gS rks og vfHk;qDr ds fo:) vkjksi fyf[kr :i esa fojfpr djsxkA rFkk lkFk gh lkFk U;k;ky; vfHk;qDr dks vius cpko esa lafgrk dh /kkjk 243 ds varxZr lk{; izLrqr djus dks dgrk gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 251&259 % eftLVsªVksa }kjk leu ekeyksa dk fopkj.k leu ekeyksa dk fopkj.k lafgrk ds vè;k; XX ds vuq:i gksrk gSA pwafd leu ekeys okj.V ekeyksa dh rqyuk esa de xaHkhj gksrs gSaA leu ekeyksa esa dksbZ vkjksi dk fu/kkZj.k ugha gksrk ijUrq lafgrk dh /kkjk 251 ds vuqlkj tc leu&ekeys esa vfHk;qDr eftLVsªV ds le{k gkftj gksrk gS ;k yk;k tkrk gS] rc mls ml vijk/k dh fof'kf"V;k¡ crkbZ tk,¡xh ftldk ml ij vfHk;ksx gS] vkSj mlls iwNk tk,xk fd D;k og nks"kh gksus dk vfHkokd djrk gS vFkok izfrj{kk djuk pkgrk gSA O;ogkj esa lafgrk dh /kkjk 251 dks ^uksfVl dk fu/kkZj.k* dgk tkrk gSA tks dh vkjksiksa ds fu/kkZj.k ls fHkUu gSA ;gk¡ è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd vkSipkfjd vkjksi dk fu/kkZj.k vko';d ugha gS] ijUrq lafgrk dh /kkjk 251 vkjksi fu/kkZj.k ij fu"ks/k ugha j[krk gS rFkk ;s U;k;/kh'k dk foosdk/khdkj gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 256 ds vuqlkj ;fn ifjokn ij leu tkjh dj fn;k x;k gks vkSj vfHk;qDr dh gkftjh ds fy, fu;r fnu] ;k mlds i''ikrorhZ fdlh fnu] ftlds fy, lquokbZ LFkfxr dh tkrh gS] ifjoknh gkftjh ugha gksrk gS rks] eftLVªsV blesa blds iwoZ fdlh ckr ds gksus gq, Hkh] vfH;qDr dks nks"keqDr dj nsxk tc rd fd og fdUgha dkj.kksa ls fdlh vU; fnu ds fy, ekeys dh lquokbZ LFkkfxr djuk Bhd u le>sA lafgrk dh /kkjk 258 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd fdlh leu&ekeys esa dksbZ izFke oxZ eftLVªsV] vFkok eq[; U;kf;d eftLVªsV dh iwoZ eatwjh ls dksbZ vU; U;kf;d eftLVªsV ,sls dkj.kksa ls] tks mlds }kjk ys[kc) fd, tk,ax]s dk;Zokgh dks fdlh Hkh izØe esa dksbZ fu.kZ; lquk, fcuk jksd
ldrk gS vkSj tgk¡ eq[; lkf{k;ksa ds lk{; dks vfHkfyf[kr fd, tkus ds i'pkr~ bl izdkj dk;Zokfg;ks¡ jksdh tkrh gSa ogk¡ nks"keqfDr dk fu.kz; lquk ldrk gS vkSj fdlh vU; n'kk esa vfHk;qDr dks NksM+ ldrk gS vkSj ,sls NksM+us dk izHkko mUekspu gksxkA n.M izfØ;k lafgrk dk vè;k; XXI ds varxZr lafgrk dh /kkjk 260&265 rd gS rFkk ;s laf{kIr fopkj.k dh izfØ;k ls laca/khr gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 260 mu vijk/kksa dh lwph nsrh gS ftudk laf{kIr fopkj.k lEHko gSA tk¡p rFkk fopkj.k dk izko/kku n.M izfØ;k lafgrk dk vè;k; XXIII rFkk XXIV tk¡p rFkk fopkj.k dh izfØ;k rFkk izdkjksa dk izko/kku djrk gsA mnkgj.k ds fy, lafgrk dh /kkjk 272 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd jkT; ljdkj] jkT; ds vUnj mPp U;k;ky; dks NksM+ dj U;k;ky; dh Hkk"kk dk fu/kkZj.k djldrh gSA /kkjk 273 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd /kkjk 273 lk{; vfHk;qDr dh mifLFkfr esa gh ysus pkfg,A lafgrk dh /kkjk 280 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd tc ihBklhu U;k;k/kh'k ;k eftLVªsV lk{kh dk lk{; vfHkfyf[kr dj ysrk gS rc ;g ml lk{kh dh ijh{kk fd, tkrs le; mldh HkoHkaxh ds ckjs esa ,slh fVIif.k;k¡ Hkh vfHkfyf[kr djsxk tks og rkfRod le>rk gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 300 lafo/kku dh /kkjk 20¼2½ dk izfrfcEc gS! 'autrefois acquit' dk fl)kUr bl izko/kku dk vk/kkj gSA bl izko/kku ds vuqlkj ftl O;fDr dks fdlh vijk/k ds fy, l{ke vf/kdkfjrk okys U;k;ky; }kjk ,d ckj fopkj.k fd;k tk pqdk gS vkSj tks ,sls vijk/k ds fy, nks"kfl) ;k nks"keqDr fd;k tk pqdk gS og u rks mlh vijk/k ds fy, fopkj.k dk
Hkkxh gksxk vkSj u mUgha rf;ksa ij fdlh ,sls vU; vijk/k ds fy, fopkj.k dk Hkkxh gksxk rFkk oks vkjksi tks mlds fo:) yxk;s tk ldrs FksA lafgrk dh /kkjk 306 & 308 lg vijkf/k;ksa rFkk vU; O;fDr;ksa dh {kerknku ls lacaf/kr gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 313 U;k;ky; dks ;g vf/kdkj nsrh gs fd og vfHk;qDr ls iz'u djs rkfd vfHk;qDr vius fo:) yxs lk{; dh ifjfLFkfr Li"V dj ldsA vfHk;qDr ds ,sls dFkuksa dh fjdkfMZx dh tk ldrh gS] gkWykafd ;g 'kiFkiwoZd ugha gksrs\ lafgrk dh /kkjk 320 % vijk/kksa dk 'keu dqN fuf'pr vijk/kksa dks 'keu ;ksX; vijk/k dh Js.kh esaj[kk x;k gS ;gk¡ ij vijk/k dk fuiVkjk ifjoknh rFkk vfHk;qDr esa eè; ml oS/kkfud rFkk ;qfDr;qDr rjhds ls gks tkuk pkfg,] ftl ij nksuks i{k jkth gksA nks izdkj ds vijk/kksa dk 'keu fd;k tk ldrk gsA lafgrk dh /kkjk 320¼1½ esa mu vijk/kksa dh lwph gS ftudk 'keu U;k;ky; dh vkKk ds fcuk fd;k tk ldrk gSA ogh /kkjk 320¼2½ esa mu vijk/kksa dh lwph gS ftudk 'keu U;k;ky; dh vkKk ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA vijk/kk ds bl /kkjk ds v/khu 'keu dk izHkko ml vfHk;qDr dh nks"k eqfDr gksxk ftlls vijk/k dk 'keu fd;k x;k gSA n`"Vkar & A lafgrk dh /kkjk 323 ds rgr vfHk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gS] A ij B us vkjksi yxk;k fd A us mls xaHkhj pksVs igqpk¡bZA A rFkk B ekeys dk fuiVkjk dj mldk 'keu djuk pkgrs gSaA pwafd ;g vijk/k /kkjk 320¼1½ ds v/khu vkrk gS vr% blds fy, A rFkk B dks U;k;ky; dh vkKk dh vko';drk ugha gSA ogha A ds fo:) Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk 500 ds varxZr B }kjk vkjksi yxk;k tkrk gS
B dk dguk gS fd A us ml dh eku gkfu dh gS A rFkk B vkil esa ekeys dk fuiVkjk djrs
gSa rFkk vijk/k B dks t:jr
mldk 'keu djuk pkgrs gSaA pwafd ;g /kkjk 320¼2½ ds v/khu gSA vr% A rFkk blds fy, U;k;ky; dh vkKkr dh gSA
lkSnk vfHkokd lafgrk dk vè;k; 21¼d½ dks 2006 esa la'kks/ku }kjk tksM+k x;kA lafgrk dh /kkjk 265-A ls 265¼2½ rd lkSnk vfHkokd dh izfØ;kvksa ds lanHkZ esa izko/kku djrh gSa lafgrk dk ;g vè;k; mu vijk/kksa ij ykHk ugha gksxk tks jk"Vª dh lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd fLFkfr ij izHkko Mkyrs gSa] ;k efgykvksa rFkk 14 o"kZ ds de mez ds cPpksa ds fo:) gSA dsUnzh; ljdkj lwpuk }kjk ,sls vijk/kksa dk fu/kkZj.k dj ldrh gS tks jk"Vª dh lkekftd vkfFkZd fLFkfr ij izHkko Mkyrs gSaA lafgrk dh /kkjk 265¼e½ ekeys ds fuiVkjks ds laca/k esa gSA vihy] funsZ'k rFkk iqujh{k.k vihyh; U;k;ky; ds vf/kdkj Vªk;y dksVZ ds leku gksrs gSaA lafgrk dh /kkjk 386 vihy U;k;ky; dh 'kfDr dk izo/kku djrh gS dbZ ekeyksa esa U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k gS fd vihy fopkj.k dk gh vfxze Hkkx gS rFkk vihy U;k;y; dks lk{; ysus dk vf/kdkj gsa lafgrk dh /kkjk 391 ds vuqlkj vihy U;k;ky; lk{; ys ldsxk ;k muds fy, tkus dk funsZ'k ns ldsxkA ;gk¡ è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd /kkjk 394 ds v/khu /kkjk 377 ;k /kkjk 378 ds v/khu izR;sd vU; vihy dk vfHk;qDr dh e`R;q ij vfUre :i ls mi'keau gks tk,xkA nks"kflf) ls vihy % /kkjk 374
dksbZ O;fDr tks ls'ku U;k;k/kh'k ;k vij ls'ku U;k;k/kh'k }kjk fd, x, fopkj.k esa ;k fdlh vU; U;k;ky; }kjk fd, x, fopkj.k esa nks"kfl) fd;k x;k gS] ftlesa lkr o"kz ls vf/kd ds dkjkokl dk n.Mkns'k mlds fo:) ;k mlh fopkj.k esa nks"kfl) fd, x, fdlh vU; O;fDr ds fo fn;k x;k gS mPp U;k;ky; esa /kkjk 374¼2½ ds v/khu vihy dj ldrk gSA /kkjk 374¼3½ ds varxrZ dksbZ Hkh O;fDr tks /kkjk 374¼3½ ¼d½¼[k½¼x½ ds varxZr nks"kflf) gqvk gS ls'ku dksVZ esa vihy dj ldrk gSA flok; /kkjk 374¼2½ ds mica/kks dks NksM+ djA jkt; ljdkj }kjk n.Mkns'k ds fo:) vihy % /kkjk 377 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd jkT; ls'ku dksZV esa vihy dj ldrk gSA ijUrq ;fn fu.kZ; vU; U;k;ky; }kjk ikfjr fd;k x;k gS rks jkT; mPp U;k;ky; esa vihy dj ldrk gSA nks"keqfDr dh n'kk esa vihy /kkjk 378 jkT; nks"keqfDr ds fo:) vihy nk;j dj ldrk gSA gkWykafd mPpU;k;ky; dks leLr lk{;ksa dk iqujh{k.k djds fu.kZ; nsus dk vf/kdkj gS] ijUrq nks"kflf) O;fDr dks dqN fu/kkZfjr ifjfLFkfr esa gh mifLFkr gksus dk vf/kdkj gSa eè;izns'k jkt; cuke equhl flag ¼2009½ 14 SCC 170 ds ekeys esa ;g fu/kkZfjr gqvk fd ;fn lk{; ij nks fopkj mRiUu gksrs gSa ,d nks"k eqfDr dk leFkZu djrk gS rFkk nwljk nks"kiw.kZr% dk rc mPpU;k;ky; flQZ blls izHkkfor ugha gksxk fd Vªk;y dksVZ us nks"keqfDr nh gSA vr% nwljk fopkj.k Hkh fy;k tk ldrk gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 389 ds vuqlkj vihy U;k;ky;] ,sls dkj.kksa ls] tks mlds }kjk vfHkfyf[kr fd, tk,¡x]s vkns'k ns ldrk gS fd
ml n.Mkns'k ;k vkns'k dk fu"iknu] ftlds fo:) vihy dh xbZ gS] nks"kfl) O;fDr }kjk dh xbZ vihy ds yfEcr jgus rd fuyfEcr fd;k tk, vkSj ;fn og O;fDr ifjjks/k esa gS rks ;g Hkh vkns'k nsldrk gS fd mls tekur ij ;kmlds vius ca/ki= ij NksM+ fn;k tk;A lafgrk dh /kkjk 389¼3½ ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd tgk¡ nks"kfl) O;fDr ,sls U;k;ky; dk ftlds }kjk og nks"kfl) fd;k x;k gS ;g lek/kku dj nsrk gS fd og vihy izLrqr djuk pkgrk gS ogk¡ ;g U;k;ky; & ml n'kk eas tc ,slk O;fDr] tekur ij gksrs gq,] rhu o"kZ ls vuf/kd dh vof/k ds fy, dkjkokl ls n.Mkfn"V fd;k x;k gS] ;k ml n'kk esa tc og vijk/k] ftlds fy, ,slk O;fDr nks"kfl) fd;k x;k gS] tekurh; gS vkSj og tekur ij gSA U;k;ky; vfHk;qDr dks tekur ij NksM+us dk izko/kku dj ldrk gS rkfd mls vihy U;k;ky; ls vkns'k fey tk,A n`"Vkar & A dks ,d o"kZ ds lk/kkj.k dkjkokl dh ltk lqukbZ xbZA A ls'ku U;k;ky; esa vihy djuk pkgrk gSA A ekeys ds nkSjku tekur ij FkkA A dks U;k;/kh'k dh vnkyr }kjk tekur ij NksM+k tkuk pkfg, rkfd og vihy dksVZ ls n.Mkns'k ds fo:) vkns'k izkIr dj ldsA lafgrk dh /kkjk 397 & 405 & iqujh{k.k dh vihy lafgrk dh /kkjk 397 ds vuqlkj mPp U;k;ky; ;k ls'ku U;k;ky; vius vf/kdkj{ks= ds varxZr fdlh dk;Zokgh ds vfHkys[k dks] fu"d"kZ] n.Mkns'k vkns'k dh 'kq)rk] oS/krk ;k vkSfpR;
dk iqujh{k.k dj ldrk gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 399 ls'ku U;k;/kh'k dh iqujh{k.k dh 'kfDr;ksa dk izko/kku djrh gSA /kkjk 401 mPpU;k;ky; dh iqujh{k.k dh 'kfDr;ksa dk mYys[k djrh gSA mPpU;k;ky; ds iqujh{k.k rFkk {ks=kf/kdkj esa fuEufyf[kr varj gSA
vihyh;
vihy ekeyksa esa mPpU;k;ky; rc gLr{ksi djrk gS tc og vkjksih ds ds vijk/k ds ifjis{; esa larq"V gks ijUrq iqujh{k.k ekeys esa mPpU;k;ky; rc rd gLr{ksi ugha djsxk tc rd fd mldk è;ku vnkyr dh xyrh ij uk [khapk tk,A vihy ekeyksa esa U;k;ky; nks"kfl) dks nks"keqfDr rFkk nks"k eqfDr dks nks"kflf) esa cny ldrh gSA ijUrq iqujh{k.k ekeys esa mpp U;k;ky; nks"k eqfDr dks nks"k fl) esa ugha cny ldrh ¼ns[ksa 410¼3½ vihy ekeyksa esa mPpU;k;ky; dk è;ku flQZ fopkj.k iw.kZ gksus ij [khapk tk ldrk gS] ijUrq iqujh{k.k ds ekeys esa fopkj.k ds fdlh Hkh pj.k esa è;ku [khapk tk ldrk gS] ;gk¡ rd dh /kkjk 216 ds v/khu vkjksi fu/kkZj.k ij Hkha iqujh{k.k ekeyksa esa U;k;ky; fdlh Hkh i{kdkj ;k Suomoto ¼Lo izsj.kk½ ls gLrs{ki dj ldrk gS] ijUrq vihy {ks=kf/kdkj esa flQZ i{k }kjk tks locus standi ;k ftls U;k;ky; esa lquus dk vf/kdkj gks ds vkosnu ij gLr{ksi djrk gSA vkijkf/kd ekeyksa dk vUrj.k & /kkjk 406 & 412
lafgrk dh /kkjk 406 & 412 vkijkf/kd ekeys ds vUrj.k ls lacaf/kr gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 406 ds vuqlkj mPpre U;k;ky; ,d mPpU;k;ky; ls nwljs mPp U;k;ky; esa ekeyksa dk vUrj.k dj ldrh gSA ;k mPp U;k;ky; ds v/khu ,d vijkf/kd dksZV ls nwljh vijkf/kd dksZV esa vUrj.k dj ldrh gSA n`"Vkar & A dk Hkk"k.k Vsyhfotu ij lkjs Hkkjr esa izlkfjr gavk Hkk"k.k esa og HkM+dkÅ 'kCnksa dks iz;ksx djrk gS] ftlesa dkj.k mlds fo:) leLr Hkkjr ds 20 U;k;ky;ksa esa ekugkfu dk nkok nk;j gksrk gSA A dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd oks bu lc dk vUrj.k djok lds D;ksafd ;s lHkh vyx 23 U;k;ky;ksa ds {ks=kf/kdkj esa gSA bl izdkj ds vUrj.k dh izkFkZuk flQZ mPpre U;k;ky; esa fd tk ldrh gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 407 ;g izko/kku djrh gS mPpU;k;ky; vius {ks=kf/kdkj ds v/khu fofHkUu ekeyksa dk vUrj.k dj ldsA mPpU;k;ky; Ñfefuy dksZV ls ekeyk ysdj Lo;a mldk fopkj.k dj ldrh gSA U;k;ky; dh vUrfuZfgr 'kfDr;k¡ n.M izfØ;k lafgrk dh /kkjk 482 mPp U;k;ky; dh vUrfufgZr 'kfDr;ksa dh O;k[;k djrh gSA blds vuqlkj bu varfuZfgr vf/kdkfjrk dk iz;ksx rhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dh tk ldrh gSA lafgrk ds v/khu fdlh vkns'k dks izHkkoh djus ds fy,A U;k;ky; dh izfØ;k ds nq:i;ksx dks jksdus ds fy, vkSj vU;Fkk U;k; ds mís'; dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,A
dbZ lkjs ekeys lafgrk dh /kkjk 482 dh O;k[;k djrs gSA flfoy izfØ;k lafgrk ls fHkUu vUrfuZfgr 'kfDr;k¡ flQZ mPp U;k;ky; dks izkIr gSA mPp U;k;ky; dh 'kfDr;k¡ vR;Ur O;kid gS mPp U;k;ky; ds varxZr {ks=kf/kdj dk iz;ksx mfpr ekeyksa esa ;k rks fdlh U;k;ky; dh dk;Zokgh ds nq#i;ksx dks jksdus ds fy, ;k U;k; ds vUr dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA mPp U;k;ky; dh vUrxZr 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx dsoy vkiokfnd ekeyksa esa fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bu 'kfD;ksa dk iz;ksx vR;Ur lko/kkuhiwoZd fd;k tkuk pkfg,A n`"Vkar & O ds fo:) izFke bfryk fjiksZV C }kjk vkijkf/kd vfrpkj rFkk pksjh ds ekeys nk;j dh xbZA Q2 20 o"kksZa ls fons'k jgrk gS rFkk C dks tkurk Hkh ughaA laKku ds ckn Q1 ds LFkku ij Q2 ds fo:) vknsf'kdk tkjh gqbZA Q2 lafgrk dh /kkjk 482 ds v/khu vijk/khu ekeys ds gVkus ds fy, vf/kdkjh gSA tgk¡ mPpU;k;ky; dks ;g larks"k gks tk, fd izFke bfryk fjiksZV esa yxk;s x;s vkjksi izFken`"V;k dksbZ vkjksi ugha cukrs rc mPp U;k;ky; izko/kku esa of.kZr viuh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx dj ldrk gSA n`"Vkar & A rFkk B ds eè; leku ds gLrkarj.k dh ,d lafonk gqbZA AB dks izkÑfr vkink ds dkj.k lkeku igqapkus esa vlQy gksrk gS] B A ds fo:) vijkf/kd ekeyk nk;j djrk gSA ekeys dk laKku fy;k tkrk gSA bl ifjfLFkfr esa A dks vf/kdkj gS fd bl fØfeuy vkjksi ds fo:) mPp U;k;ky; dh 'kj.k esa tk,A
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
fof/kd izk:i.k ds izdkj vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk ijh{kk mi;ksxh lkexzh fo"k; % 7 vfHkgLrkarj.k
&
izk:i.k]
vfHkopu
,oa
^^dkuwuh vf/kdkj % fo'ks"kkf/kdkj] dk;Z] drZO; vFkok ;Fkk iwoZ fLFkfr dk fuf'pr :i esa Li"Vhdj.k** dks fof/kd izk:i.k dh laKk nh tk ldrh gSA fof/kd izk:i.k dk lkekU; vFkZ gS & foys[k] fy[kr vFkok nLrkost dk izk:i.k i{kdkjksa ds chp lgefr ljdkj gks uk mu i{kdkjksa ds chp esa fof/kd lac/a kksa ds fu;eu dk vfHkizk; gksuk fof/kd izk:i.k ds nks fu;e gS 'kCnksa dk lkekU; Hkko % lqfuf'pr djsa fd 'kCn vkSj okD;ka'kksa dk iz;ksx lkekU; Hkko esa gqvk gksA vaxzsth ds ,d 'kcn dk lkekU; vFkZ] rF; dk iz'u gS vkSj mldk vuqlj.k vko';d gSA leuq:i 'kCnkoyh % lqfuf'pr djsa fd izR;sd ckj&ckj bLrseky ysus okyk 'kcn leuq:i esa iz;ksx gksjgk gsa ;fn vkidk vk'k; vFkz vnyuk ugha gS rks viuh Hkk"kk dks ifjofrZr u djs] ysfdu ;fn vki vFkZ cnyuk pkgrs gS rks Hkk"kk esa Hkh ifjorZu djsA ;g ,d izkjafHkd fu;e gS fd ,d gh nLrkost esa leku 'kCn nks vyx&vyx vFkksZa esa iz;qDr ugha gks ldrk] c'krsZ fd lanHkZ ,slk djus gsrq etcwj u djsAa
izk;ksfxd & bl rjg ds izk:i.k dk vk'k; ,d fo'ks"k ifj.kke izkIr djuk gksrk gS vkSj lkekU; rkSj ij ;g nks vFkok bl ls vf/kd i{kdkjksa ds chp fof/kd lac/a kksa dks ifjHkkf"kr vkSj fu;fer djrk gSA mnkgj.k & foØ; foys[k ca/kd foys[k] nku] olh;r vkxzgh & vkxzgh izk:i.k dk [kkdk] lkekU;r;k nLrkost ls vk'kf;r rdZ }kjk vknsf'kr gksrk gS rfkk bldh ifjdYiuk ikBd dks lqfuf'pr n`f"Vdks.k Lohdkj djus gsrq rS;kj dh tkrh gSA mnkgj.k & okni=] fyf[kr dFku] vihy dk Kkiu rFkk tekur dh vthZA lwpukRed & bl rjg ds izk:i.k esa lkekU;rkSj ij ogh lwpuk gksrh gS tks ikBd ds fy, vko';d vkSj mi;ksxh gksA mnkgj.k & eqofDdy dks i= rFkk fof/kd erA
fof/kd izk:i.k ds rhu pj.k % ;|fi fof/kd izk:i.k ds dbZ fHkUu&fHkUu rjhds gks ldrs gSa] ;gka ij O;olk; esa uohu vf/koDrkvksa ds fy, mi;ksxh rhu pj.k dh izfØ;k crkbZ xbZ gSA eqofDdy ls funsZ'k ysa % bl lanHkZ esa ;g tkuuk Hkh t:jh gS fd funsZ'k vf/kd`r vFkok mi;qDr O;fDr }kjk fn, x, gsA bu funsZ'kksa dk fo'ys"k.k djsa vkSj mUgsa rF;kRed rFkk fof/kd lanHkZ esa foHkkftr djsA lqfuf'pr djs fd i{kdkjksa dh lEiw.kZ tkudkj] i{kdkjksads izfrQy ,oa nkf;Roksa lesr lHkh oLrq
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
ijd lwpuk,sa rFkk vU; vk'oklu ,oa izfrosnu vkids ikl miyC/k gSA tfVy] okf.kfT;d lEifÙk ekeyksa esa ;g vkn'kZ fLFkfr gksxh fd Lfky dk nkSjk dj Lo;eso lEifÙk dk [kkdk lqfuf'pr dj fy;k tkosA nLrkost rS;kj djusdh ihNs mís';ksa vkSj y{;ksa dks lqfuf'pr djsAa T;knkrj izk:i.k tks vf/koDrk rS;kj djrk gS dk vk'k; eqofDdy ds funsZ'kksa dk ikyu gsA vr% loZizFke ;g vR;ko';d gS fd eqofDdy ds mís';ksa dks lqfuf'pr dj fy;k tk;A
eqofDdy ls izkIr dh tkuh gSa ;fn gka rks funsZ'k izkIr dj ysAa izk:i.k ds fy, u, fopkj isnk djs%a ,d ckj :ijs[kk izk:i.k rs;kj gks tkus ij ml dk fo'ys"k.k djsa rFkk fof/kd vFkok rF;kRed ekeyksa ij vkSj fopkj dj ysa ftUgsa vki izk:I esa fuxfer djuk pkgrs gSaA
rS;kj fd, tkus okys foys[k vFkok nLrkost dks izHkkfor djus okyh fof/k dh [kkst dj fopkj dj ys] vksj irk dj ys fd D;k fdlh fof/k }kjk dksbZ izfrca/k yxk;k x;k gS vfkok fof/k esa dksbZ ifjorZu fd;k x;k gSA
lqfuf'pr djsa fd ;kstuk ds pj.k esa ftl fo"k;oLrq ij fopkj fd;k x;k Fkk mu lcdks izk:I esa fuxfer dj fy;k x;k gSA% bl pj.k esa vkn'kZ fLFkrh ;g gksxh fd ;kstuk ds pj.k esa rS;kj fd, x, vius uksV~l dks ns[k ysaA bl pj.k esa ;g lqfuf'pr djuk vko';d gS fd D;k izk:i lqlaxr gS ,oa rdZlaxr :i esa rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA ;g Hkh ns[k ysa fd O;kdj.k rfkk Hkk"kk dk vuqlj.k fd;k x;k gSA ,d pSd fyLV rS;kj dj ysa ftlls ;g lqfuf'pr gks lds fd lHkh oLrqijd okD;ka'kksa dks 'kkfey dj fy;k x;k gSA
fodYiksa dks fpfUgr djs%a
la'kks/ku pj.k%
izklfxd ,oa vk/qkukre fof/k;ksa dh [kkst ,oa QkeksZ rFkk uyhjksa dks izkIr djsa ysA
rS;kjh ls ml fo"k; ls fuiVus dsrjhdksa ds fodYi dks irk yx ldrk gSA mUgsa eqofDdy dks crk;k tk ldrk gS ,oa oSdfYid rjhdksa dks viuk;k tk ldrk gS] ;g è;ku esa j[krs gq, fd vafre mís';eqofDdy fof/kd lanHkZ esa D;k pkgrk gS mls izkIr djuk gksrk gSA ys[ku dk pj.k :i js[kk rs;kj dj ysa % tc izk:i.k dh lkekU; ;kstuk ij fopkj dj fy;k x;k gks rc izk:id dks mu rF;kRed eqíksa dks fy, ysuk pkfg, ftUgsa oks] izk:i.k esa 'kkfey djuk pkgrk gSA lqfuf'pr dj ys fd D;k lHkh oLrq ijd lkexzh ftUgsa :ijs[kk esa fy[kk x;k gS dks fy[k fy;k x;k gS vkSj D;k dksbZ oLrqijd tkudkjh
vuqns'kksa dk iqufoZ'ys"k.k djsa ftlesa rF;kRed fLFkfr vkSj fof/kd 'kks/k Hkh 'kkfey gSA lqlaxrrk lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, iquysZ[ku djsAa lkexzh dk Li'V ,oa iz;ksDrk ds vuqdwy] iquxfBu djsAa lkexzh dk lEiknu dj ysAa O;kdj.k ,oa crZuh ij /;ku nsAa O;k[;k rFkk fuoZpu ds fu;e % izR;sd izk:i rS;kj djus okys dks] izk:i rS;kj djrs le; O;k[;k vksj fuoZpu ds fl)kUrksa dks fnekx esaj[kuk pkfg,A fuoZpu ds fu;eksa dk /;ku j[kuk blfy, vko';d gS fd blls ;g Li"V
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
gksrk gs fd U;k;ky; blds lgh vk'k; dks tkuus ds fy, D;k rjhds viukrs gSaA dqN fl)kUr fuEu izdkj gSA lkgp;Z Kk;rs % ¼'kCn dk vFkZ mlds lkgp;Z ls ekywe gksrk gS½ bl fu;e dk mi;ksx 'kCnksa dk vFkZ mu 'kCnksa ds lkFk bLrseky 'kCnksa ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA ;g lanHkZ dk fo)kUr gS] tgk¡ ij 'kcn vFkok okD;ka'k dk vFkZ O;fDrxr :i esa ugha fudkyk tkrk cfYd mlds vklikl ds okrkoj.k ds vk/kkj ij fudkyk tkrk gSA vaxzsth 'kCnksa dk :i jax mlds vkl&ikl ds 'kCnksa ls izkIr gksrkA okD; dsoy 'kCnksa dk laldyu ek= ugha gksrs ftUgsa okD;ksa ls fudkydj 'kCndks"k vFkok fu.khZr oknksa ds lanHkz esa ifjHkkf"kr dj mUgsa okil mlh okD; esa vki }kjk fu/kkZfjr vFkZ ds lkFk jksd fn;k tk;A ¼iVZ cuke fLVoVZ & ¼1983½ ,lh 109] in vk/kkfjr½ mnkgj.k % ,d lafof/k dgrh gS lHkh foLQksVdksa dks [kku esa vko';d :i ls fdlh isVh vFkok duLrj esa ys tkuk t:jh gsa izfroknh mijksDr mís'; ds fy, diM+s dk FkSyk bLrseky fd;kA U;k;ky; ds le{k iz'u ;g Fkk fd D;k diM+s dk FkSyk] nh x;h ifjHkk"kk esa 'kkfey gksxk\ U;k;ky; }kjk ^^lkgap;sZ.k Kk;rs** fu;e ds lanHkZ esa ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd diM+s dk FkSyk bl ifjHkk"kk esa 'kkfey ugha gksxk D;ksfa d fo/kkf;dk dk vk'k; isVh vFkok duLrj tslh fdlh etcwy pht ds bLrseky ls Fkk ¼QksLVj cuke fMQfol dSlu ¼1887½ 18 D;wchMh 428 ij vk/kkfjr½ ltkrh;rk dk fu;e ¼blh izdkj vFkok leku tkfr dk½ % ;g fl)kUr ^^lkgp;sZ.k Kk;rs** ds fl)kUr dk gh nwljk Hkkx gSA ;fn fdlh lwph esa leku tkfr ls lacaf/kr nks ;k vf/kd enksa dk
vFkZ lkekU; 'kCnksa ls fudyrk gS] rks lkekU; 'kCnksa dks mlh tkfr ds vFkZ esa ekuk tk,xkA bl fl)kUr ds dkj.k foLr`r vFkksZ okys 'kCn tks ewy ikB esa 'kkfey gS dk lhfer vFkksZ okys 'kCnksa ds lkFk lhfer Lo:i okys ekeyksa esa fufgrkFkZ ls lhfer ekuk tkrk gSA rFkkfi] ltkrh;rk dk fu;e ogh ij ykxw gksrk gS tgk¡ foijhr vk'k; izrhr ugha gksrkA mnkgj.k % iz'u ;g fkk fd D;k ^ekal] eNyh] eqjxk] lCth] Qy ,oa vU; [kk| lkexzh es*a jksVh vkSj fe"Bku Hkh 'kkfey gSA U;k;ky; }kjk ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k fd ekal] eNyh] eqxkZ] lCth ,oa Qy** izkd`frd mRiknu ds oxZ esa vkrs gSa] vkSj jksVh rfkk fe"Bku fufeZr oxZ esAa vr% ltkrh;rk dk fu;e ykxw djusls ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k fd jksVh vkSj fe"BkUu *vU; [kk| lkexzh* ds Js.kh esa ugha vk,saxs] D;ksafd ;g ,d vyx oxZ gsA ¼gki fOgVy fyfeVsM cuke LVsyh fczt fuxe ¼1967½ 66 ,ythvkn ¼;w ds½ 344 /kkfjr½ ;g fu;e rHkh ykxw gksrk gS] tc fd fof'k"V 'kCn ,d oxz ls lacaf/kr gksA ;fn mUgsa ,d fpfUgr oxZ esa 'kkfey ogh fd;k tk ldrk] rc lkekU; 'kCnksa dks ogh vfkz yxk;k tkuk pkfg, tSlk f dog lkekU;r% izrhr gksrs gSaA blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS f dbl fu;e lgh mís'; ;g gS fd i{kdkjksa ds lgh vk'k; dk irk yxk;k tk ldsA fuEu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ltkrh;rk dk fu;e ykxw gksrk gSA tc fo"k; lwph esa fof'k"V 'kCn 'kkfey gksA tc fo"k; lwph esa oxZ vFkok Js.kh dk o.kZu gksA
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
og oxz vfkok Js.kh Lwph ls lekIr ugha gksrhA lkekU; 'kCn lwph ds ckn vkrs gS] rFkk fHkUu vk'k; dk dksbZ ladsr u gksA ¼lh vkbZ Vh mn;iqj cuke eSd~Mkoy ,.M dEiuh ¼2009½ 10 ,l lh lh 755½
tgk¡ ij lafof/k ds ,d okD; esa dbZ iwokZtksa rFkk dbZ ifj.kkeksa mUgsa forj.kkRed rjhds ls i<+k tkrk gS] ftldk vfkZ gS fd izR;sd okD;ka'k vFkok vfHkO;fDr dks mlds mi;qDr mís'; ds lkFk tksM+k tkrk gS ¼CySd dk fof/kd fuoZpu½ tgk¡ ,d tfVy okD; esa ,d ls vf/kd ^dÙkkZ* vkSj ,d ls vf/kd ^deZ* gS] mica/k esa izR;sd deZ dks dÙkkZ ds lkFk tksM+dj forj.kkRed rjhds ls i<+k tk,xkA
,d oLrq dk dFku nwljh oLrq dk cfg"dj.k gS%
mnkgj.k & ^^,d olh;r dÙkkZ dgrk gS fd** eSa viuh py&vpy laifÙk dk ch dks mRrjnku rFkk olh;r djrk gWwA ^^mÙkjnku** in vpy laifÙk vkSj olh;r py laifÙk ds lanHkZ esa mi;qDr gsA vr% bl fl)kUr ds ykxw djus ls olh;r foU;kl dks bl rjg i<+k tk;sxk ^^eSa viuh laiw.kZ vpy laifÙk dk mRrjnku** rFkk lHkh py lEifÙk dh olh;r ds uke djrk gWwA
laf{kIr esa ^^,Dl izsfl;ks ;wfu;l** ds uke ls izpfyr ;g fl)kUr ogka ykxw fd;k tkrk gS tgka dksbZ micU/k dbZ rjg dh lkexzh dks 'kkfey djrk gS] tcfd ftØ dqN ,d dk gh djrk gSA tc rd fd budk mnkgj.k ds :I esa mYys[k ugha fd;k tkrk] vFkok vU; i;kZIr dkj.kksa ls mYys[k ugha f;k tkrk] vU; dks ml izfrKkfIr ls cfgf"Ør ekuk tkrk gSA lkekU; fu;e ds rkSj ij lwph ^^'kkfey gS** tSlh vfHkO;fDr ls lwph dks mnkgj.kkRed gh ekuk tkrk gS u fd ifjiw.kZ mnkgj.k % ;g dFku fd ^^izr;sd dks ernku dk vf/kdkj gS ls rkRi;Z gS fd xSj ukxfjdksa dks ernku dk vf/kdkj ugha gSA Hkkjrh; mPpre U;k;ky; us fu/kkZfjr fd;k gS fd lewfpr ekeyksa esa ^^dsoy** ,oa ^^,dek=** tSlh vfHkO;fDr;ksa ds bLrseky dk vFkZ ;g ugha gS] fd vf/kdkfjrk okD;ka'k dks gVk fn;k x;k gS] ^^,d oLrq dk dFku nwljh oLrq dk cfg"dj.k gS** lwfDr dks yxw dj vf/kdkfjrk dks gVk;k tk ldrk gSA ¼,-ch-lh- ysfeukVZ izkbosV fyfeVsM cuke ,-ih-,stsUlht lkyse] ,-vkbZ-vkj1989 ,l-lh- 1239½ ^^jsMsUMks flUxwyk flUxwfyl** dsoy vfUre ls lanfHkZr gS*
vfHkopu lkekU; vFkZ & O;ogkj izfØ;k lafgrk ¼1908½ ds fu;e 1 vkns'k 6 esa micfU/kr gS vfHkopu dk vFkZ gS okn vFkok fyf[kr dfku ^vfHkopu* dks bl izdkj Hkh ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS] ^^fdlh okn esa oknh ,oa izfroknh ds e/; vkilh >xM+s dks ftls vc lgh :i esa fyf[kr esa vfHkopu ds :i esa mi;qDr dk;kZy; esa ns fn;k x;k gS**A ¼'kkfey u dh fof/kd 'kCnkoyh½ ^^vfHkopu rF;ksa dk rkfdZd ,oa fof/kd :i esa dFku gS ftlls omjh dk okngsrqd la?kfvr gksrk gS vfkok izfroknh ds izfrokn dk vk/kkj rS;kj gksrk gS** ¼ykW ysfDldkWu½ vfHkopu dk iw.kZ mís'; i{kdkjksa dks,d oknfo"k; ij ykuk gksrk gS rfkk fu;eksa dk vFkZ ¼vfHkopu ls lacaf/kr½ okn fo"k; dks cM+k gksusls jksduk gS] ftlls izr;sd i{kdkj dks;g irk yx lds fd okngsrqd fopkj.k ds fy, dc
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
yk;k x;k rFkk og ewy eqík D;k gS ftl ij fopkj vkSj fu.kz; gksuk gSA okLro esa lkjh O;oLFkk dk vfkZ ;g gs fd i{kdkjksa dks fuf'pr eqíks ij lhfer fd;k tk; rfkk blds ek/;e lsle; vkSj /ku dh cpr dh tk lds] fo'ks"krkSj ij ml le; tc fdlh Hkh i{k esa lquokbZ ds nkSjku izek.k dh ek=k lqfuf'pr djuh gksA ¼yanu ,oa yadk'kk;j dEiuh cuke fcu; d`".k fHkRrj( ,-vkbZ-vkj 1999 ,l-lh- 162½ vr% vfHkopu dk ewy mís'; ;g gS % i{kdkjksa ds chp okLrfod >xM+s dks lqfuf'pr djuk fojks/k ds {ks= dks lhfer djuk izR;sd i{kdks voxr djkuk fd fdu iz'uksa ij rdZ fn, tkus gSaA ,d i{kdkj }kjk nwljs i{kdkj dks vk'p;Z esa Mkyus ls cpuk bl rjg U;k;&gR;k dks jksduk vfHkopu esa fuEu oLrq,a 'kkfey gS% oknh ds fy, okni= rFkk izfroknh ds fy, fyf[kr dFku fooknksa dh fojpuk ls iwoZ] >xM+s ds eqíksa ij Li"Vhdj.k ds fy, i{kdkjksa vkSj odhy ds dFku vfHkopu esa okn vFkok fyf[kr dfkuesa lanfHkZr nLrkost 'kkfey ugha gksrsA vlaxr vfHkopu okn vfkok fyf[kr dFku esa fd, x, mu dFkuksa dks dgrs gSa] tks vkil esa fojks/kh gksrs gSa ;k ,e nwljs brus izfrdwy gksrs gSa fd ,d dFku dh Lohd`fr ds ek;us nwljs dfku dks vLohd`r djuk gksxkA U;k;ky; oSdfYid vfHkopu dks Lohdkj dj ldrs gSa c'krZs fd vkil esa ,d nwljs ds uk'kd u gksA U;k;ky;
lgh vFkZ tkuus ds fy, lEiw.kZ vfHkopu dks i<+rs gSaA pkgs okni= [kjkc rjhds ls gh rS;kj fd;k x;k gks ;fn ewy eqís ,d fonk;d Li"V gS vkSj fdlh i{kdkj dk dksVZ uqdlku ugha gks jgk gksrks vfHko;u dh rduhfd;ksa vk/kkj ij U;k;ky; lkekU;r;k nkoksa dks fujLr ugha djrs ¼dsnkj yky cuke gjhyky] ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1952 ,l-lh- 47½ vfHkopu ds ewy fu;e % ¼vkns'k 6 fu;e 2 lh ih lh½ izR;sd vfHkopu esa rF;ksa dk dFku gksuk pkfg, u fd fof/k dk bl fu;e dk vk/kkj ;g gS fd fof/k ds dFku dks ekywe djuk U;k;ky; dk dk;Z gS pkgs d{kdkjksa us mldk dfku fd;k gks vFkok ugha ;fn rF;ksa dk dFku fd, cxSj vki fof/k ds fu"d"kksZa dk dFku djrs gSa rks ;g xyr vfHkopu gksxkA mnkgj.k & ^v* vius okni= esa dgrh gS f dog e`r ^c* dh mRrjkf/kdkfj.kh gsa ;g ,d fu"d"kZ gSA ^v* dks ;g vfHkopu djuk vko';d gS f dog fdl rjg ^c* dh mRrjkf/kdkfj.kh gSA fu;e dk viokn & fof/k dk dFku u djus dk fu;e fons'kh dkuwu ij ykxw ugha gksrkA U;k;ky;ksa dks dsoy jk"Vªh; fof/k dh U;kf;d tkudkjh ysuk ugha ckè;rk gS] vkSj tgk¡ rd fons'kh fof/k dk iz'u gS os bldh U;kf;d tkudkjh ysus dks ckè; ugha gSA ;fn dksbZ i{kdkj fons'kh fof/k dk lgkjk ysuk pkgrk gS rks fons'kh fof/k dk vfHkopu rF; ds :I esa fd;k tkuk pkfg,A blesa lkjoku vkSj dsoy lkjoku rF;ksa dk gh dFku gksA
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
lkjoku rF; og gS tks oknh ds okngsrqd ds fy, vFkok izfroknh ds izfrokn ds fy, vko';d gSa lkjoku rF; og gS ftudk dFku djuk vkSj mUgsa fl) djuk] ;g LFkkfir djus ds fy, vko';d gS fd okngsrqd vFkok izfrokn dk dksbZ vk/kkjA ftu rF;ksa dks i{kdkjksa }kjk fl) djus dh vko';drk u gks lkjoku rf; ugha djs tk ldrsA lkjoku rF;ksa rFkk lkjoku fof'kf"V;ksa esa Hkh vurj gSa tgk¡ lHkh lkjoku fof'kf"V;ksa dk vfHkopu ugha fd;k x;k gS U;k;ky;] csgrj fof'kf"V;ksa dh ekax dj ldrs gSa lkjoku rR;ksa dk vfHkopu u djuk okn vfkok izfroknh ds fy, ?kkrd gks ldrk gSA dksbZ Hkh izek.k vfHkopu dks izfrLFkkfir ugha dj ldrkA mnkgj.k & ^v* ^c* ls /ku olwyus ds fy, okn nk;j djrk gSA tgk¡ okni= esa bl rjg dk dksbZ nkok ugha gS fd ^c* us ^v* dks le; ckf/kr _.k okil djus dk ok;nk fd;k] bl rjg dk rdZ fopkj.k esa ugha mBk;k tk ldrkA fu;e dk viokn & oknh vFkok izfroknh ds ckn ds fy, vko';d iwoZorhZ lHkh 'krksZa dk gksuk vfkok ikyu djus ds izdFku vfHkopu esa foof{kr gksrk gs rFkk blds izdFku dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA pwafd iwoZorhZ 'krZ dk ikyu foof{kr gksrk gS] vr% i{kdkj dks ;g vfHkopu djuk vko';d gS fd dqN iwoZorhZ Fkh vkSj mldk ikyu ugha fd;k x;k gSA bl rjg dk vfHkopu ugha dj ikus dh fLFkfr esa 'krz dk ;Fkksfpr ikyu gksus dh /kkj.kk U;k;ky; djsxkA ¼vkns'k 6 fu;e 6½
;fn fdlh rF; dk fof'k"V rkSj ij izfrlknu ugha fd;k x;k gS rks fdlh dh i{kdkj dks ,sls fdlh Hkh lkjoku rF; ds vfHkopu dh vko';drk ugha gSA ftudh ml i{k esa /kkj.kk dh tkrh gS vFkok ftudks fl) djus dk Hkkjml i{k ij ugha gSA ¼lh-ih-lh- fu;e 13 vkns'k 6½ uqdlkuh ds fo"k; esa izfroknh dks fdlh Hkh vkjksi dk fof'k"V izfrlknu djus dh vko';drk ugha gSA rFkkfi fof'k"V uqdlkuhls lacaf/kr rFkk ftu ls uqdlkuh ?kVus ;k c<+us laca/kh rF;ksa dk fof'k"V izfrlknu ;k [k.Mu vko';d gSA ¼lh-ih-lh- vkns'k VIII] fu;e 3½ vfHkopu esa rF;ksa dk u fd lk{;ksa dk dFku gks ¼QSDV- izk-s csUMk½ ;g fu;e fl) fd, tkus okys rF;ksa rFkk mu rF;ksa ftuds ek/;e ls vkjksfir rF;ksa dks fl) fd;k tkuk ¼QsDV- izk-s cksf'k;k½ ds e/; vUrj dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA mnkgj.k & ^v* ^c* ds fo:) ,d lnks"k dk;Z ds fy, uqdlkuh gsrq okn nk;j djrk gSA okn i= esa lnks"k dk;Z dks vkjksfir djuk vko';d gS fd ^c* us og dk;Z fd;k ftlls ^v* dks uqdlku gqvk ftlds fy, og uqdlkuh dk nkok djrk gSA rFkkfi ;g vko';d ugha gS fd ^v* okni= esa ;g crk,a fd fdl lnks"k dk;Z ls ^v* dks ;g ifj.kke Hkqxruk iM+kA fu;e dk viokn & bl fu;e ds viokn ds dqN izdkj tks Hkkjr esa vukSipkfjd :i esa vuqeR; gSa] vU; i{kdkj }kjk mu esa iwoZ Lohd`fr;ksa ftlesa ;g vkjksi gks fd bl lEO;ogkj dks cgh esa fy[k fn;k x;k gS] rFkk ;g fd i{kdkjksa ds chp esa lwpuk dk vknku&iznku gqvk gSA
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
bl rjg ds rF;ksa dk la{ksi esa dFku gksuk pkfg,A tgk¡ vko';d gks ogka vfHkopu dks iSjkxzkQksa esa fujarj la[;k ,oa frfFk ds lkFk] vad vkSj la[;kvksa dks 'kCnksa vkSj vkd`fr;ksa ds ekè;e ls vfHkO;Dr fd;k tk,xkA tgk¡ rd laHko gks lkekU; okD;ksa dk iz;ksx gks rFkk loZuke vkSj deZiz/kku vfHkO;fDr;ksa dk iz;ksx u fd;k tk,A O;ogkj izfØ;k lafgrk ¼lh ih lh½ ds ifjf'k"V ^v* esa fn, x, izi=] dks tgka rd laHko gks vfHkopu esa iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A tgka os ykxw ugha gksrs ogka ij leku Js.kh ds izi= dks bLrseky fd;k tk, ¼vkns'k 6 fu;e 3 lh ih lh½ xqtjkr mPp U;k;ky; us ;g /kkfjr fd;k gS fd ifjf'k"V ^v* esa fn, x, vfHkopu ds izi= dsoy uewuk izi= gSa u fd lafof/kd izi=A bu izi=ksa dks vkns'k 6 fu;e 3 ds lkFk i<+k tkuk pkfg, u fd 'kCn'k%A ¼utjkyh dtekyh cuke Qtyu choh ,vkbZvkj 1975 xqtjkr 81½ nkos dk dksbZ vk/kkj vFkok rF; dk vkjksi tks i{kdkj ds iwoZ vfHkopu ls vlaxr gks] fd vuqefr ugha nh tkrh] flok; ,d la'kks/ku dsA bl fu;e ls ijs vfHkopu dh vuqefr ugha gksrhA ¼vkns'k 6 fu;e 7 lh ih lh½ fojks/kh i{kdkj }kjk lafonk dk dsoy izR;k[;ku] dfFkr lafonk ds rF; dk
izR;k[;ku ekuk tk,xk u fd bl rjg dh lafonk fof/k dh oS/krk vFkok mldh iw.kZrkA ¼vkns'k 6 fu;e 8 lh- ih-lh½ mnkgj.k & ^v* ^c* ds Åij ,d lafonk ds lanHkZ esa okn nk;j djrk gS] rFkk ^c* vius fyf[kr dFku esa dsoy lafonk dk izR;k[;ku djrh gSA bl rjg ds izR;k[;ku ls ;g le>k tk,xk fd bl rjg dh dksbZ lafonk ugha FkhA bldk vFkZ ;g ugha gksxk fd bl rjg dh lafonk dh oS/krk vFkok iw.kZrk dk izR;k[;ku fd;k x;k gSA ^c* dks ;g rdZ nsus ds fy, fd lafonk ,d 'kwU; lafonk Fkh] dk fyf[kr dFku esa fof'k"V vfHkopu fd;k tkuk pkfg,] rFkk lafonk dk dsoy izR;k[;ku i;kZIr ugha gksxkA ;fn fdlh nLrkost dk lkekU; vfHkopu fd;k tkuk gS rks iwjs nLrkost vFkok mlds Hkkxksa dk ftØ fd;s cxSj mlds izHkko dk vfHkopu fd;k tkuk i;kZIr gksxkA ¼vkns'k 6 fu;e 9 lh-ihlh-½ fu;e dk viokn & eku gkfu ds nkos esa mi;ksx dh xbZ fof'k"V 'kCnkoyh lkjoku gS rFkk bl dks Li"V fy[kk tkuk vko';d gSA tc Hkh fdlh O;fDr dks fdlh rF; vFkok eqís dh tkudkjh dk vkjksi lkjoku gks] bl rjg dh lwpuk dks rF; ds :i esa vkjksfir djuk i;kZIr gksxk] c'krsZ fd izi= vFkok bl lwpuk dh Li"V 'krZ vFkok os ifjfLFkfr;ka ftu ls bl rjg dh lwpuk dk fu"d"kZ
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
fudkyk tk ldrk gS] lkjoku rF; gSaA ¼vkns'k 6 fu;e 11 lhihlh½ tc bl rjg dh lwpuk okngsrqd dk fgLlk ekuh tkrh gS] mu dk fof'k"V vfHkopu rF; dh rjg gksrk gSA rFkkfi] tc ;g fu;e 6 ds rgr iwoZ 'krZ dk ikyu ek= gS] bldk vfHkopu fd;k tkuk vko';d gSA U;k;ky; dk;Zokgh ds fdlh Hkh pj.k esa vfHkopu esa la'kks/ku vFkok dqN 'kCnkoyh dks gVkus dk vkns'k ns ldrk gSA ¼vkns'k 6 fu;e 16 lhihlh½ tks rF; vuko';d] yksdfuUnd] xSj t:jh vFkok ijs'kku djus okyk gks( vFkok ftl rF; ls okn ds mi;qDr fopkj.k esa foyEc gks vFkok vU; rjg ls dksbZ gkfu gks( vFkok tks vU;Fkk U;kf;d izfØ;k dk nq:i;ksx gksA vfHkopu dk la'kks/ku & fdlh Hkh i{kdkj }kjk izfØ;k ds fdlh Hkh pj.k esa vfHkopu esa bl rjg vkSj bu 'krksZa ij ftUgsa U;k;ky; U;k;iw.kZ ekurk gks] la'kks/ku fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl rjg ds lHkh la'kks/ku i{kdkjksa ds chp esa fookfnr okLrfod iz'uksa ds fu/kkZj.k gsrq fd, tk ldrs gSA ¼vkns'k 6 fu;e17 lhihlh½ vfHkopu esa la'kks/ku fuEu ikWp ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fd;s tk ldrs gSaA fu.kZ;ks]a fMØh rFkk vkns'kksa esa fyfidh; vFkok vkafdd Hkwy dk la'kks/ku ¼/kkjk 152 lhihlh½
i{kdkjksa ds chp esa okLrfod iz'uksa ds fu/kkZj.k gsrq U;k;ky; }kjk fdlh okn dh izfØ;k esa la'kks/ku ¼/kkjk 153 lhihlh½ i{kdkjksa dks tksM+uk vFkok gVkuk ¼vkns'k 1 fu;e 10¼2½ lhihlh½ fojks/kh i{kdkjksa ds vfHkopuksa esa U;k;ky; }kjk vknsf'kr la'kks/ku ¼vkns'k 6 fu;e 16 lhihlh½( rFkk vkosnu ds mijkUr vius Lo;a ds vfHkopu esa la'kks/ku ¼vkns'k 6 fu;e 17 lhihlh½A la'kks/ku dk nkok vf/kdkjr% ugha fd;k tk ldrk rFkk la'kks/ku dh vuqefr vFkok fu"ks/k U;k;ky; ds foosd ij vk/kkfjr gSA U;kf;d fu.kZ;ksa }kjk fu/kkZfjr dqN lhekvksa ds v/khu jgrs gq,] fu;e 17 ds rgr U;k;ky;ksa dks vfHkopu esa i{kdkj }kjk la'kks/ku dh vuqefr ds lanHkZ esa fuEu foLr`r foosdkf/kdkj gSa & tgk¡ ij la'kks/ku i{kdkjksa ds chp fookfnr iz'uksa ds fu/kkZj.k gsrq vko';d u gks]a D;ksafd ;k rks ;g la'kks/ku rduhdh] fujFkZd vFkok rRofoghu gSa( tgk¡ ij izLrkfor la'kks/ku ls oknh dk okn iw.kZr% foLFkkfir gks tk,xk( tgk¡ ij izLrkfor la'kks/ku dk izHkko] le; lekfIr ds dkj.k izfroknh ds i{k esa iSnk gq, fdlh fof/kd vf/kdkj dh lekfIr gksxk( tgk¡ in la'kks/ku dk izHkko ekeys ij cgqr fHkUu u;k ,oa vlaxr gksxk] rFkk ftlds fy, vkosnu] izfØ;k ds vfUre pj.k esa fd;k x;k gS( rFkk tgk¡ ij la'kks/ku gsrq vkosnu lnHkkoiwoZd ugha fd;k x;k gSA
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
tks fl)kUr lkekU; rkSj ij okni= esa la'kks/ku ij gsrq ykxw gksrs gSa os fl)kUr fyf[kr dFku esa la'kks/ku gsrq Hkh ykxw gksaxAs rFkkfi] U;k;ky; fyf[kr dFku esa la'kks/ku dh vuqefr vf/kd vklkuh ls nsrs gSa D;ksafd iwoZ/kkj.kk dk iz'u bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa de izHkkoh gksxkA okni= izR;sd okn] okni= dh izLrqfr ds lkFk lafLFkr fd;k tkuk vko';d gS rFkk izR;sd okni= esa rF;ksa dks 'kiFk i= }kjk fl) fd;k tkuk vko';d gSA ¼/kkjk 26 lhihlh½ lhihlh ds vkns'k 7 fu;e 1 ds varxZr mu vko';d fof'kf"V;ksa dks fn;k x;k gS ftudk dFku okni= esa djuk vko';d gSA ml U;k;ky; dk uke ftlesa okn yk;k x;k gS( oknh dk uke] firk dk uke] vk;q] O;olk; ,oa fuokl LFkku( izfroknh dk uke] firk dk uke] vk;q] O;olk; ,oa fuokl LFkku] tgk¡ rd lqfuf'pr gks lds( ;fn oknh vFkok izfroknh nksuksa esa ls dksbZ vo;Ld vFkok eUncqf) gS rks bl vk'k; dk dFku( os rF; ftu ls okngsrqd mRiUu gksrk gS rFkk mlds mRiUu gksus dk le;( ;g lanZfHkr djus okys rF; fd U;k;ky; dks {ks=kf/kdkj izkIr gS( og vuqrks"k ftldk oknh nkok djrk gS( oknh }kjk izfrlknu ds fy, Lohdkj dh xbZ /ku jkf'k vFkok
NksM+s x, nkos dk dksbZ Hkkx gS rks ml /ku jkf'k dk dFku( tgk¡ rd ekeys esa laHko gks U;k;ky; ds {ks=kf/kdkj ,oa U;kf;d 'kqYd ds fy, okn dh dqy /ku jkf'k dk dFku yxHkx lHkh izdkj ds oknksa dks fuEu Hkkxksa esa ckWVk tk ldrk gS& 'kh"kZd ,oa okn'kh"kZ( 'kh"kZd esa U;k;ky; dk fooj.k ,oa okn 'kh"kZ] ftlesa nksuksa i{kdkjksa ds uke] vk;q rFkk fuokl LFkku 'kkfey gS dk mi;qDr fooj.k ;Fkk oknh vkSj izfroknh] fy[kukA eq[; Hkkx & okni= dk eq[; Hkkx fuEu Hkkxksa esa ckWVk tk ldrk gSA ifjp;kRed Hkkx tksfd okni= ds lkjoku izdFkuksa dk ifjp; foLr`r :i esa nsrk gS] dk dFku( lHkh lkjoku rF; vkSj lkjoku fof'kf"V;ka okngsrqd dks Li"V djrk gqvk dFku( rFkk U;k;ky; ds {ks=kf/kdkj] vkfFkZd vkSj@vFkok {ks=h; {ks=kf/kdkj] ftlesa okni= dk vkadyu U;k;ky; 'kqYd ds fy, fd;k x;k gks] dk dFkuA izkFkZuk & vuqrks"k ftuds fy, oknh vf/kd`r gS bl ckr ij fuHkZj djsxk fd okni= esa D;k izkFkZuk dh xbZ gS vkSj blfy, vuqrks"k dh ekax ,dne lgh :i esa dh tkuh pkfg,A ;g Hkh le>uk
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
vko';d gS fd ;fn oknh vius ekeys dks fl) dj ikus esa vlQy jgrh gS rks og izfroknh }kjk fl) ekeys ds vk/kkj ij Hkh vuqrks"k izkIr dj ldrh gSA vuqrks"k tks eq[; vuqrks"k ds fy, dsoy vuq"kkafxd gS dk fof'k"V vfHkopu fd;k tkuk vko';d ugha gSA mnkgj.k & ^v* viuh iSr`d lEifr ds foHkktu gsrq okn nk;j djrk gS ftlesa og ;g vkjksi yxkrk gS fd mlds firk us ;g lEifr mlds vo;Ld dky esa csp nh gSA ^v* dks fcØh laO;ogkj dks fujLr djus gsrq izkFkZuk djus dh vko';drk ugha gSa D;ksafd ;g vkuq"kafxd vuqrks"k gSA okni= ls lacaf/kr dqN fof'k"V fu;e fuEu izdkj gSa & tgk¡ oknh /ku dh olwyh pkgrk gS] ogka okni= esa nkos dh lgh /ku jkf'k dk mYys[k vko';d gS] tgk¡ oknh vUr%dkyhu ykHk ds fy, okn nk;j djrk gS vFkok ,slh /ku jkf'k ftls i;kZIr m|e ds ckotwn Hkh lgh :i esa vkadyu eqf'dy gS rks okn esa ml /ku jkf'k dk ftØ gksxk tks yxHkx vkadyu dh tk,xhA ¼vkns'k 7 fu;e 2½( tgk¡ ij okni= dh fo"k;oLrq vpy laifr gS] rks ml okni= esa laifr dk i;kZIr fooj.k ftlls mls fpfUgr fd;k lds] fn;k tk,xkA bl esa cankscLr vFkok losZ{k.k ds vfHkys[k ls izkIr laifr dh lhek rFkk la[;k bR;kfn dk mYys[k gksxk( tgk¡ ij oknh izfrfuf/k dh gSfl;r ls okn nk;j djrk gS] okni= esa bl ckr
dks fn[kk;k tk,xk fd mlus bl rjg ds okn dks lafLFkr djus ds fy, vko';d dne mBk, gSa( okni= esa ;g Li"V gksuk pkfg, fd izfroknh fo"k;oLrq esa #fp gksus dk nkok djrk gS rFkk ;g fd mls oknh dh ekaxksa dk mRrj nsus gsrq cqyk, tkus dh vko';drk gS( ¼vkns'k 7 fu;e 5½ mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa tgk¡ okni=] e;kZnk fof/k ds vuqlkj] e;kZnk le; lekIr gksus ds ckn lafLFkr fd;k x;k gS] ogk¡ okni= esa mu vk/kkjksa dks n'kkZuk vko';d gS ftu ij e;kZnk vof/k ls NwV dk nkok fd;k x;k gSA ¼vkns'k 7 fu;e 6½ fyf[kr dFku fyf[kr dFku dks oknh ds okni= ds tokc ds :i esa of.kZr fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlesa okni= esa fy[ks x, lHkh lkjoku rF;ksa dk fooj.k gksuk pkfg,A tc izfroknh okni= dk fyf[kr dFku nkf[ky djrk gS] og bl esa viuh izfrj{kk lac/a kh ekeyksa dks Li"V djrk gS] rc okn fookfnr gksus dh pj.k esa igq¡prk gS rFkk ;gka ij U;k;ky; }kjk fookn ij U;k;fu.kZ;u dh vko';drk gksrh gSA lkekU; rkSj ij vfHkopu esa okni= ij ykxw gksus okys lHkh fu;e fyf[kr dFku ij Hkh ykxw gksrs gSaA lhihlh ds vkns'k 8 fu;e 1 ds varxZr izfroknh dks leu rkehy gksus ls 90 fnu dk le; fn;k tkrk gS ftlds nkSjku og viuk fyf[kr dFku U;k;ky; esa nkf[kr dj ldrk gSA lhihlh ds vkns'k 7 fu;e 3] 4 vkSj 5 ds varxZr ;g vkns'k gS fd izfroknh okni= esa yxk, x, izR;sd vkjksi dk fof'k"V izR;k[;ku
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
izLrqr djsxkA izfroknh VkyeVksy] vLi"V vFkok lkekU; izR;k[;ku ugha dj ldrk rFkk mls okni= esa 'kkfey lHkh lkjoku eqíks dk mRrj fof'k"V :i esa nsuk gksxkA okni= esa izR;sd ml vkjksi dks ftldk fof'k"V izR;k[;ku ugha fd;k x;k gS vFkok fdlh vU; rduhdh dkj.k ls vLohdkj ugha fd;k x;k gS] mls Lohdk;Z ekuk tk,xkA fyf[kr dFku esa okni= esa 'kkfey izR;sd vkjksi dk fof'k"V mYys[k vko';d gS] vkSj tc izfroknh fdlh ,sls rF; dk izR;k[;ku djrk gS rks og VkyeVksydkjh ugha gksuk pkfg,A cfYd mlesa lkjoku rF;ksa dk mRrj gksuk pkfg,A ;fn izR;k[;ku fof'k"V ugha gS cfYd VkyeVksydkjh gS rks dfFkr rF; dks Lohdk;Z ekuk tk,xkA bl ifjfLFkfr esa pwafd Lohdk;Zrk izek.k gS] fdlh vU; izek.k dh vko';drk ugha gksxhA ¼ckny ,.M dEiuh cuke bZLV bf.M;k VsªsfMax dEiuh] ,vkbZvkj 1963 ,llh 538½ izfroknh dk izfrokn fuEu :i esa gks ldrk gSA lh/kk izR;k[;ku & izfroknh okni= esa vkjksfir rF;ksa dk lh/ks izR;k[;ku }kjk [k.Mu dj ldrk gS vFkok mUgsa Lohdkj dj ldrk gSA izfroknh }kjk izR;sd rF; ds vkjksi dk fof'k"V mRrj nsuk vko';d gSA T;knkrj ekeyksa esa Li"V izR;k[;ku ds vkHkko esa vkjksi dks Lohdk;Z eku fy;k tk,xkA laLohd`fr rFkk cpko dk fo'ks"k izfrokn & izfroknh okni= esa 'kkfey vkjksiksa dks Lohdkj dj ldrk gS] ysfdu u, rF;ksa dk mYys[k dj mu ds izHkko dks u"V dj ldrk gSA
fof/kd izfrokn & izfroknh fof/k ds iz'uksa ds vk/kkj ij Hkh izfrokn izLrqr dj ldrk gS ftlesa okn dh iks"k.kh;rk rFkk vkadyu Hkh 'kkfey gks ldrk gSA rFkkfi okn dh iks"k.kh;rk ij iz'u fpUg yxkus okyk dsoy ek= dFku i;kZIr vfHkopu ugha gksxk] rFkk bl ckr dk fo'ks"k izdFku djuk gksxk fd okn D;ksa iks"k.kh; ugha gSA izfrlknu ,oa izfrnkok & izfroknh dks okni= dh izFke lquokbZ ds nkSjku gh izfrlknu vFkok izfrnkok bR;kfn ds iz'u mBkus pkfg,A fdlh mi;qDr dkj.k ls U;k;ky; dh vuqefr }kjk gh ckn ds pj.k esa bl rjg ds izfroknksa dks mBk;k tk ldrk gSA mRrjorhZ vfHkopu lhihlh dk vkns'k 8 fu;e 9 ;g dFku djrk gS fd izfroknh ds fyf[kr dFku ds ckn fdlh rjg dk vfHkopu ugha fd;k tk,xkA bl esa izfrlknu vFkok izfrnkok ftls izfrokn ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ,slh 'krksZa ij tks U;k;ky; Bhd le>s] U;k;ky; dh vuqefr ls gh izLrqr fd;k tk,xkA bl fu;e ds varxZr oknh vFkok izfroknh }kjk dksbZ tokc vFkok izR;qRrj] ,slh 'krksZa ij tks U;k;ky; Bhd le>s vkSj U;k;ky; dh vuqefr ls gh nkf[ky fd;k tk ldrk gSA fdlh Hkh rjg dk okngsrqd vFkok u;k ekeyk tokc vFkok izR;qRrj ds ekè;e ls ugha mBk;k tk ldrk rFkk bl dk mi;ksx fojks/kh i{kdkj }kjk izLrqr rF;ksa ds Li"Vhdj.k vFkok izR;k[;ku gsrq gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA vijk/k fof/k esa vfHkopu
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
;|fi vfHkopu T;knkrj flfoy izd`fr dk gksrk gS] ftls vijk/k fof/k ds varxZr ifjHkkf"kr ugha fd;k x;k gSA bl rjg dk izk:i.k lkekU; rkSj ij fuEu rjg dk gksxk & vijk/k izfØ;k lafgrk 1973 ¼lh vkj ih lh½ dh /kkjk 200 ds varxZr vijk/k dh futh f'kdk;r( lh vkj ih lh dh /kkjk 245 ds varxZr vkjksih ds varxZr vkjksih ds mUekspu gsrq vkosnu dk izk:i.k( lh vkj ih lh dh /kkjk 317 ds varxZr vkjksih ds U;k;ky; esa izLrqr gksus dh NwV gsrq vkosnu dk izk:i.k( lh vkj ih lh dh /kkjk 436 vFkok 437 ds varxZr vkjksih dh tekur gsrq vkosnu dk izk:i.k( lh vkj ih lh dh /kkjk 438 ds varxZr vkjksih dh iwokZuqeku ds vk/kkj ij tekur gsrq vkosnu dk izk:i.k( leu dks fujLr djus gsrq mPp U;k;ky; dh varfuZfgr 'kfDr;ksa dks vkgwr djus ds fy,] lh vkj ih lh dh /kkjk 482 ds varxZr ;kfpdk dk izk:i.k(
gLrkarj.k ml izfØ;k dk uke gS ftlds varxZr fdlh Hkw&laifÙk dk LoRokf/kdkj] fdlh ,d O;fDr ls nwljs O;fDr vFkok fdUgh O;fDr;ksa dh ,d Js.kh ls nwljh Js.kh dks ,d foys[k }kjk gLrkarfjr fd;k tkrk gSA vr% gLrkarj.k ls vFkZ os lHkh vko';d dk;Z djuk gSa tks fdlh ,d O;fDr ls nwljs O;fDr dks LoRokf/kdkj gLrkarfjr djus dh izfØ;k esa vkrs gSa] rFkk blesa fuEu 'kkfey gSa& LoRokf/kdkj dk ijh{k.k( LoRokf/kdkj ds gLrkarj.k laca/kh nLrkostksa dk gLrkarj.k( gLrkarj.k ds fooj.k cukuk( rFkk lHkh vkSipkfjdrkvksa dks iwjk djus dh vko';d rS;kfj;ka djukA gLrkarj.k ,d O;fDr ls nwljs O;fDr dks laifÙk ls lacaf/kr fof/kd LoRokf/kdkj vUrfjr djuk vFkok laifÙk ij fdlh Hkkj dks iznku djuk] ;Fkk ca/kd vkSj xguA ,d lkekU; gLrkarj.k laO;ogkj esa nks eq[; ckrs 'kkfey gksrh gSaA lafonkvksa dk fofue;] ftlds ekè;e ls lkfE;d LoRokf/kdkj dk varj.k gksrk gS rFkk lafonk dk vuqikyu ftlds ekè;e ls fof/kd LoRokf/kdkj varfjr gksrk gSA LoRokf/kdkj dk ijh{k.k
vfHkgLrkarj.k vfHkgLrkarj.k esa py rFkk vpy laifÙk dk gLrkarj.k tks fcØh ds i'pkr~ fy[kr }kjk fdlh O;fDr ds thou dky ds nkSjku fd;k tk,] 'kkfey gSA ¼Hkkjrh; LVkEi vf/kfu;e 1899 dh /kkjk 2¼10½½A
LoRokf/kdkj ds ijh{k.k dk vFkZ gS fd lHkh futh ,oa ljdkjh vfHkys[kksa esa laifÙk ds LoRokf/kdkj vFkok iz'uxr fgr tks LoRokf/kdkj dks izHkkfor djrk gS] dk ijh{k.k djukA bl rjg dh [kkst lkekU; rkSj ij iqjkus foys[kksa] U;klks]a olh;rksa vkSj laifÙk ij vU; Hkkj
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
dh tkudkjh izkIr djuk gksrk gS] ftlls ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tk lds fd u, Lokeh ds fgr esa lgh LoRokf/kdkj varfjr gks x;k gSA nks"kiw.kZ LoRokf/kdkj dk vFkZ ;g gS fd Hkw&laifÙk dk LoRokf/kdkj voS/k gS] D;ksafd iwoZ esa LoRokf/kdkj dk nkok djus okys O;fDr dk LoRokf/kdkj iw.kZ ugha Fkk] vFkok tgk¡ ij laifÙk fooj.k xyr rkSj ij fn;k x;k gS] vFkok tgk¡ ij LoRokf/kdkj vFkok blds varj.k esa dksbZ nks"k gSA fdlh vpy laifÙk ds LoRokf/kdkj dh tkWp ds fy, lcls vPNk jkLrk ;g gS fd izFke ckj esa gh LoRokf/kdkj ds m)j.k rS;kj dj fy, tk,aA LoRokf/kdkj dk m)j.k vpy laifÙk ij LoRokf/kdkj dh fly&flysokj fyf[krksa dh J`[kayk dk ,d laf{kIr ,oa fu;fer lkj gS rFkk blesa laifÙk ij lHkh rjg ds Hkkj vkSj izHkkjksa dk dFku gksrk gS tks laifÙk ds Åij gks ldrs gSa rFkk Ø;drkZ dks ftlds ckjs esa tkudkjh nh tkuh pkfg,A foys[k dks fuEu rjg ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA xSj olh;rh Js.kh ds gLrkarj.k dk vkSipkfjd ys[ku( ftlds ekè;e ls fdlh vf/kdkj] LoRokf/kdkj vFkok fgr dh ?kks"k.kk] vuqeksnu vH;i.kZ] lhfer djuk vFkok lekIr djus dk izØe 'kkfey gSA
nwljh rjQ ,d fy[kr fof/kd izd`fr dk dksbZ Hkh nLrkost] ftlds ek/;e ls dksbZ vf/kdkj vFkok nkf;Ro mRiUu] varfjr] lhfer] foLr`r gksrk gqvk izrhr gksrk gS] dk vfHkys[k gksrk gSA LoRokf/kdkj ds varj.k laca/kh foys[k ds Hkkx foys[k dk fooj.k fdlh foys[k dk fooj.k mldh izd`fr vFkok Js.kh ds laca/k esa fu.kkZ;d ugha gksrkA foys[kksa ds fuoZpu djrs gq, ;g /kkfjr fd;k x;k gS ds foys[k ds fooj.k dks vR;f/kd egRo ugha fn;k tk ldrkA foys[k dk fooj.k] dHkh&dHkh laO;ogkj ds okLrfod Lo:i dks Nqik ldrk gS rFkk O;fDr dks laO;ogkj dh okLrfodrk dks fpfUgr djus ds fy, foys[k ds fooj.k ls ijs tkuk gksrk gSA mnkgj.k & ,d foys[k dk uke foHkktu foys[k fy[kk x;k Fkk rFkk og firk dh laifÙk;ksa dk foHkktu gh izrhr gksrk FkkA rFkkfi ;g ik;k x;k ds firk dh vU; laifÙk iq= dks varfjr dh xbZ Fkh vkSj mldh mi;qDr tkWp djus ij ik;k x;k fd ;g ,d nku foys[k FkkA ¼iksuw cuke rkyqd yS.M cksMZ] fpRrwj] ,vkbZvkj 1982 dsjy 330½ fu"iknu dh frfFk izR;sd foys[k ij ,d frfFk gksuh pkfg,A dksbZ foys[k blfy, voS/k ugha gksrk fd ml ij dksbZ frfFk vafdr ugha gS vFkok ml ij ,d vlEHko frfFk dk mYys[k gS] ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa foys[k
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
dh lgh frfFk lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, lk{; Lohdkj fd;k tk,xkA
fd og O;k[;k vkSj vFkok fy[kr ds izorZd Hkkx dh vksj ys tk;A
izR;sd ifjfLFkr esa ;g ,d [k.Muh; /kkj.kk gksrh gS fd foys[k dks] foys[k ij mYyf[kr frfFk ij cuk;k vFkok fu"ikfnr fd;k x;k FkkA¼#def.k vEey cuke vadek uk;Mw] ,vkbZvkj 1926 enzkl 744½
;fn vk[;ku izorZd Hkkx ds v/khu gksrk gS] ysfdu vk[;ku dk lgkjk i{kdkjksa dks vk'k; tkuus ds fy, fy;k tkrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa ykMZ bZ'oj dk dguk gS fd &
foys[k ds i{kdkj fdlh Hkh foys[k ds de ls de nks i{kdkj gksus vko';d gSaA laifÙk ds varj.k laca/kh dksbZ foys[k tks lafonk dk ifj.kke gS ds i{kdkj lafonk gsrq l{ke gksus pkfg,A rFkkfi dksbZ vo;Ld vFkok vU; v{ke O;fDr mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa varfjrh gks ldrk gS] tgk¡ ij varfjrh ds Åij dk;Z vFkok Hkwy dk dksbZ nkf;Ro ugha Mkyk x;k gSA bu ekeyksa esa Hkh varj.kdÙkkZ dksbZ ,slk gh O;fDr gks ldrk gS tks lafonk gsrq l{ke gksA foys[k ds i{kdkjksa dk fooj.k lgh :i esa fn;k tkuk pkfg,A rFkkfi ;fn fdlh i{kdkj ds uke dk xyr fooj.k fn;k x;k gS tks ml dk lgh uke ugha gS] foys[k dks igpku dk lk{; izLrqr djus ij lgh Bgjk;k tk ldrk gSA O;fDr;ksa dk ,d lewg tks ,d Js.kh ds :i esa oxhZd`r gks ldrk gS dks Hkh i{kdkj cuk;k tk ldrk gS ;Fkk ^^v* ds lHkh _.knkrk^^A vk[;ku vk[;ku dks fdlh foys[k] djkj vFkok vU; fdlh vkSipkfjd fy[kr esa ml dFku ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS] ftls blfy, lfUufo"V fd;k x;k gS
^^;fn vk[;ku Li"V gs vksj izorZd Hkkx vLi"V gs rks vk[;ku dk iz;ksx vFkfoU;kl ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS ;fn vk[;ku vLi"V gs rfkk izorZd Hkkx Li"V gs rks izorZd Hkkx vfHkHkkoh gksxkA ;fn vk[;ku rFkk izorZd Hkkx Li"V gS rks izorZd Hkkx vfHkykoh gksxkA ;fn vk[;ku rfkk izorZd Hkkx nksuksa Li"V gS ysfdu vkil esa vlaxr gS] izorZd Hkkx dks viuk;k tk;sxkA** vk[;ku dk Hkkx fof/kd :i esa foys[k dk vko';d Hkkx ugha gS] ;|fi bldk iz;ksx i{kdkjksa ds vk'k; laca/kh fdlh Hkh lansg dh O;k[;k djus dsfy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA ¼Hkkjr la?k cuke vejsUnz ukFk ljdkj] ,-vkbZ-vkj 1967 dydÙkk 119½ vk[;ku dh rqyuk fdlh lafof/k esa mn~nsf'kdk ls dh tk ldrh gSa ;g ,d ,lh pkch gS ftlls izorZd Hkkx dk vfkz lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vk[;ku dks lkekU; rkSj ij nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gSA o.kZukRed vk[;ku % ;s varj.kdrkZ ds LoRokf/kdkj ds bfrgkl dks izdV djrs gSa] rfkk foys[k ds fu"iknu rd dh fLFkfr dks Li"v djrs gSa] ftlesa varj.kdrkZ }kjk LoRokf/kdkj izkfIr ds rjhds rd 'kkfey gSaA ifjp;kRed vk[;ku % ;g i{kdkjksa }kjk iz'uxr foys[k esa izos'k ds vk'k; vFkok izsj.kk dks izdV djrs gSa] rfkk ml
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
foys[k dks Hkh lanfHkZr djrs gSa] ftlds lEikju gsrq bl foys[k dk fu"kkju fd;k tk jgk gSA gScsUMe % gScsUMe dk mís'; varfrjh dks varfjr fd, tk jgs fgr dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk gksrk gSA gScsUMe ds vuqlkj fgr lEiw.kZ vFkok izfrcaf/kr Hkh gks ldrk gSA ;fn varfjr dh tkus okyh laefÙk ij Hkkj gs rks bldk lanHkZ gScUs Me esa fn;k tkuk pkfg,A izlafonk % izlafonk, djkj vFkok vuqca/k gS] tks ,d i{kdkj vFkok vU; i{kdkj] ;k nksuksa i{kdkj vFkok fdlh ,d i{kdkj dks cak/krs gSaA ;g vko';d gS fd varj.kdrkZ rFkk varfjrh dh izlafonkvksa dks Øe'k% vyx&vyx ldsfrr fd;k tk;] ftlls f dbl rjg dk dksbZ lansg u jgs fd dksbZ izlafonk vUrj.kdrkZ vfkok vUrfjrh ds ykHk ds fy, yxkbZ xbZ gsa mnkgj.k ds fy, izfrQy ds fy, fdØsrk dh LoRokf/kdkj lac/a kh izlafonk ;g gksxhA ;g fd foØsrk fgr ds vrus Hkkx dk Lokeh gS tks varxZr fd;k tk jgk gS rFkk;g fd mls varfjr djus dk izkf/kdkj mls izkIr gSA ;g fd varfjrh dks varfjr fd, x, fgr dk mls iw.kZ ykHk feysxkA ;g fd varj.k dh fo"k; oLrq fdlh Hkh izdkj ds Hkkj ls jfgr gSA ;g fd vUrj.kdrkZ vk'okluksa ds ek/;e ls vU; ,ls nLrkostksa dk fu"iknu djsxk ftudk fd vUrfjrh ds LoRokf/kdkj dks iw.kz djus dh vko';drk gks( mrus Hkkx ds lanHkZ esa tks vUrfjr fd;k tk jgk gSA
lk{;kadu ¼VsLVkVe½ ;g foys[k dk lk{kh Hkkx gs ftlesa i{kdkjksa dk vk'k; 'kkfey gksrk gS] rfkk ;g lkekU; rkSj ij fuEu izdkj vfHkO;Dr gksrk gSA ^^vc ;g foys[k lk{kh gS --- vFkok ^^vc ;g vuqca/k i= lkL;fdr djrk gS** bR;kfn izoZÙkd Hkkx lkekU; rksj ij izorZd Hkkx esa fuEu 'kkfey gksrs gSa & izfrQy & izfrQy dks bl :I esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS fd ;g opu ds cnys dqN leku oLrq ftls Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS vfkok ftl ij djkj gqvk gSA ¼lafonk ij yhd½ tgk¡ lafonk esa ijLij opu 'kkfey gS] ogka ij izR;sd i{kdkj ij ;g nkf;Ro gS fd og vius opu dk ikyu ds rFkk nwljs i{k ds opu ikyu dks Lohdkj djsA izfrQy & izfrQy dh i;kZIr dk iz'u laO;ogkj ds le; i{kdkjksa }kjk fopkj.kh; gksrk gs vksj lkekU;rksj U;k;ky; bl ekeys esa cgqr lko/kkuh ls fu.kz; djrs gSa rfkk lkekU;rksj ij lafonk dh Lora=krk esa gLr{ksi ugha djrs ftlls i{kdkj viuh Lora= bPNk ls fu.kz; dj viuh lkSnsckth dk ykHk ys ldsA i{kdkj fdlh Hkh izfrQy ijlger gksus ds fy, Lora= gS c'krsZ f dog ,slk izfrQy gs ftls fof/k Lohdkj Lohdk;Z gksA jlhn mi/kkjk & izfrQy dh izkfIr lwpuk foys[k esa nsuk
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
vko';d gsA rfkkfi ijØkE; fy[krksa tsl]s fofue; i=] cpu i= vFkok pSd bR;kfn ds lanHkZ esa fof/k dh /kkj.kk gksrh gS fd mUgsa fdlh izfrQy ds cnys rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA izorZd 'kCn % ;s i{kdkjksa ds vk'k; rFkk laO;ogkj dh izd`fr dks izdV djrs gSaA bu izorZd 'kCnksa dk Li"V ,oa lkQ gksus pkfg,A iklZYl % iklZYl dk vFkZ lEifr ds fooj.k rFkk vUrfjr fd, tk jgs fgr dk fgLlk gksrk gSA bl rjg dk fooj.k laf{kIr gksuk pkfg,] vlko/kkuh ls eqdnesackth dh lEHkkouk c<+rh gSA ;fn lEifÙk vFkok fgr dk dqN fof'k"V uke j[kk x;k gS rks ;g mi;qDr gksxk fd mldk fooj.k blh uke ls fn;k tk;A ;g Hkh lykg nh tkrh gS fd foys[k ds lkFk ,d ifjf'k"V tksM+ fn;k tkuk pkfg,A ftlesa vUrfjr fd, tkus okys fgr vfkok lEifÙk dk fooj.k gksA viokn ,oa vkj{k.k lEifÙk dk gLrkUrj.k vioknksa ,oa vkj{k.kksa ds v/khu vfHkO;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk vUrfjr dh x;h lEifÙk dk lkekU; fooj.k dks bu viokn dk vFkZ] lkekU; rkSj ij ftls iznku f;dk x;k gS mlds izorZu ls dqN fudky ysuk gksrk gSA lHkh rjg ds viokn vko';d rkSj ij lEifr ls lacaf/kr gksus pkfg, rfkk foys[k ds fu"iknu ds le; og vf/kdkj vfLrRo esa gksuk vko';d gSA ,sls viokn foys[k ds fojks/kh ugha gks ldrsA mnkgj.k % ^v* viuh lEifÙk dks ^ch* dks vUrfjr djrs le; foys[k esa ;g 'krz j[krhgs f dog viuh Hkwfe ls y?kq
[kfut inkfkz fudkyus dk vf/kdkj dk;e j[ksxhA ;g lEifÙk ds gLrkUrj.k esa ,d viokn gsA rfkkfi] ;g fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa foys[k ds fojks/k esa ugha gksuk pkfg, D;ksafd y?kq [kfut fudkyus dk vf/kdkj dk vFkZ tehu vFkok vod`nk dks [kksnuk ugha gs ftlls fd ^c* dks vUrfjr dh xbZ Hkwfe dh Åijh lrg dk dksbZ uqdlku gksA vkj{k.k dk vFkZ vUrfjr dh xbZ lEifÙk ls dqN vfuxfur nk; dks cukuk gSA bUgsa lkekU; rkSj ij vUrfjrh }kjk vUrj.kdrkZ ds i{k esa vf/kdkj nku gSA mnkgj.k % ^v* viuh lEifÙk dks ^c* dks vUrfjr djrs le;] vius fy;s ;k vU; fdlh O;fDr ds fy, ml lEifÙk esa lq[kkf/kdkj dk vkj{k.k dj ldrk gSA
vfHklk{;kadu ¼VsfLVeksfu;e½ foys[k esa 'kkfey ekeyksa ds lk{kh ds rkSj ij i{kdkj lkekU;r;k bls foys[k ds vur esa vfHkO;Dr djrs gSa( ftudh vfHkO;fDr fuEu gks ldrh gSA ^^mijksDr ds lk{; esa ge] mijksDr i{kdkjksa esa bl foys[k dks mifjfyf[kr fnu ,oa o"kZ esa fuEufyf[kr lkf{k;ksa dh mifLFkfr esa gLrk{kj djrs gSaA** ;g foys[k fy[kr vFkok lafonk dk vfUre Hkkx gksrk gs rfkk ;|fi ;g vko';d ugha gS ysfdu vkn'kZ :i esa vfHklk{;kadu dks foys[k ds var esa fuxfer fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;fn foys[k fdlh dEiuh vFkok fof/kd O;fDr }kjk fu"ikfnr fd;k x;k gS rks vfHklk{;kadu dks] ;g fd i{kdkjksa us vius gLrk{kj dj mlis viuh eqgj yxk nh gs] fy[kuk pkfg,A izk:i.k dks vfUre :i fn, tkus ds mijkar foys[k vFkok fy[kr dks izkf/kØr fd, tkus dh vkSipkfjdrkvksa esa lk{;kadu iathdj.k
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
vfkoka LVkEi yxkuk 'kkfey gS ftuesa ls ,d ;k fQj vf/kd dk vuqikyu foys[k vFkok fy[kr dks fu;fer djus okyh fof/k ds Åij fuHkZj djsxkA
i= ds lkFk nkf[ky fd, tkrs gSaA lHkh 'kiFk i= vko';d :I ls 'kiFk vk;qDr vfkok yksd izek.kd }kjk lk{;kafdr fd, tkus pkfg,A
nLrkost dk lk{;kadu
nLrkostksa dk iathdj.k
fdlh foys[k vFkok fy[kr ds lk{;kadu dk vFkZ gS fd ,d vFkok mlls vf/kd O;fDr mlds fu"iknu ds le; mifLFkr gS rFkk ;g fd mlds lk{; esa mUgksaus fu"iknu dk dFku djus okyh lk{;kadu mi/kkjk ij gLrk{kj fd, gSA
vU; ds vfrfjDr nLrkostksa iathdj.k dk mís'; ;g gS fd
lkekU; rkSj ij oS/k lk{;kadu dh vko';d 'krz ;g gs fd nks ;k nks ls vf/kd lkf{k;ksa us % fu"iknd dks foys[k vFkok fy[kr dks gLrk{kj djrs gq, ns[kk gks( mUgksaus fu"iknd ls O;fDrxr :I esa] gLrk{kj fd, tkus dh Lohd`rh yh gks( muesa ls izR;sd us foys[k vFkok fy[kr ij fu"iknd dh mifLFkfr esa gLrk{kj fd, gSaA
ds
nLrkostksa ds yksd iathdj.k dk rjhdk miyC/k djkuk( blls tulkekU; dks fof/kd vf/kdkj ,oa nkf;Ro ds lanHkZ esa lwpuk nh tk ldrh gS( tks fdlh fof'k"V lEifÙk dks izHkkfor djrk gks( nLrkostksa dks LFkkbZ cukuk ftudk ckn esa fof/kd egRo gks ldrk gS] rFkk /kks[kk bR;kfn dks jksdukA
fdlh foys[k dh oS/krk ds fy, ;g vko';d ugha gs fd blds fu"iknu dks fdlh lk{kh }kjk lk{;kafdr fd;k x;k gks c'krsZ fd ,slk lafof/k }kjk vknsf'kr u gksA fueu ekeyksa esa fdlh nLrkost ds fu"iknu ds ckn mldk lk{;kadu vko';d gS% ca/kd % lEifÙk vUrj.k vf/kfu;e /kkjk 59 nku% lEifÙk vUrj.k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 124 olh;r % Hkkjrh; mRrjkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 1925 dh /kkjk 63lh-ih-lh ds vkns'k 6 fu;e 15 ¼4½ ds vuqlkj lHkh izdkjds vfHkopu 'kiFk © 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk
dh ifjHkk"kkvksa dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA 'kCnkoyh
ijh{kk mi;ksxh lkexzh
^rF;* dks lexz :i ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS
fo"k;-8 lk{; fof/k
vkSj blds varxZr ,slh dksbZ oLrq] oLrqvksa dh
izLrkouk
voLFkk] ;k oLrqvksa dk laca/k tks bafnz;ksa }kjk
lk{; dkuwu tSlk fd Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/kfu;e]
cks/kxE; gks] vkSj dksbZ ekufld n'kk] ftldk
1872 ¼vf/kfu;e½ esa fufgr gS] ,d izfØ;kRed
Hkku fdlh O;fDr dks gks] vkrh gSA
fof/k gS] u fd dksbZ ewy fof/kA lk{; fof/k flfoy ,oa vkijkf/kd dk;Zokfg;ksa esa leku gS]
n`"Vkar% ;g fd dksbZ euq"; veqd jk; j[krk gS]
;|fi vf/kfu;e dh dqN /kkjk,a ,slh gSa ftudk
veqd vk'k; j[krk gS] ln~HkkoiwoZd ;k
fo'ks"k vuqiz;ksx ;k rks flfoy dkuwu (tSls /kkjk
diViwoZd dk;Z djrk gS] ;k fdlh fof'k"V 'kCn
52&55] vkSj /kkjk 115&117) ;k vkijkf/kd
dks fof'k"V Hkko esa iz;ksx djrk gS] ;k mls
dkuwu ¼tSls /kjk 24&30½ esa gksrk gSA lk{;
fdlh fof'k"V laons uk Hkku gS ;k fdlh
fof/k ds eq[; fl)kar gSa% lk{; dks ekeyksa rd
fofufnZ"V le; esa Fkk] ,d rF; gSA
gh lhfer gksuk pkfg,% &viokg lk{;ksa dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k tk,xk(
,d rF; nwljs rF; ls lqlaxr dgk tkrk gS]
&leLr oknksa esa lcls vPNs lk{; izLrqr fd;s
tcfd rF;ksa dh lqlaxfr ls lacaf/kr bl
tk,sxs ¼tkudh ukjk;.k Hkksj cuke ukjk;.k
vf/kfu;e ds mica/kksa esa fufnZ"V izdkjksa esa ls
ukenso dkne] ¼2003½2 ,llhlh 91)
fdlh Hkh izdkj ls og rF; ml nwljs rF; ls
Hkkx 1 rF;ksa dh lqlaxfr ifjHkk"kk,a vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 3 ^U;k;ky;*] ^rF;*] ^nLrkost*] ^lk{;*] ^lcwr*] ,oa ^fu.kZ;d lcwr*] lfgr fofHkUu 'kCnkofy;ksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djrh gSA cgqr lh ifjHkk"kk,a O;kid ugha gS fdUrq lexz izÑfr dh vf/kd gS] mnkgj.k ds :i esa U;k;ky;*] ^rF;*] ^fook|d rF;* ,oa
lalDr gksA ^fook|d rF;* ds vUrxZr ,slk dksbZ Hkh rF; vkrk gS ftls vdsys gh ls] ;k vU; rF;ksa ds lalxZ esa] fdlh ,sls vf/kdkj] nkf;Ro ;k fu;ksZX;rk ds] ftldk fdlh okn ;k dk;Zokgh esa izk[;ku ;k izR;k[;ku fd;k x;k gS] vfLrRo] vufLrRo] izÑfr ;k foLrkj dh mRifÙk vo';eso gksrh gSA lHkh izklafxd rF; fook|d rF; dk va'k ugha gks ldrs gSaA
^lk{;*
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
n`"Vkar% [k dh gR;k dk d vfHk;qDr gSA d ds
gksus ds ekeyks esa varj Li"V djrk gSA lcwr ds
fopkj.k esa fuEufyf[kr rF; fook| gks ldrs
Hkkj ,oa ekud dks le>kus ds n`f"Vdks.k ls ;g
gSa% (1) ;g fd d us [k dh e`R;q dkfjr dh(
egRoiw.kZ yxrk gSA
(2) ;g fd d dk vk'k; [k dh e`R;q dkfjr djus dk Fkk] vkSj (3) ;g fd d dks [k ls
lcwr dk Hkkj
xEHkhj vkSj vpkud izdksiu feyk FkkA ;g rF; fd oh dks ,d vlkè; chekjh Fkh] ,d izklafxd rF; gks ldrk gS fdUrq ,d fook|d rF; ugha
lkekU; fu;e ;g gS fd fdlh rF; dks fl) djus dk Hkkj ml i{k ij gksrk gS tks ml rF; dk vkjksi yxkrk gSA gkykafd ;g fu;e fdlh
Hkh gks ldrk gSA 'kCnkoyh ^lk{;* dks lexz :i ls ifjHkkf"kr
i{k ij ykxw gksus okys dkuwu esa mi/kj.kk ds
fd;k x;k gS] vkSj bls U;k;ky; ds le{k
v/khu gksrk gSA (lS;n vdcj cuke dukZVd
izLrqr lkexzh ds :i esa le>k tk ldrk gS]
jkT;]
ftlds vk/kkj ij dksbZ U;k;ky; ekeys esa fdlh
mnkgj.kLo:i
rF; dh fo|ekurk ;k vfo|ekurk dk
(usxksf'k,cy baLVªeaVs ,DV)] 1881 dh /kkjk 138
mi/kj.kk djrk gSA vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 3 ds
ds varxZr fdlh vkijkf/kd ekeys esa] ;|fi
varxZr fo'ks"k :i ls ekSf[kd vkSj nLrkosth
ekeys
lk{; dks lekfgr fd;k tkrk gSA
f'kdk;rdrkZ@psd ds vknsf'krh ij gS] fdUrq
,vkbZvkj
dks
1979
ijØkE;
fl)
,llh izy[s k
djus
1848) vf/kfu;e
dk
Hkkj
mlds i{k (ijØkE; izys[k vf/kfu;e] 1881 dh dksbZ rF; ^lkfcr* gqvk dgk tkrk gS] tc
/kjk 181 ds varxZr) esa ,d mi/kkj.kk fo|eku
U;k;ky; vius le{k ds fo"k;ksa ij fopkj djus
gS fd vkns'kd }kjk psd dk vkgj.k fdlh xq.k
ds i'pkr~ ;k rks ;g fo'okl djs fd ml rF;
;k nkf;Ro dk fuoZgu djus ds fy, djus gsrq
dk vfLrRo gS ;k mlds vfLrRo dks bruk
fd;k x;k FkkA gkykafd ;g vkns'kd @
vf/klaHkkO; le>s fd ml fof'k"V ekeys dh
vfHk;qDr ds fy, NwV gS fd og ,slh ,d
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fdlh izKkoku O;fDr dks bl
mi/kj.kk dk [kaMu fopkj.k esa mfpr lk{;
vuqeku ij dk;Z djuk pkfg, fd ml rF; dk
izLrqr djds djsA
vfLrRo gSA (lkfcr* dh ifjHkk"kk ns[ksa) vf/kfu;e ^lkfcr ugha gqvk* vkSj ^uk lkfcr*
lcwr dk ekud
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
lcwr dk ekud dk;Zokfg;ksa dh izd`fr ij fuHkZj
in ds vk/kj ij eqdnek pyk;k tkrk gS rFkk
djrk gSA flfoy ekeyksa esa lcwr dk ekud
vijk/k dk laKku gksus dks u lkfcr djus ds
lkekU;r%
;k
fy, ;k ,sls vijk/k dks jksdus esa visf{kr
laHkkoukvksa ds larqyu ij fuHkZj djrk gS] tcfd
deZBrk fl) djus ds fy, lcwr dk Hkkj
vkijkf/kd ekeyksa esa lcwr dk ekud leLr
vfHk;qDr ij Mkyk tkrk gSA
laHkkoukvksa
dh
cgqrk;r
;qfDriw.kZ lansg ls ijs gksrk gSA vkijkf/kd ekeyksa esa lcwr dk ekud flfoy ekeyksa dh
rF;ksas dh lqlaxfr
vis{kk mPp Lrj dk gksrk gSA
/kkjk 3 esa mYys[k fd;k x;k gS fd ,d rF;
ftruk xaHkhj vijk/k gksrk gS mruh gh l[r
nwljs rF; ls lqlaxr dgk tkrk gS tcfd rF;ksa
vko';d lcwrksa dh fMxzh gksrh gS] pwafd
dh lqlaxfr ls lacaf/kr bl vf/kfu;e ds
vfHk;qDr dks ltk nsus ds fy, vk'oklu dh
mica/kksa esa fufnZ"V izdkjksa esa ls fdlh Hkh izdkj
mPp Lrj dh vko';drk gksrh gSA (ekSle flag
ls og rF; ml nwljs rF; ls lalDr gksA
jk; cuke if'pe caxky jkT;] (2003) 12
vf/kkfu;e dk vè;k; 2 ¼/kkjk 5 ls 55½ rF;ksa
,llhlh 377)
dh lqlaxfr ls lacaf/kr gSA
vkijkf/kd ekeyksa esa vfHk;qDr eklwfe;r dh mi/kkj.kk dk YkkHk mBkrk gS ftls vfHk;kstu dks U;k;ky; ls nks"kfl)h lqfu'pr djus ds fy, uklkfcr djuk iM+sxkA eklwfe;r ds mi/kkj.kk ds fy, uklkfcr ugha gqvk cus jgus
'kCnkoyh ^xzkg~;rk* ,oa ^lqlaxr* dks izk;% vny cny dj iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fdUrq ;s fof'k"V vFkksZ ds lkFk fHkUu gSaA fiQlu dgrs gSa fd dksbZ rF; lqlaxr gks ldrk gS vkSj rks Hkh lqfo/kk ;k uhfr ds vk/kkj
gsrq i;kZIr ugha gSA gkykafd vkijkf/kd fof/k;ksa esa LFkkukiu nkf;Ro ds izko/kkuksa ds fy, lanHkZ vo'; fn;s gksus pkfg, tSls ijØkE; izy[s k vf/kfu;e] 1881 dh /kjk 141] vko';d oLrq vf/kfu;e] 1955 dh /kkjk 10 lhek 'kqYd vf/kfu;e] 1962 dh /kkjk 140] mRikn 'kqYd vf/kfu;e] 1955 /kkjk 9 dd] tgk¡ fdlh vfHk;qDr ij fdlh daiuh esa mlds
ij bldk lk{; vxzkg~; gks ldrk gSA ;g fu.kZ; djus ds fy, fd fdlh rF; dk lk{; xzkg~; gS] igys ;g tkuuk lgh gksxk dh D;k ;g lqlaxr rF; gS] vkSj rc ;g ns[kuk fd D;k bldh xzkg~;rk dks fu;af=r djus okys izko/kku@dkuwu jpuk gSA n`"Vkar% ;g rF; fd okndkjh d us vius odhy [k dks fy[kk gS fd lafonk rksM+us ds fy,
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
nkf;Ro xzkg~;rk ,d lqlaxr rF; gks ldrk gS]
vuqØe'k% dbZ eè;orhZ O;fDr;ksa dks ifjnÙk
fdUrq vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 126 ds v/khu ls
fd;k x;k FkkA gj ,d ifjnku lqlaxr rF;
vxzkg~; ekuk x;k gSA
gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 6% jht tslrh
vf/kkfu;e dh /kkjk 6 ds varxZr xzkg~; rF;
;g /kkjk ,d gh laO;ogkj ds Hkkx gksus okys
vaxzsth dkuwu esa ^jht tslrh* fl¼kar ds varxZr
rF;ksa dh lqlaxfr ls lacaf/kr gSSA ;g /kkjk
xzkg~; gS] gkykafd 'kCnkoyh ^jht tslrh* dk
izko/kku djrh gS fd rF; lqlx a r gSa ;|fi os
vFkZ vLi"V ¼fofHkUu :i ls O;k[;kfir ftlesa
ekeys esa ugha gS] ;fn os ,d gh laO;ogkj dk
fook|d rF;] ,oa pkjksa vksj dh ifjfLFkfr;ka
Hkkx gksrs gSA ;g ,sls lHkh rF;ksa ds fy, lR;
'kkfey gS] vkSj blfy, fofHkUu fo}kuksa dh
gS] pkgs os mlh le; vkSj mlh LFkku ij ;k
lqfopkfjr jk; bl 'kCnkoyh ls iw.kZr% cpus ds
fofHkUu le;ksa vkSj LFkkuksa ij ?kfVr gq, gksAa
fy, gSA ,slk dgk x;k gS] fdUrq bl 'kCnkoyh
lj tsEl LVsiQu us 'kCnkoyh ^laO;ogkj* dks
ds iz;ksx ds izlax dks le>uk Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA
rF;ksa ds ,d ,sl s s lewg ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS tks ,d nwljs ls bl rjg tqM+s gksrs gaS
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 7&9
fd mUgsa ,d gh uke ls lanfHkZr fd;k tk
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 7&9 ,d laO;ogkj ds Hkkx
ldrk gS] tSls dksbZ vijk/k] lafonk] xyr] ;k
gksus okys rF;ksa dh lqlaxfr ds fl)kar dh
,slk tkap dk dksbZ vU; fo"k; tks ekeys esa
O;k[;k djrh gSa] bls /kkjk 6 esa fn;k x;k gSA
'kkfey gksA
/kjk 8 fdlh Hkh ,sls rF; dks tks fdlh fook|d rF; ;k lqlaxr rF; gsrq ;k rS;kjh
n`"Vkar% [k dks ihVdj mldh gR;k djus dk d
nf'kZr ;k xfBr djrk gS] lqlaxr ekurh gSA
vfHk;qDr gSA d ;k [k ;k ikl [kM+s yksxksa }kjk
/kkjk 8 lqlaxr fdlh okn ;k dk;Zokgh ds laca/k
tks dqN Hkh fiVkbZ ds le; ;k mlls brus
esa fdlh ikVhZ dh ^rS;kjh* ,oa ^vkpj.k* dk Hkh
vYidky iwoZ ;k i'pkr~ dgk ;k fd;k x;k Fkk
lqlaxr :i esa mYys[k djrh gSA
fd og mlh laO;ogkj dk Hkkx cu x;k gS] og
/kkjk 8 ds Li"Vhdj.k 1 esa ^vkpj.k* 'kCn dks
lqlaxr rF; gSA
Li"V djrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd bl /kkjk esa ^^vkpj.k** 'kCn ds vUrxZr dFku ugha vkrs] tc
n`"Vkar% iz'u ;g gS fd D;k [k ls vkfn"V veqd
rd fd os dFku mu dFkuksa ls fHkUu dk;ksZ ds
eky d dks ifjnÙk fd;k x;k Fkk\ og eky]
lkFk&lkFk vkSj mUgsa Li"V djus okys u gksaA
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
vr% ;g Li"V gS fd fof'k"Vrk gS]
,d vksj
lk/kkj.k dFkuksa ds eè; vkSj nwljh vksj ,sls
ea'kk ¼eksfVo½
dFkuksa ds tks lkFk&lkFk gSa vkSj dfri; dk;Z
,sls ekeyksa esa ftuesa ifjfLFkfrtU; lk{;
dks Li"V djrs gSaA
'kkfey gSa] dk;Z ds ihNs dh ea'kk@i{kdkjksa dh
/kkjk 8 dk Li"Vhdj.k 2 mYys[k djrk gS fd
foyqIrk egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA CySd dk fof/k
tc fdlh O;fDr dk vkpj.k lqlaxr gS] rc
'kCndks'k ea'kk dks] ^,slk dqN tks dk;Z ds fy,
mlls] ;k mldh mifLFkfr vkSj Jo.kxkspjrk esa
funsZf'kr djrk gS* ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrh
fd;k x;k dksbZ Hkh dFku] tks ml vkpj.k ij
gSA tgka lqlaxr rF; ;k fook|d rF; dk
izHkko Mkyrk gS] lqlaxr gSA
lk{; miyC/k gS] ea'kk vlaxr cu tkrh gSA
n`"Vkar% iz'u ;g gS fd D;k [k ds izfr d
n`"Vkar% d ca/ki=k ds vk/kkj ij #i, ds lank;
10]000 #i, dk nsunkj gSA ;s rF; fd d us
ds fy, [k ij okn ykrk gSA [k bl ckr dk
x ls /ku m/kkj ekaxk vkSj ?k us x ls d dh
izR;k[;ku djrk gS fd mlus ca/ki=k fy[kkA
mifLFkfr vkSj Jo.kxkspjrk esa dgk fd ^^eSa rqEgsa
;g rF; lqlaxr gS fd ml le;] ca/ki=k dk
lykg nsrk gwa fd rqe d ij Hkjkslk u djks]
fy[kk tkuk vfHkdfFkr gS] [k dks fdlh fof'k"V
D;ksafd og [k ds izfr 10]000 #i, dk nsunkj
iz;kstu ds fy, /ku pkfg, FkkA
gSa]** vkSj fd d dksbZ mÙkj fn, fcuk pyk x;k] lqlaxr gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 11 vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 11 dks izk;% ds vf/kfu;e ds
n`"Vkar% d fdlh vijk/k dk vfHk;qDr gSA ;s
vè;k; 2 dk vof'k"V mica/k ekuk tkrk gSA
rF; fd vfHkdfFkr vijk/k ls iwoZ ;k vijk/k
;g vf/kfu;e ds vU; mica/kksa }kjk lqlaxr
djus ds le; ;k i'pkr~ d us ,sls lk{; dk
crk, x;s rF;ksa ls fHkUu gS] tSls /kjk 7 ;k /kkjk
izca/k fd;k ftldh izo`fÙk ,slh Fkh fd ekeys ds
32 esa] /kkjk 11 ds varxZr dksbZ rF; lqlaxr
rF; mlds vuqdwy izrhr gks ;k fd mlus
gksus ds fy, bls igys ;g lqfu'pr djuk
lk{; dks u"V fd;k ;k fNik;k ;k fd mu
gksxk fd og fdlh fook|d rF; ;k lqlaxr
O;fDr;ksa dh] tks lk{kh gks ldrs Fks] mifLFkfr
rF;
fuokfjr dh ;k vuqifLFkfr mikIr dh ;k yksxksa
vf/klaHkkO; ;k vuf/klaHkkO; cukrk gSaA ;g
dks mlds laca/k esa feF;k lk{; nsus ds fy,
mYys[kuh; gS fd izk;% vkijkf/kd fopkj.kksa esa
dk
vfLrRo
;k
vukfLrRo
vR;ar
rS;kj fd;k] lqlaxr gSA ©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
vyhoh dh vihy /kkjk 11 ds varxZr lk{; dk
ekSf[kd ;k fyf[kr ¼nLrkosth½ LohÑfr ls
,d fu;e gSA
lacaf/kr gSA
n`"Vkar% Ikz'u ;g gS fd D;k d us fdlh veqd fnu dydÙks esa vijk/k fd;kA ;g rF; fd og
/kkjk 18 ,sls O;ogkj ls lacaf/kr gS ftlls
ml fnu ykgkSj esa Fkk] lqlaxr gSA ;g rF; fd
LohÑfr ds leku ekuk tkrk gSA LohÑfr;kas dks
tc vijk/k fd;k x;k Fkk] ml le; ds
fdlh i{k ds fo#) lk{; ds :i esa Lohdkj
yxHkx d ml LFkku ls] tgka fd mijk/k fd;k
fd;k tkrk gS pwfa d os ml i{k }kjk izLrqr rdZ
x;k Fkk] bruh nwjh ij Fkk fd d }kjk ml
ds lR; ls vlaxr gaSA mnkgj.kLo:i ;fn dksbZ
vijk/k dk fd;k tkuk ;fn vlaHko ugha] rks
O;fDr flfoy okn esa dgrk gS fd mlds
vR;ar vuf/klkaHkO; Fkk] lqlaxr gSA
O;kolkf;d fgLlsnkj dks mls /ku nsuk gS] mlds }kjk vius mlh O;kolkf;d fgLlsnkj dks
vf/kfu;e dh /kjk 17&23% LohÑfr;ka
i= ds :i esa fn;k x;k ,d dFku fd mu
LohÑfr;ka /kkjk 17 ds varxZr bl izdkj
nksuksa ds eè; dksbZ nsunkjh ugha gS ,d LohÑfr
ifjHkkf"kr dh x;h gaS fd og ekSf[kd ;k
ekuk tk,xk vkSj mlds nkos dks >qByk nsxkA
nLrkosth ;k bysDVªkfud :Ik ls varfoZ"V dFku gS] tks fdlh fook|d rF; ;k lqlaxr rF; ds
LohÑfr;ksa dks O;kid :i ls U;kf;d ,oa
ckjs esa dksbZ vuqeku bafxr djrk gS vkSj tks ,sls
xSj&U;kf;d LohÑfr ds :i esa oxhZÑr fd;k
O;fDr;ksa esa ls fdlh ds }kjk ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa
tk ldrk gSA U;kf;d LohÑfr;ka fdlh i{k
esa fd;k x;k gS tks ,rfLerui'pkr~ of.kZr gSA
}kjk fopkj.k ls iwoZ fdlh dk;Zokgh esa fdlh i{k }kjk dh tkrh gS] rFkk ,sls lcwr dk l`tu
/kkjk 18&20 mu O;fDr;ksa ,oa ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk
djrh gaS tks LohÑfr djus okys i{k ij
o.kZu djrs gSa ftUgsa /kkjk 17 esa ^LohÑfr* dh
ckè;dkjh gksrk gSA xSj&U;kf;d LohÑfr;ka os gaS
ifjHkk"kk ds varxZr lanfHkZr fd;k x;k gSA
tks okn ds fjdkMZ esa ntZ ugha gksrh gSa vkSj
LohÑfr rF; dk ,d dFku gS ftlesa ;g
lkekU; thou ;k O;kolk; esa ?kfVr gks ldrh
Lohdkj djrs gq, lk{; izLrqr djus ls gV
gSA U;kf;d LohÑfr;ksa ds foifjr] xSj&U;kf;d
tkuk ;k de djuk ekuk tkrk gS fd foi{k
LohÑfr;ka
}kjk izLrqr lk{; lR; gSA ;g /kkjk dsoy
gksrh gSa] flok; ml fLFkfr ds tc ;s ^foca/k*
dsoy vkaf'kd :i ls ckè;dkjh
izHkko j[krh gSA ©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
/kkjk 21 esa izko/kku gS fd LohÑfr;ka mUgsa djus
lqlaxr gksxk ;k bUgsa djus okys i{k ds fo#)
okys O;fDr;ksa ds fo#) lqlaxr gSa] fdarq mUgsa
fl) fd;k tk ldrk gSA
djus okys O;fDr }kjk ;k mldh vksj ls ;k mlds fgr izfrfuf/k }kjk dqN voLFkkvksa ds
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 24&30% laLohÑfr
flok; mUgsa lkfcr ugha fd;k tk ldsxkA bl
vf/kfu;e dh /kjk 24&26 laLohÑfr ds folaxr
mica/k ds fiNs fl)kar ;g gS] fd LohÑfr djus
gksus dk mYys[k djrh gS] tcfd /kkjk 27& 30
okys O;fDr dks vius dFkuksa dks fl) djus dh
mYys[k djrh gS] fd U;k;ky; bl ij è;ku ns
vuqefr ugha nh tkuh pkfg, D;kasfd ,sls O;fDr
ldrk gSA 'kCnkoyh ^laLohÑfr* vf/kfu;e ds
ds fy, ,slh LohÑfr;ka djds vius xyr dk;ksZ
varxZr ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA
ds ifj.kkeksa ls cpus dk vk/kkj iznku djuk ljy gks tk,xkA
¼izhoh dkSafly esa idy ukjk;.k Lokeh cuke lezkV¼,vkbZvkj 1939 ihlh 47½ esa vfHkfu.kZ; fd;k x;k fd laLohÑfr dks ;k rks vijk/k ds ifjizs{; esa
n`"Vkar% d vkSj [k ds chp iz'u ;g gS fd
Lohdkj fd;k tkuk pkfg, ;k
i;kZIr :i esa
veqd foys[k dwVjfpr gS ;k ugha\ d izfrKkr
fdlh nj ij ,sls lHkh rF;ksa dks tks vijk/k dh
djrk gS fd og vlyh gS] [k izfrKkr djrk gS
lajpuk djrs gSaA blds i'pkr~ ds oknksa esa
fd og dwVjfpr gSA [k dk dksbZ dFku fd
loksZPp U;k;ky; us] idy ukjk;.k Lokeh okn
foys[k vlyh gS] d lkfcr dj ldsxk rFkk d
dk mYys[k djrs gq,] fu.kZ; fn;k fd laLohÑfr
dk dksbZ dFku fd foys[k dwVjfpr gS] [k
esa ;k rks vijk/k dks Lohdkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,
lkfcr dj ldsxkA fdarq d viuk dFku fd
;k i;kZIr :i esa fdlh nj ij ,sls lHkh rF;ksa
foys[k vlyh gS] lkfcr ugha dj ldsxk vkSj u
dks tks vijk/k dh lajpuk djrs gSaA ,d dFku
gh [k viuk ;g dFku dh foys[k dwVjfpr gS]
tks vkRe fjgkbZ dk fo"k; lekfgr djrk gS og
lkfcr dj ldsxkA
laLohÑfr ugha gks ldrk gSA
gykafd /kkjk 21 esa 3 viokn gSa tgka fdlh
lHkh laLohÑfr;ka LohÑfr;ka gS] ;|fi bldk
O;fDr }kjk LohÑfr dh tk ldrh gSA fcuk
mYVk lR; ugha gSA
iwokZxzg ds lapkj ftldk flfoy oknksa esa okrkZ
laLohÑfr;ka dsoy vkijkf/kd ekeyksa esa gksrh gS]
ds nkSjku mYys[k gksrk gS /kkjk 21 ls lajf{kr gS]
tcfd LohÑfr;ka flfoy ,oa vkijkf/kd nksuksa
vkSj mu okrkZvksa esa dksbZ LohÑfr dk u gksuk
ekeyksa esa gks ldrh gSA laLohÑfr vius LkHkko ds vuq:i bls djus okys ij xaHkhj naMkRed
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
ifj.kke Mky ldrh gS] vkSj vf/kfu;e esa ,slh
djuk gS fd iqfyl vf/kdkjh ncko] lrkus tSls
fdlh laLohÑfr ds LoSfPNd izÑfr ij cgqr
vuqfpr lk/kuksa dk mi;ksx djrs gq, laLohÑfr
egRo fn;k x;k gSA laLohÑfr dks lqlaxr gksus
dks vatke ugha nsrs gSa] ;k vU; :i ls ncko
ds fy,] LoSfPNd gksus ds vfrfjDr ,slk
Mkyrs gq, vfHk;qDr O;fDr;ksa ls laLohÑfr;ka
vfHk;qDr }kjk Lo;a fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
djkrs gSaA vkijkf/kd fopkj.k esa bldk [krjk
laLohÑfr;ka nks izdkj dh gksrh gaS] U;kf;d vkSj
1984 esa ns[kk x;k FkkA ¼egkjkuh cuke ckcw
vfrfjDr U;kf;dA U;kf;d laLohÑfr;ka naM
yky] ¼1884½ vkbZ,yvkj 6 ,,y,y 509½
izfØ;k lafgrk] 1973 ¼lhvkjihlh½ dh /kkjk 164
ckcwyky okn esa U;k;ky; us ik;k fd lk{;
ds varxZr fufgr gSa vkSj muds lqlaxr gksus ds
vf/kfu;e dh /kjk 25 dks bl mís'; ls fu#fir
fy, lhvkjihlh dh /kkjk 164 ds izko/kkuksa dks
fd;k x;k gS fd nks"k fl)h dk Js; ysus ds
iwjk fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
fy, vfHk;qDr O;fDr;ksa ls laLohÑfr;ka djkus
vfrfjDr U;kf;d laLohÑfr;ka lk{; dk ,d
ds fy, iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa ds dnkpkj dks
detksj :i ekuh tkrh gaS vkSj vke rkSj ij
jksduk vkSj 'kwU; djuk iM+rk FkkA gkykafd
mu ij dksbZ fo'okl fd;s tkus ls igys iqf"V
fLFkfr;ksa esa vHkh Hkh lq/kkj ugha gqvk gS] vkSj
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA /kkjk 24 fdlh O;fDr
/kkjk 25 vfHk;qDr O;fDr ds fy, ,d egRoiw.kZ
}kjk laLohÑfr dks Li"V :i ls jksdrk gS tks
vf/kdkj gS vkSj iqfyl dks vfHk;qDr O;fDr;ksa
U;k;ky; esa fdlh izkf/kdkjoku O;fDr dh vksj
dks etcwj djus ;k vU;Fkk ncko Mkyus ls
ls mRizsj.kk] /kedh ;k opu ds dkj.k izLrqr
jksdrk gSA
dh xbZA mYys[kuh; gS fd laLohÑfr dks
¼iatkc jkT; cuke cjdr jke] ,vkbZvkj 1972 ,llh 276½ Vh,Mh, ,oa
folaxr ekuus ds fy, ,slh ckrksa tSls ncko
ihvksVh, tSlh fof/k /kkjk 25 ls eqDr gSa] vkSj
vkSj izHkko ds vkSipkfjd lcwr fn[kkus dh
ofj"B iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa laLohÑfr;ksa dh
vko;'drk ugha gksrh gSA ;g i;kZIr gS fd
vuqefr nsrh gS] l[r fuxjkuh ds varxZr
U;k;y; ds eu esa lansg mRiUu dj fn;k
Lohdk;Z gksdjA
tk;sA ¼jktLFkku jkT; cuke jktk jke] ¼2003½
8 ,llhlh 180½A /kkjk 25 fdlh vfHk;qDr O;fDr }kjk iqfyl
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 26 /kkjk 26 ds varxZr dksbZ Hkh laLohÑfr] tks
vf/kdkjh ls dh xbZ laLohÑfr dks vo#)
fdlh O;fDr us ml le; dh gks tc og
djrh gSA /kkjk 25 dk mís'; ;g lqfu'pr
iqfyl vf/kdkjh dh vfHkj{kk esa gks] ,sls O;fDr
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
ds fo#) lkfcr u dh tk,xh tc rd fd og
/kkjk 27 vkaf'kd :i ls viuh Hkk"kk ds dkj.k
eftLVªsV dh lk{kkr~ mifLFkfr esa u dh xbZ gksA
/kkjk 25 ,oa 26 dk ijUrqd ekuh tkrh gSA
;g /kkjk] /kkjk 25 ds varxZr fn;s x;s fl)kar
voSnkfud :i ls laLohÑfr ds fy, ncko Mky
iqyqdqjh dksVS;k cuke jktk&lezkV] ,vkbZvkj 1947 ihlh 67] okn esa fizoh dkSafly us vfHkfuf.Zkr fd;k fd ^^/kkjk 27 tks dykRed ugha gSa] iwoZ dh /kkjk }kjk fu"ks/k ds fy, viokn
ldrh gS] ;fn iqfyl dks ugha rc fdlh vkSj
iznku djrh gS] vkSj iqfyl dh fgjklr esa fdlh
dks ;g mYys[kuh; gS] fd 'kCnkoyh ^fgjklr*
O;fDr }kjk fn;s x;s dfri; dFkuksa dks lkfcr
dk vk'k; okLrfod fxjiQrkjh ls ugha gSA
djus esa l{ke cukrh gSA bl /kkjk dks iz;ksx esa
/kkjk 27 mYys[k djrh gS fd tc fdlh rF;
ykus ds fy, ;g n'kk gS fd fdlh vijk/k esa
ds ckjs esa ;g vfHklk{; fn;k tkrk gS fd fdlh
iqfyl vf/kdkjh dh fgjklr esa fdlh vfHk;qDr
vijk/k ds vfHk;qDr O;fDr ls] tks iqfyl
ls izkIr lwpuk ds ifj.kkeLo:i rF; dh [kkst
vf/kdkjh dh vfHkj{kk esa gks] izkIr tkudkjh ds
dks vLi"V gks ldrh gS] dks vfHklk{; ekuk
ifj.keLo:i mldk irk pyk gS] rc ,slh
tkuk pkfg, vkSj bl ij rF; ls fof'k"V :i
tkudkjh esa ls] mruh] pkgs og laLohÑfr dh
ls lacaf/kr lwpuk vkSj mlls [kkst dks lkfcr
dksfV esa vkrh gks ;k ugha] ftruh rn~}kjk irk
ekuk tk ldrk gSA**
pys gq, rF; ds Li"Vr;k lacaf/kr gS] lkfcr dh tk ldsxhA ;g /kkjk tkap ,stfsa l;ksa }kjk
cksEcs jkT; cuke dkFkh dkyw vks?kM] ,vkbZvkj 1960 ,llh 1125 okn esa loksZPp U;k;ky; dh
^[kqyklk* djus ds fy, iz;qDr dh tkrh gSA ;g
U;k;ihB us vfHkfu.kZ; fn;k fd /kkjk 27 ds
egRoiq.kZ gS fd lwpuk ,d fjdojh dks n'kkZrh
varxZr LohÑr dFku lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 20
gS pwafd ;fn iqfyl fdlh fo'ks"k LFkku esa
¼3½ ds fu"ks/k ds varxZr ugha vkrs gSa c'krsZ dh
fo"k;d oLrq ds ckjs esa igys ls gh tkurh Fkh]
ckè;rk dk mi;sx lwpuk izkIr djus ds fy,
rks ;g /kkjk ykxw ugha gksxhA /kkjk 27 bl
fd;k x;k gksA
fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr gS fd ;fn fdlh vfHk;qDr
bl izko/kku dh lafo/kkfudrk dks mÙkj izns'k
laLohÑfr rF;ksa dh [kkst ls lefFkZr gS] rks ,slh laLohÑfr dks] ;|fi ;g rF; dh [kkst ls
jkT; cuke nsos eu mikè;k;] ,vkbZvkj 1960 ,llh 1125 okn esa pqukSrh nh xbZ FkhA loksZPp
lacaf/kr gS] lR; ekuk tk ldrk gS vkSj bls
U;k;ky; us vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k fd /kkjk 27
dk foLrkj ekuh tk ldrh gSA rFkk mlh Mj ij vk/kkfjr gS fd iqfyl fdlh vfHk;qDr dks
ckgj ugha fd;k tk,xkA ©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 14 dk fcYdqy mYya?ku
izHkkfor ugha djrk gS] vkSj vkj- ,e- eydkuh
ugha djrh gS D;ksafd fgjklr esa O;fDr vkSj fgjklr esa ugha O;fDr ds eè; oS/kkfud varj
cuke egkjk"Vª jkT;] 1973 lhvkjvkbZ] ,y ts 228 dk mYys[k fd;kA
gksrk gS] vkSj mUgsa leku laj{k.k dh vko';drk
Hkkjr esa U;k;ky; voS/kkfud :i ls izkIr lk{;
ugha gSA
¼tSls fdlh bekjr ;k O;fDr dh voS/kkfud
gky ds Jherh lsyoh vkSj vU; cuke dukZVd
[kkst ls½ dh xzkg~;rk ij fopkj djrs gq, ;g
jkT;] 2010 ¼4½ ,llh,,ybZ 690 okn esa
fu/kkZfjr dj pqds gSa fd ;|fi lk{; voS/k <+x a
loksZPp U;k;ky; us dgk gS fd vko';d czsu
ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gS] fdUrq bls fdlh vijk/k
eSfiax] ukdksZ fo'ys"k.k vkSj >wB dk irk yxkus
esa vfHk;qDr i{k ds f[kykQ mi;ksx fd;k tk
ds ijh{k.k vlaoS/kkfud gSa D;ksafd os O;fDrxr
ldrk gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; dh laoS/kkfud
vf/kdkjksa dk mYya?ku djrs gSaA vf/kfu;e dh
U;k;ihB us iwj.key cuke tkap funs'kd
/kkjk 27 ds varxZr bl rjg ds ijh{k.kksa ls
¼1974½ 1 ,llhlh 345½ esa Hkh bl fl)kar dks
izkIr lwpuk dks lqlaxr ekuk tkrk gS] fdUrq
eatqjh nh gSA
loksZPp U;k;ky; us vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k fd dsoy ,slh lwpuk dks] tks vfHk;qDr ds LoSfPNd
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 29
:i ls lger gksus ij izkIr dh tkrh gS]
/kkjk 29 ,sls vfrfjDr U;kf;d laLohÑfr;ksa dk
Lohdkj fd;k tk,xkA
mYys[k djrh gS tks /kkjk 24&28 ds varxZr
_
ugha vkrh gSA
voS/kkfud :i ls izkIr lk{; jkT; cuke uotksr la/kw vkSj vQlku xq: ¼2005½ 11 ,llhlh 600 okn esa vfHk;qDr }kjk
/kkjk 30
Vsi fjdksMZsM lk{;@Qksu Vsi fjdksfMZaXl dh
vijk/kh ls lacaf/kr gS ds foifjr gks ldrk gSA
xzg~;rk ds laca/k esa iz'u mBk;k x;k fd os Vsyh
/kkjk 133 izko/kku djrh gS fd lgvijk/kh
xzkQ vf/kfu;e ds varxZr fu/kkZfjr izfØ;k dk
vfHk;qDr O;fDr ds fo#) l{ke lk{kh gksxkA
mYya?ku gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; us vHkh fu/kkZfjr
loksZPp U;k;ky; us vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k gS fd
fd;k fd VsyhxzkQ vf/kfu;e ds mica/kksa ds
lgvijk/kh dk lk{; dh fdlh vfHk;qDr O;fDr
vuq:i gksuk vkSj u gksuk] njly] xzkg~;rk dks
dk nks"k fl) djus ds fy, mi;ksx djus ls
/kkjk 30 lgvfHk;qDr O;fDr;ksa dh laLohÑfr;ksa ls lacfa /kr gSA ;g mica/k /kkjk 133 tks
lg
igys iqf"V dh tkuh pkfg,] vkSj bl n`f"Vdks.k ©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
dks /kkjk 30 ds varxZr lk{; dk fuoZpu djrs
&,slk O;fDr ftldh gkftjh brus foyac ;k
gq, Hkh viuk;k tkuk pkfg,A ¼ dYiukFk jk;
O;; ds fcuk mikIr ugha dh tk ldrh gS(
cuke jkT;] 1997 ¼8½ ,llhlh 732½A ¼lqjs'k cq/kjey dykuh cuke egkjk"Vª jkT;] 1998 ¼7½ ,llhlh 337½ okn esa dgk x;k fd fdlh
mDr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ;qfDr;qDr gaSA
vfHk;qDr dh laLohÑfr fdlh lgfHk;qDr ds
/kkjk 23 , e`R;q ds dkj.k ds laca/k esa fn;s x;s
fo#) mi;ksx ugha dh tk ldrh gS] tc rd
dFkuksa ls lacaf/kr gSA bl mica/k ds varxZr
fd og vfHk;qDr Hkh fopkj.k esa 'kkfey u gksA
fn;s x;s dFkuksa dks vU;Fkk e`rd ?kks"k.kk,a ds
n`"Vkar% d vkSj [k dks x dh gR;k ds fy,
uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA /kkjk 32 ds fy,
la;qDrr% fopkfjr fd;k tkrk gSA ;k lkfcr
vQokg fu;e viokn gSA ;g mica/k izk;%
fd;k tkrk gS fd d us dgk] ^^[k vkSj eSaus x
ngst mRihM+u ekeyksa esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS]
dh gR;k dh gSA** [k ds fo#) bl laLohÑfr
tgka ngst ihM+hr vius dFku nsus dk volj
ds izHkko ij U;k;ky; fopkj dj ldsxkA x
fn;s tkus ds fy, l{ke gksrk gS] fpfdRlk
dh gR;k djus ds fy, d dk fopkj.k gks jgk
is'ksoj }kjk mls ,slk djus esa l{ke ?kksf"kr fd;s
gSA ;g nf'kZr djus ds fy, lk{; gS fd x dh
tkus ds i'pkr~( ,sls dFku vkijkf/kd dk;Zokgh
gR;k d vkSj [k }kjk dh xbZ Fkh vkSj [k us
esa mi;ksx fd;s tk ldrs gSaA
dgk Fkk fd ^^d vkSj eSus x dh gR;k dh gSA**
idyk ukjk;.k Lokeh okn esa e`rd us viuh
U;k;ky; bl dFku dks d ds fo:) fopkjkFkZ
iRuh dks dFku fn;k Fkk fd og vfHk;qDr ds
ugha ys ldsxk D;ksafd [k la;qDrr% fopkfjr ugha
ikl /ku ,d= djus ds fy, tk jgk FkkA dqN
gks jgk gSA
fnuksa ds ckn e`rd dk 'kjhj ,d ,sls Vªd esa
/kkjk 32 ,oa 33% mu O;fDr;ksa ds dFku ftUgsa lk{; esa cwyk;k ugha tk ldrk
iM+k gqvk ik;k x;k ftls vfHk;qDr us [kjhnk
/kkjk 30 izko/kku djrh gS fd buds }kjk fn;s
iRuh dks fn;k x;k dFku laO;ogkj dh
x;s dFku%
ifjfLFkfr ftlls mldh e`R;q gqbZ ds :i esa
&,slk O;fDr tks ej x;k gS(
/kkjk 32 ¼1½ ds varxZr lk{; eas Lohdk;Z gSA
&,slk O;fDr tks fey ugha ldrk gS(
e`rd ?kks"k.kk ds lqlaxr gksus ds fy, dFku nsus
&,slk O;fDr tks lk{; nsus ds fy, vleFkZ gks
okys O;fDr dks ?kVuk esa gq, ?kko ds
e`rd ?kks"k.kk,a
FkkA ;g fu.kZ; fn;k x;k fd e`rd }kjk viuh
x;k gS( ©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
ifj.kkeLo:i e`r lkfcr fd;k tkuk vko';d
n`"Vkar% d] fnYyh dk ukxfjd pksjh dk
gSA
vfHk;qDr gS vkSj l{ke vf/kdkfjrk okys U;k;ky; }kjk nks"k fl) vkSj ltk lquk;k tk
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 40&45% U;k;y; ds fu.kZ; dc lqlaxr vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 40
pqdk gSA pwafd bl dk;Z dk dqN Hkkx dkuiqj esa
/kkjk 40 izko/kku djrh gS fd fdlh ,sls fu.kZ;]
gSA , bl nks"k fl)h vkSj ltk okys fu.kZ; dks
vkns'k ;k fMØh dk vfLrRo] tks fdlh
dkuiqj U;k;ky; ds le{k izLrqr dj ldrk gS]
U;k;ky; dks fdlh okn ds laKku ls ;k dksbZ
tks /kkjk 40 ds vzrxZr lqlaxr gksxk vkSj
fopkj.k djus ls fof/k }kjk fuokfjr djrk gS]
dkuiqj U;k;ky; dks leku rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij
lqlaxr rF; gS tcfd iz'u ;g gks fd D;k ,sls
nwljk fopkj.k lapkfyr djus ls jksd nsxkA
U;k;ky; dks ,sls okn dk laKku ;k ,slk
flfoy fof/k esa ;g fl)kar flfoy izfØ;k
fopkj.k djuk pkfg,A vr% /kkjk 40 ds varxZr
lafgrk] 1908 dh /kkjk 11 esa ik;k tk ldrk
fu.kZ; dh lqlaxrrk bl mica/k ds varxZr
gS tgka ;g iwoZ&U;k; ds fl)kar ls lacaf/kr gSA
of.kZr izÑfrd U;k; dh fo|ekurk ij fuHkZj
fdlh l{ke U;k;ky; }kjk fdlh fookn ;k
djrh gSA bl mica/k esa eq[; fl)kar ;g gS fd
fook|d
fdlh O;fDr dks ,d gh dk;Z ds fy, nks ckj
vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k tk pqdk gS rks mls mUgha
nafMr ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
i{kksa ds eè; iqu%fopkfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrk
vkijkf/kd fof/k ds varxZr ;g fl)kar lafo/kku
gSA vr% fopkj.k djus okys U;k;ky;ksa ds fu.kZ;
ds vuqPNsn 20 ¼2½ esa fufgr gS vkSj lhvkj
/kkjk 40 ds varxZr mUgha rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij
ihlh dh /kkjk 300 esa O;k[;kfir gS tgka ;fn
dksbZ okn ;k dk;Zokgh dk laKku ysus ls jksd
dksbZ O;fDr
ldrk gSA
fdlh l{ke U;k;ky; }kjk
Hkh gqvk] bl fy, dkuiqj U;k;ky; vc mls leku rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij fopkfjr djuk pkgrk
esa
fdlh
fo"k;
dks
,d
ckj
fopkj.k fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;k rks nks"k fl) ;k nks"k eqDr fd;k tk pqdk gS] rks mls mlh
vkijkf/kd U;k;ky; ij flfoy U;k;ky; dk
vijk/k ;k vijk/kksa ds fy, leku rF;ksa ds
fu.kZ; vkSj mldh foifjr fLFkfr dh lqlaxfr
vk/kkj ij nwljh ckjh fopkfjr ugha fd;k
,d egRoiw.kZ iz'u vkijkf/kd U;k;ky; ij
tk,xkA
flfoy U;k;ky; dk fu.kZ; vkSj mldh foifjr fLFkfr dh lqlaxfr gSA ds th izse'kadj cuke
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
iqfyl baLisDVj ,oa vU;] ¼2002½ 8 ,llhlh 87
dh ?kks"k.kk djus ds fy, rFkk d ds vf/kdkj ls
okn esa loksZPp U;k;ky; us vU; ckrksa ds lkFk
okil nh ykus ds fy, okn nk;j djrk gSa
vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k fd%
mlds ckn vfrpkj ds fy, d ds fo#) [k
& iwoZ dk fu.kZ; tks vafre gS lk{; vf/kfu;e
}kjk ,d vkijkf/kd vfHk;kstu esa nksuksa i{kksa ds
dh /kkjk 40&43 ds izko/kkuksa ds varxZr
eè; flfoy dk;Zokfg;ksa esa fn;k x;k fu.kZ;
fo'oluh; gks ldrk gS(
lqlaxr gksxk] vkSj U;k;ky; fofu'p; dj
& leku i{kksa ds eè; flfoy okn esa iwoZ U;k;
ldrk gS fd og vafre :i ls [k dh gdnkjh
dk fl)kar ykxw gks ldrk gS(
vkSj laifRr ij vf/kdkj dks LFkkfir djrk gSA
& vkijkf/kd ekeys esa] lhvkjlhihlh dh /kkjk
,sls ekeys esas d dks vfrpkj ds fy, nks"kh ekuk
300 izko/kku djrh gS fd ,d ckj nks"k fl) ;k
tk ldrk gSA
nks"k eqDr fd;s x;s O;fDr dks leku vijk/k ds fy, iqu%fopkfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;fn
blfy, izR;sd ekeys esa igys bl iz'u ij
mlesa nh x;h n'kk,a larq"V gksrh gS( vkSj
fopkj djuk gksxk fd D;k fu.kZ;] vkns'k] ;k
& ;fn vkijkf/kd ekeys ;k flfoy dk;Zokfg;ka
fMØh lqlaxr gS] vkSj nwljk iz'u] ;fn lqlaxr]
,d gh dkj.k ls gSa rks /kkjk 43 dh dksbZ Hkh
bldk izHkko d;k gS] gksxkA ;g lhfer mís';
n'kk,a
larq"V gksus ij flfoy U;k;ky; dk
ds fy, lqlaxr gks ldrk gS tSls ea'kk ;k
fu.kZ; lqlaxr gksxk] fdUrq ;g dgk tk ldrk
fook|d rF; ds :i esaA ;g izR;sd ekeys ds
gS fd og fu.kkZ;d gksxk] flok; /kkjk 41 ds
rF;ksa ij fuHkZj djsx a kA
mica/kksa ds vuq:iA
dkuwu ds bl iz'u ij gky ds fu.kZ;% lsB
U;k;ky; us vkxs dgk gS fd fdlh U;k;ky;
vkns'k] ;k fMØh fdl gn rd ckè;dkjh ;k
jken;ky tkV cuke y{eh izlkn] ts Vh 2009 ¼5½ ,llhlh 461 vkSj lS;n vldjh gnh vyh vxqfLru beke cuke fnYyh jkT;] ts Vh 2009 ¼4½ ,llhlh 522]½] gSa ftuesa ;g euk x;k gS fd tSlk ds th izse'kadj okn esa] fd ;fn fdlh
fu.kkZ;d gSa] mlesa fuf.kZr ekeyksa ds laca/k esa A
flfoy U;k;y; dk fu.kZ; vkijkf/kd U;k;ky;
dks fu.kZ; djuk gksxk fd iwoZ flfoy dk;Zokgh ¼;fn /kkjk 40 ,oa 42 ;k vf/kfu;e ds vU; mica/kksa ds v/khu lqlaxr½ esa fn;k dksbZ fu.kZ;]
ij ckè;dkjh ugha gksrk gS rks vkijkf/kd
n`"Vkar% Hkwfe ij rFkk [k dh laifÙk ij d }kjk
U;k;ky; dk fu.kZ; fuf'pr :i ls flfoy
vfrpkj ds ekeys es]a ][k vius bldh gdnkjh
U;k;ky; ij ykxw ugha gksxkA
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
gS] fdUrq dfri; izÑfr ds rhljs i{k ds lk{; fdlh vkijkf/kd fopkj.k esa fdlh vfHk;qDr ds
dks vf/kfu;e ds varxZr lqlaxr cuk;k x; gSA
nks"kh gksus ds iz'u dk fu'p; djuk U;k;ky; ij fuHkZj gSA vkSj mls ;g mlds le{k miyC/k
fo'ks"kK lk{;
lk{; ds vk/kkj ij djuk pkfg,] leku
/kkjk 45 izko/kku djrh gS fd tc U;k;ky; dks
i{kdkjksa ds eè; flfoy eqdnes fn;s x;s fu.kZ;
fons'kh fof/k ;k foKku ;k dyk dh fdlh ckr
ls Lora=krkiwoZdA dksbZ fu.kZ; ;k fMØh lHkh
ij ;k gLrys[k ;k vaxqfy&fpUgksa ds ckjs esa jk;
ekeyksa esa lk{; esa Lohdk;Z ugha gSA
cukuh gks]a rks fo'ks"k dq'ky O;fDr;ksa dh jk;sa lqlaxr rF; gSaA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 44 bl izdkj ds lk{; detksj ekus tkrs gSA /kkjk 44 izko/kku djrh gS fd Okkn ;k vU;
vkijkf/kd
dk;Zokgh dk dksbZ Hkh i{kdkj ;g nf'kZr dj
izR;{kn'khZ@us= xokgh dks fpfdRlk is'ksojks
ldsxk fd dksbZ fu.kZ;] vkns'k ;k fMØh] tks
}kjk fpfdRlk jk;@lk{; dh vis{kk vf/kd
/kkjk 40] 41] ;k 42 ds v/khu lqlaxr gS vkSj
rjthg nh tkrh gSA ¼jekdkar jk; cuke enu
izfri{kh }kjk lkfcr dh tk pqdh gS] ,sls
jk;] 2003 ¼12½ ,llhlh 395½
U;k;ky; }kjk nh xbZ Fkh] tks mls nsus ds fy,
U;k;ky; fo'ks"kK lk{;ksa ds lanHkZ esa laiw.kZ
v{ke Fkk] ;k diV ;k nqLlaf/k }kjk vfHkizkIr
lk{;ksa ds fy, iz;klksa ds lkFk mfpr lrdZrk
dh xbZ FkhA
,oa lko/kkuh cjrus dh lykgk ns pqds gaSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 45&51% vU; O;fDr;ksa dh jk;sa dc lqlaxr
fopkj.k
esa
,d
fo'oluh;
¼eqjkjh yky cuke eè; izns'k jkT;] ,vkbZvkj 1980 ,llh 531½ /kkjk 45 ,oa 47 esa ekU;rk nsrh gSa fd gLrys[k
tc fookn dfri; {ks=ksa ls lacaf/kr gks rks
dks] fdlh fo'ks"k dq'ky O;fDr dh jk;] ys[kd
U;k;ky;ksa dks fo'ks"kKksa dh lgk;rk dh
ds lk{;] vkSj ml O;fDr ds lk{; tks lacfa /kr
vko';drk gksrh gSA ;|fi fdlh U;k;ky; ds
O;fDr ds gLrys[k ls ifjfpr gS] }kjk lkfcr
lEeq[k dk;Zokfg;ksa esa rhljs O;fDr;ksa dh jk;
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd /kkjk
;k fo'okl folaxr gS] vkSj bl fy, vLohdk;Z
73 ds varxZr U;k;ky; Lo;a gLrk{kj] gLrys[k] ;k lhy dh rqyuk dju esas l{ke gSA
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 59&60% ekSf[kd lk{; vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 52&55% 'khy dc lqlaxr
tkap ds v/khu rF; ds fo"k; ds laca/k esa ,sls
/kkjk 52 ,oa 55 flfoy ekeyksa esa i{kdkjksa ds
lHkh dFku ftudh U;k;ky; vuqefr nsrk gS ;k
'khy ds lk{; ls lacaf/kr gS] tcfd /kkjk 54
xokg }kjk bls blds leq[k izLrqr djus dh
vkijkf/kd ekeyksa esa i{kdkjksa ds 'khy ds lk{;
vko';drk gksrh gS] ekSf[kd lk{; gSaA
ls lacaf/kr gSA /kkjk 55 ds Li"Vhdj.k ds v/khu 'kCnkoyh ^'khy* esa O;fDr dh [;kfr ,oa LoHkko
/kkjk 59 izko/kku djrh gS fd nkLrkostksa dh
nksuksa vkrs gSaA
varoZLrq ds flok; lHkh rF; ekSf[kd lk{; }kjk
/kkjk 54 ds varxZr vkijkf/kd ekeykas esa fdlh
lkfcr fd, tk ldsx a As /kkjk 60 ^vQokg fu;e*
vfH;qDr dk iwoZru cqjk 'khy folaxr gksrk gS]
dh ,d vfHkO;fDr gS vkSj ;g vko';d ekurh
tc rd fd bl ckr dk lk{; u fn;k x;k gks
gS fd ekSf[kd lk{;] leLr voLFkkvksa esa izR;{k
fd og vPNs 'khy dk gS] ftlds fn;s tkus dh
gh gksxkA vr% dksbZ xokg dsoy mlh rF; dk
n'kk esa og lqlaxr gks tkrk gSA
lk{; ns ldrk gS ftldk mls izR;{k Kku gSA
Hkkx 2% lcwr ds fo"k; esa
n`"Vkar% d ij [k ml jde ds fy, okn ykrk
vf/kfu;e dh /kjk 56&58% rF;] ftudk lkfcr fd;k tkuk vko';d ugha gS
gS tks d }kjk [k ls yh x;h FkhA mlds lk{;
/kkjk 57 izko/kku mu rF;ksa dk mYys[k djrh gS
Fkk tks rF; mlds O;fDrxr laKku esa bl fy,
ftudh U;kf;d vos{kk U;k;ky; djsxk vkSj
Fkk D;ksafd x ml le; mifLFkr Fkk tc [k us
/kkjk 56 ds v/khu ,sls rF;ksa dks lkfcr fd;k
d dks /ku m/kkj fn;k FkkA x dk ekSf[kd lk{;
tkuk vko';d ugha gSA ,sls rF;ksa esa tSls] Hkkjr
lqlaxr gS vkSj izR;{k lk{; ekuk tk,xkA
ds jkT; {ks= esa izo`Ùk leLr fof/k;ka] le; ds
gykafd ;fn vius lk{; esa x dgrk gS fd p us
izHkkx] i`Foh ds HkkSxksfyd izHkkx rFkk 'kkldh;
mls crk;k Fkk fd ^d us [k ls /ku m/kkj fy;k
jkti=k esa vf/klwfpr yksd&mRlo] miokl vkSj
gSA* ;g vQokg lk{; gksxk vkSj lqlaxr ugha
vodk'k&fnu 'kkfey gSaA
gksxkA
/kkjk 58 izko/kku djrh gS fd Lohd`r rF;ksa dks
tSlk fd igys o.kZu fd;k tk pqdk gS] /kkjk 6]
lkfcr fd;k tkuk vko';d ugha gSA
/kkjk 32] vkSj /kkjk 45 ds varxZr fn;s tkus
esa x dgrk gS fd [k us d dks /ku m/kkj fn;k
okys fo'ks"kK lk{; vQokg fu;e dk viokn gSa ©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
vkSj vf/kfu;e }kjk Li"V :i ls lqlaxr cuk,
izkFkfed lk{; dks lcls vPNk lk{; ekuk
x;s gSaA
tkrk gS vkSj iz'ukxr rF;ksa dh loksZRre fuf'prrk dks /kkfjr djrs gSaA f}rh;d lk{;
nLrkosth lk{; /kkjk 74 nLrkostksa ds ,d oxZ dks ^yksd nLrkost* ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr ¼,oa n`"Vkafrr½ djrh gS vkSj /kkjk 75 yksd nLrkostksa ds vfrfjDr vU; lHkh nLrkostkas dks futh nLrkost ekurh gSaA 'kCnkoyh ^nLrkosth lk{;*] os lHkh nLrkost tks U;k;ky; ds fujh{k.k ds fy, izLrqr fd;s tkrs gSa] ds :i esa /kkjk 3 ds varxZr ifjHkkf"kr dh xbZ gSA
dsoy rHkh fn;s tkrs gS tc izkFkfed lk{; Lo;a Lohdk;Z gksAa fdlh nLrkost ds f}rh;d lk{; rc ugha fn;s tk ldrs tc ewy lk{; vLohdk;Z gksA n`"Vkar% fdlh ewy dk QksVksfp=] ;|fi nksuksa dh rqyuk u dh xbZ gks rFkkfi ;fn ;g lkfcr fd;k tkrk gS fd QksVksfp= oLrq ewy Fkh] ml ewy dh varoZLrq dk f}rh;d lk{; gSA n`"Vkar % izfr dh udy djds rS;kj dh xbZ
izkFkfed ,oa f}rh;d lk{;
fdUrq rRi'pkr~ ewy ds rqyuk dh xbZ izfrfyfi
/kkjk 61 izko/kku djrh gS fd nLrkostksa dh
f}rh;d lk{; gS] fdUrq bl izdkj rqyuk dh
varoZLrq ;k rks izkFkfed ;k f}rh;d lk{; }kjk
gqbZ izfr ewy dk f}rh;d lk{; ugha gS] ;|fi
lkfcr dh tk ldsxhA
ml izfr dh ftlls og udy dh xbZ gS ewy
/kkjk 63 f}rh;d lk{; dh ,d lexz ifjHkk"kk
ls rqyuk dh xbZ FkhA
nsrh gS ftlesa 'kkfey gSa% izekf.kr izfr;ka] ewy ls ;kaf=d izfØ;kvksa }kjk cukbZ xbZ izfr;ka] nLrkostksa ds izfrys[k] vkSj fdlh nkLrkost dh
baysDVªkfud vfHkys[k dks LohÑfr nsus ds fy,
vUroZLrq dk ml O;fDr }kjk] ftlus Lo;a mls
vf/kfu;e dks lwpuk vf/kfu;e] 200 }kjk
ns[kk gS] fn;k gqvk ekSf[kd o`rkarA
la'kksf/kr fd;k x;k gSA vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 65 d izko/kku djrh gS fd bysDVªkfud vfHkys[kksa
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 65 mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk
dh vUroZLrq /kkjk 65 [k ds izko/kkuksa ds vuqlkj
mYys[k djrh gS tgka fdlh nLrkost dks
lkfcr dh tk ldsxhA /kkjk 65 [k mu n'kkvksa
lkfcr djus ds fy, izkFkfed lk{; ds vHkko esa
dk izko/kku djrh gS ftuds varxZr bysDVªkfud
f}rh;d lk{; dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vfHkys[kksa lkfcr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 91&100% nLrkosth lk{; }kjk ekSf[kd lk{; dk viotZu
ifjorZu] tksM+us ;k blds ewy izko/kkuksa ls
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 91
ekSf[kd le>kSrs ds :i esa ugha fn;k tk ldrk
/kkjk 91 izko/kku djrh gS fd] tcfd fdlh
gSA bl /kkjk esa 6 ijUrqd fn;s x;s gSa tks bl
lafonk ds fuca/ku nLrkost ds :i esa ys[kc)
izko/kku ds iz;kstu dks vkSj Li"V djrs gaSA
?kVkus ds fy, i{kdkjksa ds eè; dksbZ lk{;
dj fy, x, gks]a rFkk mu lc n'kkvksa esa] ftuesa fof/k }kjk visf{kr gS fd dksbZ ckr nLrkost ds
n`"Vkar% chek dh ,d ikWfylh bl eky ds fy,
:i esa ys[kc) dh tk,] ,slk Lo;a dsoy ml
dh xbZ gS tks ^^dydÙkk ls yanu tkus okys
nLrkost }kjk lkfcr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;k
iksrksa esa** gSaA eky fdlh fof'k"V iksr ls Hkstk
dfri; fof'k"V ekeyksa esa mldh vUroZLrq ds
tkrk gS] tks iksr u"V gks tkrk gSA ;g rF;
f}rh;d lk{; }kjkA
fd og fof'k"V iksr ml ikWfylh ls ekSf[kd
bl /kkjk esa loksZRre lk{; fu;e fufgr gS &
:i ls viokfnr Fkk] lkfcr ugha fd;k tk
fd fdlh rF; dks lkfcr djus ds fy,
ldrk gSA
U;k;ky; ds le{k loksZRre lk{; izLrqr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
n`"Vkar% [k dks igyh ekpZ] 1873 dks 1]000 #i;s nsus dk d iDdk fyf[kr djkj djrk gSA
n`"Vkar% ;fn dksbZ lafonk dbZ i=kksa esa vUrfoZ"V
;g rF; fd mlh le; ,d ekSf[kd djkj gqvk
gS] rks os lHkh i=k] ftuesa vUrfoZ"V gS] lkfcr
Fkk] fd ;g /ku 31 ekpZ rd u fn;k tk,xk]
djus gksx a sA
lkfcr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
n`"Vkar% [k }kjk fn, x, /ku dh jlhn [k dks
n`"Vkar% [k dk cklk d HkkM+s ij ysrk gS vkSj
d nsrk gS] lank; djus dk ekSf[kd lk{; is'k
,d dkMZ nsrk gS] ftlesa fy[kk gS ^^dejs 200
fd;k tkrk gSA ;g lk{;xzkâk gSA
#i, izfrekl** d ;g ekSf[kd djkj lkfcr dj ldsxk fd bu fuca/kuksa ds varxZr Hkkxr% Hkkstu
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 92
Hkh FkkA
/kkjk 92 /kkjk 91 dks ;g izko/kku djrs gq,
Hkkx 3 lk{; dk is'k fd;k tkuk ,oa izHkko
vuqiwfjr djrh gS] fd tc dksbZ lafonk ys[k
lcwr dk Hkkj
}kjk lkfcr gks pqdh gksrh gS] rc fojks/k] ©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 101&111 fdlh U;k;ky;
fof/k }kjk ;g micaf/kr u gks fd ml rF; ds
leq[k dk;Zokfg;ka U;k;ky; ds le{k i{kdkjksa
lcwr dk Hkkj fdlh fof'k"V O;fDr ij gksxkA
ds vf/kdkj ,oa nkf;Roksa dk mi/kkj.kk pkgrh gSA 101&111 ds varxZr vf/kfu;e ;g Li"V
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 104&113
djrk gS fd fdl i{k dks fdu rF;ksa dks lkfcr
/kkjk 104 ls 113 bl ds fy, fu;eksa izko/kku
djus ds Hkkj ls eqDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
djrh gS fd dc lcwr dk Hkkj ;k fdlh fof'k"V rF; ds ckjs esa Lkk{; nsus dk Hkkj ,d
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 101
fof'k"V O;fDr ij gksrk gSA
/kkjk 101 esa mYys[k fd;k x;k gS fd tks dksbZ fdlh rF; ds vfLrRo dh ckr djrk gS] mls
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 105
lkfcr djuk gksxk fd mu rF;ksa dk vfLrRo
/kkjk 105 izko/kku djrh gS fd fdlh vkijkf/kd
gSA tc dksbZ O;fDr fdlh rF; dk vfLrRo
ekeys esa tc dHkh dksbZ vfHk;qDr vius okn dks
lkfcr djus ds fy, vkc) gS] rc ;g dgk
Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk] 1860 ¼vkbZihlh½ ds
tkrk gS fd ml O;fDr ij lcwr dk Hkj gSA
lk/kkj.k vioknksa esa ls fdlh ds varxZr ;k rks vkbZihlh ;k vU; fdlh fof/k esa vUrfoZ"V fdlh
n`"Vkar% d U;k;ky; ls pkgrk gS fd U;k;ky;
fo'ks"k viokn ;k ijUrqd ds varxZr ykuk
mu rF;ksa ds dkj.k] ftuds lR; gksus dk og
pkgrk gS] rc mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vfLrRo dks
izk[;ku vkSj [k izR;k[;ku djrk gS] ;g fu.kZ;
lkfcr djus dk Hkkj ml vfHk;qDr ij gS] vkSj
ns fd og [k ds dCts esa dh veqd Hkwfe dk
U;k;ky; ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vHkko dh
gdnkj gSA d dks mu rF;ksa dk vfLrRo lkfcr
mi/kkj.kk djsxkA
djuk gksxkA n`"Vkar% gR;k dk vfHk;qDr] d vfHkdfFkr djrk
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 103
gS fd og fpÙkfoÑfr ds dkj.k ml dk;Z dh
/kkjk 103 mYys[k djrh gS fd fdlh fof'k"V
izÑfr dks ugha tkurk FkkA d dks lkfcr djuk
rF; ds lcwr dk Hkkj ml O;fDr ij gksrk gS
gksxk fd mldk fpÙk foÑr gSA
tks U;k;ky; ls ;g pkgrk gS fd og mlds vfLrRo ij fo'okl djs] tc rd fd fdlh ©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
n`"Vkar% gR;k dk vfHk;qDr d] vfHkdfFkr djrk
mi/kkj.kk tc U;k;ky; fdlh rF; ds vfLrRo
gS fd og xEHkhj vkSj vpkud izdksiu ds
dh mi/kkj.kk djrk gS rks bls ^mi/kkj.kk* dgk
dkj.k vkRek&fu;a=k.k dh 'kfDr ls oafpr gks
tkrk gSA ;g ,d fu;e vkSj dkuwu dk l`tu
x;k FkkA d dks lkfcr djuk gksxk fd xEHkhj
gS vkSj U;k;ky; mi/kkj.kk djrs gq, fdlh
vkSj vpkud izdksiu gqvk FkkA
fof'k"V rF; ;k lk{; ls dksbZ fo'ks"k vUr% lanHkZ izkIr djrk gSA gykafd ;fn ,sls fdlh
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 106
vUr% lanHkZ dk lR; ;k lVhdrk u lkfcr gks
/kkjk 106 izko/kku djrh gS fd tc dksbZ rF;
tkrh gS] rks rc mi/kkj.k vlR; eku yh tkrk
fo'ks"kr% fdlh fo'ks"k O;fDr ds Kku es gS] rc
gSA
ml rF; dks lkfcr djus dk Hkkj ml O;fDr
mi/kkj.k dk izHkko ;g gS fd ml i{kdkj
ij gSA ;g /kkjk 101 esa vUrfoZ"V ml lkekU;
ftlds i{k esa dksbZ rF; mi/kj.k fd;k x;k gS
fu;e dk viokn gS] tks izko/kku djrk gS fd
ij lcwr dk izkFkfed Hkkj gksrk gS tc rd fd
;g Hkkj ml O;fDr ij gS tks rF; dk mYys[k
mi/kj.k vlR; fl) ugha gks tkrk gS] tgka ls
djrk gSA /kkjk 106 esa fufgr fl)kar izfrj{kk
;g Hkkj fQj ls igys i{kdkj ij gh vk tkrk
ds mu ekeyksa esa ykxw gksrk gS tks izfroknh ds
gSA
O;fDrxr laKku esa gS] vkSj ml le; ykxw ugha
mi/kkj.k ;k rks lkekU; ekuoh; vuqHko ;k
gks ldrk tc rF; dk Kku izfroknh ds
uhfr ,oa vuqHko ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSA mi/kkj.kk
vfrfjDr vU; fdlh O;fDr dks Hkh gks ldrk
nks izdkj ds gksrs gS( rF;ksa ds mi/kkj.kk vkSj
gSA
fof/k ds mi/kkj.kkA vf/kfu;e /kkjk 4 esa izko/kku djrk gS fd
n`"Vkar% tcfd dksbZ O;fDr fdlh dk;Z dks ml
U;k;ky; fdlh rF; dks mi/kkj.kk dj ldrs gS
vk'k; ls fHkUu fdlh vk'k; ls djrk gS]
tgk¡ vf/kfu;e }kjk fufnZ"V gS] rF; mi/kkj.kk
ftlls ml dk;Z dk Lo:i vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ka
djsx a s tgka vf/kfu;e }kjk fufnZ"V gS] vkSj
bafxr djrh gSa] rc ml vk'k; dks lkfcr djus
dfri; rF;ksa ds lcwr ij vU; rF;ksa dks
dk Hkkj ml ij gSA [k ij jsy ls fcuk fVdV
fu.kkZ;d :i ls lkfcr ekusaxsA
;k=k djus dk vkjksi gSA ;g lkfcr djus dk Hkkj fd mlds ikl fVdV Fkk] ml ij gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 79&90
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
/kkjk 79&90 izekf.kr izfr;ksa ds vlyh gksus ds
,slh vkRegR;k mlds ifr ;k mlds ifr ds
ckjs esa mi/kkj.kk ¼/kkjk 79½ lk{; ds vfHkys[k ds
,sls ukrsnkj }kjk nq"izsfjr dh xbZ FkhA bl /kkjk
vlyh gksus ds ckjs esa mi/kkj.kk ¼/kkjk 80½]
ds varxZr mi/kkj.kk vfuok;Z ugha gSA
ljdkj ds izkf/kdkj }kjk cuk, x, ekufp=ksa ;k js[kkadksa ds ckjs esa mi/kkj.kk ¼/kkjk 83] vkSj 30
/kkjk 114 d izko/kku djrh gS fd tgk¡ dksbZ
o"kZ iqjkus nLrkostksa ds ckjs esa mi/kkj.kk ¼/kkjk
efgyk U;k;ky; ds le{k vius lk{; esa cksyrh
90½] lfgr nLrkostksa ls lacaf/kr mi/kkj.kkvksa
gS fd mlus cykRlax ds fy, lgefr ugha nh]
dk izko/kku djrh gSaA
vkSj tgk¡ vfHk;qDr }kjk lkfcr gks tkrk gS] vkSj iz'u ;g gS fd D;k cykRlax L=h dh
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 113&d] 113&[k ,oa 114&d
lgefr ;k fcuk lgefr ds fd;k x;k] ogk¡
/kkjk 113&d] 113&[k ,oa 114&d Øe'k% o"kZ
lgefr ugha nh FkhA ;g mYys[kuh; /kkjk
1983] 1984] ,oa 1986 esa la'kks/kuksa }kjk tksM+h
114&d vkbZihlh dh /kkjk 376 ¼2½ ds varxZr
x;h gSA bu mica/kksa dks ,d fuokjd ds :i esa
cykRdkj ds fy, vfHk;kstuksa esa ykxw gksrh gS]
efgykvksa ds fo#) vijk/kksa esa nks"kfl) dks
/kkjk 376 ¼2½¼p½ dks NksM+djA
U;k;ky; ;g mi/kkfjr djsx a k fd mlus mlus
c<+kus ds lk/kuksa ds :i esa tksM+k x;k gSA /kkjk 113 [k ¼vkbZihlh dh /kkjk 304 [k ds /kkjk 113&d ¼vkbZihlh dh /kkjk 498&d ds
lkFk i<+s izko/kku djrh gS fd tgkaa iz'u ;g gS
lkFk i<+½s esa izko/kku gS fd] tc ;g iz'u gS fd
fd D;k fdlh O;fDr us fdlh L=kh dh ngst
D;k fdlh L=h }kjk vkRegR;k dk djuk mlds
e`R;q dh gS vkSj ;g nf'kZr fd;k tkrk gS fd
ifr ;k mlds ifr ds fdlh ukrsnkj }kjk
e`R;q ds dqN iwoZ ,sls O;fDr us ngst dh ekax
nq"izsfjr fd;k x;k gS] vkSj ;g nf'kZr fd;k
ds fy,] ;k mlds laca/k esa ml L=h ds lkFk
x;k gS fd mlus vius fookg dh rkjh[k ls
Øwjrk dh Fkh ;k mldks rax fd;k Fkk] rks
lkr o"kZ dh vof/k ds Hkhrj vkRegR;k dh Fkh
U;k;ky; ;g mi/kkj.kk djsxk fd ,sls O;fDr us
vkSj ;g fd mlds ifr ;k mlds ifr ds ,sls
ngst e`R;q dkfjr dh FkhA 'kCnkoyh 'kh?kz igys
ukrsnkj us mlds izfr Øwjrk dh Fkh] rks
lqlaxr gS vkSj ,d lkisf{kd 'kcnkoyh gSA
U;k;ky; ekeys dh lHkh vU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks
;g rF;ksa vkSj izR;sd ekeys dh ifjfLFkfr;ks]a
è;ku esa j[krs gq, ;g mi/kkj.kk dj ldsxk fd
rFkk ngst ekax ij vk/kkfjr Øwjrk ds izHkko
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
vkSj vfHkdfFkr ifj.kkeh e`R;q ds eè; thoar
&fd U;kf;d vkSj inh; dk;Z fu;fer :i ls
lac)rk] ij fuHkZj djsxkA
laikfnr fd, x, gS( &fd ;fn og lk{;] tks is'k fd;k tk ldrk
;s 3 izko/kku loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk foLrkj ls
Fkk vkSj is'k ugha fd;k x;k gS] is'k fd;k tkrk]
fopkfjr fd;s x;s gS] vkSj jktckcw vkSj vU;
rks ml O;fDr ds vuuqdwy gksrk tks mldk
cuke eè; izns'k jkT;] ts Vh ¼2008½ ,llh 25] vkSj xksiky cuke jktLFkku jkT;] ts Vh ¼2009½ 2 ,llh 419 esa loksZPp U;k;ky; ds fofu'p;
fopj.k fd, gq, gS(
bl lac/a k esa egRoiw.kZ gSaA
fy, og fof/k }kjk foo'k ugha gS] rks mÙkj] ;fn
&fd ;fn dksbZ euq"; ,sls fdlh iz'u dk mÙkj nsus ls bUdkj djrk gS] ftldk mÙkj nsus ds og fn;k tkrk] mlds vuuqdwy gksrkA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 114 /kkjk 114 U;k;ky; dks ,sls fdlh Hkh rF; dks mi/kkfjr djus dh vuqefr nsrh gS ftls og
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 115&117% foca/k
mlds le{k fdlh ekeys ds rF;ksa ds laca/k esa
viuh ?kks"k.kk] dk;Z ;k yksi }kjk vU; O;fDr
izkÑfrd ?kVukvksa] ekuoh; vkpj.k rFkk yksd
dks fo'okl lk'k; djk;k gS ;k dj ysus fn;k
vkSj futh dkjckj ds lkekU; vuqØe esa ?kfVr
gS fd dksbZ ckr lR; gS vkSj ,sls fo'okl ij
gksuk laHkkO; le>rk gSA /kkjk 114 ,d vuqefr
dk;Z djk;k ;k djus fn;k gS] rc u rks mls
gS u fd vfuok;Zrk vkSj U;k;ky; fdlh Hkh
vkSj u mlds izfrfuf/k dks vius vkSj ,sls
fof'k"V ekeys esa mi/kkj.k djus ls badkj dj
O;fDr ds] ;k ,lds izfrfuf/k ds] chp fdlh
ldrk gS] ;|fi ,dlk mi/kkj.kk vU; ekeyksa
okn ;k dk;Zokgh esa ,l ckr dh lR;rk dk
esa leqfpr :i ls fd;k x;k gks ldrk gSA
izR;k[;ku djus fn;k tk,xkA
/kkjk 115 esa izko/kku gS fd tgka ,d O;fDr us
foca/k ,d dkuwuh fl)kar gS] ftlds }kjk dksbZ n`"Vkar% U;k;ky; mi/kkfjr dj ldsxk%
O;fDr mlds }kjk cuk, x;s izfruhf/k;ksa }kjk
& fd pqjk, gq, eky ij ftl euq"; dk pksjh
vkck) gks tkrk gS ;k vius O;ogkj ls cgkj gks
ds 'kh?kz mijkar dCtk gS] tc rd fd og vius
tkrk gSA ;g fof/k ;k bfDoVh dk fu;e ugha
dCts dk dkj.k u crk lds] ;k rks og pksj gS
gS] cfYd lk{; dk fu;e gSA foca/k flfoy fof/k
;k mlus eky dks pqjk;k gqvk tkurs gq, izkIr
dk fu;e gS] vkSj vkijkf/kd dk;Zokfg;ksa ykxw
fd;k gS(
ugha gksrk gSA
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
/kkjk 116 ,oa 117 foca/k ds fl)kar dh n`"Vkar
foca/k ,oa iwoZ&U;k; ds eè; varj
Lo:i gS vkSj fof'k"V ekeyksa esa foca/k ls
foca/k] iwoZ&U;k; ds fl)kar ls fHkUu gSA ds
lacaf/kr gSA Nxuyky esgrk cuke gjh HkkbZ
ekeys esa dksbZ O;fDr mlds fo#) cksyus ls
iVsy] 1982 ¼1½ ,llhlh 223 okn esa mu
izfrcaf/kr gksrk gS ftldk og igys izfrfuf/Ro
n'kkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA ftuds
dj pqdk gS] tcfd iwoZ&U;k; ds ekeys esa
varxZr fdlh ekeys dks foca/k ds nk;js esa yk;k
fdlh l{ke U;k;ky; ls fu.kZ; izkIr djus ds
tkrk gSA foca/k fofHkUu izdkj ds gks ldrs gS
ckn ogh ekeyk fQj ls fdlh U;k;ky; ds
ftuesa fjdkMZ ds fo"k; }kjk foca/k] dk;Z }kjk
le{k fopkfjr ugha gks ldrk gSA
foca/k] ,oa buiSl }kjk foca/k 'kkfey gSaA fjdkMZ
iwoZ&U;k; esa ckn okys U;k;ky; dks vf/kdkfjrk
ds fo"k; }kjk foca/k eq[; :i ls fdlh fu.kZ;
izkIr ugha gksrh gS] tcfd foca/ ds ekeys esa iwoZ
ds izHkko vkSj lk{; esa mldh LohÑfr ls
izfrfuf/Ro@?kks"k.kk ds izfrdwy rF; ;k lk{;
lacaf/kr gSA dk;Z }kjk foca/k dk fl)kar ml
;k nsus okyk O;fDr focaf/kr dj fn;k tkrk gSA
le; gksrk gS tc fdlh O;fDr dks focaf/kr
foca/ vkSj diV esa Hkh varj gksrk gSA foca/k ij
djuk visf{kr gksrk gS ;k fgr esa mlds iwoZorhZ
dkjZokbZ ugha dh tkrh gS tcfd diV dkjZokbZ
fdlh laifÙk ij vf/kdkj ;k fdlh dk;Z ds
dk dkj.k curk gSA foca/k NqV ls Hkh vyx gSA
varxZr dfri; ykHk izkIr dj pqdk gSA buiSl foca/k lafonk ds le>kSrs vkSj dnkpkj ;k
n`"Vkar% d lk'k; vkSj feF;k :i ls [k dks ;g
xyrc;kuh ls mRiUu gksrk gS tks ml i{kdkj
fo'okl djus ds fy, izfjr djrk gS fd veqd
dh ea'kk ftlds fo#) foca/k vfHkdfFkr gS ds
Hkwfe d dh gS] vkSj ,rn~ }kjk [k dks mls Ø;
vuq:i vf/kdkj esa ifjorZu dks izsfjr dj pqdk
djus vkSj mldk ewY; pqdkus ds fy, mRizsfjr
gSA
djrk gSA rRi'pkr~ Hkwfe d dh lEifÙk gks tkrh gS vkSj d bl vk/kkj ij fd foØ; ds
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 118&134% lk{kh
le; mldk mlesa gd ugha Fkk] foØ; vikLr
/kkjk 118 izko/kku djrh gS fd lHkh O;fDr
djus dh bZIlk djrk gSA mls vius gd dk
lk{; nsus ds fy, l{ke gSa] tc rd fd
vHkko lkfcr ugha djus fn;k tk,xkA
U;k;ky; dk ;g fopkj u gks fd dksey o;l] vfrck/kZD;] 'kjhj ds ;k eu ds jksx ;k fdlh
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 116 ,oa 117
vU; dkj.k ls os muls fd, x, iz'uksa dks
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
le>us ls ;k mu iz'uksa ds ;qfDrlaxr mÙkj nsus
ds fdlh Hkh dk;Zdykiksa ls lacaf/kr vizdkf'kr
ls fuokfjr gSaA vf/kfu;e ;g mYys[k djrk gS
'kkldh; vfHkys[kksa ls O;qRiUu dksbZ Hkh lk{;
fd og lk{kh] tks cksyus esa vleFkZ gS] viuk
nsus jksdrh gS] flok; lEi`Dr foHkkx ds izeq[k
lk{; fdlh vU; izdkj ls ns ldrk gS] ftlesa
vf/kdkjh dh vuqKk dsA
og mls cks/k xE; cuk ldrk gksA /kkjk 119 ds
/kkjk 124 fdlh yksd&vf/kdkjh dks 'kkldh;
varxZr ,sls lk{; dks ekSf[kd lk{; gh le>k
fo'okl esa nh gqbZ lalwpukvksa dks izdV djus ij
tk,xkA
fo'ks"kkf/kdkj dk izo/kku djrh gS] tcfd og
/kkjk 120 ds varxZr vkijkf/kd ,oa flfoy
le>rk gS fd ml izdVu ls yksdfgr dh gkfu
dk;Zokfg;ksa nksuksa esa ifr ,oa iRuh ,d nwljs ds
gksxhA odhyksa vkSj eqofDdyksa ds eè; is'ksoj
fo#) l{ke lk{kh gksrs gSaA /kkjk 121 izko/kku
lalwpukvksa dks /kkjk 126 ds varxZr nks ijUrqdksa
djrh gS] fd dksbZ Hkh U;k;k/kh'k ;k eftLVªsV
ds v/khu lajf{kr fd;k x;k gSA
U;k;ky; esa ,sls U;k;k/kh'k ;k eftLVªsV ds ukrs vius Lo;a ds vkpj.k ds ckjs esa fdUgh iz'uksa
n`"Vkar% eqofDdy d] vVhZuh [k ls lajf{kr gS&
dk mÙkj nsus ds fy, foo'k ugha fd;k tk,xk]
^^eSaus dwVjpuk dh gS vkSj eSa pkgrk gwa fd vki
flok; ,sls fdlh Hkh U;k;ky; ds fo'ks"k vkns'k
esjh izfrj{kk djsAa ** ;g lalwpuk izdVu ls
ds ftlds og v/khuLFk gSA gykafd vU; lHkh
lajf{kr gksxhA
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dksbZ U;k;kf/k'k ;k eftfLVªsV ,d l{ke lk{; gSA
n`"Vkar% d ij xcu dk vkjksi yxk, tkus
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 122&129% fo'ks"kkf/kdkj lalwpuk,a
yxk, tkus ij og viuh izfrj{kk djus ds fy,
/kkjk 122&129 izko/kku djrh gS fd lalwpukvksa
vuqØe esa [k ns[krk gS fd d dh ys[kkcgh esa
ds dqN :i izdVhdj.k ls lajf{kr gSaA mnkgj.k
;g izof"V dh xbZ gS fd d }kjk mruh jde
ds fy,] /kkjk 122 dqN vioknksa dks NksM+dj
nsuh gS ftruh ds ckjs esa vfHkdfFkr gS fd
fookfgr fLFkfr esa nh xbZ lalwpukvksa dks
mldk xcu fd;k x;k gS] tks izfof"V mlds
fo'ks"kkf/kdkj iznku djrh gSA
fu;kstu ds vkjaHk ds le; ml cgh esa ugha
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 123&126
FkhA ;g [k }kjk vius fu;kstu ds vuqØe esa
/kkjk 123 jkT; ds fØ;kdykiksa esa fo'ks"kkf/kdkj
laizsf{kr ,slk rF; gksus ls] ftlls nf'kZr gksrk
dk izko/kku djrh gS vkSj fdlh O;fDr dks jkT;
gS fd diV ml dk;Zokgh ds izkjaHk gksus ds
vVkuhZ [k dks izfr/kkfjr djrk gSA dk;Zokgh ds
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
i'pkr~ fd;k x;k gS] izdVu ls lajf{kr ugha
/kkjk 135 izko/kku djrh gS fd flfoy ,ao
gSA
vijkf/kd izfØ;k fof/k;ka tSls fd ykxw gSa og O;oLFkk fu/kkZfjr djsxh ftlesa lkf{k;ksa dh
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 132
is'kd'k vkSj ijh{kk dh tkrh gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 132 lHkh lkf{k;ksa ij lR;
/kkjk 137 eq[; ijh{kk dks] fdlh lk{kh dh ml
cksyus dk nkf;Ro Mkyrh gSA /kkjk 132 esa
i{kdkj }kjk ijh{kk] tks mls cqykrk gS] ds :i
izko/kku gS fd bl vk/kkj ij fdlh iz'u dk
esa ifjHkkf"kr djrh gSA ;g vkxs izfrijh{kk dks
mÙkj mls vijk/k esa Qalk ldrk gS lk{kh mÙkj
Hkh] fdlh lk{kh dh izfri{kh }kjk dh xbZ ijh{kk]
nsus ls {kE; u gks ldsxkA
ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrh gSA
gkykafd ;g /kkjk ijUrqd ds ekè;e dgrh gS
/kkjk 138 Li"V :i ls ijh{kk Øe dk mYys[k
fd ,slk dksbZ Hkh mÙkj] ftls nsus ds fy, dksbZ
djrh gS vkSj lcls egRoiw.kZ :i ls izko/kku
lk{kh foo'k fd;k tk,xk] mls fxjÝrkjh ;k
djrh gS fd izfrijh{kk dk mu rF;ksa rd
vfHk;kstu ds vè;k/khu ugha djsxk vkSj u ,sls
lhfer jguk vko';d ugha gS] ftudk lk{kh us
mÙkj }kjk feF;k lk{; nsus ds fy, vfHk;kstu
viuh eq[; ijh{kk esa lk[; fn;k gSA
ds flok; og mlds fo#) fdlh nkf.Md ;|fi /kkjk 132 lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 20 ¼3½ dk
izfrijh{kk ,oa tkap ds nkSjku fn;s x;s dFkuksa dk mi;ksx
mYya?ku yxrh gS] fdUrq bldk ijUrqd /kkjk
/kkjk 145 izko/kku djrh gS fd fdlh lk{kh dh
dks lajf{kr djrk gS vkSj lafo/kku ds vuqdwy
mu iwoZru dFkuksa ds ckjs esa] tks mlus fyf[kr
cukrk gSA ¼y{ehir pksjkfj;k cuke egkjk"Vª
:i esa fd, gSa] ;k tks ys[kc) fd, x, gSa vkSj
jkT;] ,vkbZvkj 1968 ,llh 938½
tks iz'uxr ckrksa ls lqlaxr gSa] izfrijh{kk dh
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 135&166% lkf{k;ksa dh ijh{kk
tk ldrh gSaA
/kkjk 134 izko/kku djrh gS fd fdlh ekeys esa
fdlh lk{kh dh izfrijh{kk ds le;] tk¡p ds
fdlh rF; dks lkfcr djus ds fy, lkf{k;ksa dh
nkSjku fn;s x;s dFkuksa dks dsoy vfHk;kstu
dksbZ fof'k"V la[;k visf{kr ugha gksxhA loksZPp
lk{kh ds izfrdqy gksus ij bl <+ax ls mi;ksx
U;k;ky; us fofHkUu oknksa esa vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k
fd;k tk ldrk gS tSlk fd /kkjk 145 esa
gS fd lk{; dh xq.koRrk egRoiw.kZ gS u fd
fufnZ"V gSA ¼lriky cuke fnYyh iz'kklu]
ek=kA
,vkbZvkj 1976 ,llh 294½
dk;Zokgh esa lgh lkfcr fd;k tk,xkA
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
lhvkjihlh dh /kkjk 162 ds ijUrqd ds varxZr
gSA ;g /kkjk ,sls O;fDr;ksa dh xokgh ls ls
tkap ds nkSjku iqfyl }kjk vfHkfyf[kr lkf{k;ksa
lacaf/kr gS ftagsa lkeU;r% ^izfrjks/kh lkf{k;ksa* ds
ds dFku dsoy vfHk;kstu lk{kh ds izfrdqy
:i esa tkuk tkrk gSA tc dksbZ lk{kh dqN ,slk
gksus ij lk{; vf/kkfu;e dh /kkjk 145 ds
dgrk gS tks vfHk;kstu ekeys ds fy,
varxZr fufnZ"V
fouk'kdkjh gS] rks vfHk;kstu dks ;g fuosnu
gSA lhvkjihlh dh /kkjk 162 ¼1½ ds ijUrqd esa
djus dk gd fn;k tkrk gS fd ml xokg dks
fo'ks"k mYys[k ds vuq:i] /kkjk 161 ds varxZr
izfrjks/kh ds :i esa O;ogkj fd;k tk;s vkSj ,sls
fn;k x;k ,slk dFku vfHk;kstu izfroknh ;k
ekeys esa fopkj.k U;k;ky; dks ljdkjh odhy
U;k;ky; lk{kh dh iqf"V ds fy, iz;ksx ugha
ds fy, ml lk{kh ls izfrjks/kh ds :i esa
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ¼rf'kanj flag cuke mRrj
O;ogkj djus dh vuqefr nsuh pkfg, ¼th ,l
izn's k jkT;] ,vkbZvkj 1959 ,llh 1012½
cD'k cuke jkT;] ,vkbZvkj] 1979 ,llh 569½
lwpd iz'u mÙkj dks lq>krk gS] ftls iwNus okyk O;fDr
jfcUnz dqekj ns; cuke mM+hlk jkT;] ,vkbZvkj 1977 ,llh 170 ,oa dksyh y[keu HkkbZ cuke xqtjkr jkT;] ,vkbZvkj 2000 ,llh 210 oknksa
ikuk pkgrk gS ;k ikus dh vk'kk djrk gS] ds
esa loksZPp U;k;ky; us vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k fd
:i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrh gSA
izfrjks/kh lk{kh dh laiw.kZ xokgh dks vLohÑr
eq[; ijh{kk esa ;k iqu% ijh{kk esa fcuk U;k;ky;
djus dh vko';drk ugha gS vkSj U;k;ky;
dh vuqKk ds ,sls iz'u iwNus dh vuqefr ugha
xokgh ds ml va'k ij fo'okl dj ldrk gS
gksrh gSA ¼/kkjk 142½ gkykafd /kkjk 143 izko/kku
tks fo'okl vkSj ØsfMV dks izsfjr djrk gSA
djrh gS fd izfrijh{kk ds nkSjku lwpd iz'u
izfrjks/kh lk{kh dh xokgh dks ml gn rd
iwNs tk ldsx a As izfrijh{kk dk mís'; ncs gq,
mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS tgk¡ rd og
rF;ksa dks mtkxj djuk vkSj lk{kh dh
vfHk;kstu ekeys esa lgk;d gSA gky ds
fo'oluh;rk ij vf/k{ksi djuk gSA
izpyuksa dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, tgka vfHk;kstu
izfrjks/kh lk{kh
lk{kh fopkj.k ds nkSjku izfrjks/kh cu x, vkSj
/kkjk 154 lk{kh dks cqykus okys O;fDr dks ,slk
iqfyl dks fn;s vius iwoZ ds dFkuksa ds
dksbZ Hkh iz'u iwNus dh vuqefr nsrk gS ftls
fojks/kkHkklh gks x;s] fopkj.k U;k;ky; vc
foi{k }kjk izfrijh{kk ds fy, j[kk tk ldrk
lhvkjihlh dh /kkjk 340 esa of.kZr esa izfØ;k ds
/kkj 141 lwpd iz'u dks] dksbZ iz'u] tks ml
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
varxZr vfHk;kstu izkjaHk djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr gSa] ,sls lkf{k;ksa ds fo#) tgka os Li"V :i ls vlR; FksA
lkf{k;ksa dh fo'oluh;rk ij vf/k{ksi /kkjk 153 ,oa 155 mu rjhdksa dk izko/kku djrh gS ftuesa lk{kh dh fo'oluh;rk ij vf/k{ksi fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd o"kZ 2003 esa ,d la'kks/ku ds ekè;e ls /kkjk 155 dks la'kksf/kr fd;k x;k vkSj /kkjk 155 ¼4½ fujflr dj nh x;hA /kkjk 155 ¼4½ esa izko/kku fd;k x;k Fkk fd cykRdkj ds ekeys esa fdlh vfHk;ksD=h dk mlds vfHkdfFkr vuSfrd pfj= ij mldh fo'oluh;rk dks vf/k{ksi djus ds fy, izfrijh{k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA n`"Vkar% [k dks csps x, vkSj ifjnku fd, x, eky ds ewY; ds fy, [k ij d okn ykrk gSA x dgrk gS fd mlus [k dks eky dk ifjnku fd;kA ;g nf'kZr djus ds fy, lk{; izLFkkfir fd;k tkrk gS fd fdlh iwoZ volj ij mlus dgk Fkk fd mlus ml eky dk ifjnku [k dks ugha fd;k FkkA ;g lk{; xzkg~; gSA
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk ijh{kk mi;ksxh lkexzh fo"k; -9 fof/k'kkL= ifjp; % fof/k'kkL= fof/kd fl)kUrksa rFkk fof/kd n'kZu dks lekfgr djrk gSA ;g flQZ ^D;k* ls lEcaf/kr ugh gS] vfirq ^D;w¡ ij Hkh vk/kkfjr gSA fof/k'kkL= fof/k esa ,d fuf'pr izdkj ds vUos"k.k dks fn;k tkus okyk uke gSA ;g vUos"k.k vrkfRod lkekU; rFkk fl)kUrksa ls lEcaf/kr gS] ftlds vk/kkj ij ^fof/k ds vko';d fl)kUr rFkk fof/kd ra= dk l`tu fd;k tk ldrk gS (P. J. Fitzoerald (ed.Salmand on Jurisprudence, 12thedn Universal law Publishing Co. Pvt Ltd, 1966, P1)) fof/kd fl)kar ewy :i ls
fof/k D;k gS** bl iz'u ds tokc ls lEcaf/kr gSA fof/kd dh mfpr le> rFkk O;k[;k ds fy, le;≤ ij bl iz'u ds tokc fn;s tk pqds gSA gkykafd ;g mfpr gksxk fd ge mudk v/;;u fopkjksa ds leqg ds :i esa djsA izkd`frd fof/k ds fl)kar ds vuqlkj fof/k rdZ ds vuq:i fu;eks dk lewg gSA bues uSfrd fl)akr 'kkfey gS] tks dh fo'o dh izd`fr ij vk/kkfjr gS] rFkk ftls izk—frd rkfdZdrk }kjk gh [kkstk tk ldrk gSA (P.J. Fitzgeras (ed salmond on Jurisprudence, 12thedn. Universal law publishing co. Ltd. 1966 P. 15) vk/kwfud fof/kd ra= dk ,d vko';d igyw ^fof/k dk 'kklu gSA blds vuqlkj vki pkgs fdrus Hkh mPp D;¡w u gks] vki fof/k ls mPp ugh gks ldrs gks** vFkkZr fof/k dk
'kklu esa dkuwu ;k fof/k lokZsPp gS rFkk dksbZ Hkh ekuo fof/k ls c<+ dj ugh gSA Hkkjr esa fof/k dk L=ksr] lafo/kku dsUnz o jkT; fo/kkue.My rFkk mPpre U;k;ky; rFkk mPp U;k;ky; ds dsl ykW gSA pwafd Hkkjrh; lafo/kku fof/k ds 'kklu dk izko/kku djrk gS] vr% vf/kdkjh fof/k }kjk ck/; gSA fof/k ds 'kklu dh le:irk vko';d :i ls Li"Vrk iznku ugh djrh mnkgj.k ds fy, ^^ewy lajpuk dk fl)kUr** tks dh mPpre U;k;ky; us ds'kokuUn Hkkjrh cHkkjr la?k AIR 1973 Sc 1461 bl ekeys esa mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g Li"V fd;k fd Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa ;g vfyf[kr fu;e gS tks laln dh lafo/kku lalk/ku dh 'kfDr vlhfer ugh gSA lafo/kku ds leLr la'kks/ku ds vko';d rRoks dks lqjf{kr j[kk tk ldsA lafo/kku dh ewy lajpuk dk fl)kUr fof/k 'kkL= ds dbZ fo)kuks ds e/; fookn dk lkj gSA fof/k rFkk uSfrdrk ds e/; D;k varj gSA ;gk¡ ges oSdfYid uSfrd fl)krksa dk lgkjk ysuk iMsx + k tks fd fo'o ds vko';d izd`fr ij vk/kkfjr gSA ftldk iz;ksx lkye.M us vius fof/k dh izd`fr 'kk[k dh O;k[;k esa fd;k FkkA fof/k dh izkd`frd fof/k dh 'kk[kk rFkk uSfrdrk ds e/; lkeatL; LFkkfir djrs gq, ;g Li"V djrh gS fd ldkjkRed fof/k viuh vf/kdkfjdrk mRd`LV iz—frd fof/k ls izkIr djrh gSA rFkk tc Hkh ;g uSfrd fof/k ls ;k ekudks ls nwj tkrh gS ;g viuh vf/kdkfjdrk [kks nsrh gSA gkykafd izk—frd fof/k fl)kUr ;g mn~?kks"k.kk djrk gS fd fof/k rFkk uSfrdrk ds e/; lac/k gS ijUrq fof/kd ldkjkRedrk
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
blds foijhr ;g LFkkfir djrh gS fd fof/k rFkk uSfrdrk ds e/; dksbZ varj ugh gSA ;gk¡ ;g vko';d gS fd fof/k rFkk uSfrdrk ds e/; lEca/k ij vkSj foLrkj ls ppkZ dh tk,A rhu laLdj.k &izFke n`"V;k ;g dFku dh fof/k rFkk uSfrdrk ds e/; lEca/k gS cM+k lk/kkj.k o ljy lk yxrk gS ijUrq ;g vius dbZ lkjs laLdj.k ftlds leFkZd Thomas Acquinas gS] ;g Li"V djrs gS fd ldkjkRed fof/k ds og fu;e tks izkd`frd fof/k ls Vdjko esa gS] voS/k gSA f}rh; laLdj.k tks fd gkokMZ ykW fo|ky; ds izksQl s j Lan Fuller }kjk LFkkfir gS] Li"V djrk gS fd dbZ okLrfod fof/kd ra= fuf'pr uSfrd fl)kUrksa ls ck/; gSA r`rh; laLdj.k vkDlQksMZ fo'ofo|ky; ds izksQl s j H.L.A. Hartds mrjkf/kdkjProf. Ronald Dwarkin }kjk izfrikfnr fd;k x;k gSA blds vuqlkj uSfrd fu.kZ;ks dk vuqlj.k fof/k dh le> rFkk iz;qfDr ds fy, vko';d gSA ikjEifjd izkd`frd fof/k fl)kUr&tSlk fd lkyeaM us ;g Li"V fd;k gS fd ikjEifjd izkd`frd fof/k dk dsUnzh; fl)kUr gS fd oSdfYid uSfrd fl)kar czkgE; dh izd`fr ds vko';d rRo ij vk/kkfjr gS rFkk ftudh [kkst ekuoh; rdZ ds }kjk dh tk ldrh gS izk—frd fof/k dh le> dk ifj.kke Ies injesta non estlexvU;k; iw.kZ fof/k dksbZ ugh gks ldrhA ijEijkxr izkd`frd fof/k ds bl fu"d"kZ dh mlds leFkZd yksu Qwyj }kjk ckn esa de dj fn;k x;kA yksu Qwyj dh vkUrfjdrk dh fof/k &izkQ s l s j yksu Qqyj us ikjEifjd izkd`frd
fof/k fl)kUr ds foLrkfjr nkcs dks NksVk dj fn;k ] buds vuqlkj uSfrd fl)kUr fdlh Hkh okLrfod dkuwuh ra= es izFke fopkj.kh; rRo gS bUgksus vkUrfjd uSfrdrk ds dkuwu dh ckr dh tks fd fdlh Hkh fof/k ra= dks pykrk gSA bUgksus vkB fl)kUrks dk izfroknu fd;kA 1½ fu;e lkekU; gksus pkfg,A 2½ fu;e izLFkkfir gksus pkfg,A 3½ iwoZO;kih fu;e cukuk rFkk ykxw gksuk de gksuk pkfg,A 4½ fu;e le>us ;ksX; gksus pkfg,A 5½ fu;e vuqlj.k fojks/kkHkklh ugh gksus pkfg,A 6½ fu;e le; ds vuq:i gksus pkfg,A 7½ fu;e le; ds vuq:i gksus pkfg,A 8½ ?kksf"kr le; rFkk ykxw gksus okys fu;e ds e/; vuq:irk gksuh pkfg,A Qqyj vius bu vkB fl)kUrksa ds lanHkZ esa dbZ igyqvk ij vLi"V Fks D;k vkUrfjd uSfrdrk ds dkuwu dk ikyu izFke n`"V;k fdlh Hkh dkuwu ds ikyu rFkk Hkkx ugh gSA M~okjfdu dk vFkZ dk fl)kUr&M~okjfdu ds fl)kUr dks okLrfod leL;k ds n`"Vkar ls Li"V :i ds le>k tk ldrk gSA ;g Riggs V. Palmer, 115 NY 506 ds ekeys ij vk/kkfjr gSA bles ,d O;fDr nwljs O;fDr dh lEifÙk esa olh;r pkgrk Fkk ftls mlus [kqn ekjk gSA ekeys dh lquokbZ esa U;k;ky; us bl fl)kar dk iz;ksx fd;k fd dksbZ Hkh O;fDr vius xyr d`R; ds ykHk ugh mBk ldrk] M~okjfdu us ;g
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
lq>k;k fd bl ekeys esa iz;Dr fl)kar ;g Li"V djrk gS fd dkuwu flQZ fu;eksa dk laxzg ugh gSA vfirq ;g ,sls fl)kUrks]a uhfr;ksa rFkk ekudks dk lewg gS tks fd fof/k ra= dks pykrs gSA ;gk¡ ij /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd M~okjfdu ;g Lohdkj ugh djrk fd mlesa fopkjksa dks izkd`frd fof/k fl)kUrks ds vuq:i Lohdkj fd;k tk,A mles flQZ ,d vfHkys[k esa ;g lq>ko fn;k fd izkd`frd fof/k dk tks vifj"d`r fooj.k ;fn lgh gS rks izR;sd fl)kUr tks fof/k dh ckr djrk gS fd dbZ ckj lgh tokc esa fd, uSfrd iz'uks ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA fQj esa izkd`frd dkuwu dk vijk/kh gw¡A fof/kd ldkjkRdrk&fof/kd lekjkRedrk izkd`frd fof/k fl)kUr ds leLr igyqvksa ls fdukjk djrk gSA ;g izkd`frd fof/k fl)kUr ds foijhr gSA bldk ekuuk gS fd U;k; rFkk uSfrdrk esa e/; dksbZ lacU/k ugh gSA ;g fopkj /kkjk ldkjkRed dkuwu ij /;ku dsfUnzr djrh gS rFkk ;g izkd`frd vf/koDrkvksa ls nwj gS blds vuqlkj izR;; ds vUrxZr dksbZ le>kSrk ugh gSA fofHkUu fo)kuks }kjk fof/kd ldkjkReDrk ds dbZ laLdj.k LFkkfir fd, gSA ;g fo)ku gS tkSu vkSfLVu] ,p ,y , gkWV rFkk tkWlQ jSat tkWu vkWfLVu% tkWu vkWfLVu us cgqr gh lk/kkj.k ladYiuk dh LFkkiuk dh fd fof/k ,d vkns'k gSA tks fd jktuSfrd izHkqRo }kjk LFkkfir gS rFkk eatwjh }kjk fØ;kfUor (P.J. Fitzgerald (Ed.) Salmond on Jurusprudencce, 12th edn. Universal Law Publishig Co. Pvt. Ltd. 1966 P 25-26)bl
vklku ls laLdj.k us iz'uksa ds tokc nsus ds LFkku ij u, iz'u [kM+s dj fn,A
vkns'k D;k gS rFkk ;s izkFkZuk ls dSls fHkUu gSA ;fn X dks mlds ckWl Y}kjk ,d fxykl ikuh ykus ds fy, dgk tkrk gS rks D;k ;g vkns'k gS] ;k izkFkZuk\ D;k vkns'kdrkZ rFkk vkns'kxzgrk ds e/; flQZ 'kfDr dj lEca/k gSA vkLVhu ds vuqlkj lkekU; vkns'k Hkxoku ls balkuks dks fn;k tkrk gS ;g nSO; fof/k gS] rFkk ;g uSfrd nkf;Ro nsrh gSA mlh izdkj lkekU; vkns'k jktuSfrd ;gk¡ ;g /;ku nsuk vko';d gS fd fof/k dks vkns'k ds Lo:i es ifjHkkf"kr djuk Hkzked gS D;ksfd ;g fØfeuy dkuwu es rks lR; gks ldrh gS] ijUrq lafonk dkuwu ;k oSokfgd dkuwu es igyk ukxfjdksa ds fy, vko';d nkf;Ro ugh nsrk rFkk nwljk ukxfjdks dks fookg dk vkns'k ugh nsrk oSokfgd dkuwu flQZ ;g crkrs gS fd ;fn fdlh dks fookg djuk gS rks mlds dqN vkSipkfjdrk rFkk izfØ;kRed vko';drk,s gS ftudk vuqlj.k gksuk pkfg,A ;g ukxfjdks ds fy, fookg vko';d ugh curh gSA vkfLVu jktuSfrd izHkqrk dk dksbZ O;fDr ;k O;fDr;ks ds leqg ds :i es ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS ftldks dh jktuSfrd leqg vuqlfjr djus gS] ij tks fdlh dk lafo/kku ds varxZr mPpre inkf/kdkj jk"Vªifr Hkh lafo/kku ds ewy
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
izkd`frd fof/k fl)kUr ds vk/kkj dks [kkfjt djrs gq, vkWfLVu dgrs gS fd fof/k ,d ladYiuk gS tks 'kfDr ij vk/kkfjr gS rFkk mldh uSfrdrk ds ifjis{; esa ugh ns[kuk pkfg,A
fd tgk¡ lfEefyr fof/kd ldkjkRedrk ;g Lohdk;Z djrh gS fd dqN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fdlh fof/kd oSf/kdrk esa uSfrd fopkj.k Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS] ijUrq fo'ks"k fof/kd ldkjkRedrk bls [kkfjt djrh gSA
,y-,y-,- gkVZ ldkjkRedrk
fo'ks"k fof/kd ldkjkRedrk ds vuqlkj djuk pkfg, rFkk djuk gS ds e/; varj crkrh gSA fof/k dk ,d Lora= izkf/kdkj gSA rFkk fof/k dk vuqlj.k ,d nkf;Ro gSA ekun.Mksa dk mn~ns'; vfHkdrkZ ds fu.kZ; ysus dh 'kfDr dks cnyuk gS vkSj ;fn vfHkdrkZ ekun.Mksa ij iz'ufpUg yxk,xk rks 'krsZ viuh izkf/kdkfjrk [kks nsxk fof/k dk L=ksr uSfrd fopkjtu gksdj fof/kd izkf/kdkj gksrk gSA
%
lfEefyr
fof/kd
gkVZ }kjk fodflr fopkj/kkjk ,d vksj tgk¡ izk—frd fof/k dk fojks/k djrh gS] ogh nwljh vksj vkfLVu dh vo/kkj.kk dk [k.Mu djrh gSA gkVZ vkWfLVu ds izHkqRo }kjk vkns'k dh rqyuk canqd/kkjh vkneh dh ifjfLFkfr ls djrk gSA tgk¡ ,d O;fDr mlds iSls ;k mlds thou ij [kM+k gSA gkVZ ds vuqlkj fof/kd nkf;Ro canqd/kkjh dh ifjfLFkfr ls fHkUu gSA gkVZ ds vuqlkj fof/k rFkk uSfrdrk ds e/; dksbZ lEca/k ugh gSA gkVZ fof/k dks izkFkfed rFkk ek/;fed fu;eks ds laxzg.k ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA gkVZ ds vuqlkj fu;e rc gksrk gS tc yksx ¼1½ ,d fuf'pr rjhds ls orkZo djs ¼ckgjh ifjfLFkfr½ ¼2½ vkisf{kr O;ogkj ls fopyu dks vkykspukvks dk vk/kkj ekurs gSA izkFkfed fu;e og gksrs gS tks nkf;Ro Mkyrs gS] ek/;fed fu;eksa dk vFkZ ;g ugh gS fd ;g egRoghu gSA vfirq ek/;fed fu;e rc rd ugh gks ldrs tc rd ek/;fed fu;e nkf;Ro ugh MkyrsA gkVZ ds vuqlkj ek/;fed fu;eksa ds izdkj ¼1½ ekU;rk dk fu;e ¼2½ ifjorZu dk fu;e ¼3½ mRrjnkf;Roksa ds fy, fu;e
fo'ks"k fof/kd ds eq[; LFkkid tkslQ s jst rFkk ,suMªjh esjeksj gSA fo'ks"k fof/kd ldkjkRed dh fLFkr ldkjkRed dh fLFkr iw.kZ :i ls jksusYM Mokajfdu ls fHkUu gSSA iquZokn djs M~okjfdu Tiggg V. Palmer dh okLrfod leL;k ij vk/kkfjr gSA ftlds vuqlkj fdlh O;fDr dks mlds xyr d`R; ls ykHk ugh feyrk pkfg, fo'ks"k fof/kd ldkjkRedrk fjx dks oS/kkfud ekurh gS] mlds rRo ds dkj.k ugh vfirq L=ksr ds dkj.k tks fd ,d U;k;k;y; gksA fo'ks"k fof/kd ldkjkRedrk ds vuqlkj ekin.Mks dk mn~ns'; yksx ds e/; fo/ks; dks lekIr djrk gS vkSj ;fn yksx iqu% bldh djsx a s rks ekin.M Lor% viuh vf/kdkfjDrk [kks nsx a s vr% ekin.Mksa dh fof/kd oS|rk L=ksr esa gksrh gS
jst rFkk esjeksj fo'ks"k fof/kd ldkjkRedrk
gkVZ Msoyhu rFkk vk/kqfud dky esa uSfrdrk &
lfEefyr fof/kd ldkjkRedrk rFkk fo'ks"k fof/kd ldkjkRedrk ds e/; ewy Hksn ;g gS
tc lekt uSfrdrk dk ifjorhZ /kkj.kk ns[krh gS] ml ifjfLFkfr esa ijEijkxr
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
uSfrdrk rFkk xaHkhj uSfrdrk esa varj tkuuk pkfg, fof/k 'kkL= ds fl)kUr tSls dh izkd`fr fof/k rFkk fof/kd ldkjkRedrk tc Hkh fof/kd rFkk uSfrdrk ds e/; lEca/k dh ckr djrs gS rc budk rkRi;Z xaHkhj uSfrdrk ls gh gksrk gSA tks fd rkfdZd ekudks dk ?kksrd gS u fd lkekftd fopkj.k dk gkykafd fof/k 'kkL= esa ,d fookn gS ftls dh gkVZ Msoyhu fookn dgrs gSA bldk /;ku lekt esa ikjEifjd Hkwfedk dh vksj gksrk gSA gkVZ rFkk Msofyu ds fookn dks le>us ls iwoZ ;g vko';d gS fd ts-,l-fey ds uqdlku ds fl)kUr dks le>k tk,A fey ds vuqlkj yksd rFkk futh igyqvksa esa Hksn gksrk gSA mlds vuqlkj lekt dk oS/kkfUrd Hkwfedk yksd {ks= esa gksrh gSA lekt flQZ uqdlku ds fl)kUr ds vk/kkj ij O;fDr dh Lora=rk esa gLr{ksi dj ldrk gSA ftlls nwljs ds uqdlku dks jksdk tk ldsA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk Hkkx IIIekSfyd vf/kdkjksa ds ifjis{; es gS rFkk /kkjk 19 ¼1½ ds ek/;e ls lekt dks O;fDr dh Lora=rk esa gLr{ksi ij jksd gSA lfo/kku 19¼1½ dh ij yksdfgr rFkk uSfrdrk ds vk/kkj ij fucZU/k dk izko/kku djrk gSA lafo/kku esa ekSfyd vkf/kdkjksa dks gkVZ dh fopkj/kkjk dk leFkZu esa le>k tk ldrk gSA ogh nwljh vksj Ms~ofyu ds vuqlkj lekt dks vkRej{kk dk vf/kdkj gS rFkk lafo/kku ds iznÙk ;qfDr;qDr fucZU/k bldk mnkgj.k gSA M~os fyu vkus fopkjksa dh fl)h ds fy, fookg dkuwu ij vk/kkfjr gSA ijUrq dqN lekt ,d fookg izFkk dks ekurs gS ogh nwljh vksj dwN lekt cgq fookg izFkk dks
ekurs gSA ;s mudh uSfrd lafgrk ds e/; varj gS tks mUgs ,d lkFk tksMs+ j[krk gSA(Andrew A Hnan, Arguing alrout law 2nd edn wadswarth Publishing Company, Belment, 2001, Pp 161-164)
;gk¡ ;g /;ku nsus ;kX; ckr gS fd Msoyhu us vius fopkjksa esa fufgr vUrfoZjks/k dks Hkqyk fn;k] ijUrq lekt esa uSfrd lafgrk bruh uktwd gksrh gS fd buesa tjk lk fopyu fdlh Hkh {k.k bldks rksM+ ldrk gSA ;fn lekt ds vYila[;d oxZ uSfrd lafgrk ds ,sls igyw dks ekuus ls badkj dj nsrs gS tks lekt dks tksMs+ gq, gS rks ;g lekt ds cgqla[;dks ds fy, mfpr ladsr ugh gSA M~os fyu dk fopkj.k] le; dh igyw ij Qalk gS] D;ksfd ;fn lekftd lafgrk vifjorZuh; gksrh rks Hkkjrh; lekt esa vkt Hkh lrh izFkk rFkk cky fookg gksrs ijUrq dkuwu bldks jksdrk gS rks lekt vuojr pyrk jgrk gSA iz[;kr izks,p],y], gkVZ Hkh M~sofyu dh fopkj/kkjk dh vkykspuk djrs gq, ;g dgrs gSA fd lekt vius ifjorZu ds fy, tkuk tkrk gSA uSfrd lafgrk ls tqM+s jgus ls fLFkjrk dk iz'u mriUu gks ldrk gSA(AndrewAltman Arguing Anout law 2nd edn wadsworth Publishing Company Belmant 2001, PP 161-164)gkVZ rFkk M~sofyu fof/kd izfrfØ;k
esa varxZr gh fookn djrs gSA og og yksdfgr rFkk f'k"Vrk dh j{kk ds fy, lanHkZ esa lekt ds tokc dh ckr djrs gSA M~os fyu Li"V djrs gS fd ;fn lekt ds uSfrdrk dk fojks/k djuk gS rks mfpr ek/;e flQZ fof/k gSA ;fn nk'kZfudrk dh ckr djs rks nks izdkj dh uSfrdrk gksrh gSA ikjEifjd uSfrdrk rFkk xaHkhj uSfrdrk tgk¡ ikjEifjd
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
uSfrdrk cgqla[;d yksxks ds uSfrd fopkjksa dk izfrfcEc gS] ogha xaHkhj uSfrdrk tks rF;xr lgh gS mldk izfrfcEc gS gkykafd ;g cgqla[;dks ds fopkjksa ls esy ugh j[krk gSA fof/k dk dk;kZRed n`f"Vdks.k &fof/k dks le>us dk ,d nwljk n`f"Vdks.k dk;kZRed n`f"Vdks.k gSA ;g n`f"Vdks.k rqyukRed ldkjkRed ds izfrfØ;k Lo:i mRiUu gqvk gSA ;g n`f"Vdks.k fof/k ds izkjC/k rFkk fof/kd laLFkkuks ds lanHkZ esa vly lkekftd ifjfLFkfr ij tksj nsrk gSA rFkk ;g O;fDr dk ifj{k.k lkekftd ifjis{; es djrk gS uk fd oS;fDr lanHkZ esa O;kid lanHkZ esa ckr djs rks dk;kZRed n`f"Vdks.k dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS ¼1½ ,sfrgkfld fopkj/kkjk rFkk ¼2½ lkekftd fopkj/kkjkA ,sfrgkfld fopkj/kkjk& ÝsMfjd dkyZ lsfotuh rFkk gsujh esuh dks bl fopkj/kkjk dk leFkZd ekuk tkrk gSA lsfotuh ds vuqlkj fof/k 3 ls fodflr djus okys yksxksa dh vkRek dk izfrfcEc gSA tSlk fd lsfotuh dk rdZ gS fd fof/k dk L=ksr yksxks ds vke psruk gSA bldks flQZ ,sfrgkfld tM+ks rFkk vke psruk ls fodkl ds }kjk le>k tk ldrk gSA ;g fopkj bl fopkj ls dkslks nwj gS fd fof/k O;fDr dh Lora= Hkkouk dk izfrfcEc gSA fo/kku dks flQZ rHkh le>k tk ldrk gS tc iz— fr ds bfrgkl ;k lekt ds bfrgkl] ftlds fy, fo/kku cuk gS dks le>k tk ldsA ijUrq fo/kkue.My flQZ vkRe psruk dks c[kku djus gSA
esus us fof/k ds v/;;u ds fy, rqyukRed rFkk ekuo foKku n`f"Vdks.k dk lgkjk fy;kA mUgksus fof/k ds fodkl ds pkj pj.kksa dh O;k[;k dhA ¼1½ og le;] tc fof/k dk fuekZ.k jktk }kjk fd;k tkrk Fkk] rFkk jktk nSoh; izsj.kk ds varxZr dk;Z djrk Fkk ¼2½ nwljk pj.k es vkns'k izFkkxr Lo:i esa cny x;kA ¼3½ vYila[;dksa dk mn; tSls iqtkjh vkfn ftudh Kku rFkk ijEijkxr fo/kku ds iz'kklu ij idM+ FkhA ¼4½ fof/k dk lafgrk ds :i esa mn; dqN lekt bu pj.kks ds vuq:i fodflr ugh gq, rFkk mUgs eSuh us ^fLFkj* xfr'kkhy lekt dgkA xfr'kkhy lekt fof/kd dYiukvks (Legal Fiction)bfDoVh rFkk fo/kkue.My dh lgk;rk ds fof/k dk vfxze fodkl djrs gSA eSuh ds vuqlkj xfr'khy lekt vc rd izkfLFkfr ls lafn;k dh vksj vxzlj gqvk gSA bls fuEu izdkj ls le> ldrs gSA izkfLFkfr&O;fDr dk fof/k ds lkFk lEca/k ,d fuf'pr fLFkfr dk ifj.kke gS] tgk¡ O;fDr dh bPNk ugh gksrh rFkk ftl fLFkfr dks O;fDr viuh bPNk ls cny ugh ldrk lafonk&,d O;fDr dh lkekftd le>kSrs ls rgr fLFkfr tgk¡] O;fDr dh Lora=rk egRoiw.kZ gSA lkekftd fopkj/kkjk&lkekftd fopkj/kkjk dks vklku 'kCnksa es le>us ds fy, bruk dguk iM+x s k fd ;g ,d fopkj/kkjk gS tks
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
fd ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k ls dqN dne vkxs gSA
dks vf/kdre ykHk feys ¼2½ lHkh dks volj dh lekurk izkIr gksA
iksM ds vuqlkj fof/k ,d ;a= gS ftlds }kjk lkekftd fgr tks Vdjko dh fLFkfr esa gS ds e/; lkeatL; LFkkfir fad;k tk ldrk gSSA ;g fof/k ds }kjk lkekftd vfHk;kaf=dh gSA ;g n`f"Vdks.k dbZ fofHkUu /kkjkvks dks le>us es lgk;d gSA
jkWy dks Lo;a ifjfLFkfr dh detksjh dk Kku Fkk jkWy dk fl)kar vklkuh ls 'kCnksa es iz;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ijUrq lkekftd leL;kvks dks gy djus es dfBu gS mnkgj.k ds fy, 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuks es ofapr yksxks ds ¼1½ dksVk izFkk dh fdl izdkj O;fDr ns[krs gSA dksVk izFkk Li"V :i ls U;k; ds izFke fl)kar dk mYya?ku gS D;kasfd og O;fDr dks ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij mR—"Vrk dh Js.kh ds vUnj gS] ijUrq mls viuh lhV ,sls oafpr O;fDr dks nsuh gksrh gS tks fd tUe ij vk/kkfjr gS D;k bl rjg ds dk;ZØ; lekurk dk izko/kku djrk gSA
iksM dh fopkj/kkjk ds vuqlkj fof/k dh fo"k;oLrq fgr gSA ;g fgr ;k rks yksdfgr] ;k rks futh fgr] ;k fQj lkekftd fgr gks ldrs gSA bu Vdjko ds fgrksa dks izkFkfedrk nsus ds fy,] ikWM ds vuqlkj O;fDr dks mu lc vo/kkj.kkvksa ds ifjis{; esa lkspuk gksxk ftuds mij lkekftd le:irk vk/kkfjr gSA U;k;& U;k; D;k gS \ U;k; ds D;k ekud gSA ;g iz'u dbZ fo)kuks dks ijs'kku fd;s gq;s gSA U;k; ds fo"k; esa izks- tku 'kSy dh —fr A Theory of Justics (John Rawls, A Theory of Juustics, Oxford University Press, Oxford 197),d egRoiw.kZ ys[ku gSA
bl iqLrd esa jkWy us U;k; ds nks fl)kUrks dk o.kZu fd;k gSA U;k; dk izFke fl)kar&fl)kar ¼Lora=rk dk fl)kar½ izR;sd O;fDr dks Lora=rk dk vf/kdkj gksuk pkfg, rFkk ;g vf/kdkj lHkh ds e/; leku gksuk pkfg, U;k; dk f}rh; fl)kar & lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd vlekurkvksa dks bl izdkj —fed djuk pkfg, rkfd ¼1½ de ykHkkafor yksxks
vHkh gky gh es izks- veZr; lsu U;k; ds fopkj ij iquZfopkj.k viuh iqLrd The Idea of Justice esa fd;k gSA izks- lsu us U;k; ds varxZr tfVyrkvks dks ,d jkspd n`"Vkar ls Li"V fd;k gSA lsu rhu cPpks dk mnkgj.k ysrs gS ,suh] ckSo] dkykZ] ckalqjh ij >xMrs gSA ,suh bl vk/kkj ij ckalqjh ij >xM+rh gS fd mls ctkuk vkrh gS ;s mldh gS ckWo ckalqjh ij ;g nkok bl vk/kkj ij djrh gS fd oks xjhc gS rFkk mlds ikl vU; f[kykSus ugh gSA dkykZ bl vk/kkj ij nkok djrh gS fd mlus ckalqjh cukbZ gS] vr% ;g mldh gSA ;g rhuksa vius vius i{kksa esa rdZ nsrs gSA (Amartya Sen, the idea of justics, penguin Boods, New York 2009, p12)
fof'k"V dkuwuh vo/kkj.kk,sa& dqN fof/kd vo/kkj.kk,s tSls drZO; vf/kdkj] Loar=rk] fo'ks"kkf/kdkj vkfn dks iw.kZ :i ls ugh le>k tkrk gSA bls lqxe
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
cukus ds fy, Henfeld esa ,d eSfVªDl rS;kj fd;kA (See Henfeld, 23 yale law Journal 16 (1923) and Henfeld 26 Yale law Journal 710 (1917) Hohfeldus
bu vo/kkj.kkvksa tSls fd vf/kdkj rFkk drZO;ks dks U;kf;d ifjis{; esa le>us dh dksf'k'k dhA ,d U;kf;d lEca/k nks i{kdkjks dks e/; Vinculamjuris rFkk rhljs i{k dh vuqifLFkfr ds izHkko dks eku dj pyrk gSA Hohfeld nks izdkj ds U;kf;d leca/k eku dj pyrs gSA ¼1½ U;kf;d lgHkkxh rFkk ¼2½ U;kf;d fojks/kh lgHkkxh rkfdZd lgHkkfxrk dh vksj b'kkjk djrs gS] ogh blds foijhr U;kf;d fojks/kh ftUgs U;kf;d udkjkRed Hkh dgrs gS ,d vo/kkj.kk dh mifLFkfr ij mldh foijhr vo/kkj.kk dh vuqifLFkfr dh vksj b'kkjk djrs gSA vf/kdkj] nkok
drZO;
Loar=rk] fo'ks"kkf/kdkj
fcuk nkok] vf/kdkj
vf/kdkj] nkok rFkk drZO; ds e/; Å/okZ/kj rhj bafxr djrk gS fd ;gk U;kf;d lgHkkfxrk gSA pawfd vf/kdkj rFkk nkok U;kf;d lgHkkxh gSA Hohfeld ds vuqlkj Xes vf/kdkj] nkok dh mifLFkfr Y esa drZO; dh mifLFkfr dks n'kkZ,xhA Loar=rk] fo'ks"kkf/kdkj rFkk fcuk nkok] fcuk vf/kdkj ds e/; Å/okZ/kj rhj bafxr djrk gSA fd ;s U;kf;d lgHkkxh gSA Henfeld ds vuqlkj
X esa Lora=rk] fo'ks"kkf/kdkj esa fcuk nkok]
fcuk vf/kdkj dks bafxr djrs gSA ogh fod.kZ bafxr djrs gS fd vf/kdkj] nkok rFkk fcuk vf/kdkj] fcuk nkok ,d nwljs ds U;kf;d fojks/kh gSA Hohfeld ds eSfVªDl ds vuqlkj X es vf/kdkj] nkok dh mifLFkfr X esa fcuk nkok fcuk vf/kdkj dh vuqifLFkfr dh vksj bafxr djrh gSA ogh Xesa Lora=rk] fo'ks"kdf/kdkj dh vius vkius drO;Z dh vuqifjfLFkfr bafxr djrh gSA n`"Vkar &S.R. Batra V. Smt Raruna Batra (2007) 3 SCC169 ds ekeys es cgq Jherh r#.kk mPpre U;k;ky; esa ;g okn nk;j djrh gS fd ftl ?kj esa og 'kknh ds ckn ls jg jgh gS mls oSokfgd ?kj ?kksf"kr fd;k tk,sA ewy :i ls ?kj Jherh r#.kk c=k dh lkl dk gS u fd r#.kk c=k ds ifr dk ekeys dh lquokbZ es Justice S.B. Singha rFkk Justice Markandeya Katju dh [k.M ihB us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd r#.kk c=k ds vf/kdkj Hkkjrh; dkuwu ds rgr muds bls Hohfeld ds eSfVªDl ls vklkuh ls le>k tk ldrk gSA mPpre U;k;ky; ds vuqlkj r#.kk c=k dh mifLFkfr mudh lkl ds ?kj esa ,d fo'ks"kkf/kdkj Lora=rk gSA fo'ks"kkf/kdkj Loar=rk rFkk fcuk vf/kdkj] fcuk nkok ds e/; Å/okZ/kj rhj U;kf;d lgHkkfxrk dh vksj b'kkjk djrs gSA rFkk Hohfeld ds eSfVªDl ds vuqlkj lkl ds ?kj esa mifLFkfr fo'ks"kkf/kdkj] Lora=rk gS rFkk ;s fcuk nkok] fcuk vf/kdkj dh vksj bafxr djrh gSA mlh izdkj Lora=rk] fo'ks"kkf/kdkj U;kf;d foifjr gS drZO; ds Hohfeld us blh izdkj nwljh vo/kkj.kk tSls dh 'kfDr] nkf;Ro] izfrj{kk rFkk fodykaxrk ds e/; eSfVªDl iznf'kZr fd;k gS] tSls
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
'kfDr
nkf;Ro
izfrj{k
a
Fodykaxrk
'kfDr rFkk nkf;Ro ds e/; Å/okZ/kj rhj ;g bafxr djrk gS fd ;g vkil esa fof/kd lgHkkxh gS] pwafd Honfield dh eSfVªDl ds vuqlkj 'kfDr rFkk nkf;Ro vkil esa fof/kd lgHkkxh gS vr% X esa 'kfDr dh mifLFkfr Y es nkf;Ro dh mifLFkfr dh vksj bafxr djrh gSA mlh izdkj izfrj{kk rFkk fodykaxrk ds e/; Å/okZ/kj rhj ;g bZ'kkjk djrk gS fd ;g fof/kd lgHkkxh gSA rFkk eSfVªDl ds vuqlkj X esa izfrj{kk dh mifLFkfr Li"V :i ls Y esa fodykaxrk dh mifLFkfr dh vksj bafxr djrh gSA 'kfDr rFkk fodykaxrk ds e/; fod.kZ rhj ;g crkrs gS fd ;g nksuks fof/kd foifjr gSA Hohfeld ds eSfVªDl ds vuqlkj X esa 'kfDr dh mifLFkfr vko';d :i ls Y esa fodykaxrk dh vksj bafxr djrh gSA ogh izfrj{kk rFkk nkf;Ro fof/kd foifjr gSA X esa nkf;Ro dh mifLFkfr Y esa izfrj{kk dh vksj bZ'kkjk djrh gSA n`"Vkar &PV Narasimha Rao V. State (CBI/SPE) ds ekeys esa iz'u ;g mBk dh D;k laln lnL; iSls ds cnys oksV ds ekeys es mUgs lafo/kku dh /kkjk 105 ls izfrj{kk izkIr gSA
lafo/kku dh /kkjk 105 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd mPpre U;k;ky; dh laoS/kkfud ihB ftlesa U;k;k/kh'k ,l-lh- vxzoky] th-,u-js] ,-,lvkuUn] ,l-ih- ck#pk] rFkk jktsUnz ckcw us cgqer ls ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd laln lnL;ksa dks lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 105 ¼2½ rFkk 105 ¼3½ ds varxZr vfHkj{kkizkIr gSA vr% mu ij laln esa cksyus ds cnys iSls ysus ds ekeys esa vfHkj{kk gSA gkykafd mPpre U;k;ky; ds bl fu"d"kZ dh tks ftlds vuq:i fj'or ysus okyks dks flQZ blfy, tkus fn;k fd og laln lnL; gS] dh dkQh vkykspuk gqbZ FkhA ijUrq mPpre U;k;ky; dh rkfdZdrk dk Hohfeld ds eSfVªDl }kjk le>k tk ldrk gSA mPpre U;k;y; us Li"V fd;k dh laln lnL;ks dks laoS/kkfud vfHkj{kk izkIr gSA izfrj{kk rFkk fodykaxrk ds e/; Å/okZ/kj rhj ls ;g Li"V gS fd ;g fof/kd lgHkkxh gSA rFkk Hohfeld ds vuqlkj izfrj{kk dh mifLFkfr ¼laln lnL;ksa ds ekeys esa½ fodykaxrk ¼mPpre U;k;ky; dh½ dh vksj bafxr djrh gSA mlh izdkj nkf;Ro vfHkj{kk ds foifjr gS vr% laln lnL;ksa ds e/; vfHkj{kk dh mifLFkfr muesa e/; nkf;Ro dh vuqifLFkfr dks vksj bafxr djrh gSA
dkuwu dh O;k[;k eku ys dh vkius vius fe= dks pksdysV ykus ds fy, 100 #i;s fn;sA vc vkidk fe= D;k djsxk\ og dkSu lh pksdysV yk,xk\ og fd nqdku ij tk,xk\ D;k og cls gq, iSls djsxk bu okD;ksa esa tks Hkh lR; gS og fof/k dk cyorj dkj.k ls lR; gSA ;fn mij fn;s iz'uksa esa vkids fe= dks
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
dksbZ Li"Vrk dh vko';drk gS rks og vki ls iwN ldrk gSA gkykafd bl izdkj dh Li"Vrk dh vis{kk fo/kkue.My ls fo/kku ds lanHkZ esa ugh dh tk ldrhA gj jkst vf/koDrk fof/k ds dbZ Lo:iksa ls eq[kkfrc gksrs gS lafo/kku] fo/kku] dsl ykW fu;e] ck/;rk,] fn'kk funsZ'k] lwpuk] vkfnA dksbZ Hkh fo/kku fuekZrk leLr ifjfLFkfrvksa esa ml fo/kku ds iz;ksx dh dYiuk ugh dj ldrkA vr% O;k[;k vifjgk;Z gSA fof/k dh O;k[;k nks izdkj dh lgk;rk ls dh tk ldrh gS ¼1½ vkUrfjd lgk;rk ls ¼2½ ckgjh lgk;rk vkUrfjd lgk;rk esa 'kh"kZd] izLrkouk] ifjHkk"kk] izko/kku rFkk O;k[;k vkrs gS rFkk ckgjh lgk;rk ds varxZr lalnh; bfrgkl fof/k vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ rFkk fons'kh fu.kZ; 'kkfey gSA General Clauses Act 1897 Hkh lkekU; 'kCnksa dks le>us esa lgk;rk djrk gSA fof/k dh O;k[;k ds lanHkZ esa dbZ lkjs fu;e gS] muesa ls dqN fuEufyf[kr gSA
'kfDr
nkf;Ro
izfrj{kk
fodykaxrk
'kfDr rFkk nkf;Ro ds eè; mèokZ/kj rhj ;g bafxr djrk gS fd ;g vkil esa fof/kd lgHkkxh gS] pwafdhohfelddh eSfVªDl ds vuqlkj 'kfDr rFkk nkf;Ro vkil esa fof/kd lgHkkxh gS vr% X esa 'kfDr dh mifLFkfr Y esa nkf;Ro dh mifLFkfr dh vksj bafxr djrh gSA mlh izdkj izfrj{kk rFkk fodykaxrk ds eè; mèokZ/kj rhj ;g bZ'kkjk djrk gS fd ;g fof/kd lgHkkxh gSa rFkk eSfVªDl ds vuqlkj X esa izfrj{kk dh mifLFkfr Li"V:i ls Y esa fodykaxrk dh mifLFkfr dh vksj bafxr djrh gSA
;g O;k[;k dk ljyre fu;e gSA blds vuqlkj tc fo/kku ds 'kCn lh/ks rFkk ,d vFkZ fy;s gq, gksrs gS rc 'kCnksa dh O;k[;k ewy :i esa djrh pkfg, fcuk dqN tksMs+ ;k ?kVk,A
'kfDr rFkk fodykaxrk ds eè; fod.kZ rhj ;g crkrs gS fd ;g nksuksa fof/kd foijhr gSA honfeldds eSfVªDl ds vuqlkj X esa 'kfDr dh mifLFkfr vko';d :i ls Y esa fodykaxrk dh vksj bafxr djrh gSA ogha izfrj{kk rFkk nkf;Ro fof/kd foijhr gSA X esa nkf;Ro dh mifLFkfr Y esa izfrj{kk dh vksj b'kkjk izkIr gSA
mlh izdkj Lora=rk@fo'ks"kkf/kdkj U;kf;d foifjr gS drZO; ds hohfeld us blh izdkj nwljh vo/kkj.kk tSls dh 'kfDr] nkf;Ro] izfrj{kk rFkk fodykaxrk ds eè; eSfVªDl iznf'kZr fd;k gS] tSls
n`"Vkar&P.V. Narasimha Rao Vs. State (CBI/SPE) ds ekeys esa iz'u ;g mBkfd D;k laln lnL; iSls ds cnys oksV ds ekeys esa mUgsa lafo/kku dh /kkjk 105 ls izfrj{kk izkIr gSA
¼1½ 'kkfCndrk dk fu;e&
lafo/kku dh /kkjk 105 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fdbl lafo/kku ds mica/kksa vksj laln dh © 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
izfØ;k dk fofu;eu djus okys fu;eksa vkSj Lfkk;h vkns'kksa ds v/khu jgrs gq,] laln esa okd&Lokra=; gksxkA laln esa ;k mldh fdlh lfefr esa laln ds fdlh lnL; }kjk dgh xbZ fdlh ckr ;k fn, x, fdlh er ds laca/k esa mlds fo:) fdlh U;k;ky; esa dksbZ dk;Zokgh ugha dh tk,xh vksj fdlh O;fDr ds fo:) laln ds fdlh lnu ds izkf/kdkj }kjk ;k mlds v/khu fdlh izfrosnu] i=] erksa ;k dk;Zokfg;ksa ds izdk'ku ds laca/k esa bl izdkj dh dksbZ dk;Zokgh ugha dh tk,xhA vU; ckrksa esa laln ds izR;sd lnu dh vksj izR;sd lnu ds lnL;ksa vksj lfefr;ksa dh 'kfDr;ka] fo'ks"kkf/kdkj vkSj mUeqfDr;ka ,slh gksx a h tks laln le;≤ ij fof/k }kjk ifjfuf'pr djs vkSj tc rd os bl izdkj ifjfuf'pr ugha dh tkrh gS rc rd ogha gksx a h tks lafo/kku ¼pokyhloka la'kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e 1978 dh /kkjk 15 ds izo`Ùk gksus ls Bhd igys ml lnu dh vksj mlds lnL;ksa vkSj lfefr;ksa dh FkhA mPpre U;k;ky; dh laoS/kkfud ihB ftlesa U;k;k/kh'k ,l-lh-vxzoky] th-,u-js- ,-,lvkuUn] ,l-ih-ck:pk rFkk jktsUnz cksl us cgqer ls ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd laln lnL;ksa dks lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 105¼2½ rFkk 105¼3½ ds varxZr vfHkj{kk izkIr gSA vr% mu ij laln esa cksyus ds cnys iSls ysus ds ekeys esa vfHkj{kk gSA gkWykafd mPpre U;k;ky; ds bl fu"d"kZ dh tks fd ftlds vuq:i fj'or ysus okyks dks flQZ blfy, tkus dh fn;k fd og laln lnL; gS dh dkQh vkykspuk gqbZ FkhA ijUrq mPpre U;k;ky; dh rkfdZdrk dks Hohfeld ds eSfVªDl }kjk le> tk
ldrk gSA mPpre U;k;ky; us Li"V fd;k dh laln lnL;ksa dks laoS/kkfud vfHkj{kk izkIr gS rFkk Honfeld ds vuqlkj izfrj{kk dh mifLFkfr ¼laln lnL;ksa ds ekeys esa½ fodykaxrk ¼mPpre U;k;ky; dh½ dh vksj bafxr djrh gSA mlh izdkj nkf;Ro vfHkj{kk dh mifLFkfr muesa eè; nkf;Ro dh vuqifLFkfr dks vksj bafxr djrh gSA dkuwu dh O;k[;k eku ysa dh vkius vius fe= dks pksdysV ykus ds fy, 100 :i;s fn;sA vc vkidk fe= D;k djsxk\ og dkSu lh pksdysV yk,sxk\ og fdl nqdku ij tk,sxk\ D;k og cps gq, iSls okil djsxk bu okD;ksa esa tks Hkh lR; gS og fof/k dh cyorj dkj.k ls lR; gSA ;fn mij fn;s iz'uksa esa vkids fe= dks dksbZ Li"Vrk dh vko';drk gS rks og vki ls iwN ldrk gSA gkWykafd bl izdkj dh Li"Vrk dh vis{kk fo/kkue.My esa fo/kku ds lanHkZ esa ugha dh tk ldrhA gj jkst vf/koDrk fof/k ds dbZ Lo:iksa ls eq[kkfrc gksrs gSa & lafo/kku] fo/kku] dsl ykW] fu;e] ckè;rk,] fn'kk funsZ'k] lwpuk vkfn\ dksbZ Hkh fo/kku fuekZrk leLr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ml fo/kku ds iz;ksx dh fof/k dh O;k[;k nks izdkj dh lgk;rk ls dh tk ldrh gSA vkUrfjd lgk;rk ls ckgjh lgk;rk vkUrfjd lgk;rk esa 'kh"kZd] izLrkouk] ifjHkk"kk] izko/kku rFkk O;k[;k vkrs gSa rFkk ckgjh lgk;rk ds varxZr lalnh; bfrgkl Hkh lkekU; 'kCnksa dks le>us ess lgk;rk djrk gSA
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
fof/k dh O;k[;k ds lanHkZ esa dbZ lkjs fu;e gSa] muesa ls dqN fuEufyf[kr gS% 'kfCndrk dk fu;e ;g O;k[;k dk ljyre fu;e gSA blds vuqlkj tc fo/kku ds 'kCn lh/ks rFkk ,d vFkZ fy;s gq, gksrs gSa rc 'kCnksa dh O;k[;k ewy :i esa djuh pkfg,] fcuk dqN tksM+s ;k ?kVk;sA 'kfCndrk dk fu;e dkQh egRoiw.kZ gSa ;gk¡ è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd 'kfCndrk ds fu;e ds iz;ksx ds ihNs okLrfod dkj.k jktuSfrd gSA U;kf;d Lo;a dks fof/k fuekZrk rFkk O;k[;k ds eè; Hksn xyr Hkh gks ldrk gSa pfy;s gkVZ&Qqyj ds fookn ls ,d izeq[k n`"Vkar ysrs gSA (HLA Hart "Positivism and the Seperation of Law & Morals", 71 Harvard Law Review 593, 619 (1958) izks- gkVZ ,d
lk/kkj.k fu;e ds ekè;e ls bls Li"V djrs gSa fu;e gS fd ^ikdZ esa okguksa dk izos'k fu"ks/k gSA ;fn Volkswagen,Polo ikdZ esa ?kqlrh gS] rks fu;e dh O;k[;k esa ^okgu 'kCn Li"V gS D;k Volkswagen,Polo ,d okgu ckxhps esa ugha tk ldrs] vr% bl iz'u dk tokc ldkjkRed gksxkA vkb;s] vc FkksM+h cnyh ifjfLFkrh ns[krs gSaA ikdZ esa ?kwers gq, ,d O;fDr dks ân;?kkr gqvk rFkk Volkswagen,Polo dks vkikrdkyhu baejtsl a h dh rjg iz;ksx fd;k x;k D;k Volkswagen Polo us fu;e rksM+k gSA bl fu;e dh fof/k O;k[;k ;s Li"V djrh gS fd pwafd Volkswagen,Polo ,d dkj gS vr% mldk izo's k ikdZ esa fu"ks/k gSA ij bl izdkj dh fof/kd O;k[;k lkekU; Kku ds foijhr gSA ;s cgqr eqf'kdy gS fd 'kkfCndrk dk fu;e ifjis{; ds fu;e ls esy [kk;sA fu;e dk ifjis{;
;g fcYdqy Hkh izko/kku ugha djrk fd ikdZ esa fdlh O;fDr dks fpfdRlh; lgk;rk uk nhtk,A blh izdkj ifjis{;@izlax dk fu;e cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA izlax dk fu;e O;k[;k dk izlax dk fu;e lkekU; le> ds vuq:i gSA blesa 'kCnksa dh O;k[;k vkerkSj ij izlax ds lanHkZ esa gksrh gSA n`"Vkar &Åij mYysf[kr ikdZ esa tgk¡ Volkswagen'kkfey Fkh] vc nwljh leLr mRiUu gksrh gSA ,d ^'kkfjfjd :i ls vl{ke O;fDr ij Motorised wheel chair ls ikdZ ds vanj vkuk pkgrk gSA D;k Wheel Chair,d okgu gS\ fu;e ds vuqlkj ikdZ esa okgu fu"ks/k gSA rks D;kWheelchairij Hkh fu"ks/k gksxkA gekjh lkekU; le> ;g dgrh gS fd ;g xyr gksxk fd ikdZ esaWheelchairdks vkus ls jksdk tk,A D;ksa\ fu;e ds ihNs D;k izlax@ifjis{; gSA ifjis{; ;g gSfd ikdZ esa okguksa dks vkus ls blfy, jksdk tk, rkfd mlesa ?kweus okys yksx ijs'kku uk gksA ,d 'kkfjfjd :i ls vl{ke O;fDr ikdZ esa cxSjWheelchairds ugha ?kwe ldrkA D;k fu;e dk mís'; ,d fuf'pr oxZ ds yksxksa dks ikdZ esa ?kweus ls jksdsxkA tokc udkjkRed gksxkA dbZ ckj fu;e esa iz;qDr 'kCn Lor% viuh O;k[;k dj nsrs gSaA bu lanHkZ esa 'noscitur a sociis ,d ySfVu 'ejusdemgeneris' ds fu;e iz;qDr gksrs gSaA noscitur a sociis ,d ySfVu eSfDle gS
ftldk vFkZ gS 'kCn dk vFkZ ml ds lanHkZ ls ,df=r fd;k tk ldrk gSA Ejusdem
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
generis dk vFkZ gS ,d gh izdkj vFkok Js.kh dsA Ejusdem generis ds vuqlkj tc
,d lkekU;'kCn fof'k"V 'kCnksa ds lk{k fy[kk gS rc lkekU; 'kCn dh O;k[;k lwph ds vU; 'kCnksa esa lkFk dh tkuh pkfg,A n`"Vkar &lafo/kku dh /kkjk 12 ds vuqlkj vU; izko/kkuksa ds vfrfjDr lafo/kku ds bu Hkkx esa jkT; ds vUrxZr dsUnz ljdkj laln jkT; fo/kku e.My rFkk Hkkjr la?k dh lhek ds varxZr vU; LFkkuh; rFkk vU; izkf/kdkj tks fd Hkkjr ljdkj ds v/khu vkrs gSaA jkT; gS ;g iz'u fd D;k International Airport Authority lafo/kku ds vuq- 12 ds varxZr jkT; gS fd ugha ds tokc esa mPpre U;k;ky; us Li"V fd;k fd vuq- 12 esa iz;qDr 'kCn ^vU; izkf/kdkj ds vuqlkj International Airport Authority jkT; gSA (Ramana Dayaram
;g Hkh Fkk fd ;g ;kstuk dsUnz ljdkj }kjk ekU;rk izkIr ugha FkhA ;g ekU;rk Monopolies rFkk Restrictive Trade Practice Actdh /kkjk 23 ds vuq:i feyuh Fkh] gkWykafd bl /kkjk dks ckn esa fujLr dj fn;k x;kA ekeys dh lquokbZ esa mPpre U;k;ky; us Li"V fd;k fd D;ksafd fjf"V dk lek/kku /kkjk ds fujLrhdj.k ls gks tkrk gS rFkk bl izdkj bl lfEeyu dks dsUnz ljdkj }kjk ekU;rk fn;k tkus dh ekax mfpr ugha gSA XX
Shetty Vs. International Airport Authority of India, AIR 1979 SC 1628)
fj"Vh dk fl)kUr &fl"Vh ds fl)kUr ds vuqlkj iz'u ds varxZr oS/kkfudrk dk iz'u ugha gksuk pkfg, vfirq oS/kkfudrk ds le{k iz'u dh fLFkfr vko';d gSA blh rjg ls fo/kku ds lEeq[k ifjfLFkfr vko';d gS rFkk og fj"Vh ftldk fo/kku mipkj iznku djrk gSA vr% vo/kku dh O;k[;k bl :i esa gksuk pkfg, rkfd fj"Vh dk neu gks lds rFkk mipkj izHkkoh gks ldsA n`"Vkar &Hindustan Lever Employee Union Vs. Hindustan Lever Limited AIR 1995 SC470 ds ekeys esa Hindustan Lever Employee Union rFkk TOMCO
ds lfEeyu dh ;kstuk fooknksa esa FkhA nksuksa dEiuh;ksa ds lsod bu lfEeyu dks ysdj fpafrr FksA ;kstuk ij fookn dk ,d dkj.k © 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk ijh{kk mi;ksxh lkexzh fo’k;---10 fof/kd vkpkj ,oa vf/koDrkvks dh vkpkjlafgrk ifjp;%& ewy :i ls ckj dkamfly vkQ bf.M;k dks ;s vf/kdkj gS fd og vf/koDrkvksa ds O;olk; ls lEcaf/kr fu;eksa dk izko/kku dj ldsAa BCI }kjk cuk;s x;s fu;e O;kid ugha gSA vf/koDrkvksa ds vf/kdkj] drZO; rFkk fo'ks’kkf/kdkjkas ls lEcaf/kr fu;e flfoy izfØ;k lafgrk] vf/k’Brk vf/kfu;e ds vfrfjDr fl)karks fopkj/kkjkvkas] ijEijkvkas rFkk jkT; ckj dkmafly }kjk l`ftr fu;eksa esa fufgr gSA (Oil & Natural Gas Commission V, Offshore Enterprises AIR 1993 Bom 217)
vf/koDrk dh ifjHkk’kk%& vf/koDrk ls rkRi;Z vf/koDrk vf/kfu;e ds micU/kksa ds v/khu fdlh ukekoyh esa ntZ vf/koDrk ls vfHkizsr gSA ¼/kkjk 2 ¼1½¼2½½ izos”k rFkk jftLVªs”ku%& BCI, ,MoksdsV ,DV ds v/khu vius d`R;ksa ds fuoZgu ds fy, fu;e cuk ldsxhA BCI
vf/koDrkvksa ds :i esa ukekafdr fd, tkus ds fy, gdnkj O;fDr;ksa dk oxZ ;k izoxZ ds lanHkZ esa fu;e cuk ldsxh (549 (1) vf/koDrk vf/kfu;e ;g izko/kku djrk gS] fd dqN fuf”pr O;fDr;ksa dks vf/koDrk ds :i esa iaftd`r ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ;g O;fDr fuEufyf[kr gS%& ¼1½ uSfrd nqO;Zogkj ds nks’kh ¼2½ vLi`”;rk ds vkjksih rFkk og O;fDr ftUgsa uSfrd nqO;Zogkj ds dkj.k viuk in NksM+uk iM+kA ijUrq ukekadu ds fy, ;FkkiwoksZDr fujgZrk] mlds [fu;qZDr ;k fjgk fd;s tkus ;k inP;qr ;k tSlk ekeyk dks gVk, tkus] ls nks o’kZ dh vof/k dh lekfIr ds i”pkr~ izHkkoh ugha jgsxhA ;g ckr nks’kh ik;s x;s
fdlh ,sls O;fDr ij ykxq ugha gksxh ftlds laca/k esa vijk/kh ifjfo/kk vf/kfu;e 1958 ds mica/kksa ds v/khu dk;Zokgh dh x;h gSA [S.24 (A)(2), Advocates Act]
n`’Vkar%& A ,d ljdkjh lsok ds fy, vkosnu djrk gSA lsok ds dqN fuf”pr in] ,d fuf”pr fiNM+s oxZ ds fy, vkjf{kr gSAa A vkjf{kr oxZ ls ugha gSA ijUrq og ukSdjh izkIrh ds fy, QthZ izek.ki= tek djkrk gSA ekeys dh lquokbZ esa ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k fd mlus uSfrd v/kerk ls lacaf/kr vijk/k fd;k gS] rFkk A nks’kh gSA A eqfDr ds nks o’kZ rd vf/koDrk ds :i esa iathd`r ugha gks ldrk (Kumari Madhuri Patil V. Additional Commissioner, Development) AIR 1995 SC 94)
Tribal
n`’Vkar%& A, tks dh ,d vf/koDrk gS] ml ij equflQ U;k;ky; esa Hkkstu vodk”k ds njE;ku B ij tks fd foi{kh vf/koDrk gS] pkdq ls geyk djus dk vkjksi gS] A us xksyh Hkh pykbZ FkhA A vijk/k dk nks’kh gS rFkk jkT; ckj dkmafly dks A dks bl vijk/k ds fy, fof/k O;olk; ls fu’ks| djus dk vf/kdkj gSA jkT; ckj dkmafly dh vuq”kklu lehfr dks ;g vf/kdkj gS] fd ,sls O;ogkj ds nks’kh vf/koDrkvksa dks ltk ns ldrh gSA (Based on Himkat Ali Khan V. Ishwar Prasad Arya, AIR 1997 SC 864)
;gk¡ è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS] ;fn ,d vkosnudrkZ tks fd vf/koDrk ds :i esa iathd`r gksuk pkgrk gS] vkSj uSfrd v|erk dk nks’kh gS] tSlk dh Åij ds n`’Vkar esa n”kkZ;k x;k gS] eqfDr ds nks o’kZ ds i”pkr~ rd mldk jftLVªs”ku ugha fd;k tk ldrkA n`’Vkar%& Åij ds mnkgj.k esa A fdlh ij pkdw ls geyk djus ds LFkku ij fdlh jkT; laLFkku ls ¼State Bank ;k vk;dj foHkkx½ ls iSls pqjkrk gS] rc Hkh A us uSfrd v|erk dk vijk/k fd;k gS] rFkk ml ij nks o’kZ dk fu’ks/k yx ldrk gSA A
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
uSfrd v|erk ds dkj.k nks o’kZ ds fy, nks’kh gSA ijUrq og ukekadu ds fy, iqu% vkosnu djrk gSA ijUrq mls nks o’kZ rd iathd`r ugha fd;k tk ldrkA n`’Vkar%& A tks fd ,d vf/koDrk gS] og vLi’Vrk vf/kfu;e 1955 dk nks’kh gS] vr% mldk uke jksy esa ls gVk;k tk ldrk gSA mlh izdkj A ,d vkosnu djrk gS] ijUrq og vLi’Vrk vf/kfu;e ds varxrZ nks’kh Hkh gS] vr% mls nks o’kZ ds fy, fu’ks/k fd;k tk ldrk gSA nqO;Zins”ku rFkk diV }kjk ukekadu%& ;fn Hkkjrh; fof/kK ifj’kn~ dks ;g lek/kku gks tkrk gS] fd fdlh O;fDr us fdlh vko”;d rF; ds lEcU/k esa nqO;Zins”ku }kjk ;k diV }kjk vlE;d~ vlj Mkydj vf/koDrk ukekoyh esa viuk uke ntZ djok;k gS] rks og ml O;fDr dks lquokbZ dk volj nsus ds i”pkr~] mldk uke vf/koDrk ukekoyh esa ls gVk ldsxhA (S 26 (1) Ad. Act) diV ,d csbZekuh gS] ftldk mÌs”; ykHk dekuk gSA (S.P. Chegakuaraya Naidu V. Jagnath AIR 1994 SC 583)
n`’Vkar%& P iath;u ds fy, vkosnu djrk gS] ijUrq og Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk 411 rFkk 473 ds varxrZ nks’kh gSA rFkk og ;g ckr fdlh dks ugha crkrkA P dk uke ukekadu lwph ls gVk;k tk ldrk gSA Hkkjrh; lafonk vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 17 ds varxrZ ;g drZO; gS] fd og tkudkjh crk,a fQj pkgs iwoZ&vijk/k ds lac/a k esa iwNk x;k gks ;k ugha ijUrq P dks crkuk pkfg,A (Joginder Singh V. Bar Council of India AIR 1975 Del 192)
n`’Vkar%& P, ,d ,MoksdsV gS rFkk og ukekadu lwph esa ukekadu djkuk pkgrk gS] ijUrq og vius fo:) py jgs nqO;Zogkj ds ekeys dks fNikrk gS] P ukekadu djkus dk gdnkj ugh gSA (Inder Singh, Inre 1963 (65) PLR 619)
d`I;k bl ifjis{; esa lafonk vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 17 ds n`’Vkar rFkk /kkjk 18 dks i<+As ,d ckj jkT; ckj dkmafly }kjk iathdj.k dk vkosnu fujLr gksus ij og O;fDr nwljs jkT; ckj dkmafly esa vkosnu ugha dj ldrk] tc rd fd og jkT; ckj dkmafly rFkk ckj dkmafly vkWQ bafM;k fy[kr esa Lohd`rh uk nsA ¼/kkjk 27] Ad. Act½ vU; jkstxkj ij fucZU/ku ;fn ,d O;fDr fof/k O;olk; djuk pkgrk gS] rks og flQZ fof/k O;olk; gh dj ldrk gSA mls viuk eu bl izdkj cukuk gksxk fd og flQZ fof/k O;olk; djs dqN vkSj ughaA (Re S, a Pleader Raghunath Pur AIR 1936 Pat1)
ckj dkmafly vkWQ bafM;k fu;e 1975 vU; jkstxkj ij fucZU/k yxkrk gSA ¼1½ ,d ,MoksdsV O;fDrxr :i ls fdlh O;kikj esa “kkfey ugha gks ldrk] ijUrq jkT; ckj dkamfly ds fu;eksa ds vuq:i og fdlh QeZ esa Sleeping Partnership dj ldrk gSA ijUrq O;kikj fof/k O;olk; dh izfr’Bk ds vuq:i gksuk pkfg,A (BCI rules Part VI Chapter II, Section VII Rule 47)
,d ,MoksdsV fdlh dEiuh dk Mk;jsDVj ;k cksMZ vkWQ Mk;jsDVj ds ps;jeSu ds in ij Qhl ds fcuk o Qhl lfgr in izkIr dj ldrk gSA A ijUrq ;g in fØ;kUred LoHkko dk ugha gksuk pkfg,A ,d ,MoksdsV fdlh dEiuh dk eSusftax Mk;jsDVj ;k lsdsVªjh ugha gks ldrkA (BCI, Rules Part VI, Chapter II, Section II, Rule 48)
,d vf/koDrk fof/k O;olk; djrs le; fdlh O;fDr] ljdkj] QeZ vkfn esa iw.kZdkfyd osruHkksxh ugha gks ldrkA
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
;fn dksbZ vf/koDrk vU; jkstxkj Lohdk;Zrk gS rks mls bldh tkudkjh ml jkT; ckj dkmafly dks nsuh gksxh ftlesa mldk ukekadu gS rFkk og rc rd fof/k O;olk; ugha djsxk tc rd fd og vU; jkstxkj esa layXu gSA (BCI, Rules Part VI, Chapter II, Sector VII, Rule 49)
jkT; ckj dkmafly vf/koDrk dks dsUnz] jkT;] fdlh jkT; dkWiksZjs”ku o fdlh fo|k;h fudk; esa fof/k vf/kdkjh ds in ij iw.kZdkyhu osruHkksxh ds in ij fu;qfDr dj ldrk gSA /kkjk 28(2) (d) rFkk 24(l)(e), Adv. Act d`I;k bls BCI, Rules Part VI, Chapter II, Section VII, Rule 49 ds lkFk i<+a½s
fof/k vf/kdkjh ,d ,slk vf/kdkjh gksrk gS tks dsUnz] jkT;] jkT; dkWiksZjs”ku o fdlh fo|k;h fudk; dh vksj ls U;k;ky; esa iSjoh djrk gSA (BCI, Rules Part VI, Chapter II, Section VII, Rule 49)
;fn ,d vf/koDrk dks ikfjokfjd O;kikj mÙkjkf/kdkj esa feyrk gS] rc vf/koDrk ,sls O;kikj dks tkjh j[k ldrk gS] ijUrq vf/koDrk futh ;k O;fDrxr rkSj ij ,sls O;olk; dk izca/ku ugha dj ldrk mÙkjkf/kdkj esa izkIr O;kikj dk oks vf/koDrk Hkkxhnkjh j[k ldrk gSA (BCI, Rules Part VI, Chapter II, Section VII, Rule 50)
n`’Vkar%& A dks vkS/kksfxd fookn vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 17B ds vUrxrZ HkÙkk feyrk gS] tc ekeys dk fopkj.k mPpre U;k;ky; esa yfEcr Fkk A rc Hkh vUojr fof/k O;olk; esa layXu Fkk vr% A v/kerk dk nks’kh gS rFkk mls fof/k O;olk; ls fu’ks/k fd;k tk ldrk gSA (Shaik Mahboob Hussain Vs Bar Council of State of Andhra Pradesh High Court Hyderabad, AIR, 2003 NOC 295)
n`’Vkar%& mijksDr mnkgj.k esa A dks HkÙkksa dh izkfIr ds LFkku ij og fdlh O;fDr] ljdkjh] QeZ] dkWiksZjs”ku vkfn esa iw.kZdkyhu osruHkksxh gksrs rc Hkh A }kjk fu;e dks mYya?ku fd;k ekuk tkrkA n`’Vkar%& mijksDr mnkgj.k esa ;fn A dks jkT; ckj dkmafly }kjk ;g vkns”k izkIr gksrk gS fd og fdlh dsUnzh; ;k jkT; rFkk yksd dkWiksZjs”ku esa fof/k vf/kdkjh ds in ij dk;Z dj ldrk gS] ml ifjfLFkfr esa A }kjk fdlh fu;e dk mYya?ku ugha fd;k ekuk tkrkA n`’Vkar%& mijksDr mnkgj.k esa A ;fn HkÙks ysus ds LFkku ij fdlh dEiuh ds cksMZ vkWQ Mk;jsDVj ds in ;k ps;jeSu ds in ij o “kqYd lfgr ;k jfgr dk;Z djrk gS] rc Hkh A }kjk fdlh fu;e dk mYya?ku ugha fd;k x;k ijUrq /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd bu inkas ij A ds drZO; fØ;kRed Lo:i ds ugha gksus pkfg, rFkk A uk gh fdlh dEiuh ds Mk;jsDVj ;k lsØsVjh ds in ij dk;Z dj ldrk gSA n`’Vkar%& A mÙkjkf/kdkj }kjk izkIr O;kikj esa Hkkxhnkjh ;k mls pyk ldrk gS] ijUrq A dks O;fDrxr rkSj ij mlds izca/ku esa Hkkx ysus dh vkKk ugha gSA ,d vf/koDrk%&
ikfjJfed ds cnys lalnh; fcy dh leh{kk dj ldrk gSA
osruHkÙkksa ij fof/k iqLrdkas dks laikfnr dj ldrk gSA
v[kckjksa ds fy, iqu%fujh{k.k dj ldrk gSA
fof/k ijh{kkvksa dh rS;kjh djk ldrk gSA
ijh{kk i=kas dk fu/kkZj.k rFkk ijh{k.k dj ldrk gSA
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
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fof/kd rFkk xSj fof/kd fo’k; dk f”k{k.k] i=dkjhrk dj ldrk gS ¼ijUrq ;g foKkiu rFkk iw.kZdkyhd jkstxkj ds fu;eksa ds fo:) uk gks½A
ckj dkmafly vkWQ bafM;k ,d vf/koDrk dks va”kdkyhu jkstxkj djus dh vuqefr nsrk gS] ijUrq ;g%&
jkT; ckj dkmafly ds vuqlkj dh izd`fr mlds O;oklkj ds fo:) ugh gksuh pkfg,A ;g fof/k O;olk; dh izfr’Bk ds fo:) ugh gksuk pkfg,A ;g fu;e BCI }kjk le;≤ ij tkjh fu;eksa ds v/khu gksrs gSA (BCI, Rules Part VI, Chapter II, Section VII, Rule 52)
vf/koDrk ds drZO; ckj dkmafly vkQ bafM;k ds fu;eksa vuqlkj ,d vf/koDrk dh vU; drZO;ksa vfrfjDr eqofDdy ds fy, U;k;ky; fy,] lgHkkxh;ksa ds fy, rFkk fojksf/k;kas fy, dqN drZO; gSA
ds ds ds ds
vf/koDrk ds vius eqofDdyksa ds fy, drZO; i{ki= Lohdk;Z djuk%& ,d vf/koDrk dks U;k;ky; esa ;k izkf/kdj.k esa i{ki= dks Lohdk;Z djuk gksxkA “kqYd vf/koDrk dh ckj esa fLFkfr rFkk ekeys ds Lo:i ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA ,d vf/koDrk fuf”pr ifjfLFkfr dks i{ki= dks Lohdk;Z djus ls euk Hkh dj ldrk gSA (BCI, Rules Part VI, Chapter II, Section II, Rule II)
n`’Vkar%& C ds fo:) ,d Øhfeuy ekeys esa IC ckj fdlh Hkh ofj’B vf/koDrk dh lsok ugha ys ik;kA C us ckj ds izR;sd lnL; ds ikl x;k ij lHkh us mls fujk”k
fd;kA ckj ds dqN ofj’B vf/koDrkvksa us i{ki= blfy, Lohdk;Z djus ls euk dj fn;k] D;ksafd muds f”kdk;rdÙkkZ ls lEcU/k gks rFkk vU; lHkh f”kdk;rdÙkkZ ds izHkko esa FksA ekeys ds fopkj.k esa U;k;ky; us ;g Li’V fd;k fd ,d vfHkoDrk dks ;fn “kqYd iznku fd;k tk, rks mls i{ki= vLohdk;Z djus dk dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha gS rFkk nwljs i{kdkj ds lkFk lEca/k gksus ds dkj.k vLohdk;Z djus dk dksbZ vkSfpR; ugha gSA (Lalta Vs Zahoor Ahmed AIR 1925, Oudh 672)
opui= dks u rksM+uk%& vkerkSj ij ,d vf/koDrk Lohdk;Z opui= dks ugha rksM+ ldrk tc rd
,slk djus dk dksbZ Li’V dkj.k uk gksA
tc rd dh bldh mfpr rFkk ;qfDr;qDr lwpuk eqofDdy dks u ns nh xbZ gksA
;fn ,d vf/koDrk Lo;a dks opui= ls nwj djrk gS] rks mls eqofDdy dks vuqikftZr “kqYd ykSVkuk gksxkA (BCI, Rules Part VI, Chapter II, Section II, Rule 12)
n`’Vkar%& A, ,d vf/koDrk gS] rFkk og ekeys dh iSjoh fuo`r gksuk pkgrk gS] ijUrq og uk rks bldk dks funsZf”kr izko/kku Fkk] uk gh og eqofDdy dks bldh lwpuk nsrk gS rFkk u gh og eqofDdy dks vuqikftZr “kqYd gh vnk djrk gSA vr% A, ekeys dh iSjoh ls Lo;a dks eqDr ugha dj ldrkA (Patel Maganlal Dhanijibhai Vs Patel Laxmidal Narainbai Kansagana AIR 1988, Guj. 48)
tc vf/koDrk ekeys esa Lo;a xokg gks rc og i{ki= Lohdk;Z djus ls eqDr gksa ;g vko”;d gS fd tc vf/koDrk dks ,slk yxs dh vkxs pydj mls mDr ekeyksa esa xokg cuk;k tk ldrk gS] rks mls i{ki= dks Lohdk;Z gh ugha djuk pkfg,A
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
;fn vf/koDrk us i{ki= ij gLrk{kj dj fn;s gS] rFkk ifjfLFkfr o”k mldh xokgh vko”;d gS rks rRdky mls iSjoh NksM+ nsuh pkfg,A ;fn mlls rRdky eqofDdy dk i{k izHkkfor uk gksA (BCI, Rules Part VI, Chapter II, Section II, Rule 13)
flfoy U;k;ky; dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd og fdlh vf/koDrk dks U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k vf/koDrk ds :i esa vkus ls jksd nsA ;fn vf/koDrk fdlh ekeys esa xokg gS rFkk okLrfod :i ls vf/koDrk dks gVkus ds fy, izkFkZuk dh xbZ gSA (S 151 Code of Civil Procedure)
n`’Vkar%& ,d foHkktu ds ckn es]a A ,d vf/koDrk gS rFkk og izfroknh D dk izfrfuf/kRo dj jgk gSA D, P }kjk ,d “kiFk i= izLrqr djrk gSA bl “kiFki= esa igpku A }kjk dh xbZ gSA vFkkZr~ “kiFk&i= dh ekSfydrk fl) djus ds fy, A dh xokgh vko”;d gSA vc A ekeys esa D dh iSjoh ugha dj ldrk D;ksafd blesa A dh xokgh dh lEHkkouk gSA (Chhatrapati Shivaji Vs State of Bihar AIR 1990 Pat 157)
,d vf/koDrk dk ;g drZO; gS fd og i{kkdkj ;k i{kkdkjksa ls lEcaf/kr vius fgr rFkk lEca/kkas dh iw.kZ rFkk [kqydj ?kks’k.kk djks ,d vf/koDrk ds fy, ;g vko”;d gS fd og i{kdkjkas ls orZeku rFkk Hkwrdkyhu lEca/kkas dh ?kks’k.kk vius i{kdkj ls djsA vfHkoDrk dks ;fn fookn ls dksbZ ykHk gksus okyk gks] rks og bldh tkudkjh eqofDdy dks ns rkfd oks ;g fu’d’kZ ij vk lds fd og i{ki= ds lkFk vkxs c<+uk pkgrk gS ;k ughaA (BCI, Rules, Part VI, Chapter II, Section II, Rules 14)
vf/koDrksa dks i{kdkj ds fgr dks loksZifj ekuuk pkfg, rFkk mls vius O;fDrxr LokFkZ dk R;kx dj nsuk pkfg,A vf/koDrk dks Hk;eqfDr gksdj leqfpr lk/kuksa ds }kjk] vius eqofDdy ds fgrksa dh j{kk djuh pkfg,A
vf/koDrk dks vius i{kdkj dh fQj pkgs og vijk/k esa nks’kh gks ;k ugha vius O;fDrxr fopkjksa ls Åij mBrs gq, j{kk djuh pkfg,A vf/koDrk dks fof/k esa lPph fu’Bk j[kuh pkfg, rFkk fof/k ds vuqlkj fdlh O;fDr dks leqfpr lk{;ksa ds vk/kkj ds fcuk nks’kh ugha Bgjk;k tk ldrkA (BCI, Rules Part VI, Chapter II, Section II, Rule 15)
n`’Vkar%& A, C dh iSjoh djrk gS] ,d ekeys esa ftlesa C nks’kh gS Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk 289 ds varxrZ nks’kh gSA C ij ,d vkØed ikyrw i”kq dks ikyu lEca/kh vkijkf/kd ykijokgh dk vkjksi gSA bl ikyrw i”kq us ‘J’ dks xaHkhj pksV igq¡pkbZ gS] ekus dh A dks vkØed i”kqvkas dk Hk; gS rFkk mldk ekuuk gS fd tks i”kq ekuo ds fy, vkØed rFkk ?kkrd gS mUgsa lekt esa j[kus dk dksbZ vkSfpR; ugha gSA A dk ;g Hkh ekuuk gS fd ,sls i”kq ekfydksa dks ltk feyuh pkfg,A ;gk¡ A dk ;g drZO; gS fd og vius uhth rFkk O;fDrxr fopkjkas ls Åij mBdj C ds fgrkas dh j{kk djks A dks ;gk¡ ;g Hkh [;ky j[kuk pkfg, dh lk{;ksa ds vHkko esa C dgh nks’kh fl) uk gksA (Mohammad Sadique Vs Emperor (1904) 1Crl 1059CA11 ij vk/kkfjrA) bl izdkj vfHk;kstu djuk rkfd csxqukg dks ltk uk gks%& vijkf/kd ekeykas ds izksflD;wVj dks bl izdkj vfHk;kstu djuk pkfg, dh ,d csxqukg dks ltk uk gksA vfHk;kstd dks bl ckr dk [;ky j[kuk pkfg, dh fdlh rF; dks [kjkc u fd;k tk;s ftlls dh nks’keqDrrk fl) gksrh gksA (BCI, Rules Part VI, Chapter II, Section II, Rule 16)
n`’Vkar%& P, D ds fo:) ,d cgq&pfpZr gR;k ds ekeys esa vfHk;kstu dj jgk Fkk] D ds fo:) ,d etcwr ekeyk cukus ds fy, ehfM;k P dh rkjhQ dj jgh FkhA P dks 9 xokg feyrs gS] tks D ds fo:) xokgh dks rS;kj FksA le; ds lkFk&lkFk P dks ;g
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
vkHkkl gksrk gS fd 9 es ls 8 xokg foijhr ckr cksy jgs gS ;k vius c;ku ls iyV jgs gSA P dks xokgkas dh lR;rk ij “kadk gksrh gSA P dks ;g Hkh Kkr gksrk gS fd cpk gqvk ,d xokg tks xokg ds fy, rS;kj gS] mldh ea”kk ihfM+r dks ekjus dh FkhA ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa P dk ;g drZO; gS fd og lcdks rF; ls voxr djk;s rFkk xokgkas ds vk/kkj ij D dks iz”uxr djuk can dj nsA
n`’Vkar%& A vius odhy ls dgrk gS ^^eSaus dwVjpuk dh gS rFkk eSa pkgrk gw¡ fd rqe esjk cpko djks** ;g lalwpuk lkoZtfud djus ;ksX; ughaA
(Davis Vs State 660 SE 2nd 354)
n`’Vkar%& mnkgj.k ds fy, Åij fn;s n`’Vkar esa A, B ls ;g dgrk gS fd ^^eSaus dwVjpuk dh gS rFkk eS pkgrk gw¡ fd rqe esjk cpko djksA** A, B ls ;g Hkh dgrk gS fd ^^eSa nks’keqDr gksdj vkuk pkgrk gw¡ ;fn tt eq>s {keknku ns ns] rks Hkh vijk/k Lohdkjus dks Hkh rS;kj gw¡A** ;gk¡ ij B lwpuk ckgj crk ldrk gS ;fn tt A dk {keknku dks jkth gks rks ;gk¡ /;ku ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd B rHkh tkudkj ckgj nsrk gS tc A mldh vkKk ns nsrk gSA
vf/koDrk dk ;g Hkh drZO; gS fd og vius eqofDdy ls lEcksaf/kr fo”ks’kkf/kdkj rFkk xqIr lwpuk dks ckgj u crk;sA Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 126 ds vuqlkj ,d vf/koDrk dk ;g drZO; gS fd izR;{k rFkk vizR;{k :i ls /kkjk 126 dk mYya?ku u djsaA (BCI, Rules Part VI, Chapter II, Section II, Rule 17)
lk{; vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 126 ds o`frd lalwpuk rFkk xksiuh; tkudkjh ds vykok fuEufyf[kr ds ifjis{; esa izko/kku djrk gSA vf/koDrk rFkk i{kdkj ds e/; opuca/k ds nkSjku gqbZ lalwpukA (126(1) Evidence Act)
fdlh nLrkost dh fLFkfr rFkk lkexzh ds lEca/k esa] ftlls vf/koDrk ekeys ds nkSjku igpku esa vk;kA opuca/k ds nkSjku vf/koDrk }kjk i{kdjk dks nh xbZ lykgA (S 126 Evidence Act)
fuEu lwpuk dks vf/koDrk lkoZtfud dj ldrk gSA fdlh vkxkeh vfo/kkbZ d`R; dh lalwpukA oupca/k ds nkSjku ;fn vf/koDrk dks vU; vijk/k ds lEca/k esa tkudkjh gksA
,d vf/koDrk ml ifjfLFkfr esa tkudkjh lkoZtfud dj ldrk gS tc mls ,slk djus ds fy, Lo;a i{kdkj us lgefr ns nh gksA
* vf/koDrk dksbZ Hkh lwpuk ckgj ikjh dj
ldrk gS ;fn i{kdkj Hkfo’; esa dksbZ voS/kkfud dk;Z dh lalwpuk mls nsrk gSA (R6 (1) lk{; vf/kfu;e) Clark Vs. United States ds egRoiw.kZ ekeys esa U.S. loksZPp U;k;ky; ;g izko/kku djrk gS fd ;fn A ,d i{kdkj
odhy ls lykg ysrk gS] ;g lykg mls diV djus ds lgk;rk nsrh gS] vr% A dks vc dkuwu ls dksbZ lgk;rk ugha feysxhA i{kdkj dks ges”kk lR; crkuk pkfg,A (Clark Vs. United States 289, USI, 15 (1933))
jkstxkj dh lekfIr ds ckn Hkh /kkjk 126 ds drZO; ikjh jgrh gSA eqdnesckth ds fy, mrsftr uk djukA ,d vf/koDrk dks fdlh Hkh le; eqdnesckth ds fy, mrsftr ugha djuk pkfg,A vklku “kCnksa esa dgsa rks odhy dks i{kdkjkas ij ncko Mkydj ;k ckrksa esa ysdj eqdnesckth ugha djuh pkfg,A (BCI,
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
Rules Part VI, Chapter II, Section II, Rule 18)
fdlh fcØh ds fØ;kUo;u esa csph xbZ dksbZ laifr
fof/k O;olk; ds izR;sd lnL; dh ;g ftEesnkjh gS fookn] ikfjokfjd erHksnkas rFkk vU; >xM+kas dk ln~Hkkouk ls fuiVkjk djk;s] rFkk ;g fl) djsa dh fd vke /kkj.kk xyr gS dh odhy flQZ vius fgrksa ds fy, eqdnesckth dks ugha c<+krsA (Justia
vf/koDrk gkykafd vius i{kdkj ds fy, cksyh yxkus ij fu’ks| ugha gSA
Raj Kishore Prasad, Paper Road at Rotary Club Meeting Patna 1956 AIR Journal Section).
Rules Part VI, Chapter Section II, Rule 22)
n`’Vkar%& C ifjokj dh rhu larkuksa esa ls ,d gSA mldk vfoHkkftr tk;nkn es 1/3 dk fgLlk gSA C, A ds ikl tkrk gS rFkk dksbZ oSdfYid jkLrk pkgrk gS ftlls foHkktu Li’V gksA A, C dks dgrk gS fd mlds chl lky ds vuqHko ls og ;g dg ldrk gS fd U;k;ky; esa tkdj vki yM+rs gS rks mUgas T;knk Hkkx feyrk gS] ;g eqdnesckth ds fy, HkM+dkukA vf/koDrk dk ;g drZO; gS fd og vius i{kdkj ds funsZ”kksa dk ikyu djsA (BCI, Rules Part VI, Chapter II, Section II, Rule 19)
,d vf/koDrk eqdnes ds ifj.kke ds vk/kkj ij ;k mlds Hkkx ds vk/kkj ij vius “kqYd dk fu/kkZj.k ugha dj ldrkA (BCI, Rules Part VI, Chapter II, Section II, Rule 26)
n`’Vkar%& A ,d vf/koDrk gS og vius i{kdkj C ds lkFk ;g djkj djrk gS fd C tks fd vHkh vius ls eqDr gS ;fn og viuk osru rFkk HkÙks ikus esa le{k gksrk gS rks A dks 5000/- #i;s feysxkA A dks bl izdkj ds le>kSrs dk gd ugha gSA bldh Lohd`fr Hkh ugha gSA
i{kdkj }kjk vf/koDrk dks cksyh yxkus ;k lEifr [kjhnus ds fy, izkf/kd`r fd;k tkuk pkfg,A (BCI, II,
,d vf/koDrk dks eqofDdy ds lkFk vius “kqYd dks iwoZ nkf;Ro ds cnys ugha lsV djuh pkfg,A ;g nkf;Ro mlds eqofDdy ds lkFk jkstxkj ds nkSjku vftZr ugha gksrkA (BCI Rules, Part VI, Chapter II, Section II, Rule 23)
n`’Vkar%& A ,d vf/koDrk gS ftlus C ls 500/- # m/kkj fy;s Fks] C, A ds ikl vius olh;r fy[kokus ds fy, vkrk gS A, C ls dgrk gS fd eSa olh;r mu 500/- # ds cnys fy[k nsrk gw¡A vr% A us fu;e 23 dk mYya?ku fd;k gSA ,d vf/koDrk dks vius eqofDdy ds fo”okl dk xyr ykHk ugha mBkuk pkfg,A (BCI Rules, Part VI, Chapter II, Section II, Rule 24)
,d vf/koDrk dks ml iSls dk fglkc ;k ys[kk j[kuk pkfg, tks mls eqofDdy ls izkIr gqvk gSA ys[kk esa ;g n”kkZuk pkfg, eqofDdy ls izkIr iSlkA eqofDdy ij [kpZ fd;k iSlkA “kqYd ds [kkrs ij fd;k fodyuA
(P Vanketadri Shastri Vs. Sardar Kesar Singh 1975 (2) APJ 180)
(BCI Rules, PartVI, Chapter II, Section II, Rule 24)
vf/koDrk izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls uk rks cksyh yxk ldrk u gh [kjhn ldrk gSA
n`’Vkar%& A ,d vf/koDrk gS tks fd C dh iSjoh dj jgk gSA A dks C ls 750/- #Niokus ds dk;Z gsrq izkIr gq,A A us ;g
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
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iSls U;k;ky; es tek djk fn;s] rFkk ckn esa “ks’k 242/- #- fcuk C dh vuqefr ls fudky fy,A vr% A fu;e 25 ds mYya?ku dk nks’kh gSA (M, an Advocate, Re, AIR 1957 SC 149)
tc vf/koDrk dks eqofDdy ls /ku izkIr gksrk gS rc vf/koDrk dks ;g Li’V djuk pkfg, fd ;g /ku “kqYd dk Hkkx gS] ;k [kpks± ds fy, gSA fcuk eqofDdy dh Lohd`fr ds vf/koDrk [kpks± ds en esa izkIr /ku dks vius “kqYd ds fy, ugha fudky ldrkA (BCI Rules, Part VI, Chapter II, Section II, Rule 26)
n`’Vkar%& A ,d vf/koDrk gS tks fcuk eqofDdy dh Lohd`fr ds U;k;ky; ls /ku fudky ysrk gS rFkk ckn esa og eqofDdy C dks iwjk iSlk okil Hkh ugha djrkA ijUrq viuk “kqYd dkVus ds ckn “ks’k jkf”k ykSVk nsrk gSA tc A us eqofDdy ds LFkku ij tc U;k;ky; ls /ku fudkyk rc A dks C ls Lohd`fr ysuh pkfg, FkhA A us /kkjk 26 dk mYya?ku fd;k gSA (Varigonda Kameswaramma Vs Duvvuri Swananthan AIR 1964 AP 158)
V.
tc Hkh vf/koDrk dks eqofDdy ls ;k mldh rjQ ls iSlk feyrk gS rc mls “kh?kz vfr ”kh?kz bldh lwpuk eqofDdy dks nsuh pkfg,A (BCI Rules, Part VI, Chapter II, Section II, Rule 27)
n`’Vkar%& A, ,d vf/koDrk gS mls C ¼eqofDdy½ dh vksj ls /ku izkIr gksrk gS] ijUrq A, C dks bldh tkudkjh ugha nsrkA Kkr gksus ij tc C, A ls /ku ekaxrk gS rks og mls ykSVkus esa vleFkZ jgrk gSA A us /kkjk 27 dk mYya?ku fd;k gSA (Re an advocate AIR 1961 Ker 209(FB))
,d vf/koDrk dks eqofDdy ds ys[kksa dh izfrfyfi mlds ekaxus ij mls lkSiuh pkfg,A ijUrq izfrfyfi “kqYd eqofDdy }kjk nh tkuh pkfg,A
,d vf/koDrk dks bl izdkj dk cUnkscLr ugha djuk pkfg, ftlls vf/koDrk dks izkIr /ku dtZ ds :i esa cny tk,A (BCI Rules, Part VI, Chapter II, Section II, Rule 31)
ftl ekeys dh iSjoh Lo;a vf/koDrk dj jgk gS mlesa ,d vf/koDrk eqofDdy dks iSls m/kkj ugha ns ldrkA (BCI Rules, Part VI, Chapter II, Section II, Rule 32)
U;k;ky; ds izfr drZO;%& ,d vf/koDrk dks lnSo U;k;ky; dh izfr’Bk ds vuq:i O;ogkj djuk pkfg,A ,d vf/koDrk dHkh ykpkj ugha gks ldrkA tc Hkh U;kf;d vf/kdkj ds fo:) f”kdk;r dk Bksl vk/kkj gks rks vf/koDrk dk ;g vf/kdkj rFkk drZO; gS fd oks mi;qDr izkf/kdkjh ds le{k viuk [ksn O;Dr dj ldsA (BCI Rules, Part VI, Chapter II, Section I, Rule I)
og vf/koDrk tks U;k;ky; dh voekuuk dk nks’kh gS] og fdlh Hkh U;k;ky; esa iSjoh] ;k vU; dk;Z djus dk vf/kdkjh ugha gksxk] tc rd dh og ektZu uk dj ysA (Shaymalal Vyas Vs Inderchand Jain another, AIR 2008 MP18)
mPp U;k;ky; U;k;ky; dh voekuuk ds nks’kh O;fDr dh U;k;ky; esa mifLFkfr ij jksd yxk ldrh gSA D;ksafd mPp U;k;ky; dks U;k;ky; vf/koDrk ds O;ogkj lEca/kh fu;e cukus dk vf/kdkj gSA (A 145 (1) (a) of Indian Constitution)
mPpÙke U;k;ky; ,d vfHkysf[k; U;k;ky; gS] rFkk mls vfHkysf[k; U;k;ky; dh leLr “kfDr;ka izkIr gS rFkk ;s viuh voekuuk ds nks’kh dks ltk Hkh ns ldrk gSA (A 129 of India Constitution) voekuuk ds fy, nf.Mr djus dh “kfDr leLr mPp U;k;ky;ksa dks izkIr gSA (A 215 of Indian Constitution)
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le>uk pkfg,A (BCI Rules, Part VI, U;k;ky; dh voekuuk nks izdkj dh gks ldrh gSA flfoy voekuuk & flfoy voekuuk ds varxrZ fdlh vkns”k] fu.kZ;] fcØh] fjV ;k U;k;ky; dh nwljh izfØ;k dk tkucw> dj voekuuk “kkfey gSA (S.2(b) the contempt of courts Act 1971)
fØfeuy voekuuk & fØfeuy voekuuk esa fdlh rF; dks Nkiuk ¼”kCn] fpUg ;k vU; lkn`”; oLrqvkas½ ;k vU; d`R; djuk tks fd U;k;ky; dh izfr’Bk dks dyafdr djuk ;k mls dyafdr djus dk izlk; djrs gSA U;kf;d izfØ;k esa nwf’kr iwokZx`g gLr{ksi ;k gLr{ksi djus dk iz;kl djrs gSA fdlh Hkh jhfr ls U;kf;d iz”kklu ;k izfØ;k esa vojks/k djuk ;k vojks/k djus dk n`’Vkar % vf/koDrk A dh fjV ;kfpdk mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk [kkjht dj nh tkrh gSA A blls f[kUu gksdj dgrk gS fd fo’k; ,slk ugh Fkk ftl ij Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;/kh”k lquokbZ djrsA A vkxs dgrk gS fd fjV dk [kkjht gksuk vuqfpr rFkk voS/kkfud Fkk rFkk ;g vuq- 14 dk [kqyk mYya?ku gSA A, ds dFkukas ds ifjis{; esa U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd A ds dFku U;k;ky;
dks dyafdr djus okys gS] rFkk mudh Hkk’kk fu;e 2 dk mYya?ku gSA rFkk ;g ,d fØfeuy voekuuk gSA (Dr. D.C. Saxena Vs Hon’ble Chief Justice of India, AIR 1996 SC 24 81)
,d vf/koDrk dks U;k;ky; ds izfr lEeku j[kuk pkfg, rFkk U;k;ky; dh izfr’Bk dks
Chapter II, Section I, Rule 2)
,d vf/koDrk dks U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; dks xyr rFkk voS/kkfud rjhdksa ls izHkkfor ugha djuk pkfg,A ,d U;k;k/kh”k ds lkFk fopkj.kh; eqÌs ij lalwpuk iw.kZ :is.k fu’ks| gSA (BCI Rules, Part VI, Chapter II, Section I, Rule 3)
n`’Vkar%& A, ,d vf/koDrk gS tks D dk cpko dj jgk gS] D ij C }kjk geyk djds xaHkhj vigrh djus dk vkjksi gSA C dk ijh{k.k R }kjk fd;k x;k Fkk rFkk R us viuh esMhdy fjiksZV esa ;g fy[kk dh C dks ÝsDpj gqvk gS] vc A, R dks 300/- nsus dh is”kd”k djrk gS rkfd ,d ldjkRed esMhdy fjiksZV cukbZ tk ldsA A, ftlus fu;e 3 dk mYya?ku fd;k gS D;ksafd og xyr rFkk voS/kkfud rjhdksa ds U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; dks izHkkfor dj jgk FkkA (Chandrashekhar Sami Vs Bar Council of Rajasthan AIR 1983 SC 1012)
,d vf/koDrk dks vius eqofDdy dks fuEufyf[kr ls cpk lds%& xyr O;ogkj ls U;k;ky; ls lEckasf/kr ,sls d`R; tks Lo;a vf/koDrk ugha dj ldrk vfHkoDrk ,sls eqofDdy dks ekeys ysus ls euk dj ldrk gS tks xyr rjhdkas dk iz;ksx dj jgk rFkk ,d vf/koDrk dks U;k;ky; esa larqfyr Hkk’kk dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A (BCI Rules, Part VI, Chapter II, Section I, Rule 4)
n`’Vkar%& Åij fn;s n`’VkUr esa A ,d vf/koDrk gS rFkk fØfeuy ekeys eas D dk cpko dj jgk gSA D, ftlus C ij ?kkrd geyk fd;k gS] fQj D, A ls lEidZ djrk gS fd og MkWDVj dks fj”or ns dj ldkjkRed fjiksZV izkIr dj ysA ;gk¡ ij A dk ;g drZO; gS fd og D dks ,sls O;ogkj ds fy, euk djs] vxj D fQj Hkh ugha
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ekurk rks] og A, D dk izfrfuf/kRo djuk NksM+ ldrk gSA ,d vf/koDrk dks U;k;ky; esa ges”kk mfpr x.kos’k ;k Mªsl esa vkuk pkfg,A (BCI Rules, Part VI, Chapter II, Section I, Rule 52)
,d vf/koDrk viuk x.kos’k U;k;ky; ds vfrfjDr rFkk dqN ioks±] ij rFkk ,sls LFkkuksa ij tgk¡ ckj dkmafly vkWQ bafM;k }kjk U;k;ky; fuf”pr djs igu ldrk gS] vU;= ughaA (BCI Rules, Part VI, Chapter II, Section I, Rule 7)
,d vf/koDrk U;k;ky; esa] fVªcuw y esa] esa fdlh laxBu] laLFkku] dkWiksZjs”ku ds cpko o foi{k esa ugha vk ldrk ftldk dh og dk;Zdkfj.kh lfefr dk lnL; gksA (BCI Rules, Part VI, Chapter II, Section I, Rule 8)
vf/koDrk fdlh ,sls ekeys dk vfHkopu ugha djsxk ftlesa mlds vkfFkZd fgr layXu gksA (BCI Rules, Part VI, Chapter II, Section I, Rule 9)
n`’Vkar%& A dks ml dEiuh dk okni{k Lohdk;Z ugha djuk pkfg, ftldk og Lo;a eSusftax Mk;jsDVj gksA vfHkoDrk tekur nkrk ugha cu ldrk rFkk og eqofDdy ds fy, tekur dks izekf.kr Hkh ugha dj ldrkA (BCI Rules, Part VI, Chapter II, Section I, Rule 10)
n`’Vkar%& ,d fØfeuy ekeys esa A vf/koDrk C dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA C ,d tekurh vijk/k fd;k gS] A, C dh _.k”kks/ku {kerk dks izekf.kr djrk gSA A us fu;e 10 dk mYya?ku fd;k gSA (Vijay Singh Rathore Vs. Murarilal 1980 1 SCR (205)
foi{kh ds izfr drZO;%& vf/koDrk foi{kh i{kdkj ls flQZ fookn ls lEcaf/kr lalwpuk djsxk] og Hkh foi{kh
i{kdkj ds izfrfuf/k }kjk gksxkA (BCI Rules, Part VI, Chapter II, Section I, Rule 34)
n`’Vkar%& nks cguksa W rFkk S ds e/; lEifr fookn esa A ¼vf/koDrk½ W dk izfrfuf/k dj jgk Fkk rFkk T ¼vf/koDrk½ S dk izfrfuf/k gS W, A dks crkrh gS fd mls QdZ ugha iM+rk ;fn mls ewY;oku oLrq,a uk feys] D;ksafd og rks flQZ xk¡o dk ?kj pkgrh gS] ftlls mldh O;fDrxr ;kns tqM+h gqbZ gSA A lh/ks S ds ikl tkdj ;g izLrko j[krk gSA vr% A us fu;e 34 dk mYya?ku fd;k gSA vf/koDrk dk ;g drZO; gS fd foi{kh i{kdkj ds lkFk fd;s leLr okns iw.kZ djus dk iz;kl djsA (BCI Rules, Part VI, Chapter II, Section I, Rule 35)
lg;ksfx;ksa ds izfr drZO; ,d vf/koDrk vius d`R; dk izR;{k rFkk vizR;{k foKkiu ugha dj ldrk rFkk u gh ;kpuk djsxkA ifji=] foKkiu] nykyksa] O;fDr lajpukvksa }kjk ;k O;fDrxr lEcU/kksa ls ijs lk{kkRdkj v[kckjksa esa vius fopkj ns dj vf/koDrk ekeys ls lEcaf/kr viuh rLohj ugha Niok ldrkA (BCI Rules, Part VI, Chapter II, Section I, Rule 36)
,d vf/koDrk dh ukeifV~Vdk rFkk lkbu cksMZ fuEufyf[kr izdkj dk gksuk pkfg,& ,d ;qfDr;qDr vkdkj dk gksuk pkfg,A ml ij ;g mYys[k ugha gksuk pkfg, fd og ckj dkWmfly dk lnL;] izslhMsVa vkfn gS ;k fdlh vU; laxBu dkA
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;g mYysf[kr ugh gksuk pkfg, fd og fdlh O;fDr ;k laxBu ls tqM+k gqvk gSA ;g mYys[k ugha gksuk pkfg, fd og fdlh fo”ks’k izdkj ds d`R; esa ikjaxr gSA ;g mYys[k ugha gksuk pkfg, fd og U;k;k/kh”k ;k ,MoksdsV tujy jg pqdk gSA tc eqofDdy “kqYd nsus esa l{ke gS rc vf/koDrk fu;eksa ls de “kqYd ugha ys ldrkA (BCI Rules, Part VI, Chapter II, Section I, Rule 38)
n`’Vkar%& A ,d vf/koDrk gS rFkk E ,d bathfu;j ;g nksukas Hkkxhnkjh djrs gS rFkk nksuksa ykHk rFkk gkfu dh cjkcj dh Hkkxhnkjh djrs gSA ;s bathfu;fjax lafonk ds lanHkZ esa fof|d lykg nsrs gSA A us fu;e 37 dk mYya?ku fd;k gSA vf/koDrk vius uke dk mYys[k ;k iz;ksx fdlh lgk;rk tqVkus ;k fof/k O;olk; ds vukf/kd`r iz;ksx ds fy, ugha dj ldrkA
XX
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk ijh{kk mi;ksxh lkexzh fo"k;--11 lEifÙk dkuwu 'kCn ^lEifÙk* dks Hkkjr ds fdlh Hkh fo/kku esa ifjHkkf"kr ugh fd;k x;k gSa bls cgqr lkekU; lanHkZ esa lHkh fof/k vf/kdkj rFkk ykHk ftudk vkfFkZd egRo gks ds :i esa le>k tk ldrk gSA lEifÙk dks dbZ Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA tSls & py lEifÙk] vpy lEifÙk] okLrfod lEifÙk rFkk vewrZ lEifÙk] ewrZ lEifÙk rFkk fujkdkj lEifÙkA General Clauses Act 1897 ds vuqlkj vpy lEifÙk esa fuEufyf[kr 'kkfey gSaA 1- Hkwfe 2- Hkwfe ls izkIr ykHk 3- Hkwfe ls tqM+h oLrq,a ;k Hkwfe ls LFkk;h :i ls tqM+h phtsa iV~Vk rFkk ca/kd Hkh vpy lEifÙk gS] vf/kdkj] tehu ds VqdM+s ij esyk yxus ls izkIr jkf'k dk vf/kdkj ;g vc og ykHk gS tks Hkwfe ls izkIr gS] ;g lc vpy lEifÙk gSA 1- lEifÙk varj.k vf/kfu;e ds varjky Hkwc) ls vfHkizsfjr gSA Hkwfe esa ewfyr tSls isM+ rFkk >kM+h ;s lc vpy lEifÙk gS ijUrq [kM+k dk"B] Qly vpy lEifÙk dk fgLlk ugha gksxh] [kM+s dk"B ls rkRi;Z ml isM+ ls gS] tks bekjrh ydM+h nsrk gSA [kM+k dk"B isM+ ls fHkUu gS D;ksafd [kM+s dk"B dh ydM+h dk iz;ksx bekjr ds cukus esa gksrk gS] ogha isM+ ,d vpy lEifÙk gSA n`"Vkar & Hkkjrh; ifjis{; esa [kM+s dk"B ds varxZr uhe] 'kh'ke] ccwy rFkk Vhd ds isM+ 'kkfey gSA
ftu oLrqvksa dh uhao tehu esa gS og vpy lEifÙk ekuh tkrh gS tSls nhokj] vkfnA blds fy, oLrq ds tehu es jgus ds vk'k; dks ns[kk tkrk gSA tc dksbZ oLrqLo;a ds Hkkj ls Lor% /kal tkrh gS rks og vpy lEifÙk ugha ekuh tkrh gSA n`"Vkar & iRFkjksa ds VqdM+s ,d nwljs ds Åij j[kdj lw[kh nhokj dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA ftldh uhao tehu esa gSA ;g ,d vpy lEifÙk gksxhA tks Hkwfe esa uhao okyh lEifÙk ds LFkk;h ykHkizn iz;ksx ds fy, mlh ls laca/k ,slh oLrqvksa dks vpy lEifÙk dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;s oLrq,a ,slh tqM+h gqbZ oLrq ls mlds LFkk;h ykHk ds fy, layaXu gksrh gSA tSls edku ds njokts] 'kVj] f[kM+fd;k¡ vkfn edku ds LFkk;h ykHkizn miHkksx ds fy, mlds lkFk layaXu gksrs gSaA lEifÙk dk varj.k % lEifÙk ds ekfyd esa dbZ izdkj ls ifjorZu fd;k tk ldrk gSA tSls % 1- LosPNk ls ¼VªkUlQj izksiVhZ ,DV }kjk fu;af=r½ 2- mRrjkf/kdkj ls ¼ilZuy ykW lsD'ku }kjk fu;af=r½ 3- fo/kh dh dk;Zokgh ls ¼Hkweh vf/kxzg.k dkuwu 1894 }kjk fu;af=r½ lEifÙk varj.k vf/kfu;e ,d izkFkfed fo/kku gSA ftlls nks ;k vf/kd thfor O;fDr;ksa ds eè; lEifÙk dks fu;af=r fd;k tk ldrk gSA lEifÙk vf/kfu;e ,DV ds varxZr lEifÙk varj.k dks bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS fd ftlds }kjk dksbZ thfor O;fDr ,d ;k vusd thfor O;fDr;ksa ds e/; lEifÙk gLrkUrfjd djrk gksA thfor O;fDr;ksa ls rkRi;Z flQZ euq";ksa ls gh ugha gksrk cfYd oS/kkfud O;fDrRo okyh laLFkkvksa ls Hkh gSA
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lEifÙk varj.k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 7 ds vuqlkj gj og O;fDr tks lafonk djus ds fy;s l{ke gks vkSj varj.kh; lEifÙk dk gdnkj gks ;k varj.kh; ds tks mldh viuh ugha gS] O;;u ds fy;s izk/khÑr] ,slh lEifÙk dk varj.k iw.kZr% ;k Hkkxr% rFkk vkR;afrd :i ls ;k l'krZ] mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vius foLrkj rd vkSj ml izdkj ls] tks fdlh Hkh rRle; &izo`r&fof/k }kjk vuqKkr vksj fofgr gks] djus ds fy, l{ke gSA tc rd fd dksbZ fHkUu vk'; vfHkO;Dr u gks ;k vko';d :i ls foof{kr u gks] lEifÙk dk varj.k varfjrh dks rRdky gh lEifÙk esa ds vkSj mldh fof/kd izlaxfr;ksa esa ds ml leLr fgr dk laØe.k dj nsrk gS ftldk laØke.k djus ds y, varjd rc leFkZ gks ¼/kkjk 08½ n`"Vkar & ,slh izlaxfr;ksa ds varxrZ fuEufyf[kr vkrs gSaA
ukrsnkj dh olh;r & lEink vfHkizkIr djus dh laHkkouk ;k blh izÑfr dh dksbZ vU; laHkkouk] ek= varfjr ugha dh tk ldrh gSA n`"Vkar & A ,d fgUnq gS ftlds ikl Lo;a dh vftZr lEifÙk gS rFkk B mldh fo/kok gS] rFkk C, A dk HkkbZ gS B dh e`R;q ds ckn C dh izR;{k okfjl gksus dh lEHkkouk gSA fdlh mÙkjHkkO; 'krZ ds Hkax gksus ds dkj.k iqu% izos'k dk vf/kdkj ek= ml lEifÙk dk] ftl ij rn~}kjk izHkko iM+k gS] Lokeh ds flok; fdlh vU; dks vUrfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrk( n`"Vkar & A, B dks 5 o"kZ ds fy, Hkwfe yht ij nsrk gS rFkk B ij ;g 'krZ j[krk gS fd oks tehu ij dksbZ VSad ugha [kksnxk ijUrq B Hkwfe ij VSad [kksnrk gSa 'krZ ds Hkax gksus ds dkj.k A, C dks iqu% izo's k dk vf/kdkj nsrk gS] ;g varj.k voS/k gSA
1- tgk¡ fd lEifÙk Hkwfe gks] ogk¡ mlls vikc) lq[kkpkj] varj.k ds i'pkr~ izksnwHkoeku mlds HkkVd vkSj ykHk Hkwc) lc phtsA 2- tgk¡ fd lEifÙk Hkwc) e'khujh gks] ogk¡ mlds taxe Hkkx vkSj tgk¡ fd lEifÙk dksbZ x`g gks ogk¡ mlls mikc) lq[kkpkj varj.k ds i'pkr~ izksnwHkoeku mldk HkkVd vkSj mlds lkFk LFkk;h mi;ksx ds fy, micaf/kr mlds rkys] pkfc;k¡] NM+]s }kj] f[kM+fd;k¡ vkSj vU; lc phtsA
dksbZ lq[kkpkj vf/k"Bk;h LFky ls i`FkDr% vUrfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrk(
dqN vf/kdkjksa dk lEifÙk varj.k dh Hkkafr varj.k ugha fd;k tk ldrk] ;s vf/kdkj fuEufyf[kr gSA
Hkkoh Hkj.kiks"k.k dk vf/kdkj] pkgs og fdlh Hkh jhfr ls mn~Hkwr] izfrHkwr ;k vo/kkfjr gks] vUrfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
fdlh izR;{k okfjl dh lEink dk mrjkf/kdkjh gksus dh laHkkouk] dqY; dh eqR;q ij fdlh
n`"Vkar & ,d jkthukesa ds vUrxZr ,d O;fDr dks ,d xkao Hkj.k iks"k.k ds fy, bl 'krZ ij
n`"Vkar & ,d Hkwfe ds VqdM+s ij vf/kdkj] tSls jkLrk ikus dk vf/kdkj Hkwfe ds varj.k ds fcuk bl vf/kdkj dk varj.k ugha fd;k tk ldrkA lEifÙk dk ,slk fgr] tks miHkkx esa Lo;a Lokeh rd gh fucZfU/kr gS] mlds }kjk vUrfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrk( n`"Vkar & A, O;fDr dks ?kj fdjk;s ij fn;k x;k] og O;fDr ml ?kj dk varj.k ugha dj ldrkA
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fn;k x;k fd og mldk thou i;kZUr varj.k ugha dj ldsxk ;g vf/kdkj Hkkoh Hkj.kiks"k.k dk vf/kdkj gS] vr% bldk varj.k ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
¼1872 dk 9½ dh /kkjk 23 ds vFkZ ds vUrxZr fdlh fof/kfo:) mís'; ;k izfrQy ds fy;s gks] ;k ¼3½ tks ,sls O;fDr dks] tks vUrfjrh gksus ls fof/kr% fujfgZr gks] ugha fd;k tk ldrk(
okn ykus dk vf/kdkj ek= varfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
n`"Vkar & dqN ,slh fuf'pr oLrq,s ftUgsa muds lq>ko ds dkj.k varfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrk ;s oLrq,a gS & gok] ty] izdk'k bUgsa rescommunes vFkkZr lkeqnkf;d oLrq,sa dgrs gSaA
;g ^ek=* 'kCn dk dkQh egRo gS] ,d O;fFkr i{kdkj dk vf/kdkj gSA bl izdkj {kfr ds fy, okn ykus ds vf/kdkj dks varfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA gkWykafd tgk¡ lEifÙk & {kfriwfrZ ysus ds vf/kdkj ds lkFk varfjr gksrh gS ogk¡ varj.k oS/kkfud gSA n`"Vkar & A B dks Hkfo"; frfFk esa 10 cksjs nsus dks jkth gksrk gS] B vius fgr dk varj.k C dks djrk gS] mlds ckn A lafonk Hkax djrk gS C, A ls {kfriwfrZ olwyus ds fy, okn pykrk gSA C {kfriwrhZ olwyus dk gdnkj gksxk] D;ksafd B ls C dks flQZ okn ykus dk gd ugha fn;k Fkk] vfirq mls lafonk ds fØ;kUo;u dk vf/kdkj Hkh fn;k Fkka ogha nwljh vksj B dks lafonk ds Hkax gksus ij {kfriwfrZ olwyus dk vf/kdkj ek= okn ykus dk vf/kdkj gS] vr% ;g voS/k gSA yksd in vUrfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrk] vkSj u yksd vkfQlj dk lacye~] mlds ns; gksus ls] pkgs iwoZ ;k i'pkr~] vUrfjr ugh fd;k tk ldrk( o`fÙkdk,¡] tks ljdkj ds lSfud] ukSlSfud] ok;qlSfud vkSj flfoy isU'ku Hkksfx;ksa dks vuqKkr gks]a vkSj jktuSfrd isU'kusa vUrfjr ugha dh tk ldrh( dksbZ Hkh vUrj.k tgk¡ rd og rn~r }kjk ml fgr dh] ftl ij] izHkko iM+k gS] izÑfr ds izfrdwy gks] tks Hkkjrh; lafonk vf/kfu;e] 1872
;fn fdlh O;fDr dks fof/k }kjk lEifÙk varj.k ls fu"ks/k fd;k x;k gS] rks og O;fDr lEifÙk varj.k vf/kfu;e ds varxZr varj.k ugha dj ldrk tSls lEifÙk varj.k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 136 U;k;k/kh'k] fof/k O;olk;h rFkk dksbZ Hkh vkfQlj tks dksZV ls lacaf/kr gS vuq;ksX; nkos ds fy, izfrcaf/kr djrh gSA vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 43 ds vuqlkj tgk¡ fd dksbZ O;fDr diViwoZd ;k Hkwyo'k ;g O;ins'k djrk gs fd og veqd LFkkoj lEifÙk dks vUrfjr djus ds fy;s izkf/kd`r gS vkSj ,slh lEifÙk dks izfrQykFkZ vUrfjr djus dh izO;atuk djrk gS] ogk¡ ,slk vUrj.k] vUrfjrh ds fodYi ij fdlh Hkh ml fgr ij izo`r gksxk] ftls vUrjd ,slh lEifÙk esa mrus le; ds nkSjku dHkh Hkh vftZr djs ftrus le; rd ml vUrj.k dh lafonk vfLrRo esa jgrh gSA /kkjk 43 dks izHkkoh cukus ds fy, diViwoZd ;k Hkwyo'k O;;ns'k vko';d gSA n`"Vkar & d] tks fgUnw gS vkSj vius firk [k ls i`Fkd gks x;k gS] rhu [ksr] {k] = vkSj K ;g O;isn'k djrs gq, x dks csp nsrk gS] fd d mUgsa vUrfjr djus ds fy;s izkf/kd`r gSA bu [ksrksa esa ls K [ksr d dk ugha gS] D;ksafd foHkktu ds le; [k us bls vius fy;s izfr/k`r dj fy;k Fkk] fdUrq [k ds ejus ij okfjl ds :i esa K
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
dk d izkIr dj ysrk gSA x us foØ; lafonk dks fo[kf.Mr ugha fd;k gS blfy;s og d ls vis{kk dj ldsxk fd d ls K dks iznÙk djsA n`"Vkar & A ;g n'kkZrk gS fd mls laifr esa varj.k dk vf/kdkj gS rFkk og B ij bls ca/kd j[krk gS] ijUrq A dks ,sls dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha FkkA varj.k ij vojks/k & laifRr varj.k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 10 dksbZ Hkh ,slh 'krZ ;k fu/kkZj.k tks varfjrh dks lEifÙk varj.k ls vojks/k djs 'kwU; gSA tgk¡ iw.kZ vojks/k voS/kkfud gS ogha vkaf'kd vojks/k fu"ks/k ugha gS ;g fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, fd vojks/kiw.kZ gS ;k vkaf'kd] mlds izHkkoksa dk vè;;u djuk gksrk gS] u fd 'kCnksa dkA n`"Vkar & ;g vojks/k fd A viuh lEifÙk fdlh dks rksgQs esa ugha ns ldrk] oS/k gS D;ksfa d ;g vkaf'kd vojks/k gSA ;g 'krZ fd varfjfr viuh lEifÙk dks 3 o"kZ esa varfjr ugha dj ldrk oS?k gS] D;ksafd ;g vkaf'kd vojks/k gS] ijUrq ;g 'krZ fd varfjfr 20 o"kZ rd viuh lEifÙk varfjr ugha dj ldrk voS/k gS] D;ksafd ;g iw.kZ vojks/k gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 10 nks vioknksa dk izko/kku djrh gSa izFke iV~Vs dh n'kk ds ftlesa fd og 'krZ iV~Vk drkZ mlds v/khu nkosnkjksa ds Qk;ns ds fy, gks] nwljk fdlh oSokfgd L=h dks tks fgUnq] eqLyeku ;k ckS) u gks ;k mlds Qk;ns ds fy, bl izdkj varfjr dh tk ldsxhA lafgrk dh /kkjk 11 ds vuqlkj lEifÙk ds vUrj.k ij ml lEifÙk esa fdlh O;fDr ds i{k esa fgr vkR;afrdr% l`"V fd;k tkrk gks] fdUrq vUrj.k ds fuoZU/ku funsZ'k djrs gksa fd og ,sls fgr dk fdlh fof'k"V fjfr ls mi;kstu ;k miHkksx djs] ogk¡ og ,sls fgr dks ,sls izkIr
vkSj O;;fur djus dk gdnkj gksxka ekuksa ,slk dksbZ funsZ'k Fkk gh ughaA /kkjk 11 Li"V fgr ds fo:) fuoZU/ku ls laca/khr gSA ;g Li"V fgr ds iw.kZ varj.k dh ifjfLFkfr esa ykxw gksrh gSA n`"Vkar & A, B dks lEifÙk nku esa nsrk gS rFkk ;g funsZ'k nsrk gS fd B mlesa jgs] ;g nku vkR;kafrd gS] vr% funsZ'k 'kwU;] B ml lEifÙk es jg Hkh ldrk gS vksj ugha HkhA ,d vUrj.kdrkZ viuh lEifÙk ds Li"V fgrks dh j{kk ds fy, vU; vpy lEifÙk ds iz;ksx ds ifjis{; esa funsZ'k tkjh dj ldrk gS rFkk ,sls funsZ'kksa ds mYya?ku dh fLFkfr esa og gtkZuk izkIr djus dk gdnkj gksxkA n`"Vkar & A, B dks ,d ?kj nku esa nsrk gS rFkk ;g 'krZ j[krk gS fd B bl ?kj dks ÅpkbZ bruh ugha c<+k,sxk fd cktw esa cus A ds ?kj esa gok rFkk izdk'k vo:) gks] ,slk funZs'k oS/k gSA A, B dks ,d Hkwfe dk iV~Vk djrk gS rFkk og
Hkwfe ds eè; dk Hkkx vius iz;ksx ds fy, j[krk gS] og B dks vU; Hkwfe ds Hkkx rd jkLrk nsus dk funsZ'k nsrk gS] ;g ,d oS/k funsZ'k gSA ,d vpy lEifÙk ds varj.k ls lacaf/kr mRiUu lafonkRed nkf;Ro dks izlafonk dgrs gSaA izlafonk nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA ldkjkRed izlafonk ¼fdlh d`R; dks djus rFkk iSls nsus dk nkf;Ro½ rFkk udkjkRed izlafonk ¼fdlh d`R; dks uk jdus dk nkf;Ro½A lafgrk dh /kkjk 40 ds vuqlkj tgk¡ fd futh LFkkoj lEifÙk ds vf/kd Qk;nkizn miHkksx ds fy, fdlh vU; O;fDr dk fdlh nwljs O;fDr dh LFkkoj lEifÙk esa ds fdlh fgr ;k lq[kkpkj ij vukfJr ;g vf/kdkj gks fd og i'pkr~
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
dFkfr lEifÙk dk fdlh fof'k"V jhfr ls miHkksx fd;s tkus ij vojks/k yxk ns] vFkok
nsrk gS] ;g izlafonk B ij ckè;dkjh gksxh fQj pkgs ;s ldkjkRed gks ;k udkjkRedA
tgk¡ fd vU; O;fDr ,slh ckè;r ls Qk;nk mBkus dk gdnkj gks] tks lafonk ls mn~Hkwr gksrk gS vkSj LFkkoj lIefr ds LokfeRo ls mikc) gS] fdUrq tks mlesa fgr ;k lq[kkpkj dh dksfV esa ugha vkrkA
;fn B, X, C dks csp nsrk gS] rc C ij A ds izfr izlafonk ckè; dkjh gksxh] ;fn izlafonk udkjkRed gS rFkk C dks mldk Kku gsa
ogk¡ ,slk vf/kdkj ;k ckè;rk ,sls vUrfjrh ds fo:) rks izofrZr dh tk ldsxh] ftldks mldh lwpuk gS ;k tks ml lEifÙk dk] ftl ij rn~r }kjk izHkko iM+k gS] vkuqxzfgd vUrfjrh gS] fdUrq ml vUrfjrh ds fo:) ugha tks lizfrQy gS vkSj ftls vf/kdkj ;k ckè;rk dh lwpuk ugha gS vkSj u mlds gkFk esa dh oSlh lEifÙk ds fo:)A /kkjk 40 dk ;g fu;e Tulk Vs. Moxhay ds fu;e ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA /kkjk 40 ds /kkjk 11 ds lkFk i<+us ij ;g fu"d"kZ vkrk gSA varfjrh ds ikl izlfonk fopkj.kh; gks izlafonk cxy dh Hkwfe ds fgr esa gks rFkk ;g izlafonkdrkZ dh Hkwfe ds ikl gksA ,d varfjrh izfrQy ds lkFk ijUrq fcuk lwpuk ds udkjRed izlafonk ls ckè; ugha gksrk ogha nwljh vksj izfrQy ds fcuk rFkk lwpuk ds fcuk varfjrh udkjkRed izlafonk ls ckè; gksrk gSA n`"Vkar & A ds ikl flQZ ,d tehu dk VqdM+k gS rFkk og mls B dks csp nsrk gS] izlafonk B ij ckè;dkjh ugha gksxhA ;fn A ds ikl X rFkk Y nks tehu ds VqdM+s gSa A, X ¼tehu ds VqdM+s dks½ B dks ,d Y dks Qk;ns esa csp mi;ksx dh izlafonk ds lkFk csp
vKkr O;fDr dks varj.k rFkk 'kk'orrk ds fo:) fu;e lEifÙk varj.k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 5 varj.k dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, mls nks thfor O;fDr;ksa ds eè; varj.k crkrh gS] ijUrq vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 13 vKkr dks varj.k ekU; cukrh gSA /kkjk 13 ds vuqlkjA tgk¡ fd lEifÙk ds vUrj.k ij ml lEifÙk esa dksbZ fgr mlh vUrj.k }kjk l`"V fdlh iwfoZd fgr ds vè;/khu ,sls O;fDr ds Qk;ns ds fy;s tks vUrj.k dh rkjh[k dks vfLrRo esa u gks] l`"V fd;k tkrk gS] ogk¡ ,sls O;fDr ds Qk;nsds fy;s l`"V fgr izHkkoh u gksxk tc rd fd mldk foLrkj lEifÙk esa vUrjd ds lEiw.kZ vof'k"V fgr ij u gksA bl izdkj vKkr ls iwoZ lEifÙk fdrus Hkh yksxksa dks varfjr dh tk ldrh gS] vKkr dks fuf'pr varj.k dh vkKk ugha gSA n`"Vkar & d ml lEifÙk dk] ftldk og Lokeh gS] [k dks vuqØe'k% vius vkSj viuh vkfJr iRuh ds thoui;ZUr ds fy;s vkSj mÙkjthoh dh e`R;q ds i'pkr d ds nwljs iq= ds fy;s U;kl ds :I esa vUrfjr djrk gSA T;s"B iq= ds Qk;ns ds fy;s bl izdkj l`"V fgr izHkko'khy ugha gksrk gS D;ksafd mldk foLrkj ml lEifÙk esa d ds lEiw.kZ vof'k"V fgr ij ugha gSA vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 14 'kk'orrk ds fu;e ds ifjis{; esa izko/kku djrh gS ;g dksbZ Hkh lEifÙk&vUrj.k ,slk fgr l`"V djus ds fy;s
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
izo`r ugha gks ldrk tks ,sls vUrj.k dh rkjh[k dks thfor ,d ;k vf/kd O;fDr;ksa ds thoudky ds] vkSj fdlh O;fDr dh] tks ml dkykof/k ds volku ds le; vfLrRo esa gks] ftls ;fn og iw.kZo; izkIr djsa rks og l`"V fgr feyuk gks] vizkIro;rk ds I'pkr~ izHkkoh gksuk gSA vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 10 ds vuqlkj tgk¡ fd O;fDr ;k O;fDr;ksa ds fdlh oxZ ds Qk;ns ds fy;s l`"V fgr /kkjkvksa 13 vksj 14 esa vUrfoZ"V fu;eksa esa ls fdlh ds dkj.k ,sls O;fDr ;k ,sls lEiw.kZ oxZ ds laca/k esa fu"Qy gks tkrk gS] ogk¡ mlh laO;ogkj esa l`"V vkSj ,sls iwfoZd fgr dh fu"Qyrk ds i'pkr~ ;k ij izHkkoh gksus ds fy;s vk'kf;r dksbZ fgr Hkh fu"Qy gks tkrk gSA n`"Vkar & A B dks Hkwfe nku esa nsrk gS] tks fd mldh Hkrhts dh csVh gS] ;g okn B ds thoui;ZUr gS rFkk mlds ckn mlds oa'ktksa ds fy,] ;fn mlds dksbZ gks rks] ;fn B dks iq#"k oa'kt u gksus ij B dh iq=h ds fy, vkSj ;fn B ds iq= rFkk iq=h nksuksa u gks rks ;g A ds Hkrhts dks gksxk] D;ksafd ;gk¡ B dh vKkr iq=h dks varj.k 'kwU; gSa blfy, A ds Hkrhts dks ;g varj.k /kkjk 16 ds v/khuugha fd;k tk ldrkA è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd i'pkr~orhZ fgr] iwoZorhZ fgrks ij vk/kkfjr ugha gksrs] laifr varj.k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 7 ds vuqlkj lEifÙk ds fdlh varj.k ds fuca/ku fufnZ"V djrs gSa fd ml lEifÙk ls mnHkwr vk; varjd ds thou ls ;k varj.k dh rkjh[k ls gks vBkjg o"kZ dh dkykof/k rd iw.kZr% ;k Hkkxr% lafpr dh tk,sxh] bl micfU/kr ds flok; ,slk funsZ'k 'kwU; gksxkA
dks tks 18 o"kZ dh gksxh mls] bl funsZ'k ds lkFk dh B lEifÙk ls vk; thou Hkj izkIr djsxk rFkk B dh larku dks lEifÙk izkIr gksus esa 20 o"kZ rd lEifÙk ys vk; B izkIr djsxkA ;g 'krZ voS/k gS] D;ksfa d ;g 18 o"kZ dh vo/kh ls vf/kdA ;g fu;e fuEu vioknksa ls xzLr gSA vUrjd ds _.kksa dk ;k vUrj.k ds v/khu dksbZ fgr ikus okys fdlh vU; O;fDr ds _.kksa dk lank; djus ds] vFkok vUrj ds ;k vUrj.k ds v/khu dksbZ fgr ikus okys fdlh vU; O;fDr ds iq=&iq=h;ksa ;k nwjrj lUrfr ds fy;s Hkkxksa dk micU/k djus ds] vFkok vurfjr lEifÙk ds ifj{k.k ;k vuqj{k.k ds] og fgr fufgr gksaxs tks ;fn (a) ftlds }kjk fgr dk miHkksx eqYroh
fd;k tkrk gS (b) mlh lEifÙk esa dksbZ iwfrZd fgr fdlh vU; O;fDr ds fy;s fn;k tkrk ;k vkjf{kr fd;k tkrk gS (c) ml lEifÙk ls mn~Hkwr vk; dks ml le; rd lwfpr fd, tkus dk funs'k fd;k tkrk gS] tc rd miHkksx dk le; ugha vk tkrk (d) dsoy ,sls fdlh mica/k ls fd ;fn dksbZ fo'ks"k ?kVuk ?kfVr gks tk, rks og fgr fdlh vU; O;fDr dks laØkUr gks tk,xkA ;g vk'k; fd fgr fufgrugha gksxk vuqfer u fd;k tk,xkA
n`"Vkar & A, B dks thou Hkj ds fy, lEifÙk varfjr djrk gS rFkk mlds ckn B dh larku © 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
fufgr fgr dCtk vfHkizkIr djus ls igys varfjrh dh e`R;q gks tkus ls foQy ugha gks tkrk tgk¡ fd lEifÙk & vUrj.k ls ml lEifÙk esa dksbZ fgr ,sls O;fDr ds Qk;nsds fy;s l`"V fd;k tkrk gS tks ml le; vtkr gS og viuk tUe gksus ij fufgr fgr vftZr dj ysrk gS] ;|fi mls ;g gd u gks fd og vius tUe ls gh mldk miHkksx djus yxsA ¼/kkjk 20½ n`"Vkar & A B dks thou Hkj ds fy, lEifÙk varfjr djrk gS rFkk mlds ckn C dks vc C ds dqN fgr B ds Åij fuHkZj djrs gSaA A B dks C ds lkFk lEifÙk varfjr djrk gS rFkk B dks ;g funsZf'kr djrk gS fd og C dks
;g lEifÙk mlds 25 o"kZ dk gksus ij nsA vc C ds lEifÙk esa fufgr fgr gSA lekfJr fgr og gksrs gSa tks fd lEifÙk&vUrj.k ls ml lEifÙk esa fdlh O;fDr ds i{k esa fgr fofufnZ"V vfuf'pr ?kVuk ds ?kfVr gksus ij gh vfkok fdlh fofufnZ"V vfuf'pr ?kVuk ds ?kfVr u gksus ij gh izHkkoh gksus ds fy;s l`"V fd;k x;k gks] ogk¡ ,slk O;fDr rn~r }kjk ml lEifÙk esa lekfJr fgr vftZr djrk gSA ,slk fgr iwoZ dfFkr n'kk esa ml ?kVuk ds ?kfVr gksus ij vkSj i'pkr~ dfFkr n'kk esa ml ?kVuk dk ?kfVr gksuk vlEHko gks tkus ij fufgr fgr gks tkrk gSA lekfJr fgr] okn ykus ds vf/kdkj ls fHkUu gSA n`"Vkar & A ,d fgUnq gS] mldh e`R;q gks tkrh gS rFkk mlds ckn B mldh fo/kok rFkk C mldk HkkbZ cprs gSA dsoy C, A dh lEfr esa LokfeRo ys ldrk gSA
A ,d fgUnq gS og viuh lEifÙk dk bl izdkj
cankscLr djrk gs fd mlds ejus ds ckn lEifÙk mldh iRuh dks feysxh] iRuh ds ckn ;fn mldh dksbZ larku gksxh rks mls feysxh] vU;Fkk ;g D dks izkIr gksxhA D ds fgr lekfJr fgr gSA vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 21 ds vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh fgr lekfJr fgr flQZ blfy, ugha gksxk fd og lEifÙk dks ,d fuf'pr vk;q dk gksus ij izkIr djrk gS] vfirq ;fn ,slh lEifÙk ls izkIr vk; ml O;fDr dks nh tkrh gS] ;k mlds Qk;ns ds fy, mi;ksftr dh tkrh gSA l'kZr varj.k & l'krZ ds rkRi;Z gS fd tc lEifÙk&vUrj.k ls l`"V vkSj fdlh 'krZ ij fuHkZj fgr fu"Qy gks tkrk gS ;fn ml 'krZ dh iwfrZ vlaHko gks] ;k fof/k }kjk fuf"k) gks ;k ,slh izd`fr dh gks fd ;fn og vuqKkr dh tk, rks og fdlh fof/k ds mica/kksa dks foQy dj nsxh ;k diViw.kZ gks] ;k ,slh gks ftlesa fdlh nwljs ds 'kjhj ;k lEifÙk dks {kfr vUroZfyr ;k vUrfgr gks] ;k ftls U;k;ky; vuSfrd ;k yksduhfr ds fo:) le>rk gksA n`"Vkar & A B dks bl 'krZ ij lEifÙk varfjr djrk gs fd og C dh e`R;q gks tkrh gS] vr% ;s varj.k 'kwU; gSA A, B dks bl 'krZ ij lEifÙk nsrk gS fd og
vius ifr dk R;kx dj ns] ;g vUrj.k 'kwU; gSA A, B dks bl 'krZ ij lEifÙk varfjr djrk gS fd og D, E, F dh Lohd`fr ls fookg djsxk D ej tkrk gS] ijUrq B, E rFkk F dh Lohd`fr ls fookg djrh gS] rks B }kjk 'krZ dks iwjk djuk
ekuk tk,sxkA
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
l'krZ vUrj.k ds ekeys esa ;fn varj.k fdlh ?kVuk ij vk/kkfjr gks rFkk ?kVuk ds fy, dksbZ le; fu/kkZfjr ugha gS rc 'krZ fujLr le>h tk,sxh tc og O;fDr ?kVuk dks vlEHko cuk nsrk gSA n`"VkUr & A, B dks olh;r cukrk gS rFkk ;g izko/kku djrk gS fd bl olh;r dk izHkko lekIr gks tk,sxk ;fn B, A dh iq=h ls fookg ugha djrk] B fdlh vtuch ls fookg dj ysrk gS] vr% olh;r dk izHkko lekIr gks x;kA ogha nwljh vksj ;fn ?kVuk ds ?kfVr gksus ds fy, le; fu/kkZfjr gS rc fu/kkZfjr le; esa ?kVuk ds uk ?kVus ij fgr nwljs O;fDr dks pyk tkrk gSA Lis Pendens dk fl)kUr ;k fopkjk/khu okn
dk fl)kUr lEifÙk varj.k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 52 ^fopkjk/khu okn ds fl)kUr dk izfriknu djrh gSA bl /kkjk ds vuqlkj vpy lEifÙk dk varj.k fu"ks/k gksxk ;fn fuEufyf[kr rRo iw.kZ u gks rksA l{e U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k okn yfEcr gksuk pkfg,A okn diViw.kZ ugha gksuk pkfg,A okn esa vpy lEifÙk ij vf/kdkj izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls iz'uxr gksuk pkfg,A fooknhr lEifÙk dk vUrj.k gksuk pkfg,A lEifÙk dk vUrj.k vU; i{kdkjksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks izHkkfor djuk pkfg,A fdlh okn ;k dk;Zokgh dk yEcu bl /kkjk ds iz;kstuksa ds fy;s ml rkjh[k ls izkjEHk gqvk le>k tk,xk ftl rkjh[k dks l{ke
vf/kdkfjrk okys U;k;ky; esa og okni= izLrqr fd;k x;k gks og dk;Zokgh lafLFkr dh xbZ vkSj rc rd pyrk gqvk le>k tk;sxk tc rd ml okn ;k dk;Zokgh dk fuiVkjk vfUr fMØh ;k vkns'k }kjk u gks x;k gks vkSj ,slh fMØh;k vkns'k dks iwjh rqf"V ;k mUekspu vfHkizkIr u dj fy;k x;k gks ;krRle;&izo`Ùk&fof/k }kjk mlds fu"iknu ds fy;s fofgr fdlh vof/k ds volku ds dkj.k og vufHkizkI; u gks x;k gksA n`"VkUr & B ds dCts esa ,d edku ds lanHkZ esa A ml ij okn ykrk gSA okn ds fopkjk/khu gksus ds nkSjku B edku dks csp nsrk gSA A dk okn c[kkZLr gksxkA A, B ij ,d edku ij dCts ds lanHkZ esa okn ykrk gSA okn ds fopkjk/khu gksus ds nkSjku B }kjk C dks varj.k 'kwU;dj.kh; gSA A, B dks lEifÙk dk iV~Vk nsrk gS] B lEifÙk ij ls C dks] tks dh xyr rjhds ls lEifÙk dk iz;ksx djjgk gS] gVkus ds fy, okn nk;j djrk gS] rHkh A lEifÙk D dks varjfr dj nsrk gS] okn ds yfEcr gksus dk A }kjk D dks varj.k ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+x s ka D;ksafd okn esa A i{kdkj ugha gSA A, B dks ,d edku csprk gS] C A ds edku cspus ds vf/kdkj dks U;k;ky; esa pqukSrh nsrk gS] rFkk U;k;ky; ls lEifÙk dk gd ekaxrk gS] okn yfEcr jgus ds nkSjku B, C dks edku csp nsrk gS okn yfEcr jgus ds nkSjku B }kjk C dks edku cspus ij dksbZ izHkko ugha gksxk] D;ksafd okn esa B i{kdkj ugha gSA (Bala Rama Chandra Vs. Daula 27 BLR 238)
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
A rFkk B xqIr :i ls ;g le>kSrk djrs gSa fd A ij ml edku ij dCts ds fy, okn yk,xk tks A ds cCts esa gSa rFkk A rFkk B bl okn dks xaHkh :i ls yksx] tc okn yfEcr gksxk rc B lEifÙk C dks cspdj iSlk vkil esa ckaV ysxs] D;ksfa d ;g ekeyk yfEcr gS rks U;k;ky; bl lkSns dks fujLr dj nsxk rFkk A vkSj B dks iSlk fey tk,xk] ijUrq U;k;ky; lkSis dks fujLr ugha djrk rFkk lEifÙk C dks feyrh gS] D;ksafd B dk okn diViw.kZ gSA
og bl ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh fd tgk¡ fd vUrj.k dh dksbZ og vUrj.k fdlh rRle;izo`Ùk&fof/k }kjk mlds fy;s fofgr jhfr ls iwjk ugha fd;k x;k gS] vUrjd ;k mlls O;qRiUu vf/kdkj ds v/khu nkok djus okyk dksbZ O;fDr vUrfjrh ;k mlls O;qRiUu vf/kdkj ds v/khu nkok djus okys O;fDr;ksa ds fo:) ml lEifÙk ds fo"k; esa] ftl ij vUrfjrh us dCtk ys fy;k gS ;k pkyw j[kk gS] dksbZ Hkh ,slk vf/kdkj tks ml lafonk ds fucU/kuksa }kjk vfHko;Dr :i ls micfU/kr vf/kdkj ls fHkUu gS] izofrZr djkus ls fooftZr gksxkA
Hkkfxy ikyu dk fl)kUr %
n`"Vkar & Hkkfxy ikyu ds lanHkZ esa nku ls cpko ugha fd;k tk ldrk] D;ksafd nku izfrQy ds fcuk varj.kh; gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 53A Hkkfxy ikyu ds fl)kUr dk izfriknu djrh gSA tgk¡ fd dksbZ O;fDr fdlh LFkkoj lEifÙk dks izfrQykFkZ vUrfjr djus ds fy;s vius }kjk ;k viuh vksj ls gLrk{kfjr ys[kc) ,slh lafcnk djrk gS ftlls ml vUrj.k dks xfBr djus ds fy;s vko';d fuca/ku ;qfDr;qDr fu'p; ds lkFk vfHkfuf'pr fd;s tk ldrs gSa] vkSj vUrfjrh] us lafonk ds Hkkfxyikyu esa ml lEifÙk ;k mlds fdlh Hkkx dk dCtk ys fy;k gs ;k vUrfjrh] ftldk dCtk igys ls gh gS] lafonk ds Hkkfxd ikyu esa vikuk dCtk pkyw j[krk gs vkSj ml lafonk dks vxzlj djusds fy;s dksbZ dk;Z dj pqdk gS] vkSj vUrfjrh lafonk ds vius Hkkx dk ikyu dj pqdk gS] ;k ikyudjus ds fy;s jtkeUn gS]
fgUnq vfoHkkT; ifjokj dh vksj ls ^drkZ* }kjk lafonk ij gLrk{kj fd;k tkuk /kkjk 53A ds varxZr oS/k gSA Hkkfxy ikyu esa varfjfr }kjk laifr ij ;k mlds fdlh Hkkx ij dCtk djuk vko';d gSA vkSj ;fn dCtk gS rks mls cuk;s j[kuk vko';d gSa vUrfj.kh dks lafonk dk ikyu vko';d gSA n`"Vkar & ;fn ,d Øsrk fu/kkZfjr 'kqYd nsus ds jkth ugha gS rks mls dCtkbZ lEifÙk ls fuokZflr djus dk gd gSA (Bachardas Vs. Ahmedabad Municipality AIR 1941 Bom 346)
yxkrkj dCtk cuk;s j[kus rFkk dCtk izkIr uk djus ds fy, Hkkfxr ikyu dk cpko fy;k tk ldrk gSA /kkjk 53A ds v/khu iznr fl)kUr mu ekeyksa ij ykxw ugha gksrk tgk¡ le>kSrk fdlh fof/k ds v/khu ^'kwU;* gksA
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All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
LFkkoj lEifÙk ds foØ; ds fo"k; esa LFkkoj lEifÙk ds foØ; dks lEifÙk varj.k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 54 esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSa blds vuqlkj foØ;A ;fn nks ;k vf/kd lEifÙk;ksa dk Lokeh mUgsa ,d O;fDr ds ikl ca/kd j[k nsrk gS vksj fQj mu lEifÙk;ksa esa ls ,d ;k vf/kd dks fdlh nwljs O;fDr dks csp nsrk gS rks rRizfrdwy lafonk ds vHkko esa Øsrk mDr ca/kd _.k dks mls u csph xbZ lEifÙk ;k lEifÙk;ksa ls] tgk¡ rd fd mlls ;k muls mldh r`f"V gks ldrh gS] rqf"V djkus dk gdnkj gS fdUrq bl izdkj ugha fd mlls ca/kddkj ds ;k mlls O;qRiUu vf/kdkj/khu nkok djus okys O;fDr;ksa ds ;k mDr lEifÙk;ksa esa ls fdlh esa izfrQykFkZ fgr vftZr djus okys fdlh nwljs O;fDr ds vf/kdkjksa ij izfrdwy izHkko iM+sA /kkjk esa iz;qDr ^dher* dk rkRi;Z ekSfnzd izfrQy ls gSA ;fn izfrQy ekSfnzd ugha gS rks ysu&nsu foØ; ugha gks ldrk gSA okLrfod LFkkoj lEifÙk ftldh dher 100 : gks ds foØ; ds fy, iathd`r nLrkost dh vko';drk gksrh gS bu ekeyks esa iath;u foØ; ds fy, ,d iw.kZ fu/kkZfjr 'krZ gSA ;fn iath;u dh vuqifLFkfr esa lEifÙk dk LFkkuUrj.k ugha gks ldrkA LFkkoj lEifÙk ij vokLrfod vf/kdkj og vf/kdkj gksrs gSa tks lEifÙk ij okLrfod dCts ds fcuk izkIr gksrs gSa] tSls eNyh idM+us dk vf/kdkj] jkLrs dk vf/kdkj vkfnA vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 54 foØe lafonk dk Li"V djrs gq, ;g dgrh gS fd LFkkoj lEifÙk dh foØ;&lafonk ;g lafonk gS fd ml LFkkoj lEifÙk dk foØ; i{kdkjksa ds chp r; gq, fuca/kuksa ij gksxkA og Lor% ,slh lEifÙk esa dksbZ fgr ;k ml ij dksbZ Hkkjl`"V ugha djrhA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 56 ds vuqlkj ;fn nks ;k vf/kd lEifÙk;ksa dk Lokeh mUgsa ,d O;fDr ds ikl ca/kd j[k nsrk gS vksj fQj mu lIefÙk;ksa esa ls ,d ;k vf/kd dks fdlh nwljs O;fDr dks csp nsrk gS rks rRizfrdwy lafonk ds vHkko esa Øsrk mDr ca/kd _.k dks mls u csph xbZ lEifÙk ;k lEifÙk;ksa ls] tgk¡ rd fd mlls ;k muls mldh rqf"V gks ldrh gS] rqf"V djkus dk gdnkj gS fdUrq bl izdkj ughafd mlls ca/kddkj ds ;k mlls O;qRiUu vf/kdkj/khu nkok djus okys O;fDr;ksa ds ;k mDr lEifÙk;ksa esa ls fdlh esa izfrQykFkZ fgr vftZr djus okys fdlh nwljs O;fDr ds vf/kdkjksa ij izfrdwy izHkko iM+sA cU/kd ca/kd fofufnZ"V LFkkoj lEifÙk esa ds fdlh fgr dk og vUrj.k tks m/kkj ds rkSj ij fn;s x;s ;k fn;s tkus okys /ku ds lank; dks orzeku ;k Hkkoh _.k ds lank; dks ;k ,sls opuca/k dk ikyu] ftlls /ku lac/a kh nkf;Ro iSnk gks ldrk gS] izfrHkwr djusds iz;kstu ls fd;k tkrk gSA lEifÙk varj.k vf/kfu;e fuEu izdkj ds cU/kdksa dks ekU;rk nsrk gSA lknk ca/kd ca/kd drkZ ca/kd&lEifÙk dk d Ctk ifjnÙk fd;s fcuk ca/kd /ku pqdkus ds fy;s vius dks O;fDrr% vkc) djrk gS vkSj vfHkO;Dr ;k foof{kr rkSj ij djkj djrk gS fd ml lafonk ds vuqlkj lank; djus esa mlds vlQy jgus dh n'kkesa ca/kdnkj dks ca/kd&lEifÙk dk foØ; djkus dk vkSj foØ; ds vkxeksa dks] tgk¡ rd og vko';d gks ca/kd /ku ds lank; esa mi;ksftr djkus dk vf/kdkj gksxk] ogk¡ og
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
laO;ogkj lknk ca/kd vkSj ca/kdnkj lknk ca/kdnkj dgykrk gSA blesa dCts dk varj.k ugha fd;k tk ldrkA vr% ca/kd nkj dh lEifÙk ls fdjk;k ;k ykHk ysus dk dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha gSA lEifÙk ij ca/kdnkj }kjk dCtk Hkh ughafd;k tk ldrkA ca/kdnkj dks flQZ ,d gh vf/kdkj gS og ;g fd ca/kdnkj U;k;ky; }kjk foØ; dj ldrk gsA tc ca/kd drkZ ca/kd /ku nsus ds fy, ckè; gksrk gSA rc ca/kd nkj ca/kd /ku ds fy, okn yk ldrk gS ;k lEifÙk ;k mlds fo:) okn yk ldrk gS rks ca/kd nkjus ca/kd /ku ds fy, oknyk;k gS rc izkIr fMØh dgyk,xhA ogha nwljh vkSj tc ca/kd nkj ca/kd lEifÙk ds fo:) okn ykrk gSA rc ca/kd nkj dks lEifÙk ds foØ; ds fy, vkns'k fey ldrk gSA
n`"Vkar & ,d leku lEifÙk ds ysu nsus esa i{kdkj nks vyx&vyx nLrkost tek djrs gSaA ;gk¡ ij ca/kd l'krZ foØ; }kjk ca/kd ugha gksxkA
l'krZ foØ; }kjk ca/ku %
D;wfa d ;g le>kSrk lEifÙk ds vf/kdkjdks ysdj gksrk gSA vr% ca/kd nkj lEifÙk ds vf/kdkj dks ysdj gksrk gSA vr% ca/kd nkj lEifÙk ij dCts ds fy, okn ykldrk gSA ijUrq mls cspus rFkk iqjksca/k ds fy, okn ugha yk ldrkA
tgk¡ fd dksbZ ca/kd drkZ ca/kd&lEifÙk dks n`";r% csp nsrk gSA bl 'krz ij fd fdlh fuf'pr rkjh[k dks ca/kd /ku ds lank; esa O;froe gksrs gh foØ; vkR;afrd gks tk,xk] vFkok bl 'krZ ij fd ,slk lank; fd;s tkus ij foØ; 'kwU; gks tk,xk] vFkok bl 'krZ ij fd ,slk lank; fd;s tkus ij Øsrk og lEifÙk foØsrk dks vUrfjr dj nsxk] ogk¡ ,slk laO;ogkj l'krZ foØ; }kjk ca/kd vkSj ca/kdnkj l'krZ foØ; }kjk ca/kdnkj dgykrk gSA l'krZ foØ; }kjk ca/ku esa ca/ku drkZ }kjk ca/ku /ku ds fy, dksbZ nkf;Ro ugha gksrkA bl ifjfLFkfr esa ca/kdnkj dks mipkj flQZ iqjksca/ku }kjk izkIr gksrk gsA;fn ca/ku nkj dks fMØh iqjksca/k izkIr gksrh gS rks ca/kd drkZ dks mlds ekspu ds vf/kdkj ls fo:) dj fn;k tk,xkA n`';eku ekfydRo ;FkkZr ekfydRo esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA
Hkksxca/kd & tc ca/kdrkZ ca/kd&lEifÙk dk dCtk ca/kdnkj dks ifjnÙk dj nsrk gS vkSj mls izkf/kd`r djrk gS fd ca/kd /ku dklank; fd;s tkusrd og ,slk dCtk izfr/k`r djs vkSj ml lEifÙk ls izksn~Hkwr HkkVdksa vkSj ykHkksa dks izkIr djs vkSj mUgsa C;kt eqís ;k ca/kd /ku ds lank; esa ;k Hkxr% C;kt eqís ;k Hkkxr% ca/kd /ku ds lank; esa fofu;ksftr dj ys] ogk¡ og laO;ogkj Hkksx&ca/kd vkSj og ca/kdnkj Hkksx&ca/kdnkj dgykrk gSA
n`"Vkar & ,d ca/kd drkZ ,d fuf'pr lEifÙk ij B ij dCtk nsus ds fy, jkth gksrk gS rFkk og ,d fu;r frfFk fu/kkZfjr djrk gS rfkk dCtk gksus rd 24-1 C;kt Hkh r; djrk gSA ;g ca/kd Hkksx ca/kd gksxkA vaxzsth ca/kd &
tgk¡ fd ca/kddrkZ ca/kd /ku dk izfrlank; fuf'pr rkjh[k dks djus ds fy;s vius dks vkc) djrk gS vkSj ca/kd&laEifr dks ca/kdnkj dks vkR;afrd :i ls fdUrq bl ijUrqd ds vè;/khu vUrfjr djrk gS fd djkj ds vuqlkj ca/kd /ku ds lank; ij ca/kdnkj mls ca/kddrkZ
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
dks izfr&vUrfjr dj nsxk] ogk¡ og laO;ogkj vaxzsth ca/kd dgykrk gSA gd foys[kksa ds fo{ksi }kjk ca/kd & bl izdkj ds ca/kd U;k;laxr ca/kd Hkh dgykrs gSaA bl izdkj dsca/kd esa ca/kd drkZ }kjk ca/kd nkj dks gd & foys[k iznku fd;k tkrk gSA ,slk ml lEifÙk ij izfrHkwr djus ds vkJ; ls fd;k tkrk gSA blesa ca/kd nkj ds vf/kdkj lknk ca/kd ds leku gksrs gSaA foy{k.k ca/kd & ;g ,d vfof'k"V Js.kh gS blesa os ca/kd tks Åij fy[kh fdlh Js.kh esa ugha vkrsA og bl Js.kh esa vk tkrs gSA ,d lknk Hkksx ca/kd foy{k.k ca/kd dh Js.kh esa vk,xkA bl ca/kd esa ca/kd nkj dks ;g gd gksrk gS fd og fdjk;k rFkk ykHk ij C;kt izkIr dj ldrk gSA ,d l'krZ foØ; Hkksx ca/kd foy{k.k ca/kd dh Js.kh esa vkrk gS blesa ca/kd nkj lEifÙk dk drkZ gksrk gSA rFkk ,d fu;r frfFk ,d ca/kd /ku u nsus dh fLFkfr esa ca/kd nkj dks l'krZ fcØh ds vf/kdkj izkIr gks tkrs gSaA ca/kd ds izdkj & ca/kd fuEu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls izHkkfor gks ldrk gSA 1- dCtk izkIr djrk 2- jftLVªhÑr lk/ku 3- gd&foys[kksa dk tek djkuk 100 ls vf/kd ca/ku ds ekeys esa iath;u lk/ku dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bl fu;e esa ge&foys[kksa }kjk ca/ku ,d viokn gSA ekspu djus dk vf/kdkj lEifÙk varj.k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 60 ds vuqlkj ca/kudrkZ ds ca/ku /ku nsus ds ckn lEifÙk ds ekspu dk vf/kdkj gSA ;g vf/kdkj
rc izorZu esa vkrk gS tc ca/kd /ku cdk;k gks tkrk gSA bl ekeys esa ca/kd dks ekaxus dk vf/kdkj gSA ca/ku lk/ku rFkk ge foys[kksa dh okilh dPpk d`r lEifÙk dk leiZ.k fyf[kr esa ca/kdkj ds vf/kdkj rFkk muds iath;u }kjk laifr dk varj.k ekspu dk vf/kdkj flQZ rc miyC/k gksrk gS tc ca/kd ds ykxw gksus dk okn vlQy gks x;k gSA ekspu dk vf/kdkj ,d oS/kkfud vf/kdkj gSA n`"Vkar & ,d ca/kd i= esa ;g 'krZ dh;fn ekspu ds vf/kdkj dks ,d fuf'pr le; ds vUnj mi;ksx es uk yk;k tk, rc ca/kd nkj dks ca/kd lEifÙk esa dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha gksxk rFkk ca/kd i= foØ; i= esa ifjofrZr gks tk,xkA bl izdkj dh 'krZ 'kwU; gS (Gangadhar Vs Shankarlal AIR 1958 SC 773)
200 o"kZ dk ca/ku ekspu ij jksd gS vr% ;g 'kwU; gSA Hkkj Hkkj dks lEifÙk varj.k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 100 esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS] blds vuqlkj tgk¡ fd ,d O;fDr dh Lfkkoj lEifÙk i{kdkjksa ds dk;Z }kjk ;k fof/k dh fØ;k }kjk fdlh nwljs O;fDr dks /ku ds lank; ds fy;s izfrHkwfr cu tkrh gS vkSj og laO;ogkj ca/kd dh dksfV esa ugha vkrk] ogk¡ ;g dgk tkrk gS fd i'pkr~&dfFkr O;fDr dk ml lEifÙk ij Hkkj gSA lEifÙk varj.k vf/kfu;e ds og lkjs izko/kku tks lknk ca/kuij ykxw gksrs gSa og Hkkj ij Hkh tkxw gksaxsA
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
n`"Vkar & A dks vius ukuk ls ,d lEifÙk izkIr gksrh gSA A vius HkkbZ B dks ;g opu nsrk gS fd og B dks lEifÙk dk fdjk;k nsxk] vr% B ij lEifÙk dk Hkkj gks ;g opu nsrk gS f dog B dks lEifÙk dk fdjk;k nsxk] vr% B ij lEifÙk dk Hkkj gSA iV~Vk & vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 105 ds vuqlkj LFkkoj lEifÙk dk iV~Vk ,slh lEifÙk dk miHkksx djus ds vf/kdkj dk ,slk vUrj.k gS] tks ,d vfHkO;Dr ;k foof{kr le; ds fy;s ;k 'kk'or dky ds fy;s] fdlh dher ds] tks nh xbZ gks ;k ftls nsus dk opu fn;k x;k gks] fdlh vU; ewY;oku oLrq ds tks dkyko/kh; :i ls ;k fofufnZ"V voljksa ij vUrfjrh }kjk] tks ml vUrj.k dks ,sls fucU/kuksa ij izfrx`ghr djrk gS] vUrjd dks dh ;k nh tkuh gS] izfrQy ds :i esa fd;k x;k gksA og vUrjd iV~VkdrkZ dgykrk gS] og vUrfjrh iV~Vsnkj dgykrk gS] og dher izhfe;e dgykrh gS vkSj bl izdkj ns; ;k dj.kh; /ku] va'k] lsok ;k vU; oLrq HkkVd dgykrh gSA iV~Vk lEifÙk esa fgr ;k vf/kdkj laca) djrk gS rFkk bls ykblsal ds ifjis{k; esa le>k tk ldrk gSA Indian Easement Act 1882 ds vuqlkj ;fn dksbZ nLrkost fdlh dks Hkqfe ij vkus ;k mldk iz;ksx djus dk vf/kdkj nsrk gS fcuk dCtk fd;s rks og ykblsal dgyk,sxkA ykblsal lEifÙk esa dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha nsrk] ;s u rks varj.kh; fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk u gh ;g mRrjkf/kdkj esa fn;k tk ldrk gSA
dher esa fn;k tkrk gSA B dks Vksy bdV~Bk djus dk vf/kdkj gS ijUrq og LFkkbZ nqdkunkjksa ds eè; gLr{ksi ugha dj ldrkA rFkk u gh A dh bZPNk ds fcuk dksbZ fuekZ.k dj ldrk gSa rFkk lafonk ds vUr esa mls Hkwfe ij ls dCtk gVkuk gksxkA dbZ lkjs fucZU/kksa ds ckotwn Hkh B dk Hkwfe ij mfpr fu;a=.k gSA vr% B dks iV~Vk izkIr gS u fd ykblsal cSad ds iz;ksx ds fy, ifjlj esa cSad eSustj fuokl djrk gS fcuk dksbZ Hkkj fn;s] vr% cSad eSustj dks ykblsal gSA fdlh LFkkoj lEifÙk ij o"kZ nj o"kZ dk iV~Vk ;k ,d ls vf/kd o"kZ dk iV~Vk flQZ iathd`r lk/kuksa }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA vU; lHkh iV~Vs ;k rks iathd`r lk/kuksa }kjk ;k dCtk lfgrk ekSf[kd le>ksrs }kjk fd;s tk ldrs gSA nku nku fdlh py rFkk vpy lEifÙk dh efyfd;r esa ifjorZu djrk gSA ;g LosPNk ls;k fcuk izfriQy Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA ijUrq lEifÙk vfLrRo esa gksuh pkfg,A vr% Hkfo"; dh lEifÙk dks nku esa ugha fn;k tk ldrk gSA nku] Loar= bPNk }kjk gksuk pkfg,A dksbZ Hkh nku tks izrhM+u }kjk fd;k x;k gS] 'kwU; gksrk gSA
ogha nwljh vksj iV~Vk lEifÙk esa fgr nsrk gS rFkk varj.kh; gS o bls mRrjkf/kdkj esa Hkh fn;k tk ldrk gSA
vpy lEifÙk dk nku iathd`r lk/kuksa ds lkFk nks xokgks dh fLFkfr esa gksuk pkfg,A ijUrq tgk¡ lEifÙk py gksrh gS ogk¡] dCtk gLrkarj.k }kjk nku fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d ckj fd;k gqvk nku vizfrlagj.kh; gSA ijUrq nku dks fuEu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa izfrlagj.kh; fd;k tk ldrk gSA
n`"Vkar & A B dks ,d Hkwfe dk VqdM+k ?kj ds fy;s nsrk gSA ;g mls ,d fuf'pr le; rFkk
nkrk vksj vknkrk djkj dj ldsaxs fd fdlh ,slh fofufnZ"V ?kVuk ds ?kfVr gksus ij] tks
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
nkrk dh bPNk ij fuHkZj ugha djrh] nku fuyfEcr ;k izfrlaâr gks tk,xkA
mls ml fof/k }kjk izkIr gS ftuls lafonk 'kkflr gSA
nku mu n'kkvksa esa ls ¼izfrQy ds vHkko ;k vlQyrk dh n'kk dks NksM+dj½] fdlh Hkh n'kk esa izfrlaâr fd;k tk ldsxk ftuesa fd ;fn og lafonk gksrk rks fo[kf.Mr fd;k tk ldrkA
n`"Vkar & fofufnZ"V vuqrks"k ds fy, ,d okn nk;j fd;k x;k tgk¡ ij lafonk esa [kljk uEcj dk myys[k ugha fd;k x;k vkSj Hkwfe dh lgh eki dk mYys[k ugha fd;k x;kA bl ekeys esa ;g fu/kkZfjr gqvk fd bldks fofufnZ"V vuqrks"k ds vUrxrZ ugha yk;k tk ldrkA D;ksafd ;g vfuf'pr gksus ds dkj.k 'kwU; gSA
fofufnZ"V vuqrks"k ds vUrxZr mipkj U;kllaxr mipkj gksrs gSa] tks dh ewy :i {kfriwfrZ ds LFkku ij iznku fd;s tkrs gSA fofufnZ"V vuqrks"k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 5 rFkk 6 ds vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr d`R;ksa dks fof/k ds U;k;ky; esa vpy laifr ds dCts ds lanHkZ esa yk;k tk ldrk gSA ekfydRo gd ds fy, okn dCts ds gd ds fy, okn oknh ds iwoZ dCts ij vk/kkfjr okn] tgk¡ ij oknh dks fcuk Lohd`r vFkok fcuk fof/kds gVk fn;k x;kA fofufnZ"V vuqrks"k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 05 ds vuqlkj tks O;fDr] fdlh fofufnZ"V LFkkoj lEifÙk ds dCts dk gdnkj gS og flfoy izfØ;k lafgrk] 1908 ¼1908 dk 5½ }kjk micaf/kr izdkj ls mldk izR;q)dj.k dj ldsxkA mu ekeyksa esa tgk¡ O;fDr dks lEifÙk ls fcuk Lohd`fr rFkk fcuk fof/kd dk;Zokgh ds gVk;k x;k gS r cog O;fDr ,slk gksus ds 06ekg ds Hkhrj okn yk ldrk gSA ijurq bl vk/kkj ij ljdkj ds fo:) okn ugha yk;k tk ldrkA fofufnZ"V vuqrks"k ds vUrxZr mipkj lafonk rFkk le>kSrs ds vuq:i gksrk gSA blds v/khu O;fDr og lc cpko izkIr dj ldrk gS tks
(Nahar Singh Vs. Harnak Singh, (1996)6 SCC699)
fdlh Hkh lafonkdk fofufnZ"V ikyu U;k;ky; ds foosdkuqlkj izofrZr djk;k tk ldsxkA ¼d½ tcfd ml dk;Z dk] ftldks djus dk djkj gqvk gS] vikyu }kjk dkfjr okLrfod uqdlku dk vfHkfuf'p; djus ds fy, dksbZ ekud fo|eku u gks( vFkok ¼[k½ tcfd og dk;Z] ftlds djus dk djkj gqvk gks fd mlds vikyu ds fy, /ku ds :i esa izfrdkj ;Fkk;ksX; vuqrks"k u igqaprk] gks n`"Vkar & A B dks ,d ?kj 100000 esa nsus dh lafonk djrk gS B dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd og A ds fo:) mDr jkf'k nsdj ?kj [kjhnuh dh fMØh izkIr dj ldsA lafgrk dh /kkjk 13 ds vuqlkj tgk¡ fd fdlh LFkkoj lEifÙk dks ,slk O;fDr ftldk mlesa dksbZ gd u gks] vFkok dsoy viw.kZ gd gks] cspus dh vFkok iV~Vs ij nsus dh lafonk djs ogk¡] Øsrk ;k iV~Vsnkj dks bl vè;k; ds vU; mica/kksa ds v/khu fuEufyf[kr vf/kdkj gS vFkkZr~ & ¼d½ ;fn foØsrk vFkok iV~VkdrkZ us lafonk ds i'pkr~ lEifÙk esa dksbZ fgr vftZr fd;k gks
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
rks Øsrk;k iV~Vsnkj ,sls fgr esa ls lafonk dh iwfrZ djus ds fy, mls foo'k dj ldsxkA ¼[k½ tgk¡ fd gd dks fof/kekU; cukus ds fy, vU; O;fDr;ksa dh lgefr vko';d gks vkSj foØsrk ;k iV~VkdrkZ dh izkFkZuk ij os lgefr nsus dks vkc) gks] ogk¡ Øsrk ;k iV~Vsnkj mldh ,slhlgefr mikIr djus ds fy, foo'k dj ldsxk vkSj tcfd gd dks fof/kekU; cukus ds fy, vU; O;fDr;ksa ds }kjk gOrkarj.k vko';d gks vkSj fork ;k iV~VkdrkZ dh izkFkZuk ij os gLRkarj.k djus dks vkc) gks rc Øsrk ;k iV~Vsnkj mldh ,slk gLrkarj.k mikIr djus ds fy, foo'k dj ldsxkA
¼1½ mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds mica/k taxe lEifÙkds foØ; ;k HkkM+s dh lafonkvksa dks Hkh] ;kor~'kD; ykxw gksaxsA
XX
¼x½ tgk¡ fd foØsrk foYyaxe jfgr lEifÙk dks cspus dh izO;atuk djs fdUrq laifr Ø;&/ku ls vuf/kd jkf'k ds fy, ca/kfdr gS vkSj foØsrk dks okLro esa dsoy ekspu dk gh vf/kdkj gks ogka Øsrk mls ca/kd dk ekspu djkus ds fy, vkSj ca/kddkj lsfof/kek; mUekspu vkSj tgk¡ vko';d gks] ogka gLrkarj.k Hkh vfHkizkIr djus ds fy, foo'k dj ldsxkA ¼?k½ tgk¡ fd foØsrk ;k iV~VkdrkZ lafonk ds fofufnZ"V ikyu ds fy, okn yk;s vkSj gd ds vHkko ;k viw.kZ gd ds vk/kkj ij okn [kkfjt gks tk;s ogka izfroknh dh vius fu{ksi dh] ;fn dksbZ gks] ml ij C;kt lfgr okilh dk vkSj okn dks vius [kpsZ ikus dk vf/kdkj gS rFkk ,sls fu{ksi] C;kt vkSj [kpksZa ds fy, ml fgr ij ;fn dksbZ gks] /kkj.kf/kdkj gS tks ml lEifÙk esa foØsrk vFkok iV~VkdrkZ dk gks tks lafonk dh fo"k;oLrq gSA
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
