History & Reconstruction of Japanese Accent―HRJA 2009/9/4

Categorized vocabulary for the Ryukyuan accentual research and the future topics for the diachronic studies of Japanese accent Akiko Matsumori (Japan Women’ s University)

1．Development of Keiretsubetsu-goi for Ryukyuan accent research 1.1. Proto-Ryukyuan (Pr) Accentual Categories ☆Discrepancy of the Ruibetsu-goi classes and Ryukyuan accentual categories （１） Ryukyuan accentual classes seen through Ruibetsu-goi Ruibetsu-goi classes Hattori (1958, 1979)

1-mora nouns

1

/

23

Matsumori (1997, 1998)

2-mora nouns

12

/

345

Matsumori (2000)

3-mora nouns

12

Matsumori (2000, 2001, 2009)

(for words of any

Lawrence (2005)

A

numbers of morae)

/

45

/

B

/ 345 /

4567

/

C

(*The terms A and B for Categories for verbs and adjectives should be avoided.)

（２）Types of Ryukyuan accent systems according to the patterns of mergers (based on Matsumori 2000)

Pr Keiretsu Kikai-jima

①

A

Kikai-jima (Nakazato, Wan,

①

(Onotsu, Shitooke) Kakeroma-jima

Kami-katetsu, etc.)

B

Miyako-jima (Uechi)

Yoron-to (Chaana)

Hateruma-jima Ishigaki-jima

（Shiraho, Oohama, etc.）

Aden, Akare, Sakamine

Miyako-jima

②

(Ikema-jima,

Sarahama, Nishibaru,

C 1

②

Yonaha)

（３）Position of Keiretsubetsu-goi for the study of Pj (Proto-Japanese) accent system (Pj: Proto-Japanese,

Pm: Proto-mainland Japanese,

Pr: Proto-Ryukyuan)

Ruibetsu-goi Pj

Categoried Vocabulary for Proto-Amami

(for Pm)

Lexicon Keiretsubetsu-goi

〃

Proto-Okinawa

〃

Proto-Miyako Proto-Yaeyama

〃

(for Pr)

etc.

1.2．Developing Keiretsubetsu-goi for future Ryukyuan accent research （４）Accent System of the Kin dialect in the mainland Okinawa island [One-mora nouns] [０]

血 (blood)

cｊi：

/

cｊi： nu

名 (name)

na：

/

na： nu

[-1]

帆 (sail)

hu「：

/

hu： 「nu

歯 (tooth)

ha「：

/

ha ：「nu

[Two-mora nouns] [０]

鼻 (nose)

ha na

/

ha na nu

[-1]

花 (flower)

ha：na「

/

ha ：na 「nu

[-2]

浜 (beach)

ha： 「ma

/

ha：「ma nu

[Three-mora nouns]

(５)

[０]

煙 (smoke)

ki bu sji

/

ki bu sji：

[-1]

鏡 (mirror)

kagami「：

/

kagami：「nu

[-2]

刀 (knife)

kata「na

/

nu

kata「na nu

Ruibetsu-goi categorized according to the accentual patterns in the Kin dialect [０]

(Candidates for A-Keiretsu) （The numbers in the parenthesis indicates the Kindaichi class)

cji: (blood 1-1), hu: (sail 1-1), mi: (fruit 1-1), na: (name 1-2), ha: (leaf 1-2) (candy), usji (cow 2-1),

/

ami

kazji (wind 2-1), kizju (injury, cut 2-1), kucji (mouth 2-1), kusji

(hip 2-1), saki (wine), sudi (sleeve), haku (box 2-1), hana (nose 2-1), hani (wind) 2-1, hudi (brush 2-1), hu:sji (star2-1), mizu (water 2-1), husu (navel 2-1), suna (sand 2-1), icja (cuttlefish 2-1), N:zju (ditch 2-1), juda (branch 2-1), isji (stone 2-2), uta (song 2-2), utu (sound 2-2), kami~kabi (paper 2-2), sji:ba (fang), hasji (bridge 2-2), cju: (person 2-2) / kibusji (smoke

3-1), udui (dancing 3-1), kacuo (bonito 3-1), kazjai (decoration 3-1),

kamadu (oven 3-1), kusari (chain 3-1), sakura (cherry tree 3-1), sjirusji (mark 3-1), tatami (straw mat 3-1), tunai (neighbor 3-1), nigutu (talk in one’ s sleep 3-1), hanazji (noseblood 3-1), macuri (festival 3-1), judai (saliva 3-1), ko:zji (malt 3-1), t’ ai (two persons 3-2),

2

[−１]

(Candidates for B-Keiretsu)

ki: (tree 1-3), ti: (hand 1-3), ni: (load 1-3), ni: (root 1-3), mi: (eye 1-3), ju: (hot water 1-3), hi: (fire 1-3)

/

a:mi: (net 2-3), mu: (potato 2-3), i:ru: (color 2-3), ku:sa: (grass

2-3), ku:mu: (cloud 2-3), ku:mi: (rice 2-3), sji:ma: (island, village 2-3), sju:nu: (horn 2-3), no:ka: (rice bran 2-3), na:mi: (wave), ha:na: (flower 2-3), ja:ma: (mountain 2-3), ma:mi: (bean 2-3), mi:mi: (ears 2-3), ma: (horse 2-3), i:ta: (board 2-4), u:i: (squash 2-4), ka:sa: (umbrella 2-4), ka:ta: (shoulder 2-4), ka:du: (corner 2-4), mi:su: (bean paste 2-4), N:nu: (straw raincoat 2-4), mu:zji: (wheat 2-4), sji:ru: (soup 2-4), wa:ra: (straw 2-4), a:mi: (rain 2-5), mu:mu: (thigh 2-5), yu:ru: (night 2-5)

/

kagami: (mirror 3-4), ikusa:

(battle 3-4), kujumi: (calendar 3-4), takara: (treasure 3-4), ta:ra: (straw-bag for rice 3-4), hakama: (hakama 3-4), hasami: (scissors 3-4), aNda: (oil, fat 3-5), icjicju: (five 3-5), nu:cji: (life 3-5), maQkwa: (pillow 3-5), na:da: (teardrop 3-5), kju:i: (cucumber 3-5) [−２]

(Candidates for C-Keiretsu)

ka:mi: (pot, jug 2-3), ha:ma (beach 2-3), ma:i (ball 2-3), hu:ni (bone 2-3), nu:mi (flea 2-3), i:tju (thread 2-4), u:su (mortar 2-4), mi: (ocean 2-4), hu:ni (boat 2-4), hi:ra (spatula, shovel 2-4), ma:cju (pine tree 2-4), ha:i (needle 2-4), u:ki (tub 2-5), ka:gi (shadow 2-5), kwi: (voice 2-5), na:bi (pot 2-5)，na:ka (inside 2-5), sa:ru (monkey 2-5), ta:bi (socks 2-5), /

katana (knife 3-4), o:zji (fan 3-4), kutuba (word 3-4), muQsu (straw mat 3-4), ka:ra

(tile 3-4), huQkui (bag 3-4), icjiku (cousin 3-5), nasaki (sympathy 3-5), ho:cji (broom 3-5), ha:ja (pillar 3-5), tasuki (sash 3-5), usagi (rabbit 3-6), unazji (eel 3-6), garasa (crow 3-6), kicune (fox 3-6), sjirami (louse 3-6), hadaka (being naked 3-6), kaiko (silkworm 3-7), kuzjira (whale 3-7), kusui (medicine 3-7), ta:re (tub 3-7), hataki (field 3-7), c’ jui (one person 3-7)

1.3．Developing the categorized vocabulary for Proto-Sakishima based on the accent system of Tarama-jima 1.3.1. Hirayama et al. (1983)

Tarama-jima has a ２-pattern system

Matsumori (2001) （６）

a ３-pattern system

It has

When nudu（Nominative marker）is attached →

A

/ B

C

pu: nudu (帆が)

kadi nudu (風が)

tataminudu (畳が)

A

ti: nu’ du (手が)

jama nu’ du (山が)

ta:ra nu’ du (俵が)

B

nuM nu’ du (蚤が)

Fsjul mu’ du (薬が)

C

3

（７） When mai (too), ni:+du (instrumental), Nke: or t Nke:+du (toward), kara or kara+du (from), gami or gami+du (up to) , etc. are attached

A

→

/ B

/ C

pu: mai（帆も）

kadi mai (風も）

kauzI mai （麹も）

A

ki: ma’ i（木も）

mugI ma’ i（麦も）

aVva ma’ i (油も)

B

pa’ L mai (針)

sja:’ ru mai （猿も）

C

kabI ni:du (紙で)

sjudi Nke: du (袖に)

fuci kara (口から）

A

pana ni:’ du (花で)

jama Nke:’ du (山に)

bata ka’ ra (腹から)

B

pu’ ni ni:du (骨で)

guki’Nke: du (桶に)

fu’ ni kara (舟から)

C

（８）Accent System of Tarama-jima pu ＊

ki

（Matsumori 2001）

kadi

kauzI ＊

[0]

＊

mugI

aVva

＊

[-1]

＊

guki

katana

[-2]

1.3.2. The vocabulary corresponding to Ruibetsu-goi （９）The Tarama-jima accent systems seen through Ruibetsu-goi

(exceptions in bold)

(Moraic consonants are shown by uppercase letters.) [０]

(Candidates for A-Keiretsu)

di: (handle 1-1), pu: (sail 1-1)，pa: (leaf 1-2)

/

fucI (mouth 2-1), fudi (brush 2-1), kadi

(wind 2-1), kusji (back 2-1), mizI (water 2-1), musI (insect 2-1), paku (box 2-1), pana (nose 2-1), pani (wing 2-1), sjaki (wine 2-1), sjudi (sleeve 2-1), taki (bamboo 2-1), usI (cow 2-1), kabI (paper 2-2), pitu (human being 2-2)

/

buduL (dance 3-1), kauzi

(malt 3-1), kuruma (car, wheel 3-1), panacu: (nosebleed 3-1)

Msju (bean paste, 2-4)

[−１]

(Candidates for B-Keiretsu)

kI: (tree 1-3), mI: (eye 1-3), ti: (hand 1-3), ju: (hot water 1-3)

/

aM (net 2-3),

ami

(rain), cIkI (moon 2-3), fumu (cloud 2-3), fusja (grass 2-3), iru (color 2-3), jama (mountain 2-3), M: (potato 2-3), mami (bean 2-3), mugI (wheat 2-3), naM (wave 2-3), pana (flower 2-3), pama (beach 2-3), ita (board 2-4), kata (shoulder 2-4), sIru (soup 2-4), tani (seed 2-4) / fukuru (bag 3-4), kujuM (calendar 3-4), maQfa (pillow 3-4), ta:ra (straw bag for rice 3-4), uQzja (quail 3-4), aVva (oil, fat 3-5), nutsI (life 3-5) [−２]

pusu (star, 2-1)

(Candidates for C-Keiretsu)

puni (bone 2-3), funi (boat 2-4), itu (needle 2-4), Nka (inside 2-4),

paL (needle 2-4),

pasI (chopsticks 2-4), puni (bone 2-3), usI (mortar 2-4), guki (tub 2-5),

nabi (pot 2-5)

/ augI (fan 3-4), katana (kitchen knife 3-4), pasjaM (scissors 3-4), paukI (bloom 3-5), SsaM (louse 3-6), fuQzja (whale 3-7), fusjuL (medicine 3-7)

4

micI (road, 2-1)

1.3.3. The vocabulary not corresponding to Ruibetsu-goi (Moraic consonants are shown by uppercase letters.) （１０）Categorized vocabulary assumed based on the Tarama-jima accent system [０]

(Candidates for A-Keiretsu)

akamami (小豆 small beans), akaL (蟻 ant), asjiM (汗疹 heat rash), bikiduM (夫 husband), Ffa (子供 children), fuQcu: (港 harbor), fukuki: (瘤 bump), gama (洞窟 cave), guma (胡 麻 sesame), ka: (井戸 well), kada (匂い smell), kami (亀 turtle), kifusu (煙 smoke), maL (米 rice), nuzI (虹 rainbow), Nnagu (砂 sand), paNmai (食べ物 food), pe:L (酢 vinegar), piL (にんにく garlic), pI:ma (昼 daytime), sje:ka (明け方 dawn), sju: (野菜 vegetable), sjutacuI (ソテツ cycad), supugI (帯 sash, belt), tiN (空 sky), tiNmi (空 sky), tsIbusI (膝 knee), Izu (魚 fish) [−１] (Candidates for B-Keiretsu) adupaL (かかと heel), ata (明日 tomorrow), busju (臍 navel), cIzI (唾 saliva), cja: (茶 tea), kamacI (頬 cheek), kaMnaL (雷 thunder), kIN (着物 clothes), kutusI (今年 this year), kuVva (ふくら脛 calf), kuzju (去年 last year), kju: (今年 today), miduM (妻 wife), Mta (土 soil), nagani (背中 back), nama (今 now), paru (畠 field), sINna (葱 long onion), taku (蛸 octopus), usju (潮), ja: (家 house), junaka (夜中 midnight) [−２] (Candidates for C-Keiretsu) aka (髪 hair), aMdiL (運搬網、魚篭 creel), ara: (外 outside), atugaL (顎 chin), ba:ki (笊 basket), basja (芭蕉 banana tree), biNta (こめかみ temple), cIcIbI (煤 soot), daQkjo (ら っきょう shallot), Ffacu (鍬 hoe), funo: (蜜柑 orange), gamaku (ウエスト waist), gIpa (かんざし ornamental hairpin), gu: (暗礁 reef), IbIra (杓子 ladle, spatula), iM (海 ocean), kabusu (桶座 tub cushion), karazI (髪 hair), kInu: (昨日 yesterday), kuga (卵 egg), ma:sju (塩 salt), makaL (椀 bowl), minaka (庭 garden), miNgami (耳甕 a kind of pot), mipana (顔 face), naba (垢 scurf), nabira (へちま gourd), nakada (台所 kitchen), nibutu (おでき boil), NnabIkaL (雷 lightning), NnacIkI (杵 mallet), Nnazju: (韮 leek), pabiru (蝶 butterfly), pagI (足 leg), piNgu (煤 smut), pira (箆 shovel, pallet), puka (沖 offshore), puka (外 outside), sI:sI (肉 meat), Ssaku (咳 cough), Ssagi (白髪 white hair), sImizI (芋弁 当 lunch), sIbuL (冬瓜 a type of squash), sItumuti (朝 morning), suQzja (砂糖黍 sugar cane), sjana (傘 umbrella), sjata (砂糖 sugar), sjauki (籠 basket), sjasI (柄杓 ladle, scoop), tagu (水桶 water tub), tida (太陽 sun), to:fu (豆腐 tofu), umacI (火 fire), utaki (ウタキ utaki), uVvuL (瓜 squash), ja:ni (来年 next year), jatu (灸 moxibustion), junagatu (夜 night), jusjarabi (夕暮れ時 dawn), zImami (落花生 peanut), zjaufucI (門 gate), sjanagI (ふんどし loincloth), mugIguru (麦わら straw)

5

1.4. Reconstructing the three classes (tonal?) and the vocabulary list for each class for other areas (based on the two-pattern systems) (１１)

Comparing Uechi (A/BC) and Yonaha, or Sarahama (AB/C) → Vocabulary list for each of the three tonal categories in the Proto-Miyako system Comparing Onotsu, or Koniya (A/BC) and Akaren (AB/C) → Vocabulary list for each of the three tonal categories in the Proto-Kikai or Proto-Amami systems

2. Some issues for the reconstruction of Pr 2.1. Did vowel length distinction for nouns exist in Pr or Pj? 2.1.1. Present state of vowel length distinction in Ryukyuan （１２）The Kin-dialect in mainland Okinawa (In this dialect, A, B, and C-Keiretsu are distinguished by the place of their long vowels for two-mora nouns, but not for three-mora nouns or longer words.)

[One-mora nouns] cｊi： /

[Two-mora nouns]

cｊi： nu (blood)

hu「： / hu：「nu (sail)

[Three-mora nouns]

hana (nose)

kibusji (smoke)

[A]

hana「：(flower)

kagami「： (mirror)

[B]

ha：「ma (beach)

kata「na (knife)

[C]

（１３）The Okazen-dialect in Tokunoshima

（In this dialect, A, B, and C-Keiretsu are

all distinguished by the place of their long vowels, in addition to the place of accents.）

[One-mora nouns] [A]

na：nu (名が)

na：kara (名から)

ha：sji (葉で)

cji：kacji (血に)

[B]

kI：「nu (木が)

kI：「ka’ :ra (木から)

tI：「sji (手で) kI： ka:cji (木に)

[Two-mora nouns] [A]

utu：nu (音が)

sjudi： kara (風から)

kabi： sji (紙で)

[B]

sIma：「nu (島が)

jama「ka’ ：ra (山から)

mamI：「sji (豆で)

[C]

ka：「gI nu (影が)

fu：「nI kara (舟から)

na：「bI sji (鍋で)

[Three-mora nouns] [A]

hana：zji nu (鼻血が)

sIru：sI kara

[B]

hasa「mi：nu (鋏が)

kaga「mi ka’ ：ra (鏡から)

abu「ra ka：cji (油に)

[C]

kutu：「ba nu (言葉が)

usa：「gi kara (兎から)

kata：「na kacji (刀に)

6

(兎から)

kuruma ka：cji (車に)

2.1.2. Is the vowel length in the first syllables of C-Keiretsu nouns found in mainland? (cf. Okumura 1958) However, the appearance of long vowels in the Kyushu dialects is phonologically conditioned, and they do not seem to correspond with that of C-Keiretsu in Ryukyuan dialects. Some data from Kyushu includes (14) and (15): (１４)

Hondo

(the Amakusa archipelago)

mi:zu (water 2-1),a:ri (ant 2-1), u:sji (cow 2-1), ka:ki (persimmon 2-1), ka:ni (crab 2-1), na:cu (summer 2-2), hu:ju (winter 2-2), a: mi (net 2-3), ku:cu (shoes 2-3), a:ki (autumn 2-5), ha:ru (spring 2-5) (１５)

Segami

(Koshiki-jima in Kagoshima prefecture)

ko:sji (back 2-1), ka:gi (persimmon 2-1), mu:sji (insect 2-1), na:sji (pear 2-2), ha:sji (bridge 2-2), a:mi (net 2-3), na:mi (wave 2-3), ha:sji (chopstick 2-4)

2.2. How did the distinction of B-Keiretsu and C-Keiretsu develop? If we assume that the distinction between B & C existed in Pj, a rather unnatural accent system would be necessary, in which one-mora nouns have 3 lasses, two-mora ones 8, and three-mora ones 8.

Matsumori (2001)

(１６) [One-mora nouns]

A

Pj classes?

1

/

2

1-1

[Two-mora nouns]

Pj classes?

2-1

/

/

1-2

A

1

3

/

2-2

3 /

2-3

7

3

Pm □

1-3

B

2

Pr □

B

Pr □

C

/

4 /

2-4

4

/ 5

2-5

/

5

Pm □

[Three-mora nouns]

Pj classes?

A

1

/

3-1

B

2

/

3-2

4 /

4

Pr □

C

/

5 /

3-4

5

/ 6

3-5

/

3-6

７

3-7

Pm □

2.3. The retention of the basic tonal registers (tonal melodies) in the proto-system （１７）Prediction made by Uwano (1984): Dialects of the merger type (12 //3,

12 //345, 123//4567) should retain the older

distinction of tonal registers (式 shiki) in Pm (or Pj?).

Were the basic tonal registers (式 shiki) of Pj retained in Pr? Does Uwano (1984)’ s prediction apply in the present Ryukyuan dialects?

The dialects with the３-pattern system may retain (vestiges of) tonal registers.

☆

(１８)

Compound nouns for the Okazen dialect in Tokunoshima （布袋）

A

nuno: kara (布から)

nuno: bukuru

B

mami「ka’ :ra（豆から）

mami「buku’ :ru

C

sa:「ta kara（砂糖から）

sa:「ta bukuru （砂糖袋）

（豆袋）

☆ The dialects with the２-pattern system should retain or lose them depending on the types of mergers：Dialects of the type (A/BC) should retain the older distinction of tonal registers in Pj, while those of (AB/C) or (AC/B) may have lost the distinction.

（１９） Types of mergers

Examples of the Ryukyuan dialects

Tonal registers for compouds retained?

I

A/B C

Kakeroma-jima, Ishigaki-jima, etc.

II

A B /C

Kikai-jima (Akaren), Ikema-jima, etc.

No ?

III

A C/B

Ie-jima

No ?

8

Yes ?

3. Conclusion 3.1. Ryukyuan diachronic studies should be made based on Keiretsu-betsu goi; Ruibetsu-goi , although efficient for the diachronic studies of mainland Japanese dialects, contains only a small part of Ryukyuan vocabulary. 3.2. The development of Keiretsubetsu-goi should be made based on the categorized vocabulary for the subclasses in Ryukyuan dialects. 3.3. Some future topics using Keiretsu-betsu goi: ☆ How did the distinction between B-Keiretsu and C-Keiretsu develop? ☆ Did the long vowels observed in the first syllable of C-keiretsu words in Northern Ryukyu develop after Proto-Northern Ryukyu was separated from Pr, or can we trace it back to Pr?

Or even to Pj?

☆ Were the tonal registers in Pm and Pr both inherited from Pj?

References Hattori, Shirō. 1958. Amami-gunto no sho-hōgen ni tuite: Okinawa, Sakishima sho-hōgen tono hikaku. Jinrui-kagaku. IX. Reprinted in Hattori 1959:275-94. Hattori, Shirō. 1959. Nihongo-no keitō. Tokyo: Iwanami-shoten. Hattori, ShirM1979. Nihon sogo ni tsuite 21, 22. Gekkan Gengo. 8-11, 12. Hirayama, Teruo (ed). 1983. RyūkyūMiyako-shotōhōgen kiso-goi no sōgō-teki kenkyū. Tokyo: Ōfusha. Lawrence, Wayne. 2005. Ōgimi-son Takazato-hōgen no onchō-taikei. Ryūkyū no hō gen. 29. Tokyo:Okinawa-bunka kenkyu-jo, Hosei University. Matsumori, Akiko. 1996. Ryūkyūni okeru ni-onsetsugo dai 4, 5-rui no gotō-chō’ onsetsu o meguru sho-mondai. Hirayama Teruo Hakase Beiju-kinen Ronshū. Tokyo: Meiji-shoin. 1130-47. Matsumori, Akiko. 1998. Ryūkyk akusento no rekishi-teki keiseikatei: Ruibetsu-goi 2-haku go no tokushuna gōryūno shikata o tegakari ni. Gengo Kenkyk 114: 84-114. Matsumori, Akiko. 2000a. Ryūkyūno takei akusento taikei ni tuiteno ichi kōsatsu: Ryūkyūsogo ni okeru Ruibetsu-goi 3-paku go no gōryūno shikata. Kokugo-gaku 51-1: 93-108. Matsumori, Akiko. 2000b. Ryūkyūakusento chōsano tameno ruibetsu-goi no kaihatsu: Okinoerabu -jima no chōsa kara. Onsei Kenkyk 4: 61-71. Matsumori, Akiko. 2001. Historical tonology of Japanese dialects. Proceedings of the symposium “Cross-lnguistic studies of tonal phenomena: tonogenesis, Japanese accentology, and other topics”. Ed. By S. Kaji, 93-122. Tokyo: ILCAA, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. Matsumori, Akiko. 2009. Okinawa-hontōKin hōgen no taigen no akusento-gata to sono keiretsu: Ryūkyū chōsayō keiretsubetsu-goi no kaihatsu ni mukete. Nihon-joshidaigaku Kiyō Bungakubu 58: 97-122.

9

Okumura, Mitsuo 1958. On’ in to akusento: akusento kenkyū no igi. Kokugo-kokubun. 27-9. Reprinted in Akusento. ed. by Tokugawa, Munemasa. Yū sei-dō: 160-173. Shimabukuro, Moriyo 2008. A Reconstruction of proto-Japanese accent for disyllabic nouns: focusing on the problem of subclasses. In Proto-Japanese: Issues and Prospects. ed. by Frellesvig, B. and J. Whitman. John Benjamins: 125-139. Uwano, Zendo. 1984. Rui-no tōgō to shiki-hozon: Oki no fukugō-meishi akusento. Kokugo Kenkyk 47:1-53.

Appendix Tentative List of Keiretsu-betsu goi (Categorized Vocabulary for Ryukyuan accent research) based on the vocabulary of the Kin dialect in Okinawa

(based on Matsumori 2009)

●植物 げっとう

saniNgo

A

らっきょう

daQcjo:

Ｂ

にんにく

hiru

A

茎(野菜類の）

gu:tji:

Ｂ

びろう樹（くば）

kuba

A

実２

na:i:

Ｂ

藻（ほんだわら）

mo:

A

あおさ

a:sa

C

にんじん

sjidekuni

A

あだん

adanu, adaN

C

種

sani

A

苺

itjobi

C

ガジュマル

C

A

gazjibaru

Nzji

カボチャ

suNbu

C

棘（アダンやバ ラの） 実１

mi:

Ａ

きのこ

na:ba

C

小豆

akama:mi:

B

ごぼう

guNbo

C

茅

ka:ja: (gaｊa:とも）

B

薄（ススキ）

gusjitji

C

昆布

ku:bu:

B

ソテツ

sjiticu

C

砂糖きび

wu:zji:

Ｂ

大根

de:kuni

C

冬瓜

sjibui:

Ｂ

芭蕉の木

ibasa

C

苦瓜

go:ja:

Ｂ

みかん

kiribu, kirubu

C

韮(葱の意味も）

bi:ra:

B

梢（サトウキビ

Ｃ

nabera:

B

su:ra

糸瓜（へちま）

の先端など）

蓬

hu:cjuba:

Ｂ

きくらげ

mimigui

Ｃ？

落花生

zji:ma:mi:

B

蜥蜴

o:gama

A

鳩

hatu

A

蛇

habu

A

貝１（ほら貝）

bura

A

●動物

10

魚

j’ u:

Ａ

蝉

ni:zju:,

鮫、ふか

saba

A

蝶

haberu:

Ｂ

飛魚

tubiju

A

トンボ

akezju:

B

毛虫

ki:musji

A

ウロコ

iritji:

B

ほたる

biNbin

A

蛙

atabicja

C

尾

djui

Ａ

豚

w’ a:

C

牙

sji:ba

A

山羊

hi:zja

C

猫

ma:ja:

B

烏

garasa

Ｃ

鼠

weNcju:

Ｂ

やどかり

amamu

C

貝２（蛤）

ke:

Ｂ

雲丹

kasusu

C

貝３（一般）

N:na:

Ｂ

くらげ

kurage

C

亀

ka:mi:

B

なまこ

sjikiri

C

くらげ（小型）

hi:ra:

B

ばった

ga:ta

C

mukazji

Ｃ

ta:ku:

Ｂ

ムカデ

蛸 蟻

aiko:

Ｂ

kaNzji

C

蚊

gazjamu

Ｃ？

mi:zju:

B

たてがみ、 とさか

かまきり

bi:tato:

B

●人間・人間関係 兄

wi:ki:

A

兄弟

so:de:

B

姉

unai

A

青年

ni:sje:

B

夫

utu

A

大工

sje:ku:

B

子

kwa:

A

父

su:

B

妻

tuzji

A

兄（目上、年上

sji:zja

C

友

du:sji

A

の人）

人

cju:

A

家族

ja:guna

C

按司（領主）

azji:

B

子供

warabi

C

弟（目下の人）

uttu:

B

孫

ma:ga

C

男

ikiga:

Ｂ

母

N:ma

Ｃ？

女

inagu:

B

●身体・身体関係 垢

hiNgu]i

A

足

hisa

A

いびき

hanabu]cji

A

尻

subi

A

11

膝小僧

suNsji

A

背中

nagani:

B

へそ

husu

A

握り拳

tizjukumi:

B

ほくろ

azja

A

腹

wa:ta:

B

ふけ（鱗も）

iricji:

B

ふくら脛

kuNda:

B

しゃっくり

sakubi:

B

咳

sa:koi

Ｂ？

唾

tuQpe:

B

白髪

sjiragi

C

尿

sji:bai

B

たんこぶ

gu:bu

C

腕

ke:na:

B

顎

utuge

C

顔

sura:

B

頭

suburu

Ｃ

踵（かかと）

a:du:

B

髪

karazju

C

すね

su:ni:

B

腰周り

gamaku

C

●生活・食物 麹

ko:zji

A

下駄

asjizjai

B

飯、稲

mee

A

家

ja:

B

昆布

ku:bu:

B

門

zjo:

Ｂ

小豆

akama:mi:

B

結婚

ni:bicji:

B

肉

sji:sji:

B

銭

zji:ni:

Ｂ

粥

uke:me

C

労働協力（労働交換）

i:ma:ru:

B

砂糖

sa:ta

C

ふんどし

sanazji

C

塩

ma: su

C

天井

tiNzjo

C

雑炊・混ぜごはん

zju:sji, zju:sj i:

C

便所、豚小屋

uru

Ｃ

卵

ku:ga

C

刺青

hazjicji

C

豆腐

to:hu

C

灸１

ja:cju

Ｃ

餅

mu:cji

Ｃ

灸２（よもぎから作成）

u:cju

C

団子

da:gu

Ｃ

シーサー

sji:sji

C

草履、草鞋

saba

A

煤

su:su

C

井戸

suNzja

A

松明１

tubusji

C

いさり

izai,

A

薪

tamunu

C

三味線

saNsji]ri

A

布団

u:du

C

（煤・鍋などの）汚れ・垢

hiNgui

A

鞠（まり）

ma:i

C

相撲

sjima

A

かんざし

zji:ha

Ｃ

匂い 1（良い）

kaba

A

ウタキ（拝所）

utaki

Ｃ

匂い 2（悪い）

kazja

A

松明２

te:bi:

B

着物

sjinu:

B

izjai

12

●道具 釜

hagama

A

杵

azjumu

Ｃ

鍬

kwe:

A

桶座（頭上運搬用）

gaNsjina

C

鎌

irena

A, C

篭（小）（背篭、ビク）

ti:ru

C

櫛

sabacji:

B

籠（竹で編む、浅めのザ

瓶（飲料水を入れる）

Ｂ

so:ki

C

haNdo:

ル）

椀

makai:

B

篭（竹で編む、大きめ）

ba:ki

C

鋤

ja:cjiba:

B

のもの、棒で担ぐ）

モッコ（運搬用網籠）

o:da:

B

脱穀用筵（藁で編んだ

nikubuku

Ｃ

櫂（舟の）

je:ku:

B

目の粗いもの）

鋸

nukuzjiri:

Ｂ

水桶

ta:gu

C

急須/鉄瓶

su:ka:

Ｂ

小刀

sji:gu

C

B、

杖

gusanu

C

サバニ（刳り舟）

sabani:

Ｃ

篭（頭上運搬用）、

銛（魚を突き刺す漁具）

sabani

tu:zjai

C、 mi:zjo:ki、mi:sjo:ki:

Ｂ

Ｂ、

脱穀用ザル

Ｃ

箸

me:ｓｊi

Ｃ？

斧(石を削るハンマー)

ju:ｃｊi

Ｃ？

杵

kakezjicji

C

膳

usjiki

C

ひしゃく

ni:bu

C

箆（大）、しゃもじ

ibera

C

●自然・方角・時・数 空

tiNto

A

月

sji:cju

C

虹

no:zji

A

池、水溜り

kumui

C

丘

mui

A 城

gusuku, gusuku:

C、 Ｂ

崖、断崖

haNta

A

坂

hira

Ａ

山の頂上

sji:zji

Ｃ？

洞窟

gama

Ａ

上

wi:

A

陸

agi

A

下

sjicja

A

潮（海の）

u:su:

Ｂ

東

agari

A

雷

kaNnami:

Ｂ

右

Nzjiｒｉ

A

浅瀬（海の）

hisji:

Ｂ

外

uka:

B

谷

sa:ku:

Ｂ

南

he:

B

太陽

ti:da

Ｃ

北

ni「sji

Ｃ

13

今

nama

A

今年

kuNdu

Ｃ

明日

a:cja:

B

再来年

naNcju

C

今日

su:

B

梅雨

su:ju

C

暇、隙間

ma:du:

Ｂ

来年

ja: ni

C

夜中

junaka:

B

二つ

t'a:cju

Ａ

夜

ju:ru:

B

三つ

mi:cju

Ａ

Ｂ、

六つ

mu:cju

Ａ

去年

ku:zjui

Ｃ

四つ

ju:cju

Ａ

暁2

akatuNcji

C

八つ

ja:cju

Ａ

朝

sjitimiti

C

五つ

icji:cu:

Ｂ

明後日

asati

C

七つ

nanacju:

Ｂ

おととい

uQti

C

一つ

t'i:cju

Ｃ

昨日

kinu

C

14