BIS 2A Discussion Section Study Guide The following are concepts that may or may not show up on the BIS2A discussion final exam. *Note: This is not a comprehensive list. Details for all of the following concepts can be found in Sadava 9th ed. and/or the lab manual. In preparation for the cumulative exam, review all group activities, pre-discussion questions, and the terms provided at the end of each week’s activity. Biochemistry • Chemical bonding (types and strengths) • Hydrophobic/hydrophilic • Electronegativity • Redox reactions (reduction potential) • Properties and function of lipids/membranes • Properties of amino acids • Structure of DNA, RNA, lipids, carbohydrates (polymerization, condensation reactions) Energetics • Conservation of mass and energy • Ways energy can be stored in the cell • ATP synthesis (3 ways) • Endothermic vs. exothermic reactions • Enzymes and catalysis (activation energy) • Alternative lifestyles (carbon and energy sources) Genetic Information • Ploidy • Redundancy • Types of mutations • Horizontal gene transfer (transfection, transduction, antibiotic drug resistance) • Relationship of genotype and phenotype (dominant vs. recessive) • Allele frequencies (wild type vs. mutant) Cellular Processes • Central dogma (transcription and translation) • DNA Replication (mismatch repair) • Cell cycle (mitosis) • Meiosis and recombination (Muller’s ratchet, crossing over, independent assortment) • Gene Regulation (lac operon, +/- feedback) • Cellular Respiration (glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, TCA, chemiosmosis, ETC) • Photosynthesis (light vs. dark reactions, carbon fixation, cyclic vs. noncyclic) Ecology, Evolution, and Speciation • Costs/benefits of different life strategies (fermentation vs. aerobic respiration, rod vs. sphere, etc.) • Natural selection

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Tree of Life (3 Domains, Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic)

Scientific Method • What goes into designing a good experiment? o Ex) How were Meselson-Stahl able to show that the semiconservative replication model was the correct hypothesis? What were their alternative hypotheses? o Ex) How did Hershey–Chase show that DNA (and not protein) is the genetic material?