INDEX YOJANA - APRIL 2018
1. NORTH EAST : AN ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE ...................................................... 3 2. PROVIDING WORLD CLASS LOGISTICS ............................................................... 4 3. BAMBOO MISSION : A TOOL FOR ECONOMIC PROSPERITY ............................... 6 4. REAPING BENEFITS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE .........................................8
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YOJANA – APRIL 2018 •
1. NORTH EAST : AN ECONOMIC
After independence, due to partition of
PERSPECTIVE
India the industrial sectors in Assam
What are the reasons for the tardy
received a serious setback as its trade
progress of North Eastern states ? •
Geographical
factors
:
The
routes were cut-off from the rest of
hills
India.
account for 70 percent area of NER and accommodate about 30 percent of
•
•
integration with other parts and also
the remaining 30 percent of area hold
reduced
about 70 percent of its population.
region for the investment.
The region's accessibility has always
•
attractiveness
of
the
Tea is a major industry in Assam region but this also faces multiplicity
reasons
of
and
underdeveloped
issues
like
conflict
between
labourers, health benefits and welfare issues.
Also, as the region witnesses floods •
Agriculture : The pace of agricultural
Assam,
growth in the eastern and North
considerable strain is exerted on the
eastern regions has been slower than
economy of not only Assam but other
rest of the country.
and
Barak
valleys
of
NER states too.
•
The
Green
revolution
was
largely
Infrastructural factors : One of the
limited to the parts of North wester
reasons
parts and has not benefitted the North
for
the
economic
east region.
backwardness of the North Eastern states is the poor state of basic infrastructural facilities like roadways, waterways, energy and so on as well as
social
educational
infrastructure institutions,
like health
facilities etc.,. •
the
remained weak due to geographical
and landslides in the Brahmaputra
•
This, in turn, hindered the economic
population and the plains constituting
transport links with the rest of India. •
Constraints on Industrial growth :
•
Natural resource Base : In spite of having
a
reservoir
of
natural
resources - soil, water, vegetation and hydrocarbons,
the
underdeveloped
NER
because
is the
resources are being indiscriminately
The NE region is witnessed with
exploited and mismanaged, thereby
increasingly congested roads, frequent
leading to depletion of the very assets
power failures, shortage of drinking
that
water etc.,
triggering the greatest potential for
are
usually
highlighted
as
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•
growth and development of NER. •
as
road development in the NER is very •
As a result of partition, the region of
relatively
high
prices
•
isolation from the rest of the country. •
processing,
Enhancing
the
competencies
of
Creating the
•
skills the
and
people
and
a
hospitable
investment
private
sector particularly
for
Harnessing
the
resources
of
the
Government and the private sector to
it is extremely difficult for the NER to
realize the objectives of the vision.
2. PROVIDING WORLD CLASS
and foreign entrepreneurs and trade. It is generally accepted that more than 30 percent of the youth population are addicted to drugs and it is a major hindrance
in
the
economic
LOGISTICS What are the problems existing in the railways sector ? •
While
the
increased What is the way forward ?
governance
development planning
and
participatory
through
to
and
significantly
since
its
in the infrastructure is not sufficient.
grass
promote
root
•
In fact IR has only added 10,000 route kms since independence while China
inclusive
has added 50,000 route kms in the
development.
same period.
Creation of development opportunities for the rural areas through enhancing
•
to other countries in the world and it
activities such as animal husbandry,
occurs
horticulture, floriculture, fisheries and of
livelihood
mainly
of
the
errors
and
negligence of the employees.
options
through rural non - farm employment.
The incidence of railway accidents in our country is greater when compared
productivity in agriculture and allied
generation
traffic
inception, the corresponding growth
Empowering people by maximising self
passenger
number of routes operated by IR has
development of this region.
•
power
stance towards east oriented posture, successfully compete with the MNCs
•
hydro
infrastructure.
"Act East policy" which heralded the
•
agro
climate to encourage investment by
Miscellaneous factors : With India's tectonic shift of India's west oriented
region
within the Government and outside.
of
consumer goods but also by a sense of
the
building the capacities for institutions
suffered not only economically in the form
in
generation.
slow due to various geographical and
•
develop sectors
having a comparative advantage such
Transport and Communication :The
economic reasons.
To
•
Another problem that is faced in India
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is large number of passengers travel
•
•
IR.
transport demands and of raising and improving the traffic volume and flows
The fares of the trains and routes are
at lower unit of operation.
populist
measures
of
the
•
obsolete railway engines, wagons and
the fiscal trap.
other equipment has created serious problems in India.
IR has a huge employee base of 1.3 which
makes
the
•
quicker
lines which create great inconvenience
pay
the
railway
organisations
and
passengers.
Operating ratios are likely to worse as 7th
Most of the railway lines are single to
costs pile up, including money for the
•
Commission
The railway transport lagged behind the requirement due to inadequate
recommendations which is nearly Rs
investment
28,000 crores this year to retirees and
investment window to the private
saving employees of Railways.
enterprises.
Indian Railways spends heavily on
•
and
not
opening
the
The lack of coordination between the
revenue expenditure and there is little
roadways and railways has lowered
left on the capital expenditure side.
the earning capacity of the railways.
Another major impediment is the
What are the recommendations to settle
tracks of IR are old and outdated and
these issues ?
it leads to many accidents.
•
Redevelopment
station
running time of all the trains has been
facilities will enhance the experience
increased
of the passenger and it will promote
railways
in
other
drastically.
escalators,
like
installing
while
the
of
In every new timetable of IR, the
Wi
Fi
the sector further.
advanced countries are reducing it
•
The problem of replacement of old and
Government the IR got trapped into
decision making impossible.
•
is
incapable of coping with increasing
unions
•
technology
costs around 5 crores annually to the
million, which includes powerful trade
•
stock
outdated and this had made railways
these
•
rolling
without purchasing the tickets and it
not periodically revised and due to
•
The
•
As a measure to avert accidents, the
modern
trains are to be equipped with "ditch
management as railways failed to
lights" and painted bright yellow that
There attract
is
a
lack
adequate
suitable talent.
of
incentives
and
will enable more visibility even during twilight hours.
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•
➢ Withdrawal of dual freight policy
The level crossings and paths are to be
painted
with
a
on the iron ore.
crosshatched
pattern that can alert and highlight
➢ Reintroduction
the dangers for the people in the area. •
concession
maintenance block of four hours is
terminal operations with the intent of
in
What is National Bamboo Mission ? •
Bamboo is a versatile group of plants which
is
capable
of
providing
ecological, economic and livelihood
Some of the other measures can be
security to the people.
➢ Classification of new commodities
•
➢ Tariff rationalisation of
reduction
ECONOMIC PROSPERITY
recognising prevailing risks.
➢ Expansion
lead
3. BAMBOO MISSION : A TOOL FOR
provided weekly on all main lines as well as review safety performance in
and
short
minimal distance for charge.
The authorities have been suggested that to review timetables such that
of
Till recently, it has remained confined to the forests (12.8% of forest cover);
freight
two third of the growing stock located
basket
in the North-Eastern States.
through containerisation ➢ new policy guidelines for station to
•
Importance of the crop as a source of raw
station
material
for
industrial
and
domestic use with its growing demand
➢ Policy guidelines for Merry Go
all over the country necessitated its
Round system
cultivation in farm lands as well.
➢ Discount for loading of bagged consignment
in
open
and
•
flat
With a view to harness the potential of bamboo
wagons
crop,
Agriculture
Cooperation
of
(DAC),
Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers
➢ Complete transformation to LHB
Welfare
rake coaches. ➢ Liberalised
&
Department
is
implementing
a
100%
Centrally Sponsored Scheme called freight
Mission for Integrated Development of
rebate system for traffic loaded in
Horticulture (MIDH) in which National
empty flow directions.
Bamboo
➢ Digital business
automatic
payment and
contract policy.
Long
for term
(NBM)
is
being
implemented as a sub scheme.
freight tariff
Mission
•
The
Mission
envisages
promoting
holistic growth of bamboo sector by adopting
area-based,
regionally
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differentiated strategy and to increase
How the mission can bring revolution in
the area under bamboo cultivation
NER ?
and marketing. •
•
the natives and traditional bamboo
Under the Mission, steps have been
growers have always used bamboo for
taken to increase the availability of quality
planting
material
nurseries
and
overall rural and urban benefits.
by
supporting the setting up of new strengthening
•
of
Mission is taking steps to strengthen of
bamboo
•
•
•
holding capacity, higher water capture
areas,
with
recharge
benefitting
•
The state governments in Manipur and Arunachal Pradesh agreed to
To promote marketing of bamboo and
supply bamboo to the Assam based
bamboo based handicrafts;
Numaligarh Refinery's upcoming bio
To establish convergence and synergy
in the region.
stake-holders
refinery which can be a game changer for
the
development of bamboo;
•
In states like Tripura, an official estimate suggests that bamboo sector
To promote, develop and disseminate
can be developed as a major livelihood
technologies
provider and provide dependable and
blend
of
through
traditional
a
seamless
wisdom
respectable employment opportunities
and
to a least 20,000 bamboo growers.
modern scientific knowledge. •
water
agriculture and food security.
To increase the coverage of area under
among
•
the
Growing bamboo also facilitates soil
and
improved varieties to enhance yields; •
benefits,
quality improvements, improved water
regionally differentiated strategy;
potential
industrial
shoots as nutritious food which has
sector through as an area based
in
Besides
medicinal values.
To promote the growth of the bamboo
bamboo
adequate
communities have been using bamboo
products,
What are its objectives ?
•
made
annual harvests.
especially those of handicraft items.
•
have
grown on non agricultural land with
To address forward integration, the marketing
People
commercial use as bamboos can be
existing ones. •
In the North East, for generations -
To generate employment opportunities
•
Multiple
products
like
Bamboo
for skilled and unskilled persons,
pickles, Bamboo vinegar, Flower vase,
especially unemployed youths.
Furniture, Ornament etc.,. can be made from the "Green gold" and it will
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bring
economic
prosperity
to
the
•
region. •
•
to
enough
perform
cognitive functions we associate with
•
bring
accelerated
•
and
word
1969,
scientists
at
Institute a
robot,
Stanford Developed
equipped
with
Harold
Cohen
created
and
Aaron in 1985. •
In
1997,
The
Deep
Blue
Chess
productivity, whereas others view in a
Program beats the then world chess
negative sense combined with huge
champion, Garry Kasparov.
job losses. •
algebra
demonstrated the drawing program,
would
growth
solve
well
solving.
some see this as the next biggest that
language
locomotion, perception, and problem
even exercising creativity.
technology
In
"Shakey",
the environment, problem solving and
disruptive
to
Research
reasoning, learning, interacting with
There are varying views of AI globally -
natural
problems correctly.
the human mind such as perceiving,
•
the first running AI
In 1964, Danny Bobrow's dissertation understand
Artificial Intelligence is defined as the machine
and
at MIT showed that computers can
What is Artificial Intelligence ?
a
term
in 1956.
INTELLIGENCE
of
the
program at Carnegie Mellon University
the market has not been exploited.
4. REAPING BENEFITS OF ARTIFICIAL
coined
Intelligence"
demonstrated
Despite the fact that the hat and other
ability
McCarthy
"Artificial
products have huge export potentials,
•
John
• (PwC)
commercially available. MIT displays
market
Kismet, a robot with a face that
PrincewaterhouseCoopers estimates
the
global
AI
expresses emotions.
business opportunity of an additional 15.7 trillion dollars making it the biggest
commercial
By 2000 interactive robot pets become
opportunity
in
What are the various applications of AI? •
today's fast changing economy.
Gaming − AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker,
What is the history of AI ? •
tic-tac-toe, etc., where machine can
Alan Turing introduced Turing Test
think of large number of possible
for
positions
evaluation
of
intelligence
and
on
heuristic
knowledge.
published "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" in 1950.
based
•
Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with the computer
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that understands natural language
•
spoken by humans. •
words,
software, and special information to impart reasoning and advising.
•
noise
in
the
background,
change in human’s noise due to cold,
Expert Systems − There are some
etc.
applications which integrate machine,
•
It can handle different accents, slang
•
Handwriting
Recognition
handwriting
recognition
−
The
software
They provide explanation and advice
reads the text written on paper by a
to the users.
pen or on screen by a stylus. I
Vision Systems − These systems understand,
interpret,
comprehend
visual
input
on
•
It can recognize the shapes of the
and
letters and convert it into editable
the
text.
computer. • •
For example, A spying airplane takes
to perform the tasks given by a
photographs, which are used to figure
human.
out spatial information or map of the •
areas. •
heat, temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure.
Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with the stored
portrait
made
by
forensic
Speech
Recognition
−
Some
intelligent systems are capable of hearing
•
They
have
efficient
processors,
multiple sensors and huge memory, to exhibit intelligence. In addition, they
artist. •
They have sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light,
Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.
•
Intelligent Robots − Robots are able
and
comprehending
the
are capable of learning from their mistakes and they can adapt to the new environment.
language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a human talks to it.
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