FINAL​ ​-​ ​September​ ​2017 

 

Definition​ ​of​ ​key​ ​terms  This​ ​is​ ​a​ ​glossary​ ​defining​ ​the​ ​terms​ ​describing​ ​various​ ​aspects​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Open​ ​Data​ ​Charter.​ ​It​ ​was  developed​ ​by​ ​members​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Charter’s​ ​network​ ​and​ ​can​ ​be​ ​used​ ​by​ ​governments​ ​and​ ​others​ ​to  help​ ​understand​ ​the​ ​Charter’s​ ​principles.   Term 

Definition 

Accountability 

Ensuring​ ​the​ ​public​ ​(including​ ​civil​ ​society​ ​and​ ​private​ ​sector  organizations,​ ​academic​ ​and​ ​media​ ​representatives,​ ​and​ ​citizens)  has​ ​the​ ​data​ ​and​ ​information​ ​needed​ ​to​ ​hold​ ​the​ ​government​ ​to  account​ ​for​ ​its​ ​policy​ ​and​ ​service​ ​delivery​ ​performance.1 

Accurate 

Data​ ​that​ ​is​ ​accurate​ ​is​ ​correct,​ ​and​ ​reflects​ ​the​ ​most​ ​current  information​ ​available​ ​at​ ​the​ ​time​ ​of​ ​publication. 

Analytical​ ​limitations 

Conditions​ ​or​ ​qualities​ ​of​ ​data​ ​that​ ​may​ ​require​ ​additional​ ​attention  from​ ​users​ ​prior​ ​to​ ​using​ ​that​ ​data​ ​or​ ​drawing​ ​conclusions​ ​from​ ​it.  

Anonymize 

Processing​ ​data​ ​that​ ​includes​ ​personal​ ​information​ ​so​ ​that  individuals​ ​can​ ​no​ ​longer​ ​be​ ​identified​ ​in​ ​the​ ​resulting​ ​data.2​ ​This​ ​is  related​ ​to​ ​the​ ​concept​ ​of​ ​de-identification,​ ​the​ ​process​ ​of  conducting​ ​an​ ​analysis​ ​of​ ​the​ ​risk​ ​of​ ​personal​ ​identification​ ​based  on​ ​available​ ​data,​ ​and​ ​either​ ​encrypting​ ​or​ ​removing​ ​such​ ​personal  data​ ​from​ ​data​ ​sets,​ ​so​ ​that​ ​the​ ​people​ ​whom​ ​the​ ​data​ ​describe  remain​ ​anonymous. 

Anticorruption 

Laws,​ ​policies,​ ​and​ ​practices​ ​designed​ ​to​ ​prevent,​ ​detect,  investigate,​ ​or​ ​eradicate​ ​the​ ​abuse​ ​of​ ​entrusted​ ​power​ ​for​ ​private  gain.​ ​Common​ ​forms​ ​of​ ​corruption​ ​include​ ​bribery,​ ​collusion,​ ​and  embezzlement.  

1

​ ​Source:​ ​Open​ ​Government​ ​Guide  ​ ​Source:​ ​Open​ ​Data​ ​Handbook 

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  Applications 

A​ ​self-contained​ ​program​ ​or​ ​piece​ ​of​ ​software​ ​designed​ ​to​ ​fulfill​ ​a  particular​ ​purpose​ ​(an​ ​application). 

Build​ ​capacity 

Supporting​ ​or​ ​developing​ ​the​ ​skills,​ ​knowledge,​ ​tools,​ ​and  experience​ ​necessary​ ​for​ ​individuals​ ​and​ ​organizations​ ​to​ ​meet  particular​ ​goals,​ ​particularly​ ​in​ ​the​ ​context​ ​of​ ​developing​ ​countries.  

Civic​ ​participation 

Also​ ​known​ ​as​ ​civic​ ​engagement,​ ​civic​ ​participation​ ​is​ ​the​ ​process  of​ ​citizens​ ​and​ ​organizations​ ​actively​ ​participating​ ​in​ ​the​ ​public  sphere,​ ​including,​ ​for​ ​example,​ ​social​ ​participation​ ​(e.g.  volunteering​ ​or​ ​donating​ ​funds)​ ​and​ ​political​ ​participation​ ​(e.g.  voting​ ​or​ ​communicating​ ​with​ ​representatives). 

Civil​ ​society 

An​ ​organization,​ ​group,​ ​initiative,​ ​or​ ​network​ ​may​ ​qualify​ ​as​ ​being​ ​a  member​ ​of​ ​civil​ ​society​ ​if​ ​it​ ​meets​ ​any​ ​of​ ​the​ ​following​ ​criteria:  ● ● ●

it​ ​works​ ​on​ ​a​ ​charitable​ ​or​ ​not-for-profit​ ​basis  it​ ​is​ ​a​ ​non-government​ ​organization,​ ​academic​ ​institution,  or​ ​expert​ ​network  it​ ​is​ ​a​ ​corporation​ ​that​ ​engages​ ​in​ ​philanthropic​ ​investment  in​ ​support​ ​of​ ​open​ ​data​ ​and​ ​sustainable​ ​development 

The​ ​term​ ​“civil​ ​society”​ ​is​ ​the​ ​aggregate​ ​of​ ​all​ ​organizations  meeting​ ​any​ ​of​ ​the​ ​criteria​ ​above.  Co-creation 

The​ ​collaborative​ ​development​ ​of​ ​datasets,​ ​or​ ​collaborative​ ​reuse  of​ ​existing​ ​open​ ​datasets​ ​to​ ​develop​ ​applications,​ ​programs,​ ​and  other​ ​tools,​ ​as​ ​well​ ​as​ ​graphs,​ ​infographics,​ ​and​ ​other  visualizations.​ ​Usually​ ​the​ ​result​ ​of​ ​collaboration​ ​between  governments​ ​and​ ​citizens,​ ​private​ ​sector,​ ​and/or​ ​civil​ ​society  organizations. 

Comparable 

Data​ ​that​ ​is​ ​comparable​ ​should​ ​be​ ​easy​ ​to​ ​compare​ ​over​ ​time​ ​and  across​ ​organizations.​ ​For​ ​example,​ ​contracting​ ​data​ ​for​ ​multiple  government​ ​ministries​ ​should​ ​be​ ​generated​ ​using​ ​the​ ​same​ ​data  standards​ ​to​ ​ensure​ ​the​ ​data​ ​can​ ​be​ ​compared​ ​across​ ​ministries  (e.g.​ ​all​ ​ministries​ ​use​ ​a​ ​standardized​ ​date​ ​format​ ​to​ ​indicate​ ​the  time​ ​period​ ​of​ ​all​ ​contracts,​ ​or​ ​record​ ​contract​ ​awardees​ ​using  standardized​ ​names​ ​or​ ​identifiers). 

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  Comprehensive 

Data​ ​that​ ​is​ ​comprehensive​ ​is​ ​both​ ​complete​ ​and​ ​detailed,​ ​without  significant​ ​gaps​ ​or​ ​missing​ ​data​ ​elements.​ ​Likewise,​ ​datasets  should​ ​include​ ​all​ ​data​ ​relevant​ ​to​ ​their​ ​description.​ ​For​ ​example,​ ​a  dataset​ ​recording​ ​all​ ​contracts​ ​awarded​ ​by​ ​a​ ​particular​ ​ministry  would​ ​be​ ​comprehensive​ ​if​ ​it​ ​is​ ​not​ ​missing​ ​any​ ​data​ ​points​ ​(e.g.​ ​no  dates​ ​or​ ​amounts​ ​are​ ​missing)​ ​and​ ​it​ ​is​ ​reflective​ ​of​ ​all​ ​relevant  contracts​ ​(e.g.​ ​all​ ​contracts​ ​under​ ​$25,000​ ​awarded​ ​by​ ​that  ministry,​ ​not​ ​just​ ​a​ ​sampling​ ​of​ ​contracts). 

Core​ ​metadata 

Metadata​ ​is​ ​the​ ​data​ ​providing​ ​information​ ​about​ ​one​ ​or​ ​more  aspects​ ​of​ ​data​ ​within​ ​a​ ​dataset.​ ​It​ ​is​ ​used​ ​to​ ​summarize​ ​basic  information​ ​about​ ​data,​ ​which​ ​can​ ​make​ ​it​ ​easier​ ​to​ ​track​ ​and​ ​work  with​ ​specific​ ​data.​ ​Core​ ​metadata​ ​is​ ​a​ ​limited​ ​set​ ​of​ ​metadata  which​ ​provides​ ​important,​ ​fundamental​ ​information​ ​about​ ​data,  and​ ​should​ ​be​ ​defined​ ​by​ ​a​ ​consistent​ ​vocabulary​ ​across​ ​all  datasets.​ ​Core​ ​metadata​ ​elements​ ​may​ ​include​ ​the​ ​dataset​ ​title,  source,​ ​publication​ ​date,​ ​and​ ​format,​ ​as​ ​well​ ​as​ ​other​ ​relevant  information​ ​that​ ​describes​ ​the​ ​dataset​ ​and​ ​supports​ ​discoverability  (that​ ​is,​ ​makes​ ​it​ ​easier​ ​to​ ​search​ ​for​ ​and​ ​find​ ​the​ ​dataset).​ ​For  further​ ​information​ ​on​ ​core​ ​metadata,​ ​see​ ​the​ ​Dublin​ ​Core  Metadata​ ​Initiative​ ​(DCMI)​ ​Metadata​ ​Terms​​ ​or​ ​the​ ​W3C​ ​Data  Catalog​ ​Vocabulary​ ​(DCAT)​. 

Data​ ​Ecosystem 

The​ ​complex​ ​system​ ​of​ ​relationships​ ​between​ ​individuals,  organizations,​ ​datasets,​ ​standards,​ ​resources,​ ​platforms,​ ​and​ ​other  elements​ ​that​ ​define​ ​the​ ​environment​ ​in​ ​which​ ​each​ ​particular  data​ ​resource​ ​exists.​ ​A​ ​data​ ​ecosystem​ ​may​ ​include​ ​“multiple​ ​data  communities,​ ​types​ ​of​ ​data,​ ​institutions,​ ​laws​ ​and​ ​policy  frameworks,​ ​and​ ​innovative​ ​technologies​ ​and​ ​tools.”3 

Data​ ​literacy 

The​ ​skills​ ​and​ ​knowledge​ ​required​ ​to​ ​access,​ ​read,​ ​understand,  and​ ​manipulate​ ​data.​ ​This​ ​may​ ​include​ ​knowledge​ ​of​ ​data​ ​usage  software​ ​and​ ​visualization​ ​techniques. 

Data​ ​users 

Any​ ​individual​ ​or​ ​organization​ ​that​ ​accesses,​ ​downloads,​ ​or  republishes​ ​data,​ ​or​ ​who​ ​uses​ ​data​ ​to​ ​develop​ ​apps,​ ​visualizations,  reports,​ ​and​ ​other​ ​information​ ​products​ ​or​ ​services. 

3

​ ​Source:​ ​Africa​ ​Data​ ​Consensus 

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  Digital​ ​divide 

“The​ ​gap​ ​between​ ​individuals,​ ​households,​ ​businesses​ ​and  geographic​ ​areas​ ​at​ ​different​ ​socio-economic​ ​levels​ ​with​ ​regard​ ​to  both​ ​their​ ​opportunities​ ​to​ ​access​ ​information​ ​and​ ​communication  technologies​ ​(ICTs)​ ​and​ ​to​ ​their​ ​use​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Internet​ ​for​ ​a​ ​wide  variety​ ​of​ ​activities.”4 

Disaggregated 

Disaggregated​ ​data​ ​is​ ​data​ ​that​ ​is​ ​broken​ ​down​ ​or​ ​separated​ ​into  component​ ​parts.​ ​Data​ ​can,​ ​for​ ​example,​ ​be​ ​disaggregated​ ​by​ ​age,  allowing​ ​users​ ​to​ ​view​ ​relevant​ ​data​ ​broken​ ​down​ ​ ​by​ ​ages​ ​or​ ​age  categories.​ ​Statistical​ ​data​ ​may​ ​be​ ​disaggregated​ ​prior​ ​to  publication​ ​to​ ​allow​ ​users​ ​to​ ​easily​ ​group​ ​data​ ​based​ ​on​ ​categories  like​ ​age,​ ​gender,​ ​or​ ​region.​ ​When​ ​data​ ​is​ ​presented​ ​in​ ​the​ ​most  disaggregated​ ​way,​ ​and​ ​as​ ​it​ ​was​ ​directly​ ​collected​ ​from​ ​the  source​ ​without​ ​any​ ​further​ ​processing,​ ​then​ ​it​ ​is​ ​usually​ ​referred​ ​as  raw​ ​data​ ​or​​ ​primary​ ​data​. 

Discoverable 

Data​ ​that​ ​is​ ​discoverable​ ​can​ ​be​ ​easily​ ​found​ ​and​ ​accessed​ ​by  users,​ ​including​ ​online​ ​and​ ​through​ ​search​ ​engines. 

Domestic​ ​and​ ​international  standards​ ​bodies 

Groups,​ ​networks,​ ​or​ ​organizations​ ​that​ ​focus​ ​on​ ​the​ ​creation,  development,​ ​revision,​ ​and/or​ ​implementation​ ​of​ ​data​ ​standards  at​ ​a​ ​local,​ ​state,​ ​national,​ ​regional,​ ​or​ ​international​ ​level.​ ​These  standards​ ​bodies​ ​may​ ​include,​ ​but​ ​are​ ​not​ ​limited​ ​to,​ ​the​ ​ISO,​ ​W3C,  IETF,​ ​etc. 

Equitable​ ​resource 

A​ ​resource​ ​that​ ​is,​ ​by​ ​its​ ​nature,​ ​available​ ​to​ ​anyone,​ ​regardless​ ​of  their​ ​social​ ​or​ ​economic​ ​status.  

Evidence-based​ ​policy  making 

The​ ​set​ ​of​ ​processes​ ​or​ ​methods​ ​which​ ​advocates​ ​a​ ​more​ ​rational,  rigorous​ ​and​ ​systematic​ ​approach​ ​to​ ​the​ ​creation​ ​of​ ​policy.  Evidence-based​ ​policy​ ​making​ ​seeks​ ​to​ ​inform​ ​the​ ​policy​ ​process,  rather​ ​than​ ​aiming​ ​to​ ​directly​ ​affect​ ​the​ ​eventual​ ​goals​ ​of​ ​the  policy.​ ​The​ ​pursuit​ ​of​ ​evidence-based​ ​policy​ ​making​ ​is​ ​based​ ​on  the​ ​premise​ ​that​ ​policy​ ​development​ ​and​ ​decision-making​ ​should  be​ ​better​ ​informed​ ​by​ ​available​ ​evidence​ ​and​ ​should​ ​include  rational​ ​analysis.5 

4 5

​ ​Source:​ ​OECD  ​ ​Source:​ ​Overseas​ ​Development​ ​Institute​ ​report​ ​on​ ​Evidence-Based​ ​Policymaking 

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  Freedom​ ​of​ ​expression 

Right​ ​to​ ​express​ ​one's​ ​ideas​ ​and​ ​opinions​ ​freely​ ​through​ ​speech,  writing,​ ​and​ ​other​ ​forms​ ​of​ ​communication​ ​but​ ​without​ ​deliberately  causing​ ​harm​ ​to​ ​others'​ ​character​ ​and/or​ ​reputation​ ​by​ ​false​ ​or  misleading​ ​statements.​ ​Freedom​ ​of​ ​press​ ​is​ ​part​ ​of​ ​freedom​ ​of  expression.6​ ​Freedom​ ​of​ ​expression​ ​includes​ ​the​ ​right​ ​to​ ​criticize  government​ ​policies,​ ​practices,​ ​laws,​ ​and​ ​programs​ ​without​ ​fear​ ​of  retribution,​ ​unlawful​ ​detention,​ ​or​ ​violence. 

Freedom​ ​of​ ​Information​ ​/  Access​ ​to​ ​Information​ ​/  Right​ ​to​ ​Information  community 

The​ ​community​ ​of​ ​organizations,​ ​groups,​ ​networks,​ ​and​ ​individuals  working​ ​to​ ​support,​ ​study,​ ​or​ ​implement​ ​laws​ ​and​ ​policies  requiring​ ​governments​ ​to​ ​release​ ​certain​ ​high-value​ ​data​ ​or  information​ ​either​ ​proactively​ ​or​ ​on​ ​request. 

Fully​ ​described​ ​data 

Datasets​ ​that​ ​are​ ​associated​ ​with​ ​clearly-defined​ ​core​ ​metadata  categories,​ ​and​ ​accompanied​ ​by​ ​any​ ​relevant​ ​explanatory  documentation. 

Global​ ​data​ ​revolution 

The​ ​ongoing,​ ​global​ ​movement​ ​that​ ​has​ ​resulted​ ​from​ ​“an  explosion​ ​in​ ​the​ ​volume​ ​of​ ​data,​ ​the​ ​speed​ ​with​ ​which​ ​data​ ​are  produced,​ ​the​ ​number​ ​of​ ​producers​ ​of​ ​data,​ ​the​ ​dissemination​ ​of  data,​ ​and​ ​the​ ​range​ ​of​ ​things​ ​on​ ​which​ ​there​ ​is​ ​data,​ ​coming​ ​from  new​ ​technologies​ ​such​ ​as​ ​mobile​ ​phones​ ​and​ ​the​ ​‘internet​ ​of  things’,​ ​and​ ​from​ ​other​ ​sources,​ ​such​ ​as​ ​qualitative​ ​data,  citizen-generated​ ​data​ ​and​ ​perceptions​ ​data”​ ​coupled​ ​with​ ​“a  growing​ ​demand​ ​for​ ​data​ ​from​ ​all​ ​parts​ ​of​ ​society”.​ ​This​ ​movement  is​ ​the​ ​sum​ ​of​ ​dozens​ ​of​ ​national,​ ​regional​ ​and​ ​global​ ​formal  initiatives​ ​to​ ​foster​ ​the​ ​use​ ​of​ ​data.7 

Globally​ ​agreed​ ​standards 

Data​ ​standards​ ​which​ ​have​ ​been​ ​adopted​ ​or​ ​endorsed​ ​by​ ​a​ ​large  number​ ​of​ ​governments​ ​or​ ​organizations,​ ​and​ ​which​ ​are  recognized​ ​as​ ​contributing​ ​significantly​ ​to​ ​the​ ​improvement​ ​or  standardization​ ​of​ ​high-value​ ​data. 

Governance 

Processes​ ​of​ ​management,​ ​oversight,​ ​or​ ​decision-making​ ​which  impact​ ​a​ ​particular​ ​project​ ​or​ ​program. 

​ ​Source:​ ​Business​ ​Dictionary  ​ ​Source:​ ​A​ ​World​ ​That​ ​Counts​ ​Report 

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  Human-readable​ ​formats 

As​ ​defined​ ​in​ ​the​ ​Open​ ​Data​ ​Handbook,​ ​“Data​ ​in​ ​a​ ​format​ ​that​ ​can  be​ ​conveniently​ ​read​ ​by​ ​a​ ​human.​ ​Some​ ​human-readable​ ​formats,  such​ ​as​ ​PDF,​ ​are​ ​not​ ​machine-readable​ ​as​ ​they​ ​are​ ​not​ ​structured  data.”8 

Information​ ​lifecycle  management​ ​practices 

Information​ ​lifecycle​ ​management​ ​practices​ ​are​ ​any​ ​practices​ ​or  policies​ ​related​ ​to​ ​the​ ​creation,​ ​retention,​ ​archiving,​ ​or​ ​disposition  of​ ​data​ ​or​ ​information.​ ​These​ ​practices​ ​may​ ​include​ ​the​ ​length​ ​of  time​ ​data​ ​and​ ​information​ ​resources​ ​are​ ​retained,​ ​and​ ​how​ ​and  when​ ​they​ ​are​ ​archived​ ​to​ ​ensure​ ​future​ ​access​ ​to​ ​them. 

International​ ​governmental  bodies 

An​ ​organization,​ ​group,​ ​or​ ​network​ ​that​ ​acts​ ​as​ ​a  quasi-governmental​ ​body​ ​at​ ​the​ ​international​ ​level.​ ​Examples  include​ ​the​ ​United​ ​Nations. 

Interoperable 

Interoperability​ ​is​ ​the​ ​ability​ ​to​ ​work​ ​with​ ​other​ ​products​ ​or  systems,​ ​present​ ​or​ ​future.​ ​In​ ​order​ ​to​ ​be​ ​interoperable,​ ​data  should​ ​follow​ ​established​ ​international​ ​data​ ​standards​ ​to​ ​ensure  that​ ​it​ ​is​ ​interoperable​ ​across​ ​a​ ​number​ ​of​ ​different​ ​systems​ ​or  analytic​ ​products.​ ​Interoperable​ ​data​ ​can​ ​be​ ​easily​ ​compared​ ​over  time,​ ​across​ ​locations,​ ​and​ ​within​ ​and​ ​between​ ​organizations,​ ​as  well​ ​as​ ​being​ ​easily​ ​manipulated​ ​to​ ​produce​ ​visualizations​ ​and  identify​ ​trends. 

Machine-readable​ ​formats 

As​ ​defined​ ​by​ ​the​ ​Open​ ​Definition,​ ​machine-readable​ ​formats​ ​are  those​ ​data​ ​formats​ ​which​ ​are​ ​readily​ ​processable​ ​by​ ​a​ ​computer  where​ ​the​ ​individual​ ​elements​ ​of​ ​the​ ​[data]​ ​can​ ​be​ ​easily​ ​accessed  and​ ​modified.9​ ​The​ ​Open​ ​Data​ ​Handbook​ ​defines  machine-readable​ ​data​ ​as​ ​“Data​ ​in​ ​a​ ​data​ ​format​ ​that​ ​can​ ​be  automatically​ ​read​ ​and​ ​processed​ ​by​ ​a​ ​computer.”10 

Mapping​ ​standards 

A​ ​comparison​ ​between​ ​standards​ ​at​ ​a​ ​domestic​ ​(local,​ ​state,  national)​ ​level​ ​and​ ​an​ ​international​ ​(regional,​ ​global)​ ​level,​ ​used​ ​to  identify​ ​similarities​ ​and​ ​gaps​ ​between​ ​different​ ​data​ ​standards. 

​ ​Source:​ ​Open​ ​Data​ ​Handbook  ​ ​Source:​ ​The​ ​Open​ ​Definition  10 ​ ​Source:​ ​Open​ ​Data​ ​Handbook  8 9

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  Multilateral​ ​institution 

An​ ​organization,​ ​group,​ ​or​ ​network​ ​made​ ​up​ ​of​ ​governments​ ​or  government​ ​representatives.​ ​These​ ​institutions​ ​may​ ​be​ ​regional​ ​or  global.​ ​Examples​ ​include​ ​the​ ​OECD​ ​or​ ​the​ ​G20. 

Open​ ​and​ ​unrestrictive  licence 

Open​ ​means​ ​anyone​ ​can​ ​freely​ ​access,​ ​use,​ ​modify,​ ​and​ ​share​ ​for  any​ ​purpose,​ ​subject,​ ​at​ ​most,​ ​to​ ​requirements​ ​that​ ​identify​ ​the  data’s​ ​provenance​ ​and​ ​preserve​ ​openness.11​ ​Licenses​ ​should​ ​be  published​ ​and​ ​linked​ ​to​ ​open​ ​data​ ​to​ ​ensure​ ​data​ ​users​ ​can​ ​easily  find​ ​and​ ​understand​ ​the​ ​conditions​ ​of​ ​data​ ​access​ ​and​ ​reuse. 

Open​ ​by​ ​default 

“Open​ ​by​ ​default”​ ​policies​ ​mandate​ ​that​ ​data​ ​or​ ​information​ ​should  be​ ​open​ ​and​ ​available​ ​for​ ​the​ ​public​ ​to​ ​find,​ ​access,​ ​and​ ​use​ ​under  an​ ​open​ ​and​ ​unrestrictive​ ​license,​ ​unless​ ​there​ ​is​ ​a​ ​specific,  pressing​ ​reason​ ​why​ ​that​ ​data​ ​or​ ​information​ ​cannot​ ​be​ ​made  open,​ ​and​ ​that​ ​reason​ ​is​ ​clearly​ ​communicated​ ​to​ ​the​ ​public.  Currently,​ ​most​ ​governments​ ​operate​ ​by​ ​asking​ ​whether​ ​there​ ​is  any​ ​pressing,​ ​important​ ​reason​ ​why​ ​a​ ​data​ ​or​ ​information​ ​resource  should​ ​be​ ​open​ ​(e.g.​ ​overwhelming​ ​public​ ​demand,​ ​legal  requirement).​ ​Under​ ​an​ ​“open​ ​by​ ​default”​ ​policy,​ ​governments  would​ ​instead​ ​operate​ ​by​ ​assuming​ ​that​ ​all​ ​data​ ​and​ ​information  should​ ​be​ ​open,​ ​and​ ​asking​ ​whether​ ​there​ ​is​ ​any​ ​important,  pressing​ ​reason​ ​why​ ​data​ ​or​ ​information​ ​cannot​ ​be​ ​made​ ​open  (e.g.​ ​security​ ​or​ ​privacy​ ​considerations)  In​ ​cases​ ​where​ ​data​ ​cannot​ ​be​ ​made​ ​open,​ ​it​ ​may​ ​instead​ ​be  closed​ ​data​ ​(which​ ​can​ ​be​ ​accessed​ ​only​ ​by​ ​the​ ​data​ ​subject,  owner,​ ​or​ ​holder)​ ​or​ ​shared​ ​data​ ​(which​ ​is​ ​accessible​ ​beyond​ ​its  subject,​ ​owner,​ ​or​ ​holder,​ ​but​ ​is​ ​only​ ​accessible​ ​to​ ​a​ ​limited​ ​group  of​ ​people​ ​or​ ​organizations).12 

Open​ ​standards 

Data​ ​standards​ ​which​ ​are​ ​publicly​ ​available​ ​and​ ​developed,  refined,​ ​and/or​ ​maintained​ ​through​ ​a​ ​collaborative,​ ​transparent  decision-making​ ​process.​ ​Open​ ​standards​ ​are​ ​published​ ​under​ ​an  open​ ​license,​ ​are​ ​thoroughly​ ​documented,​ ​and​ ​are​ ​made​ ​publicly  available​ ​at​ ​zero​ ​or​ ​low​ ​cost,​ ​so​ ​that​ ​they​ ​can​ ​be​ ​accessed​ ​and  used​ ​by​ ​anyone. 

​ ​Source:​ ​The​ ​Open​ ​Definition  ​ ​For​ ​more​ ​information,​ ​see​ ​the​ ​Data​ ​Spectrum​,​ ​which​ ​illustrates​ ​the​ ​different​ ​types​ ​or​ ​levels​ ​of  openness​ ​of​ ​data.   11

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  Personal​ ​data​ ​(or  personally-identifiable​ ​data) 

Any​ ​data​ ​that,​ ​when​ ​used​ ​alone​ ​or​ ​in​ ​combination​ ​with​ ​other  available​ ​data,​ ​may​ ​identify​ ​an​ ​individual.​ ​While​ ​most​ ​personal  data​ ​cannot​ ​be​ ​open​ ​for​ ​reasons​ ​of​ ​privacy​ ​and​ ​confidentiality,  personal​ ​data​ ​may​ ​be​ ​closed,​ ​or​ ​shared​ ​with​ ​specific​ ​people​ ​or  organisations.​ ​In​ ​some​ ​cases,​ ​personal​ ​data​ ​may​ ​be​ ​licensed​ ​as  open​ ​data.​ ​This​ ​would​ ​include,​ ​for​ ​example,​ ​data​ ​concerning​ ​the  identity,​ ​contact​ ​information,​ ​or​ ​expense​ ​claims​ ​of​ ​government  officials​ ​or​ ​legislators.  

Private​ ​sector 

Any​ ​non-governmental​ ​organization,​ ​group,​ ​or​ ​network​ ​that​ ​works  to​ ​generate​ ​profit.  

Rule​ ​of​ ​law 

The​ ​principle​ ​that​ ​all​ ​individuals,​ ​organizations,​ ​and​ ​institutions​ ​are  subject​ ​to​ ​and​ ​accountable​ ​under​ ​clear,​ ​publicized​ ​law​ ​that​ ​is​ ​fairly  applied​ ​and​ ​enforced.13 

Socially​ ​and​ ​economically  marginalized​ ​people 

People​ ​who,​ ​as​ ​a​ ​result​ ​of​ ​their​ ​culture,​ ​ethnicity,​ ​gender,​ ​religion,  or​ ​social​ ​or​ ​economic​ ​status​ ​are​ ​limited​ ​in​ ​the​ ​influence​ ​of​ ​power  they​ ​can​ ​exert​ ​in​ ​the​ ​public​ ​sphere,​ ​and​ ​particularly​ ​as​ ​it​ ​relates​ ​to  civic​ ​participation. 

Source 

The​ ​point​ ​of​ ​origin​ ​of​ ​data,​ ​which​ ​may​ ​be​ ​the​ ​originally​ ​published  dataset​ ​(in​ ​the​ ​case​ ​of​ ​republished​ ​or​ ​reused​ ​data)​ ​or​ ​the​ ​individual  or​ ​organizational​ ​author​ ​of​ ​the​ ​data​ ​(in​ ​the​ ​case​ ​of​ ​originally  published​ ​datasets). 

Standardized​ ​format 

Standardized​ ​formats​ ​may​ ​include​ ​both​ ​file​ ​formats​ ​and​ ​data  formats.​ ​A​ ​standardized​ ​file​ ​format​ ​should​ ​be​ ​machine-readable,  and​ ​used​ ​consistently​ ​across​ ​projects​ ​or​ ​organizations​ ​or​ ​over  time.​ ​Examples​ ​include​ ​CSV,​ ​JSON,​ ​or​ ​XML​ ​formats.​ ​A  standardized​ ​data​ ​format​ ​is​ ​a​ ​guideline​ ​or​ ​series​ ​of​ ​guidelines​ ​that  defines​ ​the​ ​way​ ​in​ ​which​ ​data​ ​should​ ​be​ ​collected​ ​or​ ​recorded,  supporting​ ​comparability​ ​and​ ​interoperability​ ​between​ ​datasets.  Examples​ ​include​ ​the​ ​General​ ​Transit​ ​Feed​ ​Specification​​ (​ GTFS),​ ​or  the​ ​International​ ​Aid​ ​Transparency​ ​Initiative​ ​(IATI)​ ​Standard​. 

13

​ ​Definition​ ​adapted​ ​from:​ ​World​ ​Justice​ ​Project 

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  Structured 

Data​ ​that​ ​is​ ​organized​ ​according​ ​to​ ​a​ ​fixed​ ​schema,​ ​and​ ​is​ ​often  incorporated​ ​in​ ​a​ ​relational​ ​database.   

Sustainable​ ​development 

“Sustainable​ ​development​ ​is​ ​development​ ​that​ ​meets​ ​the​ ​needs​ ​of  the​ ​present​ ​without​ ​compromising​ ​the​ ​ability​ ​of​ ​future​ ​generations  to​ ​meet​ ​their​ ​own​ ​needs.​ ​It​ ​contains​ ​within​ ​it​ ​[...]​ ​the​ ​concept​ ​of  needs​,​ ​in​ ​particular​ ​the​ ​essential​ ​needs​ ​of​ ​the​ ​world's​ ​poor,​ ​to  which​ ​overriding​ ​priority​ ​should​ ​be​ ​given;​ ​and​ ​the​ ​[concept]​ ​of  limitations​ ​imposed​ ​by​ ​the​ ​state​ ​of​ ​technology​ ​and​ ​social  organization​ ​on​ ​the​ ​environment's​ ​ability​ ​to​ ​meet​ ​present​ ​and  future​ ​needs.”14 

Traceability 

Traceable​ ​data​ ​is​ ​data​ ​that​ ​can​ ​be​ ​“followed”​ ​across​ ​datasets.​ ​For  example,​ ​international​ ​development​ ​aid​ ​funding​ ​may​ ​be​ ​traced​ ​by  linking​ ​the​ ​funds​ ​to​ ​a​ ​unique​ ​project​ ​identifier​ ​in​ ​all​ ​datasets  referring​ ​to​ ​the​ ​funds​ ​(e.g.​ ​the​ ​awarding​ ​government’s​ ​disclosures,  the​ ​local​ ​recipient’s​ ​reporting,​ ​and​ ​the​ ​service​ ​deliverer’s​ ​contract);  starting​ ​from​ ​any​ ​of​ ​these​ ​datasets,​ ​a​ ​user​ ​may​ ​trace​ ​the​ ​funds​ ​to  the​ ​other​ ​datasets​ ​thanks​ ​to​ ​that​ ​unique​ ​project​ ​identifier. 

Transparency 

Ensuring​ ​the​ ​public​ ​(including​ ​civil​ ​society​ ​and​ ​private​ ​sector  organizations,​ ​academic​ ​and​ ​media​ ​representatives,​ ​and​ ​citizens)  has​ ​the​ ​data​ ​and​ ​information​ ​needed​ ​to​ ​understand​ ​the​ ​workings  of​ ​their​ ​government.15 

Visualization 

Any​ ​visual​ ​representation​ ​of​ ​data​ ​other​ ​than​ ​a​ ​dataset.  Visualizations​ ​may​ ​include,​ ​but​ ​are​ ​not​ ​limited​ ​to,​ ​plots,​ ​tables,  graphs,​ ​or​ ​infographics. 

 

​ ​Source:​ ​Report​ ​of​ ​the​ ​World​ ​Commission​ ​on​ ​Environment​ ​and​ ​Development:​ ​Our​ ​Common​ ​Future  (Brundtland​ ​Report)  15 ​ ​Source:​ ​Open​ ​Government​ ​Guide  14

opendatacharter.net

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​9 

Definition of key terms in the Charter principles .pdf

sphere, including, for example, social participation (e.g.. volunteering or donating funds) and political participation (e.g.. voting or communicating with representatives). Civil society An organization, group, initiative, or network may qualify as being a. member of civil society if it meets any of the following criteria: ○ it works on ...

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