Phonetic Symbols for Old English through Modern English Consonants
bilabial m me p b1 spy by
nasal stop
labiodental
fricative
f v fie vie
dental
alveolar n knee t d sty die θ ð s z thigh thy sue zoo
affricate
palatoalveolar palatal
ʃ ʒ shy measure tʃ dʒ
velar ŋ sing k g sky guy
ҫ
x
ɣ
glottal
ʔ uh-uh h hi
etch edge
lateral liquid non-lateral liquid
l lie r2 rye
glide or ʍ3 w j semivowel yield Aspiration = h (in English only voiceless stops (in some positions) are aspirated.
ʍ w wheeled wield
Vowels Front High Tense Lax Mid Tense
i
Central
u ʊ
ɪ e
Lax
ə
o
ʌ
ɛ
Low
Back
y
æ ij beat ɪ bit ej bait ɛ bet æ bat
aj bite
ɔ ɑɒ uw boot ʊ put ow boat
ə about ʌ butt aw bout
ɔ bought4, more
ɑ5 cot, bought ɒ6 bother
ɔj boy
The syllabic sound in words like bird is represented by [r Length = :
Nasalization =
̃
̩] or [ɚ].7
Round Vowels u, ʊ, o, ɔ, ɒ, y
1
Consonants are in the order voiceless-voiced at each place of articulation where there is a contrast. All nasals, liquids and the palatal glide are voiced. Historically the palatal fricative and all glottal phones found in any stage of English are voiceless.
In IPA the English r-sound is actually represented with ɹ, with r representing a trill. But when the r sound doesn’t contrast with a trill, as in English, the r symbol is used in many books including your textbook. 2 3
This is a voiceless labiovelar glide, found in contrast with its voiced counterpart [w] only in some dialects of English (not, for example, in mine. But if these two words contrast for you or if which and witch contrast, then you probably have this phone. 4
Some dialects have ɔ in words like these. Others, like mine, have [ɔ] only in restricted environments, before [r] and as the first
part of the diphthong in boy. 5
The textbook uses [a] for this vowel. We will after this and in the diphthongs.
6
For many British English dialects; many other dialects (like mine and probably yours) don’t have it at all.
Phonetic Symbols. for Old English through Modern English. Consonants. bilabial labiodental dental alveolar palatoalveolar palatal velar glottal. nasal m. me. n.
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