Cleared the forests using iron implements - using iron ploughsharesexpansion of agriculture - fertility of the soil - sedentary life - growth of trade centres - exchange system - urbanization
4
i Troposphere:- extends up to a height of 13 Km fro the earth and lies close to the earth – the height of the troposphere is more than the equatorial regions because of strong convection – almost all the weather & climatic phenomena take place in this layer – the zone of transition above the troposphere is tropopause
ii
3
2+2
Mesosphere :- extends from about 50 to 80 Km – temperature decreases with altitude and the lowest temp.of the atmosphere is felt at the mesopause (-80°C to -100°C) - the meteors on reaching the mesosphere gets burnt out due to friction - the zone of transition above the mesosphere is mesopause OR
i
These gases absorb the terrestrial radiation and retain the temperature of the atmosphere
ii
Volcanic eruptions - decay of biological matter – deforestation – burning of fossil fuels etc.
iii
The increase in temp. in the atmosphere due to greenhouse gases is global warming Industrialisation – urbanisation – destruction of coastal echo system leads food crisis migration etc. - sea level may rise as a result of melting of polar ice - it leads depletion of plants & animals etc.
5
Kingdom was extensively large – administration was centred on the king – unified administration established through out the whole state
6
B - West C-East North West
7
Kurinji - hunting Marutham – agriculture
Spandanam
D- South West
E- South
F-North
Mullai – cattle rearing Neythal - fishing
G-
2 6*½= 3 4*1=4
www.spandanamnews.blogspot.in
8
The fine dust particles in the atmosphere help in cloud formation 2 brought the atmosphere by the wind – erupted through volcanoes - ash formed by burning of meteors - pollen grains
9 A
There was a supreme need to instil unity , peace and harmony among 5 the people in the vast country where the Brahmanas & Non brahmana Sramanas inhabited. Ashoka erected edicts in various parts of the country and made inscriptions on rocks - the edicts are classified as major , minor & pillar edicts – Ashoka sent officers to different parts of the country and other countries to propagate dhamma. OR
B
Growth of trades – transactions of coins – emergence of towns emergence of various occupations and art centering the towns – formation of trade groups called Guilds which controlled production and distribution
10
C – can be read in accordance with the units prevalent in each country 1
11
The increase of yagas and the animal sacrifice in association with them 3 adversely affected the progress of agriculture – with an increase in rituals and sacrifices the Priests amassing wealth and, there by exerted supremacy over others – with the growth of trade and cities the Vaishyas became wealthy,they were placed in a lower position in the society.
12
Maps representing detailed information of a small area are called large 1½+1 scale map example of small scale maps Atlas map Wall map ½=3
13
Adam Smith
14
The British officers in India were paid high salaries - goods made from 3 Indian raw materials and resources bought at extremely low price were sold at high price in the Indian market – Indian wealth was robbed for expanding the British Empire - Indian labourers were treated as slaves in farm and industrial products were exported to England.
--
Laissez Faire
1+1=2
Prepared by Jeyanthy.R H S A (SS) GMMGHSS PALAKKAD.
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