¢ i Cha pte r O bje c tiv e s n ris c h u p te r 1

2

U s e ba se

u n its

Ltn d c r s ru n tl e n e rg y

j

c

ifi in g '

a n d c a lc u la t

w

c o n v e rs io n a n

4

E \p lu iit th e

5

D ifc LLss

o

fan

n a tu r e o

s e v e ra

E br e m learningho w

fo rm

a

f e n e r8 y Th e s tu d y

o

ity is concerned p rim a r ily w ith [o c o n tr o le le c tr ic e n e rg y W n e n

p ro p e r ly c o n tr o lle d e le c tr ic ity c a n d o m u c h o f th e w o rk re q u ire d to k e e p o u r so c ie ty g o in g H o w e v e n u n c o n tro lle d e le c tric e n e rgy

d

co nver

,

in ilJ th e

p a rtic le s

le c tr ic ity is

,

lTic ie n c y

L is t d /ltl Q m a or

E

ill h e lp y o t( to

fo r s lx in g e n e qg y a n d w o r k s io n e

3

w

g

Ba s ic

c h a r a c te r is tic s o

f th e

ilto m

f e le c tr ic

s ta tic e le c tr ic ity

Scanned by Hasan Amjad 2016-ME-70

ligh tn in g ,

E le c tr ic

o

F

c an

be

v e ry

d e s tru c tiv e

p a rt o f o u r f i ta k e t o r tq te d

so m u c h a

is

e n e gg y

d a ily liv e s th a t w

c h a rg e

l in d u s tr ia l a p p lic a tio n s

su c h as

e te n d to

/

Y e t w ith o u t it o u r liv e s w o u ld be q u ite d ifte F e n t a n d m u c h h a r d e r E le c tr ic e n e r§ y ligh ts ,

our

ho m

e s a n d in d u s tr ie s , o p e r a te s o u r c o n

p u te rs ra d io s a n d turns th e ,

,

phon

c e ll

,

a n d te le v is io n s e ts ,

w a s h in g m a c h in e s , c lo th e s

c le a n e r s , a n

ho m

d

so

e (h a t d o e s

1 1

W

E n e r gy

an

d ry e rs

,

c lo c k s , v ac u u m

fo r 【h It is h a rd to im a g i e n o t re q u ire e le c tr ic e n e r g y

o rk a n

d

in

m a n y m o to rs u s e d

a

d E n e rgy

w o r k a r e v e ry c lo s e ly re la te d te r m s

A lth o u g h th e y a re a b b re v ia te d (r e p re s e n te d ) h n its , w ith th e s a m e s y m b o l a n d u s e t e s a m e u de i h E b l c s t a s e rm e th e y a r e n o t in te r c h a n g e a

l lle r w

W

ork

[W ] IW ]

fe r e n t w a y a d ifi d W o r is d e fin e a s a fo r c e m o v in g th r o u g h a d is ta n c e n e r gy is th e a b ility o r c a p a c ity to d o o l ottir w o r d s it ta k e s e n e rg y to c tiro rk ii II a u to p i r w o r k F o r e x a m p le it re q u re s e n e g y

fin e d

an

d

u se d

in

,

,

,

J W k b o a t o u [ o f th e w a te r o n to th e b e a c h n d o r t r e w h a f e t is d o n e in p u llin g th e b o a t o u t o h th e e n e r g y r e q u ir e d to p u ll th e b o a t fro m t e h u m a n b o d y A fo r c e is w a te r c o m e s fr o m th e th e fr ic tio n o f th e b o a t o n re q u ire d [o o v e r c o m e u ir e d to o v e r c o rp e l th e s a n d A fo r c e is a s o r e q b h o a t a s it is ra is e d l l t e n l o th e g ra v ita tio n a p u f th e w a te r T h e w o r k th e n c o n s is ts o f th e ,

out o

d is ta n c e fo rc e r e q u ire d to m o v e th e b o a t s o m e h h e s o r t e t o d on a s it is p u lle t h e s y m b o l (o L itB b re v ia tio n ) fo r e ith e r w o r k _ is W m e s a rin e $ i J g !is u s e d fo r w o r k ne

o re

◆y

Scanned by CamScanner

ard w w

w lr

ı cl 】 e la ie d u » e ıc h « ı

夕 1 加

Y a the tw

W

ĺ i«

e

o ı en ı s m u st n o t ı

h

e

n

Ħ

en e rgj

,

à

U n it o f E n e r g y

嘲 f ın d T h e l fo r the jo u le is J S p e c ify in g m in l e s is the sa m e a s s p e c ilyin g b ı m e r in p o u n ds o r m o n e y in d o lla r ş A ll a re ba s e U ı ı s e d to s p e đfy a ï ı ro u n L B a s im p o m

nt

ba

jo u le

co m

p a re d

e a ch

o w

f e n a g y (o r ith th e a m o ı m

ğa y F o r e ı ta m p le

In

in

,

w o rk

) is

yo u

u se

ly IB 0, 000 jo u ı e s o f e n e rg y to to a s t o f bte « L h i r e s 360 0 00 jo u le s ı w o

-

r yı

iin

ą

,

tt

ıı ıl« T

į 8

ţ

n

w

lm h e

o rk

m e tr ic

Js m

(a p p ro x im

u fıit fo r

d is ta n c e is ū

jo u le w

71ıc

h ic h is a

jo u le

h

(

39 4

w

oiķ (e n e r gy ) is the

e m e te r a p Þ io x iln a te ly

b ıs e ım it fo r

,

7 1n

b as e

u n it fo r fo n e is th e a e ly 0 2 24 8 p o ún d s ) T he b a s e

«n o n neı

in c h e s ) a n 自

th e

ļĮ

dtance

fo rc e x

=

W

c o m ecn ie « m

Io

oe

:

Iłre q u iï 1es 50 0 jo u le s o f e n e r8y o f fo r c e

to n s [o

p o in t

p o in t A

n e w to n m e te Ļ

iifo r m e c h a n i

W

na!

G iv e n

E n e lw

e n eı gy

of

150 n c w

W

k nı

=

15 0

,

x

= =

W

Æ

r

= W

=

1 ıoo w

Answ

w

ı e *

ca w

xa

500 n e w to n

D is ıın ce

ū ie te łs

=

m «» o Iı U Uo n ce ww n 。

5

m c ie ï s

D is ta n c e

-

5

e ls m eı

8 į

on m

æ

ie r i

s ı0 w oŕ

ı 200 jų ııı eı

eM r n

r

V L

] jo u k

=

'

ı 2 00 jo * le s

120 0 J

by

=

1 n e w l ıe r

n c w to m

and

W

D is ta n c e

m e l¢ts

A

=

=

W b (ı V)- ı oı oe x ı= 1 jo u le (J)

ee n

ı ı o w ld n s

ľ

K

S d ıı« o ıĽ

]00

ı o n S Io

W b溆

lintA be tw

D is ı an c e

iı re q u ire d .

歹细心二

100 n e w

Xı O jo u ı es

=

=

150 n e M o n s D iııın a i = 8 m e ım

lım

ic e

fo rc e )$ dis ta n c e , rc a ıra n g in g

ıa M w in u c h m pu ı l łbo « 8 ïi pu ı % ?

¢ b ic e

is th e d is ta

ı

p o in t B ?

and

W

G iv e n

a iid

g ı=

to m o v e a n o b je c t lł ųm

B

F 细心

i t nequiresai_

m Tħe

ł

oived



s

th e bo a t is

,

,

Lb

j

re q u ire d to m o w

o ll do n Ĺ

,

a n e le c tr ic to a s te r u se s

p e ra te a s m a ll(10 0 w a tt)ta b ı e la m p fo r I h o u r T ĥ e w o rk o r e n e łg y g)CCha】 Salsemlĺ şuch a s p u llin g a b o a ic a n b e d e te rm in e d b y th c fo llo w in re l ti a o n s h ip g

2

rs

ng

p le I 1, w e fo u n d tha t the w o v in g M e b o a t w as 12 00 o uı

f e n e ïgy

b

1200 J W o rl a n d e n e rgy h a v e e s a m e u n ii T ħe y a re b a s ic a ll tiı y e sa m e thin g W o rk is e u s e o fėn e ig y to e rfo rm so m e ta sk p M r e x am pı e a c a r b a tte r h a s e n e r y gy śb re d in IL W n e n the c a r e n g in e is s ta rte d e n e w fm m th e b a tte ry is u s e d to d o th e w o rk f o c ra n l(in g h e e n g in e Tlie w o rk d bn e m d the e i ¢r w trl a re tw o w a y s o f sa in th e M m e thi y g ng

o

2

m

W

the ha bit o f u si

b a se

a p p ro x im a u

tw o s lice s

m o r e c o lil le x p

e s ta blis h

a ls o

u n its

v e ry s m a ll

t o f e n e r8Y

if y o u

exam

u ı ı ounto

» u se n e a r ly a ll re la tio n

in b a s e

e a s ie r

this fo rm a l p ro c e d u re

o

u n its a r e

,

ill be

w

s h ip s in e le c tric ity a re e x re s s e iį p

Q

bu t so lv in g

n e c e ssa ry ,

J ıılıı Jı

N

\l

s a e Io c lo s e ly

d ıe tw o ı ei m

c = = f

,

ū

o r tn a

ı æ O

i

ı a im ı cı e c ıı

gy M

s

nce w e

d

q

b ıe n le a

ď f \ ió c e i ıl i c lim ite d Io m e c in n i* sı】e m e m w u m ı

o

n ıo

w e w

s

e k c u ic

iu b e a b le m

m

Scanned by CamScanner

Scanned by CamScanner

y im d g ic a l (ro ta tio n a l) e n

r ic eı ecł

" tors c o n v e r t m e

e n e p.

æt r i c e n e r g y di re c tly in th e fo r m o f se ld o m u s e e n e r gy e le c tric e n e rgy Y e t th e e le c tr ic a l fo rm o f e n e rg y c ha n

We

is

v e ry

fro m

e a s ily m o v e d

d e s ira bı e be c a u se it e a n b e

p ro d u c e d a t a n fro m yo u r h o m

E le c tr ic

to a n o th e r

lo c a tio n

one

e n e rg y

po w e r p la n t m a n y m ile s b e e a s ily tra n s fe iT e d * o m

e le c tr ic

e can

p la n t to y o u r h o m e O n c e th e e le c tr ic e n e rg y is de li\ie re d to y o u r h o m e it c a n b e c o n v e r te d to

th e

,

a m o te u se fu

l fo rm

a v e a lre a d y n o te d th a t a e r ts Ĝ

lig h t b u lb

lec t ric en e r g y int o ıigh t ėne r gy

an d ilia r o b je c t th a t c o n v e r ts e n

n o th e r fa m

A

e n e rg y

e rs y iī th e

@ e cm

e n e r gy to

h e a t e n e gg y

ix fo v e lw h ic h c o n v e rts e le c tric

Hanging l

e e c tr ic e n e rgy

to m e c h a n ic a l (r o ta tio n a l)

r gy w

ih

m o to r is a lso a c o m m o n c o n v e rs io n

m

co n

he a t

anlæ

g h th e ph ic e šš is v e ry iiĵolved a n d c o m p ļ e x ra d io re c e iv e r s c o n v e r t e le c tri c e n e r gy in to s n d e n e gg ) A v e w s m a lıa m o u n t o f the e le c lr ić e n e rg c o m e s » o m e le c tr ic i y s g n a ls s e n t th r o u g h th e a ir T h e r e s t o f th e e le c tr ic e n e r gy C O m e s m n a b a tte ry o r a n e le c tric o u tle t T he s o u n d e n e r g y ra d ia ıE s fr o m th e s e k p a e r In a s im ita r fa s hio n te le v is io n r e c e iv e rs c o n v t l e r e e c tr ic ,

A

u ,

e n e rgy in to so u n d e n e rg y a n d

14 N

lig ht

e n e rgy

E ffic ie n c y

o c o n v e rs io n

p ro c e s s is 10 0 p e r c e tit e ffic ie n L l th e e n e rgy u t in to a d e v ic e o notaı r a p s y s te m is c o n v e r te d i t n o th e b rm o f e n e w rg y e d e s ire ìAï h e in 10 0Q o u le s f j o e le c tr ic e ï ı e r8 y is P u t in to a lig h t b u lb , o n ı y a bo u t 2 0 0 jo u le s o f lig h t e n e y is r o d u c d T h rg r e o th e r 800 jo u le s p is c o n v e rte d in to h e a t e n e rg y W e c o u ld s a th a t y th e e ûic ie n c o f th e li h y g t bu lb is lo w T h e e ffic ie n c o f a s y y s te m is u s u a lly e x re P s s e d a s a p e r c e n ta g e It is c a lc u la te d b y th e fo rm u la

T h a t is

币口ie n 메

,

p e rc e n t e fu c ie n c

B y a b b re v ia tin g th is fo r m u sı tr

m e s ym

y

g\

u s e fu l e n e -

r8 y

to ta le n e r rc e n t e ffic ie n c

b o l W fo r

uı a as

e n e rg

y,

o ut

to

%

e fl a n

w e c an

w r ite

w

s t n c C ıl ıL nat ı

u se s

x 10 0

-

W

,

aı ł 'r

B a s ic C o n c e pts

ıC ııL

o

bı e$

・ ・

W

o

E n e r gy in E rie r§y

F in «l

J

o r e le c tric e n e r \ p r j T 1o e s o f ïig hĮ e n c rÈy 0 jo u ı

1o o o

G iv e n

i.

L e t u s d e te rm in e lh e e Ħc i e n c y o f th e li h t b u lb g m e n tio n e d e a r lie n 罚

light a n d he a t

d

du ce e厅

e n e r gy to

x 1o o

g y in y

C o n v e rt in g e le c tric

Ţ

o ut

jo u !e s 2 0 o jo u lc s

iO (n

p e rc e n t e flic ie n c y

Scanned by CamScanner

Scanned by CamScanner

of

S t r u c tu r e

1 5

A to m s a re th e s e d o f a to m s A llm a u e r is c o m po e ss o f k s o f n a tu re R e ga r dı b a s ic bu ildin g blo c h lk l c h a r a c te ń s tic s g la s s , c a , th e ir ph y s ic a k d a re a ll m a de fro m a to m s R o c ro c k , a n d w o o b c a u se o f th e type o f is diflfe ie łıt fr o m w q o d e ,

hic h it is

com

th is d i« ın c e is

it is n o h an 100 đfle r e n t typ e s o f T e r e are m o re ı d f a s in g le type o f a to m a to m s M a tte r c o m pq s e o 1h u Ļ th e re a ie a s m an y e l le d is c a ı f to m s S o m e c o m e m e n ts a s thei a re typ e s o a

a to m

be tw

b re a k th e a to m d o w

To

n

in to

e le c tr ic ity , w e

m u st

is

c a lle d th e

ı ļ gķı ts It c o n ta in s

1 h c e le c tro n s

a ro u n d th e n u c le u s in e llip ū c a l p a M s

tr o n

is

m u ch

la r ge r

(

n e a r ly

200 0 tim

re v o lv e

T he e le c es

e e n th e n u c le ł ı s an d

h» ¸

the e le c b o n is v e i e đ yg

ha s iz e o f e iı

,

w e m u st re m e m

ber

c e n tim

te m

(4 x 10

-

13

cm

ı

n is a ppro x im a te ly cı

h yd ro ge n a to m s ), e a ch e lec b it W ith p ro p e r c o o ldin a tio n i h r 田 o t 口 园 tr o n a s s of orbig e le c tr o n s , it is p o ss ible fo r tw o ı ndee a to m s to s h a le c o m m o n s p m orm m a rc s slı m t o a in m a n y ma ńa ls , neiboring e læ trìo n s a s w e u a s s p a c e i e n ts th e a lu m in u m a to m n I2m Ħ\ h c h t e a a t b ė r e R em m a tw o 4 im e m io n a l fo r m 靶 s \ı c d tlıc n u a皿 ı y o rb itin g a ro u n 臥æ 加 )匦 吕 a c tı

in a jo r p a rtic le s is illusted in Ħg ı1 T h e c e n an d n e u tro n s

\

hyū o gen by a c o m m o n m a ń h T he be te pre se n te d b a 3 1 m eı y er

a ll a to m s e x c e pt

be fa m iliar

,

a to m

t i d

n u c le u s o fthe

th a t c o n ta in m o re th a n o n e e lec tro n (th a t is, in

,

th e r ro to n s

be

L e t

0 39 i n c Electrons ro ta te , o r o rbit a ro u n d the n u c le u s f o th e a to m in m u c h th e s u ı ı e m a n n er as the e a r th ro ta te s a ro u n rd th e s u n (F ig 1 1) In a to m s A

h re e itt ū ie ı

te r o f e



m ay

0 0 0000 0000000 4

o r p a itic le s o f th e a lo m T h e se m aj h l a i e t e e e c tr o n p r o to n an d n e u tr o n A p ic to ria l r e p re s en ta tio n o f a h e liu m a lo m s h o w in g iß 1h ıìee

w

出口

th a t d ı e se s iz e s a n d d is tan ce s aie su bm icm sc o ic p d ia m e ter o f a n electron is o N y e x a m p le M

s [i» s m a lle r p a r tic le s

u n de n ta n d e le c tric ity, w e n e e d to

,

,

e la tiv e 】

,

"

In ti

60 000

(1o o fo (x )sp he ie I d lólokilom(1000 m ile s ) tro m th e ńia rble A lth o u h the dist g in ce

com

re a lly u n d e rs ta n d



o n c o u lđthe n e le c lı

p ] se d o f m o re th an o lic nd s o f a to m s c o m bin e e le m ie i7t W n e n dif e re n t kii ı e đc o m L c h e m ic a lly th e y fo rm m a te ń a ls c a ı e c o m p o u n đis p o ıłn ds A n e x a m ple o f a s im p ı w a te r rjjh k h is c o m p o s e d o f th e e le m e n ts o x y ge n a n d hyd ro ge n M a n y o f th e m a te r ia ls u se d in e le c ū o n ic c iīc u its a r e c o m p o se d o f ċ o m p o u n d s To

e le c lıo n

a p p ro x im a te l y

,

go ld , s ilv e r, a n d c o ppe r T ħe tc a ıe tho u sa n ds a n d th o u sa n ds o f d iĦėr v i ou s l y, m o s t' n t m a t eń a l s i n t he w o r l d. b

"

thattheų electnonisveı yg

自e di国图心te r ò f lfie 创优 敬

a n d n o n e u lıo n s

m o n e le m e n ts aīe

be

uch

fie lp y o u ï o v isu a liz e锄悬 d h e f z s i t t e a v o t o e m ic pa rric le s an d th a e spı cei b c t w t t n T b e s im p le s t a d m is the h y 1o to n o a lo m w hic h c o n ta in s o n e p¢ ne An

lo n ge r c h a llt

m a te ū 出 m u s t

han ı

; 陴 w

,

m

e

b e łw e en th e n ı« le u s a n d the c o m p m d w ith th e s ize o f

po se d b ta n c e th a t s tilı T he s m a lle s t pa r tic le o f a su s i a lle d a m o k c u k h a s a u o fits c h a r a c te ń s tic s s c r e a to m s If a A m o le c u le c o n s is ts o f tw o o r m o i div ide đin to s m a lle r pa r ts o le c u le o f c h a lk s

a to m s o f w

is m

IiBhte r than e \ pl\o to n o r th e neulro!aboutlina s hea 1iJr) the center (n u c le u s )o f O ie a to m c o n ı a iißm o stof d h I t i a n e e c e m th e w e ght m a ke u m p o sto rh e v o lu m e 1t s ho u 1d a 1so b la rg a , •

M a tt e r

ı arge Đ

Ţ .

fig 1 1 Sm

ı ctu r e o f a n a to m

o fh



Scanned by CamScanner

Scanned by CamScanner

th e a ttra c tio n b e tw

e e n th e ro to n f p o the d h l t t d e e e c io n an e c r ea se s a s the l

n u c le u

e ec u o n

d w lp

s

ge ts

fa r ıh e r fio m the n u c le u s T h u s , th e v a le n c e e le c tro n s u e h e ld to th e n u c le u s w ith ı e ss a t tra c tio n th a n th e e le c tro n s i n the in n e r s he lı s a re T he v a le n ce e ı e c lro n s c a n b e m o re e a s iı y re m o v e d fro m th e p a r e n t a to m th a n the eı e c tro n s in th e in n e r s he lls can Aı l e le c tro n s po s se ss e n e rgy T he y p o ss e ss e n e r8y b e c a u se th e h a v e w e i ht a d y g n th e a r y e m o v in g T h u s ı h e y a re c a p a b le o f d , o in g w o rk Vaı e n c e e le c tr o n s p o s se s s m o re e n e r th gy a n e le c tro n s in the in n e r s h e lls In e t g n e ra ı , he th ęL e le c tro n is fro m t h¢ n u c le u s o f 1h e q p a to m th e m o re e n e r8y it o s s s s p ę es Ħ

dw

t

,

1 8 \

(b )

Fr e e E ı e c tr o n s

F ree

e ie c lro n s a re v a le n c e e le c tro n s rh at ha v e b e e n te m p o ra ril se ara t d y p e fro m a n a to m T he y aı e fre e ı o w a n d e r a b o u t in th e sp a c e a r o u n d th e a to m T h e y a r e u n a tta c h e d ı o a n y particuli ato m O n l the v a le n y c e e le c m n s a re c a bl pa e o f b ec o m in g fle e e le c m ın s E l e c u o n s in the in n e r sh e lls A re v e r ti h tl h ld y g y e to e n u c le u s T he y c a n n o t b e s e a ra te d fr o m th e p u e n t a to m Ą v a p le n c e e le c tr o n is fie e d ł io m i ・

e rg y i$ a d d e d to

l

fil 1 召 Ele c tric ı ie ld s be tw e e n ch a r es g {a l a n d lb ì Like c ha r es r e ı g pe e a t h o th e r Jiy U n like ch a r g e s a ttr a c t e a c h o th er

ha s

a lo w s a th a c tio n

y e le c p o n s a s it h a s p ro to ri į Fo r p le , lo o k a t th e a lu m in u m a to m illu s tr a te d (in s im lifie d f o rm ) in F i p ı 2 I h t as g ]3 e le c tr o n s o rb itin a r o u n d th e n u c ı g e u s, a n d th e n u c ı e u s c o n ta in s 13 ro t p o n s in a d d itio n to th e 14 n e u tr o n s W e c a n sa y th a t th e a lu m in u m a to m is e ı e c tr ic a 11 y n e u tra l e v e n th o u g h in d iv id u a l e l e c tr o n s a n d p r o to n s a r e e le c tr ic a ll c h a r y 吕e d a s m an

eı ıc tn ı nı

ı onı

Po ıitfıe iD lı

» ııı¢ iï e io n

b e tw

a

1 9 W he n

ı one

alence e le c tro n le a v e s an a to m to b e c o m e a fre e e le c tro n il ta k e s w ith it o n e n e g a tiv e e le c tric c h a r8 e T his a b s e n c e o f o n e t m n e g a tiv e e le c tric c h a n e fro m th e pent a o i s t i h e o a n t w p tiv e ı e a v e s th a t p a re n t a to m Th e re i t m o l num a c h a rg e In th c c a s e o h h e a u m itiv e c h a rg e s )b u t tm ly w o u ld b e 13 p ro to n s (po s w h ic h 2 e le c tro n s (n e g a tiv e c h a r ge s ) A to m s ı ı co m a i m o r h n r e t h a n t h a v e m o r e th N o r le s s n an ] ı l tro n s a re c a p le m e n t o f e e c in i ít n s it b e c o m e s ıJ?o s v t q a to m lo se s e le c tr o e x c e ss o f e le c tro n s C ò n v e rse ly a to n is w ith a n e n eg h a tiv e c arge a n d b e ç o m c o n ta in a n c t n e 吕 i u e r q re d to a m o u n t o f e n e rgy a ti\z io n s T h e r ie s ro n an d c r ea te a n io n v a ec ı fr e e a v a le n c e e ı fr o m e le m e n t to e le m e n t a

,

Va ı e n c e Eı e c tr o n s

.

T he e ı e c tro n s in Đ e o u te rm o s t sh e ll o f q a to m re c a lle d aı v a le n c e V a le n c e electrons eı ggm a re a to m ic a r ı h a t a re in v o lv e d in c h e m i p ic i& ı e a l r e a c tio n s a n d e le c tric c u rre n ts O n e o f th e fo r ce s th a t h e l p s to h o ld e le c tro n s in o rbit is th e fo rc e o f t á a tr c ū o n b e tw e e n u n lik e c hu g e s T he c ı o s e r to e th e r tw ö g p a rtic le s o f o p p o s ite e le c tric c h a r g e s a r e th e g re a te r e le c tric a ıa ttra c tio n be tw e e n th e m T h e re fo re ,

,

lır 1

T he a dditio n a le n etgy

j

,

Vıli n c ı

the a to m

valenceelecn to e sc a p e rh e fo tc e o f

e e n th e e le c tro n a n d th e n u c le u s fre e e le c ı ıo n , th e e le c ū o ń o sse sse s m o re p e n e łg y ih a n it d id a s a v a l e e le c ı m ļ m !o p ıo * id e th e a d d itio n a l e n e ıw n e e de d to ū e e a n e le c ı r o n is ı o h e a t the a to m A n o ı h e r w a y is to su bj h e c t t e a to m to q e ı e c b ic fie l&

As

e x am

1 7

ts a to m ų b m» e n ?

,

,

B a s ic C o n c e p ts

Scanned by CamScanner

Scanned by CamScanner

19 T ru e

A n sw

e r th e

o llo w

J

in g q u e s lio lłs

16 w h a t po ı a r ity is th e c h a r e g ı ro n ? A p ro to n ?

o f a n e le c

17 Is a n a lo in e le c tr ic a lly c h a r e d ? E x ı g p a in 18 W n a t is a n a to m c a lle d w he n it h a s lo s t a v a le n c e e le c lr o n

?

o r fa ls e

A

e le c tro n

is a t a h i h g er

e n e r8 y le v e l ih a n a v a le n c e l e e c tr o n is T ru e o r fa ls e A n a to m w ith se v e n v a ı e n ce e le c tro n s p ro v id e s a fle e e l e c tr o n m o re Re a d ily th a n a n a to m w ith t w o vaı e n ce e le c tro n s

20

2 1 T ru e

o r fa ls e

Io n s

c an

p o s s e ss e ithe r a

e g a t ive or a p s i tive ch a o r g e.



1 10

S ta tic C h a r g e Eı e c tr ic it y

an

d S t a t ic

S ta tic e le ċ tr ic ity is a c o m m o n h e n o m e n o n th a t p l o f u s h a v e o b s e rv e d P ro b a b l th e 3ı m o s t d ra y m a tic e x a m ple o f s ta tic e le c t i i r c ty S ta tic e le c tr ic ity is r e s o n s ib le f or h t k p y o u m a y r e c e iv e w h e n r e a c h in g fo r a m e ta l d o o rk n o b a fte r w a lk in a c ro s s a thic k ru g g It is a lso r e sp o n s ible fo r h a i li r c n g in g to a c o m b a d n fo ŕ th e w a y s o m e s n th e tic l c o th e s c lin y g to e m s e l Ýe s . A ll th e a b o v e h e n o m e n a h a v p e o n e th in g in c o m m o n T h e a ll in v l o v e th e u a n s fe r o f e le c y tro n s fro m o n e o b e c t to a n o th e r o b je c t o r fro m j o n e m a te r ı a ıto a n o th e r m a te ŕ ia l Asiiive s ta tic c ha r ge s c re a te d w he n a tra n s fe r o f e læ tro n s le a v e s a n o b je c t w ith a d e fic ie n c y o f e le c tro n s A tiv e s ra ı ı c c fı a rg e re s u lts w h e iıa n o b e c t i l t j s e f w iıh a n E x c e s s o f

isligh

ŞŞ:

lııdu c Ėd c h ır ıe

Po ıitiï e c ha r lie

static '

ııl ıtf* e s tıtic c hır g e

i

o

T th e

v a le n c e e le c tro n s

co m e

fr e e

cı o th



f

r o m th e g la s s ro d e le c tr o n s a n d a r e tra n s fe r re d to

b¢ e

e c lo th ta k e s o n a n e g a tiv e c h a rg e , a n d th e g la s s ro d ta k e s o n a p o s itiv e c h a qge T he c h a r ge s o n th e g la s s a n d th e c lo th te n d to re tn a in s ta tio n a r th u s th e n y, a m e s ta tic e le c n ic ir y A n o b e c t M a t p o s s e s se s a s ta t c c h a i e c a iı g a ttra c t o b e c ts th a t a r e n t h t o c a rg e d T h is p e n s be c a u s e th e c h a r g e đ h e n p la c r d , w n e a r a n u n c ha r e d o b e c t b u t n o t to u c h iń it g g , c a n in d u c e a c h a r e o n th e s u rfa c e o f th e u n g c h a r e d o b e c t (Ħ g 1 6 T h e in d u c e d c u z b e c a u s e its p o la r it is th e o y p p o s ite o f a t o f tfie c h a īg e d o b e c Ļ is th e n a tt ra c t d to th e c h a r e d g o b e c t If ı h e tw o o b e ç [s L fo r e x a m le ı p , h ė b a lı a n d th e to d in F ı I a t e lo w e d to to u c h , aı g p a r t o f th e p o s itiv e c h a r ge o f th e ro d is ı ra n s fe r re d to e b a ll ıh e n b o th o b e c h ts a v e p o s i tiv e c h a rg e s a n & a fo r c e o f re p u ı , s io n re su lts

:

j j

i

o æt

h

j

j

g

)

ĺ

i0

j

j

j

j

T he b a ll a n d th e ro d th e n m o v è a w a fr o m o ne y a n o th e r b e c a u se th e ir lik e c h a rg e s re p e l e a c h o th e r Let u s fr o m o n e

ĺ ia 1

G ibilisc o a n d Sc la te r M c G raw H M iggo) ,

,

c la r ify o

ho w

e c t to

a c h a rg e

is tr a n s fÈn e d

th e o th e r, a g a in ū s in g a s A

ı

ı n du c in g a s ta tic c ha rge W ne n the ba ll e c tro n s a r e tr a n s fe m d to u c he s the ro d , e ı to th e ro d Th e b a llis le ft w ith a po s itiv e c ha rg e



C h a pte r 1

B as ic C o n t e p ts

Scanned by CamScanner

Scanned by CamScanner

竺贮上



Ī

B a c kin g

posiely

P o s i0 e ı y

Parlicles

:

) L

N e ga h

"

e ly

c h a rg e d ro d s

D fıl 1 J Ħin ciple o fa du s t prec ipita tor u st h i a r ge t v e c n a e i n 2 e v g e s a re g p a rtic ı i i t d t e ly v s o o t e p th a t the y a re a ttr ac a te s c ha r ge d pı

Eı ec trııla ū c re p c ipita to rs

°

: W

,

l

i

l

e

s

n e g a tiv e ly c h a rg e d , a n d

B b ie c t b be pa in te d is p o sitiv e ly

-

h

.

' "

A

th e

e

i p ro cess te n ds to g iv e a u n ifo rm c o a t o f pa n t o n :s u r l i u a r h h n rre t t a s a a v ec t e en o n e an o b j g Fa c e TLs pa in t bu ild s u p o n o n e p a rt o f th e lh e c h a rg e o n th a t p a r t o f th e o bje c t is o bk

1

$



d e v ic e s o f th is t)ip e ar e o fte n c a lle s io tic sic c h a rg e s a r e a lso u s e d in s o m e pa in t m is le a v in g lhe

I

į

e s o fm a kin g a bras ive pa pe r Sta tic Fig 1 8 Prin c ip ı c ha r ges p os itio n the a br as ive pa rtic les s o tha t the ir s harp e $t po in ts a re e x po s ed

so

c a n c e le d .

E x ce ss

Th e fo rc e

pt

bu ild s

o f a n ra c tio n

N

s a dd itio n a l p a in t

træ te d In tho se

p a rt o f th e o bje c t, n e g a tiv e ly c h ar ge d a n d

up on

th e n th a t pa n be c o m e s re

d is a ppe a rs If

pm

T he

le d re p e ı

f :!e

eject Ĥ

p a in t is a t at m

s till

pa rtic le s the pa rtic le s ar e a ttra c te d to th e p a p e r a n d a dh e re to it (F ig 1 8) O n c e the a b ra s iv e p a r tic le s a re d is tń bu te d o ! the a dhe a b ra s iv e

b a c k in g p a pe rı bo th the p a pe r à n ď the a bra s iv e p a r tic le s a re g iv e n like c ha r ge s T he like c h a r ge s re p e l e a c h o th e r a n d U y to p u s h the s iv e

p a rtic le s fro m the pa p e r H o w e v e r the a dh e s iv e is s tro n g e n o u g h to h o ld the pa rtic le s " " to th e p a p e r T he a b ra s iv e p a rtic le s şta n d u p a b ra s iv e

pe rŊie s o f s ta tic e le c 0 ic i

w

u s e d to a d v a n ta ge

i

in

c an

be

gbg §iye ) T h e b a c kin 8 p\ r is co a te d th al ıa đh es i ve ( gl ue ) an d g i ve n a s t at ic

c ha \

T he

a

m an u fa c tu r in g

p a rtic le s a re

po site c ha rge A s the pa pe r

?n sw

k er ı

jo llo w in g

giv e n the o p is pa sse d o v e r the

ho ld th e a b ra s iv e p a rtic le s ih p la ç e T ĥ e re a so n th e a bra s iv e p a r tic le s s ta n d u p is tha t sta tic to

c h a r ge s c o n c e n tra te o n

2 2 W ha t is a s ta tic c h a r e ? g 23 ı ı st thre e in d u s tria la pp lic a tio n s o f sta tic

ches

24 T ru e

o r ta se

ro d to u c he s

th e

ı

1Z

Chıptır 1 B a s it

A fte r a po s itiv e l c h 団 y 彆

ą n e u tra ı fre e

b a ll w ill be

\

ts

re p e lle d

th e

s

ĥw

S in c e lik e c ha rge s re p

p u sH a w a y

fro m

T he sh a rp e s t po in

!h įn t f A n le a g lio qje r the y ,

e a c h o the r B s fa r a s

po s s ible

t o f th e a bra s iv e

m o s t hig hly c h a rg e d

p a rtic le is the T he re the s u rfa c e o fthe

p a rt o f th e

fo re , it is p u s he d fa rthe s t fio m b a c kin g p a pe r

pa rtic le

S ta tic d isc harge c a u se s e c t to e le c tro n s to tra n s fe r fro m o n e o b j ect a n o th e r o b j 2 6 T ru e o r fa lse A n o bje c t w ith a s ta tic c h a r ge c a n a ttra c t o n ly o th e r c h a rge d 25 M

qu e s tio n s



o f e ac h p a pe r s o th a t the sh\ s t p ar tic le is e x po se d a s th e c u ttin g Ņ d a c e T he a dh e s iv e m a te ria l is the n heied a id lia rdc n e d

j

a lp ro

S c Ln

,

o n th e

o b ect :

,

e o r fa lse

o b e c ts

j

ha n gin g b a ll,

Scanned by CamScanner

Scanned by CamScanner

] ıı A p o s itiv e io n is d one Ł C\

N

C

.

d J u n i{ o f e n e rg y is th e

] 9 T he b ase

C a pıu rc d o n e d G iv e n u p o n e

Io n

a

c.

b P ro to n c

1 12 A

Jo u ı e

o r m o re

R em

b Rem

p ro to n s

o r m o re

p ro to n s c r e a te d o n

o v in

be

o v in g n e u tro n s

d A ddin g

j

an o b e c t

g p r o to n s fr o m th e o b je c t

* o m th e

A d d in g e ı e c tro n s uo th e

c

-

o r m o re

n e g a tiv e c h a rg e c a n

a

hic h h a s (ı9 ) e le c tro n s w

u p o n e o r m o re e le c tro n s

h G

(1 2 )

a n a to m

ne u ı r o n s to

o

j

o b e ct

b je c t

th e o b j e ct

Cha plu Rev ie w Pro blem s ・

1

{ï Ěi s

ėffic ie n c y o r a

e

9 14 b a s e

u n its o f e le c tń c

m o to r w

h ic h

e n e r gy to

r e q u ire s

14

p ro d u c e 58 5

'

ı

HO

m u c h w o rk is

do n e

w

he n

j

a n o b e c t is

15 A

ėd3metersbyapplyingaforceor8o

m o «o r is

ı 2 oo b a s e

ł .ieons? (l 2 ) 13 H o

o w m u c h e n e rg y is re q u ire d

7 o p e rc e n ffic ie n t a n d r e q ıñīe s ų u n its o f e n e rg y H o w m u Tfıe ñe rgy

d o e s it p ro v id e ? (14

m u c h e n e r gy is in v o lv e d in

by a n e le c u ic

la m p is 18 p e rc e n t e ffic ie n t a n d p ro v id e s 5 4 63 1 o f lig h t e n e r gy ? (14 )

Jb u le s o f m e c h a n ic a l e n e r gy ? (I 4 ) 12

H

)

q u e s tio n 1 2?

ıł2 ) ı

Cr itic a l ï hin k in q qu es tio n s 1 1 D is c u s s th e p ro b a ble c h a n g e s in y o u r life s ty le if th e e le c tric s e r v ic e to y o u r h o m e w e re

đis c o n n e c te d fc r o n e W h y is it im p o r ta n t to in c re a s e th e e ffic ie n c y o f e le c tr ic d e v ic e s a s m u c h a s is p r a c tic a l?

1 2 In

a dditio n to

d e c r e a s in g

1 3 . W h y a l e la r g e d e s ig n e d to b e

,

'

c o s ts , w

p e r a te d m o to rs e ffic ie n t th a n s m a ll, 驷醪 \

lights in o u r h o m e s a e r dis a d v a n n ge d u ń n g th e w in ter m o t h s g« a ł o r th e su m m e r m o ilth s ? W n y ? 1 5 M a n y e le c tr ic d e v ic e s c o u ld b e d e s ig n e d a n d ffi i n d y W n y c o n s tru c te d to o p e ra te m o r e e c e

14

Is th e lo w

e ū ic ie n c y o f th e

he y? a re n t ı '

c o n tiĮ ru o u s ı yo m o re

in te n ń itte n tly o p e ra te d

強 腾 呷 斕 舗

罈 에

m o to rs ?

Scanned by CamScanner

Scanned by CamScanner

EE CH 1.pdf

3 L is t d /ltlQ w in ilJ the c ha ra c te ris tic s o f the. m a jo r pa ... o pe ra te s o u r c o n. p u te rs ... w ith the sa m e sym bo l a n d u se the s a m e u n its ,. the y a re ... a re tw o w a ys o f sa yin g. the M m e ... Displaying EE CH 1.pdf. Page 1 of ...

7MB Sizes 3 Downloads 201 Views

Recommend Documents

EE-A.pdf
IN THE ROLL NUMBER AND ·msT BOOKLET SERIES CODE B, C OR D CAR£FULLY. AND WITHOUT ANY OMISSION OR DISCREPANCY AT THE APPROPRIATE PLACES. IN THE OMR ANSWER SHEET. ANY OMISSION/DISCREPANCY WILL RENDER. THE. ANSWER SHEET LIABLE FOR REJECTION. Booklet

XAPP290 - EE Times Asia
Jun 28, 2002 - Overall structure should be a top-level design with each functional ..... A device that has been configured with an encrypted bitstream cannot be.

ee SS
865 221834; email: stephen.ashcroft(a)ndcb.ox.ac.uk ions for .... cloned PCR amplification products as templates. The .... from MIN6 cells as templates (Fig. l).

H2020-EE-SC5_Iu_Panfil.pdf
Download. Connect more apps... Try one of the apps below to open or edit this item. H2020-EE-SC5_Iu_Panfil.pdf. H2020-EE-SC5_Iu_Panfil.pdf. Open. Extract.

CH-Besancon.pdf
Page 1 of 8. Page 1 of 8. Page 2 of 8. Page 2 of 8. Page 3 of 8. Page 3 of 8. CH-Besancon.pdf. CH-Besancon.pdf. Open. Extract. Open with. Sign In. Details.

WHAP-CH-1-AND-CH-2-TARGETS-NEOLITHIC ...
WHAP-CH-1-AND-CH-2-TARGETS-NEOLITHIC-REVOLUTION - Google Drive.pdf. WHAP-CH-1-AND-CH-2-TARGETS-NEOLITHIC-REVOLUTION - Google ...

Ch 03
NATIONAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS. STATE GOVERNMENTS. Concurrent Powers. Reserved to the States ne. • Regulate intrastate commerce. Conduct elections. • Provide for public health, safety, and morals. Establish local government. • Maintain the mili

danh s¸ch
U.N. Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)........................ 296 ...... 7th Floor, Daeha Business Center. 360 Kim Ma ...... 28 Mac Dinh Chi Str. District 1. Tel.

022 CH By ...
Connect more apps... Try one of the apps below to open or edit this item. 022 CH By CTSEK11_HKG_SPECIAL_OF_THE_MONTH_3D2N_15-17SEP-17.pdf.

Tu, CH
Page 1 of 12. CHAPTER 2. Concepts of PLE and ONLE. EMERGING LEARNING CONCEPT. Network learning technologies, such as social media and Web 2.0, ...

danh s¸ch
HANOI. Chancery of the Embassy. 31 Hai Ba Trung Str. Tel. 9360500. Fax. 9360561. E-mail: .... [email protected] (Cultural services). Giê lµm viÖc.

ee varsham sakshi.pdf
Sign in. Loading… Whoops! There was a problem loading more pages. Whoops! There was a problem previewing this document. Retrying... Download. Connect ...

CH-u_culture.pdf
Sign in. Page. 1. /. 1. Loading… Page 1 of 1. Page 1 of 1. CH-u_culture.pdf. CH-u_culture.pdf. Open. Extract. Open with. Sign In. Main menu. Displaying ...

CH. Karnchang - Settrade
Jul 25, 2017 - *The Company may be issuer of Derivative Warrants on these securities. http://research.kgi.com; Bloomberg: KGIT . Please see back ...

Ch 24 Physics Answers
Jul 12, 2012 - Thus the pattern is just the reverse of the usual double-slit pattern. 10. For constructive ..... the mirror movement must produce an integer number of fringe shifts for each wavelength: .... Because measurements are made far from the

Ch 30.1WS.pdf
There was a problem previewing this document. Retrying... Download. Connect more apps... Try one of the apps below to open or edit this item. Ch 30.1WS.pdf.

EE 2208 .pdf
The two types of DC bridges. are 1.Wheatstone Bridge 2. Kelvin Double Bridge. Whoops! There was a problem loading this page. EE 2208 .pdf. EE 2208 .pdf.

Java EE 6 Update - PDFKUL.COM
Goals of Java EE 6. ▫ Flexible & Light-weight. ▫ Extensible. ▫ Embrace Open Source Frameworks. ▫ Easier to use and to develop. ▫ Continue on path set by Java EE 5. 5 ... framework get discovered and registered automatically. ▫ Plugin libr

Cao2009-CH-Chapter8_ICAS.pdf
16 Yugur 26.4 33 Baoan 14.19 50 Lisu 5.34. 17 Tu 23.87 34 Dulong 13.95 51 Dongxiang 4.26. Source: Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census ...

CH 6.pdf
There was a problem previewing this document. Retrying... Download. Connect more apps... Try one of the apps below to open or edit this item. CH 6.pdf. CH 6.

CH-Utinam-Louvre.pdf
Retrying... Download. Connect more apps... Try one of the apps below to open or edit this item. CH-Utinam-Louvre.pdf. CH-Utinam-Louvre.pdf. Open. Extract.

ch 1.pdf
geesa ls izR;sd O;fDr vf}rh; gksrk gS D;ksafd izR;sd. O;fDr fofHkUu fo'ks"kdksa osQ fof'k"V lfEeJ.k dks vfHkO;Dr. djrk gSA vki iz'u dj ldrs gSa fd izR;sd O;fDr D;ksa ...

EE-SX4134-1010-qrkmm.pdf
Reflow soldering Tsol 255°C (see note 2). Manual soldering Tsol 350°C (see note 2). Description Model. Photomicrosensor (transmissive) EE-SX4134.