Position Paper     

Inclusion of Soft Skills in the  Pharmacy curricula 

     

EUROPEAN PHARMACEUTICAL STUDENTS’ ASSOCIATION  DECEMBER 2016    

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Executive Summary   To  ensure  that  future  pharmacists are enabled to provide patient-centred care, the  skills  that  have  proven  to  be its foundation must be equally taught to all pharmacy  students. Patient-centred care is not only about professional and technical skills of  diጜerent  healthcare  professionals,  but  also  about  human  relationships  and  the  ability  for  these  professionals  to  interact  eጜectively  and  harmoniously  with  patients.  These  are  deጄned  as  soft  skills.  Soft  skills  should  be  part  of  the  knowledge  transmitted  by  higher  education  institutions,  allowing  a  structured  approach  and  ensuring  the  best  outcome  for  both  students  and  healthcare  systems,  as  they  have  proven  to  be  essential  for  the  achievement  of  successful  outcomes in the former.   EPSA therefore calls on educational institutions for:   1.

Recognition of soft skills as a key component in patient-centred care 

2.

Implementation of soft skills in pharmacy curricula, equally across Europe 

3.

Involvement  of  student  associations  in  the  discussion  and  implementation  of soft skills in the pharmacy curricula 

  Contents  Introduction 



Key issues 



Conclusion  



Recommendations 



About EPSA 



About the EPSA Training Project 



References 

8   

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  Introduction  Patient-centred  care  is  a  widely  used  concept  in the healthcare lexicon. Patients are  seen  as  individuals,  informed,  respected and listened to regarding the decisions that  inጜuence  their  health1.  The  advantages  of  the  patient-centred  care  are  well  known1  and  this concept may be comprehensively described by its interrelated components:  (1)  exploring  both  the  disease  and  the  illness  experience;  (2)  understanding  the  whole  person;  (3)  ጄnding  common  ground  regarding  management  of  problems;  (4)  incorporating  prevention  and  health  promotion;  (5)  enhancing  the  doctor–patient  relationship  and  (6)  ‘being  realistic’  about  personal  limitations  and  issues,  such  as  the  availability  of  time  and  resources2.  Patient-centred  care  is  not  only  about  the  professional  skills  of  diጜerent  healthcare  professionals,  but  mostly  about  human  relationships and the ability of these professionals to create empathy with patients. It  is,  therefore,  of  uttermost  importance  that  future  healthcare  professionals  are  educated  towards  a  health  system  increasingly  focused on the patient and that their  curriculum properly reጜects the needs of their profession3.  Amongst  the  skills  needed  for  the  implementation  of  a  patient-centred  care,  there  are  communication  skills,  emotional  intelligence (as the ability to establish empathy),  teamwork  (cooperation  and  partnership  with  both  patients  and  other  healthcare  professionals),  critical  thinking  and  problem  solving1,3.  Moreover,  the  International  Federation  of  Pharmacists  (FIP)  described  in  its  Global  Competency  Framework  for  pharmacists  a  similar  skill  set  that  can  serve  as  a  complement  to  the  above  mentioned.  This  Framework’s  skill  set  includes  communication,  with  a special focus  on  building  rapport  and  being  culturally  aware,  leadership,  and  time  and  project  management4.  All  of  these  skills  can  be  generally  addressed  as  soft  skills,  these  being  deጄned  as  ‘personal  attributes  that enable someone to interact eጜectively and  harmoniously  with  other  people’  by  the  Oxford  Online  Dictionary5.  Despite  their  known importance, soft skills are underrepresented in pharmacy curricula in Europe.    

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The  PHARMINE6  study  in  2011  revealed  that  education  on  generic  skills,  including  soft  skills,  only  contributed  to  an  average  of  7.1%  of  the  total  contact  hours  in  pharmacy  curricula  across  Europe,  with  the  majority  of  this  time  being  dedicated to  traineeships,  with  a  very  large  variation  between  the  diጜerent  countries7.  The  follow-up  study,  PHAR-QA8,  focused  on  competences  and  quality  assurance  in  the  education  and  training  of  European  pharmacists.  The  results  of  this  European  wide  study,  where  both  students,  professionals  from  diጜerent  ጄelds  in  pharmacy,  and  academics  were  involved,  showed  almost  unanimous  consensus  on  several  concrete  examples  of  soft  skills  (ability  to  work  eጜectively  as  part  of  a  team,  a  professional  approach  to  tasks  and  human  relations,  etc.)  as  being  core  competencies for pharmacists9.   Leadership10,11,  critical  thinking12  and  communication13  courses  have  previously  shown  that  the  outcomes  of  pharmacy  education  can be improved by including soft  skills  in  the  curricula.  Also,  the  involvement  of  students  in  the  learning  process  has  proven to increase their satisfaction without compromising the results obtained14.  To  bridge  the  gap  between  the  students’  needs  for  training  on  soft  skills  and  its  general  absence  in  pharmacy  curricula,  EPSA  developed  the  EPSA Training Project,  which  has  been  providing  soft  skills  training  opportunities  to  pharmacy  students  since  2009.  This  project  has  been  developed  based  on  peer-to-peer  learning,  with  internal  quality  assurance  standards.  The  EPSA  Training  Project  oጜers  complementary  training to European students that engage with EPSA and, therefore,  cannot cover all European Pharmacy students.   Key Issues  To  ensure  that  all  future  pharmacists  in  Europe  are  enabled  to  provide  high  quality  patient-centred  care,  the  skills  that have proven to be its foundation must be equally  taught  to  all  students  of  pharmacy.  EPSA  strongly  believes  in  a  harmonised  education  towards  soft  skills  in  order  to  ensure  consistent  high  standards  across   

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Europe,  while  taking  into  account  the  heterogeneity  of  pharmacy  curricula  across  Europe.  Therefore,  all  pharmacy  students  in  Europe  should  have  equal  access  to  speciጄc  training  on  soft  skills,  in  order  to  potentiate their development as healthcare  professionals  and  positively  contribute  to  the  improvement  of  healthcare  systems  across Europe.  As  the  main  source  of  knowledge  for  future  pharmacists,  the  pharmacy  curricula  should  strive  to  keep  up  to  date  with  the changes in the profession. Being soft skills  at  the  core  of  patient-centred  care  and  being  Universities  the  main  responsible  entities  for  educating  future  pharmacists,  the  symbiosis  between  both  is  not  only  needed, but also predicted as extremely beneጄcial.   Conclusion   Soft  skills,  as  deጄned  above,  should  be  considered  as  a  crucial  part  of  the  professional  development  of  the  pharmacist  and  the  other  healthcare professionals.  They  have  proven  to  be  essential  for  the  achievement  of  successful  outcomes  in  health  and  healthcare  systems,  particularly  concerning  patient-centred  care.  Ultimately,  if  pharmacists  do  not  develop  these  skills  as  an  essential  part  of  their  training,  they  will struggle with clinical practice and pharmaceutical care, missing the  opportunity to greatly improve patients’ outcomes13.  For  all  the  abovementioned  motives,  EPSA  calls  for  the  inclusion  of  soft  skills in the  pharmacy  curricula,  prospecting  that  this  measure  will  not  only  complement  the  professional  development  of  community  or  hospital  pharmacists,  but  also  industrial  pharmacists,  pharmaceutical  scientists,  academics  and  pharmacists  that  follow  alternative  career  paths.  EPSA  also  considers  soft  skills  to  be  essential  to  the  personal  development  of  pharmacy  students.  As  such,  soft  skills  inclusion  in  the  pharmacy  curricula  caters  for  the  vision  of  the  European  Higher  Education  Area,  following  the  Bologna  Process  that  states  that  ‘Higher  Education  will  prepare 

 

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students  for their future careers and for life as active citizens in democratic societies,  and support their personal development’.  Having  a  long  experience  transmitting  knowledge  regarding  soft  skills  through  its  Training  Project,  EPSA  strongly  believes  that  after  taking  soft  skills  training,  pharmacy  students  experience  a  positive  change  both  in  their  professional  and  personal  development.  Bearing  this  in  mind,  EPSA  makes  itself  available  to  participate,  stimulate and drive the process of inclusion of soft skills in the pharmacy  curricula in Europe.  Recommendations 

EPSA calls on educational institutions for:     1. Recognition  of  soft  skills  as  a  key  component  in  patient-centred  care:  Soft Skills are crucial to ensure an eጜective patient-centred care.    2. Implementation  of  soft  skills  in  pharmacy  curricula,  equally  across  Europe:  To  ensure  pharmacy  students  have  equal  access  to  soft  skills  training  across  European  countries,  such  training  should  be  equally  provided  as part of the pharmacy curricula.    3. Involvement 

of 

student 

associations  in  the  discussion  and 

implementation  of  soft  skills  in  the  pharmacy  curricula:  EPSA has a wide  experience  on  providing  soft  skills  training  to  pharmacy  students  and  is  fully  available  to  actively  participate  in  the  discussion  and  implementation  of  the  modiጄcations  necessary  in  the  current  curricula,  essential  for  the  implementation of this measure.      

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About EPSA  The  European  Pharmaceutical  Students’  Association  (EPSA)  is  the  umbrella  association  representing  160,000  pharmacy  students  within  43  member  associations  from  35  countries  across  Europe.  EPSA  is  actively  engaged  on  both  student  and  professional  levels,  bringing  pharmacy,  knowledge  and  students  together  and  encouraging  personal  development  of  its  members.  EPSA  facilitates  discussion  between  member  associations,  by  being  a  platform  for  sharing  knowledge  and  best  practices.  EPSA also acts as the voice of pharmacy students in  Europe  and  advocates  their  interests.  By  organising  events  on  a  European  level,  EPSA ensures knowledge transfer as well as social and cultural exchange.  About EPSA Training Project  The  EPSA  Training  Project  was  founded  in  2009  with the goal of providing soft skills  training  to  pharmacy  students  across  Europe  and  to  advocate  for  the  incorporation  of  soft  skills  in  the  pharmacy  curricula.  Today,  the  EPSA  Training  Project  relies  on  more  than  60  active Trainers in 20 European countries that are capacitated to deliver  high  quality  Training  sessions  at  both local and international level. As main activities,  the  EPSA  Training  Project  has  its  Training  New  Trainers  (TNT)  and  Train  the  Trainers  (TtT)  events,  dedicated  to  internal  capacity  building,  and  Trainers  on  Tour  (ToT)  and  Training  Week  (TW),  dedicated  to  bringing  soft  skills  training  to  pharmacy  students  across  Europe.  Moreover,  the EPSA Annual Congress and Autumn Assembly always  oጜer  an  event-long  Training  programme  for  the  participants  attending.  The  EPSA  Training  Project  has  an  internal  quality  assurance  system that guarantees the quality  of  the  Training  Sessions  delivered  by  EPSA  Trainers.  Feedback  is  collected  for  all  training  sessions  and  reports  for  speciጄc  sessions  and  activities  are  made.  Also,  every  new  Trainer  is  assigned a more experienced Trainer as a mentor who acts as a  guide and supporter for the newer, less experienced Trainers.    

 

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  References  1. 

Epstein,  R.  M.  &  Street,  R.  L.  The  Values  and  Value  of  Patient-Centered  Care. 

Ann. Fam. Med. 9, 100–103 (2011).  2. 

Stewart, M. Towards a global deጄnition of patient centred care. BMJ 322, 444–5 

(2001).  3. 

Sánchez,  A.  M.  Teaching  patient-centered  care  to  pharmacy  students.  Int.  J. 

Clin. Pharm. 33, 55–57 (2011).  4.

FIP  Pharmacy  Education  Taskforce.  A  Global  Competency  Framework  for 

Services Provided by Pharmacy Workforce. (2010).  5.

Oxford  University  Press.  Oxford  Online  Dictionary.  Available  at: 

https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/deጄnition/soft_skills.  (Accessed:  5th  December  2016)  6.  Atkinson,  J.  &  Rombaut,  B.  The  2011  PHARMINE  report  on  pharmacy  and  pharmacy education in the European Union. Pharmacy Practice. 2011;9(4):169-187.  7.  Atkinson,  J.  Heterogeneity  of  Pharmacy  Education  in  Europe.  Pharmacy  2014,  2,  231-243  8.  PHAR-QA  Quality  Assurance  in  European  Pharmacy  Education  and  Training:  http://www.phar-qa.eu/   9.  Atkinson  J.  et  al. The Second Round of the PHAR-QA Survey of Competences for  Pharmacy Practice. Pharmacy 2016, 4(3), 27;  10. 

Patterson,  B.  J.  et  al.  A  leadership  elective  course  developed  and  taught  by 

graduate students. Am. J. Pharm. Educ. 77, 223 (2013).  11. 

Chesnut,  R.  &  Tran-Johnson,  J.  Impact  of  a  student  leadership  development 

program. Am. J. Pharm. Educ. 77, 225 (2013). 

 

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12.

Cone,  C.  et  al.  Incorporation  of  an  Explicit  Critical-Thinking   Curriculum  to 

Improve  Pharmacy  Students’  Critical-Thinking   Skills.  Am.  J.  Pharm.  Educ.  80,  41  (2016).  13. 

Taglieri,  C.  A.,  Crosby,  S.  J.  &  Ferullo,  J.  W.  Implementation  of  a 

Communication Skills Laboratory. Curr. Pharm. Teach. Learn. 6, 773–781 (2014).  14. 

Schneider,  J.,  Munro,  I.  &  Krishnan,  S.  Flipping  the  Classroom  for 

Pharmacokinetics. Am. J. Educ. Res. 2, 1225–1229 (2014).                               

 

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