Goal 3 The American Civil War and Reconstruction

"Fellow citizens, we cannot escape history." Abraham Lincoln, 1862

Competency Goal 3 Crisis, Civil War, and Reconstruction (1848-1877) - The learner will analyze the issues that led to the Civil War, the effects of the war, and the impact of Reconstruction on the nation. Objectives 3.01 Trace the economic, social, and political events from the Mexican War to the outbreak of the Civil War. 3.02 Analyze and assess the causes of the Civil War. 3.03 Identify political and military turning points of the Civil War and assess their significance to the outcome of the conflict. 3.04 Analyze the political, economic, and social impact of Reconstruction on the nation and identify the reasons why Reconstruction came to an end. 3.05 Evaluate the degree to which the Civil War and Reconstruction proved to be a test of the supremacy of the national government.

The Sectional Crisis: Causes of the Civil War People can grow to be very different, even though they come from the same family. Regions in our country grew to be very different, even though they had the same roots. Check out the following: Differences between North and South

North • • • • • • • •

South • • •

Many large cities Heavy manufacturing Many immigrants from Europe (working in manufacturing) Railroad lines increasing Favored tariffs Wanted a national bank Power in hands of the people Merchants are society leaders

• • • •

Mostly rural areas Very little manufacturing Very little immigration (immigrants can’t compete with slave labor so they don’t move to the South) Very few railroads Hated tariffs Hated the national bank Power and wealth held by the planters

The profitable cotton production created a need for cheap labor. While slavery was losing favor in the northern states, after 1830, southern planters became more determined to keep slavery. There are three main reasons. 1. New lands were opening up and southern planters were counting on slaves to do the work. 2. Southerners were fearful of slave revolts and uprisings, which is why they created slave codes. 3. Abolitionists made planters angry. They made planters fearful that they to take away their slaves (property). It seemed that the more the northern regions complained of slavery, the more southerners were determined to keep it! Northerners and Southerners became less willing to compromise, which led to the Civil War. “Can’t We All Just Get Along?” Compromise helps people who disagree solve differences. As we gained land though MANIFEST DESTINY, the question of extending slavery became a major issue. REMEMBER! In order to keep all sections happy, Congress tried to keep the number of slave states and free states equal. When Missouri asked to be admitted to the Union as a slave state, everyone knew it would upset the balance in Congress, giving an advantage to slave interests. Northerners protested! Henry Clay “fixed” the problem with the Missouri Compromise, but it was only a temporary solution to the question of expanding slavery into the new territories. Let’s review the three main parts of the Missouri Compromise: MISSOURI COMPROMISE OF 1820 1. 2. 3.

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The land we received after winning the Mexican War, 1848, brought the question of slavery up again. Southerners argued that they had fought in a war to get that territory and should be able to have slaves. The northern regions were not impressed and vowed that slavery should not extent one inch farther! Henry Clay, old and weary, helped win support for another plan, the Compromise of 1850. Let’s review the four main parts to the Compromise of 1850. COMPROMISE OF 1850 1. 2. 3. 4. Shade the row RED, which favored the SOUTH. Shade the row BLUE, which favored the NORTH.

These actions did not solve the problems of regional rights, but only delayed the “Big Showdown,” which we call the __________________ _____________. In 1854, the problem of free state versus slave state continued. Kansas and Nebraska wanted to join the Union. By this time, Henry Clay was dead, so Senator Stephen Douglas tried to work on a compromise. Under the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, people from the state could vote for or against slavery. Look at page 203. What previous law did the Kansas-Nebraska Act seem to violate? The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 called for Popular Sovereignty (when people make choices for themselves by voting on an issue). The whole idea alarmed the northern parts of the U.S.A. because Kansas would most likely become a slave state. Pro-slavery people and abolitionists rushed to Kansas and both sides fought for their cause. The term “Bleeding Kansas” describes the fight between slave and free interests. People were injured in this attack led by radical abolitionist, John Brown. The Kansas-Nebraska Act’s “unintended consequence” helped propel our nation to war. “So You are the Little Woman . . . that Started this Great War!” – Abraham Lincoln to Harriet Beecher Stowe In 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin. The book was popular in the North, but banned in the South due to the depicted of slavery. The story depicted slavery as a horrible and unspeakable institution, which is most certainly was. The book was made into a play and became popular with Northerners. Southern slave holders were worried that the book would turn many people against slavery and they were right to worry. When meeting Ms. Stowe, President Lincoln said, “So, you are the little woman . . . that started this great war!” Thanks to this book, many Northerners joined the Abolition Movement! It made the Abolition Movement stronger and more powerful politically.

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The Dred Scott Decision - 1857 Dred Scott was a slave who was taken into a free state by his owner. He sued for his freedom on the grounds that residing in free territory had made him free due to the Missouri Compromise of 1820. The Supreme Court heard his case. Chief Justice Roger Taney read the majority opinion declaring that Scott was not a person but property. A slave owner cannot be denied his right to property even if a slave was taken into the North. (A citizen’s right to property is protected in the U.S. Constitution.) This decision nullified the Missouri Compromise of 1820. This meant that slavery could expand anywhere in the U.S. What was the Supreme Court’s ruling in Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857?

NEW POLITICAL PARTIES DEVELOPING In the mid-1850s, Whigs were a political party, which refused to take sides on the issue of slavery, so it died! However, in its death, a new political party rose: the Republican Party. Republicans had one great issue on their platform: KEEP SLAVERY OUT OF THE TERRITORIES! In the Illinois Senate election, a young Abraham Lincoln went against popular and incumbent (means currently elected) “Kansas-Nebraska-Popular-Sovereignty” Stephen A. Douglas. Douglas pushed his “popular sovereignty” ideas. Lincoln, on the other hand, said that slavery was a “moral, political, and social wrong” and should not be allowed in the new territories. Although Lincoln was against expanding slavery, he was not an abolitionist. Lincoln lost the senate race, but gained many supporters and before you know it, he’s running for President of the United States! This gave made him well known, so the Republicans nominate him to be their Presidential Candidate in 1860.

John Brown John Brown was a radical abolitionist, who felt that God had given him the task of freeing slaves. He and his sons murdered five people who were pro- slavery. In 1858, he was a wanted fugitive when he led his followers into a planned raid on a government arsenal (What is in an arsenal? ) at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia. Once there, they would lead a slave revolt throughout the South. The revolt did not occur and Brown was captured very soon after the raid failed. Brown was executed eight days later. He said he was proud to die for the slaves making him a martyr (someone who dies for their beliefs) to the North. But in the South, he was just a fanatical murderer! The raid on Harpers Ferry was one of the causes of the Civil War.

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Election of 1860 Look at the Statistics for the Election of 1860:

Candidate Lincoln Breckinridge Bell Douglas

Electoral Vote Political Party Votes Percent Republican 180 59% Southern Democrat 72 24% 13% Constitutional Unionist 39 Northern Democrat 21 4%

Popular Vote Votes Percent 1,866,452 40% 847,953 18% 590,631 13% 1,375,157 29%

Although Abraham Lincoln won only ________ percent of the national popular vote, he won majorities in the northern states, giving him ________ of electoral votes. The Southern Democrat John Breckinridge, meanwhile, won majorities across the less-populous South. Even if all the challengers votes had went to one candidate, would Lincoln still win the election? Why or why not?

Why is the Election of 1860 Important? Some Southern states threatened that they would leave the Union if Abraham Lincoln won the Election of 1860. Southerners despised and ridiculed him because he spoke of limiting/restricting slavery. In many Southern towns, Lincoln’s name was not even on the ballot! Even still, Lincoln won and the first Southern state to secede was South Carolina on December 20, 1860. By February 1861, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas had also left the Union (U.S.A.). Other states thought the matter over and voted to leave the Union, too. They were Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee. The states that left called themselves the Confederate States of America (C.S.A.). They were known as the Confederacy. The C.S.A. capital was moved to Richmond and Jefferson Davis was the President. There were border states in the Union, which allowed slavery, but did not secede from the Union. Why did they get the name Border States? During his inauguration speech, Lincoln urged everyone to be calm. He swore to preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.

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1820-Missouri Compromise

The Road to WAR!

John C. Calhoun defends “States Rights” 1828-

1850

Compromise of1850

Uncle Tom’s Cabin 18521854- Kansas-Nebraska Act Republican Party Formed 1854-1857 The Dred Scott Decision Lincoln-Douglas Debates 1858-

-1859 John Brown’s Raid

LINCOLN IS ELECTED PRESIDENT! 1860-

-1860 South Carolina SECEDES!

Followed by Alabama Florida Georgia Louisiana Mississippi Texas

The Confederate States of America is Formed 1861-

Firing on Fort Sumter 1861Civil War 1861-1865

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The Civil War The Scene: Presidential office, Washington D.C. Narrator: Imagine President Lincoln is speaking with his top generals. It is late March, 1861. General: Mr. President, we must resupply Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor! Lincoln: General, the governor of South Carolina said that we are violating their country by keeping the fort open. They are demanding we close the fort and are warning that if any Union ship comes to resupply the fort, it will be fired upon without hesitation! General: What do you think, Mr. President? Lincoln: This may work to our advantage! We cannot start this war because we would lose support of many citizens. But if the Rebels fire at the Union first, we are not the aggressors! General: It just may work . . . Lincoln: Send word to Charleston that we mean them no harm. Inform them that we are resupplying the fort with food and medicine only. Narrator: April 12, 1861, Union ships resupplied the fort. Confederate troops fire on Union troops at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. The Union commander at Fort Sumter surrenders! Lincoln: Well, General, our plan worked! The Confederates fired first and now Union citizens feel we MUST punish the Rebels and forbid them to leave the Union. I will ask for 75,000 men to volunteer to fight! Narrator: A few weeks later . . . General: President Lincoln, more than 75,000 troops have joined to save the Union! Lincoln: The Union is all that matters!

______________________________________________________________________________ The firing on Ft. Sumter is considered the start of the Civil War, but it is not the 1st battle. Fighting began between the YANKEES (UNION) and the REBELS (CONFEDERACY) in April 1861. Once the Union resupplied the fort with food and water (no guns), a tiny island in the Charleston Harbor, the Southern troops blasted the fort with cannonballs. When the federal troops surrendered to South Carolina, Southerners became confident that they could keep their independence. However, in the North, people were shocked at what the Confederate troops did to the fort. They demanded Southerners be punished and NOT allowed to leave the Union (SECEDE). President Lincoln asked for 75,000 men to join the fight, he got that and more! The Union President was Lincoln. The Confederate President was Jefferson Davis. Richmond, Virginia eventually became the capitol of the Confederate States of America, which was very close to the United States capital in Washington, D.C. The Union’s battle cry of the war was:

ON TO RICHMOND!!!!!! 7

The first battle between the two groups came at the Battle of Bull Run. In July 1861, Union soldiers marched from D.C. to meet Confederate General Robert E. Lee’s soldiers. Everyday citizens thought the battle would be great fun and members of Congress brought their families out for a picnic to watch the armies clash. The Rebel Army (Confederate) started off slowly, but then rallied and sent the young, inexperienced Union soldiers in retreat, literally running into the crowds of spectators. Picnics were ruined that day, but one thing was crystal clear: the war was going to last a long time! MAP: THE CIVIL WAR 1861

Map Activity: The Civil War Union

Identify which states under each category Border

1. List the states, which were loyal to the Union, but allowed slavery.

2. What is the term that describes #1?

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Confederacy

Dilemma during the War

Revoking Civil Liberties: Lincoln's Constitutional Dilemma By Justin Ewers, US NEWS AND WORLD REPORT, Posted February 10, 2009. “Few presidents have interpreted their wartime powers as broadly as Abraham Lincoln, whose presidency—for all of its many successes—did have what some consider a "dark side." Most famously, Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus in the first year of the Civil War, responding to riots and local militia actions in the Border States by allowing the indefinite detention of "disloyal persons" without trial. Habeas corpus, which literally means "you have the body," is a constitutional mandate requiring the government to give prisoners access to the courts. Lincoln ignored a Supreme Court justice's decision overturning his order, and over the next few years, the Great Emancipator, in one of the war's starkest ironies, allowed these new restrictions, which also imposed martial law in some volatile border areas and curbed freedom of speech and the press. . .” Copperheads, 13,000 of them, were jailed without due process. Was Lincoln justified? Do times of national crisis warrant this type of behavior?

War in the East

Robert E. Lee

The Confederates fought very well in the eastern part of the country. Although they lacked supplies and cash, the Confederate Army fought with determination. In addition, they had exceptional military leaders, like Robert E. Lee. Every time the Union Army would move towards Richmond, the Confederates pushed them back! In 1862, the Union was in trouble and Northern citizen’s morale was at an all time low. Other dangers were looming, too. There was talk that Britain would join the war on the side of the C.S.A. and some people in the North (Copperheads) thought that if the South to secede then it should be able to secede. Lincoln pledged to save the Union; to him the Union was all that mattered! Ulysses S. GRANT

War in the West The Union Army seemed to do better in the western part of the country. General Ulysses S. Grant was in command. He started in Tennessee and moved south toward the Mississippi River. As part of the Anaconda Plan, the Union Army had to capture Vicksburg, Mississippi in order to control the entire river, splitting Confederacy in half. All that stood in the way was Vicksburg, which would not fall. Nevertheless, Grant was resolute and ordered his troops to “pound” the city until it gave up! Vicksburg finally surrendered allowing the Union to capture the Mississippi River and divide the Confederacy in two.

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Lincoln has a Plan! It must be remembered that Lincoln was NOT an abolitionist like Garrison or Brown; but he did believe slavery was wrong. LOOK at his words: “If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that.” President Lincoln 1862

Does this sound like an abolitionist? _________! Therefore, in the beginning, the war was to save the Union, not to free the slaves. But, Lincoln changed his mind in late 1862 and issued the Emancipation Proclamation. On January 1, 1863, Lincoln announced to the world that all slaves in the Confederate controlled states were free. This decree lifted spirits in the Union as now there was something real to fight for, the abolishment of slavery in the seceded South. 200,000 African-American men, free and former slave joined to fight against the C.S.A. In essence, three things happened after the Proclamation: 1. New sense of purpose for the Union. FREE THE SLAVES! 2. African-American soldiers joined to fight for the Union. BATTLES TO REMEMBER 1. Remember! The first battle was at Bull Run in July of 1861. Both sides thought that the battle would end the war . . . However, they were both seriously wrong! 2. September 1862, Battle of Antietam was the single bloodiest day in American military history. It made President Lincoln realize that the Civil War must not just be about preserving the Union, but also about the emancipation of slaves. This caused him to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. TURNING POINT BATTLES 3. In summer of 1863, C.S.A. General Lee’s army marched into Pennsylvania, Union territory; the Confederates were now on Union soil! Both sides slugged it out for an incredible three days at Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863. In the end, Lee’s army had to retreat into Virginia. After the Battle of Gettysburg, the C.S.A. did not seriously threaten the Union again. 4. The other turning point happened nearly at the same time as the Battle of Gettysburg and that is the capture of Vicksburg, Mississippi. On July 4, 1863, the Union army captured the city, controlling the Mississippi River and cutting the South into two parts! This was part of the modified Anaconda Plan. It had three parts: 1. Union blockade all southern ports starving the C.S.A. into submission 2. Control the Mississippi River and cut the South into two parts! 3. Employ “scorched earth” policy throughout the South. Even though the blockade was successful and the Mississippi River was in Union control, the Confederacy still refused to give up. Therefore, Union General Grant ordered General William T. Sherman to march through the South, destroying everything that the Confederates could use to continue to fight. Sherman’s army burned Atlanta and continued to the sea at Savannah, this is known as Sherman’s March to the Sea. He then went up through South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia destroying property and freeing slaves as the Army went along. Virginia was where C.S.A. General Lee finally surrendered to Union General Grant in April 1865 at Appomattox Court House.

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Memorable Moments: The Gettysburg Address At the dedication of the Soldiers’ National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, November 1863, President Lincoln spoke for two minutes, but his speech is considered one of the greatest speeches of all time. Lincoln redefined what the Union was fighting for in the “Gettysburg Address.” He stated that the Civil War was not just a war about the unification of this nation, but it was a war to show the world that democracy will work. That a “government of the people, by the people, . . . shall not perish from the earth.” He meant that the Union was fighting this war to preserve democracy for all the world’s people. It’s pretty deep! ‘...that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation shall have a new birth of freedom; and that this government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.’ The End of the War In April 1865, four years after Ft. Sumter, after 600,000 people are dead, after the near total destruction of the South, and after the emancipation of 3.8 million slaves, C.S.A. General Lee surrendered to General Grant at Appomattox Court House Virginia. The war was over, but the struggle for freedom continued. Lincoln’s Assassination A week after Lee surrendered; John Wilkes Booth, a Southern sympathizer, assassinated Lincoln on April 15, 1865. Lincoln’s death will change the direction of history. Andrew Johnson will become President and politics will dim the light of freedom for many former slaves, as we will soon see in the Reconstruction Era.

CIVIL WAR REVIEW Union

Confederate

President

Name “Country” Name Capitol City

Nickname of Soldiers Lead General Start of War? First Battle? 11

Turning Point Battles? Surrender Location? Three Parts of the Anaconda Plan? When was Lincoln killed? Who became President 4/15/1865?

THE RECONSTRUCTION ERA 1866-1877 The FACTS The QUESTIONS Reconstruction refers to the period in time when the Confederate states were reestablished as part of the United States. Plans for peace were already in the works before the war was over. President Lincoln thought that the rebel states had never legally seceded; therefore individuals had rebelled and the president has the power to pardon individuals. In 1864, Radical Republicans in Congress had a plan of their own and believed the states had seceded and only Congress had the power to let them back into the Union. They wanted to rebels to suffer for causing all of the trouble. Lincoln’s plan was based on his philosophy of forgiveness. “With malice toward none and charity toward all. . .”

Review: Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan:

What ways could Radicals make the Confederates suffer? Define malice ______________ Define charity _____________ Review: Radical Republicans’ Plan:

Lincoln’s assassination changed the direction of rebuilding the broken U.S.A. Andrew Johnson; moderate Democrat, surprised everyone and went along with Lincoln’s plans. This meant he offered pardons to most rebels who pledged their allegiance to the Union and who also agreed to the end of slavery. He accepted every Southern state which ratified the 13th Amendment. 1. Why would Lincoln, a Republican, choose a Democrat as his VP?

By 1866 most southern states had been readmitted to the Union and white southerners were back in control of the state governments and had elected senators and representatives to the U.S. Congress. Southerners enacted Black Codes which kept newly freed slaves in a form of slavery. 12

This alarmed the Radicals! In 1867, over Johnson’s veto, the Republicans passed their own plan! 1. How do you think Radical Republicans in Congress felt about President Johnson? Radicals . . . Large and in Charge! THE FACTS THE QUESTIONS Purpose of the Freedman’s Bureau? During Radical Reconstruction: *Freedman’s Bureau organized

14 th Amendment=

*Ratification of Amendment 14 Why are Union soldiers stationed in southern states?

*Military occupation of southern states *Ratification of Amendment 15

15 th Amendment= (Ask me about scalawags and Carpetbaggers!!!!!) 13th Amendment

14th Amendment

15TH Amendment

FREE !

CITIZENS!

VOTE!

IMPEACHMENT OF THE PRESIDENT 1868: President Johnson and the Radical Republicans argued over Reconstruction. This led to an impeachment proceeding. The radicals accused Johnson of violating the Tenure of Office Act by firing Sec of War Stanton, but in truth, the Radicals felt that Johnson was too soft on the rebels. President Johnson was found not guilty by one vote. He stayed in office, but his presidential powers were nonexistent. The Radicals were going to punish the south! The Grant Presidency

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Civil War hero Ulysses S. Grant, elected in 1868 and in 1872 is considered one of the worst presidents in U.S. history. Why? Well, most agree that although Grant was a good man, his administration was full of crooks! At the same time our national economy was weak. This troubled many. On the plus side, Military Reconstruction was still enforced throughout the south in 1876. This meant that federal troops protected the freedman and for the first time, black citizens had the right to vote, elect officials, and be part of the citizenry. White southerners despised the troop occupation and tried many ways to force the soldiers out. Most white southerners were Democrats and black citizens, if they could cast their ballot, voted Republican.

The Disputed Election of 1876/Compromise of 1877 But the political strides made by freed slaves were not going to last! In the “disputed election of 1876,” politics will overshadow the needs of the freedmen. First let’s take a look at the map and the election data: The disputed election of 1876 ended Reconstruction. In a compromise, Hayes, a Republican, promised to remove troops from the south if he was elected. As you can see by the map, three southern states changed their electoral votes.

Candidate HAYES (R) Disputed TILDEN (D)

//////// ::::::::::::: :::

Electoral votes

Total

165 20

Popular Votes

185

4, 036,000

184

4, 301,000

Who should have won? _________________________________________________ The Rest of the Story For the next one hundred years, white Democrats dominated southern political life, called the SOLID SOUTH. Economically, sharecropping and tenant farming took the place of the plantation system, but these systems kept the ex-slave in economic slavery. Jim Crow and Black 14

Codes kept generations of black citizens from participating in the “American Dream.” The KKK intimidated and terrorized black people throughout the south. There were voting restrictions as well: poll taxes: pay to vote; literacy tests: pass test to vote; and grandfather clause; grandpa voted before 1861, grandson votes now. This time is known as the LONG NIGHT for it is a period of lawful racial segregation in the south. It will not be until the 1960s to finally convince the nation that “all men are created equal.”

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