Cambridge, Massachusetts Open Space Report by Green Cambridge, Inc. September 2015 Introduction In  an  increasingly urbanizing  world,  preserving and developing open space in cities is a  challenge  and  an opportunity to  make cities more livable for its residents. Open Space not only  improves  the  aesthetics  of  a  neighborhood,  it  also  provides  important  health  and  environmental  value.  As Cambridge  continues to  develop  and evolve,  it is important to assess  the  current  condition  of  our  open  space  as  well  as  compare  our  open  space  per  capita  to  similar  cities.  By doing  so,  we can determine how  Cambridge  stacks up  in regards  to its open  space and aspire to developing a community with enough open space to serve our needs.  First  of  all,  open  space  provides  space  for  recreation  ­  both  formal  and  informal.  Residents  use  open space  for exercising  and  sports  leagues  use  fields  to  host  games.  In  this  way,  open  space  serves  as  a  critical  resource  for  the  health  of  a  city.  Without  sufficient 

and 

appealing  open  space, 

residents  are  less   likely  to  get  outside,  exercise,  and  enjoy  nature. Open space also  plays  an  important  role  in  mental  health.  According  to  a  study  conducted  in  Perth,  Australia,  citizens  living   in  areas  with  high  quality  open  space  had  higher  odds  of  low  psychosocial  distress  than  citizens  in  neighborhoods 

with 

low­quality 

or 

non­existent  open  space  [1].  This  adds  credence  to  the  idea  that  it  is  not  only  quantity,  but  quality  of  open  space  that  is 

important to enhancing the health of a community.  Open  Space   also  serves  a  critical  environmental  role  in  cities.  Parks  serve  as  the  “lungs”  of  cities,  with  trees  and  plants  absorbing C02  and cleaning  the air.  Forests, wetlands  and parks also  capture stormwater.  This can help to lessen the effects of floods during storms,  lessen  the  burden  on  sewer  and  stormwater systems, and  clean the water  that is  returned to  the  groundwater  system.  Parks  also  help  to  decrease  the  effect  of  the  “urban  heat  island  effect”  by  providing  space  not  covered  in black  asphalt and  roofing  ­  both of which absorb the  sun’s  rays  and  can  increase  the  temperature  in   a  city  by  several  degrees  [2].  Lastly,  green  spaces provide critical habitats for animals including migratory birds, insects, and mammals.  Because  of  these  important  health  and  environmental  benefits, parks and open  space  need to  be preserved and expanded in cities like Cambridge. This short report will explain how  cities  calculate open  space,  determine  the open  space  per  capita in Cambridge, and compare  this number with similar cities. 

Green Space Definition According  to  the US  Environmental  Protection  Agency,  “open  space is  any  open piece  of  land that  is undeveloped  (has no  buildings or other  built structures) and is accessible to the  public”  [3].  This  includes  green  space,  schoolyards,  playgrounds,  public  seating  areas,  and  public plazas.  Cambridge uses a similar criteria when calculating its open space. Any publically  accessible  land  intended  for  active  or  passive  recreation,  as  well  as  undeveloped  land  (excluding  bodies  of  water)  counts  as  open   space  for  the  purposes  of  the Cambridge ​ Green  Ribbon Open Space Study​ . This report, published in 2000, determined the existing open space  in Cambridge, and developed criteria to guide the city’s future acquisition of open space. 

Cambridge’s Per Capita Open Space According  to  the  Green  Ribbon  Report,  Cambridge  has  approximately  492  acres  of  open space used for both active and passive recreation [4]. This accounts for about 11% of the   total  area  of Cambridge.  If we take into account the current population of Cambridge ­ 109,694  [5] in  2014,  we get  approximately 4.49 acres per  1,000  residents.  This is  a  decrease from the  5.14  acres  per  1,000  residents  produced  by  the  Green  Ribbon  Report,  as  the  population  growth since 2000 has outpaced the creation of new open space. 

 

  North Point Park    According  to  the  ​ Cambridge  Open  Space   and  Recreation  Plan​ ,  two  new  public  open  spaces have  been  added  since 2000. These  include  a  5­acre  “central park”  in the North Point  development.  This  park  is  intended  for  passive  use  and  stormwater  retention,  as   well  as  providing  a  connection  for  the  Somerville Community Path and  Charles  River pathways. This  park  is  legally  required  to  be  maintained  for  the  public  in  perpetuity.  The  second  new  open  space is  a  ¾­acre  park  situated  above a new  Harvard university  parking garage on the corner  of  Memorial  Drive  and  Western  Avenue  [6].  These  two  new  parks  bring  the  total  acreage  in  Cambridge  to nearly  498,  and  revise the  current open  space  per  capita to  approximately ​ 4.54  acres per 1,000 residents​ , still below the per capita number from 2000. 

  Cambridge Open Scape: Green Ribbon Report (2000) 

  This  is  a  useful  number  when  comparing  open  space to  other similar cities. The  open  space number  for Boston  is  closer to  11 acres  per  1,000  people  [7] ­ more than double that of  Cambridge.  Similar  cities  nationwide  have  higher  open  pace  per  1,000  residents.  Seattle  Washington  has  approximately 9.5  acres  per  1,000  residents  [8]. Somerville, MA, on the other  hand, has about 2.25 acres of open space per 1,000 residents [9]. 

Conclusions Knowing  how Cambridge  stacks  up  to  other  cities as far as open space per capita goes  is  important  in  helping  future  development  planning. There might not  be an “ideal”  amount  of  open space  for  a city ­  as  quality  is just as important as quantity ­ but benchmarking ourselves  can  aid  advocates  pushing  for  an  expansion  of open  space  in Cambridge.  The World Health  Organization  recommends  a  minimum  of  ~2.2  acres  per  1,000  people  in  urban  areas,  but  acknowledges  that  a  more  optimal  number  would  be  between  2.5  and  3.7  [10].  This  recommendation  puts  Cambridge just over the  “ideal” acreage per person, but is  still clear that  Cambridge  lags  behind  other  major  US  cities,  and  recommendations  meant  to  inform  cities  worldwide might not account for the significantly less­dense average US city.  Another standard for open space areas, dating back to the 1960’s, has been one acre  of  open  space  per  100  population,  or  10  acres  per  1,000  residents  ­  closer  to  the  open  space  

numbers  of  Boston  and  Seattle  [11].  This  recommendation,  proposed  by   the  National  Recreation  Association, is  tailored towards american  cities,  and takes into account the diverse  needs of American city residents.  In  general,  Cambridge’s  current  open  space  amount  does  not  appear  to  meet  basic  standards  defined more  than  50  years  ago.  As  a  city  and a community, we can and should do  more  to  promote  creation  and  preservation  of   open  space,  including  conversion  of  obsolete  land uses to open space.   

Works Cited ­

[1] Francis, J., L. J. Wood, M. Knuiman, and B. Giles­Corti. "Quality or Quantity?  Exploring the Relationship between Public Open Space Attributes and Mental Health in  Perth, Western Australia." ​ Social Science & Medicine​  (2012): n. pag. Web. 14 Sept.  2015.  ​ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22464220 

­

[2] Susca, T., S. R. Gaffin, and G. R. Dell'Osso. "Positive Effects of Vegetation: Urban  Heat Island and Green Roofs." ​ Urban Environmental Pollution: Overcoming Obstacles  to Sustainability and Quality of Life​  (2010): n. pag. Web. 14 Sept. 2015.  http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749111001539 

­

[3] "What Is Open Space/Green Space? | Urban Environmental Program in New  England." ​ EPA​ . Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 14 Sept. 2015.  http://www.epa.gov/region1/eco/uep/openspace.html 

­

[4] Green Ribbon Open Space Committee. "Green Ribbon Open Space Study."  Community Development Department​ . City of Cambridge, n.d. Web. 14 Sept. 2015.  http://www.cambridgema.gov/CDD/parks/osplanning/greenribbon 

­

[5] ​ Google Public Data​ . U.S. Census Bureau, n.d. Web. 14 Sept. 2015.  https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=kf7tgg1uo9ude_&met_y=population&idi m=place:2511000:2562535&hl=en&dl=en 

­

[6] Community Development Department. "CITY OF CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS  OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION PLAN 2009 - 2016." (2010): n. pag. Web. 14 Sept.  2015. 

http://www.cambridgema.gov/~/media/Files/CDD/ParksandOpenSpace/OSPlanning/Op enSpacePlan/osplan_2010_complete.pdf  ­

[7] City of Boston. "Inventory of Lands of Conservation & Recreation Interest (Open  Space Inventory)." (2008): n. pag. Web. 14 Sept. 2015.  http://www.cityofboston.gov/parks/pdfs/OSP2010/OSP0814_5_OpenSpaceInventory.pd f 

­

[8] Seattle Parks and Recreation. "An Assessment of Gaps in Seattle’s Open Space  Network: The 2011 Gap Report Update." (2011): n. pag. Web. 14 Sept. 2015.  http://www.seattle.gov/parks/publications/GapReport/gap_report_2011_update.pdf 

­

[9] City of Somerville. "Somerville Open Space and Recreation Plan 2008­2013."  (2009): n. pag. Web. 14 Sept. 2015.  http://www.somervillema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2008­2013­OSRP­NarrativeA ndAppendicesFINAL.pdf 

­

[10] Karayannis, George. "Dissecting ISO 37120: Why Shady Planning Is Good for  Smart Cities." ​ Smart Cities Council​ . N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Sept. 2015.  http://smartcitiescouncil.com/article/dissecting­iso­37120­why­shady­planning­good­sma rt­cities 

­

[11] Moeller, John. "Standards for Outdoor Recreational Areas." ​ American Planning  Association​ . N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Sept. 2015.  https://www.planning.org/pas/at60/report194.htm 

Green Cambridge Open Space Report 2015.pdf

... habitats for animals including migratory birds, insects, and mammals. Because of these important health and environmental benefits, parks and open space.

587KB Sizes 1 Downloads 157 Views

Recommend Documents

Monitoring of Green, Open and Sealed Urban Space
URBIS delivers EO based methodologies and tools to provide accurate up-to-date ... open, green, and sealed areas within large urban zones. ... Soil sealing, Image analysis, EO data classification. .... source data and image analysis methods.

SPACE-OPEN TOPOLOGY
We continue our study of space-open topology as in [2]. We inves- tigate the behaviour of space-open topology with respect to connect- edness, countability and the separation axioms. As usual we use X, Y for topological spaces and U, V for open subse

green open together -
Support. • Is the neighborhood in support of the garden in the proposed location? • Who will be the community garden liaison who works with the Parks Planner ...

Open Space Code.pdf
and unobstructed from ground level to the sky, with the exception of. natural foliage or accessory ... following requirements: a. A minimum of ten percent of the PC-2 district parcel shall be open ... maximum building heights. (6) All open space ...

pdf-1287\green-syndicalism-an-alternative-red-green-vision-space ...
Try one of the apps below to open or edit this item. pdf-1287\green-syndicalism-an-alternative-red-green-vision-space-place-and-society-by-jeff-shantz.pdf.

Green Cambridge FY2015 Annual Report.pdf
Page 2 of 13. Green Cambridge, Inc. Fiscal Year 2015 Annual Report. P.O. Box 380932, Cambridge, MA 02238. http://www.greencambrige.org. 1. Green Cambridge works to create a more sustainable Cambridge, and to protect the environment for. the health an

ETS Collaborative Service Space - Space & Service Strategy Report ...
ETS Collaborative Service Space - Space & Service Strategy Report 150515.pdf. ETS Collaborative Service Space - Space & Service Strategy Report 150515.

Report of Green Growth Information sharing #3_LIVES_28th ...
... or edit this item. Report of Green Growth Information sharing #3_LIVES_28th-30th_Sep&1st-02nd_Oct_15.pdf. Report of Green Growth Information sharing ...

North Andover Open Space and Recreation Plan.pdf
regional stakeholders. Jennifer Hughes – Conservation Administrator. Heidi Gaffney – Conservation Field Inspector. Judy Tymon – Town Planner (2013/14).

"Open" space? Reconstructing the (queer) commons
Oddly, much of the practice for a queerscape architecture will come from new .... 22 David Bell, 1994, "Bi-sexuality - A place on the margins," In The Margins of ...

North Andover Open Space and Recreation Plan.pdf
Whoops! There was a problem loading more pages. North Andover Open Space and Recreation Plan.pdf. North Andover Open Space and Recreation Plan.pdf.

The Openness of Open Space (1965)t007.pdf
Page 1 of 32. Результат запроса: Стихи на молдавском языке о маме. Page 1 of 32. Page 2 of 32. Page 2 of 32. Page 3 of 32. Page 3 of 32. The Openness of ...

Revised Trails and Open Space Rules and Regulations Attachment.pdf
Revised Trails and Open Space Rules and Regulations Attachment.pdf. Revised Trails and Open Space Rules and Regulations Attachment.pdf. Open. Extract.

News Report From Old City Green -
Appeal Grounds: Permit for the erection of one(1) story addition to an existing five(5) story structure with roof deck and pilothouse for a vacant commercial space ...

Green Bay Packers: 2014 Financial Scouting Report - Over the Cap
Jan 17, 2014 - Any names listed as potential targets in free agency are my own ..... to $16 million to spend on extensions or creative salary cap mechanisms.

Space Debris .. Interagency Report on Orbital Debris .. 1995.pdf ...
Space Debris .. Interagency Report on Orbital Debris .. 1995.pdf. Space Debris .. Interagency Report on Orbital Debris .. 1995.pdf. Open. Extract. Open with.

Green Bay Packers: 2014 Financial Scouting Report - Over the Cap
Jan 17, 2014 - While the Packers are not what we would call big spenders on defense ... young centers in the NFL and gives the Packers are very strong interior ..... Veteran Danieal Manning could be released by Houston and might not be ...

cmi green traveler report 2010v1.pdf
Respondents were selected from CMI's proprietary survey panel and from the email lists of. participating travel and tourism partners (see logos on cover).

impact-of-green-affordable-housing-report-1.pdf
impact-of-green-affordable-housing-report-1.pdf. impact-of-green-affordable-housing-report-1.pdf. Open. Extract. Open with. Sign In. Main menu.

8. Open AIR Annual Report 2017.pdf
Photographs in this report are supplied by Open AIR network members and affiliates. Images capture the diverse settings in which. Open AIR research fieldwork ...